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©©©Mpai®nal Employment on
T'ransportation, Communications,
Utilities, and Trad©
°°cm,f NT
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
April 1982
Bulletin 2116




May 6

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19 8 2

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Occupational Employment in
Transportation, Communications,

UtiSitfeig and Trad®

U.S. Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
April 1982
Bulletin 2116




For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D .C . 20402 - Price $4.75




The OES program provides information for many
data users, including individuals and organizations en­
gaged in planning vocational educational programs,
training programs supported by the Comprehensive
Employment and Training Act, and higher education.
OES data also are used to prepare information for ca­
reer counseling, for job placement activities performed
at State employment security offices, and for personnel
planning and market research conducted by private
enterprises.
This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employ­
ment Structure and Trends, Division of Occupational
and Administrative Statistics, by Wanda L. Bland and
Barbara L. Keitt under the direction of Thomas C.
Shirk. John Shew and Warren Macurdy provided sta­
tistical and data processing support.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced with­
out permission.

This bulletin provides data from a 1979 survey of oc­
cupational employment in the transportation, communi­
cations, utilities, and wholesale and retail trade indus­
tries. Results of the 1977 survey of manufacturing in­
dustries and the 1978 survey of selected nonmanufac­
turing industries can be found in Bulletin 2057, Occu­
pational Employment in Manufacturing Industries, 1977,
and Bulletin 2088, Occupational Employment in Selected
Nonmanufacturing Industries.
This periodic survey is part o f a Federal-State coop­
erative program o f occupational employment statistics
(OES). The OES program also includes preparation of
the National/State Industry-Occupational Matrix—a set
o f tables showing employment cross-classified by oc­
cupation and industry for the Nation and each State.
In addition, the program includes Federal assistance to
State employment security agencies in developing pro­
jections of occupational employment for States and
areas.




ill




Contents

Page
Introduction...... .................................................................................
Sum m ary................................................................................... .............................................................................
T ransportation...............................
Communications...............................................................
Utilities...................................
Wholesale trade...........................................................................
Retail trade.....................

1
3
11
25
30
34
44

Charts:
Distribution o f employment by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and
trade, 1979:
1. Managers and officers.............................
7
2. Professional workers...................................
7
3. Technical w orkers.............................................................
8
4. Service workers ......................... .......... ............................................................................................ 8
5. Operating, maintenance, construction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
workers................................
9
6 . Clerical workers...... ................................. .................... ........................... .............. ......................... 9
7. Sales workers ^ ...............................
10
Tables:
Transportation, communications, utilities, and wholesale and retail trade, 1979:
1. Employment..................................................
5
2. Employment by major occupational g r o u p .................................
6
3. Percent distribution o f employment by major occupational grou p ........................................
6
4. Transportation industries: Percent distribution o f employment in major
occupational groups by industry, 1979.................................................................................... 11
Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, 1979:
5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation...................
6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing ...............
7. Water transportation.......................
8. Air transportation.........................................................................
9. Pipe lines, except natural g a s ...............................
10. Transportation services....................................................................................................................
11. Telephone, telegraph, and selected communication services ...................................................
12. Radio and television broadcasting........ ..........................
13. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services........................................................................
14. Wholesale tr a d e.........................................
15. Wholesale trade—durable goods ...................................................
16. Wholesale trade—nondurable good s.............................................................................................
17. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups
by industry, 1979..........




v

14
16
lg
20
22
23
26
28

31
36

39
42

44

C © r? t® n ts = C ® n tiin u 0d]

Page
Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, 1979:
18. Retail trade.........................................................................................................................................
19. Building materials, hardware, and garden supply stores, and mobile home d e a le r s...........
20. General merchandise stores ............................................................................................................
21. Food stores.........................................................................................................................................
22. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations........................................................................
23. Apparel and accessory sto r e s..........................................................................................................
24. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment sto r e s..................................................................
25. Eating and drinking p la c es..............................................................................................................
26. Miscellaneous retail stores ........................................................................................

48
51
53
55
57
59
61
63

64

Appendixes:
A. Survey methods and reliability of estimates.................................................................................. 67
B. OES survey data available from State agencies............................................................................ 70




vi

Irrtrodyetion

The Occuptional Employment Statistics (OES) sur­
vey is designed to collect data on occupational employ­
ment of wage and salary workers by industry in nonagricultural establishments. The Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics provides the procedures and technical assistance
for the survey, State employment security agencies col­
lect the data, and the Employment and Training Ad­
ministration provides administrative support. In 1979,
45 States (including the District of Columbia) partici­
pated in the survey. BLS conducted a supplemental
survey in 1979, with the financial aid of the National
Science Foundation, to collect data in nonparticipating
States and to develop national estimates.
This bulletin presents national data only. Data on oc­
cupational employment in each of the participating
States are available from the State employment secu­
rity agencies (appendix B).

Population. Occupational titles and descriptions in the
survey are based primarily on the Dictionary of Occu­
pational Titles.' The DO T was used to develop the defi­
nitions of detailed occupations because it is the most
detailed classification available. Summary categories
and residual groups generally follow the categories used
in the 1970 census. “Crosswalks” have been developed
between the two systems so that users may integrate
OES data with data from sources using the Census
classification.
The industrial classification system is that described
in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifi­
cation Manual, 2 whereby reporting establishments are
classified into industries on the basis of major product
or activity.
Concepts
An establishment is an economic unit which produces
goods or services. Generally, it is at a single physical
location and is engaged predominantly in one type of
economic activity. Where a single physical location en­
compasses two or more distinct activities, these are
treated as separate establishments if separate payroll
records are available and certain other criteria are met.
Employment includes full- and part-time workers;
workers on paid vacations or other types of leave;
workers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad
weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers,
executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for
whom that unit is their permanent (home) duty station,
regardless of whether the unit prepares their paycheck.
Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and
partners of unincorporated firms), self-employed, un­
paid family workers, and workers on extended leave
(i.e., pensioners and members of the Armed Forces).
Occupation refers to the occupation in which employ­
ees are working rather than the occupation for which
they may have been trained. For example, an employee
trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is re­
ported as a drafter.

Survey procedures
The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manu­
facturing industries are surveyed in one year and nonmanufacturing industries in the other two years. Data
are collected from a sample of establishments primarily
by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are
made when an establishment response is critical to the
survey. The survey is based on a probability sample,
stratified by industry and size of employment, designed
to represent the total or “universe” of establishments
covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay
period including the 12 th of the reference month, which
is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ­
ment data. For the 1979 survey, the reference month
was April, May, or June (appendix A).
For the 1979 survey, 28 separate questionnaires were
used, each having detailed occupations related specifi­
cally to a particular industry’s activity. For example,
“security checker” was surveyed in only one industry,
air transportation. Cross-industry estimates, therefore,
cannot be developed for most detailed occupations be­
cause not all detailed occupations were included on ev­
ery survey questionnaire. This bulletin presents cross-in­
dustry data for major occupational groups.

1Dictionary o f Occupational Titles, fourth edition (U.S. Employment
Service, U.S. Department of Labor, 1977.)
2Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office of Management
and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 1972), as amended in
Supplement, 1977.

Oeeupatti©mal and industrial classification
The OES classification system combines two widely
used systems—the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles
(DOT) and the system used for the 1970 Census of




1

Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to
reflect total industry employment. The percent of total
employment refers to total employment in the industry.
Relative error measures the level of confidence to be
placed on each estimate. The percent of establishments
reporting a particular occupation indicates the fre­
quency of occurrence of the occupation.
Occupations with fewer than 50 workers or with less
than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a
relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately
but are included in the appropriate residual categories.
Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The rela­
tive error and the percent of respondents reporting the
occupation are rounded to the nearest whole percent.
The percent o f total employment was computed from
rounded employment data.

Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or
more o f their time at work similar to that done by
workers under their supervision) are reported in the
occupation most closely related to their work.
Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are re­
ported in the occupation in which they ordinarily work.
Multiple jobholders (employees who work in two or
more occupations) are reported in the occupation that
requires the highest level of skill or in the occupation
where the most time is spent if there is no measurable
difference in skill requirements.
A more detailed statement describing the survey is
presented in appendix A.

Dafta pr®g®Gi)t(§di

This bulletin presents occupational employment for
2- digit SIC industries, except SIC 48 which is at the
3- digit SIC level.3 Data are presented for each indus­
3Additional occupational employment data at the more detailed
try under the following headings: Employment, percent
3-digit SIC level are available upon request from the Office of Em­
o f total employment, relative error, and percent of es­
ployment Structure and Trends. Definitions for all occupations sur­
veyed are also available upon request.
tablishments reporting the occupation.




2

Summary

such as science, engineering, technical work, art, edu­
cation, medicine, law, and business relations. Most of
these occupations require substantial educational prepa­
ration, usually at the university level. The largest pro­
fessional occupation surveyed was accountant and/or
auditor, followed by personnel and labor relations
specialists.
In 1979, about 914,000 professional workers were em­
ployed by the transportation, communications, utilities,
and trade industries, or 3.7 percent of total employment
in these industries. Chart 2 illustrates the distribution
of professional workers among the industries surveyed.
The largest concentrations of these workers were in
miscellaneous retail stores and in wholesale firms sell­
ing durable goods.

In 1979, 24.9 million workers were employed in the
transportation, communications, utilities, and trade in­
dustries covered by this survey, or 28 percent of all
nonagricultural wage and salary workers in the Nation.
As shown in table 1, almost 82 percent o f the workers
surveyed were employed in wholesale and retail trade.
Of the 20.3 million persons working in the trade indus­
tries, 74 percent worked in retail trade.
Workers were classified by occupation into seven
major occupational groups: Managers and officers; pro­
fessional workers; technical workers; service workers;
operating, maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers; clerical workers;
and sales workers. Tables 2 and 3 present the distribu­
tion of employment in the various industries surveyed.
The following section discusses these seven occupa­
tional groups and presents charts illustrating their dis­
tribution among the surveyed industries.
Subsequent sections deal with the major industry
groups—transportation, communications, utilities, and
wholesale and retail trade—and discuss employment in
each by major occupational group. These sections also
present occupational employment data by industry seg­
ment (two-digit SIC).

Technical workers
Technical occupations require theoretical knowledge
of fundamental scientific, engineering, mathematical,
computer programming, or draft design principles com­
parable to that acquired through study at technical
schools and junior colleges, through other formal posthigh school training less extensive than a 4-year college
course, or through equivalent on-the-job training or ex­
perience. The following are examples of the various
technical occupations surveyed: Pharmacy helper, air­
plane pilot, surveyor, and broadcast technician.
Even though there are such diverse occupations in
these industries, technical workers totaled only 291,000,
or 1 percent of the employment in the industries sur­
veyed. Chart 3 illustrates the distribution of technical
workers among these industries. The durable goods seg­
ment of the wholesale trade industry employed 36 per­
cent of all technical workers in the industries surveyed.
Air transportation and communications also ranked high
in the employment of technical workers, with 57,000
and 48,000 employees, respectively.

Managers and officers
Persons holding positions as managers and officers
are primarily concerned with the policymaking, plan­
ning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling ac­
tivities common to many types o f organizations. Also
included are persons who, to some extent, may engage
in the same activities as the workers they supervise, but
who also plan, organize, control, and coordinate activi­
ties, and who may be responsible for such matters as
finance. Occupations included in this group are plant,
office, and sales managers, and corporate officers such
as president, secretary, and treasurer.
Managers and officers in the transportation, com­
munications, utilities, and trade industries totaled 2.3
million, or 9 percent of all employees in these industries
in 1979. Chart 1 illustrates the distribution of managers
and officers among the industries surveyed. The largest
proportions were in eating and drinking places and in
wholesale firms selling durable goods.

Service workers
Persons employed in this occupational group perform
services for individuals or establishments. Service
workers protect individuals and property, prepare and
serve food and beverages, and clean interiors and equip­
ment of buildings, offices, stores, and similar places.
Service workers ranked third among the seven oc­
cupational groups, with 4.8 million or 19 percent of to­
tal employment in the industries surveyed. As chart 4
illustrates, 85 percent of all service workers covered by

Professional workers
Persons employed in professional positions usually
deal with the theoretical or practical aspects of fields



3

the survey were employed in eating and drinking places.
No other single industry accounted for as much as 5
percent o f service worker employment.

issuing, or shipping of materials, merchandise, supplies,
or equipment. Office clerical workers are involved in
preparing, transcribing, transferring, systematizing, and
preserving written communications and records, as well
as collecting accounts and distributing information. The
largest clerical occupation surveyed was cashier; gen­
eral office clerk and stock clerk (stockroom, warehouse,
or storage yard) ranked second and third, respectively.
Clerical workers ranked second among the seven oc­
cupational groups, with 5.4 million or 22 percent of to­
tal employment in the industries surveyed. As chart 6
illustrates, the largest concentration of clerical workers,
almost 919,000 or 17 percent, were employed in the du­
rable goods segment o f the wholesale trade industry.
Retail food stores followed with 14 percent.

©pdrutiong, maantenanio®, ©©nsftryetion, repair,
mat@ria! handling, and powerplant workers
Persons employed in this occupational group include
all skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers perform­
ing machine and manual tasks involving production,
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant operations. Examples of occupations in
this group are: Bus driver, electrician, pipelayer, and
watchmaker.
This occupational group, the largest of the seven ma­
jor groups for the industries combined, included 6.7
million workers, over one-fourth of total employment
in the industries surveyed. As chart 5 illustrates, the
largest concentration of these employees, 1 million or
almost 15 percent, was in motor freight transportation
and warehousing. However, the seven retail trade in­
dustries combined accounted for just over 40 percent
of total employment surveyed in operating, mainte­
nance, construction, repair, material handling, and
powerplant occupations.

Sales workers
Sales workers include sales representatives and sales
clerks. Sales representatives (also called sales agents or
sales associates) require specific knowledge o f the com­
modity or service being sold. Sales clerks sell any of a
large variety of goods or services and usually only re­
quire familiarity with the pricing of those goods and
services.
There were 4.5 million sales workers employed in
the transportation, communications, utilities, and trade
industries in 1979, or 18 percent of the total employment
in these industries. As chart 7 illustrates, wholesale and
retail trade accounted for almost all of the sales workers
in the surveyed industries. General merchandise stores
employed the largest number—1 million.

Clerical workers
Persons holding jobs in this occupational group are
either plant clerical workers or office clerical workers.
Plant clerical workers plan, coordinate, or expedite pro­
duction and the flow of work. These workers are also
involved in the clerical aspects of receiving, storing,




4

Table 1. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, and wholesale
and retail trad®, 1979
Industry

Employment

Percent distribution

Total.............................................................

24,901,190

100.0

Transportation ........................................................
Local and suburban transit and interurban
highway passenger transportation................
Motor freight transportation and warehousing ....
Water transportation............................................
Air transportation.................................................
Pipe lines, except natural g a s .............................
Transportation services.......................................

2,467,290

9.9

262,570
1,351,960
207,560
443,910
20,310
180,980

1.1
5.4
.8
1.8
.1
.7

Communications.....................................................
Telephone, telegraph, and selected
communication services................................
Radio and television broadcasting .....................

1,316,460

5.3

1,128,470
187,990

4.5
.8

Utilities.....................................................................
Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary
services..........................................................

796,460

3.2

796,460

3.2

Wholesale and retail trade.....................................

20,320,980

81.6

Wholesale tra d e ..................................................
Wholesale trade-durable go o ds....................
Wholesale trade-nondurable goods..............

5,245,250
3,115,850
2,129,400

21.1
12.5
8.6

Retail tra d e ..........................................................
Building materials, hardware, garden supply,
and mobile home dealers .........................
General merchandise stores...........................
Food stores.....................................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline service
stations......................................................
Apparel and accessory stores........................
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment
stores.........................................................
Eating and drinking places..............................
Miscellaneous retail.........................................

15,075,730

60.5

645,760
2,205,580
2,278,610

2.6
8.9
9.2

1,835,350
933,750

7.4
3.7

610,810
4,706,190
1,859,680

2.5
18.9
7.5




5

Table 2. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, and wholesale and retail trade by major
occupational group, 1979

Industry

Total .........................................
Local and suburban transit and
interurban highway passenger
transportation ..............................
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing ................................
Water transportation.........................
Air transportation ..............................
Pipe lines, except natural gas...........
Transportation services.....................
Telephone, telegraph, and selected
communication services ..............
Radio and television broadcasting....
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services.........................
Wholesale trade-durable goods.......
Wholesale trade-nondurable goods ..
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores.............
Food stores ......................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations...........................
Apparel and accessory stores..........
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores........................
Eating and drinking places...............
Miscellaneous retail..........................

Managers and
officers

Professional
workers

Operating,
mainte­
nance, con­
struction, re­
pair, mat­
erial handling,
and powerplant workers

Technical work­ Service work­
ers
ers

Clerical work­
ers

Sales workers

2,308,510

914,090

290,660

4,760,730

6,730,560

5,400,320

4.496,320

13,520

1,470

7,380

4,780

205,260

29,210

950

92,640
26,390
29,430
1,770
32,210

10,880
5,320
13,980
1,980
47,930

1,240
2,190
57,010
1,380
540

13,550
9,040
67,920
10
4,980

999,560
137,700
118,370
13,200
27,840

212,000
23,730
151,880
1,970
58,850

22,090
3,190
5,320

109,330
32,000

52,950
81,710

30,800
16,920

13,290
3,000

383,550
2,000

515,780
30,490

22,770
21,870

61,560
287,660
192,210

66,480
161,450
73,620

41,740
104,830
10,670

16,930
36,570
50,680

403,100
919,780
792,370

200,590
918,590
598,780

6,060
686,970
411,070

76,580
159,150
187,540

18,550
69,470
39,790

830
4,870
530

8,170
144,600
194,530

213,140
243,230
734,860

143,820
563,370
778,230

184,670
1,020,890
343,130

261,540
129,190

22,470
25,670

1,230
290

51,280
14,280

925,660
87,580

277,860
134,760

295,310
541,980

82,120
323,560
210,110

26,030
28,760
165,580

1,220
560
6,430

13,470
4,048,250
65,400

170,450
31,680
321,230

127,240
220,200
412,970

190,280
53,180
677,960

-

8,630

- Data not available.

Table 3. Percent distribution of employment in transportation, communications, utilities, and wholesale and retail trade by
major occupational group, 1979

Industry

Total .........................................
Local and suburban transit and
interurban highway passenger
transportation ..............................
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing ................. '.............
Water transportation.........................
Air transportation ..............................
Pipe lines, except natural gas...........
Transportation services.....................
Telephone, telegraph, and selected
communication services ..............
Radio and television broadcasting...
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services.........................
Wholesale trade-durable goods.......
Wholesale trade-nondurable goods ..
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores.............
Food stores......................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations...........................
Apparel and accessory stores..........
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores.........................
Eating and drinking places...............
Miscellaneous retail..........................
'

All
occupations

Managers
and officers

Professional
workers

100.0

9.3

3.7

1.2

19.1

27.0

21.7

18.1

100.0

5.1

.6

2.8

1.8

78.2

11.1

,4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

6.9
12.7
6.6
8.7
17.8

.8
2.6
3.1
9.7
26.5

.1
1.1
12.8
6.8
.3

1.0
4.4
15.3
0
2.8

73.9
66.3
26.7
65.0
15.4

15.7
11.4
34.2
9.7
32.5

1.6
1.5
1.2
4.8

100.0
100.0

9.7
17.0

4.7
43.5

2.7
9.0

1.2
1.6

34.0
1.1

45.7
16.2

2.0
11.6

100.0
100.0
100.0

7.7
9.2
9.0

8.3
5.2
3.5

5.2
3.4
.5

2.1
1.2
2.4

50.6
29.5
37.2

25.2
29.5
28.1

.8
22.0
19.3

100.0
100.0
100.0 .

