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r in iF is s r feb 2 s National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay D a y to n & Montgomery C o. Public Library F E B 1 3 1968 DOCUMENT COLLECTION o o o o on o o O © oil o o o o o o o on o O '* UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay June 1967 Accountants and Auditors Attorneys Personnel Management Buyers Engineers and Chemists Engineering Technicians Draftsmen Office Clerical UNITED STATES D EPARTM ENT OF LABOR Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner Bulletin No. 1585 January 1968 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402— Price 50 cents Preface T h is b u lle tin s u m m a r iz e s the r e s u lt s o f the B u r e a u 1s annual s u r v e y o f c o m p e n s a t io n f o r s e le c t e d p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, and c l e r i c a l p a y in p r iv a t e in d u s tr y . Th e s a la r y in fo r m a tio n , w h ich r e la t e s to June 1967, is r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts in a b r o a d s p e c t r u m o f in d u s tr ie s th ro u g h o u t the U nited S ta tes e x c e p t A la s k a and H aw aii. T h e s u r v e y w a s d e s ig n e d b y the B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s in c o o p e r a t io n w ith the B u r e a u o f the B u d g et and the C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m is s io n . It p r o v i d e s a fund o f b r o a d ly b a s e d in fo r m a t io n on s a la r y l e v e ls and d is tr ib u t io n s in p r iv a t e e m p lo y m e n t. A s su ch , the r e s u lt s a r e u s e fu l a s a gu id e f o r s a la r y a d m in is tr a tio n p u r p o s e s and f o r g e n e r a l e c o n o m ic a n a ly s is . In a d d itio n , th ey p r o v id e in fo r m a t io n on p a y in p r iv a t e in d u s tr y in a f o r m s u ita b le f o r u s e in a p p r a is in g the c o m p e n s a tio n o f s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s in the F e d e r a l c i v i l s e r v i c e . (S e e a p p e n d ix D. ) It sh ou ld b e e m p h a s iz e d that th e s e s u r v e y s , lik e a n y o th e r s a la r y s u r v e y s , a r e in no s e n s e c a lc u la t e d to su p p ly m e c h a n ic a l a n s w e r s to q u e s tio n s o f p ay p o li c y . Th e l i s t o f o c c u p a t io n s stu d ied r e p r e s e n t s a w id e r a n g e o f pay l e v e l s . In d iv id u a lly , the o c c u p a t io n s s e le c t e d w e r e ju d g e d to b e (a) s u r v e y a b le in in d u s tr y w ith in the f r a m e w o r k o f a b r o a d s u r v e y d e s ig n , and (b ) r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s w h ic h a r e n u m e r ic a lly im p o r ta n t in in d u s tr y a s w e ll a s in the F ed era l s e r v ic e . O c c u p a tio n a l d e fin itio n s p r e p a r e d f o r u s e in the c o l l e c t i o n o f the s a la r y data r e f l e c t d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s in in d u s try ; h o w e v e r , th ey a r e d e s ig n e d to b e tr a n s la ta b le to s p e c i f i c p a y g r a d e s in the g e n e r a l s c h e d u le a p p ly in g to F e d e r a l C la s s ific a t io n A c t e m p lo y e e s . T h is n e c e s s it a t e d lim itin g s o m e o c c u p a tio n s and w o r k le v e ls to e m p lo y e e s w ith s p e c i f i c jo b fu n c tio n s that c o u ld b e c l a s s i f i e d u n ifo r m ly a m o n g e s t a b lis h m e n t s . Th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s and the C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m i s s i o n c o lla b o r a t e d in the p r e p a r a t io n o f the d e fin itio n s . (S e e a p p e n d ix C. ) The s c o p e o f the s u r v e y , in t e r m s o f in d u s tr ia l, g e o g r a p h ic , and m in im u m s iz e c o v e r a g e , r e m a in e d the s a m e a s in the 1966 s u r v e y . The o c c u p a tio n a l c o v e r a g e , h o w e v e r , w a s a m e n d e d to in c lu d e s e c r e t a r i e s and to e x c lu d e the f r e i g h t r a te c l e r k p o s it io n s . A lth o u g h th is stu dy p r o v id e s o n ly n a tio n w id e data, s e p a r a te data a r e a v a i l a b le f o r the c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g o c c u p a tio n s in e a ch o f the 8 5 m e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s in w h ic h the B u re a u c o n d u c ts l o c a li t y s tu d ie s . (S e e the a r e a s lis t e d in the o r d e r f o r m at the b a c k o f th is b u lle tin . ) T h e s e a r e a r e p o r t s a ls o in c lu d e in fo r m a t io n on s u ch s u p p le m e n ta r y b e n e fit s a s p a id v a c a t io n s , h o lid a y s , and h ealth , in s u r a n c e , and p e n s io n p la n s r e la tin g to n o n s u p e r v is o r y o f f i c e w o r k e r s . T h e s u r v e y c o u ld n ot h av e b e e n a c c o m p lis h e d w ith o u t the c o o p e r a t io n o f the m a n y f i r m s w h o s e s a la r y s c a le s p r o v id e the b a s is f o r the s t a t is t ic a l data p r e s e n te d in th is b u lle tin . T h e B u re a u , on its own b e h a lf and on b e h a lf o f the o th e r F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s that c o l la b o r a t e d in p lan n in g the s u r v e y , w is h e s to e x p r e s s s in c e r e a p p r e c ia t io n f o r the s p le n d id c o o p e r a t io n it h a s r e c e iv e d . T h is stu dy w a s c o n d u c te d in the B u r e a u 1s O ffic e o f W a g e s and In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s b y the D iv is io n o f O c c u p a tio n a l P a y . The a n a ly s is w a s p r e p a r e d b y B o y d B. O 'N e a l. F ie ld w o r k f o r the s u r v e y w a s d ir e c t e d b y the B u r e a u 's A s s is ta n t R e g io n a l D i r e c t o r s , D iv is io n o f O p e r a tio n s . iii Contents Page S u m m a r y ________________________________________________________________________________ C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f the s u r v e y _______________________________________________________ C h an ges in s a la r y l e v e ls ______ - — ---------------------------------------------------------------------------A v e r a g e s a l a r i e s , June 1967 -------------------------------------S a la r y l e v e ls in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s ------------------------------------------------------------------------S a la r y l e v e ls in la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts ______________________________________________ S a la r y d i s t r i b u t i o n s ___________________________________________________________________ P a y d if f e r e n c e s by in d u s tr y _________________________________________________________ A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s _________________________________________________________________ 1 1 3 6 9 10 11 14 16 T a b le s : A v e r a g e s a la r ie s : 1. U n ited S t a t e s ________________________________________________________________ 2. M e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s ________________________________________________________ 3. E s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g 2, 500 o r m o r e ______________________________ 17 19 21 E m p lo y m e n t d is t r ib u t io n b y s a la r y : 4. P r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a t i o n s __________________________ 5. E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s _________________________________________ 6. D r a ftin g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s _______________________________________ 23 29 30 7. 8. 9. 33 34 35 O c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t d is tr ib u t io n : B y in d u s tr y d i v i s i o n __________ R e la t iv e s a la r y l e v e l s : O c cu p a tio n b y in d u s tr y d i v i s i o n ________________ A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s : O c cu p a tio n b y in d u s try d i v i s i o n ________________ C h a r ts : 1. 2. 3. 4. R is e in a v e r a g e (m ea n ) s a l a r ie s f o r s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s , 1961 to 1967 _______________________________________________________ S a la r ie s in p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s , June 1967 _____________________________________________________________________ S a la r ie s in a d m in is t r a t iv e and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s , June 1967 _________________________________________________ R e la t iv e e m p lo y m e n t in s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , June 1967 ______________________________________________ 5 12 13 15 A p p e n d ix e s : A. B. C. D. S c o p e and m e th o d o f s u r v e y _________________________________________________ S u r v e y ch a n g e s in 1967 _____________________________ *________________________ O c c u p a tio n a l d e f i n i t i o n s ______________________________________________________ C o m p a r is o n o f a v e r a g e annual s a l a r ie s in p r iv a t e in d u s tr y , June 1967, w ith c o r r e s p o n d in g s a la r y r a te s f o r F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s u n d e r the G e n e r a l S c h e d u l e __________________________________ 37 43 45 81 National Survey o f Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, June 1967 S u m m a ry June 1967 a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s f o r n in e -te n th s o f the 51 p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k l e v e ls c o v e r e d b y th is s u r v e y w e r e f r o m 2. 9 to 8 p e r c e n t h ig h e r than in M a r c h 1966, the r e f e r e n c e d ate o f the p r e v io u s s u r v e y . 1 I n c r e a s e s f o r n e a r ly o n e - h a lf o f th e s e w o r k l e v e l s , h o w e v e r , w e r e w ith in 1 p e r ce n ta g e p o in t o f the m e d ia n i n c r e a s e , 5 .5 p e r c e n t . A m o n g the n u m e r i c a ll y m o r e im p o r ta n t o c c u p a tio n s in c lu d e d in th is g r o u p , i n c r e a s e s a v e r a g e d 5. 2 p e r c e n t f o r b u y e r s , 5 .4 p e r c e n t f o r e n g in e e r s , 5 .5 p e r c e n t f o r c h e m i s t s , and 5 .8 p e r c e n t f o r a c c o u n ta n ts . F o r the f i r s t tim e in r e c e n t y e a r s , p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e s f o r c l e r i c a l s a l a r ie s g e n e r a l ly w e r e h ig h e r than th o s e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m i n is tr a tiv e o c c u p a t io n s . I n c r e a s e s f o r the 17 c l e r i c a l l e v e ls f r o m F e b r u a r y 1966 to June 1967 w e r e in a n a r r o w e r ra n g e ( 4 .4 to 7 .7 p e r c e n t ) w ith a m e d ia n i n c r e a s e o f 6. 8 p e r c e n t . A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s f o r the 81 o c c u p a t io n a l w o r k le v e ls v a r i e d f r o m $ 2 8 4 f o r c l e r k s e n g a g e d in ro u tin e filin g to $ 2 ,2 7 4 f o r the h ig h e s t l e v e l in the a tto r n e y s e r i e s . F o r e n g in e e r s , the l a r g e s t p r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t io n s u r v e y e d , s a l a r ie s r a n g e d f r o m $ 6 9 9 a m on th f o r r e c e n t c o l l e g e g r a d u a te s in t r a in e e p o s i tio n s to $ 1, 853 f o r e n g in e e r s V III, w h o s e t y p ic a l r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s c o u ld in c lu d e the d ir e c t i o n o f a h ig h ly c o m p l e x and d i v e r s i f i e d e n g in e e r in g p r o g r a m c o n s is t in g o f m a n y la r g e and im p o r ta n t p r o j e c t s . M o n th ly s a l a r ie s a v e r a g e d $ 4 4 3 fo r s e c r e t a r ie s I, $ 3 8 4 f o r g e n e r a l s t e n o g r a p h e r s , and $ 3 2 9 f o r ty p is ts I, the la r g e s t c l e r i c a l g r o u p s r e p r e s e n t e d in the s u r v e y . A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s o f e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s ra n g e d f r o m $ 4 4 7 to $ 7 7 8 a m o n g fiv e w o r k l e v e l s . F o r m o s t o f the o c c u p a t io n s , s a la r y l e v e l s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s and in la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w e r e h ig h e r than in a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith in the fu ll s c o p e o f the s u r v e y . S a la r y l e v e l s in fin a n c e and r e t a i l tr a d e in d u s t r ie s g e n e r a l ly w e r e l o w e r than in o th e r m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n s r e p r e s e n t e d in the s u r v e y . T h e lo w e r s a l a r ie s in fin a n c e in d u s t r ie s w e r e o f fs e t in p a r t b y a s h o r t e r a v e r a g e w o r k w e e k . C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f the S u r v e y T h is s u r v e y , the eigh th in an a n n u a l s e r i e s , p r o v id e s n a tio n w id e s a la r y l e v e ls a n d d is tr ib u t io n s f o r 81 w o r k l e v e l c a t e g o r ie s c o v e r in g 13 b r o a d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s . 1 2 It r e la t e s to e s ta b lis h m e n ts in a ll a r e a s o f the U n ited S ta tes e x c e p t A la s k a and H a w a ii in the fo llo w in g in d u s t r ie s : M a n u fa c tu r in g ; t r a n s p o r ta tio n , c o m m u n ic a t io n , e l e c t r i c , g a s , and s a n ita r y s e r v i c e s ; w h o le s a le tr a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta t e ; e n g in e e r in g and a r c h i t e c t u r a l s e r v i c e s ; and r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t , and te s tin g l a b o r a t o r i e s o p e r a t e d on a 1 The previous survey reflects salaries o f clerical and drafting occupations in effect February 1966 and those o f professional, administrative, and engineering technician occupations in effect March 1966. The timing and the reference date of the current survey were changed to June to provide more current data for those appraising the compensation of salaried employees in the Federal civ il service. See appendix B for a detailed description of changes in survey timing. 2 Results of the earlier survey reports were presented under the title: National Survey of Professional, Adminis trative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, Winter 1959-60 (BLS Bulletin 1286, I960); Winter 1960-61 (BLS Bulletin 1310, 1961); Winter 1961-62 (BLS Bulletin 1346, 1962); February—March 1963 (BLS Bulletin 1387, 1963); Februarv-March 1964 (BLS Bulletin 1422, 1964); Februarv-March 1965 (BLS Bulletin 1469, 1965); and Februarv-March 1966 (BLS Bulletin 1535, 1966). 1 2 c o m m e r i c a l b a s i s . 3 The m in im u m in d u s tr y d iv is io n r o u g h ly e q u a liz in g e m p lo y m e n t. T h e s e r e q u ir e m e n t s in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te d iv is io n , c o l l a r w o r k e r s , to 250 e m p lo y e e s in s iz e o f e s ta b lis h m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t s v a r ie d b y m in im u m s iz e s c o p e in t e r m s o f w h i t e - c o l l a r r a n g e d f r o m 50 e m p lo y e e s in the fin a n c e , w h ich is a lm o s t e n t ir e ly c o m p o s e d o f w h ite the m a n u fa ctu rin g and r e t a il tr a d e d iv is io n s . 4 D e fin itio n s f o r the o c c u p a tio n s in c lu d e d in th is stu d y p r o v id e f o r c l a s s i f i c a tion o f e m p lo y e e s a c c o r d in g to a p p r o p r ia t e w o r k le v e ls (o r c l a s s e s ) . W ith in e a ch o c c u p a t io n , the w o r k le v e ls s u r v e y e d , u s u a lly d e s ig n a te d b y R o m a n n u m e r a ls w ith c l a s s I a s s ig n e d to the lo w e s t le v e l, a r e d e fin e d in t e r m s o f d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l it i e s . S p e c ific jo b f a c t o r s d e te r m in in g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , h o w e v e r , v a r ie d f r o m o c c u p a tio n to o c c u p a tio n . T h e n u m b e r o f w o r k le v e l d e fin itio n s f o r e a ch o c c u p a tio n v a r i e s f r o m on e f o r o f f i c e b o y s o r g i r l s to eig h t e a ch f o r c h e m is t s and e n g in e e r s . M o r e than on e le v e l o f w o r k w a s d e fin e d f o r s u r v e y in m o s t o f the o c c u p a t io n s ; h o w e v e r , s o m e o c c u p a t io n s w e r e p u r p o s e ly d e fin e d to c o v e r s p e c i f i c b an d s o f w o r k l e v e l s , w h ich w e r e n ot in ten d ed to r e p r e s e n t a ll le v e ls o r a ll w o r k e r s that m a y b e fou n d in th o s e o c c u p a t io n s . T h e s u r v e y w a s d e s ig n e d to p e r m it s e p a r a te p r e s e n t a t io n o f data f o r m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s . C o v e r a g e in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s w a s e x te n d e d to in c lu d e the 227 S ta n da rd M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s in the U n ited S tates e x c e p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, as r e v is e d th ro u g h A p r il 1966 b y the B u re a u o f the B u d g e t, in s te a d o f the 221 a r e a s r e p r e s e n t e d in the p r e v io u s s u r v e y . S lig h tly m o r e than f o u r fifth s o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t and n in e -te n th s o f the e m p lo y m e n t in p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, c l e r i c a l , and r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s w ith in s c o p e o f th is s u r v e y w e r e a c c o u n te d f o r b y e s ta b lis h m e n ts lo c a t e d in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s . N in e ten th s o f the e m p lo y e e s in the s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d a ls o w e r e e m p lo y e d in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s . T h e s e p r o p o r t io n s v a r ie d m o r e f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a tio n s than f o r the c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g o c c u p a t io n s . T h e s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s a c c o u n te d f o r m o r e than 1 ,4 5 0 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s o r a b ou t o n e - f i f t h o f the e s tim a te d to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, c l e r i c a l , and r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s in a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y . E m p lo y m e n t in the s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s v a r ie d w id e ly , r e f le c t in g a ctu a l d if f e r e n c e s in e m p lo y m e n t in the v a r io u s o c c u p a t io n s , as w e ll as d i f f e r e n c e s in the ra n g e o f d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s c o v e r e d b y e a ch o c c u p a tio n a l d e fin itio n . A m o n g the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a t io n s , the e ig h t le v e ls o f e n g in e e r s a c c o u n te d f o r a to ta l o f 3 3 9 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s , w h e r e a s , f e w e r than 4 , 500 w e r e e m p lo y e d in e a ch o f fo u r o f the o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s as d e fin e d f o r the stu dy (c h ie f a c c o u n ta n ts , m a n a g e r s o f o f f i c e s e r v i c e s , jo b a n a ly s t s , and d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l). (S ee ta b le 1. ) F o u r o c c u p a tio n s at a ll w o r k le v e ls s tu d ie d (a c co u n tin g c l e r k s , s e c r e t a r i e s , s t e n o g r a p h e r s , and ty p is ts ) a c c o u n te d f o r 70 p e r c e n t o f the 806, 000 e m p lo y e e s in the c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s s tu d ie d . T h e s e le c t e d d ra ftin g r o o m o c c u p a tio n s had a g g r e g a t e e m p lo y m e n t o f a bou t 82, 000 and the fiv e e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n le v e ls t o g e t h e r a c c o u n te d f o r a b o u t 89, 000. A lth o u g h w o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r a p p r o x im a t e ly o n e -h a lf o f the to ta l e m p lo y m en t in the o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d , th ey w e r e e m p lo y e d l a r g e ly in c l e r i c a l p o s it io n s . T h e c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s , in w h ich the p r o p o r t io n o f w o m e n a m o u n te d to m o r e than 90 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y m e n t, w e r e file c l e r k s , k e y p u n ch o p e r a t o r s , s e c r e t a r i e s , s t e n o g r a p h e r s , s w it c h b o a r d o p e r a t o r s , and t y p is t s . A m o n g ta b u la tin g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , h o w e v e r , w o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r o n ly o n e - t h i r d o f the w o r k f o r c e , 3 February-March 1964 and earlier surveys were limited to establishments in metropolitan areas. For a full description of the scope of the 1967 survey, see appendix A. * February—March 1965 and earlier surveys were lim ited to establishments having 250 employees or more. 3 and th e re w e r e s lig h tly fe w e r o f f i c e g i r l s than o f f i c e b o y s . W o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r o n e - f i f t h o f the d r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s but fe w e r than 5 p e r c e n t o f the d r a f t s m e n and e n g in e e r in g t e c h n ic ia n s . W o m e n e m p lo y e e s in the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a t io n s u s u a lly w e r e r e p o r t e d in the f i r s t fe w l e v e l s ; th o s e in w h ich w o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r as m a n y a s 10 but l e s s than 20 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y m e n t w e r e ; A c c o u n ta n ts I; jo b a n a ly s ts I and II; c h e m is t s I and II; and b u y e r s I. T h e g e n e r a l l e v e l o f s a l a r ie s f o r e a c h o c c u p a tio n o r w o r k l e v e l is p r e s e n t e d in th is stu d y as the a r it h m e t ic m e a n o f a ll the in d iv id u a l s a la r y r a t e s . M e d ia n s a l a r i e s , the a m ou n t b e lo w and a b o v e w h ich the s a l a r ie s f o r 50 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s a r e fou n d , a r e a ls o p r e s e n t e d in ta b le s 1, 2, and 3. C h an ges in S a la r y L e v e ls T h e fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n p r e s e n t s the s a la r y i n c r e a s e s that o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n annual s u r v e y s s in c e 1961 f o r the l e v e ls r e p r e s e n t in g e a c h o f 13 o c c u p a t io n a l grou ps. T o d e te r m in e the i n c r e a s e s f o r e a c h g r o u p , a ll l e v e ls o f the o c c u p a tio n w e r e c o m b in e d u s in g e m p lo y m e n t in the m o s t r e c e n t y e a r a s a co n s ta n t e m p lo y m e n t w eig h t in b oth y e a r s to e lim in a te the e f fe c t s o f c h a n g e s in the p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s in the v a r io u s w o r k l e v e l s . The i n c r e a s e s w e r e then lin k e d to g e t h e r to ob ta in the ch a n g e s that h ad o c c u r r e d o v e r the 6 - y e a r p e r i o d s in c e th is s e r i e s began. W hen m a k in g c o m p a r is o n s o f ch a n g e , the lo n g e r tim e in t e r v a l b e tw e e n the 1966 and 1967 s u r v e y s , m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r , m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d . Due to the ch a n ge in s u r v e y tim in g , i n c r e a s e s r e la t e to a 1 5 -m o n th in t e r v a l (M a r c h 1966 to June 1967) f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , and e n g in e e r in g t e c h n ic ia n o c c u p a tio n s , and to a 1 6 -m o n th in t e r v a l ( F e b r u a r y 1966 to June 1967) f o r the c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g o c c u p a t io n s . T h e i n c r e a s e s sh ow n f o r a ll o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s in p r e v io u s y e a r s r e la t e to 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d s ending F e b r u a r y —M a r c h o f e a c h y e a r . 5 Percent increases in average salaries Occupational group Accountants--------------------------------Auditors-------------------------------------Chief accountants-----------------------Attorneys-----------------------------------Managers, office services------ ----Buyers-----------------------------------------Job analysts--------------------------------Directors of personnel----------------Chem ists-----------------------------------Engineers-----------------------------------Engineering tech n ician s------------Drafting-------------------------------------C le ric a l---- --------------------------------- 1966 to 1967 1 5.8 6 .0 6 .4 4 .0 6 .9 5 .2 4 .2 4 .7 5 .5 5 .4 4 .6 4 .6 6.1 1965 to 1966 1964 to 1965 1963 to 1964 1962 to 1963 1961 to 1962 1961 to 1967 3 .8 3.8 3.3 4 .0 3.3 ( 2) 5.4 3 .6 4 .8 3.7 2.8 1.5 3 .0 3.5 3 .9 3 .9 4 .2 4.3 ( 2> 4 .3 3 .5 3.9 3.2 2.3 (4) 2.4 2.8 3.1 4 .8 3.3 2.7 3 .3 3 .6 2.8 4 .6 2 .2 ( 2) 3 .5 4 .6 3 .3 2.9 3 .6 2.6 2 .9 ( 2) 2 .6 3 .0 3.8 4 .4 2.9 3 .6 2 .6 2.8 2.9 2.6 3 .2 3 .3 (2) 1.4 3.7 3 .9 2 .6 (3) 3.8 2.9 24. 1 25.6 26.3 25.6 25.0 ( 2) 23.3 25.4 28.0 24.3 ( 3) ( 4) 21.6 1 The 1966—67 increases reflect changes over a 16-month period for clerical and drafting occupations and a 15-month period for all others. 