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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J . DAVIS, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \
BUREAU OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S/
INDUSTRIAL

ACCIDENTS

A ND

...........No. 306
HYGIENE

SERIES

O C C U P A T IO N H A Z A R D S
A N D D IA G N O S T IC S IG N S
A GUIDE TO IMPAIRMENTS
TO BE LO O K ED FO R IN
HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS

By LOUIS I. DUBLIN, Ph. D.
Statistician Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.
and PHILIP LEIBOFF




APRIL, 1922

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922




CONTENTS,
Page.

Preface_______________________________________________________ -— v -v i
Introduction_______________________________________________________ 1-3
Section I.—Alphabetical list of hazardous occupations-------^-------------- 4-10
Section II.—List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and pre­
vention ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------— 10-28
A. Abnormalities of temperature________________________________ 1 1 ,1 2
1. Extreme dry heat______________ _____________ _____ .___ 12
12
2. Sudden variations of temperature_______________________
B. Compressed air_________________________________________ :------ 12.13
C. Dampness---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13.14
D. D ust________ ,--------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-16
15
1. Inorganic dust________ ________________________________
2. Organic dust--------------------------------------------------------------- 16
E. Extreme light_________________________________.____ ________ 16.17
F. Infections________________________________________________ — 17.18
1. Anthrax_______________________________________________ 18
2. Hookworm (ankylostomiasis)__________________________
18
3. Septic infections_______________________________________ 18
G. Poor illumination____________________________________________ 18.19
H. Repeated motion, pressure, shock, etc____ _____________________ 19
J. Poisons-------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 19-28
1. Acetaldehyde--------------------------------------------------------------- 20
2. Acridine_______ ___________ ___________________________
20
3. Acrolein_______________________________________________
20
4. Ammonia______________________________________________
21
5. Amyl acetate__________________________________________ 21
6. Amyl alcohol------------------------ -------------------------------------- 21
7. Aniline and other amino compounds of benzol and its
homologues------------------ ------------------------ --------,----------- 21
8. Antimony and its compounds___________________________
21
9. Arsenic and its compounds______________________________ 21
10. Arseniureted hydrogen_________________________________ 21
11. Benzine______________________________________ 1----------22
12. Benzol_________________________________________________ 22
13. Brass (zinc)___________________________________________ 22
14. Carbon dioxide________________________________________ 22
15. Carbon disulphide______________________________________ 22
16. Carbon monoxide______________________________________
23
17. Chloride of lime_______ _____ ________________________„
23
18. Chlorine______________ * - T'v -S--*-•___ - 1 - ________ 23
23
19. Chiorodinitrobenzolr __ —v - /-<*20. C h lo ro n itro b ep zp k.I_J'• i __*______________ _•!*_/.
**. 23
21. Chromium JCO^h]J0Vlcls,____________________________
• /S 3
22. Cyanogen im p o u n d s_________________________________ *_ • .V 2 3
23. Dimethyl stilphate______________________________________ •23!
24. D in itro b en zo lj?J!_ * i—
~*. • -23
25. Gasoline-------1— - l - - '‘. ^ 1 —
723
26. Hydrochloric acid__ _— 11
— V __
_ • 23
27. Hydrofluoric acid______________________________________ 24
28. Lead and its compounds------------------------------------------------ 24
29. Mercury and its compounds___ _________________________
24
30. Methyl alcohol_________________________________________
25
31. Methyl bromide________________________________________ 25
32. Naphtha_______________________________________________
25
25
33. Nit rani lin e____________________________________________
34. Nitrobenzol and other nitro compounds of benzol and its
homologues__________________________________________
25



in

IV

CONTENTS.

II.—List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and pre­
vention—Concluded.
J. Poisons—Concluded.
Page.
35. Nitroglycerin__________________________________________
25
36. Nitronaphthalene__________ __________________ ,________
25
37. Nitrous gases and nitric acid____________________________
25
38. Petroleum_____________________
26
39. Phenol___________
26
26
40. Phenyl hydrazine______________________________________
41. Phosgene___________________________________
26
42. Phosphorus--------------------- -— _______-------------- -------------- 26
26
43. Phosphuretted hydrogen_____ :____!_____________________
44. Picric acid____ -----------------27
27
45. Sulphur chloride______________________
46. Sulphur dioxide---------------------------27
47. Sulphuretted hydrogen_________________________________
27
48. Sulphuric acid---------27
49. T ar----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
50. Tetrachlorethane (acetylene tetrachloride)--------------------28
51. Trinitrotoluol-----------------------------------28
52. Turpentine_________________________
28
Section III.—Skin irritants--------------------------------------------------------------- 29-31
S e c t io n




PREFACE.

The first edition of this guide to the hazards of occupations and to
the symptoms of the diseases they cause1 was intended primarily to
aid the 6,000 medical examiners of the Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co. in the discovery of impairments among applicants for insurance.
The pamphlet soon attracted the attention of others not immediately
interested in insurance medical examinations. Large numbers of
industrial physicians, directors of compensation boards, factory in­
spectors, safety engineers, industrial rehabilitation agents, medical
colleges, and, most important of all, general practitioners of medicine
have made a call for this work and have expressed their approval of
it. The favorable response has encouraged us to proceed with the
preparation of this second and much enlarged edition. While the
form of the first pamphlet has been in general maintained, we have
increased the number of hazardous occupations from about 450 to
700, and have increased the groups of hazards from 4 to 9. These
now include abnormalities of temperature; compressed air; damp­
ness; dust; extreme light; infections; poor illumination; repeated
motion, pressure, shock, etc.; and the poisons. Under each of these
the list of particular hazards has been extended.
Besides this extension of the old material, other important additions
have been made. Each main hazard is now preceded by a descriptive
paragraph, which, in a general way, discusses its pathological action
and touches on the preventive measures which have proved most effi­
cacious in reducing its effects. Other important facts regarding par­
ticular hazards, as, for example, the unsettled points regarding the
effects of different types of dust, are discussed in these paragraphs.
Obviously, in a bulletin of this size these large subjects can be only
barely outlined. Those who wish to make an intensive study will find
invaluable the works of the men whose names are listed below. But
for others who have not the time for thorough study, yet feel the
need of a general knowledge of the subject, these notes should prove
instructive. A separate section of this bulletin has been given over to
a discussion of skin irritants.
In preparing this revision the whole literature of industrial hy­
giene has been carefully examined, and we believe that the larger
number of the more important occupations and hazards are now in­
cluded. As a convenience to handling, we have reversed the order of
the two lists and now present the alphabetical list of occupations first,
following with the list of hazards and the diagnostic signs of disease.
We hope that those physicians and others who use this work will be
good enough to inform us of any errors which have crept into it and
will let us have their suggestions for any occupations and hazards
which we have omitted.
1 See Monthly Labor Review of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March, 1921, pp.
159-167.




V

VI

PREFACE

In presenting this, the second edition of the pamphlet, we desire
to acknowledge our indebtedness to the members of the medical pro­
fession of the United States and Canada who have so courteously re­
ceived the first effort and who have so enthusiastically cooperated in
extending its scope. Special mention should be made of the work
and personal assistance of Drs. It. P. Albaugh, W. I. Clark, jr., Henry
S. Forbes, Alice Hamilton, Emery It. Hayhurst, Yandell Henderson,
Clarence H. Kilker, H. it. M. Landis, A. J. Lanza, Carey P. McCord,
D. C. Parmeiiter, Francis D. Patterson. Marvin D. Shie, H. F. Smyth,
E. B. Starr, W. Gilman Thompson, K. Prosser White, and Messrs.
Leonard Greenberg and Frederick G. Lange.
The detailed Work of this compilation was carried out bv Messrs.
Eobert J. Vane, jr., and Paul W. Cohen, of the Statistical Bureau of
the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.




Louis I . D u b l in .

BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

no.

306

WASHINGTON

a p r i l , 1922

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS: A GUIDE TO IMPAIR­
MENTS TO BE LOOKED FOR IN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS.
INTRODUCTION.

Many occupations have injurious effects on the physical condition
of those engaged in them. The health of those who work with the
poisons, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, picric acid, etc., or those
who are exposed for long periods to dust, heat, humidity, or to the
infectious materials, etc., may be impaired seriously as the result of
their work. The occupation is now recognized as of the very first
importance as a factor in the causation of disability and even of
death. Dr. Edsall has shown that in his clinic at the Massachusetts
General Hospital many of the conditions for which treatment is
sought by men of working ages are the effects of occupation.2 Other
industrial clinics are reporting similar results. With their attention
directed to occupation as a possible factor, industrial physicians are
able to diagnose a great many obscure cases which previously had
puzzled even the most competent clinicians. In this way they dis­
cover a great many more cases of disease of occupational origin than
had before been thought possible. Thus, in 1917 about 150 cases
of lead poisoning were discovered at the Massachusetts General Hos­
pital, which are more than were recorded by this clinic during the
five-year period prior to the adoption of the more intensive methods
of study. It is generally recognized that patients come to physicians
with pains and complaints of an indefinite character, and it is only
when consideration is given to the occupation and its possible effects
that many of these cases are cleared up.
The medical examiner should, therefore, be very careful to see if
any of the usual diagnostic signs of poisoning, dust, heat, or other
hazards which are known to be inherent in occupations are in evi­
dence among their patients where no other explanation of the case
is readily available. In the case of those exposed to lead, such as
employees of storage-battery plants, white-lead workers, paint mix­
ers, painters, etc., the blue line on the gum, the pale, sallow ap­
pearance, and the trembling fingers are significant as indications of
chronic lead poisoning, and the physician should look for these
signs. Physical symptoms and conditions which ordinarily might
be passed by, in this way become very important if they point to
the possible effect of the occupation.
2 See Monthly Labor Review of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dec., 1917, pp.
169-185.




1

2

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.

This handbook has been prepared to aid physicians in general
practice, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and others who
come into close professional contact with those who are engaged in
industrial processes. Nine major hazards of employment are listed;
namely, abnormalities of temperature; compressed air; dampness;
dust; extreme light; infections; poor illumination; repeated motion,
pressure, or shock; and the poisons. A separate section of the bul­
letin is devoted to a discussion of skin irritants. Long exposure to
any of these will usually leave definite physical signs which the
medical examiner can discover if he will look for them. To aid'
him in detecting the hazards and their effects on the worker, two
lists are presented. The first consists of the more common haz­
ardous occupations, arranged alphabetically; the second consists of
hazards, together with their effects or symptoms, as well as the
occupations affected. After each occupation in the first list is a
reference in code to the particular hazard in the second list. The
capital letters after each occupation, “A,” “ B,” “ C,” etc., refer to
the general hazard. The Arabic numerals signify the particular
hazard, as “ Dl,” inorganic dust; “ D2,” organic dust.
The following example will show how this guide may be of value
to the general practitioner: A man, who works in a garage, suffering
from continuous headaches, visits his physician. The latter can
find no cause for the patient’s illness. The patient shows no signs
of disease other than the subjective symptoms which he describes.
Perhaps the physician will recommend an examination of the sub­
ject’s eyes, ears, and sinuses, which will prove negative. A puzzling
diagnosis such as this becomes very simple when the occupation is
ascertained and this guide is utilized. Alongside of “ Garage work­
ers ” in the “Alphabetical list of hazardous occupations,” the physi­
cian finds the symbols J 16, 25. “ J ” represents the hazard poisons
and “ 16, 25 ” the particular poisons—carbon monoxide and gasoline,
respectively. Upon looking up the symptoms of these poisons in
the second list he finds that both produce headache when inhaled
in small quantities. In such a case the effective remedy lies in the
removal of the etiological factor—the two poisons.
The following procedure is therefore recommended: The medical
examiner or physician should ascertain the occupation of the appli­
cant. He should then look for it in the “Alphabetical list of haz­
ardous occupations” (p. 4). If found there, it is possible that the
person has been exposed to and is possibly suffering from the effects
of some hazard of his occupation. The numerals will indicate the
particular hazards of the occupation. The physician should then
make special effort to discover the symptoms or signs referred to in
the second list. By this means he can readily determine whether
the person examined is in fact suffering from the effect of his occu­
pation. His examination is in this way made more illuminating.
Physicians, not specialists in occupational hygiene, can thus learn to
detect the effects of industry and, conversely, can eliminate the occu­
pation as the cause when certain symptoms are observed which do
not fit the usually observed effects of the occupation.
Medical examiners should remember that it is often necessary to
keep in mind not only the present occupation, but the former one
as well. Persons suffering from certain ailments may no longer be



3
engaged in the industry which was originally responsible for their
condition. But careful inquiry into their occupational history will
sometimes result in the recording of an occupation the effects of
which are clearly those from which the patient is suffering. The
medical profession must give occupational findings greater weight in
forming their judgments regarding physical conditions and in diag­
nosing and treating disease.
It is hoped in this way that the medical profession will become
more and more acquainted with occupational diseases and help in
the movement to discover and eliminate cases thereof. In our coun­
try, it is still true that very large numbers of working people are
constantly exposed to serious occupational hazards and suffer, often
unnecessarily, very seriously from the effects of such exposure.
The greater interest of medical practitioners will help materially in
the campaign of prevention. Medical schools can aid greatly in
bringing about this result by giving due weight to the subject in
their 'courses of study. Already the form and content of the
pamphlet have recommended it to several schools, which report its
value. In the same way, plant executives and safety engineers must
take cognizance of the existence of these occupational diseases and
look carefully into their own establishments to see to what degree
the processes in their shops are devoid of the dangers which are
usually associated with industrial operations. Factory inspectors,
labor officials, and workmen’s compensation boards will find it
helpful in inspecting and rating numerous industries. Many
hazards should be revealed which they have not known were asso­
ciated with the processes of manufacture and of which the employers
themselves have been ignorant. The comparatively new but rapidly
expanding field of industrial rehabilitation should find this bulletin
an aid in selecting occupations for those with arrested cases of tuber­
culosis and for others weakened by disease.
INTRODUCTION.