11.9
7.2
8.2

2.9
3.1
1.7

.1
.2
0

1.3
6.6
8.5

33.0
11.0
32.3

22.3
25.5
34.2

28.6
46.3
15.1

100.0
100.0

14.3
13.8

1.2
2.7

.1
0

2.8
1.5

50.4
9.4

15.1
14.4

16.1
58.0

100.0
100.0
100.0

13.4
6.9
11.3

4.3
.6
8.9

.2

2.2
86.0
3.5

27.9
.7
17.3

20.8
4.7
22.2

31.2
1.1
36.5

•

0

Rounded to zero.




Technical
workers

Operating,
mainte­
nance, con­
Service work­ struction, re­ Clerical work­ Sales work­
ers
pair, mat­
ers
ers
erial handling,
and powerplant workers

.3

Data not available.
6

Chart 1. managers and ©tigers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores
Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Chart 2. Professional workers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores




Percent

7

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Chart 3= T@©tai<e®[l workers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores
Percent

Chart 4. S@rt?i©@workers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores




Percent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Chart 5. Operating, maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979
Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores
Percent

Chart

Clerical workers

Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores




Percent

9

Chart 7. Sales workers
Distribution by industry in transportation, communications, utilties, and trade, 1979

Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing
Water transportation
Air transportation
Pipe lines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communications
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services
Wholesale trade—durable goods
Wholesale trade—nondurable goods
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores
Apparel and accessory stores
Retail food stores
Automotive dealers and service stations
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Eating and drinking places
Miscellaneous retail stores




Percent

10

Transportation

Summary

warehousing also employed the largest number o f these
workers—93,000 or 47 percent of all managers and of­
ficers in transportation.
Employees working in service occupations accounted
for 4 percent of total employment in the transportation
industries. Service workers were employed primarily
by the air transportation industry, with 68,000 or 68
percent of all service workers in transportation.
Professional and technical occupations, employing
82,000 and 70,000 workers, respectively, each accounted
for 3 percent of transportation employment. Of the pro­
fessional workers, 48,000 or 59 percent were in occu­
pations which provide services related to transporta­
tion, such as travel guide or travel accommodations ap­
praiser. Of the technical workers, 57,000 or 82 percent
were in air transportation. The majority o f these tech­
nical workers were airplane pilots.
Sales occupations, the smallest occupational group in
the transportation industries, accounted for less than 2
percent of transportation employment. Motor freight
transportation and warehousing employed more than
half of the sales workers in transportation, primarily as
traffic agents.

In 1979, 2.5 million persons were employed in the
transportation industries. The motor freight transporta­
tion and warehousing industry was the largest employer,
with 55 percent of all transportation workers (table 4).
Air transportation ranked second, with 18 percent of
total transportation employment. Local and suburban
transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
employed 11 percent, and water transportation ac­
counted for 8 percent. Services incidental to transpor­
tation employed 7 percent of the total work force in
this industry division; pipe line transportation (except
natural gas) employed only 1 percent.
The largest occupational group in the transportation
industries consisted of operating, maintenance, con­
struction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
workers, who totaled 1.5 million or 61 percent of total
employment in transportation. Two-thirds of these em­
ployees worked in motor freight transportation and
warehousing.
Clerical workers, the second largest occupational
group in these industries, totaling 478,000, accounted
for 19 percent of employment in transportation. Motor
freight transportation and warehousing employed the
largest number of these workers, with 212,000 or 44
percent of all clerical workers in transportation.
Managers and officers, totaling 196,000, were the third
largest occupational group, with 8 percent of transpor­
tation employment. Motor freight transportation and

Local and suburban transit and interurban
highway passenger transportation

Establishments in this industry include firms which
provide transportation of passengers by bus, taxi, rail,

Table 4. Transportation industries: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups by industry, 1979

Industry

Professional
workers

Technical
workers

195,960
100.00

81,560
100.00

69,740
100.00

100,280
100.00

1,501,930
100.00

477,640
100.00

40,180
100.00

10.64

6.90

1.80

10.58

4.77

13.67

6.12

2.36

54.80
8.41
17.99
.82
7.34

47.27
13.47
15.02
.90
16.44

13.34
6.52
17.14
2.43
58.77

1.78
3.14
81.75
1.98
.77

13.51
9.01
67.73
.01
4.97

66.55
9.17
7.88
.88
1.85

44.38
4.97
31.80
.41
12.32

54.98
7.94
13.24

___________________________________________________________________________________________

- Data not available.




Sales work­
ers

Managers
and officers

Total

T otal.......................................... 2,467,290
100.00
Percent.................................
Local and suburban transit and
interurban highway passenger
transportation............................
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing ..............................
Water transportation........................
Air transportation ............................
Pipe lines, except natural gas........
Transportation services ..................

Operating,
mainte­
nance, con­
Service work­ struction, re­ Clerical work­
pair, mat­
ers
ers
erial handling,
and powerplant workers

11

-

21.48

eral office clerks (46,000) and vehicle, service, or work
dispatchers (31,000). The remaining industry employ­
ment consisted of managers and officers, with 7 percent
of the work force; sales workers, with 2 percent; serv­
ice workers, with 1 percent; and professional and tech­
nical workers, with less than 1 percent each.
The five largest occupations in the motor freight
transportation and warehousing industry, in order of
predominance, are shown in the following tabulation:

or subway within a single municipality, between neigh­
boring municipalities, or between a municipality and its
surrounding locale, as well as establishments which sup­
ply transportation to local scenic features. (Interurban
rail service is not included.) The industry also includes
firms which supply terminal and maintenance services.
O f the 263,000 workers employed in this industry in
1979, more than 78 percent were in operating, mainte­
nance, construction, repair, material handling, and
powerplant occupations (table 5). The largest concen­
tration of these workers was in the school bus industry.
Clerical workers accounted for 11 percent of total in­
dustry employment; more than one-third of these were
in the taxicab industry. Managers and officers ranked
third among the occupational groups, with 14,000 or 5
percent of the industry employment. Professional and
technical workers accounted for only 3 percent of the
industry work force, with 9,000 employees. The remain­
ing 2 percent of the industry’s workers were in service
and sales occupations.
As the following tabulation indicates, bus driver was,
by far, the most populous occupation in the industry,
with 122,320 workers. More than half of these were
school bus drivers. Taxi drivers also ranked high, with
16 percent of industry employment.

School bus driver ...........
Bus driver, except school
bus....................................
Taxi driver .......................
Vehicle, service, or work
dispatcher........................
Automobile mechanic ....

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

65,260

24.9

57,060
41,480

21.7
15.8

9,230
8,880

3.5
3.4

Tractor-trailer truck
driver...................................
Manager or officer .............
Truck driver, heavy ...........
Delivery or route worker ...
Truck driver helper............

percent oj industry
employment

455,940
92,640
92,520
76,910
64,480

33.7
6.9
6.8
5.7
4.8

Water transportation
This industry comprises establishments conducting
freight and passenger transportation on the open seas
or inland waterways, and those which furnish inciden­
tal services such as lighterage, canal operation, and tow ­
ing. Also included are excursion boats, sightseeing boats,
and water taxis. Charter and party fishing boats are not
included.
Of the 208,000 workers in this industry in 1979, twothirds were in operating, maintenance, construction, re­
pair, material handling, and powerplant occupations (ta­
ble 7). Marine cargo handling, canal operation, and mis­
cellaneous water transportation services employed the
large majority of these workers. Managers and officers
ranked second in industry employment with 13 percent
of the industry’s workers, while clerical workers ac­
counted for 11 percent. Service workers accounted for
4 percent of the employment; professional workers, 3
percent; sales workers, 2 percent; and technical workers,
only 1 percent.
The five most populous occupations in the water
transportation industry are shown in the following
tabulation:

Eltotor freight transportation and warehousing
This industry is composed of establishments which
furnish local or long-distance trucking, or those engaged
in the storage of farm products, furniture or other house­
hold goods, or commercial goods of any nature. The
operation of terminal facilities for handling freight, with
or without maintenance facilities, is also included. (Es­
tablishments engaged in field warehousing or storing
natural gas are excluded).
Local and long-distance trucking accounted for 93
percent of employment in this industry; public ware­
housing, 6 percent; and terminal and maintenance fa­
cilities for trucking, only 0.5 percent.
As shown in table 6, 74 percent of all workers in the
motor freight transportation and warehousing industry
were in operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations. Over
608,000, or 60 percent of these, were truck drivers,
three-fourths of whom drove tractor-trailers. Clerical
workers accounted for 16 percent of industry employ­
ment. The two largest clerical occupations were gen­




Employment

Ordinary seaman.......
Captain, water vessel
Able seaman..............
Ship engineer ............
Food service workers

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

16,260
10,560
9,130
7,240
5,150

7.8
5.1
4.4
3.5
2.5

Air transportation
This industry consists of establishments which pri­
marily furnish foreign and domestic air transportation,
but also includes establishments which operate airports
and flying fields, and those which perform terminal
services.

12

In 1979, air transportation employed 444,000 workers,
or 18 percent of all workers in the transportation indus­
tries. Companies holding certificates of public conve­
nience and necessity under the Civil Aeronautics Act
accounted for 84 percent of the workers in air trans­
portation; those which operate and maintain airports
and flying fields and/or service, repair, and store air­
craft accounted for 11 percent, and noncertificated air
carriers, 5 percent.
Clerical occupations accounted for the largest num­
ber of workers, 152,000, or one-third of the employment
in air transportation. Most of these were reservation
agents, ticket agents, or transportation agents (see table
8 for further detail). Over one-fourth of the employees
in air transportation were in operating, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
occupations. Almost half of the workers in this occu­
pational group were aircraft mechanics. Service occu­
pations accounted for 15 percent of air transportation
employment. Of all service workers, flight attendant
was the largest occupation. Technical workers were
the fourth largest occupational group in air transporta­
tion. Eighty-three percent of all technical workers in*
this industry were airplane pilots. Managers and offi­
cers, professional workers, and sales workers accounted
for 11 percent of all workers in the industry.
The following tabulation ranks the five largest occu­
pations in the air transportation industry:
Employment
Flight attendant ...
Aircraft mechanic
Reservation agent
Airplane p ilo t.....
Ticket agent .......

54,230
52,280
48,680
47,290
37,490

Percent of industry
employment
12.2

11.8

11.0

10.7
8.5

Pop® lines,
natural gas
This industry comprises establishments which pro­
vide the pipe line transportation of petroleum and other
commodities (except natural gas), and includes estab­
lishments which produce and refine petroleum, but sepa­
rately report pipe line operations.
Of the 20,000 workers in this industry in 1979, nearly
two-thirds were in operating, maintenance, construc­
tion, repair, material handling, and powerplant occupa­
tions (table 9). Professional workers, the second largest
occupational group, accounted for 10 percent of pipe
line transportation employment. More than half of the
professional workers in the industry were engineers.
Workers in clerical occupations were almost as large a
group as professionals. Almost all of these worked in
office clerical positions. The remaining industry em­
ployment consisted primarily of managers and officers,
with 9 percent of the employment; and technical
workers, with 7 percent.



The five largest occupations in this industry are listed
in the tabulation below:

Pipeliner.............................
G ager.................................
Main line station engineer
Manager or officer ..........
Electrician .........................

Percent of industry
employment

2,770
2,640
1,900
1,770
1,530

13.6
13.0
9.4
8.7
7.5

Transportation] services
This industry includes establishments which furnish
services incidental to transportation, such as the ar­
rangement of passenger and freight transportation, and
forwarding and packing services.
In 1979, this industry employed 181,000 persons or
only 7 percent of total employment in transportation.
Sixty-three percent of the workers in this industry pri­
marily furnish travel information, act as agents in ar­
ranging tours and transporting passengers, or act as in­
dependent agents for transportation establishments.
Also included are persons arranging for the transpor-.
tation of freight and cargo. However, workers in es­
tablishments which transport goods from shippers to
receivers for a fee covering the entire transportation,
and in turn use services of other transportation estab­
lishments for delivery, account for 25 percent of the
'employment in transportation services. Ten percent of
the workers in this industry are employed in establish­
ments which provide miscellaneous services incidental
to transportation, such as packing and crating goods
for shipment, and the operation of highway bridges,
tunnels, and toll roads. The remaining 2 percent are
employed in establishments which provide for the rental
of railroad cars to transport passengers and/or freight.
Clerical occupations accounted for the largest num­
ber of workers in the transportation services industry,
with nearly one-third of industry employment. Profes­
sional workers ranked second, with 26 percent. Of these
workers, almost all were travel agents or travel accom­
modations appraisers (table 10). Managers and officers
ranked third among the occupational groups, with 18
percent of the industry employment. Operating, main­
tenance, construction, repair, material handling, and
powerplant occupations accounted for 15 percent of the
industry work force, and sales, service, and technical
occupations constituted the remaining 8 percent.
The five most populous occupations in transportation
services are shown in the tabulation below:

Travel agent or travel
accommodations appraiser
Manager or officer .............
General office clerk ...........
Hand bookkeeper.................
Secretary ..............................

13

Employment

Employment

percent oj inaustry
employment

44,900
32,210
15,330
5,900
5,350

24.8
17.8
8.5
3.3
3.0

TabSs 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979
(SIC 41)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
-

Total ...................................................................

262,570

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................

13,520

5.15

n.a.

73

Professional occupations..........................................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
All other professional workers...............................

1,470
1,140
330

.56
.43
.13

n.a.
6
n.a.

n.a.
12
n.a.

Technical occupations...............................................
Emergency medical technician .............................
All other technicians............................................

7,380
7,270
110

2.81
2.77
.04

n.a.
9
n.a.

n.a.
8
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
All other service workers.......................................

4,780
1,850
150
2,780

1.82
.70
.06
1.06

n.a.
7
14
n.a.

n.a.
11
1
n.a.

205,260
14,440
8,880
1,260
4,220
80
760
1,270
57,060
4,500
70
2,000
70
1,690
41,480

78.17
5.50
3.38
.48
1.61
.03
.29
.48
21.73
1.71
.03
.76
.03
.64
15.80

n.a.
n.a.
3
6
4
n.a.
29
13
2
3
39
4
14
6
2

n.a.
n.a.
35
9
11
n.a.
2
2
26
19
(3)
14
(3)
9
25

1,450
6,880
65,260
7,460
160
200
510

.55
2.62
24.85
2.84
.06
.08
.19

6
12
2
9
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

8
6
24
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

29,210
17,260
70
230
570
450
30
5,170
1,620
1,260
60
1,790
1,610
180
3,700
80
440
11,950
620

11.12
6.57
.03
.09
.22
.17
.01
1.97
.62
.48
.02
.68
.61
.07
1.41
.03
.17
4.55
.24

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
11
8
8
19
3
7
5
22
5
12
20
8
20
n.a.
n.a.
14

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
6
. 4'
(3)
31
8
16
1
18
8
1
11
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
3

600
370
9,230
1,090
40

.23
.14
3.52
.42
.02

8
20
3
11
n.a.

6
2
41
7
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic ................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Baggage handler....................................................
Bus driver................................................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Taxi d river...............................................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator...............................................
Chauffeur.................................................................
Bus driver, school..................................................
Ambulance driver and/or attendant ......................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice ..............................................
Office machine operators ......................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Claim adjuster.........................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...............................................
Information clerk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..........................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Ticket agent............................................................
Typist ......................................................................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p la n t...............................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
y a rd ....................................................................
Taxi or bus meter reader.......................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Police, fire and ambulance dispatcher..................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
See footnotes at end of table.




Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979—Continued
(SIC 41)

Occupation

Sales occupations.....................................................
Traffic agent ...........................................................
All other sales agents, sales associates, and/or
sales representatives .......................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

950
830

0.36
.32

100
20

.04
.01

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

8
n.a.
n.a.

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

6
n.a.
n.a.

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

15

Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, EVJay 1979
(SIC 42)

Occupation

Employment'

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l....................................................................

1,351,960

100.00

-

Managers and officers...............................................

92,640

6.85

n.a.

84

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers ................................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
All other professional workers...............................

10,880
570
720
6,960
1,600
1,030

.80
.04
.05
.51
.12
.08

n.a.
42
15
9
19
n.a.

n.a.
2
4
14
6
n.a.

Technical occupations...............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
All other technicians...............................................

1,240
1,020
220

.09
.08
.02

n.a.
41
n.a.

n.a.
4
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers.............................................
All other service workers.......................................

13,550
9,370
2,630
280
1,270

1.00
.69
.19
.02
.09

n.a.
11
13
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
20
5
n.a.
n.a.

999,560
64,280
15,660
1,340
43,720
1,380

73.93
4.75
1.16
.10
3.23
.10

n.a.
n.a.
9
38
7
33

n.a.
n.a.
17
3
31
2

640
1,540
92,520
59,820
455,940
160
2,580
2,900
76,910
23,450
23,260
300
2,210
860
3,760
250
14,000
210
1,250

.05
.11
6.84
4.42
33.72
.01
.19
.21
5.69
1.73
1.72
.02
.16
.06
.28
.02
1.04
.02
.09

31
n.a.
7
12
2
35
30
19
8
12
9
29
18
30
12
46
14
22
31

2
n.a.
22
17
57
1
4
2
14
29
17
1
5
2
2
1
3
1
2

2,620
1,560
64,480
4,330
4,430
5,350
92,130

.19
.12
4.77
.32
.33
.40
6.81

24
18
8
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

5
6
18
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

212,000
128,380
9,880
1,760
2,400
880
4,240
14,050
4,570
2,340
2,280
46,400

15.68
9.50
.73
.13
.18
.07
.31
1.04
.34
.17
.17
3.43

n.a.
n.a.
8
15
26
n.a.
24
5
23
19
26
7

n.a.
n.a.
16
6
5
n.a.
9
23
10
8
7
48

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerpiant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic.................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver, heavy................................................
Truck driver, light ...................................................
Tractor trailer truck d river......................................
Carpenter................................................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator...................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector .................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, automotive................................................
Refuse collector.....................................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Truck driver helper.................................................
Locker plant attendant...........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice ..............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator..................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ....................................................................
File clerk..................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...............................................
See footnotes at end of table.




16

-

Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1979—Continued
(SIC 42)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p lant.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p la n t..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Manifest c le rk .........................................................
Freight rate clerk....................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Crating and moving estimator...............................
Traffic agent ...........................................................
All other sales agents, sales associates, and/or
sales representatives .......................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

2,800
910
470
18,340
740
1,420
4,410
4,130
6,360
83,620
14,340
9,660

0.21
.07
.03
1.36
.05
.11
.33
.31
.47
6.19
1.06
.71

14
28
22
6
49
10
44
27
n.a.
n.a.
33
24

13
5
3
32
4
9
8
9
n.a.
n.a.
9
11

14,360
30,780
1,320
9,350
3,810

1.06
2.28
.10
.69
.28

24
6
25
7
n.a.

