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COMP2000 Pilot Survey
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA
Metropolitan Statistical Area
May–June 1996
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
U.S. Department of Labor
Robert B. Reich, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner
October 1996
Bulletin 3082-2

Preface

T

of the Philadelphia Regional Office. The Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, in cooperation with
the Office of Field Operations and the Office of Technology and Survey Processing, in the BLS National Office
was responsible for the survey design and data processing
and analysis.

his survey of occupational pay was conducted in
May/June 1996 in the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton,
PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The MSA includes the counties of Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton.
Allentown is the second area selected for a series of
tests using a new way of identifying and classifying occupations in establishments. The revised data collection procedure introduces a new method for determining the level
of duties and responsibilities of surveyed occupations.
This method, called “generic leveling,” will replace the
job classification system now used in the Occupational
Compensation Survey program (OCS). An entirely new
statistical program will replace the existing OCS program,
Employment Cost Index, and Employee Benefit Survey series. The working title of the program is COMP2000.
Hourly wage rates for various occupational classifications compose the bulk of the information contained in
this bulletin. One table contains data on weekly wage
rates. Tables showing the number of workers included in
the wage data are also presented. The bulletin consists
primarily of tables whose data are analyzed in the initial
textual section. Also contained in this bulletin is information on the new COMP2000 program, a technical note
describing survey procedures, and several appendixes with
detailed information on occupational classifications and
the generic leveling methodology.
Survey data were collected and reviewed by Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) field economists under the direction

Where to find more information
For additional information regarding this survey,
please contact the BLS Philadelphia Regional Office at
(215) 596-1154. You may also write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics at: Division of Compensation Data Analysis
and Planning, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington,
DC 20212-0001, or call (202) 606-6220.
The data contained in this bulletin are also available on
the Internet’s World Wide Web through the BLS site:
http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm Data are in ASCII
files containing exactly the published table format. Electronic files for future surveys will contain positional columns of data in an ASCII file for easy manipulation as a
data base or spreadsheet. A third format will be Portable
Document Format that will contain the entire bulletin.
Material in this bulletin is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.

iii

Contents

Page
A New Compensation Survey ..............................................................................................................
Wages in the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA metropolitan area......................................................

1
2

Appendixes:
A. Technical note..........................................................................................................................
B. Occupational classifications......................................................................................................
C. Generic leveling criteria ...........................................................................................................
D. Evaluating your firm’s jobs ......................................................................................................

34
40
48
52

Tables:
1. Number of workers by occupation ............................................................................................
2. Hourly earnings for selected occupations ..................................................................................
3. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, full-time workers only..............................................
4. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, part-time workers only.............................................
5. Weekly earnings for selected white-collar occupations, full-time workers only .........................
6. Number of workers by occupational group and level.................................................................
7. Hourly earnings by occupational group and level......................................................................
8. Number of workers by occupational group and selected characteristic ......................................
9. Hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristic, all industries .....................
10. Hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristic, private industry .................
11. Hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristic, State and local government.
12. Number of workers by occupational group and industry, private industry .................................
13. Hourly earnings by occupational group and industry, private industry ......................................
14. Hourly earnings by occupational group and industry, private industry, full-time workers only ..
15. Hourly earnings by occupational group and industry, private industry, part-time workers only .
16. Number of workers by occupational group and establishment employment size,
private industry........................................................................................................................
17. Hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size, private industry...
18. Hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size, private industry,
full-time workers only .............................................................................................................
19. Hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size, private industry,
part-time workers only ............................................................................................................

4
7
10
13
14
16
19
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Appendix tables:
A1. Number of establishments studied by industry and establishment employment size..................
A2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings for selected occupations...............................

v

38
39

A New Compensation Survey

T

his bulletin represents the second test results of a new
Bureau of Labor Statistics program called
COMP2000. COMP2000 integrates three existing programs: the Occupational Compensation Survey (OCS),
the Employment Cost Index (ECI), and the Employee
Benefits Survey (EBS), into one comprehensive compensation program. Data from the new survey will be jointly
collected from one common sample of establishments.
The survey has several major goals: To make the most efficient use of available resources—dollars, people, and
technology; to minimize the burden of collection on respondents; and to provide a wide range of statistical outputs reflecting up-to-date economic and statistical concepts.
The streamlining of programs and the addition of data
will be phased in over time. At first, testing will concentrate on wage level data (such as contained in this bulletin)
and the collection of demographic characteristics of workers (e.g., length of service). In Fall 1996, a new areabased sample will be put into place that will allow for the
collection of wage data based on the methods refined in
the early tests. The larger metropolitan area collections
will yield bulletins similar to this one, which will replace
the current Occupational Compensation Survey bulletins.
Further testing concerning benefit data, wage trend
data, and other compensation characteristics will begin
within the next year. Based on those test results, new
collection procedures for those types of statistics will be
developed. The new procedures will be implemented beginning in 1998. Eventually, wage data and benefit information collected from the sample will be used to produce compensation indexes and statistics on benefit
provisions and incidence. These new series will supplant
the current ECI and EBS programs.

COMP2000 versus OCS
The wage data in this bulletin differ from those in previous Occupational Compensation Survey bulletins by
providing broader coverage of occupations and establishments within the survey area. The same holds for all future COMP2000 products.
Occupations surveyed for this bulletin were selected
using probability techniques from a list of all those present
in each establishment. Previous OCS bulletins were limited to a preselected list of occupations, which represented
a small subset of all occupations in the economy. Information in the new bulletin is published for a variety of occupation-based data. This new approach includes data on
broad occupational classification, such as white-collar
workers, major occupational groups such as sales workers,
and individual occupations such as cashiers.
In tables containing job levels within occupational series, the levels are derived from generic standards that apply to all occupational groups. The job levels in the OCS
bulletins were based on narrowly-defined descriptions that
were not comparable across specific occupations.
Occupational data in this bulletin are also tabulated for
other classifications such as industry group, full-time versus part-time status, union versus nonunion status, and
establishment employment size. Not all of these series
were generated by the OCS program.
Finally, the establishments surveyed in this bulletin
were selected from among all private and State and local
government establishments. Previous OCS samples were
limited to establishments with 50 or more employees. The
wider scope of the COMP2000 program means that virtually all workers in the Allentown metropolitan statistical
area are covered, excluding only private household and
farm workers and employees of the Federal Government.

1

Wages in the
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA
metropolitan area

Private industry workers, about 88 percent of the Allentown labor force studied, averaged $13.11 per hour,
while State and local government workers earned $18.61
per hour (chart 1). (All comparisons in this analysis cover
hourly rates for both full- and part-time workers, unless
otherwise noted.) The difference in wages between the
private and government sectors reflects several factors
(chart 2). First, there was a greater proportion of higher
paid, professional specialty and technical workers in State
and local governments (40 percent of all employees) than
in private industry (14 percent). Similarly, there was a
greater proportion of government employees in service occupations (25 percent) than there were in the private sector (15 percent). Service workers in State and local governments, which included such jobs as police officers and
firefighters, average $12.24 per hour compared to an average of $7.19 per hour for private sector service workers,
which were more often food and health-related occupations.

S

traight-time wages in the Allentown-BethlehemEaston metropolitan area averaged $13.73 per hour
during May and June, 1996 (table 2). White-collar workers had the highest average wage level, $16.32 per hour.
Blue-collar workers averaged $11.99 per hour, while
service workers had average earnings of $8.26 per hour.
Within each of these occupational groups, average
wages for individual occupations varied widely. For example, white-collar occupations included financial managers at $28.49 per hour, licensed practical nurses at
$13.98 per hour, and receptionists at $9.14 per hour.
Among occupations in the blue-collar category, electricians averaged $18.34 per hour while hand packers and
packagers averaged $8.09 per hour. Finally, service workers included waiters and waitresses at $3.16 per hour (not
including tips) and police and detectives, public service at
$16.38 per hour. Table 2 presents earnings data for 84
detailed occupations; data for other detailed occupations
could not be reported separately due to concerns about the
confidentiality of survey respondents.

Chart 1. Average hourly wage rates by industry,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996

Chart 2. Distribution of employment by occupational
group, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996

Dollars per hour
$ 20

Percent

Private

70
State & local

15

60
50

10

40
30

5

20
10

0
All
industries

Private
industry

0

State and local
government

White-collar

2

Blue-collar

Service

lower and higher levels of work in the professional specialty occupations and executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations was significantly higher than in
any of the blue-collar and service occupations. To illustrate, professional specialty occupations’ wages ranged
from an average of $10.09 per hour to $38.53 per hour.
Union workers had higher hourly wage rates ($16.12)
in Allentown than nonunion workers ($13.01) (table 9).
Approximately 22 percent of the employees in Allentown
were classified as union employees.
Data are also available on average wages for employees
paid on an incentive basis (typically a base pay plus commission or piece work) and employees paid strictly based
on time (table 9). Average pay for incentive workers, six
percent of the Allentown workforce, was $13.33 per hour,
very similar to the $13.75 per hour for time-based employees. However, among sales occupations, incentive
workers averaged $26.86 per hour compared with an average of $9.81 per hour for time-based sales workers.
In the private sector, hourly wages averaged $14.46 in
goods-producing industries compared with $12.30 in
service-producing industries (table 13). However, average
hourly wages varied more widely between industry divisions.

Average wages for full-time workers in Allentown
were $14.67 per hour, compared with an average of $7.70
per hour for part-time workers (tables 3-4). For some occupations, there was a large difference in wages between
full- and part-time workers. For example, full-time truckdrivers averaged $12.01 per hour compared with $8.55 per
hour for their part-time counterparts. In other occupations, wages varied only slightly based on full- or parttime work schedule.
Wages for higher levels of work within major occupational groups usually were greater than for lower-level
work (table 7). This general pattern can vary somewhat
depending on the mix of specific occupations (and industries) represented by the broad group. A given level
within a group may not have data because no workers
were identified at that level or because there were not
enough data to guarantee confidentiality.
Among professional specialty occupations, workers at
level 5 (typically entry level workers with a college degree) averaged $10.09 per hour. Workers at level 11, considered a fully functional professional, averaged $23.93
per hour. Finally, at the more senior level 13, professionals averaged $37.06 per hour.
Blue-collar and service occupations were typically classified at lower work levels. The range in wages between

3

Table 1. Number of workers studied by occupation, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Full-time and part-time
workers2
Occupation1

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..............................
White-collar occupations ..................................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ............................................
Professional specialty occupations ...........
Mechanical engineers ...........................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .........................................
Operations and systems researchers
and analysts ...................................
Registered nurses ................................
Elementary school teachers .................
Secondary school teachers ..................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................
Substitute teachers ...............................
Social workers ......................................
Technical occupations ..............................
Licensed practical nurses .....................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. .............................................
Electrical and electronic technicians .....
Mechanical engineering technicians .....
Drafters .................................................
Computer programmers .......................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Financial managers ..............................
Administrators, education and related
fields ...............................................
Managers, medicine and health ...........
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..
Accountants and auditors .....................
Other financial officers ..........................
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C.
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................
Sales occupations ........................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............
Sales workers, apparel .........................
Sales workers, other commodities ........
Sales counter clerks .............................
Cashiers ...............................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ............................................
Secretaries ...........................................
Typists ..................................................
Receptionists ........................................
Order clerks ..........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ..............................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...
Stock and inventory clerks ....................
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ........................................
General office clerks .............................
Data entry keyers .................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .....

All
industries

State
and
local
government

Private
industry

234,553 206,559
215,616 187,956
121,053 103,377

Full-time workers

Part-time workers

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

All
industries

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

27,994 178,503 157,442
27,660 168,304 147,541
17,676 95,340 81,662

21,061
20,763
13,678

56,050
47,312
25,713

49,117
40,415
21,715

6,933
6,896
3,998

8,635
7,943
–
–

6,091
4,443
–
–

3,428
1,780
–
–

2,663
2,663
–
–

All
industries

39,820
30,434
964
539

28,522
19,827
964
539

11,298
10,606
–
–

33,729
25,990
964
539

25,094
18,047
964
539

2,005

1,909

–

2,005

1,909

485
4,736
2,842
2,152
919
1,783
1,813
9,386
2,056

485
4,166
–
–
–
–
–
8,695
1,569

485
3,571
2,842
2,152
588
–
1,682
7,738
1,297

485
3,263
–
–
–
–
–
7,047
–

905
1,204
390
813
1,042

–
1,204
390
813
1,042

905
1,204
390
813
895

–
1,204
390
813
895

16,662
1,464

14,915
1,412

1,747
–

16,271
1,464

14,523
1,412

688
571
3,997
1,453
789
969

–
562
3,858
1,364
789
969

481
–
–
–
–
–

688
480
3,997
1,453
789
969

3,190
18,937
657
1,159
5,318
1,186
5,740
633

2,747
18,603
–
1,159
5,318
1,186
5,470
633

443
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

45,634
5,898
722
1,750
1,131

41,337
4,921
623
1,723
1,131

3,849
836
1,593
1,789

–
570
2,655
2,025
–
1,783
1,084
691
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
2,655
2,025
–
–
953
691
–

–
1,164
–
–
–
1,783
–
1,648
759

–
–
902
–
–
–
–
–
1,648
759

–
–
–
–
–
–
1,783
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

1,747
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
471
3,858
1,364
789
969

481
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

2,890
10,199
657
–
2,368
–
1,962
633

2,447
9,901
–
–
2,368
–
1,692
633

443
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
8,738
–
–
2,950
–
3,778
–

–
8,701
–
–
2,950
–
3,778
–

4,296
977
–
–
–

35,142
4,175
578
1,344
1,038

32,143
3,448
–
1,344
1,038

2,999
727
–
–
–

10,492
1,723
–
–
–

9,194
1,472
–
–
–

3,497
836
1,593
1,664

352
–
–
–

2,929
836
1,416
1,392

2,644
836
1,416
1,267

284
–
–
–

921
–
–
–

1,399
7,064
911
1,123

1,349
6,300
868
–

–
764
–
1,123

1,326
4,916
642
–

1,276
4,387
599
–

–
528
–
–

–
2,148
–
585

–
1,912
–
–

–
–
–
585

1,828
102,116

1,710
84,774

–
17,342

1,251
85,141

1,133
71,760

–
13,381

–
16,975

–
13,014

–
3,961

See footnotes at end of table.

4

–
–
–
–
–

–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,298
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Table 1. Number of workers studied by occupation, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time
workers2
Occupation1

Blue-collar occupations ....................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ............................................
Automobile mechanics .........................
Industrial machinery repairers ..............
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........
Carpenters ............................................
Electricians ...........................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ..
Roofers .................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....
Machinists .............................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...............................................
Printing press operators .......................
Textile sewing machine operators ........
Packaging and filling machine
operators ........................................
Painting and paint spraying machine
operators ........................................
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. .............................................
Welders and cutters ..............................
Assemblers ...........................................
Production inspectors, checkers and
examiners .......................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ............................................
Truck drivers .........................................
Bus drivers ............................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ........................................
Miscellaneous material moving
equipment operators, N.E.C. ..........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers ...................................................
Groundskeepers and gardeners except
farm ................................................
Helpers, mechanics and repairers ........
Helpers, construction trades .................
Production helpers ................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................
Freight, stock, and material handlers,
N.E.C. .............................................
Hand packers and packagers ...............
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...
Service occupations .........................................
Police and detectives, public service ....
Guards and police except public
service ............................................
Bartenders ............................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................
Cooks ...................................................
Food counter, fountain, and related
occupations ....................................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants
Maids and housemen ...........................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................

All
industries

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

74,878

71,614

21,463
1,421
1,520
1,984
1,042
588
738
1,334
2,080
629

Full-time workers

Part-time workers

All
industries

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

3,264

64,197

61,730

2,467

10,681

20,934
1,359
1,482
–
1,004
547
738
1,334
2,041
629

529
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

20,681
1,421
1,490
1,984
1,042
588
738
1,334
2,080
629

20,152
1,359
1,451
–
1,004
547
738
1,334
2,041
629

529
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

26,716
595
4,696

26,401
595
4,696

–
–
–

25,219
595
4,160

24,904
595
4,160

–
–
–

1,017

1,017

–

1,017

1,017

–

–

–

–

1,114

1,114

–

1,114

1,114

–

–

–

–

2,015
775
3,702

2,015
775
3,702

–
–
–

2,015
775
3,543

2,015
775
3,543

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

955

955

–

955

955

–

–

–

–

9,730
4,900
2,426

8,342
4,732
1,664

6,266
3,781
–

5,388
3,613
–

878
–
–

1,287

1,287

–

1,287

1,287

–

–

–

–

–

306

–

–

–

–

306

1,388
–
762

–

16,970

15,937

592
1,036
1,325
803
4,073

–
–
1,325
803
4,073

759
2,428
3,482
38,622
1,286

759
2,428
3,482
31,568
–

1,403
861
3,637
3,901

1,403
861
3,637
3,810

2,453
4,132
4,210
1,179
5,447

2,234
3,606
3,237
1,051
3,620

1,033
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7,054
1,286
–
–
–
–
–
526
973
–
1,827

See footnotes at end of table.