2 Buyers were not surveyed before 1966. 2 Engineering technicians were not surveyed before 1962. 4 Comparison over this period was not possible for draftsmen because of changes in defini tions of work levels in 1965. 5 The increases from 1965 to 1967 relate to establishments in metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan countiesj all others relate to metropolitan areas only. Establishments employing fewer than 250 workers were excluded before 1966. 4 In the 1966—67 p e r io d , i n c r e a s e s in a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s r a n g e d f r o m 4 to 6. 9 p e r c e n t f o r a ll 13 o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s s tu d ie d , w ith i n c r e a s e s f o r e ig h t o f th e s e g r o u p s e x c e e d in g 5 p e r c e n t . F o r m o s t o f the o c c u p a t io n s , i n c r e a s e s w e r e s ig n ific a n t ly h ig h e r than had b e e n r e c o r d e d f o r any o th e r p e r io d s in c e 1961, w hen the B u re a u b e g a n m e a s u r in g o c c u p a tio n a l w a g e tr e n d s on a n a tio n a l b a s is . A lth o u g h th e s e i n c r e a s e s w e r e a ffe c t e d b y the lo n g e r tim e in t e r v a l b e tw e e n the la s t tw o s u r v e y s , a s im i la r r e la t io n s h ip a p p lie s w h en the i n c r e a s e s a r e a d ju s te d to r e p r e s e n t a 1 2 -m o n th p e r io d . F o r e x a m p le , the a d ju s te d i n c r e a s e s f o r the m o r e h e a v ily p o p u la te d o c c u p a tio n s w o u ld b e 4. 6 p e r c e n t f o r the a c c o u n ta n ts and c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s , 4 . 4 p e r c e n t f o r c h e m is t s , 4 . 3 p e r c e n t f o r e n g in e e r s , and 3. 7 p e r c e n t f o r e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s . W ith o n ly tw o e x c e p t io n s , th e s e a d ju s te d i n c r e a s e s w e r e h ig h e r than any o f the in c r e a s e s r e p o r t e d f o r the s a m e o c c u p a t io n s in p r e v io u s y e a r s . T o e x a m in e the ch a n g e s in s a la r ie s that h a v e o c c u r r e d s in c e 1961 f o r d i f fe r e n t l e v e ls o f w o r k , a ll o f the o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w e r e g r o u p e d in to the th r e e b r o a d c a t e g o r ie s d e s c r i b e d in the ta b u la tio n w h ich f o ll o w s . The y e a r t o - y e a r p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e s f o r e a ch g r o u p w e r e d e t e r m in e d b y a d d in g a v e r a g e s a la r ie s f o r a ll o c c u p a tio n s in the g r o u p f o r 2 c o n s e c u t iv e y e a r s , and d iv id in g the la t e r s u m b y the e a r l i e r su m . T h e r e s u lta n t r e la t iv e , l e s s 100, sh o w s the p ercen t o f in c r e a s e . C h a n ges in the s c o p e o f the s u r v e y o r in the o c c u p a t io n a l d e fin itio n s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in to the s e r i e s as s o o n as tw o c o m p a r a b le p e r io d s w e r e a v a ila b le . T h e 6 - y e a r tr e n d s w e r e o b ta in e d b y lin k in g ch a n g e s f o r the i n d iv id u a l p e r i o d s . 6 Percent increase in average salaries 1966 to 19672 1965 to 1966 1964 to 1965 1963 to 1964 1962 to 1963 1961 to 1962 1961 to . 1967' Group A: C lerical and beginning technician levels-------------------- 6 .0 2 .9 2 .2 2.7 2.7 2.8 20.9 Group B: Entry and development profes sional levels, advanced technician levels, supervisors of nonprofessional le v e ls -------- 6 .0 3.7 3.3 2.6 4 .0 2.6 24.3 Group C: Fully experienced professional working levels, supervisors of professional levels, and pro gram administrative le v e ls ---- 5.1 4 .2 4 .2 3 .5 3 .7 3 .5 26.9 Work level categories 1 1 Groups A, B, and C are composed of the occupation levels compared with Federal Clas sification Act General Schedule grades 1—4, 5—10, and 1UL5, respectively, as shown in appendix D. 2 Because of the change in survey timing, the 1966—67 percent changes relate to a period of more than 1 year. For all clerical and drafting levels, the period is 16 months (from February 1966 to June 1967). For all other occupations the period is 15 months (from March 1966 to June 1967). Thus, for 19 of 21 levels in group A, the period is 16 months; for 24 of 26 levels in group B, and for all 30 levels in group C, the period covered is 15 months. Other yearto-year increases in the table represent the 12-month period ending February—March of each year. 6 This method of measuring group increases is different from that used in the two previous surveys. In the 1965 and 1966 reports, the group increases were measured by arraying the increases in average salaries for the o ccu pation levels in each group, and determining the median percent increase. Using this method, the median increases from 1966 to 1967 would be 6 .7 percent for group A, 6.1 percent for group B, and 5.3 percent for group C. 5 Chart 1. Rise in Average (M ean) Salaries for Selected Occupational Groups, 1961 to 1967 PERCENT OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS C hem ists C h ie f a cc o u n ta n ts A tto rn e ys A uditors D irec to rs o f p e rs o n n e l M a n a g e rs , o ffic e s e rvic es E n g in e e rs A c co untants Job a n a ly sts C le rica l em ployees 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 6 F o r m o s t y e a r s s in c e 1961, a v e r a g e s a la r ie s in c r e a s e d at a h ig h e r ra te f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e le v e ls than f o r the c l e r i c a l and b e g in n in g te c h n ic ia n l e v e l s . T h is p a tte r n is r e f l e c t e d in the c o m b in e d i n c r e a s e s f r o m 1961 to 1967, d e s p it e the d e p a r tu r e fr o m th is tr e n d b e tw e e n 1966 and 1967. D u rin g this p e r i o d , s a l a r ie s f o r the c l e r i c a l and te c h n ic ia n le v e ls in g ro u p A in c r e a s e d at a ra te that e x c e e d e d the ra te o f i n c r e a s e f o r the fu lly e x p e r ie n c e d p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e l e v e ls in g ro u p C . In p r i o r y e a r s , s a l a r ie s f o r the o c c u p a tio n a l le v e ls in g rou p C had sh ow n the h ig h e s t p e r c e n t a g e s o f i n c r e a s e . C h an ges in a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s r e f l e c t n ot o n ly g e n e r a l s a la r y i n c r e a s e s and m e r it o r o th e r i n c r e a s e s g iv e n to in d iv id u a ls w h ile in the s a m e w o r k l e v e l c a t e g o r y , but th ey a ls o m a y r e f l e c t o th e r f a c t o r s su ch as e m p lo y e e tu r n o v e r , e x p a n s io n s o r r e d u c t io n s in the w o r k f o r c e , and ch a n g e s in s ta ffin g p a tte r n s w ith in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith d iffe r e n t s a la r y l e v e ls . F o r e x a m p le , an e x p a n s io n in f o r c e m a y in c r e a s e the p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s at the m in im u m o f the s a la r y ra n g e e s ta b lis h e d f o r a w o r k l e v e l, w h ich w ou ld tend to lo w e r the a v e r a g e , w h e r e a s , a r e d u c t io n o r a lo w t u r n o v e r in the w o r k f o r c e m a y h ave the o p p o s it e e f fe c t . S im ila r ly , y e a r - t o - y e a r p r o m o t io n s o f e m p lo y e e s to h ig h e r w o r k l e v e ls o f p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s m a y a ff e c t a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s , lo w e r in g o r r a is in g the a v e r a g e . F o r e x a m p le , the e s ta b lis h e d s a la r y r a n g e s f o r s u ch o c c u p a tio n s a r e r e la t iv e ly w id e , and p r o m o t e d e m p lo y e e s , w ho m a y h ave b e e n p a id the m a x im u m o f the s a la r y s c a le f o r the lo w e r l e v e l, a r e lik e ly to b e r e p la c e d b y le s s e x p e r ie n c e d e m p lo y e e s w ho m a y b e p a id the m in im u m ; o r v a c a n c ie s m a y e x is t at the tim e o f the r e s u r v e y . O c cu p a tio n s m o s t l ik e ly to r e f l e c t su ch ch a n g e s in the s a la r y a v e r a g e s a r e the h ig h e r le v e ls o f p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a tio n s and s in g le -in c u m b e n t p o s it io n s s u ch as c h ie f a cco u n ta n t, d i r e c t o r o f p e r s o n n e l, and m a n a g e r o f o f f i c e s e r v i c e s . 7 A v e r a g e S a la r ie s , June 1967 A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s f o r the o c c u p a tio n s in c lu d e d in this s u r v e y ra n g e d f r o m $ 2 8 4 f o r file c l e r k s I to $ 2 ,2 7 4 f o r the top le v e l o f a tto r n e y s u r v e y e d (ta b le 1). T h e s e e x t r e m e s r e f l e c t the w id e ra n g e o f d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s r e p r e s e n t e d b y the 81 o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k le v e ls s u r v e y e d . A v e r a g e s a la r ie s f o r the o c c u p a tio n a l l e v e l s , and a b r i e f in d ic a tio n o f the d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s th ey r e p r e s e n t , a r e s u m m a r iz e d in the fo llo w in g p a r a g r a p h s . 8 A m o n g the fiv e le v e ls o f accountants s u r v e y e d , a v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s ra n g ed f r o m $ 5 8 2 f o r a cco u n ta n ts I to $ 1 ,0 6 6 f o r a cco u n ta n ts V. A uditors in the fo u r le v e ls d e fin e d f o r s u r v e y had a v e r a g e s a la r ie s ra n g in g f r o m $ 5 9 9 a m o n th f o r a u d ito r s I to $ 9 6 9 f o r a u d ito rs IV . L e v e l I in b oth the a cc o u n tin g and a u d itin g s e r i e s in c lu d e d t r a in e e s who had b a c h e l o r ’ s d e g r e e s in a cc o u n tin g o r the e q u iv a len t in e d u c a tio n and e x p e r ie n c e c o m b in e d . A t e a ch c o r r e s p o n d in g l e v e l, a v e r a g e s a la r ie s w e r e h ig h e r f o r a u d ito rs than f o r a c c o u n ta n ts . F o r l e v e l III, the m o s t h e a v ily p o p u la te d g ro u p in b oth s e r i e s , m o n th ly s a l a r ie s a v e r a g e d $ 7 4 0 f o r a c cou n ta n ts and $ 7 8 7 f o r a u d ito r s . W h e re a s m o r e than t w o -t h ir d s o f th e a cco u n ta n ts w e r e e m p lo y e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g , th is in d u s tr y d iv is io n e m p lo y e d fe w e r than o n e h a lf o f the a u d ito r s . 9 The o th e r la r g e e m p lo y e r s o f a u d ito r s w e r e in the fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l es ta te d iv is io n , w h ich a cco u n te d f o r o n e -fo u r t h o f th e s e w orkers. T h e p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s in e a ch m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y is sh ow n b y o c c u p a tio n in ta b le 7 and p r e s e n t e d g r a p h ic a lly in ch a rt 4, p a ge 15. 7 These types of occupations also may be subject to greater sampling error, as explained in the last paragraph of appendix A. 8 Classification of employees in the occupations and work levels surveyed was based on factors detailed in the definitions in appendix C. 9 Establishments primarily engaged in providing accounting and auditing services were excluded from the survey. 7 C h ie f accountants w e r e s u r v e y e d s e p a r a t e ly f r o m a cco u n ta n ts and in c lu d e d th o s e w ho d e v e lo p o r adapt and d i r e c t the a cc o u n tin g p r o g r a m f o r a c o m p a n y o r an e s ta b lis h m e n t (plan t) o f a c o m p a n y . L e v e l c l a s s if i c a t io n w as d e t e r m in e d b y the e x ten t o f d e le g a te d a u th o r ity and r e s p o n s ib ilit y ; the t e c h n ic a l c o m p le x it y o f the s y s t e m ; and, to a l e s s e r d e g r e e , the s iz e o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l s ta ff d ir e c t e d . C h ie f a cco u n ta n ts at l e v e l I, w ho h a v e a u th o r ity to adapt the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m , e s ta b lis h e d at h ig h e r l e v e l s , to m e e t the n e e d s o f an e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a c o m p a n y w ith r e l a t iv e ly fe w and s ta b le fu n c tio n s and w o r k p r o c e s s e s (d ir e c t in g o n e o r tw o a c c o u n ta n ts ), a v e r a g e d $ 981 a m on th . C h ie f a cco u n ta n ts IV , 101 w h o h ave a u th o r ity to e s t a b lis h and m a in ta in the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m , s u b je c t to g e n e r a l p o l i c y g u id e lin e s , f o r a c o m p a n y w ith n u m e ro u s and v a r ie d fu n c tio n s and w o r k p r o c e s s e s (d ir e c t in g as m a n y as 40 a c c o u n ta n ts ), a v e r a g e d $ 1 ,5 7 5 a m on th . N e a r ly t h r e e fifth s o f the c h ie f a cco u n ta n ts w ho m e t the r e q u ir e m e n t s o f the d e fin itio n s f o r th e s e foftr l e v e ls w e r e e m p lo y e d in m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s and a lm o s t o n e fifth w e r e in the fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te d iv is io n . A tto rneys w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to s e v e n le v e ls b a s e d u pon the d iffic u lt y o f t h e ir a s s ig n m e n ts and t h e ir r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s . 11 A tto r n e y s I, w h ich in c lu d e d n e w la w g ra d u a te s w ith le s s than a y e a r o f e x p e r ie n c e , w e r e n ot foun d in s u ffic ie n t n u m b e r to p e r m i t p u b lis h in g data f o r th is l e v e l. F o r the n e x t h ig h e r l e v e l, a tto r n e y s II, s a l a r ie s a v e r a g e d $ 8 0 2 a m on th . W o rk p e r f o r m e d at th is l e v e l w as s t il l r e l a t iv e ly u n c o m p lic a t e d s in c e it u s u a lly in v o lv e d p r o b le m s in w h ich fa c ts w e r e w e ll e s ta b lis h e d and p r e c e d e n t s c l e a r l y a p p lie d . A t to r n e y s in the top le v e l s u r v e y e d , l e v e l VII, e a r n e d an a v e r a g e o f $ 2 ,2 7 4 a m o n th . T h e s e a tto r n e y s d e a lt w ith le g a l m a tte r s o f c r i t i c a l im p o r ta n c e to th e ir o r g a n iz a t io n s , and w e r e u s u a lly s u b o r d in a te o n ly to the g e n e r a l c o u n s e l o r h is im m e d ia te d ep u ty in v e r y la r g e f i r m s . F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te in d u s tr ie s e m p lo y e d a lm o s t o n e -h a lf o f the a tto r n e y s ; m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s e m p lo y e d t h r e e - t e n t h s , and a h ig h p r o p o r t io n o f the r e m a in d e r w e r e e m p lo y e d in p u b lic u t ilit ie s (17 p e r c e n t ). Managers of o ffic e s erv ice s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to fo u r le v e ls b a s e d on the v a r ie t y o f c l e r i c a l and o th e r o f f i c e s e r v i c e s s u p e r v is e d and the s iz e o f the o r g a n i z a tio n s e r v i c e d . T h o s e at le v e l I w e r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r p r o v id in g fo u r o r fiv e o f the n in e o f f i c e s e r v i c e fu n c tio n s e n u m e ra te d in the s u r v e y d e fin itio n f o r a s ta ff o f 300 to 600 e m p lo y e e s , c o m p a r e d w ith s e v e n o r eig h t fu n c tio n s f o r abou t 1 ,5 0 0 to 3 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s at l e v e l IV . A m o n g th e s e l e v e l s , a v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s ra n g ed f r o m $ 7 1 3 to $ 1 ,2 8 4 . M a n u fa ctu r in g in d u s tr ie s a c c o u n te d f o r a lm o s t t w o -t h ir d s o f the e m p lo y e e s in the fo u r l e v e ls c o m b in e d , and an a d d itio n a l fifth w e r e e m p lo y e d in fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te in d u s t r ie s . B uyers a v e r a g e d $586 a m on th at le v e l I, w h ich in c lu d e d th o s e w h o p u r c h a s e d " o f f - t h e - s h e l f " and r e a d ily a v a ila b le ite m s and s e r v i c e s f r o m l o c a l s o u r c e s . B u y e r s IV , 12 w h o p u r c h a s e d la r g e a m ou n ts o f h ig h ly c o m p le x and t e c h n ic a l it e m s , m a t e r i a l s , o r s e r v i c e s w e r e p a id m o n th ly s a la r ie s a v e r a g in g $ 9 8 4 . M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s a c c o u n te d f o r 86 p e r c e n t o f the b u y e r s in the fo u r l e v e l s . 10 Although level V was surveyed, as defined in appendix C, too few employees met requirements for this level to warrant presentation of salary figures. 11 Establishments primarily engaged in offering legal advice or legal services were excluded from the survey. 12 Op. c i t . , footnote 10. 8 In the p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t f ie l d , fo u r w o r k l e v e ls e a c h o f job a n aly sts and directors of personnel 13 w e r e s tu d ie d . J o b a n a ly s ts I, d e fin e d to in c lu d e t r a in e e s u n d e r im m e d ia te s u p e r v is io n , a v e r a g e d $ 6 3 5 c o m p a r e d w ith $ 9 9 7 f o r jo b a n a ly s t s IV , w h o a n a ly z e and e v a lu a te a v a r ie t y o f the m o r e d if fic u lt jo b s u n d e r g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n and who m a y p a r t ic ip a t e in the d e v e lo p m e n t and in s ta lla t io n o f e v a lu a tio n o r c o m p e n s a tio n s y s t e m s . D i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l w e r e lim it e d by d e fin itio n to th o s e w h o had p r o g r a m s that in c lu d e d , at a m in im u m , r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r a d m in is te r in g a f o r m a l jo b e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m , e m p lo y m e n t and p l a c e m en t fu n c tio n s , and e m p lo y e e r e la t io n s and s e r v i c e s fu n c tio n s . T h o s e w ith r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r a ctu a l c o n t r a c t n e g o tia t io n w ith l a b o r u n io n s a s the p r in c ip a l c o m p a n y r e p r e s e n t a t iv e w e r e e x c lu d e d . P r o v i s i o n s w e r e m a d e in the d e fin itio n f o r w e ig h in g v a r io u s c o m b in a tio n s o f d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s to d e te r m in e the le v e l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . A m o n g p e r s o n n e l d i r e c t o r s w ith jo b fu n c tio n s as s p e c if ie d f o r the fo u r l e v e ls o f r e s p o n s i b i li t y , a v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s ra n g e d f r o m $ 867 f o r l e v e l I to $ 1 ,5 9 9 f o r le v e l IV . M a n u fa ctu r in g in d u s t r ie s a c c o u n te d f o r 77 p e r c e n t o f the jo b a n a ly s ts and 74 p e r c e n t o f the d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l in c lu d e d in the stu d y ; the fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te in d u s tr ie s ra n k e d n e x t, w ith 13 p e r c e n t o f the jo b a n a ly s ts and 9 p e r c e n t o f the d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l. C hem ists and engineers e a c h w e r e s u r v e y e d in e ig h t l e v e l s . B o th s e r i e s s ta r te d w ith a p r o f e s s i o n a l tr a in e e l e v e l, t y p ic a lly r e q u ir in g a B . S. d e g r e e . The h ig h e s t le v e l s u r v e y e d in v o lv e d e ith e r fu ll r e s p o n s i b i li t y o v e r a v e r y b r o a d and h ig h ly c o m p l e x and d iv e r s if ie d e n g in e e r in g o r c h e m ic a l p r o g r a m , w ith s e v e r a l s u b o r d in a te s e a ch d ir e c t in g la r g e and im p o r ta n t s e g m e n ts o f the p r o g r a m ; o r in d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h and c o n s u lta tio n in d iffic u lt p r o b le m a r e a s w h e r e the e n g in e e r o r c h e m is t w a s a r e c o g n i z e d a u th o r ity and w h e r e s o lu tio n s w o u ld r e p r e s e n t a m a jo r s c i e n t if ic o r t e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e . 1 14 A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s r a n g e d 3 f r o m $ 6 9 9 f o r e n g in e e r s I to $ 1 ,8 5 3 f o r e n g in e e r s V III, and f r o m $ 6 3 3 f o r c h e m is t s I to $ 2, 056 f o r c h e m is t s V III. A lth o u g h , at l e v e l I, the a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s o f e n g in e e r s e x c e e d e d th o s e f o r c h e m is t s b y 10 p e r c e n t , at le v e l IV the d if fe r e n c e n a r r o w e d to 3 p e r c e n t , and at l e v e l V III the a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s o f c h e m is t s e x c e e d e d th o s e f o r e n g in e e r s b y 11 p e r c e n t . L e v e l IV , the l a r g e s t g r o u p in e a ch s e r i e s , in c lu d e d p r o f e s s i o n a l e m p lo y e e s w h o w e r e fu lly c o m p e te n t in a ll t e c h n ic a l a s p e c t s o f th e ir a s s ig n m e n t s , w o r k e d w ith c o n s id e r a b le in d e p e n d e n c e , and, in s o m e c a s e s , s u p e r v is e d a fe w p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n ic a l w o r k ers. M a n u fa ctu r in g in d u s t r ie s a c c o u n te d f o r 79 p e r c e n t o f a ll e n g in e e r s and 88 p e r c e n t o f a ll c h e m is t s ; p u b lic u t ilit ie s , 10 and l e s s than 2 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t iv e ly ; and the s u r v e y e d e n g in e e r in g and s c i e n t if ic s e r v i c e s e m p lo y e d v ir t u a lly a ll o f the o t h e r s . Th e f i v e - l e v e l s e r i e s f o r engineering te ch n ician s w a s lim it e d , b y d e fin itio n , to e m p lo y e e s p r o v id in g s e m ip r o f e s s i o n a l t e c h n ic a l s u p p o r t to e n g in e e r s e n g a g e d in s u ch a r e a s a s r e s e a r c h , d e s ig n , d e v e lo p m e n t , t e s tin g , o r m a n u fa ctu rin g p r o c e s s im p r o v e m e n t , and w h o s e w o r k p e r ta in e d to e l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c , o r m e c h a n ic a l c o m p o n e n ts o r e q u ip m e n t. T e c h n ic ia n s e n g a g e d p r i m a r il y in p r o d u c tio n o r m a in ten a n ce w o r k w e r e e x c lu d e d . E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s I, w ho p e r f o r m e d s im p le , ro u tin e ta sk s u n d e r c l o s e s u p e r v is io n , o r f r o m d e ta ile d p r o c e d u r e s , w e r e p a id m o n th ly s a la r ie s a v e r a g in g $ 4 4 7 . E n g in e e r in g t e c h n ic ia n s V , the h ig h e s t le v e l s u r v e y e d , a v e r a g e d $ 778 a m on th . T h at l e v e l in c lu d e d fu lly e x p e r ie n c e d t e c h n ic ia n s p e r f o r m in g m o r e c o m p le x a s s ig n m e n ts in v o lv in g r e s p o n s i b i li t y f o r p la n ning and c o n d u ctin g a c o m p le t e p r o je c t o f r e l a t iv e ly lim it e d s c o p e , o r a p o r t io n 13 Although level V o f directors o f personnel was surveyed, as defined in appendix C, too few employees met requirements for this level to warrant presentation o f salary figures. 14 It was recognized in the definition that top positions o f some companies with unusually extensive and com plex engineering or chem ical programs were above that level. 