14
36
4
18
n.a.

22,090
6,610
10,050

1.63
.49
.74

n.a.
9
10

n.a.
8
14

4,900
530

.36
.04

n.a.
42

n.a.
1

1
Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

17

2
The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1979
(Sic 44)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

207,560

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................
Captain, water vessel .............................................
Pilot, ship.................................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

26,390
10,560
3,650
12,180

12.71
5.09
1.76
5.87

n.a.
5
10
3

n.a.
34
13
75

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Marine engineer.................................................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
All other professional workers...............................

5,320
1,420
820
330
270
240
680
1,490
420
1,070

2.56
.68
.40
.16
.13
.12
.33
.72
.20
.52

n.a.
n.a.
10
17
n.a.
22
11
8
8
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
11
3
n.a.
2
14
19
8
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Surveyor..............................................................
All other engineering technicians......................
Radio operator .......................................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,190
230
670
540
130
810
480

1.06
.11
.32
.26
.06
.39
.23

n.a.
14
n.a.
36
n.a.
11
n.a.

n.a.
4
n.a.
1
n.a.
6
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
Ship steward...........................................................
All other service workers .......................................

9,040
1,050
790
5,150
490
1,060
500

4.36
.51
.38
2.48
.24
.51
.24

n.a.
17
14
9
19
22
n.a.

n.a.
9
7
16
3
3
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Marine mechanic and/or repairer .....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ...................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Firer, marine ...........................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Instrument repairer.................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Flelper, trades.........................................................
Marine service station attendant ..........................
Oiler ........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Plastic boat patcher...............................................
Boatswain...............................................................
Able seaman...........................................................
Ordinary seaman....................................................
Signaller..................................................................
Ship engineer .........................................................
Motorboat operator................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........

137,700
7,850
990
930
130
3,810
1,340
650
1,120
680
2,880
240
650
900
3,140
1,140
4,400
60
1,440
1,270
800
2,070
410
200
40
1,890
280
1,680
9,130
16,260
360
7,240
760
1,440

66.34
3.78
.48
.45
.06
1.84
.65
.31
.54
.33
1.39
.12
.31
.43
1.51
.55
2.12
.03
.69
.61
.39
1.00
.20
.10
.02
.91
.13
.81
4.40
7.83
.17
3.49
.37
.69

n.a.
n.a.
17
13
25
10
37
n.a.
22
16
18
37
20
22
17
17
12
40
15
16
21
13
25
32
43
17
43
12
12
4
23
9
26
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
6
7
2
24
4
n.a.
7
9
12
2
5
1
19
6
9
(3)
11
7
6
8
5
1
(3)
9
4
6
10
31
2
13
3
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




18

-

Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1979—Continued
(Sic 44)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

5,120
64,250

2.47
30.95

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators.......................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Ticket agent............................................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t..............................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.....................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ........................................................ •..........
All other plant clerical workers .............................

23,730
19,580
290
290
390
70
220
430
1,910
1,000
620
350
3,930
820
240
260
3,240
210
400
560
1,230
930
2,190
4,150
200
1,140
1,100

11.43
9.43
.14
.14
.19
.03
.11
.21
.92
.48
.30
.17
1.89
.40
.12
.13
1.56
.10
.19
.27
.59
.45
1.06
2.00
.10
.55
.53

n.a.
n.a.
35
11
12
37
n.a.
18
9
10
28
13
12
7
12
15
7
13
8
42
9
12
n.a.
n.a.
18
34
23

n.a.
n.a.
5
5
4
1
n.a.
4
17
20
6
5
26
18
5
6
32
4
12
2
12
10
n.a.
n.a.
3
3
6

580
1,130

.28
.54

13
n.a.

8
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

3,190

1.54

n.a.

n.a.

2,570
620

1.24
.30

11
26

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




18
6

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

19

Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1979
(Sic 45)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

443,910

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................

29,430

6.63

n.a.

88

Professional occupations........... - ............................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Aeronautical engineer........................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Industrial engineer.............................................
All other engineers.............................................
Natural and/or mathematical scientist..................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Teacher and/or instructor, vocational education
or training..........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
All other professional workers...............................

13,980
1,830
1,200
210
220
200
340
1,140

3.15
.41
.27
.05
.05
.05
.08
.26

n.a.
n.a.
32
35
25
n.a.
19
22

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
1
3

3,690
820
2,350
120
550
300
2,840

.83
.18
.53
.03
.12
.07
.64

10
15
24
28
16
28
n.a.

19
9
13
1
6
4
n.a.

Technical occupations...............................................
Computer programmer ...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other engineering technicians......................
Flight engineer........................................................
Airplane p ilo t...........................................................
Radio operator .......................................................
All other technicians..............................................

57,010
1,230
1,200
960
240
5,700
47,290
520
1,070

12.84
.28
.27
.22
.05
1.28
10.65
.12
.24

n.a.
22
n.a.
33
n.a.
15
6
30
n.a.

n.a.
3
n.a.
3
n.a.
4
41
4
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
Flight attendant ......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
Baggage porter, transportation .............................
All other service workers.......................................

67,920
3,040
620
3,670
54,230
2,980
2,350
1,030

15.30
.68
.14
.83
12.22
.67
.53
.23

n.a.
12
21
22
3
11
16
n.a.

n.a.
16
3
3
6
8
5
n.a.

118,370
58,360
52,280
2,070
470
1,050

26.67
13.15
11.78
.47
.11
.24

n.a.
n.a.
3
9
19
16

n.a.
n.a.
58
10
3
4

230
1,690
570
2,010
6,260
80
6,170
440
230
6,540
360
920
1,120
430
180
80
310
29,780
500
1,260
1,280
2,060

.05
.38
.13
.45
1.41
.02
1.39
.10
.05
1.47
.08
.21
.25
.10
.04
.02
.07
6.71
.11
.28
.29
.46

35
18
n.a.
16
27
27
9
44
25
12
23
32
19
17
31
34
29
9
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
4
n.a.
7
4
1
11
2
1
19
1
1
5
2
1
(3)
2
41
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, aircraft..............................................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Radio mechanic.................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Electronic mechanic...........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Baggage handler....................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Machinist.................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Line service attendant...........................................
Aircraft painter........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
See footnotes at end of table.




20

-

Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1979—Continued
(Sic 45)
Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffic e .............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Reservation agent..................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Ticket agent............................................................
Typist ......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t..............................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
yard ....................................................................
Airplane dispatcher................................................
Crew scheduler ......................................................
Transportation agent ..............................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

151,880
120,850
100
990
1,430
390
390
740
4,600
48,680
380
590
240
390
3,280
1,050
320
540
11,340
330
260
37,490
1,420
4,470
1,430
31,030

34.21
27.22
.02
.22
.32
.09
.09
.17
1.04
10.97
.09
.13
.05
.09
.74
.24
.07
.12
2.55
.07
.06
8.45
.32
1.01
.32
6.99

n.a.
n.a.
24
22
22
20
n.a.
20
17
12
18
24
21
18
15
9
15
17
17
20
20
8
13
14
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
3
3
1
n.a.
4
15
13
6
3
3
3
20
16
4
8
49
2
5
28
8
9
n.a.
n.a.

4,810
2,660
1,200
20,970
1,390

1.08
.60
.27
4.72
.31

14
13
10
12
n.a.

13
14
4
22
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

5,320

1.20

n.a.

n.a.

4,280
1,040

.96
.23

30
n.a.

21
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero.
n.a. Not available.

21

Table 9. Pipe lines, except natural gas: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979
(Sic 46)

Occupation

Employment'

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

20,310

100.00

-

Managers and officers...............................................

1,770

8.71

n.a.

70

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Physical scientists..................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Right of way agent ................................................
All other professional workers...............................

1,980
1,070
380
490
200
50
60
420
120
80
180

9.75
5.27
1.87
2.41
.98
.25
.30
2.07
.59
.39
.89

n.a.
n.a.
21
23
n.a.
n.a.
21
19
43
21
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
17
23
n.a.
n.a.
9
11
9
10
n.a.

Technical occupations...............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter.................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
Airplane p ilo t...........................................................
All other technicians...............................................

1,380
50
1,200
180
1,020
70
60

6.79
.25
5.91
.89
5.02
.34
.30

n.a.
38
36
25
11
22
n.a.

n.a.
3
61
14
48
5
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Service workers......................................................

10
10

.05
.05

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant
occupations3........................................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Diesel mechanic ................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Truck driver.............................................................
Relay dispatcher ....................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Gager......................................................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Main line station engineer .....................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Field mechanical meter tester...............................
Pipeliner..................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

13,200
490
70
420
690
760
340
1,530
2,640
60
630
1,900
100
290
320
2,770
70
180
430

64.99
2.41
.34
2.07
3.40
3.74
1.67
7.53
13.00
.30
3.10
9.35
.49
1.43
1.58
13.64
.34
.89
2.12

n.a.
53
42
11
23
15
27
7
9
23
13
15
32
13
16
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
37
5
32
23
21
16
70
54
7
32
50
4
27
23
62
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office.............................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Secretary................................................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
Ail other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant..............................................

1,970
1,930
360
670
520
120
110
150
40

9.70
9.50
1.77
3.30
2.56
.59
.54
.74
.20

n.a.
n.a.
19
14
14
19
27
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
14
33
27
13
8
n.a.
n.a.

employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3
Includes pipeline, transportation, petroleum, and extraction
workers.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




-

22

Table 10. Transportation services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1979
(Sic 47)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

180,980

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................

32,210

17.80

n.a.

89

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers ...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Travel agent and/or travel accommodations
appraiser ...........................................................
All other professional workers...............................

47,930
200
150
250
1,230
170

26.48
.11
.08
.14
.68
.09

n.a.
24
25
14
9
13

n.a.
1
1
2
6
2

44,900
1,030

24.81
.57

2
n.a.

57
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technician...........................................
All other technicians..............................................

540
290
60
190

.30
.16
.03
.10

n.a.
16
30
n.a.

n.a.
2
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service on ly....................
Guide, travel .......................... ,..............................
Guide, sightseeing or establishment .....................
All other service workers.......................................

4,980
460
280
150
160
2,480
600
850

2.75
.25
.15
.08
.09
1.37
.33
.47

n.a.
15
20
50
22
12
26
n.a.

n.a.
3
1
(3)
1
4
1
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter ................................................................
Crater......................................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility .....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

27,840
780
310
50
420
4,200
150
720
2,600
60
1,040
2,320
410
600
100
1,160
1,390
1,930
10,380

15.38
.43
.17
.03
.23
2.32
.08
.40
1.44
.03
.57
1.28
.23
.33
.06
.64
.77
1.07
5.74

n.a.
n.a.
16
34
n.a.
9
28
17
12
32
9
14
18
25
30
18
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
(3)
n.a.
6
(3)
1
4
(3)
4
3
2
1
1
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice ..............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier...................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ...............................................
Order c le rk..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk...........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............

58,850
52,270
2,000
530
830
200
340
740
2,820
5,900
860
750
15,330
890
320
130
2,220
5,350
250
560

32.52
28.88
1.11
.29
.46
.11
.19
.41
1.56
3.26
.48
.41
8.47
.49
.18
.07
1.23
2.96
.14
.31

n.a.
n.a.
6
9
12
19
n.a.
10
6
3
18
8
4
13
8
11
7
4
18
6

n.a.
n.a.
10
3
3
1
n.a.
4
9
35
3
5
31
2
4
2
14
27
2
6

See footnotes at end of table.




23

-

Table 10. Transportation services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1979—Continued
(Sic 47)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Messenger ..............................................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p la n t..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Weigher, recordkeeping .........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Crating and moving estimator...............................
Traffic agent ...........................................................
All other sales agents, sales associates, and/or
sales representatives .......................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,320
4,820
1,700
4,410
6,580
2,020
1,600
190

0.73
2.66
.94
2.44
3.64
1.12
.88
.10

8
6
7
n.a.
n.a.
14
11
21

7
14
7
n.a.
n.a.
3
5
1

1,000
890
880

.55
.49
.49

16
13
n.a.

3
4
n.a.

8,630
450
4,570

4.77
.25
2.53

n.a.
21
6

n.a.
2
13

3,230
380

1.78
.21

n.a.
25

n.a.
1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

24

C©mmunicati@n@

Summary

the employment, were the workers in operating, main­
tenance, construction, repair, material handling, and
powerplant occupations. The third largest group of
workers was managers and officers, with 10 percent of
the industry employment. Professional workers ac­
counted for 5 percent; workers employed in technical
occupations, 3 percent; sales workers, 2 percent; and
service workers, 1 percent.
The five largest occupations in telephone, telegraph,
and selected communication services are shown in the

In 1979, 1.3 million persons were employed in the
communications industries. Telephone, telegraph, and
selected communication services employed 1.1 million,
or 86 percent of these workers. The remaining 14 per­
cent were in radio and television broadcasting.
Clerical occupations accounted for 41 percent of com­
munications employment. Central office telephone op­
erators made up nearly one-fifth of these.
Operating, maintenance, construction, repair, mate­
rial handling, and powerplant workers accounted for
29 percent of communications employment. Almost all
of these workers were employed in telephone, telegraph,
and selected communication services.
The third largest occupational group was managers
and officers, constituting 11 percent of communications
employment. More than three-fourths of all managers
and officers were employed in telephone, telegraph, and
selected communications services.
Professional occupations accounted for 10 percent of
the employment in communications. Radio and televi­
sion broadcasting employed 82,000, or 61 percent of the
professional workers in these industries. The largest
professional occupation in communications was electri­
cal or electronic engineer, with 27,000 persons.
Technical workers accounted for 4 percent of com­
munications employment, with 48,000 persons. Most of
these were engineering technicians.
Sales workers accounted for 3 percent of communi­
cations employment, with 45,000 persons. Sales employ­
ment was divided fairly evenly between the two com­
munications industries.
Service workers constituted the smallest occupational
group, accounting for just over 1 percent of communi­
cations employment. The telephone, telegraph, and se­
lected communication services industry employed most
of these workers.

ta b u la tio n b e lo w :

Manager or officer ............
Central office operator......
Installer-repairer or
section maintainer ............
Customer service
representative.....................
Station installer ..................

Percent of industry
employment

109,330
107,920

9.7
9.6

71,800

6.4

65,330
58,270

5.8
5.2

Radio and television broadcasting
In establishments which provide radio and television
broadcasting services, professional workers constituted
the largest occupational group, with 43 percent o f the
industry employment (table 12). The second largest
group, with 17 percent of industry employment, was
managers and officers. Workers in clerical occupations
were almost as large a group, with 16 percent. Sales
occupations accounted for 12 percent. Almost all of
these workers were employed as sales representatives,
sales agents, or sales associates. Technical workers ac­
counted for 9 percent of industry employment. Almost
three-fourths of these were broadcast technicians. Serv­
ice workers made up 2 percent of this industry’s em­
ployment. The smallest occupational group consisted
of operating, maintenance, construction, repair, mate­
rial handling, and powerplant workers.
The following tabulation lists the five largest occu­
pations in the radio and television broadcasting industry:

Telephone, telegraph, and selected
communication services
This industry includes establishments which furnish
telephone or telegraphic services between two or more
parties. These services can be domestic, international,
marine, or aeronautical. The industry also includes home
rental of cablevision service, transradio press service,
and operation of radar stations.
Clerical occupations dominated the industry, with
516,000 workers or 46 percent of the employment (ta­
ble 11). Next in importance, with just over one-third of



Employment

25

Employment
employment
Announcer, radio and
television .........................
Manager or officer ............
Sales representative,
sales agent, or sales
associate .............................
Broadcast technician .........
Electrical or electronic
engineer...............................

Percmt f indus,r>’
employment

38,180
32,000

20.3
17.0

21,690
12,160

11.5
6.5

8,060

4.3

Table 11. Telephone, telegraph, and selected communication services: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979
(Sic 481, 482, 489)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l...................................................................

1,128,470

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers..............................................

109,330

9.69

n.a.

87

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers............................................
Mathematical scientist...........................................
Economist ...............................................................
Systems analyst, business.....................................
Systems analyst, scientific and technical.............
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional ............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Right of way agent ................................................
All other professional workers...............................

52,950
29,460
780
18,580
2,480
770
6,850
400
120
2,940
810
560
5,900
690
420
390
5,110
1,100
380
4,670

4.69
2.61
.07
1.65
.22
.07
.61
.04
.01
.26
.07
.05
.52
.06
.04
.03
.45
.10
.03
.41

n.a.
n.a.
14
8
22
24
n.a.
31
31
15
24
12
9
13
13
34
10
10
17
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
4
27
3
2
n.a.
2
1
4
2
6
12
4
3
2
13
7
3
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer, business..........................
Computer programmer, scientific and technical ....
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other engineering technicians......................
Radio operator .......................................................
All other technicians..............................................

30,800
3,280
400
25,610
5,000
15,760
4,850
740
770

2.73
.29
.04
2.27
.44
1.40
.43
.07
.07

n.a.
14
27
n.a.
8
9
n.a.
36
n.a.

n.a.
4
1
n.a.
15
33
n.a.
2
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
All other service workers.......................................

13,290
10,200
260
500
1,710
620

1.18
.90
.02
.04
.15
.05

n.a.
8
27
20
14
n.a.

n.a.
31
1
1
6
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Radio mechanic.................................................
Electronic mechanic...........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Automatic maintainer.............................................
Cable installer.........................................................
Cable repairer.........................................................
Cable splicer...........................................................
Central office repairer............................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Frame w irer.............................................................
Utilities ground worker...........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Installer repairer and/or section maintainer.........
Line installer repairer....:........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Station installer.......................................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Instrument shop repairer........................................
Telegraph equipment maintainer...........................

383,550
16,100
3,400
270
4,970
6,820
640
890
3,140
6,780
9,940
36,240
49,910
550
1,630
49,860
13,010
500
680
410
71,800
23,760
1,750
310
58,270
2,060
1,040
3,270

33.99
1.43
.30
.02
.44
.60
.06
.08
.28
.60
.88
3.21
4.42
.05
.14
4.42
1.15
.04
.06
.04
6.36
2.11
.16
.03
5.16
.18
.09
.29

n.a.
n.a.
10
26
16
21
n.a.
23
17
10
9
1
2
14
14
1
9
25
19
18
2
5
12
27
1
12
12
18

n.a.
n.a.
11
1
5
2
n.a.
3
3
9
11
36
39
3
5
33
19
1
1
2
49
48
6
1
30
7
4
6

See footnotes at end of table.