5

–

12,031

11,286

592
1,036
–
–
2,227

–
–
–
–
2,227

727
1,757
2,684
18,966
1,286

727
1,757
2,684
14,051
–

788
–
849
2,278

788
–
849
2,234

–
1,951
2,050
1,040
2,945

–
1,866
1,274
912
1,639

745
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4,915
1,286
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,306

All
industries

1,496
–
–

3,464
1,119
2,173

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

9,884

797

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,496
–
–

2,954
1,119
1,664

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

509
–
509

4,938

4,651

–

–
–
–
–
1,846

–
–
–
–
1,846

–
–
–
–
–

–
671
–
19,656
–

–
671
–
17,518
–

615
–
2,788
1,623

615
–
2,788
1,575

–
–
–
–

1,757
2,181
2,159
–
2,502

1,538
1,740
1,962
–
1,981

–
–
–
–
521

–
–
–
2,139
–

Table 1. Number of workers studied by occupation, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time
workers2
Occupation1

Child care workers, N.E.C. ...................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................

All
industries

499
2,307

State
and
local
government

Private
industry

–
2,217

–
–

1 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is
used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,

Full-time workers

All
industries

–
1,017

Private
industry

–
928

Part-time workers

State
and
local
government
–
–

All
industries

Private
industry

State
and
local
government

–
–

–
–

499
–

where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupation and occupational levels may include
data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere
classified." Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

6

Table 2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers 2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3
Mean Median
All workers .................................................. $13.73 $11.85
All workers excluding sales .................... 13.85 12.01
White-collar occupations ........................ 16.32 13.91
Professional specialty and technical
occupations .................................. 21.32 19.00
Professional specialty occupations
23.21 21.03
Mechanical engineers ................. 22.34
–
Engineers, N.E.C. ....................... 29.11
–
Computer systems analysts and
scientists ............................... 22.73 20.92
Operations and systems
researchers and analysts ..... 18.81
–
Registered nurses ...................... 19.17 18.63
Elementary school teachers ....... 33.81 34.57
Secondary school teachers ........ 32.39 32.14
Teachers, N.E.C. ........................ 25.61
–
Substitute teachers .....................
9.90
–
Social workers ............................ 13.59 12.31
Technical occupations .................... 15.44 14.84
Licensed practical nurses ........... 13.98 14.15
Health technologists and
technicians, N.E.C. ............... 14.13
–
Electrical and electronic
technicians ............................ 14.53
–
Mechanical engineering
technicians ............................ 17.97
–
Drafters ....................................... 15.45
–
Computer programmers ............. 15.99
–
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ............ 23.18 21.63
Financial managers .................... 28.49
–
Administrators, education and
related fields ......................... 29.35
–
Managers, medicine and health
24.71
–
Managers and administrators,
N.E.C. ................................... 27.60 28.13
Accountants and auditors ........... 15.49
–
Other financial officers ................ 14.17
–
Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C. ................................... 20.18
–
Management related
occupations, N.E.C. .............. 19.32 19.23
Sales occupations .............................. 12.09
8.26
Supervisors, sales occupations .. 15.95
–
Sales workers, apparel ...............
5.51
–
Sales workers, other
commodities ......................... 14.04
8.26
Sales counter clerks ...................
8.13
–
Cashiers .....................................
7.27
6.05
Sales support occupations,
N.E.C. ................................... 10.50
–
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ...................... 10.59
9.75
Secretaries ................................. 11.31 11.25
Typists ........................................ 10.00
–
Receptionists ..............................
9.14
8.40
Order clerks ................................ 11.92 11.69
Bookkeepers, accounting and
auditing clerks ....................... 11.01
9.23
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ... 10.20
–
Traffic, shipping and receiving
clerks ....................................
9.17
–
Stock and inventory clerks ..........
9.69
9.52
Investigators and adjusters
except insurance .................. 15.21 14.81
General office clerks ................... 10.07
9.47
Data entry keyers .......................
8.81
–
Teachers’ aides ..........................
8.74
–

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

$8.01 - $16.79 $13.11 $11.36
8.38 - 17.00 13.20 11.67
9.20 - 20.33 15.35 13.46

$7.80 - $16.32 $18.61 $14.56
8.00 - 16.50 18.66 14.32
8.93 - 19.00 22.61 19.85

14.62 17.05 –
–

26.25
28.86
–
–

19.41
21.02
22.34
29.11

18.12
20.00
–
–

14.52 16.73 –
–

22.13
24.59
–
–

27.08
28.25
–
–

27.08
28.47
–
–

17.74 -

28.80

22.42

20.82

17.74 -

30.09

–

–

–
17.60 27.14 25.60 –
–
9.62 13.05 13.33 -

–
20.33
41.87
39.93
–
–
16.10
17.31
14.75

18.81
19.11
–
–
–
–
–
15.61
14.34

–
18.63
–
–
–
–
–
15.00
–

–
17.60 –
–
–
–
–
13.05 –

–
20.23
–
–
–
–
–
17.31
–

–
19.70
35.56
32.97
–
9.90
16.15
13.52
–

–
–
36.20
32.80
–
–
–
–
–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

14.53

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
–

–
–
–

17.97
15.45
15.99

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

28.26
–

23.09
28.81

21.49
–

28.13
–

24.00
–

22.16
–

–
–

–
24.77

–
–

–
–

31.41
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

33.31
–
–

27.77
15.28
14.17

28.13
–
–

34.85
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

20.18

–

–

–

–

–

–

15.48 6.00 –
–

23.05
14.17
–
–

19.93
12.03
–
5.51

20.76
8.25
–
–

15.50 6.00 –
–

23.05
13.80
–
–

15.65
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

6.50 –
5.25 -

11.00
–
8.10

14.04
8.13
6.73

8.26
–
5.80

6.50 –
5.10 -

11.00
–
7.56

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

10.50

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.00 9.00 –
7.65 7.50 -

12.36
13.63
–
10.51
16.33

10.54
11.11
9.78
9.12
11.92

9.63
11.18
–
8.40
11.69

7.88 8.65 –
7.65 7.50 -

12.29
13.58
–
10.51
16.33

11.13
12.33
–
–
–

10.92
–
–
–
–

8.25 –

13.75
–

10.76
10.20

9.23
–

8.00 –

13.75
–

13.79
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
8.00 -

–
11.50

9.17
9.24

–
9.00

–
8.00 -

–
9.92

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

10.04 7.97 –
–

20.33
11.11
–
–

15.27
10.01
8.81
–

–
9.35
–
–

–
7.70 –
–

–
11.11
–
–

–
10.54
–
8.74

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

15.87 –
–
–
20.66 –
–
–

–

See footnotes at end of table.

7

15.87 –
–
–
20.66 –
–
–

$10.92 - $25.09
10.85 - 25.33
12.49 - 31.46
16.55 19.36 –
–
–
–
–
28.51 26.76 –
–
–
–
–

15.39 –

9.15 –
–
–
–

36.78
37.51
–
–
–
–
–
41.91
40.98
–
–
–
–
–

30.43
–

13.05
–
–
–
–

Table 2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers 2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3
Mean Median
Administrative support
occupations, N.E.C. .............. $10.47 $10.75
White-collar occupations excluding
sales ............................................. 17.01 14.62
Blue-collar occupations .......................... 11.99 11.60
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations .................................. 14.83 14.66
Automobile mechanics ............... 12.32
–
Industrial machinery repairers .... 14.62 14.48
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C.
14.86
–
Carpenters .................................. 12.53
–
Electricians ................................. 18.34
–
Plumbers, pipefitters and
steamfitters ........................... 19.05
–
Roofers ....................................... 15.01
–
Supervisors, production
occupations .......................... 16.06 16.75
Machinists ................................... 14.05
–
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ..................................... 11.19 10.19
Printing press operators ............. 11.96
–
Textile sewing machine
operators ..............................
7.53
6.99
Packaging and filling machine
operators .............................. 12.47
–
Painting and paint spraying
machine operators ................ 15.49
–
Miscellaneous machine
operators, N.E.C. .................. 10.80 10.00
Welders and cutters .................... 16.78
–
Assemblers ................................. 15.10 20.10
Production inspectors, checkers
and examiners ...................... 11.15
–
Transportation and material moving
occupations .................................. 11.60 11.67
Truck drivers ............................... 11.59 11.46
Bus drivers ..................................
9.74 10.83
Industrial truck and tractor
equipment operators ............. 13.48
–
Miscellaneous material moving
equipment operators, N.E.C.
13.86
–
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ....................
9.53
9.22
Groundskeepers and gardeners
except farm ...........................
8.39
–
Helpers, mechanics and
repairers ............................... 12.61
–
Helpers, construction trades .......
8.44
–
Production helpers ...................... 11.43
–
Stock handlers and baggers .......
8.80
9.06
Freight, stock, and material
handlers, N.E.C. ................... 10.82
–
Hand packers and packagers .....
8.09
7.25
Laborers except construction,
N.E.C. ...................................
9.74
8.30
Service occupations ...............................
8.26
7.50
Police and detectives, public
service .................................. 16.38
–
Guards and police except public
service ..................................
8.50
–
Bartenders ..................................
4.75
–
Waiters and waitresses ..............
3.16
2.41
Cooks .........................................
8.23
8.25
Food counter, fountain, and
related occupations ..............
6.21
–
Food preparation occupations,
N.E.C. ...................................
8.05
6.50
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .............................
8.58
8.13

Middle range

Mean Median

$8.47 - $11.75 $10.32 $10.25

Middle range

$8.00 - $11.59

9.90 8.25 -

21.19
15.00

15.97
12.00

14.25
11.54

9.55 8.10 -

12.00 –
13.81 –
–
–

17.13
–
15.68
–
–
–

14.85
12.27
14.60
–
12.55
18.44

14.70
–
–
–
–
–

12.00 –
–
–
–
–

–
–

19.05
15.01

–
–

14.42 –

17.92
–

16.03
14.05

16.75
–

7.39 –

14.32
–

11.21
11.96

6.05 -

8.66

7.53

–

–

–

Mean Median

–

–

20.00 $22.77 $20.00
15.25 11.87 12.32

Middle range

–

–

$12.37 - $31.80
9.85 - 13.82

17.14
–
–
–
–
–

14.14
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

14.42 –

18.27
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

10.28
–

7.39 –

14.41
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

6.99

6.05 -

8.66

–

–

–

–

12.47

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

15.49

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

13.60
–
20.10

10.80
16.78
15.10

10.00
–
20.10

13.60
–
20.10

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

11.15

–

–

–

–

–

–

14.27
14.27
12.00

11.40
11.60
8.28

11.34
11.46
–

14.21
14.28
–

12.93
–
12.95

13.00
–
–

–

–

13.48

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

9.51

9.13

6.75 -

9.94

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
–
6.50 -

–
–
–
10.99

–
8.44
11.43
8.80

–
–
–
9.06

–
–
–
6.50 -

–
–
–
10.99

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
6.00 -

–
10.00

10.82
8.09

–
7.25

–
6.00 -

–
10.00

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

6.75 5.50 -

11.90
10.00

9.74
7.19

8.30
6.75

6.75 5.25 -

11.90
8.70

–
12.24

–
12.32

16.38

–

–

–

–
–

7.08 –
9.84 –
8.00 8.00 6.70 -

6.75 –

11.67

–
–

7.08 –
9.84 –
7.45 8.00 –

11.28

12.21 –
–

–
9.08 -

14.68
–
–

–
15.14

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
2.34 6.74 -

–
–
3.06
9.00

8.50
4.75
3.16
8.16

–
–
2.41
8.25

–
–
2.34 6.53 -

–
–
3.06
9.00

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

–

–

5.99

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

5.45 -

8.55

7.96

6.25

5.35 -

7.80

8.90

–

–

–

7.00 -

9.54

8.10

7.72

6.75 -

9.00

9.82

–

–

–

See footnotes at end of table.

8

Table 2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers 2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3

Maids and housemen .................
Janitors and cleaners .................
Child care workers, N.E.C. .........
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ......

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

$6.96
9.26
6.98
6.66

–
–
$6.50 - $11.65
–
–
–
–

$6.57
7.85
–
6.31

–
$6.00 –
–

–
$9.00
–
–

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The median designates position--one-half of the workers
receive the same as or more, and one-half receive the same as or less than the rate
shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn
the same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or
more than the higher rate.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as
working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

–
$7.50
–
–

Mean Median

–
–
–
$9.60 $11.65 $12.32
–
–
–
–
–
–

Middle range
–
–
$9.08 - $13.68
–
–
–
–

establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

9

Table 3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3
Mean Median
All workers .................................................. $14.67 $12.84
All workers excluding sales .................... 14.67 12.97
White-collar occupations ........................ 17.29 14.75
Professional specialty and technical
occupations .................................. 21.78 19.69
Professional specialty occupations
23.70 21.64
Mechanical engineers ................. 22.34
–
Engineers, N.E.C. ....................... 29.11
–
Computer systems analysts and
scientists ............................... 22.73 20.92
Operations and systems
researchers and analysts ..... 18.81
–
Registered nurses ...................... 19.42 18.63
Elementary school teachers ....... 33.81 34.57
Secondary school teachers ........ 32.39 32.14
Teachers, N.E.C. ........................ 26.06
–
Social workers ............................ 13.25 12.31
Technical occupations .................... 15.54 14.90
Licensed practical nurses ........... 14.11
–
Health technologists and
technicians, N.E.C. ............... 14.13
–
Electrical and electronic
technicians ............................ 14.53
–
Mechanical engineering
technicians ............................ 17.97
–
Drafters ....................................... 15.45
–
Computer programmers ............. 16.56
–
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ............ 23.17 21.63
Financial managers .................... 28.49
–
Administrators, education and
related fields ......................... 29.35
–
Managers, medicine and health
24.79
–
Managers and administrators,
N.E.C. ................................... 27.60 28.13
Accountants and auditors ........... 15.49
–
Other financial officers ................ 14.17
–
Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C. ................................... 20.18
–
Management related
occupations, N.E.C. .............. 18.98 19.23
Sales occupations .............................. 14.68 10.98
Supervisors, sales occupations .. 15.95
–
Sales workers, other
commodities ......................... 19.24 10.05
Cashiers .....................................
8.06
–
Sales support occupations,
N.E.C. ................................... 10.50
–
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ...................... 10.98 10.40
Secretaries ................................. 11.80 12.03
Typists ........................................ 10.47
–
Receptionists ..............................
9.15
–
Order clerks ................................ 12.29
–
Bookkeepers, accounting and
auditing clerks ....................... 11.35
9.42
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ... 10.20
–
Traffic, shipping and receiving
clerks ....................................
9.50
–
Stock and inventory clerks ..........
9.73
9.52
Investigators and adjusters
except insurance .................. 15.60
–
General office clerks ................... 10.62
9.70
Data entry keyers .......................
9.30
–
Administrative support
occupations, N.E.C. .............. 10.77
–

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

$9.00 - $17.55 $14.01 $12.36
9.13 - 17.76 13.96 12.49
10.01 - 21.19 16.25 14.37

$8.70 - $17.27 $19.82 $15.05
8.90 - 17.31 19.89 15.14
9.62 - 19.98 23.88 22.13

15.14 17.48 –
–

26.92
29.17
–
–

19.61
21.13
22.34
29.11

18.40
20.14
–
–

14.62 16.76 –
–

22.40
25.20
–
–

28.63
30.08
–
–

28.60
29.65
–
–

17.74 -

28.80

22.42

20.82

17.74 -

30.09

–

–

–
18.01 27.14 25.60 –
9.62 13.00 –

–
20.33
41.87
39.93
–
15.78
17.31
–

18.81
19.26
–
–
–
–
15.74
–

–
18.63
–
–
–
–
15.76
–

–
18.01 –
–
–
–
13.05 –

–
20.23
–
–
–
–
17.67
–

–
–
35.56
32.97
–
15.65
13.52
–

–
–
36.20
32.80
–
–
–
–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

14.53

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
–

–
–
–

17.97
15.45
16.56

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

28.85
–

23.08
28.81

21.49
–

28.13
–

24.00
–

22.16
–

–
–

–
24.85

–
–

–
–

31.41
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

33.31
–
–

27.77
15.28
14.17

28.13
–
–

34.85
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

20.18

–

–

–

–

–

–

15.43 7.56 –

23.05
15.32
–

19.59
14.67
–

20.00
10.30
–

15.48 7.56 –

23.05
15.50
–

15.65
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

8.26 –

11.00
–

19.24
7.04

10.05
–

8.26 –

11.00
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–

10.50

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.31 9.00 –
–
–

12.76
13.82
–
–
–

10.92
11.60
–
9.15
12.29

10.23
11.94
–
–
–

8.18 8.58 –
–
–

12.69
13.63
–
–
–

11.59
12.78
–
–
–

11.37
–
–
–
–

8.50 –

14.25
–

11.08
10.20

9.23
–

8.50 –

14.25
–

13.91
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
8.00 -

–
11.12

9.50
9.26

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
8.50 –

–
11.36
–

15.66
10.58
9.33

–
9.52
–

–
8.27 –

–
11.11
–

–
10.92
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

10.61

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

15.87 –
–
–
20.66 –
–
–

–

–

See footnotes at end of table.