88062°— 22------2




Section I.—ALPHABETICAL LIST
Acetylene makers, D 1, J 4, 16, 43.
Acid dippers, C, J 10, 22, 26, 37, 48.
Acid finishers (glass), J 26, 28, 48.
Acid makers. S e e particular acid.
Acid mixers, J 26, 37, 48.
Acid recdverers, J 26, 37, 48.
Acid transporters, J. 26; 37, 48.
Airplane-wing varnishers, J 50. S e e
a lso Varnishers.
Alcohol distillery workers, J 5, 6.
Aldehyde pumpmen, J 1, 30.
Alkali salt makers. C, J 14, 18, 26, 46,
47.
Amber workers, J 28.
Ammonium salts makers, A 1, J 4, 15,
22, 26, 48.
Ammonium sulphate makers, J 48.
Aniline dye makers. S e e Dye makers.
Aniline makers, J 7, 10, 12, 26, 34, 37.
Animal hair dressers. S e e Hair work­
ers.
Animal handlers, F 1, 3.
Annealers, A 1.
Antimony extractors (refiners), A 1,
J 8.
Antimony fluoride extractors, J 27.
Antipyrin makers, J 31, 40.
Arsenic roasters, A 1, J 9.
Art-glass workers, J 5, 11, 27, 28, 30, 52.
Artificial flower makers, H, J 9, 21, 28,
29, 30.
Artificial ice makers, A 2, C, J 4.
Artificial leather makers, J 7, 9, 12, 37,
48.
Artificial manure makers. S e e Ferti­
lizer makers.
Artificial silk makers, C, J 4, 5, 15, 30.
47, 50.
Asbestos workers, D 1.
Asphalt testers, J 15.
Auto painters, C. S e e a lso Painters.
Babbitters, J 28.
Bakelite makers, J 39.
Bakers, A 2, D 2, J 16.
Balloon (toy) fillers, J 10.
Barbers, H.
Bar-mill workers (iron and steel), A 1.
Basic slag (artificial manure) work­
ers, D 1.
Batch makers (glass works). S e e
Glass mixers.
Batch makers (rubber works). S e e
Compounders (rubber).
Baters (tannery), C, F 1.
Battery (dry) makers, D 1, J 5, 10,
12, 21, 26, 28, 29, 49.
Battery (storage) makers. S e e Stor­
age battery makers.
4




OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS,
Beamers (textile), D 2.
Beamhouse workers (tannery), 0, F 1.
Beatermen (paper and pulp), C, J 18.
Bed rubbers (rqarble and stone), D. 1.
Bench molders (foundry), D 1, J 13,
28.
Benzol stillmen, A 1, J 12.
Bessemer-converter workers (iron and
steel), A 1.
Beta still operators (beta naphthol),
A 1, J 48.
Bevellers, D 1.
Bicyclists, H.
Billet mill workers (iron and steel),
A 1.
Bisque-kiln workers, A 1, D 1, J 16.
Blacksmiths A 1, E, H, J 14,16, 22, 28.
Blast-furnace workers, A 1, J 22, 46,
47.
Bleachers, A 2, C, J 17, 18, 21, 27,
37, 46.
Bleachers (cloth), A 2, C.
Bleachery dryers, A 2, C.
Blockers (felt hat), C J 16.
Blooders (tannery), J 28.
Blooming-mill workers (iron and
steel), A 1.
Blowers (felt hat), D 2, J 29.
Blowers (glass manufacturing). S e e
Glass blowers.
Blowers-out (zinc smelting), A 1, J 13.
Bluers (revolvers), A 1.
Boiler-room workers, A 1, J 14, 16.
Boiler washers, C.
Bone-black makers, J 4, 42.
Bone Tenderers, J 3.
Bone workers, D 1.
Bookbinders, J 9, 28, 30.
Bottle-cap makers, J 28.
Brass founders, A 1, J 8, 9, 13, 14,
16, 28, 42, 46.
Brass polishers, J 28.
Braziers, A 1, J 13, 28.
Brewers, A 2, C, J 14.
Brick burners, A 1, J 14, 28.
Brickmakers, A 1, C, D 1, F 2, J 28, 46.
Briquet makers, J 49.
Bronzers, D 1, J 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
25, 28, 29, 30, 47.
Broom piakers D 2, J 18, 46.
Browners (gun barrels), J 22, 28, 29,
38.
Brushers (felt hat), D 2, J 29.
Brush makers, D 2, F 1, J 28, 30, 49.
Buffers, D 1, 2, G.
Buffers (rubber), J 5, 11, 28.
Burners (enameling), A 1, J 28.
Burnishers (iron and steel), G, J 8, 48
Burnishers (rifle barrels), J 8.

ALPHABETICAL LI&T OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS.
Burrers (needles), D 1.
Burr filers, D 1.
Butchers, A 2, F 1, 3.
Button makers, D 1, 2.
Cable makers, J 28.
Cable splicers, C, J 16, 28, 47, 52.
Caisson workers, A 2, B, C, G, J 14.
Calenderers (rubber), A 2, D 1.
Calico printers, A 2, C, J 7, 8, 9, 16,
18, 21, 22, 26, 28, 30, 39, 48, 52.
Camphor makers, J 26, 52.
Candle (colored) makers, J 9, 21.
Candy makers, A 2, C.
Canners, A 2, C, F 3, J 28.
Cap loaders, J 29.
Cappers (window glass), A 1.
Carbide makers, A 1, D 1, J 16.
Carbolic acid makers, J 12, 26, 46, 48.
Carbon brush makers, D 1.
Carbon dioxide makers, J 14.
Carbon disulphide makers, J 15.
Carbonizers (shoddy), D 2, J 10, 26,
48.
Carborundum workers, A 1, D 1.
Carders (textile), D 2.
Card grinders (textile), D 1, 2.
Carpenters, H.
Carpet makers, D 2, F 1, J 9.
Carroters (felt hats), J 9, 29, 37.
Cartridge cup washers, C.
Cartridge dippers, J 26, 37, 48.
Cartridge felt and wad makers, C.
Cartridge makers, J 28, 29.
Cartridge shot shell paraffin dippers,
A 2, C.
Case hardeners, A 1, J 22.
Casters (brass foundry).
Brass
founders.
Casters (iron and steel), A 1.
Casting cleaners (foundry), D 1.
Acid dippers.
Cast scrubbers (electroplaters), J 11,
12.
Catchers (iron and steel), A 1.
Cattle salesmen, F 1.
Celluloid makers, J 1, 5, 11, 15, 16, 22,
28, 30, 37, 47, 48.
Celluloid polishers, D 2.
Celluloid workers, D 2.
Cementers (rubber shoes), J 11, 12,
15, 30, 52.
Cement mixers (rubber), J 11, 12, 15.
Cement workers, A 1, D 1.
Chambermen (sulphuric acid), J 46,
48.
Charcoal burners, J 14, 16.
Charcoal workers (sugar refining),
A 2, C, D 1.
Chargers (sm elting), A 1, D 1.
Chargers (zinc sm elting), A 1, D 1,
J 9, 13, 16, 28, 46.
Chasers (steel), D 1.
Chauffeurs, H, J 25.
Chimney sweepers, D 1, J 16, 49.
Chippers, D 1,

See

also




See

5

Chloride of lime makers, J 17,18.
Chlorine makers (electrolytic), J 18,
29.
Chloroform makers, J 17.
Chromium workers, J 21.
Cigar makers, D 2, H.
Clay and bisque makers (pottery),
A 2, C, D 1.
Clay-plug makers (pottery), C, D 1.
Clay-products workers.
Pottery
workers.
Clerks, H.
Cloth preparers, C.
Bleach­
ers.
Coal miners.
Miners.
Coal-tar workers, J 7, 12, 16, 39.
Cobblers, D 2, F 1, H.
Coke-oven workers, A 1, J 4, 12, 16, 49.
Cold-storage-plant workers, A 2.
Color makers, A 1, D 1, J 8, 9, 12, 21,
28, 29.
Colored-paper workers, J 9.
Colorers (white) of shoes, J 28.
Comb makers (celluloid), D 2.
Compositors, D 1, G, H, J 7, 8, 11, 28.
Compounders (rubber), D 1, J 7, 8, 9,
1 1 , 12, 21.
Concentrating-mill workers (lead and
zinc), C, D 1, J 28.
Coners (felt hats), D 2, J 29.
Qonfectioners.
Candy makers.
Construction camp workers, F 2.
Cooks, A 2.
Copper founders, J 9.
Miners.
Copper miners.
Copper smelters, A 1, J 9, 16, 46.
Cord makers, D 2, J 49.
Core makers, A 1, D 1, J 13, 16.
Cork workers, D 2.
Cotton-mill workers, C, D 2.
Cotton twisters, D 2, H.
Cranemen (glass industry), A 1.
Cranemen.(iron and steel), A 1.
Creosoting plant workers, C.
Crucible mixers, D 1.
Crucible-steel department employees,
A 1.
Crushermen (clay and stone), D 1.
Cupola men (foundries), A 1.
Curers, vapor (rubber).
Vulcanizers.
Curriers (tannery), D 2, F 1, J 9, 11.
Cut-glass workers, D 1, J 9, 28.
Cutlery makers, D 1, J 5, 28.
Cyanamid makers, A 1, D 1.
Dancers, H.
Decorators (pottery), J 9, 11, 12, 28,
52.
Degreasers (fertilizer, leather), J 11,
1 2 , 25.
Dentists, J 29.
Detonator cleaners, J 29.
Detonator fillers, J 29.
Detonator packers, J 29.
Devil operators (felt hats), D 2, J 29.

See

See
See also

See

See

See

6

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.

Diamond cutters, D 1, H.
Diamond polishers, J 28.
Digester-house workers (paper and
pulp), A 2, C.
Dimethyl-sulphate makers, J 10, 28,
30, 37, 48.
Dippers (guncotton), J 37.
Dippers (rubber), J 11.
Dippers.
Acid dippers.
Disinfectant makers, J 17, 18.
Divers. B.
Dofifers (textile), C, D 2.
Dressers (glass), A 1.
Dresser tenders (textile), A 2, C.
Drivers. A 2, C.
Drop forgers, A 1.
Dry battery workers.
Battery
(dry) makers.
Dry cleaners, A 2, J 11, 12. 15. 30, 52.
Dryers (felt hats), A 2, .1 30.
Dryers (rubber), J 12, 15.
Drying-room workers (miscellaneous),
A 2, .1 14, 16.
Dye makers. A 2. C. J 1, 2, 4, 0, 7. 8, 0,
10, 12, 17. 18, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29,
30. 81, 34, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47,
48, 52.
Dyers, A 2, O, J 4, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39,
44. See
preparatory processes.
Edison storage battery workers, J 29.
Electricians. E.
Electric linemen, E.
Electroplnters, O, J 9,11, 12, 22. 28.
Electro typers, A 2, D 1, J 28
Elect roplnters.
Elevator runners, H.
Embroidery workers. G. J 28.
Emory wheel makers, I) 1, J 28.
Enarnelers.
Enamel makers.
Enamel makers, A 1, O. IT. .! 5, 8, 9,10,
1 1 , 15. 16. 21, 26, 28, 37, 52.
Engravers, D 1, H.
Steel cngra vers.
Etchers. J 27. 37, 39.
Explosives workers. C, J 1, 5, 7, 1.2, 29.
30, 34. 35. 37, 44, 48. 51..
pa rticula r occupa tion.
Extractor operators (soap), A 2, C.
Farmers. F 1, 2.
Fal Tenderers, A 2, J 3.
Feather curers, D 2, J 9.
Feather workers, D 2, F 3, J 7, 9, 11,
12, 30, 38. 52.
Felt extractors, C.
Felt-hat makers, A 2, G, D 2, J 9, 16,
29, 30, 37, 48.
particular
occupation.
Ferro-silicon workers, J 9, 10. 13.
Fertilizer makers, C. T) 1, F 1, 3, J 10,
12, 1.4, 26, 27, 37, 42. 46, 47, 48. See
Phosphate mill employees.
Fiber workers, D 2.
Filament makers ( i n c a n d e s c e n t
lam ps), J 16, 30.

See also

See

also

Sec also

See

See also

See also

See also

also




File cutters, D 1, ,T 28.
Filers, D 1, J 8, 28.
Film makers.
Celluloid makers.
Filter press workers, C.
Finishers (incandescent lamps), J 16.
Finishers (leather), D 2.
Finishers (shoes).
Shoe finishers.
Fireworks milkers, J 8, 29, 42.
Explosives.
Fishermen, A 2, C.
Fitters (shoes), J 30.
Flangers (felt hats), A 2, J 16.
Flatteners (glass), A 1.
Flax rettery workers, .1 47.
Flax spinners, C, D 2.
Flint workers, D 1.
Floor molders (foundry), A 1, D 1,
J 13, 28.
Flour workers, D 2.
Flue cleaners. D 1. J 16. 46, 49.
Flush tenders (aluminum), C.
Forgemen, A 1.
Formers (felt hats), D 2.
Foundry workers, A 1, 1) 1, J 16.
particular metal.
Fruit-essence makers, J 6.
Fruit preservers, J 46.
Fulminate mixers, J 22, 29.
Fumigators, J 22, 46.
Fur carders, D 2. F 1.
Fur clippers, D 2, F 1.
Fur cutters, D 2, F 1.
Fur handlers, I) 2. F 1. J 9, 29.
Furnace workers, A 1. E. .1 14, 16.
Furniture polishers, J 5, 11. 25. 30, 38.
52.
Fur preparers, D 2. F 1, J ». 29, 37.
Fur pullers, D 2, F 1.
Galvnnizcrs, C, J 3, 4. 9, TO. 13, 26, 28,
37, 46. 48.
Garage workers, J 16, 25.
Garbage workers, F 3.
Gardeners, J 9.
Gas (illuminating) workers, A 2, J 4,
12, 16, 22, 39. 47, 49.
Gas purifiers, .T 4, 22, 39, 47.
Gatherers (glass). A 1.
Gilders, J 5, 11, 12. 25, 30.
Glass blowers, A 1, D 1, E.
Glass cutters. O, D 1.
Glass finishers, G, D 1, ,T 26, 27, 28, 48.
Glass-furnace workers, A 1. E.
Glass mixers, D 1, J 8, 9, 21, 26. 28.
Glass polishers, J 28.
Glaze dippers (pottery), C, «T 8, 9, 21,
28.
Glaze mixers (pottery), D 1, J 8, 9, 21.
28
Glost-kiln workers. A 2, .T 16. 28.
Glove makers (leather preparers), C,
D 2.
Tannery workers.
Glue workers, A 2, C, D 2, F 3. J 4, 11,
12, 15, 26, 37. 46. 47.
Gold beaters, I) 1, IT.
Gold refiners, D 1. J 9. 22. 28. 29.

See

See

aJlso

Sec

See

also

See also

7

ALPHABETICAL, LIST OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS.