26

Table 11. Telephone, telegraph, and selected communication services: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 481, 482, 489)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Telegraph plant maintainer....................................
Teletype installer....................................................
Test desk trouble locator.......................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office..............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Mail clerk................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Private branch service advisor..............................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Service observer....................................................
Service c le rk...........................................................
Statistical c le rk .......................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Telegraph office counter clerk ..............................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
Directory assistance operator ...............................
Telegraph operator................................................
Central office operator...........................................
Customer service representative ..........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant...............................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.....................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
yard ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

2,510
2,160
19,020
5,030
1,610
1,320

0.22
.19
1.69
.45
.14
.12

18
16
9
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

4
3
24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

515,780
458,860
920
4,950
3,960
1,070
1,860
7,050
16,610
4,340
6,780
2,650
3,720
50,780
2,490
2,200
2,740
2,240
440
13,810
3,070
13,480
15,370
1,010
410
880
16,320
31,960
37,320
4,060
107,920
65,330
33,120
56,920
19,380
1,830

45.71
40.66
.08
.44
.35
.09
.16
.62
1.47
.38
.60
.23
.33
4.50
.22
.19
.24
.20
.04
1.22
.27
1.19
1.36
.09
.04
.08
1.45
2.83
3.31
.36
9.56
5.79
2.93
5.04
1.72
.16

n.a.
n.a.
24
10
9
14
n.a.
8
8
8
6
12
19
1
8
11
11
11
14
7
9
12
9
26
17
36
9
3
1
20
'1
1
n.a.
n.a.
7
11

n.a.
n.a.
2
8
9
4
n.a.
12
15
26
36
11
5
26
10
8
9
9
4
48
10
11
16
5
4
2
28
22
9
6
23
29
n.a.
n.a.
22
6

7,620
9,270
18,820

.68
.82
1.67

7
8
n.a.

23
17
n.a.

22,770

2.02

n.a.

n.a.

20,670
2,100

1.83
.19

6
15

1
Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

27

26
9

2
The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 12. Radio and television broadcasting: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1979
(Sic 483)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

187,990

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................

32,000

17.02

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
All other engineers.............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Photographer..........................................................
Television camera operator...................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Announcer, radio and television ...........................
Broadcast news analyst.........................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Film e ditor...............................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional ............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Reporter and/or correspondent............................
Technical director ..................................................
All other professional workers...............................

81,710
8,540
8,060
480
320
2,690
3,820
60
1,030
38,180
7,620
1,320
4,670
1,510
190
300
210
670
5,660
2,410
2,510

43.47
4.54
4.29
.26
.17
1.43
2.03
.03
.55
20.31
4.05
.70
2.48
.80
.10
.16
.11
.36
3.01
1.28
1.34

n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
36
6
7
25
20
2
5
8
7
8
35
18
23
9
6
8
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
63
n.a.
1
15
18
1
9
93
48
18
38
15
1
4
3
10
28
15
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
Sound recording and reproduction technician ...
Video recording engineer..................................
Broadcast technician .........................................
Light technician..................................................
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians..............................................

16,920
590
16,030
1,600
690
870
12,160
340
370
300

9.00
.31
8.53
.85
.37
.46
6.47
.18
.20
.16

n.a.
26
n.a.
20
16
24
6
20
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
10
7
5
30
3
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers.............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
All other service workers .......................................

3,000
2,590
180
50
60
120

1.60
1.38
.10
.03
.03
.06

n.a.
7
28
19
45
n.a.

n.a.
35
1
1
(3)
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Radio mechanic.................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

2,000
360
250
110
180
40
120
120
230
420
290
240

1.06
.19
.13
.06
.10
.02
.06
.06
.12
.22
.15
.13

n.a.
n.a.
24
n.a.
23
26
44
45
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
1
1
(3)
1
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators.......................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................

30,490
29,880
1,550
300
370
80
270
70
870
3,120
60
220
1,190

16.22
15.89
.82
.16
.20
.04
.14
.04
.46
1.66
.03
.12
.63

n.a.
n.a.
10
20
29
31
n.a.
25
9
7
27
27
11

n.a.
n.a.
18
4
2
1
n.a.
1
11
40
1
2
6

See footnotes at end of table.




28

98

Table 12. Radio and television broadcasting: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1979—Continued
(Sic 483)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Order c le rk ..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Script cle rk..............................................................
Traffic cle rk.............................................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p la n t..............................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.....................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

80
500
90
2,190
7,800
550
880
300
6,180
1,300
490
1,420
610
270
60
160

0.04
.27
.05
1.16
4.15
.29
.47
.16
3.29
.69
.26
.76
.32
.14
.03
.09

20
14
21
7
10
25
5
15
3
13
39
n.a.
n.a.
21
36
15

1
9
2
33
49
2
13
3
61
15
3
n.a.
n.a.
2
1
3

60
60

.03
.03

23
n.a.

1
n.a.

21,870

11.63

n.a.

n.a.

21,690
180

11.54
.10

2
25

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

86
1

employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

29

Utilities

This group of industries consists of establishments
which provide utility and sanitary services to the pub­
lic. Such establishments generate, transmit, or distrib­
ute electricity, gas, or steam; and may also provide re­
lated transportation, communication, and refrigeration
services. Other types of services include water supply
and irrigation systems, and sanitation systems which
collect and dispose of garbage, sewage, and other
wastes.
In 1979, employment in utilities totaled 796,000.
Forty-six percent o f the jobholders in utilities worked
in electric services. Establishments providing combina­
tion electric, gas, and other utility services ranked sec­
ond, with 24 percent of the employment. Establishments
which produce and distribute gas accounted for 21 per­
cent, and sanitary services, 6 percent. The remaining
employment was distributed among water supply and
irrigation systems, with 3 percent, and the steam sup­
ply industry, with less than 1 percent.
About half of the employment in utilities consisted
of workers in operating, maintenance, construction, re­
pair, material handling, and powerplant occupations (ta­
ble 13). Fifteen percent of these were mechanics and
repairers.
Clerical occupations accounted for one-fourth of in­
dustry employment. The majority of these workers were
in office occupations; the two most populous were gen­
eral office clerk and customer service representative.




Professional workers, totaling 66,000 or 8 percent of
utilities employment, were the third largest occupational
group. Engineers accounted for almost half o f the pro­
fessional employees in this industry. Electrical or elec­
tronic engineer was the largest professional occupation.
Managers and officers, totaling 62,000, were almost
as large a group as professional workers. Over twofifths were employed in electric services.
Technical workers made up 5 percent of industry
employment, with 42,000 persons. The largest techni­
cal occupation was electrical or electronic technician.
Service occupations accounted for 2 percent of in­
dustry employment, with 17,000 workers. Janitors, por­
ters, and cleaners made up more than half of these.
Sales workers constituted the smallest occupational
group, accounting for 1 percent of utilities employment.
Gas production and distribution employed 42 percent
of the industry’s sales workers.
The following tabulation lists the five most populous
occupations in utilities:

Manager or officer .......
Line installer-repairer
General office clerk ....
Supervisor, nonworking
Utilities meter reader ....

30

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

61,560
56,510
35,810
34,890
26,360

7.7
7.1
4.5
4.4
3.3

Table 13. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1979
(Sic 49)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment’

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

796,460

100.00

-

Managers and officers..............................................

61,560

7.73

n.a.

86

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
Nuclear engineer...............................................
All other engineers............................................
Natural and/or mathematical scientist..................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Right of way agent ................................................
Home economist....................................................
All other professional workers...............................

66,480
30,480
730
2,280
14,580
1,550
5,080
1,120
5,140
1,450
3,480
2,230
10,820
940
3,480
1,970
750
10,880

8.35
3.83
.09
.29
1.83
.19
.64
.14
.65
.18
.44
.28
1.36
.12
.44
.25
.09
1.37

n.a.
n.a.
10
7
5
10
7
10
n.a.
8
6
6
4
7
5
6
10
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
4
9
20
5
9
2
n.a.
5
7
11
23
5
12
10
6
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
Surveyor..............................................................
Estimator and drafter, utilities...........................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

41,740
3,440
32,600
6,550
10,670
1,270
5,530
8,580
1,350
4,350

5.24
.43
4.09
.82
1.34
.16
.69
1.08
.17
.55

n.a.
6
n.a.
5
6
9
8
n.a.
10
n.a.

n.a.
8
n.a.
16
17
7
11
n.a.
4
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers.............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
All other service workers .......................................

16,930
9,580
2,020
390
3,130
1,810

2.13
1.20
.25
.05
.39
.23

n.a.
4
7
16
17
n.a.

n.a.
31
5
2
6
n.a.

403,100
60,430
8,880
740
9,940
1,860

50.61
7.59
1.11
.09
1.25
.23

n.a.
n.a.
4
15
5
12

n.a.
n.a.
26
3
15
3

10,400
5,520
1,460
810
12,430
380
8,010
17,410
4,670
1,280
7,230
1,520
1,400
690
370
16,160
7,910
34,890
2,570

1.31
.69
.18
.10
1.56
.05
1.01
2.19
.59
.16
.91
.19
.18
.09
.05
2.03
.99
4.38
.32

9
13
9
15
8
8
n.a.
3
10
21
9
10
9
23
22
5
8
3
15

9
7
4
3
12
2
n.a.
30
5
3
8
7
4
3
1
18
9
46
4

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive.......'.................................
Diesel mechanic ................................................
Electric meter installer.......................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Hydroelectric machinery mechanic,
powerhouse repairer, and/or gas plant
repairer..........................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Power transformer repairer...............................
Treatment plant mechanic ................................
Household appliance installer...........................
Water meter installer..........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Cable splicer...........................................................
Carpenter ................................................................
Control room operator............................................
Corrosion control fitter ...........................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ...................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Diesel plant operator.............................................
Electrician................................................................
Auxiliary equipment operator.................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Gas compressor operator......................................
See footnotes at end of table.




31

-

Table 13. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1979—Continued
(Sic 49)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Gas dispatcher.......................................................
Gas pumping station operator...............................
Utilities ground worker............................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector .................................................................
Instrument repairer.................................................
Line installer repairer..............................................
Machinist.................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Pipelayer..................................................................
Pipe wrapping machine operator...........................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Power reactor operator..........................................
Refuse collector.....................................................
Sewage plant operator...........................................
Stationary boiler fire r..............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Street light repairer and servicer...........................
Substation operator...............................................
Switchboard operator, generating plant................
Power line trouble shooter.....................................
Turbine operator.....................................................
Watershed te n d e r..................................................
Water treatment plant operator.............................
Pump station operator, waterworks.......................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Load dispatcher......................................................
Tree trimmer...........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

1,560
1,800
9,450
11,060
290
950
5,630
8,300
56,510
3,140
16,130
14,820
1,350
620
2,250
140
12,320
980
12,700
980
1,000
2,160
830
4,220
2,530
7,310
2,510
300
1,740
590
6,290
960
3,340
2,180
17,220
16,940
15,470

0.20
.23
1.19
1.39
.04
.12
.71
1.04
7.10
.39
2.03
1.86
.17
.08
.28
.02
1.55
.12
1.59
.12
.13
.27
.10
.53
.32
.92
.32
.04
.22
.07
.79
.12
.42
.27
2.16
2.13
1.94

12
16
7
5
17
14
6
7
4
7
7
5
19
11
12
40
7
18
4
14
14
21
15
7
12
7
11
41
9
10
5
10
8
13
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

6
3
18
28
1
3
12
18
29
6
28
24
2
4
5
1
12
1
14
3
2
3
3
5
3
12
3
1
8
2
17
5
6
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..............................................
Order c le rk ..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Typist ......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t........................
Customer service representative ..........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant............................... ...............
Utilities meter reader.............................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................

200,590
156,510
2,700
2,220
3,280
1,400
2,030
7,010
11,550
4,280
7,130
5,420
2,770
35,810
1,000
1,780
1,340
530
15,160
1,390
870
6,830
11,190
20,940
9,880
44,080
26,360
1,280

25.19
19.65
.34
.28
.41
.18

n.a.
n.a.
9
6
5
11
n.a.
4
5
6
6
6

n.a.
n.a.
16
9
11
3
n.a.
15
28
23
30
13
7
55
5
12
7
5
43
9
10
17
18
22
n.a.
n.a.
44
6

.25
.88
1.45
.54
.90
.68
.35
4.50
.13
.22
.17
.07
1.90
.17
.11
.86
1.40
2.63
1.24
5.53
3.31
.16

See footnotes at end of table.




32

8
4
10
5
7
12

4
7
8
6
7
4
n.a.
n.a.
3
8

Tab!© 13. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1979—-Continued
(Sic 49)

Occupation
Clerical workers, plant
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
Sales clerk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

9,520
4,470
2,450

1.20
.56
.31

4
5
n.a.

32
19
n.a.

6,060

.76

n.a.

n.a.

5,810
250

.73
.03

6
18

19
1

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

33

Wh@!<§s©8®Trad](i

Summary

DurabSe goods

This group o f industries consists of establishments or
places o f business which are principally engaged in sell­
ing large quantities of goods to retailers; to industrial,
commercial, institutional, farm, or professional business
users; or to other wholesalers; or which act as agents
or brokers in buying merchandise for, or selling mer­
chandise to, such persons or companies. In addition to
selling, functions frequently performed by wholesale
establishments include maintaining inventories of goods;
extending credit; physically assembling, sorting, and
grading goods in large lots; delivery; refrigeration; and
various types o f promotion.
Employment in wholesale trade in 1979 totaled 5.2
million. The durable goods segment of wholesale trade
accounted for nearly three-fifths of the employment in
the industry group, with 3.1 million workers. Nondura­
ble goods establishments employed the remaining 2.1
million workers.
The 1.7 million workers in operating, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
occupations accounted for one-third of wholesale trade
employment (table 14). Delivery or route worker was
the largest of these occupations, with 237,000 persons.
Clerical workers accounted for 29 percent of indus­
try employment, with 1.5 million workers. Two-thirds
o f these were office clerical workers. General office
clerk was the largest occupation, with 286,000 persons.
The third largest occupational group consisted of
sales workers, with 1.1 million or 21 percent of whole­
sale trade employment. Of these, 89 percent were sales
representatives, sales agents, or sales associates; more
than half were employed in nontechnical jobs.
Managers and officers accounted for 9 percent of in­
dustry employment, with 480,000 persons. “Wholesale
managers,” totaling 202,000, constituted 42 percent of
these; “merchandise managers” constituted 32 percent.
Professional occupations made up 5 percent of total
employment in wholesale trade. One-third of these pro­
fessionals were wholesale trade buyers.
Technical workers accounted for only 2 percent of
total employment. Nearly three-fourths of all techni­
cians in wholesale trade were electrical or electronic
technicians.
Service workers were the smallest occupational
group. Of the 87,000 workers in this group, three-fifths
were janitors, porters, or cleaners.

This industry group comprises establishments pri­
marily engaged in the wholesale distribution o f the fol­
lowing kinds of merchandise: Motor vehicles and au­
tomotive parts and supplies; furniture and home fur­
nishings; lumber and other construction materials; sport­
ing, recreational, photographic, and hobby goods, toys
and supplies; metals and minerals, except petroleum;
electrical goods; hardware, plumbing and heating equip­
ment and supplies; machinery, equipment, and supplies;
and miscellaneous durable goods.
In 1979, employment in the durable goods segment
o f wholesale trade totaled 3.1 million. The three largest
industries in this segment, constituting 68 percent of to­
tal employment, were: Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies, with 1.3 million workers; motor vehicles and au­
tomotive parts and supplies, with 449,000; and electri­
cal goods, with 405,000.
Thirty percent of the employees were in operating,
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations (table 15). Of these, more
than one-fourth were mechanics and repairers. Workers
in clerical occupations were almost as large a group as
operatives, with 919,000 or nearly 30 percent o f the
employment. Most of these worked in office clerical
occupations. Sales workers accounted for 22 percent of
wholesale durable goods employment. Technical sales
representatives, sales agents, and sales associates made
up 45 percent of these. Managers and officers consti­
tuted 9 percent of total employment; professionals, 5
percent; and technical workers, 3 percent. The smallest
group was service workers, with only 1 percent.
The tabulation below lists the five most populous oc­
cupations in the durable goods segment of wholesale
trade:




Technical sales
representative, sales
agent, or sales associate....
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or sales associate....
General office clerk ...........
Stock clerk (stockroom,
warehouse, or storage
yard) ....................................
Order filler ...........................

34

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

307,090

9.9

299,800
182,810

9.6
5.9

136,440
112,500

4.4
3.6

Nondurable goods

This industry group comprises establishments pri­
marily engaged in the wholesale distribution of the fol­
lowing kinds o f merchandise: Paper and paper prod­
ucts; drugs, drug proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries;
apparel, piece goods, and notions; groceries and related
products; farm-product raw materials; chemicals and
allied products; petroleum and petroleum products,
beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic beverages; and mis­
cellaneous nondurable goods.
In 1979, employment in the nondurable goods seg­
ment of wholesale trade totaled 2.1 million. The three
largest industries, with nearly three-fifths of the em­
ployment, were: Groceries and related products, with
650,000 workers; miscellaneous nondurable goods (to­
bacco, paints, farm supplies, etc.), with 385,000; and
petroleum and petroleum products, with 229,000.
The largest concentration of workers, 37 percent, was
in operating, maintenance, construction, repair, mate­
rial handling, and powerplant occupations (table 16).
Clerical occupations, accounting for 28 percent of the
workers, made up the second largest occupational




35

group. Two-thirds of these worked in office clerical
occupations. Sales workers made up 19 percent of whole­
sale nondurable goods employment, with 411,000
workers. The majority of these were sales representa­
tives, sales agents, or sales associates. Managers and of­
ficers accounted for-9 percent of employment; profes­
sional workers, 3 percent; and service workers, 2 per­
cent. Almost half o f the service workers were butchers
or meat cutters. The smallest occupational group con­
sisted of technical workers.
The five largest occupations in the nondurable goods
segment of wholesale trade are listed in the tabulation
below:

Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or sales associate....
Delivery or route worker ...
Truck driver.........................
Technical sales
representative, sales
agent, or sales associate....
General office clerk ...........

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

262,380
180,050
134,630

12.3
8.5
6.3

105,290
103,400

4.9
4.9

Table 14. Wholesale trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1979
(Sic 50, 5I)

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total ...................................................................

5,245,260

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, store .......................................................
Manager, automobile service department............
Manager, automobile parts department................
Manager, wholesale...............................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

479,880
152,810
3,410
590
940
201,730
120,400

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Chemist ..................................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Designer..................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

Occupation

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

-

-

9.15
2.91
.07
.01
.02
3.85
2.30

n.a.
2
16
31
29
2
n.a.

n.a.
38
1
(3)
(3)
52
n.a.

235,040
42,580
2,790
17,200
19,430
3,160
800
24,150
1,580
72,250
61,150
1,910
640
610
1,660
1,510
5,040
21,160

4.48
.81
.05
.33
.37
.06
.02
.46
.03
1.38
1.17
.04
.01
.01
.03
.03
.10
.40

n.a.
n.a.
19
17
10
n.a.
26
9
17
3
3
18
40
21
16
32
11
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
2
3
n.a.
(3)
4
1
21
21
1
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

115,520
15,600
91,410
4,220
85,990
1,200
1,590
6,920

2.20
.30
1.74
.08
1.64
.02
.03
.13

n.a.
7
n.a.
15
8
n.a.
27
n.a.

n.a.
5
n.a.
1
4
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry...................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
All other service workers .......................................