10

15.87 –
–
–
20.66 –
–
–

–

$12.31 - $27.24
12.29 - 27.47
13.62 - 32.66
19.41 22.65 –
–
–
–
–
28.51 26.76 –
–
–
–

15.39 –

9.47 –
–
–
–

37.74
38.34
–
–
–
–
–
41.91
40.98
–
–
–
–

30.43
–

13.42
–
–
–
–

Table 3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
— Continued
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3
Mean Median
White-collar occupations excluding
sales ............................................. $17.62 $15.33
Blue-collar occupations .......................... 12.38 12.00
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations .................................. 14.88 14.70
Automobile mechanics ............... 12.32
–
Industrial machinery repairers .... 14.60
–
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C.
14.86
–
Carpenters .................................. 12.53
–
Electricians ................................. 18.34
–
Plumbers, pipefitters and
steamfitters ........................... 19.05
–
Roofers ....................................... 15.01
–
Supervisors, production
occupations .......................... 16.06 16.75
Machinists ................................... 14.05
–
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ..................................... 11.33 10.37
Printing press operators ............. 11.96
–
Textile sewing machine
operators ..............................
7.53
–
Packaging and filling machine
operators .............................. 12.47
–
Painting and paint spraying
machine operators ................ 15.49
–
Miscellaneous machine
operators, N.E.C. .................. 10.80 10.00
Welders and cutters .................... 16.78
–
Assemblers ................................. 15.39 20.10
Production inspectors, checkers
and examiners ...................... 11.15
–
Transportation and material moving
occupations .................................. 12.39 12.57
Truck drivers ............................... 12.01 11.90
Industrial truck and tractor
equipment operators ............. 13.48
–
Miscellaneous material moving
equipment operators, N.E.C.
13.86
–
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers .................... 10.18 10.00
Groundskeepers and gardeners
except farm ...........................
8.39
–
Helpers, mechanics and
repairers ............................... 12.61
–
Stock handlers and baggers .......
9.86 10.22
Freight, stock, and material
handlers, N.E.C. ................... 10.93
–
Hand packers and packagers .....
8.79
–
Laborers except construction,
N.E.C. ................................... 10.31 10.45
Service occupations ...............................
9.36
8.70
Police and detectives, public
service .................................. 16.38
–
Guards and police except public
service ..................................
8.79
–
Waiters and waitresses ..............
3.21
–
Cooks .........................................
8.72
8.70
Food preparation occupations,
N.E.C. ...................................
9.15
–
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .............................
9.30
–

Middle range

Mean Median

$10.66 - $22.09 $16.48 $14.75
8.91 - 15.36 12.40 11.98
12.00 –
–
–
–
–

17.14
–
–
–
–
–

14.90
12.27
14.58
–
12.55
18.44

14.70
–
–
–
–
–

–
–

19.05
15.01

–
–

14.42 –

17.92
–

16.03
14.05

16.75
–

7.59 –

14.56
–

11.36
11.96

10.50
–

–

–

7.53

–

–

–

12.47

–

–

Middle range

Mean Median

$10.05 - $20.55 $24.08 $22.79
8.75 - 15.40 12.01 12.42

$13.56 - $33.09
9.85 - 13.82

17.34
–
–
–
–
–

14.14
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

14.42 –

18.27
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

7.50 –

14.59
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

15.49

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

13.60
–
20.10

10.80
16.78
15.39

10.00
–
20.10

13.60
–
20.10

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

11.15

–

–

–

–

–

–

14.73
14.32

12.30
12.03

11.90
11.90

14.70
14.47

13.01
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–

–

13.48

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

11.90

10.17

10.00

11.90

10.40

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
11.17

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

11.90
9.38

–
13.19

–
13.62

16.38

–

–

–

–
–

7.08 –
9.84 –
9.00 8.50 -

7.40 –
–
8.50 -

12.00 –
–
–
–
–

Middle range

–
–

7.08 –
9.84 –
8.50 8.50 -

7.30 –

–
11.17

–
9.86

–
10.22

–
–

10.93
8.79

–
–

11.90
11.60

10.31
7.97

10.45
7.64

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
7.50 -

–
–
9.50

8.79
3.21
8.64

–
–
8.70

–
–
7.50 -

–
–
9.50

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–

–

9.16

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.64

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–
–
7.40 6.50 -

See footnotes at end of table.

11

–
8.50 –
–
7.40 6.00 -

–
10.25 -

–
15.85

Table 3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
— Continued
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3

Maids and housemen .................
Janitors and cleaners .................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ......

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

$7.03
–
10.38 $10.00
7.06
–

–
–
$8.54 - $12.63
–
–

$6.63
8.71
6.59

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The median designates position--one-half of the workers
receive the same as or more, and one-half receive the same as or less than the rate
shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn
the same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or
more than the higher rate.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a

–
–
–

Middle range
–
–
–

–
–
–

Mean Median

Middle range

–
–
$12.49 $13.05
–
–

–
–
$11.47 - $14.17
–
–

35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

12

Table 4. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, part-time workers only2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
All industries

Private industry

State and local government

Occupation3

All workers ..................................................
All workers excluding sales ....................
White-collar occupations ........................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..................................
Professional specialty occupations
Registered nurses ......................
Substitute teachers .....................
Technical occupations ....................
Licensed practical nurses ...........
Sales occupations ..............................
Sales workers, other
commodities .........................
Cashiers .....................................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ......................
Secretaries .................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and
auditing clerks .......................
General office clerks ...................
Teachers’ aides ..........................
White-collar occupations excluding
sales .............................................
Blue-collar occupations ..........................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors .....................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..................................
Truck drivers ...............................
Bus drivers ..................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ....................
Stock handlers and baggers .......
Hand packers and packagers .....
Service occupations ...............................
Guards and police except public
service ..................................
Waiters and waitresses ..............
Cooks .........................................
Food counter, fountain, and
related occupations ..............
Food preparation occupations,
N.E.C. ...................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .............................
Janitors and cleaners .................
Child care workers, N.E.C. .........

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

Mean Median

Middle range

$7.70
7.99
8.95

$6.75
7.00
7.62

$5.47 5.63 6.00 -

$9.00
9.25
9.98

$7.48
7.77
8.69

$6.55
6.95
7.18

$5.25 5.50 5.68 -

$8.80
9.00
9.30

$9.73
9.66
10.96

$9.14
9.14
9.63

$7.00 - $11.36
7.00 - 11.25
8.28 - 12.31

14.74
14.85
17.55
9.90
14.54
13.57
6.23

14.15
13.89
–
–
–
–
5.50

11.00 9.63 –
–
–
–
5.00 -

17.05
17.66
–
–
–
–
6.75

16.13
18.09
17.91
–
14.54
13.57
6.16

15.05
17.35
–
–
–
–
5.50

13.61 16.25 –
–
–
–
5.00 -

19.00
21.13
–
–
–
–
6.75

12.23
12.23
–
9.90
–
–
–

11.11
11.11
–
–
–
–
–

6.18
6.46

6.25
5.50

5.00 5.00 -

6.75
7.85

6.18
6.46

6.25
5.50

5.00 5.00 -

6.75
7.85

–
–

–
–

–
–

–
–

8.05
9.02

7.95
–

6.55 –

9.00
–

7.97
8.96

7.95
–

6.55 –

9.00
–

8.75
–

8.20
–

7.25 –

9.93
–

8.80
7.64
8.58

–
7.05
–

–
6.55 –

–
9.00
–

–
7.58
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
8.58

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

10.53
7.62

9.00
6.95

7.25 6.00 -

12.14
9.80

10.46
7.44

8.81
6.75

7.05 6.00 -

12.14
9.00

10.84
10.77

9.36
–

8.28 –

6.79

–

–

–

6.79

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.79
8.55
9.04

7.45
–
–

6.45 –
–

10.83
–
–

8.29
8.55
8.28

7.00
–
–

6.45 –
–

10.83
–
–

12.57
–
12.57

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

6.61
6.46
5.46
6.17

6.50
5.51
–
5.75

5.25 5.15 –
4.90 -

7.13
7.00
–
7.50

6.64
6.46
5.46
5.97

6.50
5.51
–
5.75

5.25 5.15 –
4.75 -

7.13
7.00
–
7.40

–
–
–
7.78

–
–
–
7.20

–
–
–
6.25 -

–
–
–
9.24

7.95
3.13
6.90

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

7.95
3.13
6.84

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

5.91

–

–

–

5.46

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

6.31

5.75

5.00 -

7.35

5.78

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

7.40
6.55
6.98

–
6.25
–

–
5.25 –

–
7.00
–

7.47
6.41
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
7.13
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded
are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The median designates position--one-half of the workers
receive the same as or more, and one-half receive the same as or less than the rate
shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn
the same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or
more than the higher rate.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a

9.14 9.14 –
–
–
–
–

13.33
13.33
–
–
–
–
–

12.22
–

35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified." Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

13

Table 5. Mean weekly earnings1 and hours for selected white-collar occupations, full-time workers only2,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
All industries
Occupation3

White-collar occupations ..................................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ............................................
Professional specialty occupations ...........
Mechanical engineers ...........................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .........................................
Operations and systems researchers
and analysts ...................................
Registered nurses ................................
Elementary school teachers .................
Secondary school teachers ..................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................
Social workers ......................................
Technical occupations ..............................
Licensed practical nurses .....................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. .............................................
Electrical and electronic technicians .....
Mechanical engineering technicians .....
Drafters .................................................
Computer programmers .......................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Financial managers ..............................
Administrators, education and related
fields ...............................................
Managers, medicine and health ...........
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..
Accountants and auditors .....................
Other financial officers ..........................
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C.
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................
Sales occupations ........................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............
Sales workers, other commodities ........
Cashiers ...............................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ............................................
Secretaries ...........................................
Typists ..................................................
Receptionists ........................................
Order clerks ..........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ..............................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...
Stock and inventory clerks ....................
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ........................................
General office clerks .............................
Data entry keyers .................................
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................

Mean
weekly
hours4

Private industry

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

Mean
weekly
hours4

39.2

$678

$580

38.9
38.6
40.0
39.8

847
914
894
1159

39.9

State and local government

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

Mean
weekly
hours4

39.5

$643

$563

771
865
–
–

39.6
39.6
40.0
39.8

777
836
894
1159

907

834

39.9

41.8
39.5
35.6
36.0
34.1
39.4
39.8
40.0

786
767
1203
1165
888
522
619
565

–
745
1216
1165
–
492
596
–

40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0

565
581
719
618
662

40.0
40.0

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

37.3

$891

$849

736
790
–
–

36.6
36.3
–
–

1048
1092
–
–

1040
1076
–
–

895

833

–

–

–

41.8
39.4
–
–
–
–
39.8
–

786
760
–
–
–
–
627
–

–
745
–
–
–
–
635
–

–
–
35.3
35.9
–
39.0
40.0
–

–
–
1254
1183
–
610
541
–

–
–
1253
1199
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0

–
581
719
618
662

–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–

927
1140

850
–

40.1
40.0

925
1152

850
–

39.2
–

940
–

821
–

39.3
38.6
40.9
39.8
39.9
39.8

1153
957
1129
617
565
803

–
–
1129
–
–
–

–
38.6
41.0
40.0
39.9
39.8

–
961
1139
611
565
803

–
–
1191
–
–
–

39.3
–
–
–
–
–

1234
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

40.2
40.1
43.4
40.5
39.0
39.3

763
589
693
779
314
413

769
425
–
412
–
–

40.2
40.2
–
40.5
39.3
39.3

787
590
–
779
276
413

812
412
–
412
–
–

40.3
–
–
–
–
–

631
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–

38.9
38.1
38.2
38.0
39.6

428
449
400
348
487

400
448
–
–
–

39.0
38.2
–
38.0
39.6

426
442
–
348
487

400
448
–
–
–

38.3
37.6
–
–
–

444
480
–
–
–

448
–
–
–
–

39.9
40.0
39.0
39.9

453
408
370
389

377
–
–
381

40.0
40.0
39.0
40.0

443
408
370
370

369
–
–
–

39.3
–
–
–

547
–
–
–

–
–
–
–

40.7
38.7
39.4

635
411
366

–
381
–

40.7
38.6
39.5

638
408
369

–
381
–

–
40.0
–

–
437
–

–
–
–

39.4

424

–

39.5

419

–

–

–

See footnotes at end of table.

14

–

Table 5. Mean weekly earnings1 and hours for selected white-collar occupations, full-time workers only2,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 — Continued
All industries
Occupation3

White-collar occupations excluding sales .....

Mean
weekly
hours4
39.1

Private industry

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

Mean
weekly
hours4

$689

$604

39.4

1 Earnings are the straight-time weekly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay,
and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays,
nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay
of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The
median designates position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or
more, and one-half receive the same as or less than the rate shown. The
middle range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the
same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same
as or more than the higher rate.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time

State and local government

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

Mean
weekly
hours4

$650

$577

37.3

Weekly earnings
Mean

Median

$899

$878

employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is
used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a
week.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified." Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not
equal totals.

15

Table 6. Numbers of workers by occupational group and level1, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Full-time and part-time workers3
Occupational group2 and level

White-collar occupations ..................
Professional specialty and
technical occupations .............
Professional specialty
occupations ........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Level 15 ........................
Technical occupations ..............
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ..........
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Managers and
administrators, N.E.C.
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Sales occupations ........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Cashiers ...........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Secretaries .......................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Bookkeepers, accounting
and auditing clerks ......
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................

Full-time workers

Part-time workers

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

121,053

103,377

17,676

95,340

81,662

13,678

25,713

21,715

3,998

39,820

28,522

11,298

33,729

25,094

8,635

6,091

3,428

2,663

30,434
2,959
1,615
3,205
2,290
8,993
1,683
3,647
2,793
1,012
452
630
9,386
1,369
1,359
1,668
1,225
2,257

19,827
1,561
–
2,567
1,417
4,118
1,209
3,058
2,387
637
452
–
8,695
1,113
1,321
1,398
1,098
2,257

10,606
1,398
943
637
872
4,875
474
589
406
375
–
–
691
–
–
–
–
–

25,990
1,435
1,270
2,828
2,233
7,648
1,593
3,445
2,690
1,012
452
630
7,738
897
1,128
1,450
1,225
1,750

18,047
1,435
–
2,362
1,417
3,381
1,209
2,921
2,284
637
452
–
7,047
641
1,089
1,180
1,098
1,750

7,943
–
–
466
815
4,267
383
523
406
375
–
–
691
–
–
–
–
–

4,443
1,523
–
376
–
1,344
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,648
–
–
–
–
–

1,780
–
–
–
–
737
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,648
–
–
–
–
–

2,663
1,398
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

16,662
633
978
1,828
1,805
629
3,183
2,778
1,665
1,103

14,915
398
721
1,790
1,796
539
2,826
2,707
1,362
792

1,747
–
–
–
–
–
357
–
–
–

16,271
633
978
1,828
1,726
629
3,021
2,628
1,665
1,103

14,523
398
721
1,790
1,717
539
2,665
2,556
1,362
792

1,747
–
–
–
–
–
357
–
–
–

3,997
536
614
18,937
2,171
4,521
2,630
3,195
2,252
1,103
589
5,740
1,234
2,824

3,858
536
614
18,603
2,171
4,521
2,630
3,195
2,252
834
553
5,470
1,234
2,824

3,997
536
614
10,199
1,031
1,168
1,358
1,557
954
1,103
553
1,962
–
–

3,858
536
614
9,901
1,031
1,168
1,358
1,557
954
834
553
1,692
–
–

45,634
2,291
6,547
12,728
8,866
7,289
4,197
2,164
5,898
1,650
820
1,518
1,303

41,337
2,291
5,969
11,821
7,554
6,940
3,468
1,833
4,921
1,514
630
1,475
929

4,296
–
578
908
1,312
349
730
330
977
–
–
–
–

35,142
1,879
3,914
7,135
7,834
7,016
4,090
1,812
4,175
–
786
1,307
1,303

32,143
1,879
3,820
6,567
6,798
6,729
3,361
1,529
3,448
–
596
1,263
929

3,849
1,066
1,343

3,497
1,066
1,343

352
–
–

2,929
–
1,343

2,644
–
1,343

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

See footnotes at end of table.

16

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
8,738
1,140
3,353
1,272
1,639
1,298
–
–
3,778
–
2,487

–
–
–
8,701
1,140
3,353
1,272
1,639
1,298
–
–
3,778
–
2,487

2,999
–
–
568
1,036
–
730
–
727
–
–
–
–

10,492
–
2,633
5,594
1,032
–
–
–
1,723
–
–
–
–

9,194
–
2,149
5,254
756
–
–
–
1,472
–
–
–
–

284
–
–

921
–
–

–
–
–

State and
local
government

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,298
–
484
340
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Table 6. Numbers of workers by occupational group and level1, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time workers3
Occupational group2 and level

Level 5 ..........................
General office clerks .........
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
White-collar occupations
excluding sales .......................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Level 15 ........................
Not able to be leveled ...
Blue-collar occupations ....................
Precision production, craft, and
repair occupations ..................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Transportation and material
moving occupations ................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ..............
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Service occupations .........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................