9 o f a l a r g e r and m o r e d iv e r s e p r o j e c t , in a c c o r d a n c e w ith o b je c t i v e s , r e q u i r e m e n ts , and d e s ig n a p p r o a c h e s as ou tlin e d b y the s u p e r v is o r o r a p r o f e s s i o n a l e n g in e e r . A v e r a g e s f o r in t e r m e d ia te le v e ls III and IV , at w h ich a m a jo r i t y o f the te c h n ic ia n s s u r v e y e d w e r e c l a s s i f i e d , w e r e $ 6 0 3 and $ 6 9 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . As m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d , n e a r ly a ll o f the te c h n ic ia n s as d e fin e d w e r e e m p lo y e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g (78 p e r c e n t ) and in the s c i e n t if ic s e r v i c e s in d u s tr ie s stu d ie d (17 p e r c e n t). A lth ou g h the r a tio o f s u ch te c h n ic ia n s to e n g in e e r s stu d ie d w as abou t 1 to 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , in a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s , h ig h e r r a tio s o f a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 to 2 w e r e foun d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts m a n u fa ctu rin g m e c h a n ic a l and e l e c t r i c a l e q u ip m en t and in r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, and te s tin g la b o r a t o r i e s . In the drafting fie ld , the d e fin itio n s u s e d in the s u r v e y c o v e r e d fo u r l e v e ls o f w o r k — d r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s , and d r a ft s m e n I, II, and III. M o n th ly s a l a r ie s a v e r a g e d $ 3 9 5 f o r d r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s and ra n g e d f r o m $ 4 8 0 to $ 7 2 7 a m o n g the th r e e l e v e ls o f d r a fts m e n . D r a f t s m e n -t r a c e r s c o p y p la n s and d ra w in g s p r e p a r e d by o t h e r s o r p r e p a r e s im p le o r r e p e t it iv e d ra w in g s o f e a s ily v is u a liz e d it e m s . T h e th r e e d r a fts m e n le v e ls as d e fin e d ra n g e d f r o m e m p lo y e e s p r e p a r in g d e ta il d ra w in g s o f s in g le un its o r p a r ts ( le v e l I) to th o s e w h o, w o r k in g in c l o s e s u p p o rt w ith the d e s ig n o r i g i n a t o r , p la n the g r a p h ic p r e s e n ta tio n o f c o m p le x ite m s h a v in g d i s t i n c tiv e d e s ig n fe a t u r e s , and e ith e r p r e p a r e o r d ir e c t the p r e p a r a t io n o f the d ra w in g s ( le v e l III). Th e d r a ftin g e m p lo y e e s w e r e d is tr ib u t e d b y in d u s tr y in abou t the s a m e p r o p o r t io n as e n g in e e r s , w ith 80 p e r c e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g , 8 p e r c e n t in p u b lic u t ilit ie s , and n e a r ly a ll o f the r e m a in d e r in the s e le c t e d e n g in e e r in g and s c i e n t if ic s e r v i c e s in d u s tr ie s s tu d ie d . A m o n g the 21 c le ric a l jobs in c lu d e d in th is stu d y , a v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r ie s ra n g ed f r o m $ 2 8 4 f o r f il e c le r k s I to $ 5 7 8 f o r s e c r e t a r i e s IV , the top l e v e l o f a n ew s e r i e s in the c u r r e n t s u r v e y . T h e fo u r le v e ls o f s e c r e t a r i e s , w ho w e r e c l a s s if i e d a c c o r d in g to the p o s it io n o f th e ir s u p e r v is o r s , r e p r e s e n t the m o s t h e a v ily p o p u la te d g ro u p o f c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s . F o r o th e r la r g e g r o u p s , a v e r a g e s a la r ie s o f $ 3 8 4 and $ 44 9 w e r e r e p o r t e d f o r g e n e r a l and s e n io r s t e n o g r a p h e r s ; the tw o l e v e ls o f ty p is ts a v e r a g e d $ 3 2 9 and $ 3 9 0 . G e n e r a lly , a v e r a g e s a la r ie s f o r c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s w e r e h ig h e s t in p u b lic u tilitie s and m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s and lo w e s t in the fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta t e , and r e t a il tr a d e d iv is io n s . E m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g e x c e e d e d that in any o f the n o n m a n u fa c tu rin g d iv i s io n s w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y in 15 o f the 21 c l e r i c a l w o r k l e v e ls ; h ig h e s t e m p lo y m e n t to ta ls in the o th e r s ix le v e ls w e r e in the fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te d iv is io n . W o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r n in e -te n th s o r m o r e o f the e m p lo y e e s in 15 o f the c l e r i c a l w o r k l e v e l s , and m e n a c c o u n te d f o r h a lf o r m o r e in fo u r (ta b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s I, II, and III, and o f f i c e b o y s o r g i r l s ) . M e d ia n m o n th ly s a l a r ie s (the am ou n t b e lo w and a b o v e w h ich 50 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s w e r e found) f o r m o s t o f the w o r k l e v e ls w e r e s lig h tly l o w e r than the w e ig h te d a v e r a g e s (m e a n s ) c ite d a b o v e (i. e. , the s a l a r ie s in the u p p e r h a lv e s o f the a r r a y s had a g r e a t e r e f fe c t on the a v e r a g e s than did the s a l a r ie s in the lo w e r h a lv e s ). T h e r e la t iv e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the m e d ia n and the m e a n w as le s s than 2 p e r c e n t f o r 54 o f the 81 w o r k le v e ls and as m u ch as 2 but l e s s than 4 p e r c e n t in 24 a d d itio n a l l e v e l s . T h e w e ig h te d a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s e x c e e d e d the m e d ia n s b y 4 to 5 p e r c e n t f o r m a n a g e r s o f o f f i c e s e r v i c e s III, k e y p u n ch o p e r a t o r s I, and o f f i c e b o y s o r g i r l s . S a la r y L e v e ls in M e t r o p o lit a n A r e a s In m o s t o f the o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k l e v e ls , a v e r a g e s a la r ie s f o r e m p lo y e e s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s (ta b le 2) w e r e e ith e r id e n tic a l to o r s lig h t ly h ig h e r than a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s f o r e m p lo y e e s in a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in fu ll s c o p e o f the s u r v e y (ta b le 1). E m p lo y m e n t in the s u r v e y o c c u p a tio n s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s 10 a c c o u n te d f o r a p p r o x im a t e ly n in e -te n th s o f the to ta l n a tio n w id e e m p lo y m e n t r e p o r te d in th e s e o c c u p a t io n s . T h e p r o p o r t io n s v a r ie d , h o w e v e r , a m o n g o c c u p a tio n s and w o r k l e v e l s . N e a r ly a ll o f the a tto r n e y s at e a c h l e v e l, f o r e x a m p le , w e r e e m p lo y e d in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , w h e r e a s the p r o p o r t io n o f c h ie f a cco u n ta n ts and d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l fo r a ll le v e ls c o m b in e d w a s a p p r o x im a t e ly f o u r - f i f t h s w ith a s m a lle r p r o p o r t io n at the lo w e s t l e v e l s . In a m a jo r it y o f the 81 w o r k le v e ls s tu d ie d , m o r e than n in e -te n th s o f the e m p lo y m e n t w a s in m e t r o p o lit a n a rea s. It is a p p a r e n t, t h e r e f o r e , that a lth ou gh a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s u s u a lly w e r e lo w e r in the n o n m e tr o p o lita n c o u n t ie s , in th o s e w o r k l e v e ls in w h ich n e a r ly a ll o f the e m p lo y m e n t w a s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s , n o n m e tr o p o lita n c o u n tie s c o u ld h av e little e f f e c t u pon the a v e r a g e s f o r a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts c o m b in e d . O n ly in th r e e o f the 81 w o r k l e v e ls s tu d ie d w e r e a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s m o r e than 1. 5 (but n ot m o r e than 2. 1) p e r c e n t h ig h e r in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s than in a ll a r e a s c o m b in e d ; in a ll o f th e s e c a s e s the p r o p o r t io n o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t w ith in n o n m e t r o p o lit a n co u n tie s w a s o v e r 10 p e r c e n t . I n c r e a s e s in a v e r a g e s a la r ie s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a e s ta b lis h m e n ts f r o m F e b r u a r y —M a r c h 1966 to June 1967 w e r e w ith in a h a lf p e r c e n t a g e p o in t o f i n c r e a s e s r e p o r t e d f o r a ll a r e a s s tu d ie d in 65 o f the 77 l e v e l s . The y e a r -to -y e a r i n c r e a s e s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s c o m p a r e d w ith a ll a r e a s w e r e l a r g e r f o r 34, s m a lle r f o r 36 l e v e l s , and the s a m e f o r s e v e n . S a la r y L e v e ls in L a r g e E s ta b lis h m e n ts It w a s p o s s i b l e to p r e s e n t s e p a r a te data f o r 72 o f the 81 o c c u p a tio n w o r k le v e ls fo r a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith 2, 500 e m p lo y e e s o r m o r e (ta b le 3 ). C om p a r is o n s b e tw e e n e m p lo y m e n ts and r e la t iv e s a la r y le v e ls in th e s e e s ta b lis h m e n ts and a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts c o m b in e d a ls o a r e p r e s e n t e d . E s t a b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y in g 2, 500 o r m o r e a c c o u n te d f o r n e a r ly t w o -fift h s o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in p r o f e s s i o n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , s u p e r v is o r y , and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a tio n s w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y , and a p p r o x im a t e ly the s a m e p r o p o r t io n o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in the s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d . L a r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts a c c o u n te d f o r v a r y in g p r o p o r tio n s o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in the 72 o c c u p a tio n a l w o r k le v e ls sh ow n in ta b le 3, ra n g in g f r o m 14 to 79 p e r c e n t ( d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l III and jo b a n a ly s ts IV , re s p e c tiv e ly ). Th e s a la r y le v e ls in la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n t s , e x p r e s s e d as a p e r c e n t o f l e v e ls in a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts c o m b in e d , ra n g e d f r o m l e s s than 100 (fo r the to p l e v e l s u r v e y e d in e a c h o f the a tto r n e y , jo b a n a ly s t , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s e r i e s , and m a n a g e r s o f o f f i c e s e r v i c e s III) to 120 f o r d i r e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l III. As sh ow n in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n , s a la r y a v e r a g e s f o r la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts e x c e e d e d the a ll-e s t a b lis h m e n t a v e r a g e s b y 5 p e r c e n t o r m o r e in 20 o f 21 c l e r i c a l jo b s , but in o n ly 15 o f 51 n o n c l e r i c a l jo b s . Number of job categories Pay levels as percent of all establishment average Total 90-9 4 ............ 95-100--------101-104------105-109------110 and over- Professional and administrative 51 1 5 30 12 3 Clerical 21 _ - 1 13 7 11 T h e s e r e la t iv e s a la r y le v e ls in la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts te n d e d to be h ig h e s t f o r w o r k l e v e ls in w h ich su ch e s ta b lis h m e n ts a c c o u n te d f o r the s m a lle s t p r o p o r tio n o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t. T h u s , the d e g r e e o f e m p lo y m e n t c o n c e n t r a t io n (in la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts ) ra n g e d f r o m 19 to 42 p e r c e n t f o r c l e r i c a l jo b s ; in a l m o s t h a lf o f the n o n c l e r i c a l j o b s , m o r e than 40 p e r c e n t w e r e in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith 2, 500 o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s . S a la r y D is t r ib u tio n s P e r c e n t d is tr ib u t io n s o f e m p lo y e e s b y m o n th ly s a l a r i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s in ta b le 4 , and f o r e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s in ta b le 5; d is tr ib u t io n s b y w e e k ly s a l a r ie s a r e sh ow n f o r e m p lo y e e s in the d r a ftin g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a tio n s in ta b le 6. 15 W ith in n e a r ly a ll o f the 81 o c c u p a tio n w o r k l e v e l s , s a la r y r a te s f o r s o m e o f the h ig h e s t p a id e m p lo y e e s w e r e tw ic e th o s e o f the lo w e s t p a id e m p lo y e e s . A ll o c c u p a tio n s in w h ich tw o le v e ls o r m o r e o f w o r k w e r e s u r v e y e d s h o w e d a s u b s ta n tia l d e g r e e o f o v e r la p p in g o f in d iv id u a l s a l a r ie s b e tw e e n w o r k le v e ls in the s a m e o c c u p a tio n . R a n g e s in s a la r y r a te s o f e m p lo y e e s in e s t a b lis h e d p a y g r a d e s o r w o r k le v e ls w ith in s a la r y s t r u c t u r e s o f in d iv id u a l f ir m s a ls o e x h ib ite d s u b s ta n tia l o v e r la p p in g . T h e m id d le 50 and 80 p e r c e n t o f the r a n g e , and the m e d ia n s a la r y f o r e a ch o c c u p a tio n w o r k l e v e l h a v e b e e n c h a r te d (c h a r ts 2 and 3) to p o in t up o c c u p a t io n a l p ay r e la t io n s h ip s as w e ll as the t y p ic a lly g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f s a la r y d is p e r s io n a s s o c i a t e d w ith the h ig h e r w o r k le v e ls in e a ch o c c u p a tio n a l s e r i e s . Th e a b s o lu te s p r e a d b e tw e e n h ig h e s t and lo w e s t p a id w o r k e r s w ith in g iv e n w o r k le v e ls ten d ed to w id en w ith e a ch s u c c e s s i v e w o r k le v e l f o r m o s t o c c u p a tio n s in w h ich tw o l e v e ls o r m o r e w e r e s u r v e y e d . T h e r e la t iv e s p r e a d in s a la r y ra n g e s v a r ie d c o n s id e r a b ly a m on g o c c u p a t io n s , and in m o s t c a s e s , the r e la t iv e s p r e a d w a s s m a lle r f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e w o r k le v e ls than f o r c l e r i c a l l e v e ls stu d ie d . E x p r e s s in g the s a la r y ra n g e o f the m id d le 50 p e r c e n t o f e m p lo y e e s as a p e r c e n t o f the m e d ia n s a la r y p e r m it t e d c o m p a r is o n s o f s a la r y r a n g e s fo r the v a r io u s w o r k l e v e ls on the s a m e b a s is , and a ls o e lim in a te d e x t r e m e lo w and h ig h s a l a r ie s f r o m e a ch c o m p a r is o n . Distribution of work levels by degree of dispersion (salary range of middle 50 percent of employees _____ expressed as a percent of median salary)______ Occupational group A ll l e v e l s ---------------------------------Accountants-------------------------------------Auditors--------------------------------------------Chief accountants----------------------------- ----A ttorn eys----------------------------------------Managers, o ffice s e r v ic e s ----------------Buyers----------------------------- ---------------Job analysts------------------------------- ------Directors o f personnel---- -----------------Chemists------------------------------------------Engineers-------------------------------------- — Engineering techn icians---- --------------D ra ftin g ------------------------------------------C lerical--------------------------------------------- Total Under 15 15 and under 20 20 and under 25 25 and under 30 13 81 8 21 37 5 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 8 5 4 21 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 4 11 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 6 2 2 1 30 and over 2 1 1 2 1 8 X 15 Technical considerations dictated the summarization o f employee distributions by weekly salaries in the case o f the drafting and clerical jobs. 12 Chart 2. Salaries in Professional and Technical Occupations, June 1967 M edian M onthly S alaries and Ranges W ithin W hich Fell 50 P ercent and 8 0 P erce n t of Employees 0 $250 $500 $750 $ 1 ,0 0 0 $ 1 ,2 5 0 $ 1 ,5 0 0 $ 1 ,7 5 0 $ 2 ,0 0 0 $ 2 ,2 5 0 $ 2 ,5 0 0 $ 2 ,7 5 0 13 Chart 3. Salaries in Adm inistrative and Clerical Occupations, June 1967 M edian M onthly S alaries and Ranges W ithin Which Fell 50 P ercent and 8 0 P ercent of Employees 0 OCCUPATION AND CLASS D irectors of personnel IV III II I Job analysts IV III II M anagers, offic e services IV III II I Buyers IV III II I Secretaries IV III II I Tabu la tin g -m ac h in e o perators III II I C lerks, accoun ting || I S te nograp hers, sen ior S tenograp hers, general S w itchboard o p e ra to rs II Keypunch operators II I I C lerks, file III II I Typists O ffice boys or girls II $200 $400 $600 $800 $ 1 ,0 0 0 $ 1 ,2 0 0 $ 1 ,4 0 0 $ 1,6 00 $ 1 ,8 0 0 $ 2 ,0 0 0 $ 2 ,2 0 0 14 T h e w id e v a r ia t io n in the d e g r e e o f d is p e r s io n f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e s a l a r ie s is c l e a r l y illu s t r a t e d in the ta b u la tio n on p a g e 11. In c o n t r a s t , s a l a r ie s f o r the c l e r i c a l le v e ls w e r e d is p e r s e d in a m u ch m o r e c o n s is t e n t p a tte r n , w ith the m id d le r a n g e s fa llin g b e tw e e n 20 and 30 p e r c e n t o f the c o r r e sp on d in g m e d ia n s f o r a ll but on e l e v e l (17 p e r c e n t f o r file c l e r k s I). D i f f e r e n c e s in the ra n g e o f s a l a r ie s p a id in d iv id u a ls w ith in w o r k le v e ls s u r v e y e d r e f l e c t a v a r ie t y o f f a c t o r s o th e r than d if f e r e n c e s in the ra n g e o f d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i li t i e s e n c o m p a s s e d b y the v a r io u s w o r k l e v e l d e fin it io n s . S a la r ie s o f in d iv id u a ls in the sam e, o c c u p a tio n and g r a d e l e v e l m a y v a r y c o n s id e r a b ly w ith in e s t a b lis h m e n t s . S a la r ie s o f w h i t e - c o l l a r e m p lo y e e s a r e g e n e r a lly d e t e r m in e d on an in d iv id u a l b a s is o r u n d e r f o r m a li z e d p a y p la n s w h ich p r o v id e f o r a ra n g e in s a la r y r a te s f o r e a c h g r a d e l e v e l w ith in e a ch o c c u p a t io n . T h e i n - g r a d e s a la r y s p r e a d (i. e. , the p e r c e n t d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n the m in im u m and m a x im u m r a t e s f o r a g r a d e ) ten d s to b e g r e a t e r in the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e jo b s than in the c l e r i c a l j o b s . F o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a t io n s , the jo b f ie l d ten d s to b e n a tio n a l in s c o p e . O ffic e c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s , on the o th e r h an d , a r e u s u a lly r e c r u it e d l o c a l l y . 16 A s p o in te d out e a r l i e r (and in d ic a te d in ta b le 7 and c h a r t 4 ), e m p lo y m e n t in the v a r io u s in d u s t r ie s w ith in the s c o p e o f the s u r v e y v a r i e s c o n s id e r a b ly f r o m o c c u p a tio n to o c c u p a tio n . T h e s e v a r ia t io n s in e m p lo y m e n t a ls o a r e r e f l e c t e d in s a la r y l e v e ls and d is tr ib u t io n s to the e x te n t that s a l a r ie s d if fe r b y in d u s tr y , a s e x p la in e d in the fo llo w in g s e c t io n . P a y D i f f e r e n c e s b y In d u stry T h e s u r v e y w a s p la n n ed to p e r m it p u b lic a tio n o f n a tio n a l s a la r y e s t im a t e s b y l e v e l o f w o r k f o r the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s in a ll in d u s t r ie s w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y . B y c o m b in in g the data f o r a ll l e v e l s o f w o r k s tu d ie d in e a c h o c c u p a t io n , it w a s p o s s ib le to p r e s e n t c o m p a r is io n s b e tw e e n r e l a tiv e s a la r y l e v e l s in m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n s and a ll in d u s tr ie s c o m b in e d (ta b le 8). T o o b ta in r e la t iv e s a la r y l e v e l s , a g g r e g a t e s f o r the w o r k l e v e ls in e a c h o c c u p a tio n c o m b in e d w e r e c o m p u te d f o r a ll in d u s tr ie s and f o r e a c h m a jo r in d u s tr y d i v i s io n . T h e a ll -i n d u s t r y e m p lo y m e n t in e a ch w o r k le v e l w a s u s e d a s a co n s ta n t e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h t in co m p u tin g a g g r e g a t e s f o r the v a r io u s o c c u p a tio n s by in d u s t r y to e lim in a te the in flu e n c e o f d if f e r e n c e s a m on g in d u s tr y d iv is io n s in the p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y m e n t in v a r io u s w o r k l e v e l s . T h e a g g r e g a t e s f o r e a c h o c c u p a tio n and in d u s tr y d iv is io n w e r e then e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f the c o r r e s p o n d in g g r o u p s in a ll in d u s tr ie s c o m b in e d . F o r a ll o f the c l e r i c a l o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d , and f o r a m a jo r i t y o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e o c c u p a tio n s in w h ich c o m p a r is o n s c o u ld be m a d e , r e la t iv e s a la r y l e v e ls w e r e lo w e r in r e t a il tr a d e and in fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te than in o th e r in d u s try d iv is io n s . It is a p p a r e n t, t h e r e f o r e , that in th o s e o c c u p a t io n s in w h ich r e t a il tr a d e and the fin a n c e in d u s t r ie s a c c o u n t f o r a s u b s ta n tia l p r o p o r t io n o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t, the a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s f o r a ll i n d u s t r ie s c o m b in e d a r e lo w e r e d , and the r e la t iv e le v e ls in in d u s t r ie s s u c h a s m a n u fa c tu r in g and p u b lic u t ilit ie s ten d to be w e ll a b o v e 100 p e r c e n t o f the a ll - i n d u s t r y l e v e l. F o r e x a m p le , r e la t iv e p ay l e v e ls f o r f il e c l e r k s o f 108 p e r c e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g and 122 p e r c e n t in p u b lic u t ilit ie s r e f l e c t the in flu e n c e o f l o w e r s a l a r i e s f o r the h ig h p r o p o r t io n (53 p e r c e n t ) o f a ll- i n d u s t r y e m p lo y m e n t a c c o u n te d f o r b y the fin a n c e in d u s t r ie s . In fin a n c e in d u s t r ie s , h o w e v e r , the r e la t iv e ly l o w e r s a la r y l e v e ls w e r e o f fs e t to the ex te n t that a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s in that in d u s tr y w e r e l o w e r than in the o th e r in d u s tr ie s s u r v e y e d , a s sh ow n in ta b le 9. 16 For an analysis of interarea pay differentials in clerical salaries, see Wages and Related Benefits: Metropolitan Areas, United States and Regional Summaries, 1965-66 (BLS Bulletin 1465—86, 1967, Pt. II). 15 Chart 4. Relative Em ploym ent in Selected Occupational Groups by Industry Division, June 1967 PERCENT O CCUPATIONAL GROUPS ------ 1------ 1 0 10 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 1 60 1 70 1 80 1 90 100 A ccountants and c h ie f accountants 111! Auditors Attorneys ■HUB m. lHH M anagers, o ffic e services B uyers BlIillB D irectors of P erson nel and job analysts illl 111111 C hem ists E ngineers E n g in e e rin g te c h n ic ia n s and d ra ftsm e n C lerical em ployees 111111 ____i____i____ i____ i____i____i____ i____ i____i____ M a n u fa c tu rin g Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Public U tilities Trade and S elected S ervices 16 T h e r e la t iv e s a la r y le v e ls f o r m o s t o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , and t e c h n ic a l o c c u p a tio n s ten d ed to b e n e a r e s t to 100 p e r c e n t o f the a ll -i n d u s t r y le v e ls in m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s , w h ich a c c o u n te d f o r a h ig h p r o p o r t io n o f the tota l e m p lo y m e n t in m o s t o f th e s e o c c u p a t io n s . R e la tiv e s a la r y l e v e ls f o r a m a jo r i t y o f the c l e r i c a l and s o m e o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s w e r e s lig h t ly h ig h e r in p u b lic u t ilit ie s than in m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s t r ie s . F o r e n g in e e r s , h o w e v e r , r e la t iv e s a la r y l e v e ls i n u t i l i t i e s w e r e 96 p e r c e n t o f the a ll -i n d u s t r y l e v e l, c o m p a r e d w ith 100 f o r m a n u fa c tu r in g and 99 f o r the s e le c t e d s e rv ice s . A v e r a g e W e e k ly H ou rs Th e len g th o f the w o r k w e e k , on w h ich the r e g u la r s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r y w as b a s e d , w as ob ta in e d f o r in d iv id u a l e m p lo y e e s in the o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d . T h e d is tr ib u t io n o f a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s (ro u n d e d to the n e a r e s t h a lf h ou r) is p r e s e n t e d in ta b le 9 f o r a ll w o r k l e v e ls o f e a c h o c c u p a t io n c o m b in e d in m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n s s u r v e y e d . A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s w e r e lo w e r in fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te than in the o th e r in d u s tr y d iv i s io n s . T h u s, in fin a n c e in d u s t r ie s , w o r k w e e k s a v e r a g e d 38 h o u rs f o r a m a jo r i t y o f the o c c u p a t io n s , c o m p a r e d to 39. 5 h o u rs in m a n u fa ctu rin g and f r o m 39 to 39. 5 h o u r s in the re m a in in g in d u s tr ie s s u r v e y e d . 17 17 For additional information on scheduled weekly hours of office workers employed in metropolitan areas, see Wages and Related Benefits, Part I: 85 Metropolitan Areas, 1966—67 (BLS Bulletin 1530—87, 1967). 