87,270
51,750
2,100
630
23,800
550
660
3,940
3,840

1.66
.99
.04
.01
.45
.01
.01
.08
.07

n.a.
10
23
46
14
46
45
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
14
1
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

1,712,140
270,400
78,740
2,270

32.64
5.16
1.50
.04

n.a.
n.a.
7
34

n.a.
n.a.
9
(3)

740
54,920
14,870
36,560
4,910

.01
1.05
.28
.70
.09

38
10
13
12
29

(3)
4
1
2
(3)

41,470

.79

11

2

4,250

.08

19

1

1,010

.02

39

740
2,180
27,740
232,310
1,250

.01
.04
.53
4.43
.02

48
45
n.a.
2
33

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture camera
repairer..........................................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Farm equipment mechanic................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer .........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




36

(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
32
(3)

Table 14. Wholesale trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1979—Continued
(Sic 50, 5I)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trimm er........
Electrician................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Glazier ....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Instrument repairer.................................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith ....................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility .....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
Musical instrument repairer ...................................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment .............................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-garment.............
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment .......................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-nongarment.......
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer..............................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Furniture assembler and installer.........................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Baker ......................................................................
Wood machinist......................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector..................................................................
File clerk..................................................................
General clerk, office ...............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk ..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Procurement clerk..................................................
Credit reference clerk.............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Service c le rk ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

540
5,770
237,250
890
2,190
90,460
3,470
55,460
800
1,800
8,460
76,880
4,650
2,040
580
217,830
650
3,760
26,390

0.01
.11
4.52
.02
.04
1.72
.07
1.06
.02
.03
.16
1.47
.09
.04
.01
4.15
.01
.07
.50

49
18
3
25
48
3
19
6
47
29
15
7
30
22
47
3
40
31
23

(3)
(3)
24
(3)
(3)
23
(3)
10
(3)
(3)
1
14
(3)
(3)
(3)
24
(3)
(3)
1

2,700

.05

28

(3)

620

.01

33

(3)

1,070

.02

42

0

670
3,160
2,110
9,040
870

.01
.06
.04
,17
.02

41
24
30
17
33

(3)
(3)
(3)
1
(3)

38,560
2,860
1,920
2,020
650
14,240
39,020
107,710
241,090

.74
.05
.04
.04
.01
.27
.74
2.05
4.60

6
28
26
40
38
11
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1,517,360
1,036,320
57,260
6,340
35,790
640
1,830
89,560
114,420
1,000
35,940
1,060
1,510
286,220
1,500
118,000
720
540
1,460
960
17,800
150,800
1,430
6,540
29,280
49,690

28.93
19.76
1.09
.12
.68
.01
.03
1.71
2.18
.02
.69
.02
.03
5.46
.03
2.25
.01
.01
.03
.02
.34
2.87
.03
.12
.56
.95

n.a.
n.a.
3
11
5
34
n.a.
3
2
26
8
34
18
2
20
4
20
21
31
31
4
2
49
11
3
4

n.a.
n.a.
18
2
10
(3)
n.a.
22
35
(3)
9
(3)
(3)
45
1
19
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
7
33
(3)
3
15
13

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

37

Table 14. Wholesale trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1§79—Continued
(Sic 50, 5I)

Occupation

Clerical workers, office
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Weigher, recordkeeping .........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
y a rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Marking c le rk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Demonstrator..........................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

9,080
16,950
481,040
126,860
115,050
12,600

0.17
.32
9.17
2.42
2.19
.24

10
n.a.
n.a.
4
3
7

2
n.a.
n.a.
16
26
4

219,670
1,720
1,640
3,500

4.19
.03
.03
.07

3
19
25
n.a.

31
1
(3)
n.a.

1,098,050

20.93

n.a.

n.a.

412,380

7.86

2

28

562,190
116,270
1,780
670
4,760

10.72
2.22
.03
.01
.09

2
4
43
24
n.a.

45
15
(3)
(3)
n.a.

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

38

Table 15. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979
(Sic 50)

Occupation

Total ...................................................................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

3,115,850

100.00

Relative error (in
percentage)2
-

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
n.a.
39
1
(3)
(3)
53
n.a.

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
Manager, automobile service department ............
Manager, automobile parts department................
Manager, wholesale...............................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

287,660
91,930
1,440
580
790
118,110
74,810

9.23
2.95
.05
.02
.03
3.79
2.40

n.a.
3
24
31
33
3
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

161,450
37,350
1,290
16,700
17,520
1,840
20,620
1,090
46,510
37,350
570
340
880
1,060
2,300
13,380

5.18
1.20
.04
.54
.56
.06
.66
.03
1.49
1.20
.02
.01
.03
.03
.07
.43

n.a.
n.a.
34
18
11
n.a.
11
21
3
4
41
26
25
44
19
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
3
4
n.a.
5
1
24
22
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

104,830
10,140
89,870
4,040
84,990
840
310
4,510

3.36
.33
2.88
.13
2.73
.03
.01
.14

n.a.
10
n.a.
16
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
6
n.a.
1
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers.............................................
All other service workers .......................................

36,570
33,610
1,200
1,060
700

1.17
1.08
.04
.03
.02

n.a.
15
38
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
14
1
n.a.
n.a.

919,780
252,850
69,300
2,240

29.52
8.11
2.22
.07

n.a.
n.a.
8
34

n.a.
n.a.
10
(3)

740
51,560
14,570
36,290
4,280

.02
1.65
.47
1.16
.14

38
10
14
12
33

(3)
5
1
3
(3)

40,700

1.31

11

3

4,060

.13

20

1

1,000
28,110
97,690
1,220
540
2,920
57,200
2,140
56,040
3,310
26,620

.03
.90
3.14
.04
.02
.09
1.84
.07
1.80
.11
.85

39
n.a.
3
34
49
27
5
49
3
20
9

(3)
n.a.
30
(3)
(3)
1
17
(3)
25
(3)
9

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture camera
repairer..........................................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Farm equipment mechanic................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer .........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter ................................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Glazier ....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
See footnotes at end of table.




39

Table 15. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 50)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Instrument repairer.................................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith ....................................
Machinist.................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Musical instrument repairer ...................................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, maintenance..............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer ..............................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Furniture assembler and installer ..........................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator...............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Wood machinist......................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

0.03
.06
.26
1.68
.12
.02
3.61
.02
.12
.12
.10
.06
.29
.03

48
29
16
10
36
47
4
43
31
42
24
36
17
36

5,130
2,650
350
650
4,510
33,030
77,380
93,110

.16
.09
.01
.02
.14
1.06
2.48
2.99

18
30
50
38
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.....
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Stenographer..........................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ...............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Credit reference clerk.............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator .............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Typist ......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant...............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Weigher, recordkeeping .........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ....................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Marking clerk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

918,590
643,820
33,640
3,360
20,260
440
1,120
350
54,020
64,300
530
15,440
840
1,040
182,810
1,010
79,010
320
560
11,470
97,980
4,230
20,900
33,100
4,600
12,490
274,770
58,140
72,780
3,770

29.48
20.66
1.08
.11
.65
.01
.04
.01
1.73
2.06
.02
.50
.03
.03
5.87
.03
2.54
.01
.02
.37
3.14
.14
.67
1.06
.15
.40
8.82
1.87
2.34
.12

n.a.
n.a.
4
18
8
48
n.a.
36
5
2
40
9
42
24
3
28
5
29
44
6
3
16
4
5
14
n.a.
n.a.
5
4
13

n.a.
n.a.
19
2
10
(3)
n.a.
(3)
23
34
(3)
8
(3)
(3)
47
1
21
(3)
(3)
8
36
4
18
15
3
n.a.
n.a.
17
29
3

136,440
920
480
2,240

4.38
.03
.02
.07

4
32
46
n.a.

36
1
(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................

686,970

22.05

n.a.

n.a.

307,090

9.86

3

37

299,800

9.62

3

45

800
1,800
8,140
52,310
3,620
580
112,500
580
3,660
3,780
3,140
1,740
9,000
790

V

See footnotes at end of table.




40

(3)
(3)
1
13
1
(3)
24
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
2
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
(3)

Taw© 15. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1079—Continued
(Sic 50)

Occupation

Sales occupations—Continued
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

75,860
4,220

2.43
.14

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

6
n.a.

17
n.a.

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero.
n.a. Not available.

41

Table 16. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1979
(Sic 51)

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total ...................................................................

2,129,400

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, store .......................................................
Manager, wholesale...............................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

192,210
60,880
1,960
83,620
45,750

Professional occupations ..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer ...............
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Chemist ..................................................................
Life scientist............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtist...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

Occupation

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

-

-

9.03
2.86
.09
3.93
2.15

n.a.
2
22
2
n.a.

n.a.
38
1
51
n.a.

73,620
5,240
1,500
500
1,910
1,330
720
470
3,530
490
25,740
23,800
1,340
280
270
790
450
2,740
7,760

3.46
.25
.07
.02
.09
.06
.03
.02
.17
.02
1.21
1.12
.06
.01
.01
.04
.02
.13
.36

n.a.
n.a.
19
25
12
n.a.
28
29
11
25
5
4
18
43
34
21
33
11
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
1
n.a.
(3)
(3)
4
(3)
18
20
1
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

10,670
5,460
1,530
1,000
530
1,270
2,410

.50
.26
.07
.05
.02
.06
.11

n.a.
10
n.a.
19
n.a.
21
n.a.

n.a.
5
n.a.
1
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry...................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
All other service workers .......................................

50,680
18,130
890
620
23,500
500
420
640
2,840
3,140

2.38
.85
.04
.03
1.10
.02
.02
.03
.13
.15

n.a.
6
21
47
14
46
41
46
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
14
1
(3)
3
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

792,370
17,560
9,430
3,370
270
640

37.21
.82
.44
.16
.01
.03

n.a.
n.a.
7
13
31
26

n.a.
n.a.
7
2
(3)
(3)

770

.04

21

460
2,620
134,630
2,840
180,050
620
34,420
28,850
330
24,570
1,040
1,920

.02
.12
6.32
.13
8.46
.03
1.62
1.35
.02
1.15
.05
.09

40
n.a.
3
25
3
34
4
7
44
5
38
22

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic ................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer.........................................................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trim m er........
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Machinist.................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades..................................................... .
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
See footnotes at end of table.




42

(3)
(3)
n.a.
34
(3)
32
(3)
20
11
(3)
15
f)
1

Table 16. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 51)

Occupation
Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Order fille r...............................................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment .............................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-garment.............
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment .......................................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer ..............................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator...............................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Baker ......................................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

105,330
22,610
280

4.95
1.06
.01

4
26
40

23
2
(3)

2,520

.12

20

0

530

.02

34

(3)

400
370

.02
.02

37
46

(3)
(3)

33,430
1,570
2,020
9,730
6,520
32,260
147,970

1.57
.07
.09
.46
.31
1.51
6.95

6
30
40
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

6
(3)
(3)
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Procurement cle rk..................................................
Credit reference clerk.............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Service cle rk...........................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ...........................
Clerical workers, p lant..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Weigher, recordkeeping .........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Marking clerk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

598,780
392,520
23,620
2,980
15,530
910
35,540
50,120
480
20,510
220
470
103,400
490
38,980
410
250
1,140
400
6,340
52,820
370
2,310
8,380
16,590
4,480
5,780
206,260
68,720
42,260
8,830

28.12
18.43
1.11
.14
.73
.04
1.67
2.35
.02
.96
.01
.02
4.86
.02
1.83
.02
.01
.05
.02
.30
2.48
.02
.11
.39
.78
.21
.27
9.69
3.23
1.98
.41

n.a.
n.a.
4
12
5
n.a.
4
2
34
12
32
21
3
17
4
27
30
38
43
6
3
48
9
4
5
14
n.a.
n.a.
7
5
8

n.a.
n.a.
17
2
10
n.a.
21
35

83,230
810
1,160
1,250

3.91
.04
.05
.06

4
20
30
n.a.

26
1
(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

411,070

19.30

n.a.

n.a.

105,290

4.94

4

18

262,380
40,400
400
2,600

12.32
1.90
.02
.12

3
5
27
n.a.

44
12
(3)
n.a.

11
(3)
(3)
42
(3)
16
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
7
30
(3)
3
12
11
2
n.a.
n.a.
15
23
6

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




(3) r

43

Trad®

Summary

Sales occupations made up the second largest occu­
pational group in retail trade, with 22 percent o f em­
ployment. General merchandise stores employed almost
one-third of all retail sales workers. Sales clerk was the
largest occupation, and accounted for 15 percent of to­
tal retail employment.
Ranking third of the seven major groups, with 18
percent of employment, were operating, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
occupations. O f the 2.7 million operatives in retail trade,
more than one-third were employed by automotive
dealers and gasoline service stations. The largest occu­
pation in this major group was sales floor stock clerk.
Clerical workers, numbering 2.7 million, or 18 per­
cent of industry employment, constituted the fourth
largest occupational group. Cashier was the largest oc­
cupation in this major group, with 1.2 million, and
ranked second of all jobs in retail trade.
Managers and officers accounted for 9 percent of re­
tail trade employment. More than half were store
managers.
Professional workers made up only 3 percent o f to­
tal employment in retail trade. Retail trade buyer and
pharmacist were the largest professional occupations in
this industry group.
The smallest occupational group consisted o f 16,000
technical workers—less than 1 percent of retail trade
employment.

This group of industries includes establishments or
places of business which sell merchandise for personal
or household consumption, but also render services in­
cidental to the sale o f those goods.
Employment in retail trade in 1979 totaled 15.1 mil­
lion—17 percent of total nonagricultural wage and salary
employment in the Nation and three-fifths of the em­
ployment in the industries discussed in this bulletin.
Among the various types of establishments in retail
trade, eating and drinking places employed the most
workers, 4.7 million or 31 percent (table 17). Food stores
ranked second with 2.3 million or 15 percent. Employ­
ment in general merchandise stores was almost as
large—2.2 million workers. Two types of establishments
each accounted for 12 percent of retail employment:
Miscellaneous retail stores, with about 1.9 million
workers; and automotive dealers and gasoline service
stations, with 1.8 million. No other industry accounted
for more than 6 percent of retail employment.
Service workers, with 30 percent of total retail em­
ployment, constituted the largest occupational group
(table 18). Eating and drinking places employed 89 per­
cent of these workers. The largest occupation in this
group was waiter or waitress, numbering 1.3 million.
This job was the third largest in retail trade.

Table 17. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups by industry, 1979

Industry

T otal..........................................
Percent.................................
Building materials, hardware, and
garden supply stores, and
mobile home dealers ................
General merchandise stores..........
Food stores .....................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations..........................
Apparel and accessory stores.......
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores.......................
Eating and drinking places.............
Miscellaneous retail.........................




Sales work­
ers

Professional
workers

Technical
workers

15,075,730 1,429,790
100.00
100.00

396,320
100.00

15,960
100.00

4,539,980
100.00

2,727,830
100.00

2,658,450
100.00

3,307,400
100.00

4.28
14.63
15.11

5.36
11.13
13.12

4.68
17.53
10.04

5.20
30.51
3.32

.18
3.19
4.28

7.81
8.92
26.94

5.41
21.19
29.27

5.58
30.87
10.37

12.17
6.19

18.29
9.04

5.67
6.48

7.71
1.82

1.13
.31

33.93
3.21

10.45
5.07

8.93
16.39

4.05
31.22
12.34

5.74
22.63
14.70

6.57
7.26
41.78

7.64
3.51
40.29

.30
89.17
1.44

6.25
1.16
11.78

4.79
8.28
15.53

5.75
1.61
20.50

Total

Managers
and officers

Operating,
mainte­
nance, con­
Service work­ struction, re­ Clerical work­
pair, mat­
ers
ers
erial handling,
and powerplant workers

44

sales workers, with 1 million persons or 46 percent of
total industry employment. Clerical workers ranked
second with 563,000 or 26 percent. The majority of
these worked in office clerical occupations. Operating,
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations employed 11 percent.
Managers and officers ranked fourth, with 159,000 sales
representative or 7 percent of total employment. Service
workers were almost as large a group, with 145,000.
Professional workers accounted for 3 percent of in­
dustry employment, numbering 69,000. The smallest oc­
cupational group consisted of 5,000 technical workers,
less than 1 percent o f employment in the industry.
The five most populous occupations in general mer­
chandise stores, in order o f predominance, are listed in
the following tabulation:

Building m aterials, hardware, and garden supply
stores, and m obile home dealers

This industry comprises establishments selling lum­
ber and other building materials; paint, glass, and wall­
paper; hardware; nursery stock; lawn and garden sup­
plies; and mobile homes.
Employment in this industry in 1979 totaled 646,000.
Establishments primarily selling lumber, or lumber and
a general line o f building materials, accounted for 54
percent of total employment, with 348,000 workers.
Hardware stores employed 23 percent, with 151,000
workers. Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores employed
10 percent; retail nurseries and lawn and garden supply
stores, 8 percent; and establishments selling new and
used mobile homes, 5 percent.
The 213,000 workers in operating, maintenance, con­
struction, repair, material handling, and powerplant oc­
cupations accounted for one-third of industry employ­
ment (table 19). Ranking second, with 29 percent of
total employment, were sales occupations. Clerical oc­
cupations ranked third of the seven occupational groups,
with 22 percent o f industry employment. Managers and
officers accounted for 12 percent. Of the remaining 4
percent o f industry employment, professional workers
made up 3 percent; service workers, 1 percent; and tech­
nical workers, less than 1 percent.
The five largest occupations in building materials,
hardware, and garden supply stores, and mobile home
dealerships are listed in the following tabulation:

Sales clerk ............................
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or associate.............
Store manager.....................
Truck driver........................
Stock clerk (stockroom,
warehouse, or storage
yard) ...................................

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

95,450

14.8

68,990
56,980
40,780

10.7
8.8
6.3

30,810

4.8

Sales clerk ............................
Cashier..................................
Nontechnical sales agent,
or associate .........................
Sales floor stock clerk........
Store manager...................

t'ercent oj industry
employment

827,550
141,750

37.5
6.4

131,780
90,430
61,200

6.0
4.1
2.8

Food stores

This industry consists of establishments selling food
for home preparation and consumption.
Employment in food stores in 1979 totaled 2.3 mil­
lion. Grocery stores employed 2 million or 87 percent
o f all food store workers. Retail bakeries accounted for
6 percent. Meat and seafood markets, including freezer
provisioners and stores selling dairy products, each ac­
counted for 2 percent of food store employment. The
remaining 3 percent was distributed among miscella­
neous food stores (those engaged in the retail sale of
specialized foods such as coffee, tea, spices, etc.), with
28.000 workers; candy, nut, and confectionery stores,
with 22,000; and fruit stores and vegetable markets, with
20,000.
Clerical occupations accounted for about one-third of
total employment in food stores (table 21). Nearly fourfifths of these workers were cashiers—the industry’s
largest occupation. Operating, maintenance, construc­
tion, repair, material handling, and powerplant workers
constituted another one-third of food store employment.
The third largest occupational group, with 15 percent
of employment, were sales workers, numbering 343,000.
Service occupations ranked fourth with 9 percent, or
195.000 workers. Seventy percent of these were butchers
or meat cutters. Managers and officers accounted for 8
percent of industry employment, totaling 188,000, and
professional workers accounted for 2 percent. The
smallest occupational group consisted of 530 technical
workers.