All industries

Private
industry

617
7,064
1,992
2,156
1,990

–
6,300
1,831
1,914
1,758

102,116
2,291
6,547
13,060
9,911
11,876
7,804
8,014
5,492
13,242
2,611
7,319
5,767
2,676
1,556
2,432
1,519
74,878

Full-time workers

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

–
764
–
–
–

617
4,916
–
1,162
1,898

–
4,387
–
995
1,666

84,774
2,291
5,969
12,152
8,599
9,874
5,858
6,520
4,454
8,358
2,048
6,373
5,289
1,999
1,244
2,318
1,429
71,614

17,342
–
578
908
1,312
2,003
1,946
1,494
1,038
4,884
564
946
478
678
–
–
–
3,264

85,141
1,879
3,914
7,135
8,736
9,608
7,121
7,068
5,435
11,311
2,521
6,955
5,514
2,676
1,556
2,432
–
64,197

21,463
2,012
3,307
1,946
7,405
1,953
2,482
1,242

20,934
1,937
3,252
1,858
7,285
1,840
2,443
1,242

529
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

26,716
2,733
6,421
3,225
6,483
4,139
888
2,253

26,401
2,733
6,106
3,225
6,483
4,139
888
2,253

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

9,730
1,728
1,794
3,498
1,551

8,342
1,627
1,437
3,035
1,224

16,970
6,850
2,259
2,948
2,410
940
38,622
13,987
4,462
7,648
4,239
1,875
3,071
1,312
542
–

15,937
6,427
2,259
2,724
2,302
840
31,568
13,072
3,599
5,618
3,570
1,581
2,412
–
–
–

Part-time workers

State and
local
government

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

–
528
–
–
–

–
2,148
–
994
–

–
1,912
–
919
–

71,760
1,879
3,820
6,567
7,700
9,064
5,448
5,792
4,454
7,035
2,048
6,075
5,036
1,999
1,244
2,318
–
61,730

13,381
–
–
568
1,036
543
1,672
1,276
981
4,276
473
880
478
678
–
–
–
2,467

16,975
–
2,633
5,925
1,175
2,269
–
946
–
1,931
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10,681

13,014
–
2,149
5,585
899
809
–
728
–
1,323
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9,884

20,681
1,565
3,307
1,946
7,127
1,953
2,482
1,242

20,152
1,490
3,252
1,858
7,007
1,840
2,443
1,242

529
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

25,219
2,574
5,921
2,463
6,483
4,062
888
2,253

24,904
2,574
5,607
2,463
6,483
4,062
888
2,253

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

1,496
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

1,496
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

1,388
–
356
–
–

6,266
1,236
938
1,891
1,271

5,388
1,198
–
1,544
1,067

878
–
–
–
–

3,464
–
856
–
–

2,954
–
648
–
–

509
–
–
–
–

1,033
–
–
–
–
–
7,054
915
863
2,030
669
–
–
684
–
639

12,031
3,590
1,584
2,878
1,725
692
18,966
5,022
1,995
3,134
2,418
1,323
1,781
1,265
542
–

11,286
3,454
1,584
2,654
1,618
–
14,051
4,844
1,827
1,418
2,032
1,090
1,122
–
–
–

745
–
–
–
–
–
4,915
–
–
1,716
386
–
–
–
–
639

4,938
3,260
675
–
–
–
19,656
8,965
2,467
4,514
1,821
552
1,290
–
–
–

4,651
2,973
675
–
–
–
17,518
8,228
1,772
4,200
1,538
–
1,290
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
2,139
737
695
314
–
–
–
–
–
–

See footnotes at end of table.

17

–
–
–
–
–
3,961
–
484
340
–
1,459
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
797
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Table 6. Numbers of workers by occupational group and level1, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time workers3
Occupational group2 and level

Protective service
occupations ....................
Level 3 ..........................
Food service occupations ....
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Health service occupations
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Nursing aides, orderlies
and attendants ............
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Cleaning and building
service occupations ........
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Janitors and cleaners .......
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Personal services
occupations ....................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................

All industries

Private
industry

3,896
720
16,284
8,477
1,834
1,922
1,542
5,384
1,054
2,216
1,191

1,457
720
15,447
8,087
1,589
1,813
1,494
4,222
905
1,471
1,097

4,210
1,054
1,888

Full-time workers

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

2,439
–
837
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

3,014
–
6,140
2,617
–
–
825
2,920
–
1,208
731

842
–
6,011
2,617
–
–
825
1,954
–
–
–

3,237
905
1,333

973
–
–

2,050
–
–

1,274
–
–

6,626
3,931
664
1,256
425
5,447
3,085
664
1,128

4,670
3,406
–
–
–
3,620
2,560
–
–

1,955
525
–
1,018
–
1,827
525
–
890

3,985
1,721
513
1,062
339
2,945
1,013
513
934

2,551
1,543
–
–
–
1,639
835
–
–

6,432
1,534
661

5,772
1,376
–

660
–
–

2,906
–
–

2,692
–
–

1 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an establishment is
evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge, complexity, work environment,
etc. Points are assigned based on the occupation’s ranking within each factor. The
points are summed to determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical
note for more information.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is used to
cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into
one of nine major occupational groups.
3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule

Part-time workers

State and
local
government

2,172
–
–
–
–
–
–
966
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,434
–
–
971
–
1,306
–
–
843
–
–
–

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

882
–
10,144
5,860
1,384
1,575
717
2,464
–
1,008
–

615
–
9,436
5,469
1,176
1,513
–
2,267
–
–
–

–
–
708
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

2,159
–
–

1,962
–
–

–
–
–

2,640
2,210
–
–
–
2,502
2,072
–
–

2,119
1,863
–
–
–
1,981
1,725
–
–

521
–
–
–
–
521
–
–
–

3,526
1,462
–

3,081
–
–

446
–
–

based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is
the minimum full-time schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupation and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

18

Table 7. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and level2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Full-time and part-time workers4
Occupational group3 and level

White-collar occupations ..................
Professional specialty and
technical occupations .............
Professional specialty
occupations ........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Level 15 ........................
Technical occupations ..............
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ..........
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Managers and
administrators, N.E.C.
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Sales occupations ........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Cashiers ...........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Secretaries .......................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Bookkeepers, accounting
and auditing clerks ......
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................

Full-time workers

Part-time workers

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

$16.32

$15.35

$22.61

$17.29

$16.25

21.32

19.41

27.08

21.78

23.21
10.09
20.35
17.93
18.25
26.25
22.14
23.93
26.29
37.06
32.30
38.53
15.44
16.06
12.64
15.42
16.24
16.36

21.02
10.16
–
17.82
14.89
18.95
21.73
22.95
26.00
39.83
32.30
–
15.61
17.12
12.53
15.72
16.56
16.36

28.25
9.83
22.97
18.45
24.48
32.95
23.32
29.77
28.02
32.17
–
–
13.52
–
–
–
–
–

23.18
14.51
13.77
15.42
17.68
16.96
20.56
25.60
31.35
29.89

23.09
13.92
13.64
15.48
17.67
16.64
20.49
25.51
30.95
29.10

24.00
–
–
–
–
–
21.13
–
–
–

27.60
22.41
27.95
12.09
6.49
6.69
7.04
8.67
8.95
13.57
49.18
7.27
5.87
6.41

27.77
22.41
27.95
12.03
6.49
6.69
7.04
8.67
8.95
13.23
50.48
6.73
5.87
6.41

10.59
7.95
7.44
9.25
11.41
11.00
12.41
14.35
11.31
9.17
11.14
12.28
11.63

10.54
7.95
7.39
9.28
11.48
10.98
12.29
14.30
11.11
9.08
10.45
12.28
11.01

11.01
8.13
11.65

10.76
8.13
11.65

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

$23.88

$8.95

$8.69

$10.96

19.61

28.63

14.74

16.13

12.23

23.70
10.20
21.12
18.04
18.29
26.81
22.32
24.01
26.33
37.06
32.30
38.53
15.54
15.70
12.50
15.61
16.24
16.73

21.13
10.20
–
17.88
14.89
18.84
21.73
23.07
26.04
39.83
32.30
–
15.74
16.95
12.38
15.99
16.56
16.73

30.08
–
–
18.85
24.71
33.88
24.25
29.60
28.02
32.17
–
–
13.52
–
–
–
–
–

14.85
9.74
–
16.38
–
17.53
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.54
–
–
–
–
–

18.09
–
–
–
–
20.32
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.54
–
–
–
–
–

12.23
9.83
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

23.17
14.51
13.77
15.42
17.62
16.96
20.30
25.70
31.35
29.89

23.08
13.92
13.64
15.48
17.62
16.64
20.20
25.62
30.95
29.10

24.00
–
–
–
–
–
21.13
–
–
–

27.60
22.41
27.95
14.68
6.68
7.47
7.50
9.91
10.99
13.57
50.48
8.06
–
–

27.77
22.41
27.95
14.67
6.68
7.47
7.50
9.91
10.99
13.23
50.48
7.04
–
–

11.13
–
8.31
8.88
11.00
11.26
13.02
14.63
12.33
–
–
–
–

10.98
8.03
7.80
9.56
11.57
11.05
12.51
14.50
11.80
–
11.18
12.58
11.63

10.92
8.03
7.76
9.61
11.61
11.01
12.40
14.46
11.60
–
10.47
12.59
11.01

13.79
–
–

11.35
–
11.65

11.08
–
11.65

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

See footnotes at end of table.

19

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
6.23
6.16
6.19
6.14
6.26
5.99
–
–
6.46
–
6.41

–
–
–
6.16
6.16
6.19
6.14
6.26
5.99
–
–
6.46
–
6.41

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

11.59
–
–
8.97
11.26
–
13.02
–
12.78
–
–
–
–

8.05
–
6.46
8.48
8.70
–
–
–
9.02
–
–
–
–

7.97
–
6.31
8.47
8.51
–
–
–
8.96
–
–
–
–

8.75
–
7.74
8.57
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

13.91
–
–

8.80
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Table 7. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and level2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time workers4
Occupational group3 and level

Level 5 ..........................
General office clerks .........
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
White-collar occupations
excluding sales .......................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Level 11 ........................
Level 12 ........................
Level 13 ........................
Level 14 ........................
Level 15 ........................
Not able to be leveled ...
Blue-collar occupations ....................
Precision production, craft, and
repair occupations ..................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Level 10 ........................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Transportation and material
moving occupations ................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ..............
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................

Full-time workers

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

$9.42
10.07
7.69
10.31
11.89

–
$10.01
7.70
10.37
11.93

17.01
7.95
7.44
9.26
11.64
11.43
14.10
15.92
16.67
23.03
20.69
21.89
25.87
33.38
30.59
38.11
18.29
11.99

Part-time workers

All industries

Private
industry

State and
local
government

–
$10.54
–
–
–

$9.42
10.62
–
10.78
12.01

–
$10.58
–
10.93
12.07

15.97
7.95
7.39
9.29
11.73
11.47
13.01
15.94
15.47
17.93
20.21
21.30
25.67
33.60
30.25
38.09
18.29
12.00

22.77
–
8.31
8.88
11.00
11.06
17.71
15.85
22.45
32.92
22.58
26.25
28.12
32.67
–
–
–
11.87

17.62
8.03
7.80
9.56
11.80
11.43
14.21
16.03
16.68
23.56
20.77
21.80
25.94
33.38
30.59
38.11
–
12.38

14.83
10.96
13.08
13.36
14.74
17.92
17.42
20.44

14.85
10.95
13.09
13.33
14.74
18.06
17.41
20.44

14.14
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

11.19
6.47
7.76
11.22
13.10
11.85
15.03
16.14

11.21
6.47
7.68
11.22
13.10
11.85
15.03
16.14

11.60
9.17
9.31
12.18
14.22

11.40
9.12
8.66
12.07
14.46

9.53
7.17
10.45
10.82
9.75
10.24

9.51
7.07
10.45
10.82
9.79
9.91

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

–
$10.92
–
–
–

–
$7.64
–
9.02
–

–
$7.58
–
8.98
–

–
–
–
–
–

16.48
8.03
7.76
9.61
11.87
11.37
13.06
16.06
15.47
17.99
20.21
21.22
25.74
33.60
30.25
38.09
–
12.40

24.08
–
–
8.97
11.26
12.31
18.11
15.89
22.61
33.84
23.26
26.07
28.12
32.67
–
–
–
12.01

10.53
–
6.46
8.51
8.74
11.45
–
14.32
–
16.41
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.62

10.46
–
6.31
8.51
8.58
13.66
–
14.03
–
17.26
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.44

$10.84
–
7.74
8.57
–
9.58
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.77

14.88
10.98
13.08
13.36
14.78
17.92
17.42
20.44

14.90
10.97
13.09
13.33
14.78
18.06
17.41
20.44

14.14
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

11.33
6.56
7.85
11.75
13.10
11.85
15.03
16.14

11.36
6.56
7.77
11.75
13.10
11.85
15.03
16.14

12.93
–
12.45
–
–

12.39
9.25
9.50
14.13
14.49

12.30
9.21
–
14.35
14.69

9.94
–
–
–
–
–

10.18
7.77
11.10
10.84
9.85
11.18

10.17
7.61
11.10
10.85
9.91
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

See footnotes at end of table.

20

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

6.79
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

6.79
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

13.01
–
–
–
–

8.79
–
8.84
–
–

8.29
–
7.67
–
–

10.40
–
–
–
–
–

6.61
6.01
7.14
–
–
–

6.64
6.02
7.14
–
–
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

12.57
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Table 7. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and level2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996 —
Continued
Full-time and part-time workers4
Occupational group3 and level

Service occupations .........................
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Level 5 ..........................
Level 6 ..........................
Level 7 ..........................
Level 8 ..........................
Level 9 ..........................
Protective service
occupations ....................
Level 3 ..........................
Food service occupations ....
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Health service occupations
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Nursing aides, orderlies
and attendants ............
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Cleaning and building
service occupations ........
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................
Janitors and cleaners .......
Level 1 ..........................
Level 2 ..........................
Level 3 ..........................
Personal services
occupations ....................
Level 3 ..........................
Level 4 ..........................

All industries

Private
industry

$8.26
5.95
7.63
8.07
8.54
7.98
10.01
12.89
11.94
–

$7.19
5.78
7.41
6.59
8.18
7.43
8.52
–
–
–

12.89
7.45
6.64
5.22
7.22
4.96
6.82
9.11
8.65
8.28
10.02

Full-time workers

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

$12.24
9.01
8.66
10.72
10.46
–
–
16.05
–
16.50

$9.36
6.51
7.93
9.51
9.22
7.86
10.71
12.90
11.94
–

$7.97
6.35
7.62
7.48
8.79
7.27
8.75
–
–
–

8.76
7.45
6.52
5.12
6.79
4.73
6.77
8.89
8.90
7.60
10.18

15.14
–
9.33
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

13.83
–
7.80
5.54
–
–
7.25
9.86
–
8.68
11.36

9.17
–
7.75
5.54
–
–
7.25
9.69
–
–
–

8.58
8.65
8.04

8.10
8.90
7.37

9.82
–
–

9.30
–
–

8.64
–
–

8.80
7.22
8.23
11.94
10.20
9.26
7.52
8.23
12.22

7.52
6.93
–
–
–
7.85
7.17
–
–

11.49
9.26
–
12.26
–
11.65
9.26
–
12.65

9.55
7.76
8.58
12.31
10.87
10.38
8.62
8.58
12.67

8.00
7.45
–
–
–
8.71
8.24
–
–

6.98
5.99
7.31

6.80
5.93
–

8.65
–
–

7.03
–
–

6.82
–
–

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees.
They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay.
Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction
bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The median designates
position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half receive
the same as or less than the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates
of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than the lower of these
rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or more than the higher rate.
2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an establishment is
evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge, complexity, work environment,
etc. Points are assigned based on the occupation’s ranking within each factor. The
points are summed to determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical
note for more information.

Part-time workers

State and
local
government

State and
local
government

All industries

Private
industry

$13.19
–
–
11.12
11.39
–
–
–
–
16.50

$6.17
5.35
7.14
6.04
6.92
8.48
8.15
–
–
–

$5.97
5.13
6.94
5.98
6.78
–
8.15
–
–
–

$7.78
8.22
7.57
6.69
–
–
–
–
–
–

15.61
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.19
–
–
–

7.81
–
5.29
4.96
7.21
4.56
5.75
7.64
–
7.56
–

7.95
–
5.02
4.76
6.62
4.44
–
7.73
–
–
–

–
–
8.99
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

7.40
–
–

7.47
–
–

–
–
–

6.52
6.33
–
–
–
6.55
6.36
–
–

6.37
6.06
–
–
–
6.41
6.08
–
–

7.13
–
–
–
–
7.13
–
–
–

6.88
5.72
–

6.77
–
–

7.52
–
–

–
–
–
12.24
–
–
12.45
–
12.49
–
–
12.87
–
–
–

3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is used to
cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into
one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is
the minimum full-time schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include
data for categories not shown separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal totals.

21

Table 8. Number of workers by occupational group and selected characteristic, all industries,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Occupational group1

Union2

Nonunion2

Full-time
workers3

Part-time
workers3

Time4

Incentive4

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..........................
White-collar occupations ..............................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ........................................
Professional specialty occupations .......
Technical occupations ..........................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Sales occupations ....................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ........................................
Blue-collar occupations ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ........................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...........................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ........................................
Service occupations .....................................