See
See

Grain elevator workers, D 2.
Granite workers.
Stonecutters.
Graphite workers, A 1, D 1.
Grinders (colors).
Color makers.
Grinders (m etals), C, D 1, J 8, 28.
Grinders (rubber), D 2, J 8, 28.
Guncotton dippers, J 37, 48.
Guncotton pickers, D 2.
Guncotton washers, C.
Guncotton wringers, J 37.
Gypsum workers, D 1.
Hair workers, C, D 2, F 1, 3.
Hammermen, H.
Hardeners (felt hats), J 29, 30.
Hardeners (m etals), A 1.
Harness makers, D 2.
Hat makers, felt.
Felt-hat mak­
ers.
Heater boys (riveters), J 28.
Heel makers (shoes), D 2
Hemp workers, D 2.
Horn workers, D 1.
Hothouse workers, A 2.
Hot-rod rollers (iron and steel), A 1.
Hydrochloric-acid makers, J 26, 48.
Ice (artificial) makers.
Artificialice makers.
Ice-cream makers, A 2, C.
Imitation-pearl makers, J 28, 37.
Incandescent-lamp makers, J 5, 16, 28,
29, 30, 37.
particular occu­
pation.
Incandescent-mantle hardeners, E.
Ink makers, J 21, 30.
Insecticide makers, J 9, 15, 28, 42.
Insulators, J 49.
Iron and steel workers (all depart­
ments), A 1.
particular oc­
cupation.
Ironers, A 2.
Japan makers, A 2, J 9, 11, 28, 30, 52.
Japanners.
Japan makers.
Jewelers, D 1, G, H, J 5, 9, 26, 28, 29,
37, 48.
Junk metal refiners, A 1, D 1, J 13, 28.
Jute workers, D 2.
Kiln tenders, A 1, J 16.
Knitters, H.
Knitting-mill workers, D 2.
Labelers (paint cans), J 28.
Lace makers, D 2.
Lacquerers.
Lacquer makers.
Lacquer makers, J 5, 11, 12, 28, 30, 52.
Lampblack makers, J 38, 39.
Lapidaries, D 1.
Lard makers, J 3.
Lasters (shoes), A 2, C, D 2, J 30.
Lathe turners, H.
Laundry workers, A 2, C, J 16,17, 18.
Layer pullers (glass), A 1.
Lead burners, J 10, 28.

See

See

See also

See also

See

See




See also

Leadfoil makers, A 1, J 28.
Lead miners, J 28.
Miners.
Lead pipe makers, J 28.
Lead salts makers, J 28.
Lead smelters, A 1, D 1, J 8, 9, 16,
28, 46.
Leather workers, D 2, F 1.
Tannery workers.
Leer tenders (glass), A 1.
Letter sorters, H.
Levermen (iron and steel), A 1.
Lifters-over (glass), A 1.
Lime burners, D 1, J 10, 14, 16.
Limekiln chargers, D 1, J 14, 16.
Lime pullers (tannery), C, F 1.
Lime workers, D 1.
Linen workers, D 2.
Linoleum colorers, J 9, 21.
Linoleum makers, A 2, C, D 1, J 3, 5,
11, 28, 30, 48, 52.
Linotypers, J 8, 28.
Linseed-oil boilers, J 3, 28.
Lithographers, D 1, H, J 7, 9, 11, 12,
21, 28, 37, 52.
Litho-transfer workers, J 28.
Locksmiths, H.
Longshoremen, F 1.
Lumbermen, A 2, F 2.
Luters (zinc smelting), A 1, J 13.
Machinists, H.
Marble cutters, D 1.
Marblers (glass), A 1.
Masons, C, D 1, H.
Match-factory workers, C, D 1, 2, J 15,
21, 28, 42, 47.
Mattress makers, D 2.
Meat inspectors, F I.
Melters (foundary; glass), A 1.
Mercerizers, J 4, 48.
Mercurial-vapor-lamp makers, J 29.
Mercury bronzers, J 29.
Mercury miners, J 29.
Miners.
Mercury salts workers, J 29.
Mercury smelters, A 1, J 16, 29, 46.
Mercury-solder makers, J 29.
Mercury-still cleaners, J 29.
Metal polishers, G.
Metal-polish makers, J 25.
Metal turners, D 1.
Metal workers.
particular occu­
pation.
Mica strippers or splitters, D 1.
Mica workers, D 1.
Microscopists, H.
Milkers, H.
Millinery workers, J 7, 11, 12, 30,
38, 52.
Miners, A 2, C, D 1, F 2, G, H, J 14,
16, 87, 47.
Mirror silverers, A 2, C, J 1, 28, 29.
Mixers (felt hats), D 2, J 29.
Mixers (rubber), A 2, D 1, J 7, 8, 9,
1 1 , 12, 21, 28.
Mixing-room workers (miscellaneous),

See also

Seealso

See

D 1, 2.

8

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.

Mold breakers (foundry), D 1.
Molders.
Bench molders, Floor
inolders.
Monotypers, J 8, 28.
Mordanters, J 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, 37.
Motion-pieture-film makers. See Cellu­
loid makers.
Motorinen, A 2.
Mottlers (leather), ,T 5, 30.
Moving-picture-machine operators, E.
Mu file tenders, A 1.
Muriatic-acid makers. See Hydro­
chloric-acid makers.
Muriatic-acid mixers. See Acid
mixers.
Musical-instrument makers, J 28.
Musicians, II.
Nickel platers, C. See also Electro­
platers.
Nitrators, J 37, 48.
Nitric-acid workers, J 28, 37, 48.
Nitroglycerin makers, J 10, 28, 35,
37, 48.
Oilcloth makers. See Linoleum
makers.
Oil extractors, J 15.
Oil-tlotation-plant workers, J 38, 40,
47, 48.
Oil refiners. See Petroleum reliners.
Oil-well workers, J 38.
Open-hearth-department workers (iron
and steel), A 1.
Oxy-acetylene cutters, E.
Packing-house employees, A 2, C.
Painters, H, J 7, 11, 12, 25, 28, 30, 52.
Paint makers. C, J 7, 11, 12, 15, 28,
29, 30, 49, 52.
I‘aint removers, D 1, J 28.
Pair heaters (tin-plate). A 1.
Paper-box makers, H.
Paper glazers, J 9.
Paperhangers, D 1, J 9, 21, 28.
Paper makers, A 2, C.
par­
ticular occupation.
Paraffin workers, ,T 15, 38, 49.
Patent-leather makers, A 2, J 5, 16, 28
30, 48, 52.
Pavers, A 1. II, J 49.
Pencil (colored) makers, J 7, 9, 21.
Perfume makers. .1 23, 30, 34.
Petroleum refiners, A 1, C, J 25, 26,
28, 38, 46. 47, 48, 49.
Phenol makers.
Carbolic-acid
makers.
Phosgene makers, J 16, 18, 41.
Phosphate-mill workers, A 2, C, D 1,
J 42.
Fertilizer makers.
Phosphor-bronze workers, J 42.
Phosphorus-compounds makers, .T 42.
Phosphorus - evaporating - machine op­
erators, A 2, O. J 48.
Phosphorus extractors, J 42, 43.
Phosphorus (red) makers, J 43.

See

See also

See

See also




Photo-engravers, J 12. 21, 30, 37.
Photographers, E, G, J 30, 44.
Photographic workers, ,1 7, 12, 18, 21,
22, 29.
Photograph retouchers, J 28.
Picklers, C, J 10, 22, 26. 37, 48.
Picric-acid makers, J 37, 39, 44, 48.
Pigment makers.
Color makers.
Pipe fitters, J 28.
liquid
piped.
Pi tell workers, ,T 9.
Pit molders (foundry), A 1, D 1.
Planer men (stone, m etal), D 1.
Plasterers, C, D 1.
Plaster of Paris workers, D 1.
Platers.
Electroplaters.
Plumbers, .1 28.
substance
manufactured.
Pneumatic-tool workers. 1) 1,'ir.
Polishers, I) 1, J 5, 25, 28, 30.
Polishers (furniture).
Furniture
polishers.
Porcelain makers.
Pottery.
Porters, II.
Pot fillers (glass), A 1.
Pot lifters (iron and steel), A 1.
Pot pullers (foundry), A 1.
Pot-room workers (aluminum foun­
dry; carbide plant), A 1.
Pot setters, A 1.
Pottery workers, A 1, C, D 1, J 9, 14.
16, 26, 28, 46.
particular oc­
cupation.
Pouncers (felt hats), D 1, 2.
Pourers (brass foundry), A 1, J 13.
Preparers (tannery), C, F 1, 3.
Pressers, II, J 16.
Pressman (oil refilling), C.
Pressmen (printers), D l.
Pressroom workers (rubber), A 2, J 7,
8 , 9, 11, 12. 21.
Primers (explosives), J 29.
Printers, I) 1, J 7, 8, 9, 11, 28, 52.
Puddlers (iron and steel), A 1, E.
Pullers-out, (felt hats), C.
Pulp-mill employees, 0.
par­
ticular occupation.
Putty makers, D 1. J 11, 15, 28.
Putty polishers (glass), D 1, J 28.
Pyrites burners. A 1, I) 1. .1 9. 46. 47.
Pyroxylin makers.
Guncotton.
Quarryrnen, D 1, F 2.
Rag workers, D 2, F 3.
Reclaimers (rubber), J 7,12,15, 26, 28,
48.
Red-lead workers, .T 28.
Refiners (m etals), A 1, J 9, 10, 16, 28.
29. 37, 46.
particular metal.
Refiners (sugar).
Sugar refiners.
Refrigerating-plant workers, A 2, ( \
J 4.
Riveters, H, J 28.
Roller coverers (cotton m ills), C, 1) 2.

SeeSee also

See

See also
See

See

See also

See also

See

See alsoSee

Rollers (metals), A 1.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS.
Roll setters (iron and steel), A 1.
Roll wrenchers (iron and steel), A 1.
Roofers, A 2, J 28, 49.
Roofing-paper workers, J 49.
Rope makers, D 2.
Roughers (iron and steel), A 1.
Rubber-glove makers, J 11.
Rubber-substitute makers, J 45.
Rubber-tire builders, J 9, 11, 12, 21.
Rubber washers, J 9, 11, 12, 21.
Rubber workers, A 2, D 1, 2, J 7, 8, 9,
11, 12, 21, 25, 26, 28, 39, 46, 52.
particular occupation.
Sagger makers, C, D 1, J 28.
Sailors, A 2, H.
Salt extractors (Coke-oven by-prod­
ucts), J 4, 48.
Salt preparers, A 2, C, D 1.
Sand blasters, D 1.
Sand cutters, D 1.
Sanders, D 1.
Sanding-machine operators, D 1.
Sandpaper ers (enameling and painting
auto bodies, etc.), D 1, J 28.
Saw filers, D 1.
Saw-mill workers, D 2, F 2.
Sawyers, H.
Scissors sharpeners, H.
Scourers, wood lasts (shoes), D 2.
Scrapers (foundry), D 1.
Screen tenders (pulp m ill), C.
Screen workers (lead and zinc smelt­
ing), D 1, J 28.
Sealers (incandescent lamps), J ^6.
Sealing-wax makers, J 9, 52.
Seamstresses, H.
Sewer workers, C, J 4, 14, 47.
Sewing-machine operators, H.
Shale-oil workers.
Petroleum
refiners.
Shavers (felt hats, fur, tannery), C,
D 2, F 1, 3.
Shaving-brush makers, D 2, F 1.
Sheep-dip makers, J 9.
Sheet-metal workers, J 28.
Shellackers.
Shellac makers.
Shellac makers, J 4, 5, 11, 12, 28, 30,
52.
Shell fillers, J 35, 44, 51.
Shepherds, F 1.
Shoddy workers, D 2, F 3, J 10, 26, 48.
Shoe-factory operatives, D 2, J 5, 12,
30.
particular occupation.
Shoe finishers, A 2, J 4, 5, 6,11, 12, 25,
30.
Shoemakers.
Cobblers.
Shot makers, J 8, 9, 28.
Shove-in boys (glass), A 1.
Sifters, D 1, 2.
Silicate extractors, J 27.
Silk workers, D 2, F 3.
Silo workers, J 14.
Silverers (mirrors).
Mirror silverers.
Silver melters, A 2, J 16.

See

also

See

See

See also
See

See




9

Silver refiners, J 22.
Singers (cloth), J 16.
Sintering-plant workers, D 1.
Sizers (felt hats), C, J 29.
Skimmers (glass), A 1.
Slag-machine tenders (iron and steel),
A 1.
Slate workers, D 1.
Slip makers (pottery), C, D 1, J 28.
Slushers (porcelain enameling), J 28.
Smelters.
particular metal.
Smokeless-powder makers, J 5, 12, 15,
34, 39, 44.
Smoothers (glass), C, D 1.
Soap makers, ^ 2, C, F 3, J 3, 30, 34.
Soda makers, C, J 4, 14, 16, 37, 47.
Sodium-hydroxide makers, C.
Sodium-sulphide makers, J 47.
Softeners (tannery), D 2.
Solderers, J 26, 28.
Sole stitchers (Blake machine), J 29.
Spinners (asbestos), D 1.
Spinners (textiles), D 2, H.
Spongers, C.
Sprayers, C.
Sprayers (trees), J 9, 28.
Spreaders (rubber works), A 2.
Stablemen, F 1.
Stainers (shoes), J 28.
Stamp-mill workers, C, D 1.
Starch makers, D 2, J 14, 47.
Starters (felt hats), C, J 29.
Statuary workers, D 1:
Steam fitters.
pipe fitters.
Stearic-acid makers, A 2, J 3.
Steel engravers, G, J 28, 29, 37.
Engravers.
Stereotypers, A 2, J 8, 28.
Stiffeners (felt hats), J 29, 30.
Still (coal-tar) cleaners, A 1, J 12, 49.
Stillmen (carbolic acid), A 1, J 39.
Stillmen, operating, A 1.
Stitchers (shoes), J 30.
Stokers, A 1, E, J 16.
Stonecutters (dry), D 1, H.
Stonecutters (wet process), C. D 1, H.
Storage-battery makers, J 28, 29, 46,
48.
Straw-hat makers, A 2, D 2.
Submarine (storage-battery) workers,
J 10.
Sugar refiners, A 2, C, D 1, J 4, 14,
46, 47.
Sulphite cooks (pulp m ill), A 2, C,
J 46.
Sulphur burners, A 1, D 1, J 9, 46.
Sulphur-chloride makers, J 18, 26.
Sulphurers (hops and m alt), J 46.
Sulphur extractors, J 15.
Sulphuric-acid workers, J 9, 10, 28, 37,
46, 48.
Sumackers (tannery), C, F 1.
Surgical-dressing makers, J 39.
Table hands (tannery), C, F 1.
Table operators (iron and steel), A 1.

See

See

also

See

10

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS,

Table turners (enam eling), A 2r D 1,
J 28.
Tailors, H.
Takers-down (glass), A 1.
Tallow refiners, F 3, J 3, 15, 48.
Tank men, C.
Tannery workers, C, F 1, 3, J 7, 9, 11,
17, 21, 22, 28, 46, 47, 48.
Tapers (airplanes) J 50.
Tappers ( sm elting), A 1.
Tar workers, J 49.
Taxidermists, D 2, F 1, J 9, 29.
Teazers (glass), A 1, J 16.
Telegraphers, H.
Telephone linemen (trench work), C.
Temperers, A 1, C, J 16, 22, 28, 38, 48.
Textile-comb makers, D 1.
Textile printers.
Calico printers.
Textile workers, A 2, C, D 2.
particular occupation.
Thermometer makers, J 29.
Thread glazers, A 2, C.
Tile makers, A 2, C, D 1, J 28.
Tin-foil makers, A 1, J 28.
Tinners, A 1, C, J 3, 4, 9, 10, 2a 28.
Tin-plate mill workers.
Iron and
steel workers.
Tire builders.
Rubber-tire makers.
Tobacco moisteners, C.
Tobacco rollers, D 2.
Tobacco workers, D 2.
Tongsmen (iron and steel), A 1.
Tool makers, 1.
Top fillers (foundry), A 1, D 1.
Towermen (sulphuric acid), J 10, 37,
46, 48.
Toy makers, J 5, 9, 28.
Transfer workers (pottery), J 28, 52.
Transporters of hides and wool, F 1.
Treaders (rubber), J 12.
Tree sprayers.
Sprayers (trees).
Trench diggers, F 2.
Tubemakers (glass), A 1.
Tubulators (incandescent lam ps), J
16.
Tumbling barrel workers, D 1.
Tunnel workers, B, F 2, G.
Turners-out (glass), A 1.
Turpentine extractors, C, J 52.
Type cleaners, J 11, 30.
Type founders, J 28.
Typesetters, J 28.
Typists, H.