17 Table 1. Average Salaries: United States ( E m p l o y m e n t a nd a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s f o r s e l e c t e d p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , t e c h n i c a l , a nd c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s in p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , 1 U n it e d S t a t e s e x c e p t A l a s k a a nd H a w a i i , J un e 1967, an d p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e in m e a n s a l a r i e s s i n c e F e b r u a r y —M a r c h 1966 ") M o n t h l y s a l a r i e s 'i O c c u p a t i o n and c l a s s (S e e d e f i n i t i o n s in a p p e n d i x C) Annual < salari e s 4 Number of em ployee s 3 Mean M edian 4, 6 57 8, 969 22 , 93 3 15,292 6, 445 $58 2 65 2 740 88 8 1, 066 $57 8 645 735 875 1, 050 $54 0 590 6 74 8 04 955 $625 701 793 9 57 1, 174 $6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 99 0 820 879 66 0 795 729 1, 832 3, 8 04 2, 615 599 696 787 969 586 690 77 4 952 525 625 699 866 665 766 87 4 1, 050 7, 8, 9, 11, 716 1, 359 839 338 981 1, 086 1, 324 1, 575 99 0 1, 066 1, 290 1, 599 877 949 1, 207 1 ,4 6 4 1, 079 1, 190 1 ,4 5 0 1, 666 790 1, 083 1, 686 1, 445 5 54 355 802 987 202 434 785 274 800 950 182 400 749 250 738 87 4 1, 061 1, 250 1, 541 1,915 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, M iddle range 5 F irst quartile T hird quartile M iddle range 5 Mean M edian Percent i nc TC3. S0 in mean s a l a r ie s 2 F irst quartile T h ird quartile $6,936 7, 740 8, 820 10,500 12, 600 $6,480 7, 080 8, 088 9, 648 11,460 $7,500 8, 41 2 9,5 1 6 11,484 14,088 6.3 7.0 6.6 5 .4 3.7 190 354 449 63 3 7, 03 2 8, 280 9, 288 11,424 6, 7, 8, 10, 300 500 388 392 7, 980 9, 192 10,488 12, 600 12.2 7.9 6.1 3.9 11, 768 13, 036 15,883 18,896 11, 880 12, 792 15,480 19, 188 10,524 11,388 14,484 17,568 12, 948 14,280 17, 400 19,992 9.0 6.1 4.9 6.9 9, 622 11, 843 14,419 17, 206 21,415 27, 2 9 3 ’ 9, 600 11,400 14,184 16, 80 0 20, 988 2 7,000 8, 856 10,488 12, 732 15,000 18,492 22, 980 9, 90 0 12,996 15,984 19,020 2 4,000 31, 200 5.5 7.9 2.6 2.9 3.2 5.6 A c c o u n t a n t s and a u d i t o r s A ccountants Accountants A ccountants A ccountants A ccountants Auditors Auditors Auditors Auditors Chief Chief Chief C hief I __ __________ _________ I I _____ _____ __________ III ___ ___________ ___ I V _____________ ____ _ _ V __________________________ I --------------------___ ----I I _________ _ ______ _ ____ I I I _ _____________ _____ __ I V _ ______________________ ____ accountants accountants accountants accountants I _______ _______ _ I I ------------ ------------I I I _________________ I V ___ ____________ Attorneys 6 Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys Attorneys I I ____________________________ III __ ________ _ _ _______ I V _____________ ______ — _ V _____________________________ VI ___________________________ V I I ________ __ -------------- 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 825 083 332 585 000 600 O ffice se r v ic e s M anagers, M anagers, Managers, M anagers, office office office office services services services services 295 675 353 58 71 3 866 1, 0 84 1, 284 708 8 64 1, 041 1, 245 639 779 947 1, 137 785 930 1 ,2 4 9 1 ,4 0 6 8, 562 10, 397 13, 011 15,414 8, 496 10,368 12,492 14, 94 0 7, 9, 11, 13, 668 348 364 64 4 9,4 2 0 11, 160 14,988 16,872 7.6 5.0 9.5 7.5 320 308 899 312 586 6 84 818 984 576 674 810 970 525 604 729 890 641 750 895 1, 066 7, 030 8, 211 9,8 1 9 11, 806 6, 912 8, 088 9, 720 11,640 6, 300 7, 248 8, 748 10,680 7, 69 2 9, 000 10,740 12, 792 5.7 3.7 6.1 4.9 142 339 696 539 635 68 0 801 997 639 665 795 995 580 61 0 72 4 9 04 705 745 875 1, 083 7, 621 8, 157 9, 618 11,964 7, 668 7, 980 9, 54 0 11,940 6, 960 7, 320 8, 688 10,848 8, 8, 10, 12, 7.6 5.2 2.0 5.5 1, 078 1, 653 1, 080 371 867 1, 033 1, 277 1, 599 838 1, 000 1, 249 1, 541 750 9 16 1, 100 1, 332 945 1, 125 1 ,4 5 0 1, 753 10,407 12, 394 15,319 19,186 10,056 12,000 14,988 18,492 9, 000 10, 9 92 13, 200 15,984 11, 340 13, 500 17,400 21, 036 4. 1 4 .3 5.3 5 .4 63 3 707 810 00 4 200 381 676 056 1, 1, 1, 2, 6 24 700 795 985 195 357 6 30 000 1, 1, 1, 1, 583 649 734 890 075 249 516 755 685 754 866 1, 115 1, 313 1 ,4 9 9 1, 825 2, 291 7, 590 8, 48 2 9 ,7 1 9 12,044 14, 405 16,575 20, 110 24, 676 7, 488 8, 40 0 9, 540 11, 8 20 14,340 16,284 19,560 2 4,000 6, 996 7, 788 8, 808 10, 680 12, 90 0 14, 988 18, 192 2 1,060 8, 220 9, 048 10, 392 13,380 15,756 17,988 21,900 27, 49 2 6.8 7.6 6 .7 5.2 4 .8 4 .0 6 .4 5.9 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 700 750 85 2 025 199 384 6 07 825 660 708 7 94 930 1, 077 1, 229 1,441 1, 636 738 795 920 125 320 535 751 032 8, 388 9, 078 10, 330 12, 4 24 14, 523 16, 6 04 19,332 22, 235 8, 4 00 9, 000 10,224 12,300 14,388 16,608 19,284 21 , 9 00 7, 920 8, 496 9, 528 11, 160 12, 9 24 14, 748 17,292 19,632 8, 856 9, 540 11, 040 13, 500 15, 840 18,420 21 , 012 24, 384 8.0 6.9 5.6 5 .4 5 .3 4.9 3.5 2.8 I _____ I I _______ I I I _____ I V ______ Buyers Buyers Buyers Buyers Buyers I _________________________________ I I ____ _ _ _________________ III _ _____ ________________ I V _________ ____________ ____ 2, 8, 11, 4, P ersonnel m anagement Job Job Job Job analysts analysts analysts analysts D irectors D irectors D irectors D irectors of of of of I _____________ ______ __ I I __________________________ I I I _____________ _________ I V _____________________ personnel personnel personnel personnel I _____________ I I ____________ III ----------IV __ ____ _ 460 940 500 996 C h e m i s t s and e n g i n e e r s Chem ists Chem ists Chem ists C hem ists C hem ists C hem ists C hem ists C hem ists I ------------------ -----------------------I I _____ _ ________ _______ I I I ---- -------------- ----------- — I V _______________ _________ V ___________ __________ ___ V I _______________ __________ V I I ___________________________ V I I I ------------------ - E ngineers E ngineers Engineers E ngineers Engineers E ngineers E ngineers Engineers I__ _____________________ — I I ____________________________ I I I . ____ __________________ I V _________________________ V ____________________________ _______ V I ________________ V I I . _____________________ V I I I -------------------------------------- See footnotes at end of table. 2, 3, 8, 9, 7, 4, 1, 097 908 579 677 881 128 727 445 10, 587 2 8,273 77, 570 105,705 6 5, 835 3 5,674 11, 980 2, 955 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 699 757 861 1, 035 1, 210 1, 384 1,611 1, 85 3 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 18 Table 1. Average Salaries: United States---- Continued ( E m p l o y m e n t an d a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s f o r s e l e c t e d p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , t e c h n i c a l , and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s in p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , 1 U n it e d S t a te s e x c e p t A l a s k a an d H a w a i i , J un e 196 7, an d p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e in m e a n s a l a r i e s s i n c e F e b r u a r y —M a r c h 1966 1 2) Monthly s a l a r i e s 4 O c c u p a t i o n a nd c l a s s ( S e e d e f i n i t i o n s in a p p e n d i x C) Number of em ployees 3 Annual s a l a r i e s 4 M i d d l e r a n g e 56 Mean M edian Fi r st quartile T hird quartile M iddle range 5 Mean M ed ian F i r st quartile T h ird quartile $4,728 5, 72 4 6, 588 7, 656 8, 592 $5, 916 6, 768 7, 812 8, 880 9 ,9 6 0 P ercent in crease in mean sa la ries 2 Engineerin g tech n ician s I __ ____ TT................. TTT........... I V _______ V _________ 5, 625 15, 188 25,375 28,272 14, 927 $447 525 6 03 693 778 $45 0 521 599 688 768 $394 477 549 638 716 $49 3 564 651 740 830 D r a f t s m e n - t r a c e r s ............................ . D r a f t s m e n I __ ___ _________________ D r a f t s m e n I I ______ __ ___ ______ D r a f t s m e n TTT 6, 640 20,695 30, 641 24,245 395 480 602 727 385 475 598 710 348 417 537 650 435 532 66 0 792 4, 5, 7, 8, 373 495 284 323 398 362 413 315 4 43 502 531 578 384 449 363 436 361 489 278 313 387 348 408 301 440 500 530 572 374 447 355 435 313 421 256 282 338 308 365 274 391 440 456 500 330 395 305 385 42 0 561 303 350 448 401 459 342 495 560 600 652 429 502 41 3 48 7 4, 47 1 3 ,9 3 5 3, 405 3, 877 4, 772 4, 344 4, 960 3, 777 5,3 1 8 6, 019 6, 375 6, 938 4, 6 0o 5, 393 4, 35 1 5, 234 4, 328 5, 866 3, 337 3, 754 4, 640 4, 171 4, 90 1 3, 616 5, 279 5, 999 6 ,3 5 8 6 ,8 6 2 4, 484 5, 360 4, 259 5, 214 E n gin eerin g E ngineerin g Engin eerin g E n gin eerin g E n gin eerin g technicians technicians technicians technicians technician s $5,366 6, 305 7, 235 8, 318 9, 341 $5,400 6, 252 7, 188 8, 256 9, 216 5.2 5.1 3.6 5.2 4 .5 D raftsm en ; j 734 762 219 720 4, 5, 7, 8, 619 699 172 522 4, 171 5, 005 6, 445 7 ,7 9 9 5, 6, 7, 9, 214 382 919 507 7.3 3.8 3.5 5.6 3,7 5 4 5, 058 3, 076 3, 389 4 ,061 3, 702 4, 379 3, 285 4, 693 5, 279 5, 475 5, 997 3, 963 4, 739 | 3, 6 64 4, 619 | 5, 039 6, 730 3, 6 37 4, 199 5, 370 4, 818 5, 510 4, 108 5, 939 6, 716 7, 195 7, 821 5, 151 6 ,0 2 7 4 ,9 5 3 5 ,8 4 0 4„4 4„4 6 .8 7.4 5 .4 7.7 5 .7 7.2 Cle r ic a l C l e r k s , a c c o u n t i n g T ... C l e r k s , a c c o u n t i n g TT C l e r k s , f i l e T ...... _. ... ._ .. .. _ .... C l e r k s , f i l e TT C l e r k s , f i l e TTT K e y p u n c h o p e r a t o r s I ________________ K e y p u n c h o p e r a t o r s II _ _ _____ _______ O ffice boys or g irls S e c r e t a r i e s I__ ____ _ _ ____ S e c r e t a r i e s II _ _ __ _ _ S e c r e t a r i e s III _ ___ __ _ _ __ S e c r e t a r i e s IV _ __ __ _ Stenographers, general S t e n o g r a p h e r s , s e n i o r __ _ ____ S w itchboard o p e r a to r s I _____ _ S w i t c h b o a r d o p e r a t o r s I I __ Tabulating-m achine o p e r a t o r s I _ __ _______ ______ Tabula tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s TT Tabulating-m achine o p e r a t o r s III _ __ . __ ____ _ _______ T y p i s t s I ___ _ _____ T y p i s t s II _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 70, 910 51, 632 30,929 27,420 8, 093 54, 997 34,985 26,701 71, 505 69,791 4 0,270 13, 025 71,057 54,407 13, 478 9,4 8 6 | j 1 ! ' 7, 741 14,518 7, 384 83, 144 44,425 ! 1 | i j ! (7) (7 ) (7) (? ) 5.5 6 .8 4.5 7.3 373 360 318 4 14 4, 481 4, 321 3, 817 4, 968 6.7 458 450 40 0 510 5, 4 94 5, 399 4, 799 6, 119 6.1 558 329 390 550 322 380 491 289 340 6 20 356 4 26 6, 69 0 3, 944 4, 684 6, 599 3, 858 4, 559 5, 892 3, 467 4, 079 7, 438 4, 275 5 ,110 6 .8 7.2 7.0 i___________ 1 F o r s c o p e o f s t u d y , s e e t a b l e in a p p e n d i x A. 2 F o r d r a f t i n g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s , the p e r c e n t c h a n g e s r e l a t e t o the p e r i o d F e b r u a r y 1966 to J une 1967. F o r other o c c u p a t i o n s , the p e r i o d is M a r c h 1966 to June 1967. T he l i m i t a t i o n s o f p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e in a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s a s a m e a s u r e o f c h a n g e in s a l a r y s c a l e s a r e d i s c u s s e d on p. 6. 3 O c c u p a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t e s t i m a t e s r e l a t e to the t o t al in a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h i n s c o p e o f the s u r v e y and n o t to the n u m b er a ctually s u r ve y e d . F o r f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n , s e e a p p e n d i x A , p. 39. 4 S a l a r i e s r e p o r t e d r e l a t e to the s t a n d a r d s a l a r i e s that w e r e pa i d f o r s t a n d a r d w o r k s c h e d u l e s ; i . e . , the s t r a i g h t - t i m e s a l a r y c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the e m p l o y e e ' s n o r m a l w o r k s c h e d u l e e x c l u d i n g o v e r t i m e h o u r s . N onproduction bonuses are excluded, bu t c o s t - o f - l i v i n g b o n u s e s and i n c e n t i v e e a r n i n g s a r e i n c l u d e d . 5 T h e m i d d l e r a n g e ( i n t e r q u a r t i l e ) u s e d h e r e is the c e n t r a l p a r t o f the a r r a y e x c l u d i n g the u p p e r and l o w e r f o u r t h s o f the e m p l o y e e d i s t r i b u t i o n . 6 I n su fficie n t data w e r e obtain ed fo r le v e l I to w a r ra n t p r e s e n t a t io n of a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s . 7 N o t r e p o r t e d in 196 6. 19 Table 2. Average Salaries: Metropolitan Areas (E m p lo y m e n t and a v e ra g e s a la r ie s fo r s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , te c h n ic a l, in p r iv a te in d u str y , m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s , 1 June 1967) M on th ly s a l a r i e s 3 O c cu p ation and c la s s (See d efin itio n s in ap pend ix C) N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s 2 and c le r i c a l oc cu p a tio n s A nn ual s a la r ie s 3 M id d le rang e 4 M ean M e d ia n F ir s t q u artile M id d le r a n g e 4 M e d ia n T h ir d q u a rtile F ir s t q u a r tile T h ird q u a rtile A cc o u n ta n ts and a u d itors I------------- ------- ----------- _ II_____ ___ _____ ________ III--------------------------------------IV __________________________ V _ __ ___ _ — _ 4 , 278 8 , 232 1 9 ,9 5 6 1 3 ,6 0 4 5 , 705 $ 58 4 653 743 89 0 1 ,0 6 8 $ 580 648 738 875 1, 050 $ 541 59 0 675 808 955 $ 625 709 797 957 1, 175 $ 7, 007 7, 83 9 8 ,9 1 6 1 0 ,6 8 5 1 2 ,8 1 7 $ 6 ,9 6 0 7 , 776 8 , 85 6 1 0 ,5 0 0 1 2 ,6 0 0 $ 6 ,4 9 2 7 , 080 8 , 100 9 ,6 9 6 1 1 ,4 6 0 $ 7 , 50 0 8 , 508 9 ,5 6 4 1 1 ,4 8 4 1 4 ,1 0 0 I ________________________ ___ ___ I I __ ___ _______ ______________ _ III ____ __ ___ ______ I V _______ _ ------------- _ 711 1 ,7 2 9 3 , 561 2 ,4 7 9 601 701 789 971 59 0 695 775 955 525 625 69 9 866 66 7 773 875 1 ,0 5 0 7 , 20 7 8 ,4 0 7 9 ,4 7 3 1 1 ,6 5 4 7 , 08 0 8 , 340 9 , 300 1 1 ,4 6 0 6 , 30 0 7 , 50 0 8 , 388 1 0 ,3 9 2 8 , 00 4 9 , 276 1 0 ,5 0 0 1 2 ,6 0 0 565 1, 082 741 312 978 1 ,0 9 0 1, 329 1 ,5 7 8 985 1, 071 1, 300 1 ,5 9 9 86 0 949 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,4 2 0 1 ,0 7 9 1, 194 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,6 6 6 1 1 ,7 3 8 1 3 ,0 7 9 1 5 ,9 5 1 1 8 ,9 3 1 1 1 ,8 2 0 1 2 ,8 5 2 1 5 ,6 0 0 1 9 ,1 8 8 1 0 , 32 0 1 1 ,3 8 8 1 4 ,7 6 0 1 7 ,0 4 0 1 2 ,9 4 8 1 4 ,3 2 8 1 7 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,9 9 2 782 1, 026 1 ,6 1 3 1 ,4 0 1 541 339 802 99 4 1, 204 1 ,4 3 1 1, 786 2 , 305 80 0 957 1, 182 1 ,3 9 9 1 ,7 4 9 2 , 29 0 738 877 1 ,0 6 1 1 ,2 5 0 1 ,5 4 1 1 ,9 5 7 825 1, 100 1 ,3 3 2 1 ,5 7 5 2 , 000 2 , 623 9 ,6 1 9 1 1 ,9 2 7 1 4 ,4 4 7 1 7 ,1 7 4 2 1 ,4 3 5 2 7 ,6 5 9 9 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,4 8 4 1 4 ,1 8 4 1 6 ,7 8 8 2 0 , 988 2 7 ,4 8 0 8 , 856 1 0 ,5 2 4 1 2 ,7 3 2 1 5 ,0 0 0 1 8 ,4 9 2 2 3 ,4 8 4 9 , 90 0 1 3 ,2 0 0 1 5 ,9 8 4 1 8 ,9 0 0 2 4 ,0 0 0 3 1 ,4 7 6 I ________ I I _______ I I I___ _ I V ______ 262 543 342 57 714 861 I , 082 1 ,2 8 5 708 858 1 ,0 3 8 1 ,2 4 5 63 9 781 938 1, 135 764 93 0 1 ,2 4 9 1 ,4 1 6 8 , 571 1 0 ,3 3 4 1 2 ,9 8 6 1 5 ,4 2 2 8 ,4 9 6 1 0 ,2 9 6 1 2 ,4 5 6 1 4 ,9 4 0 7 , 668 9 , 372 1 1 ,2 5 6 1 3 ,6 2 0 9 , 168 1 1 ,1 6 0 1 4 ,9 8 8 1 6 ,9 9 2 I __________________________________ II _ _ _ — — — _ ______ II I ________________________________ I V ------------------------------------------------ 2 , 030 6 , 722 9 ,9 8 2 3 , 933 59 0 69 2 82 0 988 583 67 7 815 975 525 610 733 895 64 7 756 895 1, 070 7, 082 8 , 310 9 , 845 1 1 ,8 5 5 6 , 996 8 , 124 9 , 780 1 1 ,7 0 0 6 , 30 0 7 , 32 0 8 , 796 1 0 ,7 4 0 7 , 764 9 , 072 1 0 ,7 4 0 1 2 ,8 4 0 I ____ — _ _ ________ I I ____ __ ______________ II I _________________________ IV _________ — ___ 131 329 64 2 481 63 7 681 805 996 650 665 795 995 57 9 61 0 725 89 9 711 745 882 1 ,0 8 3 7, 64 4 8 , 172 9 ,6 5 9 1 1 ,9 5 4 7 ,8 0 0 7 , 98 0 9 , 54 0 1 1 ,9 4 0 6, 7, 8, 10, 948 320 700 788 8 , 532 8 , 940 1 0 ,5 8 4 1 2 ,9 9 6 I _____ _____ I I ____________ II I— — __ I V — _______ 710 1, 342 867 327 885 1, 049 1 ,2 8 2 1 ,6 0 3 875 1, 035 1, 249 1 ,5 4 1 760 925 1, 100 1 ,3 2 5 97 0 1, 151 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,7 5 3 1 0 , 62 3 1 2 ,5 8 4 1 5 ,3 8 4 1 9 ,2 3 7 1 0 ,5 0 0 1 2 ,4 2 0 1 4 ,9 8 8 1 8 ,4 9 2 9 , 120 1 1 ,1 0 0 1 3 , 20 0 1 5 ,9 0 0 1 1 ,6 4 0 1 3 ,8 1 2 1 7 ,9 8 8 2 1 ,0 3 6 I— ____________ _ I I ___ __ — _____________ III _ __ _ ____ „ — IV — — _ — __ _____ V __ - __________ — __ V I _____ — _________ — V I I ------- — - ----------------- _ V III -------------------- - ---------- 1, 775 3 ,4 2 0 7, 335 8 , 195 6 , 867 3 ,6 1 6 1 ,4 5 1 411 638 708 815 1, 010 1 ,2 0 8 1, 386 1 ,6 9 4 2 , 082 633 700 80 0 995 1 ,2 0 0 1, 37 0 1 ,6 4 2 2 ,0 2 5 589 65 0 738 895 1 ,0 8 2 1 ,2 4 9 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,8 0 0 69 0 755 87 4 1, 125 1, 325 1 ,5 0 7 1 ,8 5 7 2 , 300 7 , 65 2 8 ,4 9 6 9 , 782 12, 123 1 4 ,5 0 0 1 6 ,6 3 6 2 0 , 331 2 4 ,9 8 5 7 , 596 8 , 40 0 9 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,9 4 0 1 4 ,4 0 0 1 6 ,4 4 0 1 9 ,7 0 4 2 4 ,3 0 0 7 , 068 7 ,8 0 0 8 , 856 1 0 ,7 4 0 1 2 ,9 8 4 1 4 ,9 8 8 1 8 ,3 3 6 2 1 ,6 0 0 8 , 28 0 9 , 060 1 0 ,4 8 8 1 3 ,5 0 0 1 5 ,9 0 0 1 8 ,0 8 4 2 2 ,2 8 4 2 7 , 60 0 I __ _ ___________ — _ I I _____________________________ I I I ___ _ __ ___ _ — __ I V — __ - ______ _____ V —_________________ — _____ V I ____________________________ V II _ -- -------- ----- -------V III- „ — ---------- 9 ,5 1 8 2 5 ,8 9 2 6 9 ,7 2 6 9 6 ,2 0 2 5 9 ,8 3 0 3 2 ,5 3 6 1 0 ,8 0 2 2 , 672 699 757 865 1, 041 1 ,2 1 8 1, 390 1 ,6 2 0 1 ,8 6 3 700 75 0 85 8 1 ,0 3 0 1 ,2 0 6 1, 395 1 ,6 2 4 1 ,8 3 3 66 0 708 796 934 1, 083 1, 239 1 ,4 5 5 1 ,6 5 0 738 799 925 1, 130 1 ,3 3 0 1 ,5 4 2 1, 759 2 , 042 8 , 392 9 , 089 10, 378 1 2 ,4 9 2 1 4 ,6 1 5 1 6 ,6 7 5 1 9 ,4 4 2 2 2 ,3 5 4 8 ,4 0 0 9 , 000 1 0 ,2 9 6 1 2 ,3 6 0 1 4 ,4 7 2 1 6 ,7 4 0 1 9 ,4 8 8 2 1 ,9 9 6 7 ,9 2 0 8 ,4 9 6 9 ,5 5 2 1 1 ,2 0 8 1 2 ,9 9 6 1 4 ,8 6 8 1 7 ,4 6 0 1 9 ,8 0 0 8 ,8 5 6 9 , 588 1 1 ,1 0 0 1 3 , 56 0 1 5 ,9 6 0 1 8 ,5 0 4 2 1 ,1 0 8 2 4 ,5 0 4 A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A u d ito r s A u d ito r s A u d ito r s A u d ito r s C h ie f C h ie f C h ie f C h ie f accou ntan ts accou ntan ts accou ntan ts accou ntan ts I ____________________ II _________________ II I __________________ I V __________________ A tto r n e y s 5 A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s II______________________________ III_____________________________ IV — _____ _ ______________ V ____ __________________ _ ___ ______ V I— ____ V II— ____ _________________ O ffic e s e r v ic e s M an agers, M an agers, M an agers, M an agers, o ffic e o ffic e o ffic e o ffic e s e r v ic e s s e r v ic e s s e r v ic e s s e r v ic e s B uyers B uyers B u yers B u yers B uyers P erso n n el m anagem ent Job Job Job Job a n a ly sts a n a ly sts a n a ly sts a n a ly sts D ir e c t o r s D ir e c t o r s D ir e c t o r s D ir e c t o r s of of of of p erson n el p erson nel p erson nel p erson n el C h e m is t s and e n g in e e r s C h e m is ts C h e m is ts C h e m is ts C h e m is ts C h e m is t s C h e m is ts C h e m is ts C h e m is ts E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s See footnotes at end of table, 20 Table 2. Average Salaries: Metropolitan Areas-----Continued (E m p lo y m e n t and a v e ra g e s a la r ie s fo r s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, and c le r ic a l occu p ation s in p r iv a te in d u str y , m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s , 1 June 1967) M on th ly s a l a r i e s 3 O ccu p ation and c la s s (See d efin itio n s in ap pendix C) N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s 1 2 A nnual s a la r ie s 3 M id d le rang e 45 M e an M e d ian F ir s t q u a rtile T h ir d q u a r tile M id d le rang e 4 M ean M e d ian F ir s t q u a rtile T h ir d q u a r tile E n g in e e r in g te c h n icia n s I ___________ I I __________ I I I ____ __ IV __________ V ___ ___ ___ 5 , 069 1 2 ,8 6 7 2 1 ,6 4 5 2 5 ,6 8 6 1 3 ,4 3 8 $ 44 9 528 605 696 780 $ 451 52 4 59 9 69 0 768 $ 399 48 0 550 64 0 716 $ 49 3 57 0 651 743 835 $ 5 ,3 9 0 6 , 339 7 , 255 8 , 347 9 , 355 D r a f t s m e n -t r a c e r s ________________ __ D r a ft s m e n I _ ____ ___ ____________ _ D r a ft s m e n I I ____________________________ D r a ft s m e n I I I ----------------------------------------- 5 , 736 1 7 ,6 0 8 2 6 ,7 7 8 2 2 ,0 3 0 399 48 7 608 734 389 47 8 602 718 348 425 543 653 43 8 540 669 799 4 , 790 5 ,8 4 1 7, 293 8 , 80 4 4, 5, 7, 8, 6 2 , 758 4 5 ,2 3 1 2 7 ,7 4 5 2 5 ,0 6 2 7 , 61 4 4 8 ,4 2 4 3 1 ,3 4 0 2 5 ,1 6 4 6 6 ,3 4 6 6 4 ,1 2 0 3 6 ,9 3 6 1 1 ,9 4 1 6 4 ,4 3 1 4 8 ,6 3 5 1 2 ,5 6 3 8 , 757 377 49 9 285 325 398 368 41 8 316 446 505 536 585 387 45 3 364 43 9 367 495 278 315 390 355 411 303 441 501 535 582 375 45 0 358 435 317 426 256 282 338 315 369 275 391 443 463 508 335 40 0 31 0 391 425 565 304 355 44 8 40 8 461 343 495 561 60 0 66 0 435 507 413 48 9 E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g te c h n icia n s te c h n icia n s te c h n icia n s te c h n icia n s tec h n icia n s $ 5 ,4 1 2 6 , 288 7 , 188 8 , 280 9 , 216 $ 4 ,7 8 8 5 , 760 6 ,6 0 0 7 , 68 0 8 , 59 2 $ 5 ,9 1 6 6 ,8 4 0 7 , 812 8 , 916 1 0 ,0 2 0 66 7 735 228 61 7 4 , 171 5 ,0 9 9 6 ,5 1 8 7 , 842 5 , 255 6 ,4 7 8 8 , 02 4 9 ,5 9 4 4 , 525 5 , 987 3 ,4 1 8 3 , 898 4 , 773 4 , 41 8 5 , 01 4 3 , 787 5 , 352 6 , 056 6 , 43 0 7 , 023 4 , 643 5 ,4 3 0 4 , 37 0 5 , 268 4 ,4 0 6 5 ,9 3 9 3 , 337 3 , 779 4 , 679 4 , 255 4 , 932 3 , 639 5 , 298 6 , 012 6 ,4 1 8 6 , 982 4 ,4 9 9 5 , 399 4 , 295 5 , 21 4 3 ,8 0 6 5 , 110 3 , 076 3 , 389 4 , 055 3 , 779 4 ,4 3 2 3 ,2 9 9 4 , 693 5 , 318 5 ,5 5 5 6 , 100 4 , 015 4 , 797 3 , 719 4 , 693 5 ,0 9 9 6 , 778 3 ,6 5 0 4 , 255 5 , 370 4 , 901 5 ,5 3 1 4 , 119 5 , 94 4 6 , 738 7 , 198 7 ,9 1 9 5 , 21 4 6 , 09 0 4 , 953 5 , 867 D r a ft s m e n C le r ic a l C le r k s , accou ntin g I __________________ C le r k s , accou ntin g I I __ _ ______ C le r k s , file I __ ___ _ __ ___ C le r k s , file I I __________________________ C le r k s , file III __ ______ _ _____ __ K eyp un ch o p e r a to r s I _____ _ — _ K eyp un ch o p e r a to r s I I _____________ O ffic e b oys or g i r l s ___________________ S e c r e t a r ie s I ____________________________ S e c r e t a r ie s I I ________________ _ __ __ ------S e c r e t a r ie s II I---------- -------- _ S e c r e t a r ie s I V __________________ — — S te n o g r a p h e r s , g e n e r a l______________ S te n o g r a p h e r s , s e n io r ________________ S w itch b oard o p e r a to r s I _____________ S w itch b oard o p e r a to r s I I ____________ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s I ____ _____________ ___ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s II _ _________________________ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s I I I ---------- _ ------------- ----T y p is t s I _________________________________ T y p is t s II 7 , 038 376 360 319 41 9 4 ,5 0 6 4 , 321 3 , 832 5 , 032 1 2 ,9 9 7 45 9 45 0 400 51 4 5 , 50 9 5 ,3 9 9 4 , 797 6 , 173 6 ,6 5 7 7 4 ,2 1 8 4 1 ,2 2 0 560 331 392 552 325 382 491 291 340 621 360 430 6 , 716 3 , 975 4 , 701 6 , 622 3 ,8 9 9 4 , 583 5 ,8 9 7 3 ,4 9 3 4 , 079 7 ,4 5 6 4 , 319 5 , 159 1 F o r scop e of stu d y, s e e table in appendix A . 2 O c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a t e s r e la te to the total in a ll e s t a b lis h m e n ts w ithin sc o p e of the s u r v e y and not to the n u m b er a c tu a lly s u r v e y e d . F o r fu r th e r e x p la n a tio n , s e e appendix A , p. 39. 3 S a la r ie s r e p o r te d r e la te to the stand ard s a la r ie s that w e r e paid fo r stan d ard w o r k sc h e d u le s ; i . e . , the s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r y c o r r e sp o n d in g to the e m p lo y e e 's n o r m a l w o r k sch e d u le ex clu d in g o v e r t im e h o u r s . N on p ro d u ction b o n u se s are ex c lu d e d , but c o s t - o f -l i v i n g b o n u se s and in cen tive ea rn in g s are in clu d ed . 4 The m id d le rang e (in te r q u a r tile ) u se d h e r e is the c e n tr a l p a r t of the a r r a y ex clu d in g the upper and lo w e r fou rth s of the e m p lo y e e d istr ib u tio n . 5 In su ffic ie n t data w e r e obtained fo r le v e l I to w a r r a n t p r e se n ta tio n of a v e ra g e s a l a r i e s . 21 Table 3. Average Salaries: Establishments Employing 2,500 or More (E m p lo y m e n t and a v e r a g e s a la r ie s fo r s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , t e c h n ic a l, and c le r i c a l o c cu p ation s in p r iv a te in d u s t r y 1 in e s t a b lis h m e n ts em p lo y in g 2 , 500 w o r k e r s or m o r e , 2 U n ited S ta tes ex ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, June 1 9 6 7 , p e r c e n t in c r e a s e in m e a n s a la r ie s sin c e F e b r u a r y —M a r c h 1 9 6 6 , 3 and c o m p a r is o n w ith le v e ls in a ll e sta b lis h m e n ts c om b in ed ) P ercen t M on th ly s a l a r i e s 5 Num ber of e m p lo y e e s 4 O c c u p ation and c la s s (S ee d efin itio n s in ap pend ix C) M id d le range 6 M ean M e d ia n F ir s t q u a rtile T h ird q u a rtile in s a la r ie s 3 L e v e ls in la r g e e s ta b lis h m e n ts e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t of th o se in a ll e s t a b lis h m e n ts c om b in e d E m p lo y m e n t M ean s a la r ie s A cc o u n ta n ts and a u d itors 1 ,9 8 6 3 ,9 6 7 8, 162 5, 26 4 2, 515 $ 599 679 766 906 1, 07 5 $599 66 5 760 89 6 1 ,0 5 6 $556 621 700 825 95 8 $632 730 823 975 1, 184 6 .2 5 .3 5.7 5 .6 5 .8 43 44 36 34 39 103 104 104 102 101 756 1 ,4 5 2 1, 146 71 3 819 97 7 702 800 971 63 8 716 87 4 78 4 915 1, 072 7 .7 6.1 6 .2 41 38 44 102 104 101 . . 195 123 1 ,4 5 7 1, 628 1 ,4 3 3 1, 582 1 ,3 0 1 1 ,3 5 3 1, 617 1 ,8 3 2 7 .3 1 0 .0 23 36 110 103 I I _____________________________ III ---------- ---------------TV V VT _ ... V I I ___________________________ 177 377 415 377 233 180 89 0 1 ,0 7 0 1, 301 1 ,4 7 2 1, 843 2, 21 4 867 1, 06 0 1 ,2 8 2 1 ,4 5 7 1 ,8 2 4 2 , 200 787 94 9 1, 133 1 ,2 9 1 1 ,6 4 5 1 ,9 1 5 973 1, 166 1 ,4 4 5 1, 624 2 , 082 2 , 500 8 .7 7 .9 5 .5 2 .9 3 .2 5 .6 22 35 25 26 42 51 111 108 108 103 103 97 138 1, 019 998 90 0 1, 108 4 .0 39 94 560 2 , 827 5, 083 2 , 64 4 64 0 71 8 837 985 62 5 70 8 83 5 97 3 568 639 749 895 699 778 920 1, 068 4 .1 3 .2 4 .5 4 .2 24 34 43 61 109 105 102 100 Job a n a lv sts TT _. Job a n a ly sts III ______________ Job a n a ly s ts I V _________________________ 171 522 425 700 816 99 2 69 5 81 5 990 62 5 73 0 899 773 896 1, 084 .7 2 .0 6 .0 50 75 79 103 102 99 D ir e c t o r s of p e r so n n e l TTT . . . . . . D ir e c t o r s of p e r so n n e l TV ... ... 