52,418
49,929
17,945

182,135
165,687
103,108

178,503
168,304
95,340

56,050
47,312
25,713

220,920
204,027
118,308

13,633
11,589
2,745

10,149
9,500
649

29,671
20,934
8,737

33,729
25,990
7,738

6,091
4,443
1,648

39,820
30,434
9,386

–
–
–

–
–

16,195
16,448

16,271
10,199

–
8,738

16,349
16,893

–
2,044

4,840
27,950

40,794
46,928

35,142
64,197

10,492
10,681

45,246
65,344

–
9,534

7,282

14,181

20,681

–

20,717

12,732

13,984

25,219

1,496

19,755

6,961

3,489

6,241

6,266

3,464

7,976

1,754

4,447
6,523

12,523
32,099

12,031
18,966

4,938
19,656

16,896
37,268

1 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational ’groups.
2 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through
collective bargaining.
3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule
might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but
classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the

–

–
–

minimum full-time schedule.
4 Time workers wages are based solely on hourly or weekly
rates; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially
based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions,
and production bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not
equal totals.

22

Table 9. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristic, all industries,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Occupational group2

Union3

Nonunion3

Full-time
workers4

Part-time
workers4

Time5

Incentive5

All workers ......................................................................
All workers excluding sales ....................................
White-collar occupations ........................................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..................................................
Professional specialty occupations .................
Technical occupations ....................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ..................................................
Sales occupations ..............................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ..................................................
Blue-collar occupations ..........................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
Transportation and material moving occupations
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .........................................................
Service occupations ...............................................

$16.12
16.29
21.25

$13.01
13.08
15.52

$14.67
14.67
17.29

$7.70
7.99
8.95

$13.75
14.03
16.12

$13.33
10.80
25.16

27.04
28.14
13.82

19.50
21.15
15.58

21.78
23.70
15.54

14.74
14.85
14.54

21.32
23.21
15.44

–
–
–

–
–

23.31
12.22

23.17
14.68

–
6.23

23.31
9.81

–
26.86

13.87
14.13

10.18
10.67

10.98
12.38

8.05
7.62

10.56
12.18

–
10.74

16.53
13.41
14.40

13.93
9.19
9.72

14.88
11.33
12.39

–
6.79
8.79

14.84
11.70
11.27

–
9.62
12.67

11.65
11.98

8.77
7.36

10.18
9.36

6.61
6.17

9.51
8.26

–
–

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The median designates position--one-half of
the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half receive the same
as or less than the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates
of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than the lower
of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or more than the higher
rate.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations
is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual
occupations are classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
3 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through

collective bargaining.
4 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
5 Time workers wages are based solely on hourly or weekly rates;
incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially based on
productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production
bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational
levels may include data for categories not shown separately. Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

23

Table 10. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristic, private industry,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Occupational group2

Union3

Nonunion3

Full-time
workers4

Part-time
workers4

Time5

Incentive5

All workers ......................................................................
All workers excluding sales ....................................
White-collar occupations ........................................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..................................................
Professional specialty occupations .................
Technical occupations ....................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ..................................................
Sales occupations ..............................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ..................................................
Blue-collar occupations ..........................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
Transportation and material moving occupations
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .........................................................
Service occupations ...............................................

$14.13
14.28
15.05

$12.88
12.95
15.38

$14.01
13.96
16.25

$7.48
7.77
8.69

$13.09
13.36
15.09

$13.33
10.80
25.16

18.31
18.52
–

19.51
21.32
15.62

19.61
21.13
15.74

16.13
18.09
14.54

19.41
21.02
15.61

–
–
–

–
–

23.09
12.20

23.08
14.67

–
6.16

23.22
9.68

–
26.86

14.73
14.23

10.13
10.68

10.92
12.40

7.97
7.44

10.50
12.20

–
10.74

16.69
13.41
14.85

13.92
9.19
9.56

14.90
11.36
12.30

–
6.79
8.29

14.85
11.74
10.93

–
9.62
12.67

11.66
8.48

8.81
7.10

10.17
7.97

6.64
5.97

9.49
7.14

–
–

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours. The median designates position--one-half of
the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half receive the same
as or less than the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates
of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than the lower
of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or more than the higher
rate.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations
is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual
occupations are classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
3 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through

collective bargaining.
4 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore,
a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
5 Time workers wages are based solely on hourly or weekly rates;
incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially based on
productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production
bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational
levels may include data for categories not shown separately. Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

24

Table 11. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristic, State and
local government, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Occupational group2

Union3

Nonunion3

Full-time
workers4

Part-time
workers4

Time5

All workers ......................................................................
White-collar occupations ............................................
Professional specialty and technical occupations ..
Professional specialty occupations .....................
Technical occupations ........................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ......................................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ......................................................
Blue-collar occupations ..............................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations ...
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .............................................................
Service occupations ...................................................

$20.80
26.15
30.01
31.49
13.52

$15.14
17.64
19.39
19.84
–

$19.82
23.88
28.63
30.08
13.52

$9.73
10.96
12.23
12.23
–

$18.61
22.61
27.08
28.25
13.52

–

25.96

24.00

–

24.00

11.69
12.78
13.81
13.03

10.81
10.26
–
–

11.59
12.01
14.14
13.01

8.75
10.77
–
12.57

11.13
11.87
14.14
12.93

11.58
13.28

–
10.09

10.40
13.19

–
7.78

9.94
12.24

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid
to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium
pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses,
and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers
and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The
median designates position--one-half of the workers receive the
same as or more, and one-half receive the same as or less than
the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of
pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than the
lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or more
than the higher rate.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy.Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
3 Union workers are those whose wages are determined

through collective bargaining.
4 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a
40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
5 Time workers wages are based solely on hourly or weekly
rates; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least
partially based on productivity payments such as piece rates,
commissions, and production bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data
did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may
not equal totals.

25

Table 12. Number of workers1 by occupational group, private industry, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA,
May-June 1996
Goods-producing industries3
Occupational group2

All workers ..................................................
All workers excluding sales ................
White-collar occupations ....................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................
Professional specialty
occupations ..........................
Technical occupations ................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ............
Sales occupations ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ..................
Blue-collar occupations ......................
Precision production, craft, and
repair occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ..........................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ................
Service occupations ...........................

All private
industries

Total

ConManustruction facturing

206,559
187,956
103,377

69,968
68,044
23,425

6,738
6,381
799

28,522

7,691

–

7,691

19,827
8,695

4,952
2,740

–
–

14,915
18,603

5,413
1,924

–
–

41,337
71,614

8,397
45,664

20,934

12,583

26,401

23,612

8,342

1,976

15,937
31,568

7,493
879

Total

62,723 136,591
61,156 119,912
22,119 79,952

TransFinance,
Wholeportation
insursale and
and
ance, Services
retail
public
and real
trade
utilities
estate
11,456
11,456
4,724

46,250
31,576
21,431

20,831

–

4,952
2,740

14,876
5,955

–
–

4,881
1,567

9,502
16,679

–
5,938

7,979
39,725

32,940
25,950

4,481

8,101

8,352

–

–

23,612

2,788

–

–

1,976

6,366

6,036
879

8,444
30,689

1,457
–

1 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are
classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the
definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour
week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations is
used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.

Service-producing industries4

10,577
10,419
10,425

68,309
66,462
43,371

–

732

18,054

–
–

697
–

12,280
5,774

622
–

1,742
14,674

3,444
–

3,694
1,847

2,764
6,711

4,310
11,126

6,091
–

19,776
8,113

3,461
–
–

2,651
–

–

3,050

–

2,242

1,925

–

–

6,004
13,692

–
–

1,842
16,825

3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and
manufacturing.
4 Service-producing industries include transportation and public utilities;
wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. Because of rounding,
sums of individual items may not equal totals.

26

Table 13. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry, all workers2,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Goods-producing industries4

Occupational group3

All private
industries
Total

All workers ..................................................
All workers excluding sales ................
White-collar occupations ....................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................
Professional specialty
occupations ..........................
Technical occupations ................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ............
Sales occupations ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ..................
Blue-collar occupations ......................
Precision production, craft, and
repair occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ..........................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ................
Service occupations ...........................

$13.11
13.20
15.35

Construction

Manufacturing

Service-producing industries5

Total

TransWholeportsale
ation
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities

$14.46 $13.25 $14.56 $12.30 $16.37
14.38 13.51 14.45 12.43 16.37
18.39 11.36 18.68 14.34 19.41

Finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate

Services

$9.75 $16.19 $12.46
9.26 15.95 12.46
11.60 16.34 14.47

19.41

20.19

–

20.19

19.10

–

–

19.78

18.07

21.02
15.61

22.88
15.23

–
–

22.88
15.23

20.35
15.81

–
–

–
–

19.86
–

19.15
15.69

23.09
12.03

24.81
17.04

–
–

25.58
18.66

22.09
11.32

27.09
–

17.95
10.86

23.71
–

21.92
12.65

10.54
12.00

12.72
12.50

–
13.52

12.82
12.36

9.91
11.05

12.94
14.16

8.30
9.67

10.76
–

9.49
10.17

14.85

14.86

14.88

14.85

14.83

–

13.58

–

13.71

11.21

11.60

–

11.60

7.78

–

–

–

7.61

11.40

14.64

–

14.64

10.13

11.45

8.93

–

–

9.51
7.19

10.43
9.33

7.54
–

10.91
9.33

8.64
7.12

–
–

8.04
6.28

–
–

8.32
7.74

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number
of workers, weighted by hours.
The median designates
position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and
one-half receive the same as or less than the rate shown. The middle
range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the
same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the
same as or more than the higher rate.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are
classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on
the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in

one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a
40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations
is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual
occupations are classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and
manufacturing.
5 Service-producing industries include transportation and public
utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational
levels may include data for categories not shown separately. Because
of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

27

Table 14. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry, full-time workers only2,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Goods-producing industries4

Occupational group3

All private
industries
Total

All workers ..................................................
All workers excluding sales ................
White-collar occupations ....................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................
Professional specialty
occupations ..........................
Technical occupations ................
Executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations ............
Sales occupations ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ..................
Blue-collar occupations ......................
Precision production, craft, and
repair occupations ....................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ..........................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ................
Service occupations ...........................

$14.01
13.96
16.25

Construction

Manufacturing

Service-producing industries5

Total

TransWholeportsale
ation
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities

Finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate

Services

$14.63 $13.61 $14.71 $13.56 $17.45 $11.47 $16.84 $13.23
14.55 13.79 14.61 13.50 17.45 10.66 16.59 13.18
18.56 12.02 18.81 15.37 19.94 13.46 17.02 15.04

19.61

20.30

–

20.30

19.31

–

–

19.78

18.23

21.13
15.74

22.88
15.41

–
–

22.88
15.41

20.46
15.93

–
–

–
–

19.86
–

19.22
15.80

23.08
14.67

24.81
17.59

–
–

25.58
18.66

22.05
14.07

27.09
–

17.95
13.54

23.71
–

21.78
15.16

10.92
12.40

12.79
12.62

–
13.82

12.90
12.47

10.30
11.90

13.32
15.33

8.40
10.57

11.23
–

9.86
10.65

14.90

14.93

15.05

14.87

14.87

–

13.68

–

13.69

11.36

11.73

–

11.73

7.91

–

–

–

7.75

12.30

14.59

–

14.59

11.03

13.03

9.21

–

–

10.17
7.97

10.55
–

–
–

11.04
–

9.69
7.92

–
–

9.12
7.48

–
–

8.86
8.20

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,
vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number
of workers, weighted by hours.
The median designates
position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and
one-half receive the same as or less than the rate shown. The middle
range is defined by two rates of pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the
same as or less than the lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the
same as or more than the higher rate.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as

part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual occupations
is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual
occupations are classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and
manufacturing.
5 Service-producing industries include transportation and public
utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and occupational levels
may include data for categories not shown separately. Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

28

Table 15. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry, part-time workers only2,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
Goods-producing industries4

Occupational group3

All workers ..................................................
All workers excluding sales ................
White-collar occupations ....................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................
Professional specialty
occupations ..........................
Technical occupations ................
Sales occupations ..........................
Administrative support including
clerical occupations ..................
Blue-collar occupations ......................
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ..........................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers ................
Service occupations ...........................

All private
industries

Service-producing industries5

TransWholeportsale
ation
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities

Finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate

Services

Total

Manufacturing

Total

$7.48
7.77
8.69

$8.78
8.87
9.32

$8.49
8.49
–

$7.36
7.65
8.67

$8.62
8.62
–

$5.80
5.61
6.30

$7.62
7.62
7.62

$8.88
8.99
10.91

16.13

–

–

16.50

–

–

–

16.50

18.09
14.54
6.16

–
–
–

–
–
–

18.09
15.09
6.15

–
–
–

–
–
6.12

–
–
–

18.09
15.09
–

7.97
7.44

–
8.57

–
7.76

7.84
7.07

–
8.68

7.72
6.42

7.62
–

7.87
6.57

6.79

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.29

–

–

8.06

8.68

7.39

–

–

6.64
5.97

–
–

–
–

6.19
5.85

–
–

6.13
4.97

–
–

6.49
6.81

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid
to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are premium
pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and
tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The
median designates position--one-half of the workers receive the
same as or more, and one-half receive the same as or less than
the rate shown. The middle range is defined by two rates of
pay--one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less than the
lower of these rates, and one-fourth earn the same as or more
than the higher rate.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a

40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction,
and manufacturing.
5 Service-producing industries include transportation and
public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and
real estate; and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and occupational
levels may include data for categories not shown separately.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

29

Table 16. Number of workers1 by occupational group, private industry by establishment
employment size, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
100 workers or more
Occupational group2

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..........................
White-collar occupations ..............................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ........................................
Professional specialty occupations .......
Technical occupations ..........................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Sales occupations ....................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ........................................
Blue-collar occupations ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ........................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...........................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ........................................
Service occupations .....................................

All workers

1 - 99
workers

Total

100 - 499
workers

500
workers or
more

206,559
187,956
103,377

89,178
76,581
41,834

117,381
111,375
61,543

70,269
65,477
31,954

47,112
45,899
29,589

28,522
19,827
8,695

6,247
4,230
2,017

22,275
15,598
6,678

10,246
6,599
3,648

12,029
8,999
3,030

14,915
18,603

6,131
12,597

8,784
6,006

3,797
4,792

4,987
1,214

41,337
71,614

16,860
30,312

24,477
41,302

13,118
27,623

11,359
13,679

20,934

10,442

10,492

6,829

3,663

26,401

7,384

19,017

11,716

7,301

8,342

5,734

2,608

2,089

15,937
31,568

6,752
17,032

9,185
14,536

6,989
10,692

1 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or
a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
2 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian

–
2,195
3,844

economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

30

Table 17. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry by establishment
employment size, all workers2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
100 workers or more
Occupational group3

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..........................
White-collar occupations ..............................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ........................................
Professional specialty occupations .......
Technical occupations ..........................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Sales occupations ....................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ........................................
Blue-collar occupations ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ........................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...........................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ........................................
Service occupations .....................................

All workers

1 - 99
workers

Total

100 - 499
workers

500
workers or
more

$13.11
13.20
15.35

$11.48
11.34
13.66

$14.21
14.35
16.38

$12.36
12.48
14.45

$16.82
16.90
18.42

19.41
21.02
15.61

16.97
17.11
16.67

20.06
22.02
15.31

18.52
20.48
15.07

21.37
23.10
15.62

23.09
12.03

21.33
12.40

24.34
11.28

23.11
10.49

25.30
13.88

10.54
12.00

9.62
10.74

11.08
12.87

9.79
11.44

12.57
15.62

14.85

13.67

15.99

15.45

17.00

11.21

8.71

12.12

10.00

15.42

11.40

10.18

14.07

13.01

–

9.51
7.19

8.26
6.55

10.30
7.84

9.21
7.53

13.42
8.54

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salary
paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are
premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays, and
nonproduction bonuses.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers.
Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,

where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

31

Table 18. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry by establishment
employment size, full-time workers2 only, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
100 workers or more
Occupational group3

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..........................
White-collar occupations ..............................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ........................................
Professional specialty occupations .......
Technical occupations ..........................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Sales occupations ....................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ........................................
Blue-collar occupations ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ........................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...........................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ........................................
Service occupations .....................................

All workers

1 - 99
workers

Total

100 - 499
workers

500
workers or
more

$14.01
13.96
16.25

$12.57
12.21
14.95

$14.87
14.93
16.95

$13.14
13.15
15.19

$17.14
17.21
18.70

19.61
21.13
15.74

17.08
17.25
16.68

20.29
22.14
15.46

18.64
20.66
15.18

21.68
23.13
15.90

23.08
14.67

21.24
15.45

24.36
13.28

23.14
12.83

25.31
14.32

10.92
12.40

10.03
11.19

11.38
13.15

10.14
11.78

12.74
15.65

14.90

13.75

16.01

15.45

17.08

11.36

8.85

12.23

10.10

15.42

12.30

11.07

14.36

13.36

–

10.17
7.97

8.64
7.12

11.00
8.74

9.94
8.81

13.50
8.59

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salary
paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are
premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays, and
nonproduction bonuses.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or
a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.

3 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

32

Table 19. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group, private industry by establishment
employment size, part-time workers2 only, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, March 1996
100 workers or more
Occupational group3

All workers

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..........................
White-collar occupations ..............................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ........................................
Professional specialty occupations .......
Technical occupations ..........................
Sales occupations ....................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ........................................
Blue-collar occupations ................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...........................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers ........................................
Service occupations .....................................