See

See

D

See




See algo

See

Upholsterers, D 2, J 30.
Vapor curers.
Vulcanizers.
Varnish boilers, J 3.
Varnish makers, A 2, J 1, 3, 4, 11, 12,
30, 52.
Vatmen, C.
Velvet makers, C, J 9.
Veterinarians, F 1, 8.
Vignetters, J 26.
Vinegar workers, J 1.
Vinters, J 14.
Vulcanizers, A 2, C, J 7, 8, 11, 12, 15,
21, 30, 45.
Vulcanizers (steam) A 2, C.

See

Wallpaper printers, A 2, C, J 9, 21, 28.
Warming-house employees (guncot­
ton), A 2.
Washers, C.
Washers (rubber), C.
Washwomen, C, H.
Watchmakers, G, H.
Water gilders, J 29.
Waterproof-cloth makers, J 25.
Weavers, D 2, H.
Weighers, D 1, 2.
Welders, A 1, E, J 13, 28.
White-lead workers, J 14, 28.
Wire drawers, J 9, 48.
Wirers (incandescent lam ps), J 5.
Wood-alcohol distillers, J 30.
Wood-last scourers (shoes), D 2.
Wood preservers, J 9, 39, 49.
Wood Stainers, J 21, 28.
Woodworkers, D 2, J 25, 30.
Wool carders, D 2, F 1.
Wool scourers, A 2, C.
Wool spinners, D 2, F 1.
Wool workers, D 2, F 1.
par­
ticular occupation.
Wringers (guncotton), J 37.

See also

X-ray workers, E.
Yeast makers, J 14.
Zinc-chloride makers, J 10, 18, 26.
Zinc-electrode makers, J 29.
Zinc miners, J 9.
Miners.
Zinc smelters, A 1, J 13, 16, 28, 46.

See also

Section II.— LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, OCCUPATIONS EXPOSED,
AND PREVENTION.
A. ABNORM ALITIES OE TEM PERATUR E.

The primary physiological effect of abnormal temperatures is the
disturbance of the heat-regulating system of the body. Heat dilates
the blood vessels on the surface of the body, increasing the supply
of blood in this region. Cold, on the other hand, constricts the blood
vessels, causing a diminished blood supply on the body surface.
Continuous abrupt changes from one extreme of temperature to
another may cause serious congestion of the internal organs, the
heat-regulating system of the body not being capable of adapting
itself to sudden variations. It is in this way that a cold draft, which
causes a sudden variation of the temperature, may produce neu­
ralgia, paralysis, and respiratory diseases. Extremes of tempera­
ture may produce pathological changes by direct action. Thus, ex­
treme dry heat will cause conjunctivitis, cataract, and the familiar
sunburn. Extreme cold may cause frostbite and eczema. With the
above data in mind, abnormalities of temperature have been clas­
sified under only two headings; namely, “ Sudden variations of tem­
perature” and “ Extreme dry heat.” Extreme cold has not been
listed as a distinct hazard, because a temperature so low as to cause
the direct effects mentioned above is rarely met in industry. It is
evident that the occupations listed in the division “ Extreme dry
heat” are exposed, not only to the danger of the direct action of
the high temperatures but also to the hazard “ Sudden variations
of temperature.”
The prevention of disease due to exposure to extremes of tem­
perature consists, obviously, in the avoidance of sudden variations
of temperature. Drafts are particularly hazardous, and may be
practically eliminated by the use of vestibule and storm doors.
Workers m cold processes should keep active and avoid chill. The
hot-process worker should allow his body to cool off gradually after
completion of the day’s work. He should carefully regulate his
diet, drinking plenty of water and avoiding meats. As direct pre­
ventive measures for the effects of extreme heat, it is advisable to
make use of shields, helmets, goggles, water-cooled furnace doors,
exhaust systems, cold air, fans, etc.
88062°— 22-




11

12

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.
A. Abnormalities of Temperature.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

1. Extreme dry heat. Anemia, general debil­ Ammonium salts makers; annealers; antimony extractors
ity, catarrh, stiff (refiners); arsenic roasters; bar-mill workers (iron and
joints, cramps, lum­ steel); benzol-stillmen: Bessemer-converter workers (iron
bago, Bright’s dis­ and steel); beta-still operators (beta naphthol); billet-mill
ease, skin eruptions, workers (iron and steel); bisque-kiln workers; black­
premature old age, smiths; blast-furnace workers; blooming-mill workers
cataracts, retinitis, (iron and steel); blowers-out (zinc smelting); bluers (re­
volvers); boiler-room workers: brass founders; braziers;
conjunctivitis.
brick burners; brick makers; burners (enameling); cap­
pers (window glass); carbide makers; carborundum
makers; case hardeners; casters (iron and steel); catchers
(iron and steel); cement workers; chargers (smelting);
chargers (zinc smelting); coke-oven workers; color makers;
copper smelters; core makers; cranemen (glassindustry);
cranemen (iron and steel); crucible-steel-department
employees; cupola men (foundries); cyanamid
makers; dressers (glass); drop forgers; enamelers; flat­
tened (glass); floor molders (foundry); forgemen;
foundry workers; furnace workers; gatherers (glass);
glass blowers; glass-furnace workers; graphite work­
ers; hardeners (metals); hot-rod rollers (iron and steel);
iron and steel workers (all departments); junk (metal)
refiners; kiln tenders; layer pullers (glass); leadfoil
makers; lead smelters; leer tenders (glass); levermen
(iron and steel) ;lifters-over (glass) ;luters (zinc smelting);
marblers (glass); melters (foundry; glass); mercury
smelters; muffle tenders; open-hearth-department work­
ers (iron and steel); pair heaters (tin plate);pavers; petro­
leum refiners; pit molders (foundry); pot fillers (glass);
potlifters (iron and steel);pot pullers (foundry);pot-room
workers (aluminum foundry; carbide plant); pot setters;
pottery workers; pourers (foundry); puddlers (iron
and steel); pyrites burners; refiners (metals); rollers
(metals); rollsetters (iron and steel);roll wrenehers (iron
and steel); roughers (iron and steel);shove-in boys (glass);
skimmers (glass); slag-machine tenders (iron and steel);
still (coal-tar) cleaners; stillmen (carbolic acid); stillmen
operating; stokers; sulphur burners; table operators (iron
and steel); takers-down (glass); tappers (smelting);
teazers (glass); temperers; tin-foil makers; tinners; tongsmen (iron ana steel); topfillers (foundry); tube makers
(glass); turners-out (glass); welders; zinc smelters.
2. Sudden variations Congestion of internal Artificial-ice makers; bakers; bleachers; brewers; butchers;,
of temperature. organs, catarrh, neu­ caisson workers; calenderers (rubber); calico printers;
ralgic and rheumat­ candy makers; canners; cartridge shot shell paraffin dip­
ic affections, gastro­ pers; charcoal workers (sugar refining); clay and bisque
intestinal and vesi­ makers (pottery); cold-storage-plant workers; cooks;
cal catarrh, pneu­ digester-house workers (paper and pulp); dresser tenders
monia, Bright’s dis­ (textile); drivers; dry cleaners; dryers (felt hats); dryingease.
room workers (miscellaneous); dye makers; dyers; electro­
typers; extractor operators (soap); fat Tenderers; felt-hat
makers; fishermen; flangers(feltnats); gas (illuminating)
workers; glost-kiln workers; glue workers; hothouse work­
ers; ice cream makers;- ironers, japan makers; lasters
(shoes); laundry workers; linoleum makers; lumbermen;
miners; mirror silverers; mixers (rubber); motormen;
packing-house employees; paper makers; patent-leather
makers, phosphate-mill workers; phosphorus-evaporating
machine operators; press-room workers (rubber); refrig­
erating-plant workers; roofers; rubber workers; sailors;
salt preparers; shoe finishers; silver melters; soap makers;
spreaders (rubber works); stearic-acid makers; stereo­
typers; straw-hat makers; sugar refiners; sulphite cooks
(pulp mill); table turners (enameling); textile workers;
thread glazers; tile makers; varnish makers; vulcanizers;
wall paper printers; warming-house employees (guncot­
ton); wool scourers. See also occupations exposed to
extreme dry heat.
B . COM PRESSED A IR .

In building tunnels, laying deep foundations for large buildings,
etc., it is necessary for the work to be carried on under increased air
pressure in order to prevent the entrance of water into the excava­
tions. The laborer is lowered gradually and at short intervals the



LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION.

13

pressure of the air in the compartment is increased. The first sen­
sation of compression is felt on the eardrums, which may be relieved
by the act of swallowing. If the air is too quickly compressed
hemorrhage may occur. The greater part of the danger of working
in compressed air lies in hasty decompression. While under com­
pression the blood and tissue juices dissolve an increased amount of
^ir, the gases of which are released when the pressure is suddenly
decreased. The bubbles thus formed cut off the blood supply from
various parts of the body by blocking up the capillaries. The symp­
toms of compressed air illness, the so-called “ bends,” are the result.
Workers in compressed air must follow strictly the rules governing
gradual compression and decompression, especially the latter. It is
not advisable for boys and for men over 40 years of age to work
under high pressure.
B. Compressed Air.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition, or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such
exposure.

Compressed air......... Weakness, vertigo, pains in the back and legs, paraly­ Caisson workers; divers; tun­
sis of legs and arms, painful constriction of the nel workers.
chest, cerebral hemorrhage and aphasia, coma, sub­
cutaneous hemorrhages, impairment of hearing.

C. DAMPNESS.

The moisture content of the air is very important for the proper
adjustment of the physiologic processes of the body. Damp air will
prevent the evaporation of moisture from the body and will there­
fore affect the body temperature. High humidity tends to increase
the effects of high temperature. Moist cold air has the effect of un­
dermining the general vitality of the organism, weakening its re­
sistance to diseases of the respiratory passages, and to neuralgic and
rheumatic affections. The same effects are noticed among workers
around open tanks and vats, who are continuously working in wet
clothes. Excessive dampness suggests dry air as a hazard. The lat­
ter causes chapped skin and catarrhal conditions. It has not been
listed among the hazards because it is not characteristic of any one
occupation but is prevalent generally, especially during the winter
months.
When dampness is a feature of an industrial process the following
precautions should be taken to avoid ill effects:
(1) Provision of exhaust systems wherever steam is generated.
(2) Provision of floors with drain channels to prevent the accu­
mulation of water.
(3) Provision of adequate waterproof clothing, such as rubber
boots, rubberized aprons, etc.
Wherever there is dampness special measures should be taken to
keep the humidity at its proper percentage. In this connection the
wet-bulb thermometer is invaluable in determining the degree of
moisture in the air. By circulating the air the effects of high humid­
ity may be mitigated.



14

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.
C. Dampness.

Health hazard.
Dampness.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

Diseases of the respira­ Acid dippers; alkali-salt makers; artificial-ice makers; artitory passages, neu­ tificial-silk makers; auto painters; haters (tannery); beamralgic and rheu­ house workers (tanners); beatermen (paper and pulp);
bleachers; bleachery dryers; blockers (felt hats); ooiler
matic affections.
washers; brewers; brickmakers; cable splicers; caisson
workers; calico printers; candy makers;canners;cartridgecup washers; cartridge felt and wadmakers; cartridge shot
shell paraffin dippers; charcoal workers (sugar refining);
clay and bisque makers (pottery); clay-plug makers (pot­
tery); cloth preparers; concentrating-mill workers (lead
and zinc); cotton-mill workers; creosoting-plant workers;
digester-house workers (paper and pulp); doffers (textile);
dresser tenders (textile); drivers; dye makers; dyers;
electroplaters; enamelers; explosives workers; extractor
operators (soap); felt extractors; felt-hat makers; fertilizer
makers; filter-press workers; fishermen; flax spinners;
flush tenders (aluminum); galvanizers; glass cutters;
glass finishers; glaze dippers (pottery); glove makers
(leather preparers); glue workers; grinders (metals); gun­
cotton washers; hair workers; ice-cream makers; lasters
(shoes);laundry workers;lime pullers (tannery);linoleum
makers; masons; match-factory workers; miners; mirror
silverers; nickel platers; packing-house employees; paint
makers; paper makers; petroleum refiners; phosphatemiUworkers;phosphorus-evaporating-machineoperators;
picklers; plasterers; pottery workers; preparers (tannery);
pressmen (oilrefining); pullers-out (felt hats); pulp-mill
employees; refrigerating-plant workers; roller coverers
(cotton mills); sagger makers; salt preparers; screen tend­
ers (pulp mill);sewer workers; shavers (felt hats, fur, tan­
nery); sizers (felt hats); slip makers (pottery); smoothers
(glass); soap makers; soda makers; sodium-hydroxide
makers; spongers; stamp-mill workers; starters (felt hats);
stonecutters (wet process); sugar refiners; sulphite cooks
(pulp mill); sumackers (tannery); table hands (tannery);
tank men; tannery workers; telephone linemen (trench
work); temperers; textile workers; thread glazers; tile
makers; tinners; tobacco moisteners; turpentine extract­
ors; vatmen; velvet makers; vulcanizers (steam); wall­
paper printers; washers; washers (rubber); wool scourers.
D. DUST.

Dusts have here been divided into two kind's, according to their
chemical composition, namely, organic and inorganic. The dif­
ference in symptoms listed under each is based on the findings of
recent investigators that *organic dusts do not cause pulmonary
lesions. Dr. H. K>. M. Landis1*has found that wherever fibrosis was
present in the lungs of men exposed to organic dust, the latter was
always mixed with some form of mineral or metallic dust. Tobacco
workers exposed to organic dust for years showed no pulmonary
changes other than those found in people living in the city. Mineral
and metallic dusts, however, produce fibrosis of the lung tissue, the
extent of which depends on the time of exposure and the particular
dust inhaled. Of the inorganic dusts, silica is the most harmful,
producing serious pulmonary damage in a comparatively short pe­
riod of time, while the least harmful are those which produce slight
changes and then only after long exposure, for example, lime, coal,
etc. The relationship between occupational dust and tuberculosis
is rather a doubtful one. Authorities disagree as to the effect of
fibrosis on the resisting power to the tubercle bacillus. Dust, by
acting as a carrier of the bacilli, may increase, their number in the
1 See article on “ The Pathological and Clinical Manifestations ^Following the Inhalation of Dust/7in
The Journal of Industrial Hygiene, July, 1919, pp. 117-139.



LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION.

15

lungs. In this way, men exposed to dust may be in greater danger
of contracting tuberculosis than others. Dr. H. R. M. Landis claims,
however, that in the trades exposed to inorganic dust, mistaken
diagnosis of pneumoconiosis swells the mortality statistics for tuber­
culosis. As a means of avoiding incorrect diagnosis of pneumoco­
niosis, Roentgen ray examinations of the lungs and sputum analyses
are invaluable.
There are four effective methods that may be used to prevent the
inhalation of dust generated during industrial processes. No one
of these can apply to all conditions, but the particular method to be
used must be adapted to the peculiarities of the process.
(1) The use of water to dampen the dust and thus prevent it
from rising and filling the atmosphere.
(2) The use of exhaust systems which remove the dust at the point
of origin.
(3) The use of enclosing chambers in which the dust-producing
processes are confined, being regulated from the outside.
(4) The use of respirators and helmets.
In many cases it may be necessary to combine several of these
measures effectively to prevent the inhalation of dust by the worker.
D. Dust.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

1. Inorganic dust— Cough, dyspnea, pleu­ Acetylene makers; asbestos workers; basic slag (artificial
ritic pains, hemopty­ . manure) workers; battery (dry) makers; bed rubbers
sis, clubbed fingers, (marble and stone); bench molders (foundry); bevellers;
marked flatness of bisque-kiln workers; bone workers; brickmakers; bronzers;
chest, deficient ex­ buffers; burrers (needles); burr filers; button makers;
pansion (unilateral), calenderers (rubber); carbide makers; carbon-brush
dullness, diminished makers; carborundum workers; card grinders (textiles);
resonance, mucous casting cleaners (foundry); cement workers; charcoal
rales, fibrosis, in­ workers (sugar refining); chargers (smelting); chargers
flammatory condi­ (zinc smelting); chasers (steel); chimney sweepers;
tion of eyes, ears, chippers; clay and bisque makers (pottery); clay-plug
nose and throat; makers (pottery); color makers; compositors; compound­
colds,chronic catarrh ers (rubber); concentrating-mill workers (lead and
of respiratory tract, zinc); core makers; crucible mixers; crushermen (clay
chronic catarrh of and stone); cut-glass workers; cutlery makers; cyanamia
digestive tract, pleu­ makers; diamond cutters; electrotypers; emery-wheel
makers; engravers; fertilizer makers; file cutters; filers;
risy, tuberculosis.
flint workers; floor molders (foundry); 'flue cleaners;
foundry workers; glass blowers; glass cutters; glass
finishers; glass mixers; glaze mixers (pottery); gold
beaters; gold refiners; graphite workers; grinders (metals);
gypsum workers; horn workers; jewelers; junk (metal)
refiners; lapidaries; lead smelters; lime burners; lime­
kiln chargers; lime workers; linoleum makers; litho­
graphers; marble cutters; masons; match-factory workers;
metal turners; mica strippers or splitters; mica workers;
miners; miters (rubber); mixing-room workers (mis­
cellaneous); mold breakers (foundry); paint removers;
paperhangers; phosphate-mill workers; pit molders
(foundry); planer men (stone, metal); plasterers; plaster
of Paris workers; pneumatic-tool workers; polishers;
pottery workers; pouncers (felt hats); pressmen (printers);
printers; putty makers; putty polishers (glass); pyrites
burners; quarrymen; rubber workers; sagger makers;
salt preparers; sand blasters; sand cutters; sanders:
sanding machine operators; sandpaperers (enameling and
painting auto bodies,etc.); saw filers; scrapers (foundry);
screen workers (lead and zinc smelting); sifters; sinteringplant workers; slate workers; slip makers (pottery);
smoothers (glass); spinners (asbestos); stamp-mill
workers; statuary workers; stone cutters (dry); stone
cutters (wet process); sugar refiners; sulphur burners;
table turners (enameling); textile-comb makers; tile
makers; tool makers; top fillers (foundry); tumblingbarrel workers; weighers.



16

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.

D. Dust—Concluded.
Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

2. Organic dust........ Dryness of nose, throat Bakers; beamers (textiles); blowers (felt hats); broom
and mouth, cough, makers; brushers (felt hats),\ brush makers; buffers;
anaphylaxis,asthma, button makers; carbonizers (shoddy); carders (textiles);
bronchitis, emphy­ card grinders (textiles); carpet makers; celluloid polishers',
celluloid workers; cigar makers; cobblers; comb makers
sema, tuberculosis.
(celluloid); coners (felt hats); cork workers; cotton-mill
workers; cotton twisters; curriers (tannery); devil oper­
ators (felt hats); doffers (textiles); feather curers; feather
workers; felt-hat makers; fiber workers; finishers (leather);
flax spinners; flour workers; formers (felt hats); fur
carders; fur clippers; fur cutters; fur handlers; fur pre­
parers; fur pullers; glove makers (leather preparers); glue
workers; grain-elevator workers; grinders (rubber); gun­
cotton pickers; hair workers; harness makers; heel makers
(shoe); hemp workers; jute workers; knitting-mill work­
ers; lace makers; lasters (shoes); leather workers; linen
workers; match-factory workers; mattress makers; mixers
(felt hats); mixing-room workers (miscellaneous); pouncers (felt hats); rag workers; roller coverers (cotton mills);
ropemakers; rubber workers; sawmill workers; scourers,
wood lasts (shoes); shavers (felt hats, furs, tannery);’
shaving-brush makers; shoddy workers; shoe-factory
operatives; sifters; silk workers; softeners (tannery);
spinners (textiles); starch makers; straw-hat makers;
taxidermists; textile workers; tobacco rollers; tobacco
workers; upholsterers; weavers; weighers; wood-last
scourers (shoes); wood workers; wool carders; wool spin­
ners; wool workers.

E. EXTREME LIGHT.

Intense light is usually a product of a process associated with heat.
Among the different kinds of light included under this heading are
the arc light, furnace glare, glowing metal or glass, and X-ray. Poor
illumination as a hazard is treated under “ G. Poor illumination.”
Continuous exposure to strong light is not only irritating to the con­
junctiva, but may also cause a degeneration of the retina and decom­
position of the visual purple. Repeated electric flashes of brilliant
light have caused severe ophthalmia, retinitis, and even blindness.
Glass blowers and steel puddlers, who have to look at a glowing
molten mass, are apt to develop cataracts. It seems that the invisible
ultra-violet rays and infra-red rays are responsible. The introduc­
tion of X-rays into the medical field has brought to light the highly
dangerous character of the radiographer’s work. Severe dermatitis
and cancer may ensue after exposure to X-rays.
The following protective devices prove effective in preventing the
injurious action of extreme light:
(1) Shields.
(2) Helmets.
(3) Goggles which eliminate the ultra-violet and infra-red rays.
(4) Clothing which covers the skin completely.
(5) X-ray apparatus should be inclosed as completely as possible
with lead plates.




LIST OF HAZARDS, BTC., AND PREVENTION.

17

E. Extreme Light.

Health hazard.
Extreme light...

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

Cataracts, retinitis, conj unctivitis, dermati-*
tis, ulceration and
exfoliation of the
skin, electrical oph­
thalmia, cancer.

Blacksmiths; electricians; electric linemen; furnace work­
ers; glass blowers; glass-furnace workers; incandescentmantle hardeners; moving-picturj machine operators;
oxyacetylene cutters; photographers; puddlers (iron
and steel); stokers; welders; X-ray workers.

F. INFECTIONS.

There are many infectious diseases, such as tetanus, trachoma, and
syphilis, which are often of occupational origin. They are not, how­
ever, specifically occupational; that is, they do not arise from a con­
dition caused by an industrial process. The conditions which cause
these diseases in industry are identical with "those which cause them
out of industry. The above-mentioned diseases have not therefore
been included in this list of occupational infections. Those diseases
which have been included arise primarily in occupational exposure.
There are a number of other diseases which occur in occupations,
but these are of such little numerical importance that they also have
not been included.
Besides the general rules of sanitation, the following measures are
recommended:
(1) A nthrax .—All hides and animal hair must be thoroughly
sterilized. Foreign skins or hair should not be carried on the un­
protected shoulder. The hands should be frequently washed with
bichloride of mercury. Hair sorters should wear respirators.
(2) H ookworm ,.—Workers in mines and others who are exposed
to infected soil should make special effort to keep the skin clean.
Shoes must always be worn and gloves are also of value in prevent­
ing the entrance of the hookworm through the skin. Infected soil
should be disinfected and kept dry. The stools of infected individ­
uals must be disinfected immediately.
(3) Septic infections .—Workers should avoid puncturing the skin.
Cuts, scratches, or abrasions should be treated at once to avoid in­
fection. Men having open wounds should not be allowed to work
with putrid material.




18

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.
F , Infections.

Health hazard.
1. Anthrax:
External.

Internal.

Symptom, condition, or dis­
ease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

1. Malignant pustule .—Begins
as inflamed pimple or boil.
Papule becomes nard, with
a purple center and deep red
zone ofinfiltration surround­
ing. appearance of minute
vesicular areola. Central
papule becomes vesicular,
discharges thick, bloody
serum, later forming a brown
gangrene., A painful lym­
phangitis with nard edema
extending over neck and arm.
Local phlebitis in the edema­
tous area,chilliness, anorexia,
vomiting, prostration, high
temperature, feeble pulse.
2. Malignant edema.—Aspread­
ing inflammation of loose
connective tissue accompa­
nied by sloughing and gan­
grene. Constitutional symp­
toms those of premia.
High fever, pains in head and
back, vomiting, constipation,
pain and tenderness in the
abdomen, rapid, feeble pulse,
palpable spleen, dyspnea,
cyanosis. May be hemor­
rhage from bowels. When

Animal handlers ;baters(tannery) ;beamhouse work­
ers (tannery); brush makers; butchers; carpet
makers; cattle salesmen; cobblers; curriers; farm­
ers; fertilizer makers; fur carders; fur clippers;
fur cutters; fur handlers; fur preparers; fur pull­
ers; hair (workers; leather workers; lime pullers
(tannery); longshoremen; meat inspectors; pre­
parers (tannery);shavers (felt hats, fur, tannery);
shaving brush makers; shepherds; stablemen;
sumackers (tannery); table hands (tannery); tan­
nery workers; taxidermists; transporters of hides
and wool; veterinarians; wool carders; wool spin­
ners; wool workers.

pain in the chest, suffocation.
2. Hookworm (anky­ Anemia, pallor of the face even
lostomiasis).
when the blood count is not
very low; a dull, heavy,
listless expression, manner,
speech, and gait; increasing
muscular weakness; occur­
rence of parasites in stool.
Victims often complain of
gastrointestinal pains and
cramp s;in exaggerated cases
there areedema, ascites, pro­
gressive emaciation, protu­
berant abdomen, andmcreasing stupor.
3. Septic infections.. Skin infections such as boils,
carbuncles, blood poisoning,
localized lymphangitis or
cellulitis.

6.

Brick makers; construction camp workers; farmers;
lumbermen; miners; quarrymen; sawmill work­
ers; trench diggers; tunnel workers; workers who
come in contact with infected soil, especially
prevalent in gold mines of California.

Animal handlers; butchers; canners; feather work­
ers; fertilizer makers; garbage workers; glue mak­
ers; hair workers; preparers (tannery); rag work­
ers; shavers (felt hats, fur, tannery);shoddy mak­
ers; silk workers; soap makers; tallow refiners;
tannery workers; veterinarians; handlers of
putrid or decomposing animal products.

POOR ILLBIOHATION.

The effects of poor illumination are not easily apparent. The
hazard may be present in any plant, but is especially prevalent in a
limited number of occupations because of the peculiar conditions that
make it difficult properly to illuminate the workroom. Miner’s
nystagmus is the outstanding example of the effects of this hazard.
Poor illumination is not only the cause of the conditions listed below
but is also an important factor in the causation of accidents.
Artificial light is least harmful to the worker when it comes from
overhead, reflected from the ceiling by inverted bowl-shaped re­
flectors. Light-colored walls and ceilings aid materially in properly
illuminating a room. Special precaution must be taken to avoid
glare. All lights should be shaded so that only diffused light reaches
the eye.



LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION.
Ch Poor Illumination.
Health hazard.

Symptom, condition, or disease
to look for.

19

Occupations which offer such exposure*

Poor illumination... Nystagmus, eyestrain, defi­ Buffers; burnishers (iron and steel); caisson work­
cient vision due to astigma­ ers; compositors; embroidery workers; jewelers;
tism or hyperopia, headache, metal polishers; miners; photographers; steel en­
giddiness. Eyestrain con­ gravers; tunnel workers; watchmakers; any fac­
tributes to neurasthenia.
tory worker.

H. REPEATED MOTION, PRESSURE, SHOCK. ETC.

Under this heading are included those muscle-strain conditions
which are caused by the continuous repetition of movements, pres­
sure, or blows. This section is not concerned with the neurasthenic
phenomena which are sometimes called occupational neurosis.
Everyone is familiar with the muscular strain experienced in per­
forming for the first time some exercise, such as rowing, long walk­
ing, etc. Men newly introduced into a process requiring such re­
peated action are affected similarly but often much more severely,
so as to disable them temporarily for the particular job. The in­
jury does not stop with muscular strain but may even cause in­
flammation of the surrounding sheaths or paralysis of the parts
concerned.
Many types of occupational neurosis may be avoided by working
at a comfortable pace, avoiding fatigue. Where continuous pressure
or shock is the cause, pads or cushions are often beneficial. Workers
who have to grasp tools tightly would do well frequently to change
their method of holding the instrument, if this is possible. Occa­
sional rest periods will do much towards the prevention of muscular
pains and cramps.
H. Repeated Motion, Pressure, Shock, Etc.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

Repeated motion, Pain of muscle used, Artificial-flower makers; barbers; bicyclists; blacksmiths;
pressure, shock, set up by a myosti- carpenters; chauffeurs; clerks; cobblers; compositors; cot­
tis, bursitis, synovi­ ton twisters; dancers; diamond cutters; elevator runners;
etc.
tis, or other local enamelers; engravers; gold beaters; hammermen; jewelers;
changes of a chronic knitters; lathe turners; letter sorters; lithographers;lock­
inflammatory na­ smiths; machinists; masons; microscopists; milkers; min­
ture; trembling, ers; musicians; painters; paper box makers; pavers;
gradual emaciation pneumatic tool workers; porters; pressers; riveters; sailers;
and partial paralysis sawyers; scissors sharpeners; seamstresses; sewing ma­
of parts, acropares­ chine operators; spinners (textiles); stone cutters (dry);
thesia.
stone cutters (wet process); tailors; telegraphers; typists;
washwomen; watchmakers; weavers.