151 111 1 ,5 3 7 1, 683 1, 575 1 ,6 4 0 1, 37 4 1 ,4 4 5 1, 666 1, 882 6 .1 3 .8 14 30 120 105 A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts A cc o u n ta n ts I _ __________________ II __ __________ I I I _________________ IV __________________________ V __ ________________________ A u d ito r s II_____________________________ A u d ito r s III _ __ ____ __________ A u d ito r s IV _______________ ____ C h ie f a r c onntant.fi TTT C h ie f a ccou n tan ts IV ... A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tto r n e y s A tt o r n e y s O ffic e s e r v ic e s M a n a g e r s , o f f ic e s e r v i c e s II I______ B u yers B u yers B uyers B uyers R u y e rs I__ TI_ _ III _________________________ TV .. ..... _ _ .................. . P erso n n e l m anagem ent .... C h e m is t s and e n g in e e r s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s C h e m is t s III ___________ _______ IV ________________________ V _______________ __ VT V II ______________________ V III ______________ T ... 509 1, 505 2 ,9 2 3 3 , 586 3, 02 4 1, 542 699 231 677 742 86 0 1, 036 1, 243 1 ,4 1 0 1, 69 4 2, 07 4 676 740 84 0 1 ,0 2 0 1 ,2 3 5 1, 39 6 1, 648 2, 02 5 63 8 682 76 5 900 1, 114 1 ,2 6 6 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,7 8 3 72 5 801 94 0 1, 155 1 ,3 5 7 1, 529 1, 830 2 , 300 8 .1 5.1 7 .0 4 .6 5 .2 4 .9 6 .8 7 .1 24 39 34 37 38 37 40 52 107 105 106 103 104 102 101 101 E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s E n g in e e r s I __ __ __ I I _ ______________ _______ III ___________________ IV _______________________ V __ __ _ V I _______________________ V II ______ ______________ V II I_ -------------------------- 5 ,9 1 1 1 7 ,8 5 2 4 5 , 249 6 7 ,7 1 7 4 0 , 34 5 2 2 , 20 4 6 , 67 4 1, 737 714 759 877 1 ,0 5 2 1 ,2 2 4 1 ,4 0 4 1, 67 5 1, 892 713 75 0 873 1 ,0 4 5 1 ,2 2 5 1 ,4 2 0 1, 670 1 ,8 5 0 677 708 810 94 9 1, 100 1, 250 1, 510 1 ,6 6 8 7 50 799 93 8 1, 140 1, 338 1, 555 1 ,8 1 1 2, 083 8 .0 6 .3 5 .2 4 .9 4 .7 4 .6 5 .3 3 .0 56 63 58 64 61 62 56 59 102 100 102 102 101 101 104 102 3 , 140 7 , 500 1 4 ,0 7 3 1 7 ,8 3 0 1 1 ,0 0 1 459 531 61 4 698 77 6 45 8 526 61 2 695 769 411 48 8 564 64 4 72 0 499 568 661 747 829 7 .0 4 .9 3 .5 5.1 4 .9 56 49 55 63 74 103 101 102 101 100 TT _ ... ______ _ _______ _____ _____ E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s te c h n ic ia n s te c h n ic ia n s te c h n ic ia n s t e c h n ic ia n s T TT ................ III IV V ____ See footnotes at end of table, 22 Table 3. Average Salaries: Establishments Employing 2,500 or M ore-----Continued (E m p lo y m e n t and a v e r a g e s a la r ie s fo r se le c te d p r o fe s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, and c le r i c a l occu p ation s in p riv a te in d u s t r y 1 in e s ta b lis h m e n ts em p lo y in g 2 ,5 0 0 w o r k e r s or m o r e , 1 2 U n ited States ex ce p t A la s k a and H aw aii, June 19 67 , p erc en t in c r e a s e in m e a n s a la r ie s sin ce F e b r u a r y —M a r c h 1 9 6 6 , 34 and c o m p a r is o n with le v e ls in a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts com b in ed) N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s 4 O c cu p ation and c la s s (S ee d efin ition s in ap pend ix C) M on th ly s a l a r i e s 5 M id d le range 67 M e an M e d ian 3, 039 7 ,9 1 9 1 2 ,3 6 6 1 1 ,6 9 5 $416 517 630 76 4 1 4 ,7 2 5 11, 590 5 , 83 4 7, 110 2, 727 1 5 ,8 3 0 1 1 ,7 4 7 7 , 563 1 9 ,3 1 2 2 8 , 178 1 0 ,7 3 1 3 , 062 2 5 , 153 2 2 , 89 5 3 , 00 4 3, 542 414 548 3 09 360 431 402 44 5 342 471 535 592 64 2 414 477 390 46 7 2, 863 401 5, 897 47 0 3, 06 4 2 0 ,2 4 7 1 6 ,6 5 9 585 361 41 7 578 348 40 7 P e r c e n t L e v e ls in la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts in c r e a s e e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t of th ose in in a ll e s t a b lis h m e n ts co m b in e d m ean M ean s a la r ie s 3 E m p lo y m e n t s a la r ie s F ir s t q u a rtile T h ir d q u a r tile $408 512 630 74 5 $ 356 456 569 67 8 $ 471 568 691 850 6 .1 3 .6 4 .7 6 .6 46 38 40 48 105 108 105 105 409 549 300 3 54 431 391 44 2 32 2 47 3 541 585 630 40 8 48 0 390 46 8 348 46 8 27 4 307 37 0 337 391 291 425 47 8 526 574 361 425 330 420 479 621 337 41 0 48 0 461 499 37 8 520 584 647 70 5 465 529 445 520 6 .4 5 .0 2 .3 3 .4 .7 6 .3 5 .2 6 .9 21 22 19 26 34 29 34 28 27 40 27 24 35 42 22 37 111 111 109 111 108 111 108 109 106 107 111 111 108 106 107 107 391 333 46 7 6 .4 37 108 46 7 41 1 530 5.9 41 103 521 310 360 643 40 0 474 6 .6 5.9 6 .9 41 24 37 105 110 107 D r a ft s m e n D r a ft s m e n -t .r a c e r s D r a ft s m e n T D r a ft s m e n TT D r a ft s m e n TTT ..... . ------ ----------... .. .. .. .. ... .. ........... ........... .... C le r ic a l C le r k s , accou ntin g T . ... ... . C le r k s , accou ntin g TT ....... .. ..... ... C l e r k s , file T .... C le r k s , file T T ....................... C le r k s , file TTT . K eypim ch o p e r a to r s T __ ....... K evp un ch o p e r a to r s TT __ _ _ _ O ffic e b o v s or g ir ls ... ___ _ .... . S e c r e t a r ie s T ...................................... . _ S e c r e t a r ie s II S e c r e t a r ie s TTT ._ . .. S e c r e t a r ie s T V . . _ ................... . S te n o g r a p h e r s , ge n e r a l ...................... S te n o g r a p h e r s , se n io r S w itc h b oard o p e r a to r s I _____________ S w itch b oard o p e r a to r s TT . . _ . . . T abulating - m ach in e o p e r a to r s T ................. T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s T T ...................... ... . ... ______ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s TTT ____ _________ _____ .... ... T y p is t s I T y p is t s II (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) 5 .3 6 .2 2 .9 6 .6 1 F o r sc o p e of stud y, s e e ta b le in ap pendix A . 2 In clu d es data f o r a few e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith le s s than 2, 500 e m p lo y e e s of 5 of the la r g e s t c o m p a n ie s stud ied that p ro v id e d com p an yw id e data u n id en tified by s iz e of e s ta b lis h m e n t. T h is a p p lie s on ly to data fo r oc cu p a tio n s oth er than d raftin g and c le r ic a l. 3 F o r d r a f t i n g a n d c l e r i c a l o c cu p ation s the p e r c e n t change r e la te s to the p e r io d F e b r u a r y 19 66 to June 1 9 6 7 . For other occu p a tio n s the p e r io d is M a r c h 1966 to June 1 9 6 7 . The lim ita tio n s of p e r c e n t in c r e a s e in a v e r a g e s a la r ie s a s a m e a s u r e of change in s a la r y s c a le s a r e d is c u s s e d on p. 6. 4 O c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a t e s r e la te to the to ta l in a ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ithin sc o p e of the study and not to the n u m b e r a c tu a lly su rv e y e d . F o r fu r th e r e x p lan ation , se e p. 39. 5 S a la r ie s re p o r te d r e la te to the stan d ard s a la r ie s that w e r e p aid fo r stan d ard w o r k s c h e d u le s ; i . e . , the s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r y c o r r e sp o n d in g to the e m p lo y e e 's n o r m a l w o r k sch edu le exclu d ing o v e r t im e h o u r s . N on p ro d u ction b o n u se s a r e ex clu d ed , but c o s t - o f -l i v i n g and in ce n tiv e e a rn in g s are in clu d ed . 6 The m id d le rang e (in te r q u a r tile ) u sed h e r e is the c e n tr a l p a r t of the a r r a y ex clu d in g the upper and lo w e r fo u rth s of the e m p lo y e e d istr ib u tio n . 7 Not r e p o r te d in 19 66 . 23 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s, b y a v e ra g e m o n th ly s a la r i e s , U nited S tates e x ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, 1 June 1967) A u d ito r s A ccou n tan ts C h ie f accou ntan ts A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s I Under $ 4 5 0 _________________________ $4 50 and under $ 4 7 5 _________________ $4 75 and under $ 5 0 0 __________________ 1.6 2 .9 3 .7 II III (0 .7 ) 2 .0 IV V I - - - - - - _ - _ - II 3 .2 5 .3 3 .6 III IV I - - - - - - 10 .7 8 .4 1 3 .4 7 .8 (0.9 ) 2 .8 5 .7 6 .3 _ (1 .1 ) 1.9 1.8 _ - 7 .4 9 .6 11 .7 8 .7 2 .4 4 .3 10 .2 3 .3 II - _ - - - - - - - _ - _ - _ - $5 00 $5 25 $5 50 $5 75 and and and and under under under under $5 25 .. $ 5 5 0 __________________ $ 5 7 5 __________________ $ 6 0 0 __________________ 8 .7 1 2 .0 15 .5 15 .5 2 .8 5 .1 6 .6 9 .9 (1 .6 ) 1.4 2 .5 $ 6 00 $625 $6 50 $675 and and and and under under u nder u nd er $ 6 2 5 __________________ $ 6 5 0 __________________ $ 6 7 5 _______________ _ $ 7 0 0 __________________ 1 3 .4 1 2 .3 6 .4 2 .2 11.6 12 .9 12 .8 8 .1 4 .1 6 .6 8 .7 7 .9 (1 .4 ) 2 .5 - 7 .7 8 .5 8 .0 7 .4 (0 .9 ) - $ 7 00 $725 $ 7 50 $775 and and and and under u nd er u nder u nder $ 7 2 5 __________________ $ 7 50 $ 7 7 5 __________________ $ 8 0 0 __________________ 1.6 1 .3 1.0 1.1 6 .8 6 .0 4 .8 3.1 12 .3 9 .0 12 .0 9 .4 3.1 2 .6 6 .0 5 .6 (0 .6 ) 1.6 .7 .7 4 .1 4 .4 1.8 2 .5 11 .5 5 .4 6 .1 8 .1 1 0 .0 5 .9 9 .0 7 .8 2 .1 2 .0 2 .8 2 .9 1.0 4 .9 7 .4 .4 - $ 8 00 $825 $ 8 50 $875 and and and and u nder under under under $ 8 2 5 __________________ $ 8 5 0 __________________ $ 8 7 5 __________________ $900. (.7) - 2 .6 1.8 (2 .2 ) - 8 .8 8 .7 9 .8 8 .9 1.9 2 .7 1.9 1.8 1.0 .3 2.1 - 6 .1 5 .5 3 .4 2 .8 5 .3 4 .0 1.6 1.1 6 .9 5 .5 5 .0 5 .7 3 .7 6 .2 6 .8 6 .0 2 .0 .4 6 .7 3 .8 _ _ - - 6 .6 4 .3 6 .3 6 .4 _ - 1.0 1.2 (1 .4 ) - 3 .9 1.8 3 .2 2 .2 9 .3 5 .0 5 .9 6 .0 8 .0 1.5 9 .4 4 .9 _ - _ - _ - 5 .3 1.3 (1 .7 ) - 13.6 /1 0 .6 HO. 2 8 .4 6 .9 15 .6 13 .4 5 .3 3 .5 3 .9 $ 9 00 $9 25 $9 50 $9 75 $1, $1, $1, $1, $1, and and and and under under under under $ 9 2 5 __________________ $ 9 5 0 __________________ $ 9 7 5 __________________ $ 1 , 0 0 0 _______________ 1 0 .2 4 .7 5 .9 3.1 _ - 1.1 (-4) “ - 7 .9 4 .7 2 .9 1.8 (1 .4 ) _ - _ - _ _ - _ - and and and and and u nder under u nder under under $1, $1, $1, $1, $1 , 0 5 0 ____________ 100____________ 150____________ 2 0 0 ____________ 25 0 ___________ $1, 250 $1, 300 $1, 350 $ 1 ,4 0 0 $1, 4 5 0 and and and and and under under under under u nder $1, $1, $1, $1 , $1 , 3 0 0 ___________ 3 5 0 ____________ 4 0 0 ____________ 4 5 0 ____________ 5 0 0 ____________ $1, 50 0 $1, 55 0 $1 , 60 0 $ 1 ,6 5 0 $ 1 , 70 0 and and and and and under u nder under u nder u nder $1 , 5 5 0 ____________ $1 , 6 0 0 ____________ $1 , 6 5 0 ____________ $ 1 , 7 0 0 ____________ $1 , 7 5 0 _______ ___ $ 1 ,7 5 0 $ 1 ,8 0 0 $1 , 85 0 $1 , 90 0 $1, 950 and and and and and u nder under u nder under under $ 1 ,8 0 0 ___________ $ 1 , 8 5 0 ____________ __ $ 1 ,9 0 0 _ $ 1 , 9 5 0 ____________ $ 2 , 0 0 0 ____________ _ _ - - $ 2 ,0 0 0 and under $ 2 , 0 5 0 ____________ $2 , 050 and under $ 2 , 100_ _________ $2 , 100 and ove r ______________________ _ _ - - * - - T o ta l_____________________________ 1 0 0 .0 N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s _______________ 4 ,6 5 7 A v e r a g e m on th ly s a l a r i e s ------- ----- See footnote at end of table, $5 82 - 1.5 - - - - _ - _ - _ - 3 .3 1.4 (1.4 ) - " - - _ - _ - _ - _ - - " - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - " - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - _ - - - - $7 40 _ - " - - _ _ - _ - - - - (1 .3 ) 3.1 8 .8 .3 _ - _ - " " 6 .8 2 .9 7 .1 3 .0 _ (1 .3 ) _ (1 .2 ) 1 0 .4 11 .8 12 .7 8 .7 5 .7 5 .8 6 .4 4 .3 5 .8 4 .1 1.2 .9 .6 5 .5 4 .0 2 .4 1.5 .5 2 2 .8 6 .4 7 .9 9 .2 7 .7 10.1 5 .3 .6 5 .0 2 .4 .9 1.4 4 .6 4 .2 3 .7 1.4 1.5 1 2 .4 3 .6 2 6 .6 13.6 .3 (1 .2 ) - _ _ _ - - - 1 0 0 .0 6 , 445 729 1, 832 3, 8 0 4 2, 615 $8 88 $ 1 ,0 6 6 $599 $696 $7 87 $969 - _ - - " 1 0 0 .0 " _ - - 1 0 0 .0 8 , 969 2 2 , 933 1 5 ,2 9 2 1 0 0 .0 3.5 .3 2 .0 (.7) " _ - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 $6 52 - _ 6 .1 4 .2 1.6 1.2 (1 .9 ) - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ 15. Q.. "6 :7 5 .6 4 .1 3 .2 " _ - _ - 2 .2 1.4 1.0 .5 000 050 100 150 200 _ _ IV III - 1.1 (1 .8 ) - 4 .1 4 .1 1.2 .9 .9 _ _ - - .9 1.2 3 .0 - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 716 1, 359 839 338 $981 $ 1 ,0 8 6 $1, 324 $1 , 575 24 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations-----Continued (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in se le c te d p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in istr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s, by a v e ra g e m on th ly s a la r i e s , U n ited S tates e x ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii,1 June 1967) A tto r n e y s 2 A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s II $ $ $ $ 60 0 625 650 675 and and and and under under under under $ $ $ $ 6 2 5 __________________ 6 5 0 __ __ ________ 6 7 5 _______ _ _____ 70 0 __________________ 3 .5 1.5 2 .4 2 .3 $ $ $ $ 700 725 750 775 and and and and under under under under $ $ $ $ 725__ __________ 75 0 __________________ 77 5 __________________ 8 0 0 _____ _ __ ___ $ $ $ $ 80 0 825 850 875 and and and and under under under under $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 90 0 925 95 0 975 and and and and under under under under $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 5 0 1, 100 1, 150 1 ,2 0 0 and and and and and under under under under under HI IV V VI V II _ _ (1.5 ) _ _ _ _ - - - 4 .7 1 5 .4 4 .3 1 3 .8 1.8 .1 2 .7 3 .3 _ 0 .5 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - 8 2 5 ______ _________ 850__ ______________ 8 7 5 __________________ 9 0 0 __________________ 2 0 .6 11 .5 2 .5 3 .3 5 .0 5 .4 4 .8 5 .5 2 .3 2 .8 .2 3 .2 _ - _ _ - - 9 2 5 __________________ 9 5 0 ____________ _ _ 9 7 5 --------------------------1 , 0 0 0 _______________ 3 .5 1.3 1.9 1 .0 7 .8 7 .7 9 .7 3 .4 2 .2 2 .2 .5 3 .3 _ _ . 1 , 0 5 0 ____________ 1, 100____________ 1, 15 0________ __ 1 , 200__ ________ 1 , 2 5 0 ____________ 2 .9 1.5 (2.0 ) - 8 .6 8 .2 8 .8 4 .5 3 .0 6 .6 5 .5 7.1 1 4 .9 1 2 .0 .9 .7 2 .8 7 .8 8 .0 0 .5 _ * 4 .0 .9 .6 .6 1.1 8 .2 5 .8 6 .5 2 .8 2 .6 1 0 .2 11 .3 5 .4 8 .0 8 .0 3.1 1.1 .9 4 .5 5 .4 _ _ _ 1 .4 _ - (.8) - - - 3 .4 2.1 .8 2 .6 (2.0 ) 7.1 3 .3 3 .9 5 .6 3 .0 1 0 .8 3 .6 4 .7 10 .5 4 .9 3 .4 5 .4 .6 1.1 2 .3 _ _ _ - - - - - - 2 .8 1.8 2 .0 .9 .6 7 .8 8 .8 2 .0 2 .9 2 .2 7 .3 1.1 1.1 3 .7 3 .4 _ _ _ - - - 2 .8 (1.1 ) 3 .8 5 .4 4 .3 2 .9 2 .5 3.1 3.1 3 .4 5 .6 3 .9 3 .4 3 .4 1 .7 2 .5 4 .2 5 .1 4 .5 4 .8 2 .8 1.1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 ,2 5 0 1, 30 0 1, 350 1 ,4 0 0 1 ,4 5 0 and and and and and under under under under unde r $ $ $ $ $ 1, 300_ ______ _ 1, 35 0 ____________ 1 ,4 0 0 ____________ 1 , 4 5 0 ____________ 1 ,5 00_ _ __ __ $ $ $ $ $ 1 ,5 0 0 1 ,5 5 0 1 ,6 0 0 1 ,6 5 0 1, 700 and and and and and under under unde r under u nder $ $ $ $ $ 1, 5 5 0 ....................... 1 ,6 0 0 ____________ 1 ,6 5 0____________ 1 ,7 0 0 __________ 1, 75 0 ____ ___ ___ $ $ $ $ $ 1 ,7 5 0 1 ,8 0 0 1 ,8 5 0 1, 90 0 1 ,9 5 0 and and and and and under under under under under $ $ $ $ $ 1 ,8 0 0 ____________ 1 , 8 5 0 ____________ 1 , 9 0 0 ____________ 1, 9 5 0 ___________ 2 , 0 0 0 ____________ $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 000 050 100 150 20 0 and and and and and under under under under under $ $ $ $ $ 2 , 05 0 ________ — 2 , 1 0 0 ____________ 2 , 150----------2 , 2 0 0 ____________ 2 , 2 5 0 ____ _____ $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 25 0 30 0 35 0 400 450 and and and and and under under under under under $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 0 0 ____________ 3 5 0 __ ___ ___ 4 0 0 _________ _ 4 5 0 __ ___ 5 0 0 ____________ $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 700 and and and and and u nder under under u nder under $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 550_ -------6 0 0 ____________ 6 5 0 ____________ 7 0 0 ____________ 75 0 ________ __ $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 750 80 0 85 0 90 0 95 0 and and and and and under under under under under $ $ $ $ $ 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 800_ _____ 850_ _ ---------9 0 0 ____________ 9 5 0 ____________ 0 0 0 ____________ - - " (0 .9 ) 1 .0 _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * - - - 2 .2 .7 1.1 1.1 (2 .3 ) _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ . - - - - - - - - _ _ - - _ 2 .0 2 .3 .8 3 .7 2 .5 - - - - _ _ _ _ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _____ 790 1, 083 1 ,6 8 6 1 ,4 4 5 55 4 355 A v e r a g e m on th ly s a l a r i e s ___________ $ 802 $ 987 $ 1 ,2 0 2 $ 1 ,4 3 4 $ 1 ,7 8 5 $ 2 ,2 7 4 $ 3 , 00 0 and o v e r ________________________ T o ta l .............................................. N u m b er of e m p l o y e e s „ _____ See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 _ 1 0 0 .0 5 .4 1 0 0 .0 25 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations-----Continued (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s, by a v e ra g e m o n th ly s a la r i e s , U nited States e x ce p t A la sk a and H a w a ii, 1 June 1967) Buye r s M a n a g e r s , o ffic e s e r v ic e s A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a la r ie s I II IV III I III II IV U nder $ 4 0 0 _______________________________ - - - - 3 .0 - - - $400 $ 4 25 $450 $4 75 and and and and u nd er under under u nder $ 4 2 5 ___________________ $ 4 5 0 ___________________ $ 4 7 5 ___________________ $ 5 0 0 ___________________ - _ - - - 2 .2 2 .7 3 .3 4 .7 (0 .8 ) 1.2 “ “ $ 5 00 $5 25 $550 $5 75 and and and and under under u nder under $ 5 2 5 ___________________ $ 5 5 0 ___________________ $ 5 7 5 ___________________ $ 6 0 0 ___________________ 1.0 4 .1 5 .8 _ 1.9 - - 8 .9 8 .9 1 2 .2 12.7 2 .5 2 .8 6 .8 6 .4 (1 .2 ) 1.2 - $600 $6 25 $6 5 0 $6 75 and and and and under under u nder u nder $ 6 2 5 ___________________ $ 6 5 0 ___________________ $ 6 7 5 ___________________ $ 7 0 0 ___________________ 4 .1 15 .6 12.5 3 .4 .7 1.3 2 .8 1.8 _ (0 .8 ) - 9 .7 8 .2 6 .5 6 .5 8 .8 8 .5 1 2 .2 8 .6 1.3 2 .3 4 .6 4 .1 (0 .9 ) $ 7 00 $7 25 $ 7 50 $7 75 and and and and under under u nder under $ 7 2 5 ___________________ $ 7 5 0 ___________________ $ 7 7 5 ___________________ $ 8 0 0 ___________________ 6 .8 16 .3 4 .4 5 .1 3 .9 2 .4 7 .9 3 .7 1 .4 .8 2 .5 1.7 - 2 .6 1.5 1.6 1.7 7 .9 7 .3 7 .8 4 .2 7 .4 8.1 8 .0 6 .7 1.3 1.2 2 .0 3.1 $ 8 00 $8 25 $ 8 50 $8 75 and and and and under u nder under under $ 8 2 5 ___________________ $ 8 5 0 ___________________ $ 8 7 5 ___________________ $ 9 0 0 ___________________ 3 .7 3 .4 6 .8 3 .4 6 .8 6 .7 14 .2 8 .9 .8 1.7 4 .0 2 .8 _ - .6 1.6 (1 .0 ) “ 5.1 2 .2 1 .4 1 .2 9 .3 8 .4 6 .2 6 .6 2 .4 4 .4 6 .3 4 .3 $900 $9 25 $950 $9 75 and and and and under under u nder under $ 9 2 5 ___________________ $ 9 5 0 ___________________ $ 9 7 5 ___________________ $ 1 , 0 0 0 ________________ 1.7 - 1 1 .3 1.8 7 .4 2 .5 5 .7 3 .4 3 .7 5 .4 _ _ 3 .4 - 1.6 (2 .7 ) - - " 7.1 3 .5 3.1 2 .5 9 .2 8 .4 7.1 6 .4 1 7 .0 9 .9 4 .2 2 .5 6 .2 15 .5 3 .4 5 .2 19 .0 6 .9 - - 3 .6 2 .5 5 .5 1.6 (.9) - - 4 .3 1.9 (2 .2 ) " 13 .6 9 .1 7 .3 5.1 2 .8 $ 1 , 3 0 0 _____________ $1 , 3 5 0 _____________ $ 1 , 4 0 0 _____________ $ 1 , 4 5 0 _____________ $ 1 , 5 0 0 -------------------- - - 10 .3 10 .3 5 .2 " 6 .8 1.1 3.1 8 .2 5 .9 “ " " “ 2 .4 1.2 (1 .5 ) ■ 5 5 0 _____________ 6 0 0 _____________ 6 5 0 _____________ 7 0 0 _____________ 7 5 0 _____________ _ - - - 3 .4 1.7 3 .4 6 .9 5 .2 - - - - $ 1 , 000 $ 1 , 05 0 $ 1 , 100 $1 , 150 $ 1 ,2 0 0 $ 1 ,2 5 0 $1 , 300 $ 1 , 350 $ 1 ,4 0 0 $1, 450 $1, $1 , $1, $1 , $1, 50 0 55 0 60 0 650 70 0 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under u nder under under u nd er under u nd er under under under u nder $ 1 , 0 5 0 _____________ $ 1 , 100_____________ $ 1 , 150_____________ $ 1 , 2 0 0 _____________ $ 1 , 2 5 0 _____________ $1 , $1 , $1, $1, $1, - _ 2 .0 - - " " “ “ --------------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 10 0 .0 1 0 0 ,0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s _________________ 295 675 353 58 2, 320 8, 308 11, 899 4 , 312 A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a l a r i e s ___________ $ 7 13 $866 $1, 084 $1 , 28 4 $586 $684 $8 18 $984 T o ta l _ -------------- See footnote at end of ta b le . 26 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations-----Continued (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e o c c u p a tio n s, by a v e r a g e m o n th ly s a la r i e s , United S tates e x ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, 1 June 1967) Job a n a ly sts D ir e c t o r s of p e r so n n e l A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s I Under $ 4 0 0 ____________________________ II 1.4 III IV I II in IV _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - - - " “ - - _ - _ - _ 3.1 _ - _ - _ - - - " _ - _ _ - _ _ - - - (0 .7 ) 1.5 1.9 3 .0 _ - _ _ - - - $4 00 $4 25 $4 50 $4 75 and and and and under under under under $ 4 2 5 ___________________ $ 4 5 0 ___________________ $ 4 7 5 ___________________ $ 5 0 0 ___________________ 1.4 3 .5 1.4 _ 0 .9 2 .1 $5 00 $5 25 $5 5 0 $5 75 and and and and under under u nder under $ 5 2 5 ___________________ $ 5 5 0 ___________________ $ 5 7 5 ___________________ $ 6 0 0 ___________________ 4 .2 2 .8 6 .3 9 .9 2 .9 5 .9 2 .7 5 .3 (1 .9 ) 1.3 $ 6 00 $ 6 25 $6 50 $6 75 and and and and under under under under $ 6 2 5 ___________________ $ 6 5 0 ___________________ $ 6 7 5 ___________________ $ 7 0 0 ___________________ 10 .6 1 2 .0 1 3 .4 6 .3 8 .6 11 .8 1 2 .4 4 .7 1.4 2 .3 6 .9 4 .5 (1 .5 ) 2 .6 .2 .9 - $7 00 $7 25 $ 7 50 $7 75 and and and and under under under under $ 7 2 5 ___________________ $750 . $ 7 7 5 ___________________ $800 8 .5 6 .3 4 .9 4 .2 4 .7 14 .2 5 .3 7.1 5 .3 10 .2 8 .9 9 .3 1.1 1.9 1.5 .6 8 .3 5 .6 6 .3 1 .4 $8 0 0 $8 25 $8 5 0 $8 7 5 and and and and under under under under $ 8 2 5 ___________________ $ 8 5 0 ___________________ $ 8 7 5 ___________________ $ 9 0 0 ___________________ 2.1 .7 - 3 .8 1.2 2 .4 1.5 6 .8 7 .6 8 .0 5 .7 3 .7 3 .9 5 .2 4 .5 11 .2 1 1 .3 7 .0 3 .4 3 .9 4 .1 3 .0 3 .5 _ _ (1 .7 ) 2 .0 .8 - $9 0 0 $9 25 $9 5 0 $9 75 and and and and under under under under $9 25 $ 9 5 0 ___________________ $ 9 7 5 ___________________ $ 1 , 0 0 0 ________________ _ - 4 .7 3 .9 4 .0 1.6 6 .7 4 .8 5 .9 1 0 .4 8 .8 5 .0 6 .3 .4 7 .7 3 .9 5 .0 4 .7 1.4 .8 1.6 3 .2 _ 3 .8 7 .0 1.0 3 .2 1 .3 14 .8 7 .3 1 1 .2 8 .1 2 .0 1 1 .2 1.9 8 .1 8 .7 6 .1 0 .5 4 .3 1.3 1.6 .8 .1 1.0 - 6 .5 2 .0 2 .2 .6 .5 8 .8 7 .0 4 .1 7.1 2 .5 11 .6 12 .9 2 .2 4 .0 3 .0 1.1 (.8) 8.1 4 .4 2 .7 2.1 .3 10.8 10 .2 4 .6 5 .1 1.1 - _ - - .3 1.5 .9 - $ 1 , 00 0 $ 1 , 05 0 $1 , 100 $1, 150 $ 1 ,2 0 0 and and and and and u nder under u nder u nder u nder $1 , 0 5 0 _____________ $ 1 , 100_____________ $1 , 150_____________ $1 , 2 0 0 _____________ $ 1 , 2 5 0 _____________ _ _ - - 4 .2 (1 .4 ) - - " - 12 .8 14 .8 6 .3 5 .9 4 .1 $1 , $1 , $1 , $1 , $1, 250 300 350 40 0 45 0 and and and and and under under u nder under u nder $1 , $1, $1 , $1, $1 , . - _ - _ - 1.5 1.9 (1 .2 ) - - - - $1, 50 0 $1 , 550 $1 , 60 0 $ 1 ,6 5 0 $1 . 700 and and and and and under u nder u nder under u nder $1 , 5 5 0 _____________ $1, 6 0 0 _____________ $1, 6 5 0 _____________ $ 1 , 7 0 0 ____________ $1. 750. _ - _ - _ - - - $1, 75 0 $1 , 800 $1 , 85 0 $1 , 90 0 $ 1 ,9 5 0 and and and and and u nd er under under u nder u nder $1 , 8 0 0 _____________ $ 1 , 8 5 0 ________ ___ $1 , 9 0 0 _____________ $ 1 , 9 5 0 ____________ $ 2 , 0 0 0 _____________ _ - _ - - $ 2 ,0 0 0 $ 2 , 05 0 $ 2 , 100 $2 , 150 $ 2 , 200 and and and and and under under u nder u nder under $ 2 , 0 5 0 _____________ $ 2 , 100_____________ $ 2 , 150_____________ $ 2 , 2 0 0 _____________ $ 2 , 25 0 __________ _ - - - $2, 250 and under $ 2 , 30 0 _____________ $2 , 300 and under $2 , 35 0 _____________ $ 2 , 350 and o v e r ________________________ _ _ - - - 3 0 0 _____________ 35 0 _____________ 4 0 0 _____________ 4 5 0 _____________ 5 0 0 _____________ _ - _ - - - " - _ - - - _ - - - ~ “ " _ _ _ _ - - - " _ _ - - - _ - _ .9 1.9 .6 1.4 (.5 ) 3 .2 5 .7 1.1 1.3 1.3 - _ - 3 .2 1.1 1.1 - - - - .8 _ _ _ - - - .5 2 .7 4 .6 T o ta l______________________________ 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 .0 10 0.0 1 0 0 .0 10 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s _________________ 142 339 696 5 39 1, 078 1 ,6 5 3 1, 080 371 A v e r a g e m on th ly s a l a r i e s ___________ $635 $6 80 $801 $997 $867 $1 , 033 $ 1 ,2 7 7 $ 1 , 599 See footnote at end of table 1 0 0 .0 27 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations-----Continued (Percent distribution of employees in selected professional and administrative occupations, by average monthly salaries, United States except Alaska and Hawaii, 1 June 1967) C h e m is t s A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a la r ie s U n d er $ 4 5 0 _____ $ 4 50 and under $475. $4 75 and under $500. 2 .4 4 .4 4 .5 ( 1.6) 1 2 .6 4 .0 $625. $650. $675. $700. 18 .0 12 .7 7 .3 1.0 8.1 12.1 13.5 7 .5 1 2 .2 1.7 5 .3 4 .0 under under under under $ 7 25 . $ 7 50 . $7 75 . $8 00 . 8.0 15 .0 9 .1 8 .3 5 .5 6 .3 10.9 10 .5 ( 1 . 1) 1.1 10.0 2.1 and and and and u nder under under under $825_. $850_. $875_. $900_. 