1 - 99
workers

Total

100 - 499
workers

500
workers or
more

$7.48
7.77
8.69

$7.17
7.40
7.90

$7.92
8.24
9.80

$6.88
7.11
8.36

$11.28
11.41
13.08

16.13
18.09
14.54
6.16

–
–
–
6.35

16.44
19.17
13.97
5.69

16.51
18.01
12.66
5.66

16.39
–
–
–

7.97
7.44

7.99
7.70

7.94
6.92

7.00
6.52

9.93
–

6.79

–

–

–

–

8.29

8.02

–

–

–

6.64
5.97

7.21
5.81

5.96
6.18

5.95
5.49

–
8.39

1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salary
paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, hazard pay, and on-call pay. Excluded are
premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays, and
nonproduction bonuses.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or
a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.

3 A classification system including about 450 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

33

Appendix A: Technical Note

This section provides basic information on the procedures and concepts used to produce the data contained in
this bulletin. It is divided into three parts: Planning for
the survey; data collection; and processing and analyzing
the data. While this section answers some questions
commonly asked by data users, it is not a comprehensive
description of all the steps required to produce the data.

of sample selection was a probability-proportional-to-size
sample of establishments. Use of this technique means
that the larger an establishment’s employment, the greater
its chance of selection. Weights were applied to each establishment when the data were tabulated so that it represents similar units (by industry and employment size) in
the economy which were not selected for collection. See
Appendix Table 1 for a count of establishments in the
survey by employment size. The second stage of sample
selection, detailed below, was a probability sample of occupations within a sampled establishment.

Planning for the survey
The overall design of the survey, which was based on
the type of data to be produced, had to be developed before
data collection could begin.

Data collection

Survey scope
This survey of the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA
Metropolitan Statistical Area covered establishments employing workers1 in goods-producing industries (mining,
construction and manufacturing); service-producing industries (transportation, communications, electric, gas,
and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services industries);
and State and local governments. For purposes of this
survey an establishment was an economic unit which produces goods or services, a central administrative office, or
an auxiliary unit providing support services to a company.
For all industries in this survey and for State and local
governments, the establishment was usually at a single
physical location.

Numerous procedures were developed for the actual
collection of data from survey respondents.
Occupational selection and classification
Identification of the occupations for which wage data
were to be collected was a multi-step process:
1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of company jobs.
2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the
Census of Population system.
3. Characterization of jobs as full-time v. part-time,
union v. nonunion, and time v. incentive.
4. Determination of the level of work of each job.
For each occupation, wage data were collected only for
those workers who met all the criteria identified in the last
three steps.
In step one, the company jobs to be sampled were selected at each establishment by the BLS field economist
during a personal visit. A complete list of employees was
used for sampling, with each selected worker representing
a job within the establishment.
As with the selection of establishments, the selection of
a company job was based on probability proportional to its
size in the establishment. The greater the number of people working in a job in the establishment, the greater its
chance of selection.
The number of jobs collected in each establishment
was based on an establishment’s employment size as
shown in
the following schedule:

Sampling frame
The list of establishments from which the survey sample was selected (the sampling frame) was developed from
the State unemployment insurance reports for the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area
(July 1994). The sampling frame was reviewed prior to
the survey and, when necessary, missing establishments
were added.
Sample design
The sample design for this survey area was a two stage
probability sample of detailed occupations. The first stage
1

If an establishment had at least one employee at the time data were collected, it was in-scope for the survey. In theory, any sampled establishment
in the universe could have one or more employees when the data are actually
collected.

34

Number of employees
0-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000+

agreement. If these conditions were not met, the worker’s
job was classified as nonunion.

Number of selected jobs
4
8
10
12
16
20

Generic leveling through point factor analysis
In the last step before wage data were collected, the
work level of each selected job was determined using a
“generic leveling” process. Generic leveling ranks and
compares all occupations randomly selected in an establishment using the same criteria. This is a major departure from the method used in the past in the Bureau’s Occupational Compensation Surveys which
studied
specifically defined occupations with leveling definitions
unique to each occupation.
For the Allentown survey, the level of each occupation
in an establishment was determined by an analysis of each
of 10 leveling factors. Nine of these factors are drawn
from the U.S. Government Office of Personnel Management’s Factor Evaluation System, which is the underlying
structure for evaluation of General Schedule Federal employees. The tenth factor, supervisory duties, is an attempt
to account for the effect of supervisory duties. It is considered experimental. The 10 factors were:

NOTE: If the number of employees in an establishment
was less than four, then the number of company jobs selected would be equal to the number of employees.
The second step of the process entailed classifying the
selected jobs into occupations based on their duties. The
COMP2000 occupational classification system is based on
the 1990 Census of Population. A selected company job
may fall into any one of about 480 occupational classifications, from accountant to wood lathe operator. In cases
where a job’s duties overlapped two or more census classification codes, classification was based on the primary
duty.
Each occupational classification is an element of a
broader classification known as a major occupational
group (MOG). Occupations can fall into any of the following MOG’s:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Professional specialty and technical
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Sales
Administrative support including clerical
Precision production, craft, and repair
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
Transportation and material moving
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
Service occupations

Knowledge
Supervisory controls
Guidelines
Complexity
Scope and effect
Personal contacts
Purpose of contacts
Physical demands
Work environment
Supervisory duties

Each factor contains a number of levels and each level
has an associated written description and point value. The
number and range of points differs among the factors. For
each factor, an occupation was assigned a level based on
which written description best matched the job. Within
each occupation, the points for the 10 factors were recorded and totaled. The total determines the overall level
of the occupation. A description of the levels for each factor, followed by the corresponding point value, is shown in
Appendix C.
Tabulations of levels of work for occupations in the
survey follow the federal government’s white-collar General Schedule. Point ranges for each of the 15 levels are
shown in Appendix D. It also includes an example of a
leveled job and a guide to help data users evaluate jobs in
their firm.
Wage data collected using the new generic leveling
method were evaluated by BLS researchers using regression techniques. For each of the major occupational
groups, wages were compared to the 10 generic level fac-

A complete list of all individual occupations, classified
by the MOG to which they belong, is contained in Appendix B.
In step three, certain other job characteristics of the
chosen worker were identified. First, the worker was
identified as holding either a full-time or part-time job,
based on the establishment’s definition of those terms.
Then the worker was classified as having a time versus incentive job, depending on whether any part of pay was directly based on the actual production of the workers, rather
than solely on hours worked. Finally, the worker was
identified as being in a union job if: 1) a labor organization was recognized as the bargaining agent for all workers in the occupation; 2) wage and salary rates were determined through collective bargaining or negotiations;
and 3) settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, were embodied
in a signed, mutually binding collective bargaining
35

tors (and levels within those factors). The analysis
showed that several of the generic level factors, most notably knowledge and supervisory controls, had strong explanatory power for wages. That is, as the levels within a
given factor increased, the wages also increased. Detailed
research continues in this area. The results of this research will be published by BLS in the future.

Definition of terms

Reference period
The survey was collected between May 7th and June
21st, 1996. For each establishment in the survey, the data
reflect the establishment’s practices on the day of collection.

Level. A ranking of an occupation, based on the requirements of the position. (See the description in the technical
note and the example for more details on the leveling
process.)

Full-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be full time.
Incentive worker. Any employee whose earnings are tied,
at least in part, to commissions, piece rates, production
bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales.

Nonunion worker. An employee in an occupation not
meeting the conditions for union coverage (see below).
Earnings
Earnings were defined as regular payments from the
employer to the employee as compensation for straighttime hourly work, or for any salaried work performed.
The following components were included as part of earnings:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Part-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be part-time.
Straight-time. Time worked when the employee is getting
the standard rate of pay for the job.

Incentive pay, including commissions, production
bonuses, and piece rates,
Cost-of-living allowances,
Hazard pay,
Payments of income deferred due to participation
in a salary reduction plan,
Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight
or passengers, and
On-call pay.

Time-based worker. Any employee whose earnings are
tied to an hourly rate or salary, and not to a specific level
of production.
Union worker. Any employee is in a union occupation
when all of the following conditions are met:
•
•

The following forms of payments were not considered
part of straight-time earnings:
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

Shift differentials, defined as extra payment for
working a schedule that varies from the norm,
such as night or weekend work,
Premium pay for overtime, holidays, and weekends,
Bonuses not directly tied to production (e.g.,
Christmas bonuses, profit-sharing bonuses),
Uniform and tool allowances,
Free room and board, and
Payments made by third parties (e.g., bonuses
given by manufacturers to department store salespeople, referral incentives in real estate).

A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining
agent for all workers in the occupation.
Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations.
Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied in a signed mutually binding collective bargaining
agreement.

Processing and Analyzing the Data
Data were processed and analyzed at the Bureau’s National office following collection.

Weighting and nonresponse
Sample weights were calculated for each establishment/occupation in the survey. These weights reflected
the relative size of the occupation within the establishment
and of the establishment within the sample universe.
Weights were used to aggregate the individual establishment/occupations into the various data series.

To calculate earnings per hour worked, data on work
schedules were also collected. For hourly workers, scheduled hours worked per week were recorded. Because salaried workers often work beyond the assigned work schedule, their typical number of hours actually worked was
collected.
36

Data reliability
The data in this bulletin are estimates from a scientifically selected probability sample. There are two types of
errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey,
sampling and nonsampling.
Sampling errors occur because observations come only
from a sample and not from an entire population. The
sample used for this survey is one of a number of all possible samples of the same size that could have been selected using the sample design. Estimates derived from
the different samples would differ from each other.
A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is called the standard error or sampling error. It indicates the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all
possible samples. The relative standard error (RSE) is the
standard error divided by the estimate. Appendix Table 2
contains RSE data for selected series in this bulletin.
The standard error can be used to calculate a
“confidence interval” around a sample estimate. For example, table 2 shows that mean hourly earnings for all
workers was $13.73 per hour. Appendix Table 2 shows a
standard error of 2.0 percent for this estimate. Thus, at
the 95-percent level, the confidence interval for this estimate is $13.18 to $14.28 ($13.73 plus and minus 2 times
2.0 percent times $13.73). If all possible samples were
selected to estimate the population value, the interval from
each sample would include the true population value approximately 95 percent of the time. All comparisons made
in this publication are significant at the 95 percent confidence level, unless stated otherwise.
Nonsampling errors also affect survey results. They
can stem from many sources, such as inability to obtain
information for some establishments, difficulties with survey definitions, inability of the respondents to provide correct information, or mistakes in recording or coding the
data obtained. A Technical Reinterview Program tested in
Allentown will be used in the development of a formal
quality assessment process to help compute nonsampling
error. Although they were not specifically measured, the
nonsampling errors were expected to be minimal due to
the high response rate, the extensive training of the field
economists who gathered the survey data by personal visit,
computer edits of the data, and detailed data review.

Of the establishments surveyed, 19.2 percent refused
to supply information. If data were not provided by a
sample member, the weights of responding sample members in the same or similar “cells” were adjusted to account for the missing data.2 This technique assumes that
the mean value of the nonrespondents equals the mean
value of the respondents at some detailed “cell” level.
Responding and nonresponding establishments were classified into these cells according to industry and employment size. Responding and nonresponding occupations
within responding establishments were classified into cells
which were additionally defined by major occupation
group and job level. When a sampled occupation was considered a refusal and could not be classified into a major
occupational group, nonresponse adjustments were made
for that occupation in the service occupational group.
Establishments which were determined to be out of
business or outside the scope of the survey (3.9 percent of
the total sample) had their weights changed to zero. If
only partial data were given by a sample establishment or
occupation, or data were missing, the response was not
used.
Estimation
Weights, adjusted for nonresponse, were multiplied
by the wage rate of each establishment/occupation, which
itself was the average wage of all workers in the occupation. The resulting products were aggregated and then divided by the sum of the weighted occupational employments to obtain the data series contained in the tables in
the bulletin.
Not all series that were calculated met the criteria for
publication. Before any series was published, it was reviewed to make sure that the number of observations underlying it were sufficient. This review prevented publishing a series that could have revealed information about
a specific establishment.

2
Due to insufficient data, weights for nonresponding occupations in the
following major occupational group/work level category could not be fully
adjusted: administrative support, including clerical occupations level 9. Because of this, worker counts for these categories may be slightly underestimated.

37

Table A1. Number of establishments studied by industry group and employment size,
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA, May-June 1996
100 workers or more
Industry

All industries .........................................................
Private industry ...............................................
Goods-producing industries ......................
Manufacturing .....................................
Mining .................................................
Construction .......................................
Service-producing industries ....................
Tranportation and public utilities .........
Wholesale and retail trade ..................
Finance, insurance and real estate ....
Services ..............................................
State and local government ............................

All workers

289
252
74
57
1
16
178
14
67
14
83
37

NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Overall industry
and industry groups may include data for categories not shown

1 - 99
workers

Total

150
144
34
19
1
14
110
8
50
9
43
6

139
108
40
38
–
2
68
6
17
5
40
31

separately.

38

100 - 499
workers
100
84
28
26
–
2
56
5
15
4
32
16

500 workers
or more
39
24
12
12
–
–
12
1
2
1
8
15

Table A2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for
selected occupations, all workers2, Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA,
May-June 1996

All industries

Occupation3

All workers ............................................................
All workers excluding sales ..............................
White-collar occupations ..................................
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ............................................
Professional specialty occupations ...........
Technical occupations ..............................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ........................................
Financial managers ..............................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................
Sales occupations ........................................
Sales workers, other commodities ........
Cashiers ...............................................
Administrative support including clerical
occupations ............................................
Secretaries ...........................................
Receptionists ........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ..............................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...
Stock and inventory clerks ....................
General office clerks .............................
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. .............................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .....
Blue-collar occupations ....................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ............................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..............
Supervisors, production occupations ....
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ...............................................
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. .............................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ............................................
Truck drivers .........................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers ...................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................
Hand packers and packagers ...............
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...
Service occupations .........................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................
Cooks ...................................................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Janitors and cleaners ...........................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................
1 The relative standard error is the
standard error expressed as a percent of the
estimate.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time
workers. Employees are classified as working
either a full-time or a part-time schedule based
on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified
as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour
week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about

Private
industry

State and
local
government

2.0%
1.9
2.6

2.3%
2.2
3.0

3.0%
3.0
3.5

2.7
3.0
2.9

3.1
3.8
3.1

3.4
3.1
–

3.7
12.7
8.4

4.1
12.9
8.7

–
–
–

4.8
13.1
37.0
9.7

4.7
13.4
37.0
7.5

–
–
–
–

3.0
5.0
6.8

3.3
5.9
6.9

3.2
–
–

9.8
8.4
5.0
7.1

10.9
8.4
4.3
8.0

–
–
–
–

5.0
2.4
2.8

5.4
2.8
2.9

–
3.5
–

2.6
1.8
2.3

2.7
1.8
2.4

–
–
–

5.2

5.2

–

8.3

8.3

–

6.4
9.3

7.6
9.6

–
–

4.2
6.5
9.3
10.2
3.1
11.6
5.2
15.7
6.3
6.9

4.4
6.5
9.3
10.2
3.2
11.6
5.3
17.7
6.6
6.7

–
–
–
–
3.3
–
–
–
5.5
–

450 individual occupations is used to cover all
workers in the civilian economy.Individual
occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups. See the technical
note for a complete listing of occupations.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were
reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupation and occupational
levels may include data for categories not
shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified." Because of rounding,
sums of individual items may not equal totals.

39

Appendix B. Occupational
Classifications

NOTE: The four-digit code before each occupation title is used to classify it into one of three major groups. Whitecollar workers include those classified in Major groups A through D. Blue-collar workers include those classified in
Major groups E through H. Service workers are classified in Major group K.

A069
A073
A074
A075
A076
A077
A078
A079
A083

Major group A:
PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL
OCCUPATIONS
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS
ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND SURVEYORS
A043 Architects
A044-057, A059 Engineers
A044 Aerospace Engineers
A045 Metallurgical and Materials Engineers
A046 Mining Engineers
A047 Petroleum Engineers
A048 Chemical Engineers
A049 Nuclear Engineers
A053 Civil Engineers
A054 Agricultural Engineers
A055 Electrical and Electronic Engineers
A056 Industrial Engineers
A057 Mechanical Engineers
A058 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
A059 Engineers, n.e.c.1
A063 Surveyors and Mapping Scientists

Physicists and Astronomers
Chemists, Except Biochemists
Atmospheric and Space Scientists
Geologists and Geodesists
Physical Scientists, n.e.c.
Agricultural and Food Scientists
Biological and Life Scientists
Forestry and Conservation Scientists
Medical Scientists

HEALTH DIAGNOSING OCCUPATIONS
A084
A085
A086
A087
A088
A089

Physicians
Dentists
Veterinarians
Optometrists
Podiatrists
Health Diagnosing Practitioners, n.e.c.

HEALTH ASSESSMENT AND TREATING
OCCUPATIONS
A095
A096
A097
A098
A099
A103
A104
A105
A106

MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS
A064 Computer Systems Analysts and Scientists
A065 Operations and Systems Researchers and
Analysts
A066 Actuaries
A067 Statisticians
A068 Mathematical Scientists, n.e.c.
NATURAL SCIENTISTS

Registered Nurses
Pharmacists
Dietitians
Respiratory Therapists
Occupational Therapists
Physical Therapists
Speech Therapists
Therapists, n.e.c.
Physicians' Assistants

TEACHERS
A113-154 Teachers, College and University

1

n.e.c. in an occupation title means not elsewhere classified.

40

A176 Clergy
A177 Religious Workers, n.e.c.