J. POISONS.

The continued introduction of new processes making use of new
poisonous substances in industry makes this section of more and
more importance. The enormous increase in the production of dye­
stuffs and other chemicals will no doubt show its effects on the
workmen in the form of industrial poisoning. During the war the
increased production of trinitrotoluol and tetrachlorethane for air


20

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.

plane dope resulted in a large number of cases of poisoning from
these substances. Forthe data presented under this heading, the
revised “ List pf industrial poisons,” compiled by Sommerfeld and
Fischer for the International Association for Labor Legislation, has
been drawn upon largely. The arrangement is similar.3 The mate­
rial in that list has been revised and brought up to date. Several
poisons have been added and all the occupations exposed are given
for each poison. The symptoms are those given by recent investi­
gators. In order to avoid swelling the list of poisons to unwar­
ranted proportions, substances the effects of which are similar have
been grouped. Thus, all nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues have been included under one heading and the same pro­
cedure has been followed with amido compounds. An endeavor has
been made to limit this list to those substances the actions of which
are mainly constitutional. The next section (p. 29) is devoted to
the substances occurring in industry which act as skin irritants.
Because of the very large number of substances in the latter class,
it has not been possible to treat them as fully as the other poisons.
To prevent industrial poisoning the following precautions should
be taken: Personal cleanliness must be maintained, iWorkers must
be instructed as to the toxicity of the substance handled. Frequent
medical examinations of workers must be made to detect early symp­
toms of disease. Men should not be allowed to eat in workrooms
where poisonous substances are handled. Work clothes should be
removed at end of day’s work. Proper lavatory facilities should be
provided. Work clothes should receive special attention. The use
of gloves and boots are often necessary. Mechanical devices for
confining the poisons are of prime importance. (See also preventive
measures, under “ Dust.”) Fumes and gases should be taken care
of by proper ventilation, the use of exhaust systems, fans, and
blowers. Men who work in an atmosphere polluted by poisonous
fumes and gases should always wear gas masts properly suited for
the obtaining conditions.
J. Poisons.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

l. Acetaldehyde___ Irritation of the mu­ Aldehyde pump men; celluloid makers; dye makers; ex­
cous membranes of plosives workers; mirror silverers; varnish makers; vine­
the nose, larynx, gar workers.
bronchi, and eyes;
acceleration of the
heart's action; pro­
fuse night sweats.
2. Acridine................ Irritation and inflam­ Dye makers.
mation of skin and
mucous membranes,
severe burning and
itching of the skin,
violent sneezing.
3. Acrolein............... Itching in the throat, Bone Tenderers; fat Tenderers; galvanizers; lard makers;
irritation oftheeyes, linoleum makers; linseed oil boilers; soap makers;
exciting lachryma- stearic-acid Makers; tallow refiners; tinkers; vanish
tion, conjunctivitis, boilers.
irritation of the air
passages, bronchial
catarrh•See United States Bureau of Labor, Bulletin No. 100, May* 1912.




LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION,

21

J. Poisons—Continued.
Health hazard.
4. Ammonia

5. Amyl acetate.

6. Amyl alcohol.

7. Aniline and other
amino com­
pounds of ben­
zol and its homologues.
8. Antimony and its
compounds.

9. Arsenic and its
compounds.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

A cu te inflammation
of the respiratory or­
gans, cough, edema
of the lungs, chronic
bronchial catarrh,
redness of the eyes,
increased secretion
of saliva, retention
of the urine.
Nervous symptoms,
headache, fullness of
the head, giddiness,
numbness, nausea,
disturbances of di­
gestion, palpitation
of the heart, inflam­
mation of tne respi­
ratory organs, fatty
degeneration of the
liver.
Congestion of the
head, oppression of
the cnest, irritation
of the air passages,
lowering of the
blood pressure, faint­
ness, nausea.
Pallor of the skin, ver­
tigo, unsteady gait,
loss of appetite, in­
creased frequency of
respiration, anemia,
slowing of the pulse,
eczematous erup­
tions, bloody urine,
spasmodic muscular
pains, cyanosis.
Itching eruptions of
the skin; inflamma­
tion of the mouth,
throat, and stomach;
albumin in the
urine, weakness of
the heart, vertigo,
faintness, coryza,
dyspepsia, intesti­
nal colic, nephritis.
Headache, melancho­
lia, sleeplessness,
gastric disturbances,
emaciation, catarrh
of the mucous mem­
branes, skin dis­
eases of various
forms, falling out of
the hair and nails,
melanosis, perfora­
tions of the nasal
septum, bleeding
gums, peripheral
multiple neuritis,
paralysis.

Acetylene makers; ammonium-salts makers; artificial-ice
makers; artificial-silk makers; boneblack makers; bronzers; coke-oven workers; dye makers; dyers; galvanizers;
gas (illuminating) workers; gas purifiers; glue workers;
mercerizers- refrigerating-plant workers; salt extractors
(coke-oven by-products); sewer workers; shellac makers;
shoe finishers; soda makers; sugar refiners; tinners; var­
nish makers.
Alcohol-distillery workers; art-glass workers; artificial-silk
makers; battery (dry) makers; bronzers; buffers (rubber);
celluloid makers; cutlery makers; enamelers; explosives
workers; furniture polishers; gilders; incandescent-lamp
makers; jewelers; lacquer makers; linoleum makers;
mottlers (leather); patent-leather makers; polishers;shel­
lac makers; shoe factory workers; shoe finishers; smoke­
less-powder makers; toy makers; wirers (incandescent
lamps).

10. Arseniureted hy­ General malaise, diffi­
culty of breathing,
drogen.
fainting fits, gastric
disturbance, jaun­
dice, bluish discolor­
ation of the mucous
membrane, pain in
the region of the
spleen and kidney,
darkened urine, fe­
tor of the mouth re­
sembling garlic.



Alcohol-distillery workers; dye makers; fruit-essence
makers; mordanters; shoe finishers.
Aniline makers; artificial-leather makers; calico printers;
coal-tar workers; compositors; compounders (rubber);
dye makers; explosive workers; feather workers; litho­
graphers; millinery workers; mixers (rubber); painters;
paint makers; pencil (colored) makers; photographic
workers; pressroom workers (rubber); printers; reclaim­
ers (rubber); rubber workers; tannery workers; vulcanizers.
Antimony extractors (refiners); brass founders; burnishers
(iron and steel); burnishers (rifle barrels); calico printers;
color makers; compositors; compounders (rubber); dye
makers; enamel makers; filers; fireworks makers; glass
mixers; glaze dippers (pottery); glaze mixers (pottery);
grinders (metals); grinders (rubber); lead smelters; linotypers; mixers (rubber); monotypers; mordanters;
pressroom workers (rubber); printers; rubber workers;
shot makers; stereotypers; vulcanizers.
Arsenic roasters; artificial-flower makers; artificial-leather
makers; bookbinders; brass founders; bronzers; calico
printers; candle (colored) makers; carpet makers; carroters (felt hats); chargers (zinc smelters); color makers;
colored-paper workers; compounders (rubber); copper
founders; copper smelters; curriers (tannery); cut-glass
workers; decorators (pottery); dye makers; electro­
platers; enamelers; feather curers; feather workers;
felt-hat makers; ferrosilicon workers; fur handlers; fur
preparers; galvanizers; gardeners; glass mixers; glaze
dippers (pottery); glaze mixers (pottery); gold refiners;
insecticide makers; japan makers; jewelers; lead smelt­
ers; linoleum colorers; lithographers; mixers (rubber);
mordanters; paper glazers; paperhangers; pencil (col­
ored) makers; pitch workers; pottery workers; press­
room workers (rubber); printers; pyrites burners;
refiners (metals); rubber-tire builders; rubber washers;
rubber workers; sealing-wax makers; sheep-dip makers ;
shot makers; sprayers (trees); sulphur burners; sulphuricacid workers; tannery workers; taxidermists; tmners;
toy makers; velvet makers; wallpaper printers; waxornament makers; wire drawers; wood preservers; zinc
miners.
Acid dippers; aniline workers; balloon (toy) fillers’; bat­
tery (dry) makers; bronzers; carbonizers (shoddy)
dimethyl-sulphate makers; dye makers; enamelers;ferro­
silicon workers; fertilizer'makers; galvanizers; lead burn­
ers; lime burners; nitroglycerin makers; picklers; refiners
(metals); shoddy workers; submarine (storage battery
workers); sulphuric acid workers; tinners; towermen
(sulphuric acid); zinc chloride makers.

22

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS.
J. Poisons—Continued./

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

11. Benzine.............. Headache, v e r tig o , Art-glass workers; bronzers; buffers (rubber); cast scrub­
nausea, cough, ir­ bers (electroplaters); celluloid makers; cementers (rub­
regular respiration, ber shoes); cement mixers (rubber); compositors; com­
w e a k n e ss of th e pounders (rubber); curriers (tannery); decorators (pot­
heart, drowsiness, tery); degreasers (fertilizer, leather); dippers (rubber);
cyanosis, twitching dry cleaners; electroplaters; enamelers; feather workers;
of the muscles, psy­ furniture polishers; gilders; glue workers; japan makers:
chosis, skin lesions. lacquer makers; linoleum makers; lithographers; milli­
nery workers; mixers (rubber); mordanters; painters;
paint makers; pressroom workers (rubber); printers;
putty makers; rubber-glove makers; rubber-tire builders;
rubber washers; rubber workers; shellac makers; shoe
finishers; tannery workers; type cleaners; varnish makers;
vulcanizers.
12. Benzol,.............. Headache, vertigo, an­ Aniline makers: artificial-leather makers; battery (dry)
emia, muscular tre­ makers; benzol stillmen; bronzers; carbolic-acid makers;
mor, scarlet lips, cast scrubbers: cementers (rubber shoes); cement mixers
spots of extravasated (rubber); coal-tar workers; coke-oven workers; color
blood in the skin, makers; compounders (rubber); decorators (pottery);
irritant cough, fatty degreasers (fertilizer, leather); dry cleaners; driers (rub­
degeneration of liver, ber); dye makers; electroplaters; explosives workers;
kidneys, and heart. feather workers; fertilizer makers; gas (illuminating)
workers; gilders; glue workers; lacquer makers; lithog­
raphers; millinery workers; mixers (rubber); mordanters;
painters; paint makers; photo-engravers; photographic
workers; pressroom workers (rubber); reclaimers (rub­
ber); rubber-tire builders; rubber washers; rubber work­
ers; shellac makers; shoe-factory workers; shoe finishers;
smokeless-powder makers; still (coal-tar) cleaners; treaders (rubber); varnish makers; vulcanizers.
13. Brass (zinc)____ Headache, g e n e r a l Bench molders (foundry); blowers-out (zinc smelting);
malaise, throat irri­ brass founders; braziers; bronzers; chargers (zinc smelting;
tation, cough, nau­ core makers; floor molders (foundry); galvanizers; junksea, vomiting, con­ metal refiners; luters (zinc smelting); pourers (brass foun­
stipation,trembling, dry); welders; zinc smelters.
muscular pains, ac­
celerated respiration,
profuseeweating, de­
posit of green tartar
on the teeth, metallic
taste in the mouth,
anemia, premature
old age, respiratory
and aegen erative
diseases.
14. Carbon dioxide.. Anemia, c y a n o s is , Alkali-salt makers; blacksmiths; boiler-room workers;
headache, drowsi­ brass founders; brewers; brick burners; caisson workers;
ness, Vertigo, tin­ carbon-dioxide makers; charcoal burners; drying-room
nitus, and general workers (miscellaneous); fertilizer makers; furnace work­
nervousness.
ers; lime burners; limekiln chargers; miners; pottery
workers; sewer workers; silo workers; soda makers; starch
makers; sugar refiners; vinters; white-lead makers; yeast
makers.
15. C arbon disul­ Headache, pain in the Ammonium-salts makers; artificial-silk makers; asphalt
extremities, trem­ testers; caTbon-disulphide makers; celluloid makers; ce­
phide.
bling, dearness, re­ menters (rubber shoes); cement mixers (rubber); dry
duction of the re­ cleaners; driers (rubber); enamelers; glue workers; insec­
flexes. acceleration ticide makers; match-factory workers; oil extractors;
of the heart’s action, paint makers; paraffin workers; putty makers; reclaimers
nausea, digestive (rubber); smokeless-powder makers; sulphur extractors;
trouble, emaciation, tallow refiners; vulcanizers.
disturbance of sense
of vision, excitement
and violent temper
followed by depres­
sion, hvperstimulation of sexual in­
stinct, later its ab­
normal decline,
chronic dementia.




LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION.