5 .0 10 .3 9 .9 5 .9 4 .5 3 .5 and and and and under under under under $ 9 2 5 _____ $ 9 5 0 _____ $ 9 7 5 _____ $ 1 , 0 0 0 __ $ 5 00 $ 5 25 $550 $ 5 75 and and and and u nder under under u nder $525. $5 50 . $575. $600. $600 $6 25 $ 6 50 $6 75 and and and and under u nder under u nder $700 $7 25 $ 7 50 $7 75 and and and and $800 $8 25 $ 8 50 $8 75 $ 9 00 $925 $ 9 50 $975 $1 , $1 , $1 , $1, $1 , 1.5 2 .7 00 0 05 0 100 150 200 and and and and and under under under under under $1, $1, $1 , $1, $1 , 4 .7 4 .2 2.1 1 .4 (.6 ) 1 .0 2.6 2 .5 2 .4 ( 2 .0) (0.7 ) 5 .0 3 .0 1.6 2 .5 1.5 1.7 (.9) 0 5 0 ____ 100____ 150____ 200 250 1.7 4 .3 6.1 8.1 ( 2 . 1) 1.3 2.1 5 .3 7 .6 4 .6 2 .6 3 .0 10.8 8.8 8 .7 8 .4 7 .0 5 .6 9 .5 2.8 11 .0 1 0. 2 11.6 4 .3 9 .9 8 .5 5 .5 5 .8 2 .9 13.6 8.0 4 .0 5 .2 2.2 9 .1 4 .4 3 .2 4 .0 1 .4 1 1 .4 9 .3 1 0 .0 5 .1 6 .7 3 .6 2.2 1.1 7 .8 4 .8 2 .4 3 .6 4 .9 4 .3 4 .5 3 .6 3 .5 1.9 (0 .9 ) 1.4 8.2 ( 2 . 0) 1 .4 2 .4 $1 , 250 $1, 300 $1 , 350 $ 1 ,4 0 0 $1 , 45 0 and and and and and under under under under under $ 1 , 300. $ 1 , 350. $ 1 , 40 0. $ 1 ,4 5 0 . $ 1 , 500. $1, $1, $1, $1 , $1, 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 70 0 and and and and and under under u nd er u nder under $1, $1, $1, $1, $1 , $1 , 75 0 $1 , 800 $1 , 85 0 $ 1 ,9 0 0 $1, 95 0 and and and and and under under u nder under under $1, 80 0. $ 1 , 85 0. $ 1 ,9 0 0 . $ 1 ,9 5 0 . $ 2 , 00 0. $2, $2 , $2, $2, $2, 00 0 05 0 100 150 20 0 and and and and and under u nder under under under $2 , $2, $2 , $2 , $2 , 05 0. 100. 150. 20 0. 25 0. 3 .6 .7 2 .5 1.7 1.0 6 .7 4 .3 3 .4 5 .2 3.1 $2, $2, $2, $2, $2 , 250 300 350 40 0 45 0 and and and and and under u nder under under under $2 , $2 , $2 , $2, $2, 30 0. 350. 40 0. 45 0. 50 0. (2 .3 ) 3.6 $2, $2, $2 , $2 , $2 , 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 700 and and and and and under under u nder under under $2 , $2, $2 , $2, $2 , 55 0. 60 0. 65 0. 700. 750. 1.1 ( . 6) 5 5 0 ____________ 6 0 0 ____________ 6 5 0 -----------------7 0 0 ____________ 7 5 0 ____________ 1.2 ( 1. 8) 11.0 9 .2 8 .5 1.3 (1 .9 ) N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s -------A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s See footnote at end of table, 3.1 1.8 3 .8 2.0 3 .6 .7 1.8 2.2 5 .4 $ 2 , 75 0 and ov e r T o ta l______ (0.7 ) 100.0 1 00 .0 100.0 1 0 0. 0 100.0 100.0 1 0 0 .0 100.0 2 , 09 7 $633 3, 90 8 $7 07 8 , 579 $8 10 9, 67 7 $1 , 00 4 7, 881 $ 1,200 4 , 128 $1 , 381 1, 727 $1 , 676 445 $ 2 ,0 5 6 28 Table 4. Employment Distribution by Salary: Professional and Administrative Occupations— Continued (Percent distribution of employees in selected professional and administrative occupations, by average monthly salaries, United States except Alaska and Hawaii, 1 June 1967) E n g in e e r s A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s I II III IV V VI VII VIII Under $ 4 5 0 _____ $ 4 50 and under $475. $475 and under $500. $5 00 $525 $ 5 50 $5 75 and and and and u nder under under under $5 25 . $5 50. $5 75 . $600. (0 .4 ) 1.3 2 .5 (0 .5 ) $ 6 00 $6 2 5 $6 50 $6 75 and and and and u nder under under under $625. $650. $675. $700. 4.1 6 .3 13.7 17 .7 6. 2 9 .9 ( 1- 2) $7 00 $7 25 $7 50 $775 and and and and u nder under under under $7 25. $750. $775. $800. 17 .5 14.1 10.6 4 .7 12.1 14 .0 17.7 12 .0 3.1 4 .6 7 .6 (1 .5 ) 8 .0 1.2 $8 00 $8 25 $8 5 0 $875 and and and and u nder under under under $825. $850. $875. $900. 2 .9 1.3 8 .5 4 .9 4 .6 2 .8 10.3 11.0 10.2 9 .1 3.1 3 .5 4 .7 ( 1. 6 ) $9 0 0 $9 25 $9 50 $9 75 and and and and under u nder under under $ 9 2 5 ___ $ 9 5 0 ___ $ 9 7 5 ___ $1 , 000. 1.6 ( 2 . 1) 9 .3 7 .4 3 .2 6.0 6. 1 5 .7 3 .4 6 .7 5 .8 ( 1. 2 ) 1.0 2.0 1.7 5 .2 2 .2 (1 .5 ) 1.8 2 .6 ( 1.8) 2 .4 2 .2 12.6 14 .7 7 .6 1 0. 2 10.2 10 .8 $1, $1 , $1 , $1, $1, 000 05 0 100 150 200 and and and and and under under under under under $1 , $1 , $1, $1, $1 , 0 5 0 __ 100__. 150__. 200__. 250__. $1 , $1, $1, $1, $1 , 25 0 300 350 40 0 45 0 and and and and and under under under under under $1 , $1 , $1, $1 , $1, 300. 350. 400. 450. 500. $1 , $1, $1 , $1, $1 , 50 0 55 0 60 0 65 0 70 0 and and and and and under under under under under $1, $1, $1, $1 , $1 , 550. 60 0. 650. 70 0. 750. $1, 750 $ 1 ,8 0 0 $1, 85 0 $1, 90 0 $1, 95 0 and and and and and under under u nder under under $1 , $1 , $1 , $1, $2 , 80 0. 85 0. 90 0. 950. 000. $2 , $2 , $2, $2, $2, 000 050 100 150 20 0 and and and and and under under under under under $2, $2, $2 , $2, $2, 050. 100. 150. 20 0. 250. $2 , $2, $2 , $2 , $2, 25 0 300 350 40 0 45 0 and and and and and under under under under under $2, $2, $2 , $2 , $2 , 300. 350. 40 0. 45 0. 500. 2.1 1.8 $2 , $2 , $2 , $2 , $2 , 500 55 0 60 0 65 0 70 0 and and and and and under under under under under $2 , $2, $2, $2, $2 , 550. 60 0. 65 0. 700. 750. 1.9 7 .4 4 .9 10 .5 4 .0 3.1 4 .0 5 .4 6 .3 4 .0 1.7 1 0 .3 8 .8 8 .2 8 .5 3 .3 5 .0 1.1 2.2 1.2 4 .4 3 .2 8 .9 8.1 6 .8 6.1 3 .4 2 .5 (1 .5 ) 8.6 2.2 2.0 1.4 ( 2. 1) ( 0 .6 ) 1.0 1.4 2 .3 8.0 9.8 6 .4 5 .3 3 .7 2 .7 7.1 7 .6 1 0 .4 6 .4 1.9 6.8 1.2 5 .7 3.1 ( 2 . 0) 2.8 2.0 2.1 1.3 (3 .3 ) ( 1. 1) 4 .7 4 .7 5 .0 6.8 6 .6 7 .6 6 .5 6 .3 5 .9 4 .3 5 .8 4 .5 2 .9 3 .7 1.7 1.0 .7 .8 .2 .7 1.0 (1 .4 ) $ 2 , 750 and o v e r T o ta l........ . N u m b er of e m p l o y e e s ____ A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s 100.0 1 0 ,5 8 7 $699 100.0 2 8 ,2 7 3 $757 7 7 ,5 7 0 $861 1 0 5 ,7 0 5 $1 , 035 6 5 ,8 3 5 $ 1, 210 3 5 ,6 7 4 $ 1 , 384 11, 980 $ 1 ,6 1 1 2 , 95 5 $ 1 , 85 3 1 F o r sc o p e of stud y, s e e table in ap pend ix A . To avoid show ing s m a ll p ro p o rtio n s of e m p lo y e e s s c a tte r e d at or n ear the e x tr e m e s of the d istr ib u tio n fo r so m e o c cu p a tio n s, the p e r c e n ta g e s of e m p lo y e e s in th e se in te r v a ls have b ee n a c cu m u la te d and a re shown in the in te r v a l above or b elo w the e x tr e m e in te rv a l containin g at le a s t 1 p e r c e n t. Th e p e r c e n ta g e s r e p r e s e n tin g th e se e m p lo y e e s a r e show n in p a r e n th e s e s . 2 In su ffic ie n t data w e r e obtained fo r le v e l I to w a r r a n t p r e se n ta tio n of s a la r y d is tr ib u tio n s . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 29 Table 5. Employment Distribution by Salary: Engineering Technicians (Percent distribution of engineering technicians, by average monthly salaries, United States except Alaska and Hawaii, 1 June 1967) E n g in e e r in g te c h n icia n s A v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s U n der $ 3 0 0 ____________ _________ I ____ V IV III II 1 .4 _ $300 $ 325 $350 $375 and and and and under under under under $ 32 5 ____ ... ________ $ 3 5 0 _____ _____________ $ 3 7 5 ___________________ $ 4 0 0 ____________ ____ 1. 4. 8. 10. 4 1 7 5 (0 .3 ) 1. 1 2. 3 - $400 $425 $450 $475 and and and and under under under under $ 4 2 5 ____ __ ________ $ 4 5 0 ____________ ____ $ 4 7 5 ___________________ $ 5 0 0 ___________________ 10. 12. 14. 13. 4 5 9 4 4. 0 5 .6 8 .9 10. 7 ( 1 .3 ) 2. 5 3 .9 - $500 $525 $550 $57 5 and and and and under under under u nd er $ 525_ ________________ $ 5 5 0 . ________________ $ 575_ ______ ________ $ 6 0 0 ___________________ 10. 5. 3. 2. 6 5 5 3 18. 0 1 5 .7 1 1 .8 8. 1 7. 1 10. 2 1 2 .4 12. 2 ( 1 .4 ) 1. 6 3. 3 5. 0 $600 $625 $650 $675 and and and and under under u nder under $ 625_ _____________ _ $650 ___ $ 6 7 5 ________ ________ $ 7 0 0 __ ________________ ( .7 ) - 4 .9 3. 2 1. 8 1 .6 12. 1 1 1 .6 8 .9 7. 1 8. 9. 13. 13. 5 2 2 2 1 .0 2. 2 4. 1 6. 2 $700 $725 $750 $775 and and and and under under under under $ 7 25_ ________________ $ 7 50_ ________________ $ 7 7 5 ____________ ____ $ 8 0 0 ________ __ ____ _ - (2 .1 ) - - - 3 .7 3 .4 2. 4 ( 1 .3 ) 12. 10. 6. 6. 4 3 8 8 1 1 .8 1 1 .7 13. 3 9 .2 $800 $825 $850 $875 and and and and under under under under $ 8 2 5 ___________________ $ 8 5 0 ____________ ____ $ 8 7 5 ___________________ $ 9 0 0 ___________________ _ - _ - - - - - 2. 9 1. 8 .6 . 6 9. 1 9 .2 6. 1 4 .9 $900 $925 $950 $975 and and and and under under under u nder $9-25___________________ $ 9 5 0 ___________________ $ 9 7 5 ___________________ $ 1 ,0 0 0 ________________ _ - _ - _ - - - . . . . 2. 3 2. 4 .9 2 .9 $ 1, 000 and o v e r _________________________ _ _ _ - _ - 3 2 1 3 (1 .2 ) 1. 1 1. 4 . 5 — ------- 10 0 . 0 10 0. 0 1 0 0. 0 10 0. 0 1 0 0. 0 N u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s __________________ 5, 62 5 15, 188 25, 375 28, 272 14, 927 A v e r a g e m on th ly s a l a r i e s ____________ $447 $525 $603 $693 $778 T o ta l_____________________ 1 F o r sc o p e o f stud y, see table in ap pend ix A . To avoid show ing s m a ll p r o p o r tio n s o f e m p lo y e e s sc a tte r e d at or n ear the e x tr e m e s o f the d istr ib u tio n s f o r so m e o c cu p a tio n s, the p e r c e n ta g e s of e m p lo y e e s in th e se in te r v a ls have b een a c c u m u lated and a r e shown in the in te r v a l ab ove or b e lo w the e x tr e m e in te rv a l containing at le a s t 1 p e r c e n t. The p e r c e n ta g e s r e p r e se n tin g th e se e m p lo y e e s a r e shown in p a r e n th e s e s . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 30 Table 6. Employment Distribution by Salary: Drafting and Clerical Occupations (P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d d raftin g and c le r ic a l o c c u p a tio n s , by a v e r a g e w eekly s a la r ie s , U nited S tates e x ce p t A la s k a and H aw aii, 1 June 1967) A v e r a g e w eek ly s a la r ie s D ra fts m entra ce rs I II C le r k s , file C le r k s , accou ntin g D r a fts m e n III I II U nder $ 50__........ _ _ ( 0 .8 ) 1. 1 _ - _ - - - $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 and and and and and under under under under u nd er $ 5 5 ________ _______ _____ $ 6 0 ______________________ $ 6 5 ______________________ $ 7 0 _____________ _____ _ $ 7 5 --------- -------------------- 0. 1. 2. 8. 7 1 9 1 $75 $80 $85 $90 $ 95 and and and and and u nd er under under under u nd er $ 8 0 ______________________ $ 8 5 _____________________ $ 9 0 ______________________ $ 9 5 ______________________ $ 1 0 0 ____________________ 10. 16. 13. 13. 7. 5 3 6 0 2 1. 4. 6. 8. 8. 8 4 1 1 6 _ _ ( 1 .1 ) 1 .6 - 6 9 4 3 3 11. 8. 9. 9. 8. 3 8 3 1 4 2. 5 3. 1 4. 0 6 .9 7 .9 _ 6. 0 4. 7 3 .9 2. 5 1. 5 7 .7 10. 3 9 .2 8. 9 7 .0 1. 3. 4. 6. 6. 1. 5 1. 3 (.7 ) $ 100 $ 105 $110 $ 11 5 $ 120 and and and and and under u nder under under under $ 1 0 5 ___________________ $ 110___________________ $ 1 1 5 ___________________ $ 12 0___________________ $ 12 5___________________ 9. 3. 4. 3. 2. $ $ $ $ $ 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and under under under under under $ $ $ $ $ 1 .0 1. 1 ( .8 ) - $ $ $ $ $ $ 150 160 170 180 190 20 0 and and and and and and under under under under under under $ 16 0___________________ $ 170___________________ $ 18 0___________________ $ 190___________________ $ 2 0 0 ___________________ $ 2 1 0 ___________________ $ 2 10 $ 22 0 $230 $ 24 0 and and and and under $ 2 2 0 ___________________ under $ 2 3 0 ___________________ under $ 2 4 0 ___________________ o v e r .. 13 0___________________ 135___________________ 140___________________ 14 5___________________ 15 0___________________ _ - 1 3 .4 8. 1 4. 4 2. 7 ( 1 .1 ) - - - _ _ _ - - - . - 10 0. 0 10 0. 0 ( 0 .2 ) 2 .7 9 .0 8. 3 1 1 .6 10. 0 1 1 .5 1 0 .4 8. 8 6 .2 - 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5 6 5 2 4 8 8 4 5 0 8 .9 8. 4 7. 2 7. 8 7. 7 9 5 1 0 5 1 .7 (2 .0 ) - 7. 0 5 .9 5. 0 3. 5 3. 2 17. 17. 12. 10. 5. 6. 1 0 2 1 1 0 _ 3. 1. . 1. 9 4 7 3 (1 .6 ) 1. 6 10 0. 0 5. 3. 3. 2. 2. _ (1 .3 ) I. 2 - II III 0,. 3 0. 2 _ 5 .9 23 . 0 26,. 2 19 . 9 11 . 5 1. 7. 16. 17. 16. 0 3 2 7 6 ( 2 .6 ) 3. 4 3. 3 10. 5 5 .6 3. 4 1.9 1. 0 (1 •4) 12. 10. 6. 4. 2. 5 2 2 3 3 8. 1 1 1 .2 1 1 .9 9. 5 8. 6 _ - 2. 7 1. 3 ( 1 .8 ) - - - _ - _ - 8. 5. 3. 3. 4. - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - " _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - 10 0. 0 100 . 0 10 0 . 0 5 7 8 6 0 2. 5 1. 3 ( 1 .2 ) - 4. 1. 1. . - 10 0. 0 1 3 1 2 I 10 0 . 0 T o ta l____________________________ j— 10 0. 0 N u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s __________________ 6, 640 2 0 , 69 5 30, 641 24, 245 70 , 910 51, 63 2 30, 929 2 7 ,4 2 0 8, 09 3 A v e r a g e w eekly s a l a r i e s .. ___________ $ 9 1 . 0 0 $ 1 1 0 .5 0 $ 1 3 8 .5 0 $ 1 6 7 .5 0 $ 8 5 . 50 $ 1 1 4 .0 0 $ 6 5 . 50 $ 7 4 . 50 $ 9 1 . 50 See footnote at end of ta b le . 31 Table 6. Employment Distribution by Salary: Drafting and Clerical O ccupations-----Continued (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n o f e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d d ra ftin g and c le r ic a l o c c u p a tio n s, by a v e r a g e w ee k ly s a la r ie s , U nited S ta tes ex ce p t A la s k a and H aw aii, 1 June 1967) K eypunch o p era to rs A v e r a g e w ee k ly s a la r ie s I O ffic e boys or g ir ls II S e c r e t a r ie s I II III IV 0. 4 U n d er $ 5 0 ....................................................... . $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 and and and and and under under under u nder under $ 5 5 _________ _____ ______ $ 6 0 ___ ................................ . $ 6 5 ........ ................................ $ 7 0 .................................. . $ 7 5 ................................... . (0 .2 ) 2 .9 7. 0 10. 5 14. 0 (0 . 1. 2. 4. $75 $80 $85 $90 $95 and and and and and under under u nder under u nd er $ 8 0 ................. ...................... $ 8 5 .......................... ............. $ 9 0 ............. .......................... $ 9 5 _ ____ ______ _________ $ 1 0 0 ..................................... 13. 1 12. 2 10. 3 8. 1 5 .9 8. 3 10. 9 12. 2 1 2 .9 11. 2 $ $ $ $ $ 100 105 110 115 120 and and and and and u nder under unde r u nder under $ $ $ $ $ 10 5................................... 11 0.................................. 11 5........ ........................... 12 0.................................. 12 5........................ .......... 4 .4 2. 4 3 .4 2. 3 i. 3 $ $ $ $ $ 125 130 135 140 145 and and and and and u nder under u nd er under under $ $ $ $ $ 13 0........ ........... ............. 13 5...................... ............ 140________ __________ 14 5___________________ 1 5 0 ,_................... ........... (1 .9 ) _ - $ 150 $ 160 $ 170 $ 180 $ 190 $200 and and and and and and under $ 1 6 0 ,................. ................ under $ 17 0___________________ under $ 18 0.................................. under $ .1 9 0 ___________________ under $ 2 0 0 . ____ _____ _____ o v e r ................................ ................. 10. 7. 6. 5. 3. 1) 4 4 2 0 2 4 5 9 1. 5 ( 1 .7 ) - 2. 12. 17. 18. 16. 0 0 7 9 1 (0 .6 ) 1. 3 2. 8 ( 1 .6 ) - - 9. 7 7. 6 4 .9 2. 5 1. 9 4 .4 6. 8 8 .7 10. 5 10. 8 1 .2 2. 8 3. 8 5. 4 7. 1 (1 .9 ) 2 .9 2 .9 4. 4 5. 1 (i.o ) 1. 7 2. 0 2. 5 2. 6 3. 3 1. 0 ( 2 .0 ) - 12. 2 10. 1 8. 3 7 .5 6 .0 9 .4 8 .6 8. 8 9. 3 9 .0 7 .4 6 .0 5. 8 9 .4 8. 1 6. 4. 4. 7. 7. 4. 1 9 .6 8 .9 8. 2 7. 4. 4. 2. 6 4 1 6 8. 2 6. 5 5 .7 4. 7 7. 7. 7. 6. 0 3 1 0 2. 6 1. 7 ( .3 ) 5. 7 3. 5 1 .6 (1 .0 ) 9. 6. 4. 2. 1. 1. 9 7 2 8 0 1 _ _ - 3. 2 1 .2 ( 1 .5 ) - - - _ _ _ . - _ - . - . _ _ _ - _ - - - 0 1 1 3 3 T o ta l...... ............................... ................... 1 0 0. 0 10 0. 0 100. 0 10 0. 0 10 0. 0 1 0 0. 0 10 0. 0 N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s ------ -------------------- 54, 997 34, 98 5 26 , 701 71, 505 69 , 791 40 , 270 13, 025 A v e r a g e w ee k ly s a l a r i e s _________ ____ $ 8 3 . 50 $ 9 5 .0 0 $ 7 2 . 50 $ 1 0 2 .0 0 $ 11 5. 50 $ 1 2 2 .5 0 $ 13 3. 00 See footn ote at end of ta b le . 32 Table 6. Employment Distribution by Salary: Drafting and Clerical Occupations— Continued (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d d raftin g and c le r i c a l o c c u p a tio n s, b y a v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r i e s , United S ta tes ex ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii,1 June 1967) A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s U n d er $ 50 $ 50 and under $ 55 $ 55 and u nder $ 60_____________________ $ 60 and under $ 6 5 -------------------------------$ 70 and u nder $ 7 5 _____________ $75 a n d n n d p r $80 $ 80 a n d n n r i p r $ 8 5 $85 a n d n n d p .r $90 $ 9 0 and under $ 9 5 __ $ 9 5 a n d n n d p r $ 100 .... _ _ .. ----- _......... _ $ 100 $ 105 and rn id p r and lin d p r $ 105 $ 110 $ 115 $ 120 and n n d p r n n d p r $120 $ 125 ....... _ and $ 125 and n n d p r $ 150 .... ... S te n o g rap hers, general . _ (0 .2 ) 1.3 3 .2 6 .4 1 0 .7 _ $ 145 and n n d p r $ 180 and n n d p r $ 170 $ 170 and n n d p r $ 180 ....................... $ 190 and u nder $ 200 $ 200 and n v p r ............ .. I T ab u latin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s I II _ II T y p is t s I III _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - (0 .8 ) 3 .4 - - - - ( 1 .4 ) 2 .2 (1 .5 ) 1 .4 2 .8 1 0 .8 1 3 .3 (0 .7 ) 2 .8 1 1 .4 1 3 .4 1 2 .4 9 .9 7 .6 3 .3 6 .5 9 .0 1 0 .8 10.9 1 1 .3 1 0 .5 1 1 .0 8 .9 7 .0 3 .9 7 .8 9 .5 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 13 .3 1 2 .4 1 1 .3 8 .0 6 .3 3 .2 4 .9 8 .6 1 1 .0 9 .2 (1 .1 ) 2 .6 3 .3 6 .3 5 .5 3 .8 4 .2 1.9 1 0 .6 9 .3 8 .6 8 .0 8 .9 5 .4 5 .4 4 .5 1.8 1 1 .8 9 .0 8 .9 6 .4 6 .6 5 .7 4 .7 3 .2 2 .7 2 .3 1 2 .0 9 .0 9 .6 7 .5 6 .5 5 .4 7 .0 8 .5 8 .9 7 .6 1.1 3 .9 2 .4 2 .7 3 .7 2 .4 ( 1 .4 ) 1.1 10 .9 6 .9 7 .8 9 .3 5 .5 - (1 .1 ) _ - 1.0 - 5 .2 2 .9 2 .0 1.9 - (.3 ) - - - 1.1 _ _ _ _ _ ( 1 .9 ) - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - „ $ 150 S w itch b oard o p e r a to r s (1 .1 ) 4 .2 8 .0 8 .0 1 1 .6 (-9) $ 13 5 and u nder $ 140__ $ 140 a n d n n d p r $ 145 S te n o g rap h ers, se n io r - (-7 ) - _ 7 .7 4 .6 1 .6 ( 1 .2 ) - II _ 1 .0 5 .4 1 3 .3 _ 1 6 .3 1 8 .5 0 .2 1.9 4 .5 10 .1 1 3 .5 1 1 .7 7 .7 4 .6 2 .3 1 1 .8 1 3 .4 1 4 .2 1 3 .0 8 .3 1.9 1.3 1 .6 (1 .0 ) 6 .0 3 .2 3 .5 3 .2 4 .1 . - .9 1.3 (.2 ) - - - . _ _ _ _ - _ - - - - - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 N u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s 7 1 ,0 5 7 5 4 ,4 0 7 1 3 ,4 7 8 9 ,4 8 6 7 , 741 1 4 ,5 1 8 7 , 38 4 8 3 ,1 4 4 4 4 ,4 2 5 A v p ra p p $ 8 8 .5 0 $ 1 0 3 .5 0 $ 8 3 .5 0 $ 1 0 0 .5 0 $ 8 6 .0 0 $ 1 0 5 .5 0 $ 1 2 8 .5 0 $ 7 5 .5 0 $ 9 0 .0 0 T o ta L w p p k lv s a la rip s 1 F o r sc o p e of stu d y, s e e ta b le in ap pendix A . T o avoid show ing s m a l l p r o p o r tio n s of e m p lo y e e s s c a tte r e d at or n ea r the e x tr e m e s of the d istr ib u tio n fo r so m e o c c u p a tio n s, the p e r c e n ta g e s of e m p lo y e e s in th e s e in te r v a ls have b ee n a c cu m u la te d and a r e show n in the in te r v a l ab ove or b elow the e x tr e m e in te r v a l containin g at le a s t 1 p e r c e n t. Th e p e r c e n ta g e s r e p r e s e n tin g th e s e e m p lo y e e s a r e show n in p a r e n th e s e s . NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 33 Table 7. Occupational Employment Distribution: By Industry Division ( P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n of e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , te c h n ica l, and c le r i c a l o c cu p a tio n s, 1 by in d u str y d iv is io n , 1 2 U nited S ta te s e x ce p t A la s k a and H aw aii, June 1967) O ccu p ation M anu fa c tu rin g P ub lic u tilit ie s 3 W h o le sa le trade R e ta il trade F in a n c e, in su r a n c e , and r e a l e sta te S ele cted s e r v ic e s 4 P r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in istr a tiv e A c c o u n ta n ts................................. ...................... A u d ito r s ............... ............................... ............ C h ie f a c c o u n t a n ts .......................................... A t t o r n e y s .................... ...................................... M a n a g e r s , o ffic e s e r v i c e s ..................... B u y e r s ________ ________ _____ ____ ________ Job a n a ly s t s _____________________________ D ir e c t o r s of p e r s o n n e l________________ C h e m i s t s ......................... ............................. . E n g in e e r s ........................................... ............... 69 44 58 27 63 86 77 74 88 79 12 17 7 17 7 6 78 80 5 8 41 23 43 36 51 53 34 42 42 16 5 13 13 9 13 14 20 6 (5 ) (5) (5 ) 10 6 7 9 6 5 (5) 6 8 8 25 15 46 21 (5 ) (5 ) 6 (*) (5 ) (*> (5 ) 6 (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (*) (5 ) (5 ) 13 6 11 9 7 6 6 8 5 12 12 7 6 4 (5 ) 13 9 (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) 5 (5 ) 7 11 T e ch n ic a l E n g in e e r in g t e c h n ic ia n s _______________ D r a ft s m e n ...... ................... ............. .................. _ 17 10 C le r ic a l C le r k s , a c c o u n tin g ------------ -------- ---------C le r k s , f i le —................................................ K eypunch o p e r a t o r s .................................... O ffic e b o y s or g i r l s ...... ....................... — S e c r e t a r ie s ........... .................... ....................... Stenog raphe r s______________ ____ ________ Sw itchboard o p e r a t o r s ................................ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ______ T y p is t s ................ .................................. .............. (5 ) 14 4 4 18 53 25 34 24 23 30 26 40 (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) 4 (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) (5 ) 1 E ac h o c cu p ation in clu d e s the w ork le v e ls , as defin ed fo r su rv e y , fo r w hich e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a t e s in a ll in d u str ie s within scop e o f the study a re show n in table 1. 2 F o r sc o p e o f study, see table in ap pend ix A . 3 T r a n sp o r ta tio n (lim it e d to r a ilr o a d , lo c a l and su bu rb an p a s s e n g e r , d eep se a w a te r , and a ir t r a n sp o r ta tio n in d u s tr ie s ), c o m m u n ic a tio n , e l e c t r ic , g a s , and sa n ita r y s e r v i c e s . 4 E n g in e e r in g and a r c h it e c tu r a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c ia l ly op era ted r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, and te stin g la b o r a t o r ie s on ly. 5 L e s s than 4 p e r c e n t. 34 Table 8. Relative Salary Levels: Occupation by Industry Division (R e la tiv e s a la r y le v e ls fo r s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , t e c h n ic a l, and c le r i c a l o c c u p a tio n s 1 b y in d u str y d iv is io n . U n ited S ta tes ex ce p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, June 1967) (A v e r a g e s a la r y fo r ea ch occuipation in all in d u strie s® 100) M anufa c tu rin g P u b lic u tilitie s 1 3 2 W h ole sa le tra d e 100 103 102 108 100 100 101 99 100 100 103 101 104 100 107 102 101 105 98 99 (5) 103 __ 99 100 106 101 C le r k s , a c c o u n tin g - ____ - — ____ — ______ C le r k s , f i l e K eyp un ch o p e r a t o r s ___ ___ O ffic e b oys or g ir ls — — _______ S e c r e t a r ie s _ ___ __ — — — — __ _ ___ — S te n o g r a p h e r s . __ S w itch b oard o p e r a t o r s _ — — — T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____ T y p is t s _____ _ _____ _________ — — 104 108 103 104 103 103 104 105 105 105 122 99 113 107 108 114 100 107 R e ta il tra d e F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e sta te S e le c te d s e r v ic e s 4 P r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in istr a tiv e A c c o u n ta n ts______________________________ A u d it o r s — _ __ C h ie f a c c o u n ta n ts ___ _ _ _ _ _ A tto rn ey s— — _ _ _ ___ ___ M a n a g e r s , o ffic e s e r v ic e s _______ R u y e rs — __ __ Job a n a ly s t s _ _ _ _ D ir e c t o r s of p e r s o n n e l — — ... C h e m is ts ______ ________ _____ .... E n g in e e r s _____ 96 92 94 95 96 100 109 (5) 101 (5) ( !) ( ) 103 (5 ) (5) 103 102 101 no 102 99 (5) 113 (5 ) 98 (5) 100 (5) 88 104 (5) 96 (5 ) (5) (5) (5) (5 ) (5) 92 . 98 (5) 99 (5) 105 106 101 88 94 94 93 90 90 85 94 96 90 95 92 92 93 90 95 93 94 103 105 102 97 106 98 102 100 103 T e c h n ic a l E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s __ D r a f t s m e n . __ ___ _ ____ C le r ic a l 107 103 101 99 100 101 104 104 102 1 E a c h o c cu p ation in clu d es the w o rk l e v e l s , as d efin ed fo r s u r v e y , fo r w hich data are p r e s e n t e d in tab le 1. In com p u tin g r e la tiv e s a la r y le v e ls fo r ea ch occu p ation by in d u str y d iv is io n , the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in ea ch w o r k le v e l in a ll in d u s tr ie s s u r v e y e d w a s u se d as a con stan t e m p lo y m e n t w eigh t to e lim in a te the e ffe c t of d iffe r e n c e s in the p r o p o r tio n of e m p lo y m e n t in v a r io u s w o r k le v e ls w ithin ea ch o ccu p ation . 2 F o r sc o p e of stu d y , s e e tab le in appendix A . 3 T r a n s p o r t a t io n (lim it e d to r a ilr o a d , lo c a l and su bu rb an p a s s e n g e r , d eep s e a w a t e r , and a ir tr a n sp o r ta tio n in d u s t r ie s ) , c o m m u n ic a tio n , e l e c t r i c , g a s , and sa n ita r y s e r v i c e s . 4 E n g in e e r in g and a r c h ite c tu r a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c ia lly o p era ted r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, and te stin g la b o r a t o r ie s on ly . 