General merchandise stores

This industry comprises establishments engaging in
the retail sale of several lines of goods: Apparel and
accessories, furniture and home furnishings, dry goods,
small wares, hardware, and food.
In 1979, employment in these stores totaled 2.2 mil­
lion. Department stores employed 1.8. million, just over
four-fifths o f the employment in this industry. Variety
stores accounted for 13 percent, with 276,000 workers.
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores usually em­
ploying less than 25 employees made up the remaining
6 percent of industry employment.
The largest occupational group in this industry was




Employment

45

The five largest occupations in food stores are listed
in the tabulation below:
Employment
Cashier.........................
Sales floor stock clerk
Sales clerk ...................
Bagger .........................
Store manager............

o f industry
employment

612,080
344,610
340,040
220,860
160,150

26.9
15.1
14.9
9.7
7.0

Automotive dealers and gasoline service
stations
This industry comprises establishments engaged in
the retail sale of new and used automobiles, boats, rec­
reational and utility trailers, and motorcycles; also other
automotive vehicles such as dunebuggies, snowmobiles,
and gocarts; and new automobile parts and accessories.
Gasoline service stations are also included.
Employment in this industry in 1979 totaled 1.8 mil­
lion. Persons working in dealerships selling new and
used motor vehicles numbered 851,000, or 46 percent
of industry employment. Gasoline service stations ac­
counted for 564,000 or 31 percent. Fifteen percent held
jobs in auto and home supply stores, selling products
such as tires, batteries, radios, and television sets. The
remaining 8 percent were in establishments selling used
motor vehicles, with 40,000 workers; motorcycle dealer­
ships, with 33,000; recreational and utility trailer dealers,
employing 19,000; and miscellaneous automotive
dealers, with 12,000 workers.
Half o f the workers in this industry were employed
in operating, maintenance, construction, repair, mate­
rial handling, and powerplant occupations, totaling
926,000 (table 22). More than two-fifths o f these worked
as mechanics and repairers. Sales workers ranked sec­
ond, with 16 percent of total employment. Clerical
workers constituted the third largest group, with 15
percent of employment. The majority of these worked
in office clerical occupations. Ranking fourth were man­
agers and officers, with 14 percent of industry employ­
ment. The remaining 4 percent consisted of 51,000
workers in service occupations, 22,000 professional
workers, and 1,000 technical workers.
The five most populous occupations in automotive
dealerships and gasoline service stations are listed
below:

Service station attendant,
fuel pump attendant, or
lubricator.............................
Automotive mechanic ........
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or associate.............
Store manager......................
Cashier..................................




Employment

Percent of industry
employment

316,460
313,720

17.2
17.1

211,340
160,090
62,010

11.5
8.7
3.4

Apparel and accessory stores
This industry includes establishments engaged in the
retail sale of new clothing, shoes, hats, underwear, and
related articles for personal wear and adornment. Fur­
riers and custom tailors carrying stocks of materials are
also included.
Employment in apparel and accessory stores totaled
934.000 in 1979. Women’s ready-to-wear stores ac­
counted for 38 percent of industry employment, with
350.000 workers. Shoe stores ranked second, with
180.000 or 19 percent. Family clothing stores accounted
for 18 percent, and men’s and boys’ clothing and fur­
nishings stores, 15 percent. Establishments selling mis­
cellaneous apparel and accessories, such as bathing suits,
sports apparel, and uniforms, employed 4 percent. The
remaining employment in retail apparel stores consisted
of: Children’s and infants’ wear stores, with 3 percent;
women’s apparel and accessory stores, also with 3 per­
cent; and furriers and fur shops, with less than 1 percent.
Sales workers, totaling 542,000, made up the largest
occupational group, with 58 percent of industry em­
ployment (table 23). Clerical workers accounted for 14
percent of employment in retail apparel stores. Man­
agers and officers were almost as large a group, total­
ing 129,000. Operating, maintenance, construction, re­
pair, material handling, and powerplant occupations,
with 88,000 or 9 percent, ranked fourth. Professionals
in this industry, totaling 26,000, represented 3 percent
of employment; service workers, 2 percent. Technical
workers were the smallest occupational group.
The five largest occupations in apparel and accessory
stores, in order of predominance, are listed below:

Sales clerk ...................
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or associate ....
Store manager............
Cashier.........................
Sales floor stock clerk

Employment

Percent of industry
employment

396,010

42.4

132,530
104,450
40,470
36,890

14.2
11.2
4.3
4.0

Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment
stores
This industry comprises establishments which sell fur­
niture, floor coverings, draperies, housewares, stoves,
refrigerators, and other household electrical and gas
appliances.
In 1979, employment in this industry totaled 611,000.
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores (ex­
cept appliances) accounted for three-fifths of industry
employment, with 374,000 workers. Radio, television,
stereo, and music stores accounted for one-quarter, and
household appliance stores, 15 percent.

46

Workers in sales occupations, numbering 190,000,
constituted the largest occupational group, with 31 per­
cent of industry employment (table 24). Three of these
occupations were among the largest in the industry.
Operating, maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers ranked second in
employment, with 170,000 or 28 percent. Clerical
workers, totaling 127,000, accounted for 21 percent of
total employment. Managers and officers, with 13 per­
cent, ranked fourth. Professional occupations accounted
for 4 percent o f industry employment, with 26,000
workers—nearly half were designers. Service workers
accounted for 2 percent. The smallest occupational
group was technical workers.
The five most populous occupations in this industry
are listed in the following tabulation:

Employment
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or associate .............
Store manager......................
Sales clerk ............................
Technical sales representative, sales agent,
or associate.........................
Delivery or route worker ...

Percent of industry
employment

88,560
64,910
57,630

14.5

43,250
37,380

7.1

10.6
9.4

6.1

Eating and drinking places

This industry comprises establishments engaged in
the sale of prepared foods and drinks for consumption
on the premises; and lunch counters and refreshment
stands selling prepared foods and drinks for immediate
consumption. Restaurants and lunch counters operated
by hotels and department stores are excluded.
In 1979, employment in eating and drinking places
totaled 4.7 million. This industry employed the largest
number of workers in retail trade.
There were more than 4 million service workers in
this industry, representing 86 percent o f total employ­
ment. Four of the largest occupations in the industry
were in this occupational group, accounting for nearly
half o f total employment in eating and drinking places
(table 25). Managers and officers, totaling 324,000, were
the second largest occupational group, with 7 percent
of employment. Clerical workers ranked third with
220,000 or 5 percent. Most of these were cashiers. The
other four major occupational groups combined ac­
counted for only 2 percent o f employment in eating
and drinking places.
The following tabulation lists the five most populous
occupations in eating and drinking places:




Employment
Waiter/waitress.............
Kitchen helper ..............
Short order or specialty
fast foods cook ............
Restaurant, coffee shop,
or liquor establishment
manager........................
Restaurant c o o k ...........

rerceru uj iuiui

employment

1,298,910
385.590

27.6

363.590

7.7

271,170
255,820

5.8
5.4

8.2

Miscellaneous retail stores

This industry comprises establishments engaged in
the retail sale of miscellaneous goods, other than those
previously discussed. Drug stores, liquor stores, used
merchandise stores, nonstore retailers, fuel and ice
dealers, miscellaneous shopping goods stores, florists,
etc., are included.
Employment in this industry in 1979 totaled 1.9 mil­
lion. Miscellaneous shopping goods stores (book stores;
jewelry stores; hobby, toy, and game shops; sporting
goods stores; etc.) accounted for 30 percent of employ­
ment, with 554,000 workers. Drug stores employed
493,000 or 27 percent. Nonstore retailers, such as mail
order houses and automatic merchandising machine op­
erators, accounted for 15 percent, with 272,000 workers.
Other retail stores (florists, cosmetic stores, cigar stores
and stands, etc.) employed nearly 14 percent, and li­
quor stores, 7 percent. Fuel and ice dealers accounted
for 5 percent, and used merchandise stores, 3 percent.
Sales workers constituted the largest occupational
group in this industry, 678,000 or 36 percent o f total
industry employment (table 26). Clerical occupations
accounted for 413,000 or 22 percent. Ranking third
were operating, maintenance, construction, repair, ma­
terial handling, and powerplant workers, with 17 per­
cent of industry employment. Managers and officers
accounted for 11 percent, and professional workers, 9
percent. Almost half of the professional workers were
pharmacists. Service workers made up only 4 percent,
and technical workers less than 1 percent, o f total
employment.
The five largest occupations in miscellaneous retail
stores, in order of predominance, are shown in the fol­
lowing tabulation:
Employment
Sales clerk .........................
Store manager...................
Cashier...............................
Nontechnical sales
representative, sales
agent, or associate.........
Delivery or route worker

47

Percent of industry
employment

489,150
152,520
146,360

26.3

139,710
93,970

7.5
5.1

8.2

7.9

Table 18. Retail trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1979
(Sic 52-59)
Percent of total
employment

Total ...................................................................

15,075,630

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers...............................................
Director, food and beverage and/or catering
manager ............................................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
Manager, automobile service department............
Manager, automobile parts department................
Manager, restaurant, coffee shop, or liquor
establishment ...................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

1,429,780

9.48

n.a.

n.a.

35,360
105,190
761,260
50,110
39,620

.23
.70
5.05
.33
.26

7
2
1
2
2

1
14
68
5
5

272,520
165,720

1.81
1.10

2
n.a.

5
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Musician, instrumental............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Pharmacist..............................................................
Designer..................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

396,320
145,350
42,570
5,630
1,620
18,180
8,480
81,210
60,100
33,180

2.63
.96
.28
.04
.01
.12
.06
.54
.40
.22

n.a.
2
3
7
23
16
5
2
3
n.a.

n.a.
13
6
1
(3)
(3)
1
4
3
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer ........................................
Engineering technician ...........................................
Pharmacy helper....................................................
All other technicians..............................................

15,920
2,870
2,700
3,280
7,070

.11
.02
.02
.02
.05

n.a.
20
n.a.
17
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry...................................
Bartender -................................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant............................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop .
Kitchen helper........................................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ............................................... :...........
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist...........................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
Fitting room checker..............................................
Store detective.......................................................
All other service workers.......................................

4,539,940
252,040
28,160
22,360
238,360

30.11
1.67
.19
.15
1.58

n.a.
2
11
10
4

n.a.
17
1
1
3

191,190
137,670
92,300
405,150
1,343,820

1.27
.91
.61
2.69
8.91

5
2
5
3
1

2
4
2
4
6

235,140
380,000
262,730

1.56
2.52
1.74

6
4
3

2
4
4

779,650
55,310
19,110
12,800
41,680
8,780
18,100
15,590

5.17
.37
.13
.08
.28
.06
.12
.10

2
8
n.a.
6
7
5

2
1
n.a.
(3)
2

4

1
n.a.

2,727,830
531,440
339,780
54,760
5,740
12,110
2,330
3,570
6,110

18.09
3.53
2.25
.36
.04
.08
.02
.02
.04

n.a.
n.a.

15
8
7

n.a.
n.a.
11
2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

3,960

.03

15

(3)

6,350

.04

7

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Bicycle repairer..................................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Farm equipment mechanic................................
Marine mechanic and/or repairer .....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer.........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
m echanic......................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




48

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Employment1

Occupation

n.a.

1
3
14

14

1

1

Table 18. Retail trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1979—Continued
(Sic 52-59)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
Motorboat mechanic..........................................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Automobile repair service estimator......................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trimm er........
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Glazier ....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith ....................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
Musical instrument repairer ...................................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, automotive................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment .............................................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment .......................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-nongarment......
Alteration ta ilo r.......................................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer ..............................
Watchmaker............................................................
Furniture assembler and installer .........................
Bagger ....................................................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Optician, dispensing and/or optical mechanic......
Household appliance installer ...............................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Furniture finisher ....................................................
Furniture upholsterer .............................................
Baker ......................................................................
Cake decorator.......................................................
Doughnut maker and/or doughnut machine
operator.............................................................
Wood machinist......................................................
Ceiling tile installer and/or floor layer...................
Mobile home repairer .............................................
Mobile home set-up operator................................
Picture fram er.........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators ........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

21,070

0.14

5

2

14,420
5,920
25,790
29,530
108,070
10,220
12,410
15,390
22,920
52,980
199,740
15,990
39,190
13,360
15,680
8,590
16,130
18,360
12,160
4,280
27,540
11,480
2,040
58,570
4,820

.10
.04
.17
.20
.72
.07
.08
.10
.15
.35
1.32
.11
.26
.09
.10
.06
.11
.12
.08
.03
.18
.08
.01
.39
.03

8
6
6
n.a.
2
5
10
7
8
3
2
3
3
9
6
9
5
6
5
9
5
6
16
5
9

1
1
2
n.a.
9
1
(3)
1
1
3
14
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
(3)
1
1
(3)
2
(3)

1,550

.01

25

(3)

4,130

.03

16

(3)

6,120
40,700
7,690
4,650
7,710
222,490

.04
.27
.05
.03
.05
1.48

13
3
13
9
8
2

(3)
4
(3)
1
1
3

324,140
54,810
9,260
8,870
562,980
5,940
2,100
45,160
1,890

2.15
.36
.06
.06
3.73
.04
.01
.30
.01

2
4
11
6
2
8
17
4
14

6
3
(3)
1
15
1
(3)
2
(3)

18,080
9,340
3,360
5,860
7,110
3,010
26,640
50,230
92,650

.12
.06
.02
.04
.05
.02
.18
.33
.61

6
10
17
6
5
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
1

(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

2,658,430
2,230,620
16,390
4,660
14,440
2,560
6,240
72,910

17.63
14.80
.11
.03
.10
.02
.04
.48

n.a.
n.a.
5
10
6
13
n.a.
3

n.a.
n.a.
3
1
1
(3)
n.a.
7

See footnotes at end of table.




*

49

(3)
1
1

Table 18. Retail trade: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1979—Continued
(Sic 52-59)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Credit reference cle rk............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Service c le rk...........................................................
Switchboard operator ............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or pla n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Marking c le rk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Sales clerk supervisor...........................................
All other sales workers .........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

279,260
17,650
1,192,390
7,990
6,560
286,100
17,910
38,880
6,700
5,210
3,250
11,980
78,430
21,320
16,370
13,580
17,920
25,920
66,000
427,810
20,200
70,700

1.85
.12
7.91
.05
.04
1.90
.12
.26
.04
.03
.02
.08
.52
.14
.11
.09
.12
.17
.44
2.84
.13
.47

1
5
1
10
17
2
8
5
5
5
9
6
3
7
3
3
6
5
n.a.
n.a.
7
2

32
1
26
1
(3)
24
1
2
1
1
(3)
2
11
1
2
3
2
2
n.a.
n.a.
1
9

291,110
41,120
4,680

1.93
.27
.03

2
4
n.a.

16
2
n.a.

3,307,410

21.94

n.a.

n.a.

176,820

1.17

2

9

775,540
2,301,610
37,860
15,580

5.14
15.27
.25
.10

1
1
5
n.a.

26
44
1
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

50

Table 19. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979
(Sic 52)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment’

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

645,760

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
Manager, wholesale...............................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

76,580
13,880
56,980
110
5,610

11.86
2.15
8.82
.02
.87

n.a.
4
2
46
n.a.

n.a.
27
75
(3)
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

18,550
11,670
5,100
680
1,100

2.87
1.81
.79
.11
.17

n.a.
6
10
32
n.a.

n.a.
19
11
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Drafter................................................................
All other technicians..............................................

830
670
160

.13
.10
.02

n.a.
18
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
All other service workers.......................................

8,170
7,140
410
140
480

1.27
1.11
.06
.02
.07

n.a.
19
34
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
14
1
n.a.
n.a.

213,140
10,580
3,880
2,190
320

33.01
1.64
.60
.34
.05

n.a.
n.a.
10
15
46

n.a.
n.a.
5
2
(3)

660
110
3,420
40,780
840
250
18,800
15,440
290
6,350
13,170
10,810
4,790
1,460
1,060
1,460
650
30,490
8,630
190
220
2,960
6,590
2,210
12,240
22,880

.10
.02
.53
6.32
.13
.04
2.91
2.39
.04
.98
2.04
1.67
.74
.23
.16
.23
.10
4.72
1.34
.03
.03
.46
1.02
.34
1.90
3.54

24
50
n.a.
4
41
45
9
7
29
6
9
6
10
28
34
20
49
10
9
43
49
9
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
(3)
n.a.
27
(3)
(3)
8
14
(3)
11
6
11
7
(3)
1
1
(3)
25
5
(3)
(3)
5
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

143,820
102,830
170
140
290
28,450
30,630
29,960
70
260
100

22.27
15.92
.03
.02
.04
4.41
4.74
4.64
.01
.04
.02

n.a.
n.a.
42
24
n.a.
3
13
4
36
35
46

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1
n.a.
50
21
36
(3)
(3)
(3)

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Farm equipment mechanic................................
Locksmith ...........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
G lazier....................................................................
Industrial truck operator........................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility .....................
Order fille r..............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Wood machinist......................................................
Variety saw operator .............................................
Woodworking machine operator...........................
Mobile home repairer............................................
Mobile home set-up operator................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier...................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk ..............................................................
Receptionist............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




51

-

-

Tabs© 1®. Duilldisig materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1979—-Continued
(Sic 52)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t........................
All other office clerical workers ....... ....................
Clerical workers, p la n t..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

10,360
80
70
330
1,920
40,990
70
9,810

1.60
.01
.01
.05
.30
6.35
.01
1.52

5
23
28
26
n.a.
n.a.
40
6

20
(3)
(3)
1
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
16

30,810
120
180

4.77
.02
.03

8
38
n.a.

23
(3)
n.a.

184,670

28.60

n.a.

n.a.

19,680

3.05

6

17

68,990
95,450
350
200

10.68
14.78
.05
.03

8
5
21
n.a.

41
45
(3)
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

52

Table 20. Qeraeral merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979
(Sic 53)
Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total ...................................................................

2,205,580

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Fashion coordinator...............................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
Manager, automobile service department............
Manager, automobile parts department................
Manager, restaurant, coffee shop, or liquor
establishment ...................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

159,150
28,000
290
61,200
1,620
750

Occupation

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

-

-

7.22
1.27
.01
2.77
.07
.03

n.a.
5
17
2
6
7

n.a.
38
1
86
5
4

960
66,330

.04
3.01

8
n.a.

4
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Pharmacist..............................................................
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Designer..................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

69,470
520
510
40,440
3,910
3,820
1,180
270
7,380
1,460
240
2,530
7,210

3.15
.02
.02
1.83
.18
.17
.05
.01
.33
.07
.01
.11
.33

n.a.
n.a.
27
6
8
7
30
45
5
17
28
16
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
21
7
7
2
(3)
19
2
1
5
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Drafter.....................................................................
All other technicians...............................................

4,870
1,420
260
3,190

.22
.06
•01
.14

n.a.
37
38
n.a.

n.a.
1
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant............................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop .
Kitchen helper........................................................
Waiter/waitress......................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ............................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers ..............................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist............................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
Fitting room checker...............................................
Store detective.......................................................
All other service workers.......................................