23

J. Poisons— Continued.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

16. Carbon monox­ Headache (usually Acetylene makers; bakers; bisque-kiln workers; black­
ide.
frontal), dizziness, smiths; blockers (felt hats); boiler-room workers; brass
sense of fullness of founders; cable splicers; calico printers; carbide makers;
the head, fatigue, celluloid makers; charcoal burners; chargers (zinc smeltnausea, g e n e r a l ing);chimney sweepers; coal-tar workers;coke-oven work­
weakness, polycy­ ers; copper smelters; ewe makers; drying-room workers
(miscellaneous); enamelers; felt-hat makers; filament
themia.
makers (incandescent lamps); finishers (incandescent
lamps); Gangers (felt hats); flue cleaners; foundry work­
ers; furnace workers; garage workers; gas (illuminating)
workers; glost-kiln workers; incandescent-lamp makers;
kiln tenders; laundry workers; lead smelters; lime burn­
ers; limekiln chargers; mercury smelters; miners;
patent-leather makers; phosgene makers; pottery work­
ers; pressers; refiners (metals); sealers (incandescent
lamps); silver melters; singers (cloth); soda makers;
stokers; teazers (glass); temperers; tubulators (incan-#
descent lamps); zinc smelters.
17. Chloride of lime. Irritating cough, in­ Bleachers; chloride of lime makers; chloroform makers; dis­
flammation of upper infectant makers; dye makers; laundry workers; tannery
air passages, diffi­ workers.
culty of breathing,
bronchitis, asthma,
sometimes hemop­
tysis, conjunctivi­
tis, 1achrymation,
hyperhidrosis, burn­
ing eruption on the
skin.
18. Chlorine..
Pallid countenance, Alkali-salt makers; beatermen (paper and pulp); bleach­
emaciation, decayed ers; broom makers; calico printers; chloride oflime mak­
teeth, bronchial irri­ ers; chlorine makers; disinfectant makers; dye makers;
tation and asthma, laundry workers; phosgene makers; photographic work­
gastric disturbances, ers; sulphur-chloride makers; zinc-chloride makers.
irritation of the skin,
chloracne.
19. Chlorodinitro- See Nitrobenzol...........
benzol.
20. C hloronitroben- See Nitrobenzol.
zol.
21. Chromium com­ Pitlike, phagedenic Artificial-flower makers; battery (dry) makers; bleachers;
pounds.
ulcers, very difficult calico printers; candle (colored) makers; chromium work­
to heal and very ers; color makers; compounders (rubber); dye makers;
painful; perforation dyers; enamelers; glass mixers; glaze dippers (pottery);
of the nasal septum glaze mixers (pottery); ink makers; linoleum colorers;
at the cartilaginous lithographers; match-factory workers; mixers (rubber);
portion, irritation of mordanters; paperhangers; pencil (colored) makers;
th e conjunctiva, photo-engravers; photographic workers, pressroom work­
small areas of in­ ers (rubber); rubber-tire builders; rubber washers; rub­
flammation in the ber workers; tannery workers; vulcanizers; wall-paper
lungs, inflammation printers; wax-ornament workers; wood stainers.
of the k id n eys,
chron ic gastritis,
anemia.
22. Cyanogen com­ Headache, vertigo, un­ Acid dippers; ammonium-salts makers; blacksmiths; blast­
pounds.
steadiness of gait, furnace workers; browners (gun barrels); calico printers;
• nausea, loss of appe­ case hardeners; celluloid makers; dye makers; electrotite, disturbance of platers; fulminate mixers; fumigators; gas (illuminating)
gastric and intesti­ workers; gas purifiers: gold refiners; photographic work­
nal functions, slow­ ers; picklers; silver refiners; tannery workers, temperers.
ing of the pulse, al­
buminuria.
23. Dimethyl sul­ Strongly corrosive ef­ Dimethyl-sulphate makers; dye makers; perfume makers.
phate.
fect on the skin and
mucous membranes,
hoarseness, lachrymation, conjuncti­
vitis, edema, photo­
phobia.
24. Dinitrobenzol... See Nitrobenzol...........
25. Gasoline.............. See Naphtha................
26. H ydrochloric Irritation of mucous Acid dippers; acid finishers (glass); acid mixers; a«id recov­
acid.
membranes; con- ered; acid transporters; alkali-salt makers; ammonium
j unctivitis; coryza; salts makers; aniline makers, battery (dry) makers;
pharyngeal, laryn­ calico printers; camphor makers; carbolic-acid makers;
geal, and bronchial carbomzers (shoddy); cartridge dippers; dye makers!
catarrh; dental ca­ dyers; enamel makers; fertilizer makers; galvanizers!
glass finishers; glass mixers; glue workers, hydrochloric!
ries.
acid makers; jewelers; petroleum refiners; picklers; pot
tery workers; reclaimers (rubber); rubber workers"
shoddy workers; solderers; sulphur-chloride makers; tin-;
ners; vignetters; zinc-chloride makers.



24

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS,
J. Poisons—Continued.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which ofler such exposure.

27. H y d r o fluoric Intense irritation of Antimony fluoride extractors; art-glass workers; bleachers;
acid.
the eyelids and con­ dyers; etchers; fertilizer makers; glass finishers; silicate
junctiva, coryza, extractors.
bronchial catarrh
with sp a sm o d ic
cough; ulceration of
the nostrils, gums,
and oral mucous
membrane; painful
ulcers of the cuticle,
erosion and forma­
tion of vesicles, sup­
puration under the
finger nails.
28. Lead and its Sallow, pale, yellowish Acid finishers (glass); amber workers; art-glass workers;
hue of the skin; me­ artificial-flower makers; babbitters; battery (dry) mak­
compounds.
tallic taste, nausea, ers; bench molders (foundry); blacksmiths; blooders
anorexia, constipa­ (tannery); bookbinders; bottle-cap makers; brass found­
tion, lead line, asthe­ ers; brass polishers; braziers; brick burners; brickmafcers;
nia, lassitude, head­ bronzers; Drowners (gun barrels); brush makers; buffers
aches, arthralgias (rubber); burners (enameling); cable makers; cable
and neuritis, weak­ splicers: calico printers; canners; cartridge makers: cellu­
ness of grip, tremors loid makers; chargers (zinc smelting); color makers; colof fingers and tongue; orers (white) of shoes; compositors; concentrating-mill
lead paralyses,espe­ workers (lead and zinc); cut-glass workers; cutlery mak­
cially of muscles ers; decorators (pottery); diamond polishers; dye mak­
used most; atrophy ers; dyers; electroplaters; electrotypers: embroidery
workers; emery-wheel makers; enamel makers; file cut­
of optic nerve.
ters; filers; floor molders (foundry); galvanizers; glass
finishers; glass mixers; glass polishers; glaze dippers
(pottery); glaze mixers (pottery); glost-kiln workers;
gold refiners; grinders (metals); grinders (rubber);
neater boys (riveters); imitation-pearl makers; incan­
descent-lamp makers; insecticide makers ; japan makers;
j ewelers: junk-metal refiners; labelers (paint cans); lac­
quer makers; lead burners; lead-foilmakers; lead miners;
lead-pipe makers; lead-salts makers; lead smelters; lin­
oleum makers; linotypers; linseed-oil boilers jlithographers; lithotransfer workers; match-factory workers; mir­
ror silverers; mixers (rubber); monotypers; musicalinstrument makers; nitric-acid workers; nitroglycerin
makers; painters; paint makers; paint removers; paperhangers; patent-leather makers; petroleum refiners;
photograph retouchers; pipefitters; plumbers; polishers;
pottery workers; pointers; putty makers; putty polish­
ers (glass); reclaimers (rubber); red-lead workers; refin­
ers (metals); riveters; roofers; rubber workers; sagger
makers; sandpaperers (enameling and painting auto
bodies, etc.); screen workers (lead and zinc smelting);
sheet-metalworkers; shellac makers; shot makers; slip
makers (pottery); slushers (porcelainenameling); solderers; stainers (shoes); steel engravers; stereotypers, stor­
age-battery makers; sulphuric-acid workers; table turn­
ers (enameling); tannery workers; temperers; tile mak­
ers; tin-foil makers; tinners; toy makers; transfer work­
ers (pottery); tree sprayers; typefounders; typesetters;
wallpaper printers; welders; white-lead workers; wodd
stainers; zinc smelters.
29. Mercury and its Ptyalism; swelling, Artificial-flower makers; battery (dry) makers; blowers
inflammation, and (felt hats); bronzers: browners (gun barrels); brushers
compounds.
bleeding of the gums: (felt hats); cap loaders; carroters (felt hats); cartridge
blue line on the makers; chlorine makers (electrolytic); color makers;
gums,rodent ulcers, coners (felt hats); dentists; detonator cleaners; detonator
pallor, mercurialtre- fillers; detonator packers; devil operators (felt hats); dye
mor, digestive dis­ makers; Edison storage battery workers; explosive work­
turbances, localized ers; felt-hat makers; fireworks makers; fulminate mix­
white spots in the ers; fur handlers; fur preparers; gold refiners; hardeners
mucosa surrounded (felt hats); incandescent-lamp makers; jewelers; mercu­
by pale blue or red­ rial-vapor-lamp makers; mercury bronzers; mercury
dened area, general miners; mercury-salts workers; mercury smelters; mer­
weakness of the cury-solder makers; mercury-still cleaners; mirrorsilverhand and digital ex­ ers; mixers (felt hats); paint makers; photographic work­
tensors, foul breath, ers; primers (explosives); refiners (metals); sizers (felt
corrosion of the hats); sole-stitchers (Blake machine); starters (felt hats);
teeth, furunculosis, steel engravers; stiffeners (felt hats); storage-battery
makers; taxidermists; thermometer makers; water
pression or drowsi­ gilders; zinc-electrode makers.
ness and apathy,
loss of energy ana
initiative.




lilST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION,

25

J. Poisons—Continued.
Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

30. Methyl alcohol.. Headache, nausea, ab­
dominal cram ps,
ringing in the ears,
muscular prostra­
tion, insomnia, de­
lirium, difficulty of
breathing, inflam­
mation of the throat
and mucous mem­
brane of the air pas­
sages, conjunctivitis,
serious affections of
the retina and optic
nerve resulting in
blindness, fatty de­
generation of the
liver.
31. Methyl bromide. Vertigo, headache,
staring look, pallor
of the skin, retarded
pulse, constipation,
excitability, trem­
bling.
Headache, vertigo,
32. Naphtha.
nausea, vomiting,
dyspnea, palpita­
tion, insomnia, hys­
teria.
See
Aniline.
33. Nitraniline.........
34. Nitrobenzol and Icterical skin which
other nitro com­ gradually becomes
pounds of benzol cyanotic, methemoand its h o m o - globin formation,
general debility .ane­
logues.
mia, presence of hematophorphyrin, al­
bumin, and some­
times free poison in
the urine; skin erup­
tions, visual disturb­
ances , dyspnea, odor
of bitter almonds in
breath.
35. Nitroglycerin__ Severe headache, ver­
tigo, nausea, paral­
ysis of the muscles of
the head and eyes as
well as of the lower
extremities, cyano­
sis, reddening of the
countenance, burn­
ing in the throat and
stomach, disturb­
ances of digestion,
trembling,neuralgia,
colic, retarded res­
piration and heart
action, obstinate
ulcers under nails
and on the finger
tips, eruptions on
the plantor aspect
of the feet and interdigital spaces, with
extreme drynessand
formationof fissures.
36. Nitronaphtha- See Nitrobenzol.
lene.
37. Nitrous gases and Irritation of air pas­
sages, cough, labored
nitric acid.
respiration, inflam­
mation of the eyes,
corrosion of# jJt&e
teeth, ero§ihn»vati(}
perforation^ o£riasal
septum.




Occupations which offer such exposure.
Aldehyde pumpmen; art-glass workers; artificial-flower
makers; artificial-silk makers; bookbinders; bronzers;
brush makers; calicoprinters; celluloid makers; cementers
(rubber shoes); dimethylsulphate makers; dry cleaners;
dryers (felt hats); dye makers; explosives workers; feather
workers; felt-hat makers; filament makers (incandescent
lamps); fitters (shoes); furniture polishers; gilders; hard­
eners (felt hats); incandescent-lamp makers; ink makers;
japan makers; lacquer makers; lasters (shoes); linoleum
makers; millinery workers; mottlers (leather); painters;
paint makers; patent-leather makers; perfume makers;
photo-engravers; photographers; polishers; shellac makers;
shoe-factory operatives; shoe finishers; soap makers ;stiffeners (felt hats); stitchers (shoes); type cleaners: uphol­
sterers; varnish makers; vulcanizers; wood-alcohol dis­
tillers; woodworkers.
Antipyrin makers; dye makers.
Bronzers; chauffeurs; degreasers (fertilizer, leather); dyers;
furniture polishers; garage workers; gilders; metal-polish
makers; painters; petroleum refiners; polishers; rubber
workers; shoe finishers; waterproof-cloth makers; wood­
workers.
Aniline makers; dye makers; explosives workers; perfume
makers; smokeless-powder makers; soap makers.

Explosives workers; nitroglycerin workers; shell fillers.

Acid dippgrs> arid* mixers* acid. recoverers; acid trans­
porters;* ajjitjne* makers;* artincigd-leather makers;
bl6aeljer§; earrotyrs* (felt hats?;‘ cartridge dippers; cellu­
loid fakers; <Jimethyl-sul]5hdte »makere; dippers (gun­
cotton) ; enamelers; etchers; explosive fcGrkets;Jteft*hpt
makers; fertilizer makers; fur preparers; ‘ galvahiz^rS;
glue workers; guncotton dippers; guncotton wtingers;
imitation pearl makers; incandescent-lamp makers^
jewelers-vlithographers; miners; mordanters; nitrators*.
nitnc-ac«f faerberS;* ‘nitijogiyt^fcre ^orkqfig; Jflidto-engravers; •picfclQrg; *picric*acid makers* •refiners (metals);
sodamiatoessr.stett* engfiawC^sC culfthUrifc-h^ Wprl£ers;
towermen (sulphuricacid);wringers (guncotton).

26

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS,
J. Poisons—Continued.

Health hazards

Symptom, condition,
dr disease to look lor.

Inflammation of the
skin,acne, suppura­
ting ulcers; papil­
loma; numbness and
irritation of the
Schneiderian membraiie;headache and
sensory disturb­
ances; affections of
the respiratory organs.
Erosion ofthe skin, ec­
39. Phenol
zema, irritation of
respiratory organs)
digestive disturb­
ances, symptoms of
degeneration of the
blood,a emaciation,
nephritis, gangrene,
icterus.
40. Phenyl hydra- Vesicular eruptions on
the skin with itch­
ing and burning,
diarrhea; loss of ap­
petite, granular de­
generation of the
b lood corpuscles,
formation of methemoglobin, a sense
of general malaise.
Destruction ©flung tis­
41. Phosgene.
sue, emphysema and
edema, myocardial
insufficiency due to
t h e emonvsema,
pleural thickening
and a d h e s i o n s ,
chronic bronchitis,
mild diffuse bron­
chiectasis, noctur­
nal dyspnea, poly­
cythemia.
Inflammation a n d
42. Phosphorus.
sclerosis of the bones
and of the perios­
teum, necrosis of the
bones of the jaw,
swelling and ulcera­
tion of the gums and
buccal membrane,
loosening and falling
out of the teeth, sup­
puration a n d des­
truction of jawbone
with fistulous chan­
nels b u r r o w i n g
through the cheek,
meningeal inflam­
mation, brittleness
of bones, digestive
d i s t u r bances,
emaciation.
43. Phosphuretted Oppressed feeling in
hydrogen.
the chest, headache,
vertigo, tinnitus aurium, general debil­
ity, loss of appetite,
great thirst.

38. Petroleum.




Occupations which oiler such exposure.
Browners (gun barrels); feather workers; furniture polish­
ers; lampblack makers; millinery workers; oil-flotationplant workers; oil-well workers; paraffin workers; petrol­
eum refiners; temperers.

Bakelite makers; calico printers; coal-tar workers; dye
makers; dyers; etchers; gas (illuminating) workers; gas
purifiers; lampblack makers; picric add makers; rubber
workers; smokeless powder makers; stillmen (carbolic
acid); surgical-dressing makers; wood preservers.
Antipyrin makers; dye makers.

Dye makers; phosgene makers.

Boneblack makers; brass founders; fertilizer makers; fire­
works makers; insecticide makers; match-factory workers;
phosphate-mill workers; phosphor-bronze workers; phos­
phorus-compounds makers; phosphorus extractors.

Acetylene makers; ferrosilicon workers; phosphorus ex­
tractors; phosphorus (red) makers.

LIST OF HAZARDS, ETC., AND PREVENTION.