5 In su ffic ie n t e m p lo y m e n t in 1 w o rk le v e l or m o r e to w a r r a n t se p a r a te p r e se n ta tio n of d ata. 35 Table 9. Average Weekly Hours: Occupation by Industry Division (A v e r a g e w eekly h o u r s 1 fo r e m p lo y e e s in s e le c te d p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , te c h n ica l, and c le r i c a l o c cu p a tio n s 2 by in d u stry d iv is io n , 3 U nited S tates ex ce p t A la s k a and H aw aii, June 1967) O ccup ation M anu fa c tu r in g P u b lic u tilit ie s 4 W h o le sa le trade R e ta il tra de F in a n c e , in su r a n c e , and r e a l esta te S ele cte d s e r v ic e s 5 P r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e A c c o u n ta n ts______ _______________________ A u d it o r s __________________________________ C h ie f a c c o u n ta n ts _______________________ A tt o r n e y s --------------------------------------------------M a n a g e r s , o ffic e s e r v i c e s ___________ B u y e r s ____________________________________ Job a n a ly s t s _____________________________ D ir e c t o r s of p e r s o n n e l________________ C h e m i s t s _____________ ____________________ E n g in e e r s _____________ _ _ _______________ (6 ) 39 . 5 (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) (6 ) 40. 0 39. 5 (6 ) (6 ) 40. 0 40. 0 4 0 .0 40. 0 39. 5 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0 39 . 0 39 . 5 40. 0 39. 5 (6 ) 37. 5 (6 ) 39 . 0 39. 5 39. 5 39 . 39 . 39. 39. 39 . 39 . 39 . 39 . 39. 39 . 39. 39 . 39 . 38. 39 . 39 . 38 . 39 . 39. 5 39. 0 39. 5 3 9 .0 38 . 5 39. 0 39. 0 39. 0 39. 0 39. 5 39. 0 3 9 .0 39. 0 39. 0 38. 5 39. 0 39. 0 39. 0 38 . 38 . 38. 37. 38. 38 . 38 . 37 . 37 . 39. 5 3 9 .0 39. 5 3 9 .0 39. 5 39. 5 39. 5 39. 5 39. 5 39 . 39 . 39. 39. 39 . 40. 39 . 40. 39 . 40. 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 0 5 0 0 39. 5 4 0 .0 (6 ) 39. 5 40. 0 39. 5 (6 ) (*) (6 ) 39. 0 (6 ) 39 . 5 (6 ) 39. 5 (6 ) 40. 5 (6 ) 37 . 5 38 . 5 39 . 39 . 40. 39 . 40. 40. ( 6) 38. 5 38 . 38 . 38 . 38 . 38 . 0 0 0 0 5 T e c h n ic a l E n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s _______________ D r a ft s m e n ________________________________ C le r ic a l C le r k s , a c c o u n tin g _____________________ C le r k s , f i le ______________________________ K eypunch o p e r a t o r s ____ _______________ O ffic e b o y s o r g i r l s _____ ________ _____ S e c r e t a r i e s ______________________________ Stenog raphe r s____________________________ Sw itchboard o p e r a t o r s _________________ T a b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ______ T y p is t s _______ ______________ _____ _______ 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 5 5 0 0 5 0 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 5 1 B a se d on the sch ed u led w ork w eek fo r w hich e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e th eir r e g u la r s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r y . Th e a v e ra g e fo r each jo b c a te g o r y w as rounded to the n e a r e s t h a lf h our. 2 E ac h o c cu p ation in clu d es the w ork le v e ls , a s d efin ed fo r the su rv e y , fo r w hich data a r e p r e se n te d in table 1. 3 F o r sc o p e o f study, see table in ap pend ix A . 4 T r a n sp o r ta tio n (lim ite d to r a ilr o a d , lo c a l and su bu rban p a s s e n g e r , deep sea w a te r , and a ir t ra n sp o r ta tio n in d u s tr ie s ), co m m u n ic a tio n , e l e c t r ic , g a s , and sa n ita r y s e r v i c e s . 5 E n g in e e r in g and a r c h it e c tu r a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c ia lly op era ted research , d ev e lo p m e n t, and testin g la b o r a t o r ie s on ly. 6 In su ffic ie n t e m p lo y m e n t in 1 w o r k le v e l or m o r e to w a r r a n t se p a r a te p r e se n ta tio n of data. Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey S cope o f Su rvey The s u r v e y r e la t e s to e s ta b lis h m e n ts in the U nited S tates e x c e p t A la s k a and H aw aii in the fo llo w in g in d u s t r ie s : M a n u fa ctu rin g ; tr a n s p o r t a tio n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , e l e c t r i c , g a s, and s a n ita r y s e r v i c e s ; w h o le s a le tr a d e ; r e t a il tr a d e ; fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s ta te ; e n g in e e r in g and a r c h it e c t u r a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c i a l l y o p e r a te d r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, and te s tin g l a b o r a t o r ie s . E x clu d e d a r e e s ta b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y in g fe w e r than the m in im u m n u m b er o f w o r k e r s , as in d ic a te d in the a c c o m p a n y in g ta b le fo r e a ch in d u s tr y d iv is io n , at the tim e o f r e f e r e n c e o f the u n iv e r s e data (g e n e r a lly , f i r s t q u a r te r o f 1966). T h e v a r ia b le m in im u m e m p lo y m e n t s i z e , w h ich w as ad op ted in the 1966 s u r v e y , m o r e n e a r ly e q u a liz e s the m in im u m w h i t e - c o l la r e m p lo y m e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts a m on g the v a r io u s in d u s tr y d iv is io n s . The e s tim a te d n u m b e r o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts and the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t w ith in s c o p e o f this s u r v e y , and w ith in the s a m p le s a c tu a lly s tu d ie d , a r e show n f o r e a c h m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n in the a c c o m p a n y in g ta b le . T h e s e e s t im a te s a ls o a r e sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly fo r e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g 2 ,5 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e and th o s e lo c a t e d in S tan dard M e tr o p o lit a n S t a t is t ic a l A r e a s . 18 A s in d ic a te d in the ta b le , the s c o p e o f the stu d y w as the s a m e f o r a ll o c c u p a t io n s ; h o w e v e r , the c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g o c c u p a t io n s w e r e stu d ied in a la r g e r n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m en ts than w e r e the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n o c c u p a t io n s . The s a m p lin g m e th o d s u se d f o r stu d yin g e a c h o f th e se o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p s a r e d e s c r ib e d in d e ta il u n d er S a m p lin g and E s tim a tin g P r o c e d u r e s . T im in g o f S u r v e y S u r v e y c o lle c t io n w as tim e d s o that the data w ould r e f le c t an a v e r a g e r e f e r e n c e p e r io d o f June 1967. 19 T h e data f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n o c c u p a tio n s w e r e o b ta in e d b y p e r s o n a l v is it s to a n a tion w id e s a m p le o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s la r g e ly b e tw e e n la te M a r c h and e a r ly S e p te m b e r . V is it s w e r e tim e d s o that e s ta b lis h m e n ts h a v in g m o r e than o n e -h a lf o f the s u r v e y 's w h i t e - c o l la r e m p lo y m e n t had b e e n c o n t a c te d b y the end o f June. T h e m o s t r e c e n t in fo r m a t io n a v a ila b le at the tim e o f the v is it w as o b ta in e d . The a v e r a g e r e f e r e n c e m on th f o r c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g o c c u p a t io n s w a s a ls o June 1967. D ata f o r th e s e o c c u p a t io n s w e r e ob ta in ed fr o m tw o s o u r c e s : T h e B u r e a u 's o c c u p a t io n a l w ag e stu d ie s in 44 m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s w h ich had r e f e r e n c e d a te s o f M a r c h th rou g h S e p te m b e r 1967; and in a ll o th e r a r e a s , fr o m the s a m e s a m p le o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts that w e r e v is it e d f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is t r a tiv e o c c u p a t io n s . M eth od o f C o lle c t io n D ata w e r e ob ta in ed b y p e r s o n a l v is it s o f B u re a u fie ld e c o n o m is t s to r e p r e s e n t a t iv e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in the s c o p e o f the s u r v e y . 20 E m p lo y e e s w e r e c la s s if i e d a c c o r d in g to o c c u p a tio n and le v e l, w ith the a s s is t a n c e o f co m p a n y o f f i c i a l s , on the b a s is o f u n ifo r m jo b d e fin it io n s . In c o m p a r in g a ctu a l d u ties and r e s p o n s ib ilit ie s o f e m p lo y e e s w ith th o s e in the s u r v e y d e fin it io n s , e x te n s iv e u se w as m a d e o f c o m p a n y o c c u p a t io n a l d e s c r i p t i o n s , o r g a n i z a tio n c h a r t s , and o th e r p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s . The o c c u p a t io n a l d e fin itio n s u se d in c l a s s i f y ing e m p lo y e e s a p p e a r in ap p en d ix C. 18 The metropolitan area data in the 1967 survey relate to all 227 SMSA's (within the 48 States surveyed) as revised through April 1966 by the Bureau of the Budget. Earlier surveys represented fewer SMSA’ s, ranging from 188 in 1962 and earlier surveys to 221 in the 1965 survey. 19 The seven previous surveys in this series reflected salaries for average reference periods o f February for clerica l and drafting, and March for all other occupations. Prior to 1963, reports listed these reference periods as "W in ter." Beginning with the 1963 report and continuing through 1966, the more specific designation, "February—March" was used. 20 The surveys in metropolitan areas, used to develop the nationwide estimates for the drafting and clerica l occupations, pro vide for collection by a com bination o f m ail and personal visits in alternate years. 37 38 N u m ber o f E s ta b lish m en ts and W ork ers Within S cop e of S u r v e y 1 and N um ber Studied by Industry D iv is io n , June 1967 Within sc o p e o f s u r v e y 1 Industry d iv is io n M a n u fa ctu r in g __________________________ N on m anufactu rin g: T ra n sp orta tion , com m u n ica tion , e l e c t r i c , g a s, and sa n ita ry s e r v i c e s -----------------------------------------W h olesa le t r a d e -------------------------------R eta il trade -------------------------------------F in a n ce, in su ra n ce , and re a l esta te ______________________________ S e rv ice s : E n g in eerin g and a rch ite ctu a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c ia lly o p era ted r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m en t, and testin g la b o r a t o r ie s o n ly ______________________ M etropolitan M inim um em ploym en t in e sta b lish m en ts in s c o p e o f su r v e y E sta b lish m en ts em ploy in g 2, 500 w o r k e r s o r m o re — all in d u stries ________ — M a n u fa ctu r in g __________________________ J Studied fo r p r o fe s s io n a l and adm in is tra tiv e occu p a tion s N u m ber o f e sta b lish m en ts W ork ers in esta b lish m en ts Studied fo r draftin g and c l e r i c a l o ccu p a tion s 1 2 N um ber o f esta b lishm ents W ork ers in e sta b lish m en ts 2 8 ,3 2 5 1 7 ,4 7 3 ,0 2 6 6 ,4 7 8 ,9 0 5 2 ,7 7 8 6 ,1 2 1 ,3 1 8 5, 076 7 ,7 0 5 , 143 250 12,0 89 11, 195,982 3, 1 51,902 1 ,7 4 0 4 ,2 4 6 ,8 3 1 2 ,5 2 5 4 ,8 4 4 ,4 6 9 100 100 250 2, 727 3, 147 1,956 2, 0 37 ,38 5 6 7 7 ,4 1 2 1 ,8 1 2 ,5 6 4 9 5 9 ,4 6 4 3 3 9 ,51 0 4 1 1 ,6 7 9 300 130 170 9 0 6 ,4 5 8 5 7 ,0 4 3 4 0 8 ,0 0 7 615 449 576 1 ,1 7 0 ,1 3 9 159, 169 8 5 5 ,7 2 6 50 7, 977 1 ,5 3 2 ,6 1 5 1 ,4 7 3 ,3 4 9 344 3 7 1 ,14 8 787 5 35 ,59 6 100 429 2 17 ,06 8 143,001 94 131,831 124 140 ,04 4 a r e a s -----a l l i n d u s t r i e s 5 M a n u fa ctu r in g __________________________ N on m anufactu rin g: T ra n sp orta tion , 4 com m u n ica tion , e le c t r i c , g a s, and sa n ita ry s e r v i c e s ____________________________ W h olesa le t r a d e _____________________ R eta il trade _________________________ F in a n ce, in su ra n ce , and r e a l esta te ______________________________ S e r v ic e s : E n g in eerin g and a rch ite ctu r a l s e r v i c e s ; and c o m m e r c ia lly o p era ted r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m ent and testing la b o r a t o r ie s o n ly ______________________ N um ber o f e sta b lish m en ts W or k e rs in esta bl ishm ents P r o fe s s io n a l, a d m in is tra tiv e , T otal s u p e r v is o r y , and c l e r i c a l 3 2 2 ,5 1 8 1 4 ,4 8 0 ,9 2 6 5 ,8 3 4 ,2 1 7 2, 193 5 ,4 5 3 ,8 1 3 4 ,4 9 1 7 ,0 3 7 ,6 3 8 250 8, 137 8 ,5 4 4 ,9 3 3 2 ,6 8 2 ,0 3 3 1 ,252 3 ,6 2 7 ,8 5 5 2, 037 4, 2 25 ,49 3 100 100 250 2 ,0 3 0 2 ,9 1 8 1 ,887 1 ,8 7 7 ,5 4 0 6 44 ,67 7 1 ,7 8 1 ,8 8 9 9 0 8 ,4 7 4 3 2 9 ,00 3 4 0 5 ,7 8 7 264 118 158 8 8 8 ,0 0 4 5 3 ,4 7 2 4 0 0 ,1 7 6 579 437 564 1, 1 51,685 155 ,59 8 8 4 7 ,8 9 5 50 7, 149 1 ,4 3 8 ,3 9 7 1 ,3 7 9 ,3 3 9 315 3 65 ,18 7 758 5 2 9 ,6 3 5 100 397 193,485 129,581 86 119, 119 116 127 ,33 2 1, 071 6 ,4 2 1 ,4 0 9 2 ,4 4 3 , 190 642 4 ,6 5 4 ,9 0 9 713 4 ,8 0 7 ,2 8 3 701 4 ,4 2 5 ,8 9 1 1 ,4 9 6 ,9 9 7 440 3 ,3 1 7 ,8 8 0 429 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 1 0 1 The study r e la te s to esta b lish m en ts in in d u stries liste d , having total em p loy m en t at o r a bove the m inim um lim ita tion in dicated in the fir s t colu m n , in the United States e x cep t A la sk a and H aw aii. 2 The draftin g and c l e r i c a l o ccu p a tion s w e re studied in the sa m e sa m ple o f e sta b lish m en ts as w e re the p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in istra tiv e occu p a tio n s , ex cep t in 44 S M S A 's. F o r these a r e a s , the draftin g and c l e r i c a l data w ere obtained fr o m the B u r e a u 's m o re in ten siv ely sa m pled su rv ey s o f sep a ra te m e tro p o lita n a r e a s . (F o r a m o re deta iled explanation, see Sam pling and E stim atin g P r o c e d u r e s , p . 4 0 .) 3 Includes e x e cu tiv e , a d m in istr a tiv e , p r o fe s s io n a l, s u p e r v is o r y , and c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s , but e x clu d es tech n ician s and d r a ftsm e n , and sa les p e r so n n e l. 4 L im ited to ra ilr o a d , lo c a l and suburban p a s s e n g e r , deep sea w ater (fo r e ig n and d o m e s t ic ), and a ir tra n sp orta tion in d u stries as defined in the 195 7 edition o f the Standard In du stria l C la s s ific a tio n Manual. 5 Standard M etrop olita n S ta tistica l A r e a s in the United S tates, ex cep t A la sk a and H aw aii, as r e v is e d through A p r il 1966 by the B ureau o f the Budget. 39 N a tu r e o f D ata C o lle c t e d and P r e s e n t e d T h e r e p o r t e d s a la r ie s r e p r e s e n t sta n d a rd s a la r ie s p a id f o r s ta n d a r d w o r k s c h e d u le s , i. e. , to the s t r a ig h t -t im e s a la r y c o r r e s p o n d in g to the e m p lo y e e 's n o r m a l w o r k s c h e d u le e x clu d in g o v e r t im e h o u r s . N o n p r o d u c tio n b o n u s e s a r e e x c lu d e d , but c o s t - o f - l i v i n g b o n u s e s and in c e n tiv e e a r n in g s a r e in clu d e d . T h e a v e r a g e s a la r ie s p r e s e n t e d r e la t e to fu ll- t i m e e m p lo y e e s f o r w h o m s a la r y data w e r e a v a ila b le . A b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f a ll the e s t a b lis h m e n t s a s k e d to su p p ly data on p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , and te c h n ic a l o c c u p a tio n s w o u ld not do s o . T h e s e c o r r e s p o n d e d to an e s t i m a te d to ta l in the u n iv e r s e stu d ied o f a p p r o x im a te ly 934, 000 w o r k e r s , a b ou t 5. 3 p e r c e n t o f 1 7 ,4 7 3 ,0 0 0 . T h e n o n c o o p e r a tin g u n its in the s a m p le w e r e r e p la c e d b y o th e r s in the s a m e in d u s tr y -s iz e -lo c a tio n c la s s e s . W h e re no su ch su b s titu te s w e r e a v a ila b le , s in c e a ll s im ila r u nits w e r e a lr e a d y in the s a m p le , the w e ig h ts o f the in c lu d e d e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e in c r e a s e d to a c c o u n t f o r the m is s in g u n its. In the s u r v e y s o f c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g w o r k e r s , the s a m e g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e w as fo llo w e d to take a c c o u n t o f the n o n c o o p e r a t o r s . T h e r e fu s a l r a te w a s lo w e r h e r e , a m ou n tin g to 4. 3 p e r c e n t. U n d er e s t a b lis h e d p o l i c i e s o f s o m e c o m p a n ie s , o f f i c i a l s w e r e n ot a u th o r iz e d to p r o v id e in fo r m a t io n r e la tin g to s a la r ie s f o r a ll o c c u p a t io n s stu d ie d . In n e a r ly a ll in s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , in fo r m a t io n w as p r o v id e d on the n u m b e r o f su ch e m p lo y e e s and the a p p r o p r ia te o c c u p a t io n a l c l a s s if i c a t io n . It w as thus p o s s ib le to e s tim a te the p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s f o r w h om s a la r y data w e r e n ot a v a ila b le . A s in d ic a te d b e lo w , th e s e p o li c ie s m o r e o fte n r e la t e d to the h ig h e r le v e l p o s it io n s , m a in ly b e c a u s e o f p o l i c i e s n ot to d i s c l o s e p a y data f o r e m p lo y e e s c o n s id e r e d a p a rt o f the m a n a g e m e n t g r o u p o r c l a s s i f i e d in o c c u p a tio n a l le v e ls in v o lv in g a s in g le e m p lo y e e . Number of jo b categories Percent o f employees classified in professional and administrative occupations surveyed for whom salary data were not available 1 ------------------------------------------------------ 10 percent or more Directors o f personnel IV (15 percent) 6 ------------------------------------------------------ 5 to 9. 9 percent Attorneys VI and VII C hief accountants IV Directors o f personnel III Engineers VIII Managers, o ffice services III 1 4 ---------------------------------------------------- 1 to 4. 9 percent 3 0 ----------------------------------------- ---------- Less than 1 percent C o m p a r is o n s b e tw e e n e s t a b lis h m e n t s that p r o v id e d s a la r y data fo r e a ch s p e c i f i c o c cu p a tio n le v e l and th o se n ot d oin g s o in d ic a te d that the tw o c l a s s e s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s did n ot d if f e r m a t e r ia lly in in d u s tr ie s r e p r e s e n t e d , e m p lo y m e n t, o r pa y s t r u c tu r e f o r o th e r jo b s in th is s e r i e s f o r w h ich data w e r e a v a ila b le . O c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a te s r e la t e to the to ta l in a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith in the s c o p e o f the s u r v e y and n ot the n u m b e r a c tu a lly s u r v e y e d . E m p lo y e e s fo r w h om s a la r y data w e r e n ot a v a ila b le w e r e n ot ta k en in to a c c o u n t in the e s t im a t e s . 21 T h e s e e s t im a te s w e r e d e r iv e d by w eig h tin g f u ll- t i m e e m p lo y e e s in the o c c u p a tio n s s tu d ie d in e a ch s a m p le e s t a b lis h m en t in p r o p o r t io n to the n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s it r e p r e s e n t e d w ith in the s c o p e o f the su rvey. F o r e x a m p le , i f the s a m p le e s ta b lis h m e n t w as s e l e c t e d f r o m a g r o u p o f fo u r e s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith s im ila r e m p lo y m e n t in the sa m e in d u s tr y and r e g io n , e a c h f u ll-t i m e e m p lo y e e found in an o c c u p a t io n stu d ie d w as cou n ted a s fo u r e m p lo y e e s in c o m p ilin g the e m p lo y m e n t 21 Also not taken into account were a few instances in which salary data were available for em ployees in an occupation, but where there was no satisfactory basis for classifying the employees by the appropriate work levels. The occupations involved in these cases were accountants, chemists, engineers, and engineering technicians. 40 e s t im a te s fo r the o c c u p a t io n s . In a d d itio n , the p r o fe s s io n a l and a d m in is t r a tiv e o c c u p a t io n s w e r e lim it e d to e m p lo y e e s m e e tin g the s p e c if i c c r i t e r i a in e a c h s u r v e y d e fin it io n and w e r e n ot in ten d ed to in clu d e a ll e m p lo y e e s in e a c h fie ld o f w o r k . 222 3 F o r th e s e r e a s o n s , and b e c a u s e o f d iffe r e n c e s in o c c u p a t io n a l s t r u c tu r e a m on g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , the e s t im a t e s o f o c c u p a t io n a l e m p lo y m e n t o b ta in e d fr o m the s a m p le o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s stu d ie d s e r v e o n ly to in d ic a te the r e la t iv e im p o r t a n c e o f the o c c u p a tio n s and le v e ls as d e fin e d fo r the s u r v e y . T h e s e q u a lific a t io n s o f the e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a te s do n ot m a t e r ia lly a ffe c t the a c c u r a c y o f the e a r n in g s data. In the o c c u p a t io n s s u r v e y e d , both m e n and w o m e n w e r e c l a s s i f i e d and in c lu d e d in the o c c u p a t io n a l e m p lo y m e n t and e a r n in g s e s t im a t e s . In the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , and te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s , m e n w e r e s u ffic ie n t ly p r e d o m in a n t to p r e c lu d e p r e s e n ta tio n o f s e p a r a te data by s e x . F o r th o s e c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s in w h ich b oth m e n and w o m e n a r e c o m m o n ly e m p lo y e d , s e p a r a te data by s e x a r e a v a ila b le fr o m the a r e a w ag e s u r v e y r e p o r t s c o m p ile d by m e t r o p o lita n a r e a . T h e o c c u p a t io n s and w o r k le v e ls in c lu d e d in th is stu d y, and in w h ich w o m e n a c c o u n te d f o r 5 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f the e m p lo y m e n t, w e r e d is tr ib u te d a c c o r d in g to the p r o p o r t io n o f w o m e n e m p lo y e e s , a s fo llo w s : W omen (percent) Occupation and level 90 or m o r e ---------------------------- A ll levels of file clerks, keypunch operators, secretaries, stenographers, switchboard operators, and typists Accounting clerks I Accounting clerks II O ffice boys or girls, tabulating-m achine operators I Tabulating-machine operators II Draftsmen-tracers Tabulating-machine operators III, job analysts I, engineering technicians I, chemists I Accountants I, buyers I, jo b analysts II, chemists II Accountants II, managers o f o ffice services I, jo b analysts III, directors of personnel I, chemists III, engineering technicians II, draftsmen I 85-89 -----------------------------------60-64 -----------------------------------45-49 -----------------------------------35-39 ----20-24 -----------------------------------1 5 - 1 9 ------------------------------------ 1 0 - 1 4 -----------------------------------5 - 9 --------------------------------------- S a m p lin g and E s tim a tin g P r o c e d u r e s A s in d ic a t e d e a r l i e r , th is s u r v e y r e la t e s to _all e s t a b lis h m e n t s in the U n ited S ta te s, e x c e p t A la s k a and H a w a ii, w ith in the in d u s tr y and m in im u m s iz e s c o p e . A lth ou g h one s a m p le o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s w a s s e le c t e d fo r stu d yin g the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n o c c u p a t io n s , and a n oth er f o r the d ra ftin g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s , both r e la t e to the sa m e p o p u la tio n o f g e o g r a p h ic , in d u s tr y , and s i z e - o f - e s t a b l i s h m e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The p r o c e d u r e s u se d f o r s e le c t in g s a m p le s f o r th e s e tw o g ro u p s o f o c c u p a t io n s a r e e x p la in e d in the fo llo w in g p a r a g r a p h s . P r o f e s s i o n a l, A d m in is t r a t iv e , and E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n O c c u p a t io n s . T he sa m p lin g p r o c e d u r e s c a lle d f o r the d e ta ile d s t r a t ific a t io n o f a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y b y lo c a t io n , in d u s tr y , and s iz e o f e m p lo y m e n t. F r o m th is u n iv e r s e , a n a tion w id e s a m p le o f a b ou t 2, 800 e s t a b lis h m e n t s (not c o m p a n ie s ) w a s s e le c t e d s y s t e m a t ic a lly so that e a c h g e o g r a p h ic u nit w as r e p r e s e n t e d p r o p o r t io n a t e ly w ith in e s t a b lis h m e n t and in d u s tr y cla s s e s . E a c h in d u s tr y w as s a m p le d s e p a r a te ly , the sa m p lin g r a te s dep en d en t on the i m p o r ta n c e o f the in d u s tr y as an e m p lo y e r having the s u r v e y jo b s . W ith in e a c h in d u s tr y , a 22 Engineers, for exam ple, are defined to permit classification of em ployees engaged in engineering work within a band of eight levels, starting with inexperienced engineering graduates and excluding only those within certain fields o f specialization or in positions above those covered by level VIII. By way o f contrast, such occupations as chief accountants and directors of personnel are defined to include only those with responsibility for a specified program and with duties and responsibilities as indicated for each o f the more lim ited number o f work levels selected for study. 