144,600
39,200
7,650

6.56
1.78
.35

n.a.
3
7

n.a.
43
10

910
800
380
7,960
21,030

.04
.04
.02
.36
.95

13
23
16
8
5

1
1
1
9
12

12,440
6,310
3,810

.56
.29
.17

5
6
7

12
10
8

570
280
580
11,730
3,620
8,630
16,840
1,860

.03
.01
.03
.53
.16
.39
.76
.08

30
20
n.a.
6
10
5
4
n.a.

(3)
1
n.a.
6
9
11
21
n.a.

243,230
45,950
13,910
530
5,000

11.03
2.08
.63
.02
.23

n.a.
n.a.
5
12
8

n.a.
n.a.
13
2
5

910
9,790
15,810
6,320
690
3,390
10,540
320

.04
.44
.72
.29
.03
.15
.48
.01

34
14
n.a.
7
18
11
4
22

1
4
n.a.
10
1
6
21
1

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Bicycle repairer..................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter ................................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trim m er........
Electrician................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




53

Table 20. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 53)

Occupation
Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, maintenance..............................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-nongarment.......
Stationary engineer................................................
Alteration ta ilo r.......................................................
Watchmaker............................................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator...............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Household appliance installer...............................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Furniture finisher....................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice ..............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator .................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
C ashier...................................................................
Collector..................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Personnel clerk ......................................................
Procurement clerk..................................................
Credit reference clerk.............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Service c le rk...........................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant...............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
y a rd ....................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Marking c le rk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Demonstrator..........................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting,
the occupation

13
2
7
4
1
1
6

8,790
2,750
3,400
4,950
250
1,360
3,390

0.40
.12
.15
.22
.01
.06
.15

7
15
9
12
18
20
9

320
610
8,230
300

.01
.03
.37
.01

35
14
4
17

(3)

3,470
11,600
1,360
90,430
840
10,030
6,820
17,120
563,370
432,110
3,460
1,470
6,120
1,880
4,290
18,520
15,670
15,300
141,750
5,920
4,630
54,270
16,250
16,050
5,320
4,710
900
2,480
540
14,060
19,420
10,610
4,980
16,000
47,510
131,260
12,210
22,180

.16
.53
.06
4.10
.04
.45
.31
.78
25.54
19.59
.16
.07
.28
.09
.19
.84
.71
.69
6.43
.27
.21
2.46
.74
.73
.24
. .21
.04
.11
.02
.64
.88
.48
.23
.73
2.15
5.95
.55
1.01

8
7
15
5
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
19
16
8
15
n.a.
6
4
5
3
13
23
6
8
7
6
4
38
11.
33
10
8
3
15
7
n.a.
n.a.
9
4

6
11
2
37
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
2
5
3
n.a.
16
32
14
61
6
4
38
12
12
16
16
(3)
2
1
20
11
19
6
17
n.a.
n.a.
12
33

60,940
300
34,010
1,620

2.76
.01
1.54
.07

4
13
5
n.a.

38
1
20
n.a.

1,020,890

46.29

n.a.

n.a.

16,860

.76

8

10

131,780
827,550
340
34,500
9,860

5.97
37.52
.02
1.56
.45

3
1
16
5
n.a.

24
83
1
16
n.a.

1
16
1

percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

' Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors




Relative error (in
percentage)2

54

Table 21. Food stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1979
(Sic 54)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

2,278,610

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, store .......................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

187,540
1,900
160,150
25,490

8.23
.08
7.03
1.12

n.a.
29
2
n.a.

n.a.
1
78
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Pharmacist ..............................................................
All other professional workers...............................

39,790
34,980
930
270
1,240
2,370

1.75
1.54
.04
.01
.05
.10

n.a.
5
20
24
26
n.a.

n.a.
20
1
(3)
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer ...........................................
All other technicians..............................................

530
320
210

.02
.01
.01

n.a.
26
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry...................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Kitchen helper ........................................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ............................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
Store detective.......................................................
All other service workers .......................................

194,530
31,060
1,590
380
135,820
1,980
4,890

8.54
1.36
.07
.02
5.96
.09
.21

n.a.
4
17
44
2
27
21

n.a.
24
1
(3)
42
1
2

3,610
3,280
1,420

.16
.14
.06

21
20
24

1
2
1

1,820
2,180
4,840
510
510
640

.08
.10
.21
.02
.02
.03

33
23
n.a..
31
30
n.a.

1
1
n.a.
(3)
1
n.a.

734,860
1,700
610

32.25
.07
.03

n.a.
n.a.
23

n.a.
n.a.
(3)

410
680
12,500
13,220
2,480
1,220
1,080
940
53,290
220,860

.02
.03
.55
.58
.11
.05
.05
.04
2.34
9.69

25
n.a.
9
7
15
26
16
43
4
2

(3)
n.a.
7
9
1
(3)
1
(3)
23
28

680
344,610
44,990
1,830

.03
15.12
1.97
.08

48
2
4
14

1
42
22
2

18,040
1,100
3,520
12,800

.79
.05
.15
.56

6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

778,230
696,590
510
490
330
2,120

34.15
30.57
.02
.02
.01
.09

n.a.
n.a.
18
25
n.a.
24

n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
n.a.
1

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Order fille r...............................................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Bagger ....................................................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Baker ......................................................................
Cake decorator.......................................................
Doughnut maker and/or doughnut machine
operator.............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




55

-

-

Table 21. Food stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1979—Continued
(Sic 54)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier...................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Order cle rk..............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t..............................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate...........................................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

32,140
580
612,080
34,980
540
9,530
1,170
2,120
81,640
480

1.41
.03
26.86
1.54
.02
.42
.05
.09
3.58
.02

3
40
1
6
47
7
19
n.a.
n.a.
23

31
(3)
56
17
(3)
11
1
n.a.
n.a.
1

80,060
1,100

3.51
.05

5
n.a.

17
n.a.

343,130

15.06

n.a.

n.a.

310

.01

n.a.

n.a.

2,230
340,040
550

.10
14.92
.02

34
2
n.a.

1
66
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

56

Table 22. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1979
(Sic 55)

Occupation

Total ...................................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

100.00

1,835,350

Relative error (in
percentage)2
-

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
-

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
Manager, automobile service department............
Manager, automobile parts department................
All other managers and officers ...........................

261,540
240
160,090
48,380
38,800
14,030

14.25
.01
8.72
2.64
2.11
.76

n.a.
46
2
2
2
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
69
31
27
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
All other professional workers...............................

22,470
370
20,720
1,380

1.22
.02
1.13
.08

n.a.
24
3
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
16
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................

1,230

.07

n.a.

n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Kitchen helper........................................................
Waiter/waitress......................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
All other food service workers..............................
All other service workers .......................................

51,280
29,010
330
6,400
11,280
830
1,130
980
1,320

2.79
1.58
.02
.35
.61
.05
.06
.05
.07

n.a.
3
30
20
17
40
42
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
15
(3)
1
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

925,660
394,720
1,360
313,720
54,460
11,820
3,540
220
5,810
3,790
20,340
10,200
190
52,860
18,150
15,640
960
710
16,090
430
11,450
7,450

50.44
21.51
.07
17.09
2.97
.64
.19
.01
.32
.21
1.11
.56
.01
2.88
.99
.85
.05
.04
.88
.02
.62
.41

n.a.
n.a.
10
1
3
14
8
37
6
n.a.
7
5
40
3
6
4
24
33
5
29
6
13

n.a.
n.a.
1
55
14
3
2
(3)
4
n.a.
8
6
(3)
21
11
11
1
1
8
(3)
6
3

316,460
42,900
2,900
520
1,680
5,220
6,790

17.24
2.34
.16
.03
.09
.28
.37

2
5
8
22
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

33
12
3
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

277,860
232,630
190
460
300
21,100
61,140
62,010
350
56,710
280

15.14
12.67
.01
.03
.02
1.15
3.33
3.38
.02
3.09
.02

n.a.
n.a.
45
30
23
4
2
6
28
3
46

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1
(3) '
14
39
20
(3)
29
(3)

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, aircraft..............................................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Marine mechanic and/or repairer .....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Motorboat mechanic.........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Automobile repair service estimator......................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Marine service station attendant ..........................
Painter, automotive................................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer ..............................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Tire changer ...........................................................
Mobile home repairer ............................................
Mobile home set-up operator................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..............................................
Order c le rk ..............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




57

Table 22. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 55)

Occupation
Clerical workers, office
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Service c le rk...........................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t..............................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

2,640
12,070
940
2,750
8,870
220
2,600
45,230
240

0.14
.66
.05
.15
.48
.01
.14
2.46
.01

10
5
19
8
4
44
n.a.
n.a.
37

3
12
1
3
8
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
0

44,480
340
170

2.42
.02
.01

3
22
n.a.

20
(3)
n.a.

295,310

16.09

n.a.

39,760

2.17

5

10

211,340
43,660
550

11.51
2.38
.03

2
5
n.a.

41
14
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

58

Table 23. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979
(Sic 56)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

933,750

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

129,190
15,960
104,450
8,780

13.84
1.71
11.19
.94

n.a.
4
1
n.a.

n.a.
19
84
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Designer.................................................................
Furrier.....................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

25,670
23,020
660
330
180
240
230
1,010

2.75
2.47
.07
.04
.02
.03
.02
.11

n.a.
3
22
15
20
34
23
n.a.

n.a.
20
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.

Technical occupations...............................................
Computer programmer ...........................................
All other technicians..............................................

290
210
80

.03
.02
.01

n.a.
18
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
All other food service workers..............................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist...........................
Fitting room checker..............................................
Store detective.......................................................
All other service workers .......................................

14,280
11,530
600
330
180
500
150
430
560

1.53
1.23
.06
.04
.02
.05
.02
.05
.06

n.a.
4
20
35
n.a.
37
32
25
n.a.

n.a.
14
1
(3)
n.a.
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.

87,580
1,520
1,610
5,040
160
2,690
140
1,160

9.38
.16
.17
.54
.02
.29
.01
.12

n.a.
10
9
5
30
9
37
23

n.a.
2
3
7
(3)
3
(3)
1

-

-

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Truck driver.............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trim m er........
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarm ent.............................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
' and/or automatic equipment-garment.............
Alteration ta ilo r.......................................................
Custom tailor ..........................................................
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

1,200

.13

29

290
32,370
720
36,890
1,010
1,450
1,330

.03
3.47
.08
3.95
.11
.16
.14

34
3
35
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

(3)
21
(3)
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Computer operator................ .................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ....................................................................
Collector..................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order c le rk ..............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk...........................
Credit reference clerk.............................................
Secretary.................................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.........................
All other office clerical workers .............................

134,760
101,550
300
500
260
800
21,720
40,470
150
25,210
290
2,360
140
170
5,430
170
2,230
380
970

14.43
10.88
.03
.05
.03
.09
2.33
4.33
.02
2.70
.03
.25
.01
.02
.58
.02
.24
.04
.10

n.a.
n.a.
20
16
n.a.
13
3
3
22
4
18
12
17
21
6
14
9
15
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.
1
28
23
(3)
18
(3)
2
(3)
(3)
7
(3)
3
(3)
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




59

(3)

Tulbi® 23. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
©@©upati@inis, Jum® 1979=e©rrtmM®dl
(Sic 56)

Occupation

Clerical workers, p la n t...............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ....................................................................
Marking c le rk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

3.56
.02
1.21

n.a.
41
6

n.a.
(3)
11

20,570
1,010
160

2.20
.11
.02

6
22
n.a.

11
(3)
n.a.

541,980

58.04

n.a.

n.a.

11,340

1.21

10

3

132,530
396,010
1,910
190

14.19
42.41
.20
.02

3
1
17
n.a.

29
69
1
n.a.

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

33,210
200
11,270

'

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

60

Table 24. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1979
(Sic 57)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

610,810

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, s to re .......................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

82,120
11,170
64,910
6,040

13.44
1.83
10.63
.99

n.a.
4
1
n.a.

n.a.
20
77
n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

26,030
80
9,790
170
320
70
60
12,700
2,840

4.26
.01
1.60
.03
.05
.01
.01
2.08
.46

n.a.
n.a.
5
23
25
30
41
7
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
17
1
1
(3)
(3)
10
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians...........
All other technicians..............................................

1,220
90
830
170
660
300

.20
.01
.14
.03
.11
.05

n.a.
27
94
49
45
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Food service workers............................................
All other service workers.......................................

13,470
10,620
120
2,450
280

2.21
1.74
.02
.40
.05

n.a.
4
37
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
18
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

170,450
34,030

27.91
5.57

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

4,790

.78

8

6

19,710
7,930
1,600
6,500
11,430
14,940
2,590
37,380
200
360
2,570
90
190
370
4,250
120
140

3.23
1.30
.26
1.06
1.87
2.45
.42
6.12
.03
.06
.42
.01
.03
.06
.70
.02
.02

5
6
n.a.
7
11
8
17
3
23
36
7
34
34
34
9
33
49

17
10
n.a.
8
3
7
2
31
(3)
(3)
6
(3)
(3)
(3)
4
(3)
(3)

3,180

.52

17

2

5,520
7,200
200
920
7,200
10,860
4,180
1,760
3,150
1,270
1,230
3,460
5,160

.90
1.18
.03
.15
1.18
1.78
.68
.29
.52
.21
.20
.57
.84

14
8
49
20
7
6
8
19
17
24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

2
7
(3)
1
9
10
7
2
2
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Cabinetmaker.........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Merchandise displayer and window trimm er........
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Industrial truck operator ........................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility .....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Musical instrument repairer ...................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment .......................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-nongarment.......
Furniture assembler and installer .........................
Drapery and upholstery measurer .........................
Drapery hanger.......................................................
Household appliance installer...............................
Sales floor stock clerk ..........................................
Furniture finisher ....................................................
Furniture upholsterer .............................................
Ceiling tile installer and/or floor layer...................
Picture fram er.........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
See footnotes at end of table.




\

-

-

Table 24. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 57)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
n.a.
15
38
(3)
12
1
33
1
0
(3)
5
15
(3)
2
4
10
n.a.
n.a.
5
14

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, o ffice .............................................
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order cle rk..............................................................
Credit reference cle rk.............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary.................................................................
Service c le rk...........................................................
Switchboard operator.............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

127,240
95,840
280
380
140
8,480
22,850
170
11,130
950
29,780
430
290
230
2,440
8,060
200
900
1,690
6,400
1,040
31,400
4,020
8,610

20.83
15.69
.05
.06
.02
1.39
3.74
.03
1.82
.16
4.88
.07
.05
.04
.40
1.32
.03
.15
.28
1.05
.17
5.14
.66

1.41

n.a.
n.a.
19
12
n.a.
4
3
28
5
18
3
22
29
21
9
5
20
9
8
6
n.a.
n.a.
9
5

18,610
80
80

3.05
.01
.01

4
19
n.a.

18
(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate...............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Sales clerk ..............................................................
Demonstrator..........................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

190,280

31.15

n.a.

n.a.

43,250

7.08

4

19

88,560
57,630
120
230
490

14.50
9.44
.02
.04
.08

2
4
44
23
n.a.

44
25
(3)
(3)
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

62

TabSe 25. Eating and drinking places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June .1979
(Sic 58)
Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ...................................................................

4,706,190

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................
Director, food and beverage and/or catering
manager ............................................................
Manager, restaurant, coffee shop, or liquor
establishment ...................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

323,560

6.88

n.a.

n.a.

35,130

.75

7

14

271,170
17,260

5.76
.37

2
n.a.

69
n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Musician, instrumental............................................
All other professional workers...............................

28,760
18,090
10,670

.61
.38
.23

n.a.
16
n.a.

n.a.
4
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................

560

.01

n.a.

n.a.

4,048,250
105,390
16,090
21,690
236,400

86.02
2.24
.34
.46
5.02

n.a.
5
18
10
4

n.a.
30
4
8
37

189,580
940
91,390
385,590
1,298,910

4.03
.02
1.94
8.19
27.60

5
48
5
3
1

24
1
25
48
64

205,530
363,430
255,820

4.37
7.72
5.44

7
4
4

14
36
41

770,640
51,020
11,930
36,970
6,930

16.38
1.08
.25
.79
.15

2
9
n.a.
7
n.a.

24
13
n.a.
14
n.a.

Occupation

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry...................................
Bartender ................................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant............................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter...................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop .
Kitchen helper........................................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ............................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
All other service workers .......................................
Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanic and/or repairer .................................
Delivery and/or route worker................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

'
31,680
1,050
16,570
1,890
1,490
5,220
5,460

.67
.02
.35
.04
.03
.11
.12

n.a.
n.a.
19
23
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
4
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office.............................................
Office machine operators ......................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Cashier ...................................................................
General clerk, office ..............................................
Secretary.................................................................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, pla n t...............................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
ya rd ...................................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

220,200
218,170
900
55,960
147,960
3,890
2,740
6,720
2,030

4.68
4.64
.02
1.19
3.14
.08
.06
.14
.04

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
6
32
34
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
28
27
2
3
n.a.
n.a.

1,620
410

.03
.01

28
n.a.

1
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales c le rk ..............................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

53,180
52,110
1,070

1.13
1.11
.02

n.a.
15
n.a.

n.a.
5
n.a.

1
Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.




63

2
The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 26. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979
(Sic 59)
Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total ...................................................................

1,859,680

100.00

Managers and officers..............................................
Manager, merchandise...........................................
Manager, store .......................................................
Manager, restaurant, coffee shop, or liquor
establishment ...................................................
All other managers and officers ...........................

210,110
33,970
152,520

11.30
1.83
8.20

n.a.
3
1

n.a.
17
64

290
23,330

.02
1.25

35
n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Retail and/or wholesale trade buyer.....................
Accountant and/or auditor ....................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Optometrist .............................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialist...............
Pharmacist..............................................................
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Designer..................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

165,580
24,870
10,160
960
340
1,160
300
78,340
340
43,600
5,510

8.90
1.34
.55
.05
.02
.06
.02
4.21
.02
2.34
.30

n.a.
4
5
22
32
20
21
2
24
4
n.a.

n.a.
11
7

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technician...........................................
Pharmacy helper....................................................
All other technicians..............................................

6,430
540
370
3,140
2,380

.35
.03
.02
.17
.13

n.a.
24
n.a.
18
n.a.

n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..............................
Guard and/or doorkeeper......................................
Bartender ...............................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant............................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop .
Kitchen helper ........................................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ............................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, restaurant.....................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker.................
All other food service workers..............................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist ...........................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly....................
All other service workers .......................................

65,400
18,090
1,380
1,710

3.52
.97
.07
.09

n.a.
5
18
19

n.a.
10

260
430
1,000
7,300

.01
.02
.05
.39

36
23
23
15

13,240
6,140
320

.71
.33
.02

9
10
32

6,440
1,800
2,320
560
510
3,900

.35
.10
.12
.03
.03
.21

11
17
n.a.
31
18
n.a.

321,230
43,350
7,330
290
5,110

17.27
2.33
.39
.02
.27

n.a.
n.a.
8
43
15

300
260
640

.02
.01
.03

40
40
21

3,910

.21

15

200

.01

33

13,780
7,840
3,690
19,630
260
93,970

.74
.42
.20
1.06
.01
5.05

8
7
n.a.
4
27
3

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations .
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Body repairer, automotive.................................
Bicycle repairer..................................................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture camera
repairer..........................................................
Gunsmith ............................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer.........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter................................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
See footnotes at end of table.