A113 Earth, Environmental and Marine Science
Teachers
A114 Biological Science Teachers
A115 Chemistry Teachers
A116 Physics Teachers
A117 Natural Science Teachers, n.e.c.
A118 Psychology Teachers
A119 Economics Teachers
A123 History Teachers
A124 Political Science Teachers
A125 Sociology Teachers
A126 Social Science Teachers, n.e.c.
A127 Engineering Teachers
A128 Mathematical Science Teachers
A129 Computer Science Teachers
A133 Medical Science Teachers
A134 Health Specialties Teachers
A135 Business, Commerce and Marketing Teachers
A136 Agriculture and Forestry Teachers
A137 Art, Drama, and Music Teachers
A138 Physical Education Teachers
A139 Education Teachers
A143 English Teachers
A144 Foreign Language Teachers
A145 Law Teachers
A146 Social Work Teachers
A147 Theology Teachers
A148 Trade and Industrial Teachers
A149 Home Economics Teachers
A153 Teachers, Post Secondary, n.e.c.
A154 Post Secondary Teachers, Subject not
specified
A155-163 Teachers, except College and University
A155 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Teachers
A156 Elementary School Teachers
A157 Secondary School Teachers
A158 Teachers, Special Education
A159 Teachers, n.e.c.
A160 Substitute Teachers
A163 Vocational and Educational Counselors

LAWYERS AND JUDGES
A178 Lawyers
A179 Judges
WRITERS, AUTHORS, ENTERTAINERS AND
ATHLETES
A183
A184
A185
A186
A187
A188
A189
A193
A194
A195
A197
A198
A199
A999

Authors
Technical Writers
Designers
Musicians and Composers
Actors and Directors
Painters, Sculptors, Craft-Artists, and Artist
Print-Makers
Photographers
Dancers
Artists, Performers, and Related Workers,
n.e.c.
Editors and Reporters
Public Relations Specialists
Announcers
Athletes
Professional Occupations, n.e.c.

TECHNICAL AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
A203 Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians
A204 Dental Hygienists
A205 Health Record Technologists and Technicians
A206 Radiologic Technicians
A207 Licensed Practical Nurses
A208 Health Technologists and Technicians, n.e.c.
ENGINEERING AND RELATED
TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS

LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS
A164 Librarians
A165 Archivists and Curators

A213
A214
A215
A216
A217
A218

SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND URBAN PLANNERS
A166 Economists
A167 Psychologists
A168 Sociologists
A169 Social Scientists, n.e.c.
A173 Urban Planners
SOCIAL, RECREATION, AND RELIGIOUS
WORKERS
A174 Social Workers
A175 Recreation Workers

Electrical and Electronic Technicians
Industrial Engineering Technicians
Mechanical Engineering Technicians
Engineering Technicians, n.e.c.
Drafters
Surveying and Mapping Technicians

SCIENCE TECHNICIANS
A223 Biological Technicians
A224 Chemical Technicians
41

A225 Science Technicians, n.e.c.
Major group C:
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICIANS
SALES OCCUPATIONS
A226
A227
A228
A229
A233
A234
A235

Airplane Pilots and Navigators
Air Traffic Controllers
Broadcast Equipment Operators
Computer Programmers
Tool Programmers, Numerical Control
Legal Assistants
Technical and Related Occupations, n.e.c.

C243 Supervisors, Sales Occupations
FINANCE AND BUSINESS SERVICES, SALES
REPRESENTATIVES
C253 Insurance Sales Occupations
C254 Real Estate Sales Occupations
C255 Securities and Financial Services Sales Occupations
C256 Advertising and Related Sales Occupations
C257 Sales Occupations, Other Business Services

Major group B:
EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND
MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS

SALES REPRESENTATIVES, COMMODITIES
EXCEPT RETAIL

B003 Legislators
B004 Chief Executives and General Administrators,
Public Administration
B005 Administrators and Officials, Public Administration
B007 Financial Managers
B008 Personnel and Labor Relations Managers
B009 Purchasing Managers
B013 Managers; Marketing, Advertising and Public
Relations
B014 Administrators, Education and Related Fields
B015 Managers, Medicine and Health
B016 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
B017 Managers, Food Serving and Lodging Establishments
B018 Managers, Properties and Real Estate
B019 Funeral Directors
B021 Managers, Service Organizations, n.e.c.
B022 Managers and Administrators, n.e.c.

C258 Sales Engineers
C259 Sales Representatives; Mining, Manufacturing, and Wholesale
RETAIL AND PERSONAL SERVICES SALES
WORKERS
C263
C264
C265
C266
C267
C268
C269
C274
C275
C276
C277
C278

MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS
B023
B024
B025
B026
B027
B028
B029
B033
B034

Accountants and Auditors
Underwriters
Other Financial Officers
Management Analysts
Personnel, Training, and Labor Relations
Specialists
Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products
Buyers, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Except
Farm Products
Purchasing Agents and Buyers, n.e.c.
Business and Promotion Agents

Sales Workers, Motor Vehicles and Boats
Sales Workers, Apparel
Sales Workers, Shoes
Sales Workers, Furniture and Home Furnishings
Sales Workers, Radio, TV, Hi-Fi, and Appliances
Sales Workers, Hardware and Building Supplies
Sales Workers, Parts
Sales Workers, Other Commodities
Sales Counter Clerks
Cashiers
Street and Door-To-Door Sales Workers
News Vendors

SALES RELATED OCCUPATIONS
C283 Demonstrators, Promoters, and Models, Sales
C284 Auctioneers
C285 Sales Support Occupations, n.e.c.

Major group D:
B035 Construction Inspectors
B036 Inspectors and Compliance Officers, Except
Construction
B037 Management Related Occupations, n.e.c.

ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS,
INCLUDING CLERICAL

42

D347 Office Machine Operators, n.e.c.

SUPERVISORS, CLERICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
D303
D304
D305
D306
D307

Supervisors, General Office
Supervisors, Computer Equipment Operators
Supervisors, Financial Records Processing
Chief Communications Operators
Supervisors, Distribution, Scheduling, and
Adjusting Clerks

D348 Telephone Operators
D353 Communications Equipment Operators, n.e.c.
MAIL AND MESSAGE DISTRIBUTING
OCCUPATIONS

COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS

D354
D355
D356
D357

D308 Computer Operators
D309 Peripheral Equipment Operators
SECRETARIES, STENOGRAPHERS, AND TYPISTS

MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND
DISTRIBUTING CLERKS

D313 Secretaries
D314 Stenographers
D315 Typists

D359
D363
D364
D365
D366
D368
plers
D373
D374

INFORMATION CLERKS
D316
D317
D318
D319
D323

Interviewers
Hotel Clerks
Transportation Ticket and Reservation Agents
Receptionists
Information Clerks, n.e.c.

RECORDS PROCESSING CLERKS, EXCEPT
FINANCIAL

Dispatchers
Production Coordinators
Traffic, Shipping, and Receiving Clerks
Stock and Inventory Clerks
Meter Readers
Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and SamExpeditors
Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distributing Clerks, n.e.c.

ADJUSTERS AND INVESTIGATORS
D375 Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
D376 Investigators and Adjusters, Except Insurance
D377 Eligibility Clerks, Social Welfare
D378 Bill and Account Collectors

D325
D326
D327
D328

Classified-Ad Clerks
Correspondence Clerks
Order Clerks
Personnel Clerks, Except Payroll and Timekeeping
D329 Library Clerks
D335 File Clerks
D336 Records Clerks, n.e.c.

MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
OCCUPATIONS
D379
D383
D384
D385
D386
D387
D389

FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING CLERKS
D337
Clerks
D338
D339
D343
D344

Postal Clerks, Except Mail Carriers
Mail Carriers, Postal Service
Mail Clerks, Except Postal Service
Messengers

Bookkeepers, Accounting and Auditing

Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks
Billing Clerks
Cost and Rate Clerks
Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine
Operators
DUPLICATING, MAIL, AND OTHER OFFICE
MACHINE OPERATORS

General Office Clerks
Bank Tellers
Proofreaders
Data Entry Keyers
Statistical Clerks
Teachers' Aides
Administrative Support Occupations, n.e.c.

Major group E:
PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR
OCCUPATIONS

D345 Duplicating Machine Operators
D346 Mail Preparing and Paper Handling Machine
Operators
43

E579
E583
E584
E585
E587

MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS
E503
E505
E506
E507
E508
E509
E514
E515
E516
E517
E518
E519
E523
E525
E526
E527
E529
E534
E535
E536
E538
E539
E543
E544
E547

Supervisors; Mechanics and Repairers
Automobile Mechanics
Automobile Mechanic Apprentices
Bus, Truck, and Stationary Engine Mechanics
Aircraft Engine Mechanics
Small Engine Repairers
Automobile Body and Related Repairers
Aircraft Mechanics, Except Engine
Heavy Equipment Mechanic
Farm Equipment Mechanics
Industrial Machinery Repairers
Machinery Maintenance Occupations
Electronic Repairers, Communications and
Industrial Equipment
Data Processing Equipment Repairers
Household Appliance and Power Tool Repairers
Telephone Line Installers and Repairers
Telephone Installers and Repairers
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Mechanics
Camera, Watch, and Musical Instrument Repairers
Locksmiths and Safe Repairers
Office Machine Repairers
Mechanical Controls and Valve Repairers
Elevator Installers and Repairers
Millwrights
Mechanics and Repairers, n.e.c.

E588
E589
E593
E594
E595
E596
E597
E598
E599

Painters, Construction and Maintenance
Paperhangers
Plasterers
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
Plumber, Pipefitter, and Steamfitter Apprentices
Concrete and Terrazzo Finishers
Glaziers
Insulation Workers
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment
Operators
Roofers
Sheetmetal Duct Installers
Structural Metal Workers
Drillers, Earth
Construction Trades, n.e.c.

EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS
E613
E614
E615
E616
E617

Supervisors, Extractive Occupations
Drillers, Oil Well
Explosives Workers
Mining Machine Operators
Mining Occupations, n.e.c.

PRECISION PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
E628 Supervisors, Production Occupations
PRECISION METAL WORKING OCCUPATIONS
E634
E635
E636
E637
E639
E643
E644

SUPERVISORS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES
E553 Supervisors; Brickmasons, Stonemasons, and
Tilesetters
E554 Supervisors; Carpenters and Related Workers
E555 Supervisors; Electricians and Power Transmission Installers
E556 Supervisors; Painters, Paperhangers, and
Plasterers
E557 Supervisors; Plumbers, Pipefitters, and
Steamfitters
E558 Supervisors; Construction Trades, n.e.c.

E645
E646
E647
E649
E653
E654

Tool and Die Makers
Tool and Die Maker Apprentices
Precision Assemblers, Metal
Machinists
Machinist Apprentices
Boilermakers
Precision Grinders, Filers, and Tool Sharpeners
Patternmakers and Modelmakers, Metal
Layout Workers
Precious Stones and Metals Workers
Engravers, Metal
Sheet Metal Workers
Sheet Metal Worker Apprentices

CONSTRUCTION TRADES OCCUPATIONS
PRECISION WOODWORKING OCCUPATIONS
E563
E564
E565
E566
E567
E569
E573
E575
E576
E577

Brickmasons and Stonemasons
Brickmason and Stonemason Apprentices
Tile Setters, Hard and Soft
Carpet Installers
Carpenters
Carpenter Apprentices
Drywall Installers
Electricians
Electrician Apprentices
Electrical Power Installers and Repairers

E656 Patternmakers and Modelmakers, Wood
E657 Cabinet Makers and Bench Carpenters
E658 Furniture and Wood Finishers
PRECISION TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND
FURNISHINGS MACHINE WORKERS
E666 Dressmakers
E667 Tailors
44

F719 Molding and Casting Machine Operators
F723 Metal Plating Machine Operators
F724 Heat Treating Equipment Operators

E668 Upholsterers
E669 Shoe Repairers
PRECISION WORKERS, ASSORTED MATERIALS

WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS
E675
E676
E677
E678

Hand Molders and Shapers, Except Jewelers
Patternmakers, Layout Workers, and Cutters
Optical Goods Workers
Dental Laboratory and Medical Appliance
Technicians
E679 Bookbinders
E683 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers
E684 Miscellaneous Precision Workers, n.e.c.

F726 Wood Lathe, Routing, and Planing Machine
Operators
F727 Sawing Machine Operators
F728 Shaping and Joining Machine Operators
F729 Nailing and Tacking Machine Operators
PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS
F734 Printing Press Operators
F735 Photoengravers and Lithographers
F736 Typesetters and Compositors

PRECISION FOOD PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
E685
E686
E687
E688

Precision Food Production Occupations, n.e.c.
Butchers and Meat Cutters
Bakers
Food Batchmakers

TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND FURNISHINGS
MACHINE OPERATORS
F738 Winding and Twisting Machine Operators
F739 Knitting, Looping, Taping, and Weaving Machine Operators
F743 Textile Cutting Machine Operators
F744 Textile Sewing Machine Operators
F745 Shoe Machine Operators
F747 Pressing Machine Operators
F748 Laundering and Dry Cleaning Machine Operators

PRECISION INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND
RELATED WORKERS
E689 Inspectors, Testers, and Graders
E690 Precision Inspectors, Testers, and Related
Workers, n.e.c.
E693 Adjusters and Calibrators
PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS
E694
E695
E696
E699

MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSORTED MATERIALS

Water and Sewage Treatment Plant Operators
Power Plant Operators
Stationary Engineers
Miscellaneous Plant and System Operators,
n.e.c.

F753
F754
F755
F756
F757

Cementing and Gluing Machine Operators
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators
Extruding and Forming Machine Operators
Mixing and Blending Machine Operators
Separating, Filtering, and Clarifying Machine
Operators
F758 Compressing and Compacting Machine Operators
F759 Painting and Paint Spraying Machine Operators
F763 Roasting and Baking Machine Operators,
Food
F764 Washing, Cleaning, and Pickling Machine
Operators

Major group F:
MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND
INSPECTORS
METALWORKING AND PLASTIC WORKING
MACHINE OPERATORS
F703
F704
F705
F706
F707
F708
F709

Lathe and Turning-Machine Set-Up Operators
Lathe and Turning-Machine Operators
Milling and Planing Machine Operators
Punching and Stamping Press Operators
Rolling Machine Operators
Drilling and Boring Machine Operators
Grinding, Abrading, Buffing, and Polishing
Machine Operators
F713 Forging Machine Operators
F714 Numerical Control Machine Operators
F717 Fabricating Machine Operators, n.e.c.

F765 Folding Machine Operators
F766 Furnace, Kiln, and Oven Operators, Except
Food
F768 Crushing and Grinding Machine Operators
F769 Slicing and Cutting Machine Operators
F773 Motion Picture Projectionists
F774 Photographic Process Machine Operators
F777 Miscellaneous Machine Operators, n.e.c.
45

G843 Supervisors, Material Moving Equipment Operators
G844 Operating Engineers
G845 Longshore Equipment Operators
G848 Hoist and Winch Operators
G849 Crane and Tower Operators
G853 Excavating and Loading Machine Operators
G855 Grader, Dozer, and Scraper Operators
G856 Industrial Truck and Tractor Equipment Operators
G859 Miscellaneous Material Moving Equipment
Operators, n.e.c.

FABRICATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND HAND
WORKING OCCUPATIONS
F783
F784
F785
F786
F787

Welders and Cutters
Solderers and Braziers
Assemblers
Hand Cutting and Trimming Occupations
Hand Molding, Casting, and Forming Occupations
F789 Hand Painting, Coating, and Decorating Occupations
F793 Hand Engraving and Printing Occupations
F795 Miscellaneous Hand Working Occupations,
n.e.c.

Major group H:
PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, TESTERS,
SAMPLERS, AND WEIGHERS

HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS,
AND LABORERS

F796 Production Inspectors, Checkers, and Examiners
F797 Production Testers
F798 Production Samplers and Weighers
F799 Graders and Sorters, Except Agricultural
F800 Hand Inspectors, n.e.c.

FARM, FISHING AND FORESTRY OCCUPATIONS NONFARM SECTOR
H483
H484
H485
H486
H487
H489
H494
H495
H496
H497
H498

Major group G:
TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING
OCCUPATIONS
MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS
G803
G804
G806
G808
G809
G813
G814

Supervisors, Motor Vehicle Operators
Truck Drivers
Driver-Sales Workers
Bus Drivers
Taxicab Drivers and Chauffeurs
Parking Lot Attendants
Motor Transportation Occupations, n.e.c.

Marine Life Cultivation Workers
Nursery Workers
Supervisors, Agriculture-Related Workers
Groundskeepers and Gardeners, Except Farm
Animal Caretakers, Except Farm
Inspectors, Agricultural Products
Supervisors, Forestry and Logging Workers
Forestry Workers, Except Logging
Timber Cutting and Logging Occupations
Captains and Other Officers, Fishing Vessels
Fishers, Hunters, and Trappers

HELPERS, HANDLERS, AND LABORERS
H864 Supervisors; Handlers, Equipment Cleaners,
and Laborers, n.e.c.
H865 Helpers, Mechanics and Repairers
H866 Helpers, Construction Trades
H867 Helpers, Surveyor
H868 Helpers, Extractive Occupations
H869 Construction Laborers
H874 Production Helpers
H875 Garbage Collectors
H876 Stevedores
H877 Stock Handlers and Baggers
H878 Machine Feeders and Offbearers
H883 Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers, n.e.c.
H885 Garage and Service Station Related Occupations
H887 Vehicle Washers and Equipment Cleaners
H888 Hand Packers and Packagers
H889 Laborers, Except Construction, n.e.c.

RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS
G823 Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
G824 Locomotive Operating Occupations
G825 Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators
G826 Rail Vehicle Operators, n.e.c.
WATER TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS
G828 Ship Captains and Mates, Except Fishing
Boats
G829 Sailors and Deckhands
G833 Marine Engineers
G834 Bridge, Lock, and Lighthouse Tenders
MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS

Major group K:
46

HEALTH SERVICE OCCUPATIONS

SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PRIVATE
HOUSEHOLD

K445 Dental Assistants
K446 Health Aides, Except Nursing
K447 Nursing Aides, Orderlies and Attendants

PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K413 Supervisors, Firefighting and Fire Prevention
Occupations
K414 Supervisors, Police and Detectives
K415 Supervisors, Guards
K416 Fire Inspection and Fire Prevention Occupations
K417 Firefighting Occupations
K418 Police and Detectives, Public Service
K423 Sheriffs, Bailiffs, and Other Law Enforcement
Officers
K424 Correctional Institution Officers
K425 Crossing Guards
K426 Guards and Police, Except Public Service
K427 Protective Service Occupations, n.e.c.

CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE
OCCUPATIONS
K448 Supervisors, Cleaning and Building Service
Workers
K449 Maids and Housemen
K453 Janitors and Cleaners
K454 Elevator Operators
K455 Pest Control Occupations
PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K456
K457
K458
K459

FOOD SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K433 Supervisors; Food Preparation and Service
Occupations
K434 Bartenders
K435 Waiters and Waitresses
K436 Cooks
K438 Food Counter, Fountain, and Related Occupations
K439 Kitchen Workers, Food Preparation
K443 Waiters'/Waitresses' Assistants
K444 Food Preparation Occupations, n.e.c.

K461
K462
K463
K464
K465
K467
K468
K469

47

Supervisors, Personal Service Occupations
Barbers
Hairdressers and Cosmetologists
Attendants, Amusement and Recreation Facilities
Guides
Ushers
Public Transportation Attendants
Baggage Porters and Bellhops
Welfare Service Aides
Early Childhood Teacher's Assistants
Child Care Workers, n.e.c.
Service Occupations, n.e.c.

Appendix C. Generic
Leveling Criteria

Below are the 10 criteria for generic leveling occupations. The description of each level within a factor is followed in parentheses by the point value assigned that
level. An example using these criteria for leveling a job
follows in appendix D.

6. Practical knowledge of a wide range of professional or
administrative methods, principles, and practices, gained
through job experience or relevant graduate study. (950)
or
Practical knowledge of a wide range of technical products,
services, or methods similar to a narrow area of a professional field, and skill in applying this knowledge to difficult, but well-documented projects. (950)

Knowledge measures the nature and extent of information
or facts that the workers must understand to do acceptable
work. This knowledge is attained through education,
training, and experience.

7. Knowledge of a wide range of concepts, principles, and
practices gained through extended graduate study or professional or administrative experience. (1250)
or
Comprehensive knowledge of a technical field and skill in
applying this knowledge to the development of new methods, approaches, or procedures. (1250)
or
Knowledge of new, unique, or custom developed technical
products requiring extensive graduate study or equivalent
experience. (1250)

1. Skill to perform simple, repetitive tasks, or operate simple tools or equipment, requiring little or no previous
training or experience. (50)
2. Basic knowledge of common procedures, goods or
services, tools, or equipment, requiring some previous
training or experience. (200)
3. Knowledge of standard rules, procedures, goods or
services, tools, or equipment, requiring considerable
training or experience. (350)

8. Mastery of a professional or administrative field to apply experimental theories or new developments. (1550)

4. Knowledge of extensive rules, products, or services in a
broad field needed to perform a wide variety of interrelated or nonstandard procedures. (550)
or
Practical knowledge of standard procedures, products or
services, and operations in a technical field, requiring extended training or experience. (550)
or
Comprehensive knowledge of a blue collar skill, usually
acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent
training and experience. (550)

9. Mastery of a professional field to generate and develop
new hypotheses and theories. (1850)

Supervision Received covers the nature and extent of direct or indirect control of workers exercised by the supervisor, the responsibility of the position, and the review of
the completed work of the position.
1. Supervisor makes detailed assignments. Employee
works as instructed, and the work is closely controlled and
reviewed. (25)

5. Knowledge of specialized, complicated products, services, or techniques, acquired through a pertinent baccalaureate program, or equivalent experience and training (750)
or
Practical knowledge of standard technical procedures and
methods to carry out limited projects involving specialized, complicated techniques. (T, PR, SR) (750)
or
Advanced knowledge of blue collar skill to solve unusually complex problems. (750)

2. Supervisor makes assignments, indicating generally
what is to be done. The employee independently carries
out recurring assignments but refers problems to supervisor. Review of work depends on complexity and novelty
of assignment. (125)
3. Supervisor provides objectives, priorities, and deadlines.
Employee plans and carries out steps in accordance with
48

3. Tasks involve different and unrelated problems. Assignments may involve a complete project of moderate
scope or a defined segment of a large project. The employee is required to analyze issues and facts to discern
interrelationships and to choose a course of action from
many different and unrelated alternatives. Minor adaptation or modification of established procedures may be required. (150)

instructions, and completed work is reviewed for conformity to policy. (275)
4. Supervisor establishes overall objectives, employee and
supervisor develop deadlines. Employee is responsible for
planning and carrying out assignment, completed work is
reviewed in terms of meeting requirements. (450)
5. Supervisor broadly defines overall objective. Employee
is responsible for all aspects of planning. Work results are
normally accepted as technically authoritative and reviewed in terms of fulfillment of program objectives.
(650)

4. Tasks involve a wide range of diverse, unusual, and
complex problems, requiring the employee to analyze and
interpret incomplete or inconclusive information. Tasks
involve independently planning the work to be done, selecting appropriate methods, frequently adjusting, modifying, or refining conventional practices and methods.
(225)

Guidelines describes verbal or written instructions and the
judgment needed to apply them.

5. Tasks involve many different and unrelated methods
applied to a broad range of activities or intensive analysis
and problem solving. Tasks require innovativeness in exploring new areas, selecting and using a variety of work
techniques, modifying existing techniques, originating
new techniques, and developing new information. (325)

1. Guidelines are specific and detailed. Employee is expected to strictly adhere to them. (25)
2. Guidelines are specific and procedures have been established. Employee uses judgment in selecting most appropriate guideline, and refers problems to the supervisor
where guidelines do not exist. (125)

6. Tasks involve broad functions and processes of an administrative or professional field, where theories and
practices are largely undefined. Tasks require extensive
probing and analysis to determine the issues.

3. Guidelines are available but not always applicable, employee uses judgment in interpreting and adapting guidelines. Employee analyzes results and recommends
changes. (275)

Work is accomplished through the development of new or modification of standard - theories and approaches, and
resolution of previously intractable issues. (450)

4. Guidelines are scarce, but administrative policies stated
in general terms are available. Employee uses initiative in
deviating from traditional methods in order to develop
new methods. (450)

Scope and Effect refers to the purpose of the work,
whether the job covers a narrow or broad range of topics,
and the impact of the work, if properly performed. Scope
and Effect is not to be confused with Complexity, which
deals with the difficulty of the work.

5. Guidelines are broadly stated and nonspecific. The employee is recognized as a technical authority in the development and interpretation of guidelines. (650)

1. Performs specific routine tasks that have little impact
beyond the operations performed. (25)

Complexity covers the variety of tasks, identifying what
needs to be done, and the difficulty involved in performing
the work.

2. Follows specific rules or procedures in carrying out an
assignment. The work affects the acceptability of further
processes or services. (75)

1. Tasks are clear-cut, readily discernible, and easily understood. The sequence of tasks is clearly defined, with
each task directly related to the next. Tasks are repetitive
and limited in number. There is little or no choice required in determining what to do or how to do it. (25)

3. Treats a variety of conventional problems using established criteria. The outcome affects the adequacy, design,
or operations of the complete system. (150)
4. Establishes procedures, formulates projects, and analyzes a variety of unusual problems. The work affects a
wide range of activities. (225)

2. Tasks are easily recognized and related to one another,
but vary depending upon the circumstances of the assignment. The employee is required to determine what needs
to be done, acquire needed information, and identify and
select from a few work methods. (75)
49

5. Resolves critical problems or develops new theories that
affect the work of other experts or major aspects of programs. (325)

4. The purpose is to justify, defend, negotiate, or settle
matters involving significant or controversial issues. The
persons contacted typically have diverse viewpoints, goals,
or objectives requiring the employee to achieve a common
understanding of the problem and a satisfactory solution
by convincing them, arriving at a compromise, or developing suitable alternatives. (220)

6. Plans, and carries out vital programs that are essential
to the overall organization or to large numbers of people
on a continuing basis. (450)

Personal Contacts covers contacts with persons not in the
supervisory chain. Levels are based on what is required to
make the initial contact, the difficulty of communicating
with those contacted, and the setting in which the contacts
take place.

Physical Demands covers the physical characteristics and
abilities placed on the employee by the work assignment.
1. The work is sedentary. Typically, the employee may sit
comfortably to do the work. However, there may be some
walking,; standing, or bending; carrying of light items
such as papers, books, small parts; driving an automobile;
etc. No special physical demands are required to perform
the work. (5)

1. Contacts are with employees within the immediate work
unit, and/or with the general public in highly structured
situations. (10)
2. Contacts are with employees in the same establishment
but outside the immediate work unit, and/or with the general public in moderately structured settings. (25)

2. The work requires some physical exertion such as long
periods of standing, walking over rough, uneven, or rocky
surfaces; recurring bending, crouching, stopping, stretching, reaching, or similar activities; recurring lifting of
moderately heavy items such as laptop computers or record boxes. The work may require specific, but common,
physical characteristics and abilities such as above average
agility and dexterity. (20)

3. Contacts are with individuals or groups from outside the
establishment in a moderately unstructured setting. Contacts are not established on a routine basis, each contact is
different, and the roles of each party are established during
the contact. (60)

3. The work requires considerable and strenuous physical
exertion such as climbing of tall ladders, lifting heavy objects over 50 pounds, crouching or crawling in restricted
areas, and defending oneself or others against physical attack. (50)

4. Personal contacts are with high-ranking officials from
outside the establishment at national or international levels in highly unstructured settings. (110)
Purpose of Contacts measures the range of personal contacts from factual exchanges of information to situations
involving significant or controversial issues and differing
viewpoints, goals, or objectives.

Work Environment considers the risks and discomforts in
the employee’s physical surroundings, or the nature of the
work assigned and the safety regulations required.

1. The purpose is to obtain, clarify, or give facts or information ranging from easily understood to highly technical.
(20)

1. The work environment involves everyday risks or discomforts that require normal safety precautions typical of
such places as offices, meeting and training rooms, libraries, and residences or commercial vehicles (e.g., use of
safe work practices with office equipment, avoidance of
trips and falls, observance of fire regulations and traffic
signals, etc.). The work is adequately lighted, heated, and
ventilated. (5)

2. The purpose is to plan, coordinate, or advise on work
efforts, or to resolve operating problems by influencing or
motivating individuals or groups who are working toward
mutual goals and who have cooperative attitudes. (50)
3. The purpose is to influence, motivate, convince, or
question persons or group. Those contacted may be hesitant or skeptical, so the employee must be skillful in approaching the individual or group in order to obtain the
desired response. (120)
or
The purpose is to interrogate or control persons or groups
who may be fearful, uncooperative, or dangerous. The
employee must be skillful in order to bring about the necessary conduct or information. (120) (PR)

2. The work involves moderate risks or discomforts which
require special safety precautions, e.g., working around
moving parts, carts, or machines; with contagious diseases
or irritant chemicals; etc. Employees may be required to
use protective clothing or gear such as masks, gowns,
coats, boots, goggles, gloves, or shields. (20)

50

worker. (251)

3. The work involves high risk with exposure to potentially dangerous situations or unusual environmental stress
which require a range of safety and other precautions (e.g.,
working at great heights under extreme outdoor weather
conditions; subject to possible physical attack or mob conditions, or similar situations where conditions cannot be
controlled). (50)

3. Directs staff through face to face meetings. Organizational structure is not complex and internal and administrative procedures are simple. Performing the same work
as subordinates is not the principal duty. Typically, this is
the first supervisory level. (502)
4. Directs staff through intermediate supervisors. Internal
procedures and administrative controls are formal. Organizational structure is complex and is divided into subordinate groups that may differ from each other as to subject matter and function. (1003)

Supervisory Duties describes the level of supervisory responsibility for a position.
1. No supervisory responsibility. (0)

5. Directs staff through two or more subordinate supervisory levels with several subdivisions at each level. Programs are usually inter-locked on a direct and continuing
basis with other organizational segments, requiring constant attention to extensive formal coordination, clearances, and procedural controls. (1504)

2. A nonsupervisory position. Incumbent sets the pace of
work for the group and shows other workers in the
grouphow to perform assigned tasks. Commonly performs
the same work as the group, in addition to lead duties.
May also be called group leader, team leader, or lead

51

Appendix D. Evaluating
Your Firm’s Jobs

Level 2.

In order to best compare data on their firm’s jobs to
statistics contained in this bulletin, data user’s need to be
able to determine their jobs’ work levels. Using the example of a dental hygienist, this appendix will go through
the procedure for determining the work level of a particular job.
To determine the work level of a job, it must be evaluated using the generic leveling factors. With the information available, such as a written position description
and other knowledge of the job, each factor must be reviewed. Comparing that information to the descriptions of
each level within a factor as shown in Appendix C, the
level best matching the job should be chosen and recorded.
(Note that the number of levels varies by factor.)

Scope and effect
In terms of process, the dentist’s work follows the hygienist’s. In terms of effect, the hygienist could give a
harmful x-ray or miss plaque on the teeth.
Level 2.
Personal contacts
Patients come to the clinic or occasionally the hygienist
will travel to perform work or give a talk at a school.
Level 2.
Purpose of contacts
Most of hygienist’s interaction is with patients; no
planning or coordination work is involved.

Generic leveling: an example
Knowledge
Hygienist must have a dental hygienist license which
requires 2 years of schooling and passage of a technical
exam. This is a mid-level hygienist job, which means a
worker must have at least 3 years of experience. The procedures are essentially the same every day, such as cleaning teeth, checking gums, and giving x-rays.

Level 1.
Physical demands
The work is sedentary.
Level 1.

Level 4.

Work environment
Hygienist must take precautions not to be exposed to xrays, punctures, etc.

Supervision received
Most of the tasks are performed without supervision.
For more complicated procedures, such as tooth filling, the
dental hygienist assists the dentist.

Level 2.
Supervisory duties
A dental hygienist at this level does not supervise anyone.

Level 2.
Guidelines
An hygienist knows which procedure to use for different dental problems. Unusual situations are handled after
checking with the supervisor.

Level 1.

Assigning points

Level 2.

Once the correct level has been identified within each
factor, the points associated with each level are recorded.
Summing the points for all factors gives the total points
for the job. Using the factors above and the table at the
end of this section showing the points associated with each

Complexity
Each procedure performed leads to the next, for example, examining gums, scraping plaque, then cleaning
teeth.
52

level within a factor, a sample worksheet was filled out for
the dental hygienist position.

by a point range. The 1,020 total points for the dental hygienist job puts it in level 5.

Generic leveling worksheet

Point ranges by work level

Company job title: Dental Hygienist
Factor

Range of Generic Level Points

Level

Points

Knowledge

4

550

Supervision received

2

125

Guidelines

2

125

Complexity

2

75

Scope and effect

2

75

Personal contacts

2

25

Purpose of contacts

2

20

Physical demands

1

5

Work environment

2

20

Total

5

1020

Level

Low

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

190
255
455
655
855
1105
1355
1605
1855
2105
2355
2755
3155
3605
4055
and up

254
454
654
854
1104
1354
1604
1854
2104
2354
2754
3154
3604
4054

Comparing wages
Once the work level has been identified for a job,wages for
that job can be compared to wages for similar jobs at the
same work level. BLS publishes hourly wage rates by
work level within nine major occupational groups, which
are combinations of similar individual occupations. The
groups and work levels available vary by area. Employers
can also use the data on work levels to compare different
jobs in their establishment.

Determining the work level
The following chart takes the point total determined
via the worksheet and converts to an overall work level for
the job. There are 15 work levels, based on those used to
rank federal civil service white-collar jobs, each identified

Points associated with each factor level
Factor
Knowledge
Supervision
required
Guidelines
Complexity
Scope and
effect
Personal
contacts
Purpose of
contacts
Physical
demands
Work
environment
Supervisory
duties

High

1
2
3
50 200 35
25 125 275

4
550
450

5
6
7
8
9
750 950 1250 1550 1850
650
X
X
X
X

25 125 275
25 75 150
25 75 150

450
225
225

650
X
325 450
325 450

10

25

60

110

X

20

50 120

220

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

5

20

50

X

X

X

X

X

X

5

20

50

X

X

X

X

X

X

0 251 502 1003 1504

X

X

X

X

53