27

J. Poisons—Continued.
Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Itching, inflammation
of the skin, vesicular
eruptions, yellow
pigmentation of ep­
idermis and conjunc­
tiva, inflammation
of buccal mucous
membrane, digestive
disturbances, ver­
tigo, jaundice, nasal
catarrh, nephritis.
45. Sulphur chloride. Symptoms are due to
the combined effects
of chlorine, hydro­
chloric acid and sul­
phur dioxide. Sul­
phur chloride when
in contact with mois­
ture reacts with
water to form these
products.
46. Sulphur dioxide. Irritation of the mu­
cous membrane of
respiratory organs
ana eyes, spasmodic
c o u g h , bronchial
catarrh, digestive
disturbances, bloodtinged mucous.

44. Picric acid.

Occupations which offer such eflposure.
Dye makers; dyers; explosives workers; photographers;
picric acid makers; shell fillers; smokeless-powder makers.

Rubber-substitute makers; vulcanizers.

Alkali-salt makers; blastfurnace workers; bleachers; brass
founders; brick makers; broom makers; carbolic acid
makers; chambermen (sulphuric acid); chargers (zinc
smelting); copper smelters; dye makers; fertilizer makers;
flue cleaners; fruit preservers; fumigators; galvanizers;
glue workers; lead smelters; mercury smelters; oil-flota­
tion-plant workers; petroleum refiners; pottery workers;
pyrites burners; refiners (metals); rubber workers; storage
battery makers; sugar refiners; sulphite cooks; sulphur
burners; sulphurers (hops and malt); sulphuric-acid
workers; tannery workers; towermen (sulphuric acid);
zinc smelters.
Alkali-salt makers; artificial-silk makers; blast-furnace
workers; bronzers; cable splicers; celluloid makers; dye
makers; fertilizer makers; flax-rettery workers; gas (il­
luminating) workers; gas purifiers; glue workers; matchfactory workers; miners; oil-flotation-plant workers;
petroleum refiners; pyrites burners; sewer workers; soda
makers; sodium sulphide makers; starch makers; sugar
refiners; tannery workers.

47. Sulphuretted hy­ Headache, debility,
drogen.
vertigo, nausea, dis­
turbances of diges­
tion, sallow com­
plexion and emacia­
tion, slowing of the
pulse, conjunctival
catarrh, tendency
to the formation of
boils.
48. Sulphuric acid... Inflammation of respir­ Acid dippers; acid finishers (glass); acid mixers; acid re­
atory organs, injury covered; acid transporters; ammonium-salts makers;
to teeth through ammonium-sulphate makers; artificial-leather makers;
softening of the den­ beta-still operators (beta naphthol); burnishers (iron and
tine, chronic catarrh. steel); calico printers; carbolic acid makers; carbonizers
(shoddy); cartridge dippers; celluloid makers; chambermen (sulphuric acid); dimethyl-sulphate makers; dye
makers; explosives workers; felt-hat makers; fertilizer
makers; galvanizers; glass finishers; guncotton dippers;
hydrochloric acid makers; jewelers; linoleum makers;
mercerizers; nitrators; nitric-acid makers; nitroglycerine
makers; oil - flotation - plant workers; patent-leather
makers; petroleum refiners; phosphorus-evaporating ma­
chine operators; picklers; picric acid makers; reclaimers
(rubber); salt extractors (coke-oven byproducts); shoddy
workers; storage-battery makers; sulphuric-acid workers;
tallow refiners; tannery workers; temperers; towermen
(sulphuric acid); wire drawers.
Tar itch, diffuse acne, Battery (dry) makers; briquet makers; brush makers;
49. Tar.
eczema or psoriasis, chimney sweepers; coke-oven workers; cord makers; flue
loss of appetite, nau­ cleaners; gas (illuminating) workers; insulators; baint
sea, diarrhea, head­ makers; paraffin workers; pavers; petroleum refiners;
ache, numbness, ver­ roofers; roofing-paper workers; still (coal-tar) cleaners;
tigo, albuminuria, tar workers; wood preservers.
edema, ischuria, conjunctivitis, bronchi­
tis.




28

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS,
J. Poisons—Concluded.

Health hazard.

Symptom, condition,
or disease to look for.

Occupations which offer such exposure.

50. Tetrachlorethane Abnormal sense of fa­ Airplane-wing vamishers; artificial-silk makers; tapers
(acetylene tetra­ tigue, profuse per­ (airplanes).
chloride).
spiration, general
discon ten t and
grouchiness, inabil­
ity to concentrate,
nocturia, slight pol­
yuria, dreaming,
headache, vertigo,
nervousness, insom­
nia, loss of appetite,
constipation, diar­
rhea, gas in stom­
ach, general abdom­
inal pain, nausea,
eructations of gas,
vomiting, loss of
weight, jaundice,
enlarged liver, bile
in the urine, abdom­
inal ' tenderness, in­
crease erf •mononu­
clear cells, appearanceof many imma­
ture large mononu­
clears, elevation in
the white count,
of platelets.
51. Trinitrotoluol... Nose and throat irrita­ Explosive workers; shell fillers.
tion , ob stin ate
cough, bluish color
of the lips and lobes
of the ears, yellow­
ing of the whites of
the eyes, expectora­
tion of yellow mu­
cous, discoloration—
a mixture of lividity
and jaundice, rash
on the skin, short­
ness of breath, ane­
mia, palpitation of
the heart, bilestained urine, rapid
weak pulse.
52. Turpentine.
Irritation of the mu­ Art-glass workers; cable splicers; calico printers; camphor
cous membrane of makers; cementers (rubber shoes); decorators (pottery);
the eyes, nose, and dry cleaners; dye makers; enamelers; enamel makers;
upper air passages; feather workers; furniture polishers; japan makers; lac­
cough, bronchial in­ quer makers; linoleum makers; lithographers; millinery
flammation; saliva­ workers; painters; paint makers; patent-leather makers;
tion; giddiness, printers; rubber workers; sealing-wax makers; shellac
headache, irritation makers; transfer workers (pottery); turpentine extractors;
of the kidneys, odor varnish makers.
of violets in urine,
severe irritation of
the skin, eczema
and hardening of
the epidermis.




Section III.— SKIN IRRITANTS.

Because of the fact that dermatoses form such a large proportion
of all occupational diseases and are often disabling, the more impor­
tant occupations that are exposed to skin irritants have been listed
separately. A complete enumeration of such occupations would be
impossible. Almost any foreign substance can become a skin irritant
if it is in continuous contact with the skin. Thus soap and water,
which ordinarily do not irritate the skin, may cause severe dermatoses
in washerwomen.
The data presented below are a compilation of the literature on
the subject, taken largely from Dr. R. Prosser White’s compilation
of “ Occupational Affections of the Skin.”
Skin affections caused by different external irritants often show the
same clinical picture. A number of occupational skin eruptions
have no specific lesions or special pathology, which makes their dif­
ferential diagnosis very difficult. Most superficial industrial skin
diseases show simply a difference in degree of catarrhal inflamma­
tion, depending on the intensity of the irritant. For these reasons
the symptoms for each irritating substance have not been listed as
has been done for the other hazards.
Occupational dermatoses are characterized by their grouping, situ­
ation, mode of appearance, spread, and evolution. They crop up in
series, retaining their initial type throughout, unless they are
secondarily infected. They are most often local, except when they
are a differentiating sign of the toxemias. The onset and develop­
ment are usually sudden. The inflammation is sharply outlined.
Exudation is excessive and there is deep-seated edema. The erup­
tion usually predominates on the right side.
There are many cases of dermatitis which are caused by physical
agents, such as heat, cold, friction, etc. In this bulletin these condi­
tions are dealt with only as they are related to the hazards listed.
Thus among the symptoms for “ Extreme dry heat ” and “ Extreme
light ” we find skin eruptions.
The following is the list of the more common occupations exposed
to dermatoses with the irritating substances concerned:
Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants.
Occupation exposed.

Skin irritants.

Acetylene makers........................................
Acid workers................................................
Alkali-salt makers.......................................
Artificial-flower makers..............................
Bakelite makers..........................................
Barbers.........................................................
Battery (dry) makers.................................
Beatermen (paper and pulp)....................
Bleachers (cloth).........................................
Blooders (tannery)......................................

Calcium carbide.
Acids.
Caustic alkali
Caustic alkali, dyes.
Formaldehyde, phenol.
Soap, hair tonics.
Acids, zinc chloride, ammonium salts, charcoal.
Caustic alkali, dyes.
Acids, bleaching powder, caustic alkali, hydrogen peroxide,
sodium silicate.
Dyes.
29




30

OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS,
Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants—Continued.
Occupation exposed.

Skin irritants.

Bobbin carriers............................................
Bricklayers........................................ ..........
Bronzers........................................................
Broom makers.............................................
Calico printers..............................................
Candy makers..............................................
Cap loaders...................................................
Carbide makers............................................
Carbolic-add makers..................................
Cardboard stickers......................................
Carroters (felt hats)....................................
Cartridge dippers................... .....................
Celluloid makers..........................................
Cementers (rubber shoes)...........................
Cement workers..................................... .
Cloth preparers............................................
Confectioners................................................
Cotton sizers.................................................
Curriers (tannery) *.....................................
Dampers (conditioning cotton)............
Dentists.......... ........................................
Detonator cleaners.......................................
Detonator fillers..........................................
Detonator packers.......................................
Disinfectant makers...................................
Druggists....... ..............................................
Dye makers.................................. '...............

Nitrobenzol, aluminum salts, formaldehyde, magnesium salts,
sodium fluosilicate.
Lime.
Dyes.
Dyes, vegetable dust.
Dyes.
Sugar.
Mercury compounds.
Calcium carbide.
Caustic alkali, phenol.
Sodium silicate.
Acids, mercury compounds.
Acids, soap.
Dyes.
Benzine, coal-tar products, naphtha, methyl alcohol.
Lime.
Acids, caustic alkali, lime, soap, potassium salts, sodium salts,
sodium silicate.
Sugar.
Acids, zinc, chloride, arsenic salts, phenol.
Paraffin, benzine.
Nitrobenzol, aluminum salts, formaldehyde, magnesium salts,
sodium fluosilicate.
Procain.
Mercury compounds.
Mercury compounds.
Mercury compounds.
Formaldehyde.
Bleaching powder, soap, iodoform, sodium salts, sugar.
Acids, benzine, caustic alkali, coal-tar products, dye interme­
diates, dyes, turpentine, antimony compounds, barium salts,
calcium salts, cresol, dextrins, ferrocyanides, formaldehyde,
gums, hydroquinone, lead salts, phenol, potassium chlorate.
Dyes.
Acids, benzine, caustic alkali, lime, potassium cyanide, soap,
nickel sulphate.
Formaldehyde.
Acids, caustic alkali, ferric chloride, potassium cyanide.
Acids, caustic alkali.
Dye intermediates, explosives (TNT, etc), ammonium salts,
oromine, mercury compounds.
Acids, mercuric nitrate, dyes.
Brine.
Lime, brine.
Benzine, caustic alkali, naphtha, turpentine, methyl alcohol,
pyridin, rosin.
Dyes.
Ammonium chloride.
Thorium compounds.
Charcoal, pitch, rosin.
Caustic alkali.
Dyes.
Soot.
Caustic alkali, soap.
Lime.
Lime.
Dyes.
Cutting compounds, lubricants, oils.
Lime.
Dyes, dextrins, gums.
Acids, caustic alkali.
Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine).
Acids, caustic alkali, chromates, zinc chloride, aluminum salts,
antimony compounds, arsenates, chromium salts, copper
salts, iron salts, lead salts, phosphates, silicates, tin salts
Dyes.
Atnc chloride, nickel sulphate.
Acids, explosives.
Brine.
Acids, caustic alkali, paints, zinc chloride.

Dyers................ ...........................................
Electroplaters..............................................
Einbalmers..................................................
Engravers.....................................................
Etchers..........................................................
Explosives workers.............................. ......
Felt-hat makers...........................................
Fish dressers................................................
Flax spinners...............................................
Furniture polishers.................................
Fur workers.................................................
Galvanizers.................................................
Gas-mantle impregnators...........................
Glass blowers..............................................
Glass mixers.................................................
Ink makers...................................................
Lampblack makers.....................................
Laundry workers.........................................
Lime burners...............................................
Lime pullers (tannery)..............................
Linoleum makers.......................... .........
Machinists....................................................
Masons.........................................................
Match-factory workers................................
Mercerizers....................................................
Mixers (rubber).........................................
Mordanters...................................................
Mottlers (leather)......................................
Nickel platers...............................................
Nitroglycerin makers..................................
Packing-house employees...........................
Painters........................................................



31

SKIN IRRITANTS,
Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants—Concluded.
Occupation exposed.
Paint makers.........
Paper-box makers.
Paraffin workers...
Parchment makers.
Pencil (colored) makers.......
Petroleum refiners................
Photographers.....................
Photographic plate cleaners.
Pitch workers.......................
Plasters..................................
Polishers................................
Polishers (silver and brass).
Printers..................................
Rock-salt workers.
Rope makers........
Rubber workers..
Salt preparers................................
Scratch brushers (electroplating).
Shell fillers......................................
Shoe finishers.................................
Sizers (cotton).............. ...............
Soap makers...................................
Sodium hydroxide makers...........
Solderers.........................................
Sugar refiners................... .'............
Tannery workers.............................
Temperers........................................
Tinners.............................................
Tobacco rollers................................
Tube layers (cotton conditioning).
Typists.......................................
Vulcanizers.
Washers.........................
Washwomen.................
Watchmakers...............
Waterproofers (paper).
Wax-ornament makers
Wet-bobbin winders...
Wood preservers..........
Zinc-chloride makers.

Skin irritants.
Paints.
Glue.
Paraffin.
Zinc chloride.
Dyes.
Caustic alkali, paraffin.
Acids, caustic alkali, chromates, metol, pyrogallic acid, tur­
pentine, amidol, bronzing powder, hydroquinone, rodinal.
Caustic alkali.
Pitch.
Lime.
Caustic alkali, naphtha.
Potassium cyanide.
Ink, benzine.
Brine.
Oil, tar.
Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine).
Brine.
Acids, benzine, lime, oils.
Explosives (TNT, etc.).
Benzine, coal-tar products, naphtha, methyl alcohol.
Zinc chloride, aluminum salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts.
Caustic alkali, soap, vegetable oils, sodium silicate.
Caustic alkali.
Acids, zinc chloride.
Sugar.
Acids, lime, sodium sulphide, arsenic salts, brine, calcium
hydrosulphide, chromium salts.
Oil, brine.
Zinc chloride.
Vegetable dust, vegetable oils.
Nitrobenzol, aluminum salts, formaldehyde, magnesium salts,
sodium fluosilicate.
Carbon paper.
Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine).
Caustic alkali.
Caustic alkali, soap, sodium salts.
Potassium cyanide.
Paraffin.
Dye intermediates, potassium cyanide.
Lime, aluminum salts, formaldehyde, magnesium salts, sodium
fluosilicate.
Tar, zinc chloride.
Acids, zinc chloride.

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