64

-

--

0

(3)
O
(3)
(3)

16
(3)

8
n.a.

(3)

n.a.
1
n.a.

(3)
(3)
O
(3)
(3)

1
2
2
(3)

1
(3)

n.a.
(3)
(3)

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
(3)

1
(3)
(3)
(3)

1
(3)

3
4
n.a.
8
(3)

23

Table 26. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979—Continued
(Sic 59)

Occupation

Operating, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant occupations
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith ....................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
Order fille r...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment .............................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-garment.............
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment .......................................................
Watchmaker............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Furniture assembler and installer ..........................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant,
and/or lubricator..............................................
Optician, dispensing and/or optical mechanic......
Sales floor stock clerk ...........................................
Furniture finisher....................................................
Hand stone carver.................................................
Picture fram er.........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Clerical workers, office.............................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator......
Computer operator.................................................
Keypunch operator ................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator......................
All other office machine operators........................
Accounting clerk.....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand..................................................
Adjustment clerk ....................................................
Cashier...................................................................
Collector.................................................................
File clerk.................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..............................................
Credit authorizer.....................................................
Order cle rk.............................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..........................
Credit reference clerk............................................
Receptionist............................................................
Secretary................................................................
Service c le rk ...........................................................
Switchboard operator............................................
Switchboard operator and/or receptionist............
T ypist......................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or pla n t.........................
All other office clerical workers ............................
Clerical workers, p lant..............................................
Shipping packer......................................................
Shipping and/or receiving cle rk............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse, or storage
y a rd ...................................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work .....................
Marking c le rk ..........................................................
All other plant clerical workers .............................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

2,300
690
8,420
1,390
200
12,050
19,800
310
1,740

0.12
.04
.45
.07
.01
.65
1.06
.02
.09

9
32
9
14
44
5
6
37
23

1
(3)
2
1
(3)
4
4
(3)
0

340

.02

46

(3)

470

.03

27

(3)

470
4,340
540
360

.03
.23
.03
.02

48
10
31
32

(3)
2
(3)
(3)

2,050
9,220
49,540
660
570
1,430
7,180
14,960
24,990

.11
.50
2.66
.04
.03
.08
.39
.80
1.34

14
11
4
29
37
26
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
1
12
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

412,970
350,930
12,390
1,120
6,060
340
1,440
19,150
41,340
1,430
146,360
520
1,650
51,290
740
19,100
560
230
5,580
16,190
700
1,680
2,620
9,970
1,220
9,250
62,040
2,930
17,880

22.21
18.87
.67
.06
.33
.02
.08
1.03
2.22
.08
7.87
.03
.09
2.76
.04
1.03
.03
.01
.30
.87
.04
.09
.14
.54
.07
.50
3.34
.16
.96

n.a.
n.a.
4
13
8
41
n.a.
4
2
22
3
22
28
3
21
7
20
43
8
4
15
13
8
7
14
n.a.
n.a.
18
5

n.a.
n.a.
9
(3)
2
(3)
n.a.
9
24
(3)
19
(3)
(3)
19
(3)
5
(3)
(3)
3
9
(3)
1
3
4
1
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
8

34,020
550
5,980
680

1.83
.03
.32
.04

5
12
8
n.a.

11
1
2
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

65

Table 26. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1979—-Continued
(Sic 59)

Occupation

Sales occupations.....................................................
Technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Non-technical sales representative, sales agent
and/or associate..............................................
Sales clerk ..............................................................
Sales clerk supervisor............................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
n.a.

677,960

36.46

n.a.

45,600

2.45

5

8

139,710
489,150
440
3,060

7.51
26.30
.02
.16

3
2
36
n.a.

19
49
(3)
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
3 Rounded to zero,
n.a. Not available.

66

Appendix A. Survey Methods
®ndl Reliability of Estimates

Se©p@ ©f survey

Size class

The survey covered private nonmanufacturing
establishments in Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes 41, 42, 44-49, and 50-59. The reference date
of the survey was the week that included April 12, May
12, or June 12,1979, depending on the SIC o f the sampl­
ed unit as shown below:

SIC
41................................
42................................
44................................
45................................ ...........
46................................
47................................
48 (except 483)...........
483............................... ...........
49................................. ...........
50-59.......................................

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Reference date

............................
............................
............................
............................

0-3
4-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 and over

Reporting units with 0-3 employees were not sampled
in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were given
larger weights to represent the employment in the
smaller size class. Reporting units with 250 or more
employees were included in the sample with certainty.
Sample sizes intended to produce State estimates with
target relative errors of 10 to 15 percent at one standard
deviation were developed for the noncertainty size
classes. This was done for groups of SIC’s based on
averages of occupational rates and coefficients of varia­
tion (CV’s) from the previous survey for a set of typical
occupations. This SIC sample size was allocated to the
size classes in proportion to size class employment. The
sample was selected systematically with equal probabi­
lity within each State/SIC/size class cell.
States were given the option of two target relative er­
rors in designing their samples. Some States varied the
target relative error by SIC. This was done to allow
reductions in sample size for cost reasons.
The sample size for the six supplemental States was
developed by first determining the sample size required
for national estimates in each two-digit SIC with a
target relative error of 10 percent at one standard devia­
tion. This was done by averaging CV’s and occupational
rates for a set o f occupations from the previous survey.
Establishments with 1,000 or more employees were in­
cluded with certainty. This national SIC sample size was
then allocated to the noncooperating State/size class
cells in proportion to employment.
The above allocations resulted in a total initial sample
size for all States of 267,300 reporting units.

June 12

May 12
April 12
June 12

The survey covered all 50 States and the District of
Columbia.

Method of coiieotlon
Survey schedules were mailed to most sample
establishments; personal visits were made to some larger
companies. Two additional mailings were sent to
nonrespondents at approximately 6-week intervals.
Nonrespondents considered critical to the survey (due to
size) were followed up by telephone or personal visit.

Sgmplifrag procedure
The sampling frame for this survey was the list of
units (excluding government units) in the specified SIC’s
as reported to State unemployment insurance agencies.
Because each cooperating State selected its own sample,
the reference date of the sampling frame varied depend­
ing on when the last updates to the frame were made
and when sampling took place. The reference date for
the frame used for sampling in the six supplemental
States was the first quarter of 1978.
The universe was stratified into SIC and size classes.
The size classes were determined by employment as
follows:



Employees

Response
There were 239,869 final eligible units in the sample
(i.e., excluding establishments that were out of business,
out of scope, etc.). Usable responses were obtained
67

from 170,105 units, producing a response rate of 70.9
percent based on units and 64.2 percent based on
weighted employment. Subsequent to the national
estimates, States received additional data to prepare
State estimates. Response rates in most States were
significantly higher than the response rate used to
develop national estimates.

Pijk

=

®ijk

=

Mj

=

occupational employment in i-th
industry, j-th size class and k-th
establishment
total employment in i-th industry,
j-th size class and k-th estab­
lishment
population total employment in
i-th industry

E stim atio n

The population value of total employment (M ;) was
obtained from the BLS monthly survey of nonagricultural establishments.
The standard form for the sampling variance for a
combined ratio estimate is:

A weight was determined for each sample unit from
which a usable response was received. Each weight was
composed of two factors. The first factor was the in­
verse of the probability o f selection. The second was the
nonresponse adjustment factor, used to correct for
questionnaires that were not returned or not usable. For
each of the three-digit SIC/State/size class sampling
cells, a nonresponse factor was calculated that was
equal to:

? ? N « 2 (1 - f H) . A h

V(p)

1J

Weighted sample employment of all responding eligible units

j
N :;

Sample employment was taken from the sampling
frame. If the factor in a cell was greater than a predeter­
mined maximum factor, which increased as the number
of respondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed
with other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the
factor for the combined cells was not greater than the
appropriate maximum factor. If the collapsing pro­
cedure terminated (i.e., no more cells were available for
collapse) before satisfying the above constraint, then the
appropriate maximum factor was used. For size classes
1 -6 , homogeneous cells were determined to be other size
cells within the SIC and State. For size classes 7-9,
homogeneous cells were determined to be other State
cells within the SIC and size class. The weight for each
establishment was the product of the two factors.
A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ­
ment was used to develop the national estimates. The
auxiliary variable used was total employment. The
estimating formula is:

’ Pij

K ii

?1 ?J T1U V
2
VU

Var(P)

[By] . [Djj] • [Fjj]2
: ( M y -e u)/(M ii)

Tu

D;i
8------5

w ijk




G ij

=

( i w 'ik]

H ij

=

( f W|jkJ

-

J
k

( G ij) /( H ij)

2 wijk

2 2 w^k eijk
L j k

Where: p

s

^eij

The variances for the occupational estimates were esti­
mated from the following formula:

Bij

=2 2 w ijk Pijk
J k

2R ,K ijS|pij

variance of p
3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
total number of units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
sampling fraction in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
number of sample units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of p within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of e within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
correlation coefficient between p
and e within the i-th industry and
j-th size class.

Where: V(p)
i

Weighted sample employment of all eligible units in sample

Hjj

S^ij + R? Seij -

A jj

' 2 w ijk

2- digit industry occupational
employment estimate
3- digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
establishment
weight after nonresponse
adjustment in i-th industry, j-th
size class and k-th establishment

(M i) / ( f k ^
V -2

e‘ik

2 Wjjk • L 2jk

v 'J

k

L iUk

(Pijk- Rieijk) - (Py—RiCy)

Mi

benchmark total employment in
the i-th industry and j-th size
class

Where:

68

conditions and an estimate and its estimated sample er­
ror were calculated from each sample, then:
1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from
one standard error below to one standard error
above the derived estimate would include the
average value of all possible samples. This in­
terval is called a 68-percent confidence
interval.

? 2 Wjjk Pjjk'l / f ? 2 WjjkCijk

Jk

J / (j k

All other terms are as defined above. This formula is
almost a computational form of the standard formula
given above. One simplifying assumption has been
made:
Wjjk = Ca for all k in a given ij cell

2.

Approximately 90 percent of the intervals
from 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 stand­
ard errors above the derived estimate would
include the average o f all p ossib le
samples. This interval is called a 90-percent
confidence interval.

3.

Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from
two standard errors below to two standard er­
rors above the derived estimate would include
the average of all possible samples. This inter­
val is called a 95-percent confidence interval.

4.

Almost all intervals from three standard errors
below to three standard errors above the deriv­
ed estimate would include the average o f all
possible samples.

That is, the weights are equal to a constant C within a
given three-digit industry/size class cell. At this time,
the total effect of this assumption on the variance
estimates has not been measured.
Reliability of estimates
Estimates developed from the sample may differ from
the results of a complete survey of all the establishments
in the sampled lists. Two types of errors, sampling and
nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a
sample survey. Sampling error occurs because observa­
tions are made only on a sample, not on the entire
population. Nonsampling error can be attributed to
many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information
about all cases in the sample; differences in the
respondents’ interpretation of questions; inability of
respondents to provide correct information; errors in
recording, coding, or processing the data; errors in
estimating values for missing data; and failure to repre­
sent all units in the population.
The particular sample used in this survey is one of a
large number of all possible samples of the same size
that could have been selected using the same sample
design. Estimates derived from the different samples
would differ from each other; the difference between a
sample estimate and the average of all possible sample
estimates is called the sampling deviation. The standard
or sampling error o f a survey estimate is a measure of
the variation among the estimates from all possible
samples. The relative standard error is defined as the
standard error of the estimate divided by the value being
estimated; the variance is defined as the standard error
squared.
The sample estimate and an estimate of its standard
error enable one to construct interval estimates with
prescribed confidence that the interval includes the
average result of all possible samples that could be ob­
tained from the sample design for the survey.
To illustrate, if all possible samples were selected, and
if each of these were surveyed under essentially the same




An inference that the complete coverage value would
be within the indicated ranges would be correct in ap­
proximately the relative frequencies shown.
For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as
5,000 with an associated relative error o f 2 percent.
Then the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and
there is a 68-percent chance that the average o f all possi­
ble sample totals would be between 4,900 and 5,100,
and it is almost certain that the average of all possible
sample totals would be between 4,700 and 5,300.
The relative errors provided primarily indicate the
magnitude of the sampling error, but do not measure
biases in the data due to nonsampling error. Efforts
were made to reduce the biases due to errors in recor­
ding, coding, and processing the data. The adjustment
made for nonrespondents assum ed that the
characteristics of the nonrespondents were the same as
those of the respondents at a given level. To the extent
this is not true, bias is introduced in the data. The
magnitude of these biases is not known.
Particular care should be exercised in the interpreta­
tion of small estimates, estimates based on a small
number o f cases, or small differences between estimates
because the sampling errors are relatively large and the
magnitude of the biases is unknown.

69

App®ira(dto i_ ©ES Surety
Dafa Awanlafbl© from
SS®t@ Ag@[m©D®g

State data on occupational employment in transportation, communications, utilities, and trade are
available as indicated in the following table. These

reports may be obtained from the State employment
security agencies listed on the inside back cover o f this
publication.

Table B-1. OES survey data available by State and year
State
Alabama.......................................................
Alaska...........................................................
Arizona........................................................
Arkansas.......................................................
California ....................................................
Colorado......................................................
Connecticut................................................
D elaw are....................................................
District of Colum bia....................................
Florida ........................................................
Georgia.........................................................
Hawaii ............................................ ............
Idaho ..........................................................
Illinois...........................................................
Indiana........................................................
Io w a .............................................................
Kentucky ....................................................
Louisiana....................................................
M aine..........................................................
Maryland .............................. ..................
Massachusetts............................................
Michigan.......................................................
Minnesota....................................................

19731

1976

1979

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

State
Mississippi...................................................
M issouri.......................................................
Nevada .........................................................
New Hampshire...........................................
New Jersey.................................. ............
New M exico.................................................
New Y o rk .....................................................
North Carolina .............................................
North D akota...............................................
Oklahoma.....................................................
Oregon .........................................................
Pennsylvania ...............................................
Rhode Island.................................................
South C arolina.............................................
South Dakota...............................................
Tennessee ..................................................
Texas ...........................................................
U ta h .............................................................
Virginia .........................................................
West Virginia ..............................................
Wisconsin.....................................................
Wyoming^.....................................................

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

(2 )
X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

1976

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

2 Report in progress.

☆ 'U .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1 9 8 2

70

1979

X

X

1Covered wholesale and retail trade only.




19731

0 -3 6 1 -2 7 1

(4 9 1 4 )

ULSo Dfep@ftm®En)t @fi L a b o r

lyroay ©f Labor Statistics
REGION I - BOSTON
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Government Center - Room 1603 A
Boston, Mass. 02203
REGION V - CHICAGO
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, 111. 60604

REGION II - NEW YORK
1515 Broadway— Suite 3400
New York, N .Y . 10036

REGION VI - DALLAS
555 Griffin Sq., 2nd FI.
Dallas Tex, 75202

REGION III - PHILADELPHIA
3535 Market Street
P.O . Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101

REGIONS VII & VIII - KANSAS CITY
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106

REGION IV - ATLANTA
1371 Peachtree Street, N .E
Atlanta, Ga. 30367

REGION IX - X - SAN FRANCISCO
450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102

State Agencies Cooperating in the ©ES Program
BLS
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
III

ALABAM A
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
DIST. OF COL.

IV
IV
IX
X
V

FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAW AII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS

V
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V

INDIANA
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
M ARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA

IV MISSISSIPPI
VII MISSOURI
IX

NEVADA

I NEW HAMPSHIRE
II NEW JERSEY
VI NEW MEXICO
II NEW YORK
IV NORTH CAROLINA
VIII NORTH DAKOTA
VI OKLAHOMA
X OREGON
III PENNSYLVANIA
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
III
III
V
VIII

RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING




-Department o f Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations Building, Room 427, Montgomery 36130
-Department o f Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O . Box 1149, Juneau 99802
-Department o f Economic Security, Labor Market Information, P.O . Box 6123, Phoenix 85005
-Department o f Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O . Box 2981, Little Rock 72203
-Employment Development Department, P.O . Box 1679, Sacramento 95808
-Department o f Labor, Division o f Employment and Training, 251 East 12th Avenue, Denver 80203
-Labor Department, Employment Security Division, 200 Folly Brook Boulevard, Wethersfield 06109
-Department o f Labor, University Plaza Office Complex, Bldg. D , Chapman R d., Route 273, Newark 19713
-D.C. Department o f Labor, Division o f Labor Market Information, Research, and Analysis, 605 G Street,
N .W ., Washington 20001
-Department o f Labor and Employment Security, Caldwell Bldg., Tallahassee 32301
-Department o f Labor, Labor Information Systems, 254 Washington Street, S.W ., Atlanta 30334
-Department o f Labor and Industrial Relations, P.O . Box 3680, Honolulu 96811
-Department o f Employment, Research and Analysis Division, P.O . Box 35, Boise 83707
-Bureau o f Employment Security, Research and Analysis Division, 910 South Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago 60605
-Employment Security Division, 10 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204
-Department o f Human Resources, 275 E, Main Street, 2nd Floor West, Frankfort 40621
-Department o f Labor, P.O . Box 44094, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 70804
-Department o f Manpower Affairs, Employment Security Commission, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330
-Department o f Human Resources, 1100 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201
-Division o f Employment Security, Research and Statistics Division, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., Boston 02114
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Division, 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202
-Department o f Economic Security, Research and Statistical Services Office, 390 North Robert Street,
St. Paul 55101
-Employment Security Commission, P.O . Box 1699, Jackson 39205
-Department o f Labor and Industrial Relations, Division o f Employment Security, P.O . Box 59,
Jefferson City 65101
-Employment Security Department, Employment Security Research Division, 500 E. Third Street,
Carson City 89713
-Department o f Employment Security, 32 South Main Street, Concord 03301
-Department o f Labor and Industry, Division o f Planning and Research, OES Survey, P.O . Box 359,
Trenton 08625
-Department o f Human Services, Employment Service Division, P.O . Box 1928, Alburquerque 87103
-N .Y . State Department o f Labor, Division o f Research and Statistics, State Campus— Building 12,
Albany 12201
-Employment Security Commission, P.O . Box 25903, Raleigh 27611
-Employment Security Bureau, P.O . Box 1537, Bismarck 58505
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning, Room 310, Will Rogers Memorial Office
Building, Oklahoma City 73105
-Department o f Human Resources, Employment Division, 875 Union Street, N .E ., Salem 97130
-Department o f Labor and Industry, Research and Statistics Division, Seventh and Forster Streets,
Harrisburg 17121
-Department o f Employment Security, 24 Mason Street, Providence 02903
-Employment Security Commission, P.O . Box 995, Columbia 29202
-Department o f Labor, Research and Statistics Division, 607 North Fourth Street, Aberdeen 57401
-Department o f Employment Security, Room 519, Cordell Hull Office Building, Nashville 37219
-Employment Commission, TEC Building, 15th and Congress Avenue, Austin 78778
-Department o f Employment Security, P.O . Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147
-Employment Commission, Manpower Research Division, P.O . Box 1358, Richmond 23211
-Department o f Employment Security, State Office Building, 112 California Avenue, Charleston 25305
-Department o f Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, 201, East Washington Avenue, Madison 53707
-Employment Security Commission, Reports and Analysis Section, P.O . Box 2760, Casper 82601