23 A few of the largest employers, together employing approximately one m illion workers, gave data on a companywide basis. These companies were eliminated from the universe to which the preceding procedure applies. The sample count includes the estab lishments of these companies within the scope of the survey. 41 g r e a t e r p r o p o r t io n o f la r g e than o f s m a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w as in c lu d e d . In c o m b in in g the d a ta, e a c h e s ta b lis h m e n t w a s w e ig h te d a c c o r d in g to its p r o b a b ilit y o f s e le c t io n , s o that u n b ia s e d e s t im a te s w e r e g e n e r a t e d . T o illu s t r a t e the p r o c e s s , w h e r e one e s t a b lis h m e n t out o f fo u r w as s e l e c t e d , it w as g iv e n a w e ig h t o f 4 , thus r e p r e s e n t in g i t s e l f p lu s th re e o t h e r s . In in s t a n c e s w h e r e data w e r e n ot a v a ila b le f o r the o r ig in a l s a m p le m e m b e r , an a lte r n a te o f the s a m e o r ig in a l p r o b a b ilit y o f s e l e c t io n w a s c h o s e n in the s a m e in d u s t r y - s iz e c l a s s i f i c a tio n . W h e re th e r e w a s n o s u ita b le su b s titu tio n f o r the o r ig in a l s a m p le m e m b e r , the m is s in g u nit w as a c c o u n te d f o r b y a s s ig n in g a d d itio n a l w e ig h t to an e x is tin g s a m p le m e m b e r that w a s a s n e a r ly s im ila r as p o s s ib le to the m is s in g u nit. C l e r ic a l and D ra ftin g O c c u p a tio n s . T h e n a tion w id e e s t im a te s f o r the c l e r i c a l and d r a ft in g o c c u p a tio n s a r e , in la r g e p a r t , a b y p r o d u c t o f the B u r e a u 's s u r v e y s o f th e s e o c c u p a t io n s in 85 m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s . D ata fr o m 44 o f th e s e a r e a w ag e s u r v e y s w e r e a d ju ste d to the s c o p e o f the n a tio n a l s u r v e y and w e r e in clu d e d to r e p r e s e n t t h e m s e lv e s . 24 T h e s a m p lin g o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in e a c h o f th e s e a r e a s w as d e s ig n e d to y ie ld e s t im a te s o f the a r e a as a w h o le , and f o r m a jo r in d u s tr y d iv is io n s w ith in the a r e a . A s d e s c r ib e d in the p r e c e d in g s e c t io n , the e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e s t r a t ifie d b y in d u s tr y and e m p lo y m e n t s i z e , and a s a m p le m e m b e r s e le c t e d at ra n d o m f o r e a c h stra tu m . F o r a ll r e m a in in g a r e a s , c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g data w e r e o b ta in e d fr o m the sa m e n a tio n w id e s a m p le o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s u s e d f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n o c c u p a t io n s . W ith in th is s a m p le th e r e w e r e a p p r o x im a t e ly 700 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in a r e a s w h e r e lo c a li t y s tu d ie s had b e e n don e b e tw e e n O c t o b e r 1966 and F e b r u a r y 1967. W h e re p o s s ib le (in a b ou t 400 e s t a b lis h m e n t s ), c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g data r e p o r t e d in th e se stu d ie s w e r e u pdated to r e f l e c t g e n e r a l in c r e a s e s o c c u r r in g to the tim e p r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is tr a tiv e data w e r e c o lle c t e d . In a ll o th e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s , c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g data w e r e c o lle c t e d in c o n ju n c tio n w ith p r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is t r a tiv e data. C o n v e r s io n o f S a la r y R a te s S a la r y data fo r the s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s w e r e c o lle c t e d in the f o r m in w h ich it w as m o s t r e a d ily a v a ila b le f r o m c o m p a n y r e c o r d s , i. e. , on a w e e k ly , b iw e e k ly , se m im o n th ly , m o n th ly , o r annual b a s i s . F o r the in itia l ta b u la tio n s , the s a la r y data w e r e f i r s t c o n v e r t e d to a w e e k ly b a s is fo r the c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g o c c u p a t io n s and to a m o n th ly b a s is fo r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n o c c u p a t io n s . T h e f a c t o r s u s e d to c o n v e r t th e se data f o r the tw o g r o u p s o f o c c u p a t io n s w e r e as fo llo w s : Tim e interval represented by salary W eekly--------------------------------------B iw eekly----------------------------------S em im onthly----------------------------M o n th ly .............. ......................... Annual ............................................. Salaries for clerical and drafting occupations to weekly basis Salaries for professional and administrative o ccu p a tions and for engineering technicians to monthly basis 1.0000 .5 0 0 0 . 4602 .2301 .0192 4.3 4 50 2.1725 2.0000 1.0000 .0833 A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a la r ie s p r e s e n t e d in ta b le s 1, 2, and 3 and an nual s a la r ie s p r e s e n t e d in ta b le s 1 and 2 fo r the c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g o c c u p a t io n s a r e d e r iv e d f r o m the a v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s (to the n e a r e s t penny) b y u s e o f f a c t o r s 4 . 345 and 52. 14, r e s p e c t iv e ly , and r o u n d ing r e s u lt s to the n e a r e s t d o lla r . A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s f o r th e s e o c c u p a t io n s , p r e s e n t e d in ta b le 6, a r e ro u n d e d to the n e a r e s t h a lf d o lla r . A v e r a g e m o n th ly s a la r ie s p r e s e n t e d in ta b le s 1, 2, and 3 f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is t r a tiv e o c c u p a t io n s and fo r e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n s a r e r ou n d ed to the n e a r e s t d o lla r . T o o b ta in the annual s a l a r i e s , a v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r ie s (to the n e a r e s t pen ny) a r e m u lt ip lie d b y 12 and ro u n d e d to i£ie n e a r e s t d o lla r . 24 These were the 44 area wage surveys (excluding Cleveland and San Jose) which had payroll reference dates o f March through September 1967, and were, therefore, representative of the same collection tim e period that applied for the national survey. For a detailed description o f changes in survey tim ing and sampling procedures, see appendix B« 42 M eth od o f D e te r m in in g M ed ia n and Q u a r tile V a lu e s M ed ia n and q u a r tile v a lu e s p r e s e n te d in this r e p o r t w e r e d e r iv e d fr o m d is tr ib u tio n s o f e m p lo y e e s b y s a la r y u sin g $ 1 c la s s in t e r v a ls . W e e k ly s a la r y c la s s in t e r v a ls w e r e u s e d f o r d r a fts m e n and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s and m o n th ly s a la r y c la s s in te r v a ls w e r e u s e d fo r a ll o th e r o c c u p a t io n s . T h e w e e k ly v a lu e s w e r e m u lt ip lie d by 4 . 34 5 to ob ta in m o n th ly v a lu e s and by 52. 14 to ob ta in annual v a lu e s . The annual v a lu e s fo r o th e r than d r a fts m e n and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s w e r e o b ta in e d b y m u ltip ly in g m on th ly v a lu e s b y 12. E s tim a t e s o f S a m plin g E r r o r The s u r v e y p r o c e d u r e y ie ld s e s t im a te s w ith w id e ly v a r y in g s a m p lin g e r r o r s , d ep en d in g on the fr e q u e n c y w ith w h ich the jo b o c c u r s , and the d is p e r s io n o f s a l a r i e s . T h us fo r the p r o f e s s io n a l and a d m in is t r a tiv e o c c u p a t io n w o r k l e v e l s , the r e la t iv e sta n d a r d e r r o r s o f the a v e r a g e s a la r ie s w e r e d is tr ib u te d as fo llo w s : 31 w e r e u n d er 2 p e r c e n t ; 8 w e r e 2 and u n d er 4 p e r c e n t ; 3 w e r e 4 and u n d e r 6 p e r c e n t ; and 9 w e r e 6 p e r c e n t and o v e r . 25 T he n a tio n w id e e s t im a te s fo r the c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g r o o m o c c u p a t io n s , b a s e d on the m u ch la r g e r s a m p le , a r e s u b je c t to s m a lle r sa m p lin g e r r o r — le s s than 2 p e r c e n t in a ll c a s e s e x c e p t f o r ta b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s I (2. 7 p e r c e n t ) and file c l e r k s III (3. 8 p e r c e n t ). T h e s e sa m p lin g e r r o r s m e a s u r e the v a lid ity o f the ba n d w ith in w h ich the tru e a v e r a g e is lik e ly to fa ll. T h u s, f o r an o c c u p a t io n w ith a s a m p le a v e r a g e m on th ly s a la r y o f $ 1 ,0 0 0 and a sa m p lin g e r r o r o f 4 p e r c e n t , the c h a n c e s a r e 19 out o f 20 that the tru e a v e r a g e l ie s w ith in the band fr o m $ 9 6 0 to $ 1 ,0 4 0 . 25 The 6 percent and over group included: Chief accountants II— 6 .1 percent; managers, o ffice services IV— 6. 3 percent; attorneys VI— 7. 3 percent and VII— 6. 4 percent; directors o f personnel I— 8 . 2 percent and IV— 1 1 . 8 percent; chemists IV— 6.1 percent and VIII— 7 .7 percent; and engineers VIII— 6.9 percent. Appendix B. Survey Changes in 1967 The m o s t e x te n s iv e c h a n g e s in the 1967 s u r v e y in v o lv e d m o d ify in g the s a m p lin g , e s t i m a tin g , and c o lle c t in g p r o c e d u r e s in o r d e r to a d v a n c e the s u r v e y r e f e r e n c e p e r io d fr o m F e b r u a r y —M a r c h to June. O th er ch a n g e s w e r e m a d e in the s u r v e y d e fin it io n s f o r fo u r o c c u p a tio n s and in the o c c u p a t io n a l c o v e r a g e o f the s u r v e y . E a ch o f th e s e c h a n g e s is d e s c r ib e d in d e t a il b e lo w . C h an ges in S u rv ey T im in g and S a m plin g P r o c e d u r e s In e a r lie r s u r v e y s , data c o lle c t io n had b e e n tim e d s o that the s a la r y e s t im a t e s r e la t e d , on the a v e r a g e , to F e b r u a r y —M a r ch . The p r im a r y r e a s o n f o r ch a n g in g the r e f e r e n c e p e r io d to June w a s to sh o r te n the tim e b e tw e e n the p e r io d s w hen data a r e c o lle c t e d and w hen F e d e r a l pa y a d ju stm e n ts a r e c o n s id e r e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the p r o v i s io n s o f the F e d e r a l S a la ry R e fo r m A c t o f 1962. The E x e c u tiv e B r a n c h o f the F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t u s e s the s u r v e y r e s u lt s to c o m p a r e F e d e r a l and p r iv a te in d u s tr y s a la r ie s . T o a c h ie v e the new r e f e r e n c e p e r io d f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and t e c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s , it w as s u ffic ie n t s im p ly to sh ift the p e r io d o f data c o lle c t io n . The sa m e a l s o a p p lie d to the c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g o c c u p a t io n s in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s . H ow ever, f o r c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g data in m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s , it w a s n e c e s s a r y to a lte r the m eth od o f c o lle c t io n and to m o d ify the s a m p le d e s ig n and e stim a tin g p r o c e d u r e s . In p r io r y e a r s , the e s t im a te s o f the c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g data f o r a ll m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s w e r e o b ta in e d b y c o m b in in g data fr o m the B u reau *s s e p a r a te s tu d ie s o f th e s e o c c u p a tio n s in s e le c t e d m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s (8 4 a r e a s in 1966). T h e s e 84 m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s fo r m e d a s a m p le o f a ll 221 m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s (a s o f M a r c h 1965). E a ch a r e a w a s s e le c t e d to r e p r e s e n t a stra tu m o f s im ila r a r e a s , e x c e p t the la r g e s t a r e a s w h ich g e n e r a lly r e p r e s e n t e d on ly th e m s e lv e s . In th is w ay , the a r e a e s ta b lis h m e n t s a m p le s g a v e r e s u lt s b o th fo r the in d iv id u a l a r e a s and a ls o , b y a p p r o p r ia te w e ig h tin g , fo r a ll m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s th rou g h ou t the c o u n tr y . The tim in g o f the lo c a lit y s u r v e y s o v e r the f i s c a l y e a r e n a b le d th em to b e c o m b in e d in to a c o m p o s it e w h ich a v e r a g e d ju s t a m on th (F e b r u a r y ) e a r lie r than the data fo r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n j o b s . F o r the 1967 s u r v e y , it w a s no lo n g e r p o s s ib le to in c o r p o r a t e a ll o f the in d iv id u a l a r e a in fo r m a t io n in the sa m e fa s h io n , s in c e the new r e f e r e n c e p e r io d (Ju n e) d id n ot r e p r e sen t the p ea k o f a r e a c o lle c t io n w o r k as in the e a r lie r s u r v e y s . Data f o r the a r e a s s u r v e y e d in the p e r io d f r o m O c t o b e r to F e b r u a r y c o u ld n ot b e in clu d e d in the n ew c o m p o s it e . T h o se a r e a s h avin g r e f e r e n c e p e r io d s in the m on th s fo llo w in g S e p te m b e r w e r e to o la te to b e in c lu d e d b e c a u s e o f f i r m c o m m itm e n ts f o r p u b lish in g the s u r v e y data, and th o s e p r io r to M a r c h w e r e to o e a r ly to b e u sed w ith ou t e x te n s iv e a d ju stm e n ts to a c c o u n t f o r la te r in c r e a s e s . A lth ou g h it w ou ld h a v e b e e n p o s s ib le to c o n fin e the c o lle c t io n o f c l e r i c a l data to the s a m e u nits p r o v id in g data f o r the p r o f e s s io n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and e n g in e e r in g te c h n ic ia n jo b s , th is w ou ld r e d u c e the s a m p le s iz e fr o m a b ou t 7, 600 to 2, 800 u n its, th u s, su b s ta n tia lly in c r e a s in g the sa m p lin g e r r o r . A r e v is e d sa m p lin g p la n w a s a d o p te d w h ich w ou ld h ave le s s sa m p lin g e r r o r than the n a tion w id e s a m p le o f 2, 800 u n its, and w ou ld m e e t the tim in g r e q u ir e m e n t s . T h is p r o c e d u r e c a lle d f o r the in c lu s io n in the s u r v e y o f c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g data f o r the 44 a r e a stu d ie s h avin g p a y r o ll r e f e r e n c e m on th s f r o m M a r c h to S e p te m b e r, e a c h a r e a r e p r e s e n t in g on ly it s e lf. D ata fo r c l e r i c a l and d ra ftin g o c c u p a t io n s in the r e m a in in g 183 m e t r o p o lita n a r e a s w e r e c o lle c t e d on ly in th o s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s that w e r e in the s a m p le d ra w n fo r the p r o f e s sio n a l, a d m in is t r a tiv e , and te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s . U sing th is c o m p o s it e pla n , a to ta l o f a p p r o x im a te ly 5, 100 e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e stu d ied f o r c l e r i c a l and d r a ftin g data. D e sp ite the d if f e r e n c e s in sa m p lin g and e stim a tin g p r o c e d u r e s , the 1967 s a la r y e s t i m a te s r e la t e to th e s a m e g e o g r a p h ic , in d u s tr y , and s i z e - o f - e s t a b l i s h m e n t c h a r a c t e r is t ic s as in 1966. 43 44 C h an ges in O c c u p a tio n a l D e fin itio n s N ew s u r v e y d e fin it io n s w e r e u se d fo r c la s s ify in g a l l a c c o u n ta n t s , c h ie f a c c o u n ta n t s , a u d it o r s , and a t to r n e y s in the 1967 s u r v e y . T h e s e d e fin it io n s w e r e r e v is e d to fa c ilit a t e c la s s if i c a t io n b y b e t te r r e la t in g the d e fin it io n s to d u tie s and r e p o n s ib i lit ie s a s th ey e x is t in p r iv a te in d u s tr y . The w o r k le v e ls o f e a c h o c c u p a tio n w e r e in ten d ed to r e p r e s e n t th e s a m e ty p e s o f jo b s a s did the sa m e le v e ls o f the p r e v io u s d e fin it io n s . A n ev a lu a tio n o f the s u r v e y data and the c o lle c t io n e x p e r ie n c e r e v e a le d that the r e v is e d d e fin it io n s had lit tle e f f e c t in ch a n g in g m a tc h e s that had b e e n m a d e in the p a st. C o m p a r is o n s o f data fo r tr e n d p u r p o s e s , t h e r e fo r e , w e r e n ot a ffe c t e d s e r io u s ly . C h an ges in O c c u p a tio n a l C o v e r a g e T h e l is t o f o c c u p a t io n s in c lu d e d in th is s u r v e y w a s a m e n d e d to in clu d e fo u r le v e ls o f s e c r e t a r i e s , and to e x c lu d e fr e ig h t r a te c l e r k s . The la tte r o c c u p a t io n w a s stu d ied on ly in the 1966 s u r v e y . Appendix C. Occupational Definitions The p r im a r y p u r p o s e o f p r e p a r in g jo b d e fin itio n s f o r the B u r e a u 's w ag e s u r v e y s is to a s s i s t its fie ld s t a ff in c la s s ify in g in to a p p r o p r ia te o c c u p a t io n s , o r le v e ls w ith in o c c u p a t io n s , w o r k e r s w ho a r e e m p lo y e d u n d er a v a r ie t y o f p a y r o ll title s and d iffe r e n t w o rk a r r a n g e m e n t s f r o m e s t a b lis h m e n t to e s t a b lis h m e n t and f r o m a r e a to area. T h is p e r m it s the g ro u p in g o f o c c u p a t io n a l w ag e r a te s r e p r e sen tin g c o m p a r a b le jo b c o n te n t. T o s e c u r e c o m p a r a b ilit y o f jo b con ten t, s o m e o c c u p a t io n s and w o rk le v e ls a r e d e fin e d to in clu d e o n ly th o se w o r k e r s m e e t in g s p e c i f i c c r i t e r i a as to tr a in in g , jo b fu n c tio n s , and r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s . B e c a u s e o f th is e m p h a s is on in te r e s t a b lis h m e n t and in t e r a r e a c o m p a r a b ilit y o f o c c u p a t io n a l con ten t, the B u r e a u 's o c c u p a t io n a l d e fin it io n s m a y d iffe r s ig n ific a n tly fr o m th o s e in u se in in d iv id u a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts o r th o s e p r e p a r e d f o r o th e r p u r p o s e s . A l s o s e e n ote r e f e r r in g to the d e fin it io n s f o r the d r a ftin g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s on p a g e 80. A C C O U N T A N T S AND A U D IT O R S ACCOUNTANT P e r f o r m s p r o f e s s i o n a l a c c o u n tin g w o r k r e q u ir in g k n o w le d g e o f the th e o r y and p r a c t ic e o f r e c o r d in g , c la s s ify in g , e x a m in in g , and a n a ly zin g the d a ta and r e c o r d s o f fin a n c ia l t r a n s a c t io n s . The w o r k g e n e r a lly r e q u ir e s a b a c h e l o r 's d e g r e e in a c c o u n tin g o r , in r a r e in s t a n c e s , e q u iv a le n t e x p e r ie n c e and e d u ca tio n c o m b in e d . P o s it io n s c o v e r e d by th is d e fin itio n a r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y the in c lu s io n o f w o rk that is a n a ly tic a l, c r e a t iv e , e v a lu a tiv e , and a d v i s o r y in n a tu re . The w o r k d r a w s upon and r e q u ir e s a th o ro u g h k n o w le d g e o f the fu n d a m e n ta l d o c t r in e s , t h e o r ie s , p r in c ip le s , and t e r m in o lo g y o f a c c o u n ta n c y , and o fte n e n ta ils s o m e u n d e rsta n d in g o f su ch r e la t e d fie ld s as b u s in e s s la w , s t a t is t ic s , and g e n e r a l m a n a g e m en t. (S ee a ls o c h ie f a c c o u n t a n t .) P r o f e s s i o n a l r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s in a cc o u n ta n t p o s it io n s a b o v e the en try and m e n ta l le v e ls in clu d e s e v e r a l s u c h d u tie s a s : d e v e lo p A n a ly z in g the e ffe c t s o f tr a n s a c t io n s u pon a c c o u n t r e la t io n s h ip s ; E v a lu a tin g a lte r n a tiv e m e a n s o f tr e a tin g t r a n s a c t io n s ; P la n n in g the m a n n e r in w h ich a c c o u n t s t r u c t u r e s sh o u ld b e d e v e lo p e d o r m o d ifie d ; A s s u r in g m a n a g e m e n t; the a d e q u a cy of the a c c o u n tin g sy stem as the b a s is fo r r e p o r t in g to C o n s id e r in g the n eed f o r n ew o r c h a n g ed c o n t r o ls ; P r o je c t in g a c c o u n tin g da ta to sh ow the e ffe c t s o f p r o p o s e d p la n s on c a p it a l in v e s t m e n ts , in c o m e , c a s h p o s it io n , and o v e r a ll fin a n c ia l c o n d itio n ; In te r p r e tin g the m e a n in g o f a c c o u n tin g r e c o r d s , rep orts, and s t a t e m e n ts ; A d v is in g o p e r a tin g o f f i c i a l s on a c c o u n tin g m a t t e r s ; and R e c o m m e n d in g and p r o c e d u r e s . im p r o v e m e n t s , a d a p ta tion s, or r e v is io n s in the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m (E n try and d e v e lo p m e n ta l le v e l p o s it io n s p r o v id e op p o r tu n ity to d e v e lo p a b ility to p e r f o r m p r o f e s s io n a l d u tie s s u c h as th o s e e n u m e ra te d a b o v e .) 45 46 A C COUN TA N T— C on tin ued In a d d itio n to su ch p r o f e s s io n a l w o rk , m o s t a cco u n ta n ts a r e a ls o r e s p o n s ib le f o r a s s u r in g the p r o p e r r e c o r d in g and d o c u m e n ta tio n o f t r a n s a c t io n s in the a c c o u n ts . T h ey, t h e r e fo r e , fr e q u e n t ly d i r e c t n o n p r o fe s s io n a l p e r s o n n e l in the a c tu a l d a y - t o - d a y m a in te n a n ce o f b o o k s o f a c c o u n ts , the a c c u m u la tio n o f c o s t o r o th e r c o m p a r a b le data, the p r e p a r a t io n o f sta n d a rd r e p o r t s and sta te m e n ts, and s i m il a r w o r k . (P o s it io n s in v o lv in g su ch s u p e r v is o r y w o r k but n ot in clu d in g p r o f e s s io n a l d u ties as d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , a r e n ot in clu d e d in this d e s c r ip t io n .) E x clu d e d a r e a cco u n ta n ts w h o s e p r in c ip a l o r s o le d u tie s c o n s is t o f d e s ig n in g o r im p r o v in g a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s o r o th e r n o n o p e r a tin g s ta ff w o rk , e. g. , fin a n c ia l a n a ly s is , fin a n c ia l f o r e c a s t in g , ta x a d v is in g , e t c . (T h e c r i t e r i a that fo llo w f o r d is tin g u is h in g a m on g the s e v e r a l le v e ls o f w o r k a r e in a p p r o p r ia te f o r su ch j o b s . ) N ote, h o w e v e r , that p r o f e s s io n a l a cco u n ta n t p o s it io n s w ith r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r r e c o r d in g o r r e p o r t in g a c c o u n tin g da ta r e la t iv e to ta x e s a r e in clu d e d , as a r e o p e r a tin g o r c o s t a cco u n ta n ts w h o s e w o r k in c lu d e s , but is not lim it e d to, im p r o v e m e n t o f the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m . S o m e a cco u n ta n ts u se e le c t r o n i c data p r o c e s s in g e q u ip m e n t to p r o c e s s , r e c o r d , and r e p o r t a c c o u n tin g data. In s o m e su ch c a s e s the m a ch in e u nit is a su b o r d in a te s e g m e n t o f the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m ; in o th e r s it is a s e p a r a te en tity o r is a tta ch ed to s o m e o th e r o r g a n i z a tio n . In e it h e r in s ta n c e , p r o v id in g the p r im a r y r e s p o n s ib ilit y o f the p o s it io n is p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n tin g w o r k o f the type o th e r w is e in clu d e d , the u s e o f data p r o c e s s i n g eq u ip m e n t o f any type d o e s n ot o f it s e lf e x c lu d e a p o s it io n fr o m the a c c o u n ta n t d e s c r ip t i o n n o r d o e s it ch a n g e its le v e l. A c co u n ta n t I G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . A t th is b e g in n in g p r o f e s s io n a l le v e l, the a c c o u n ta n t le a r n s to ap p ly the p r in c ip le s , t h e o r ie s , and c o n c e p ts o f a c c o u n tin g to a s p e c i f i c s y s t e m . The p o s it io n is d is tin g u is h a b le f r o m n o n p r o fe s s io n a l p o s it io n s b y the v a r ie t y o f a s s ig n m e n t s ; ra te and s c o p e o f d e v e lo p m e n t e x p e c te d o f the in cu m b e n t; and the e x is t e n c e , im p lic it o r e x p lic it , o f a p la n n ed tr a in in g p r o g r a m d e s ig n e d to g iv e the e n te r in g a c c o u n ta n t p r a c t ic a l e x p e r ie n c e . (T e r m in a l p o s it io n s a r e e x c lu d e d .) D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . W o rk s u n d er c l o s e s u p e r v is io n o f an e x p e r ie n c e d a cco u n ta n t w h o s e g u id a n ce is d ir e c t e d p r im a r i ly to the d e v e lo p m e n t o f the t r a i n e e ’ s p r o f e s s io n a l a b ility and to the e v a lu a tio n o f h is p o te n tia l f o r a d v a n c e m e n t. L im its o f a s s ig n m e n ts a r e c le a r ly d e fin e d , m e th o d s o f p r o c e d u r e a r e s p e c ifie d , and k in d s o f ite m s to be n oted and r e f e r r e d to s u p e r v i s o r a r e id e n tifie d . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P e r f o r m s a v a r ie t y o f a c c o u n tin g ta sk s su ch a s : E x a m in in g a v a r ie t y o f fin a n c ia l s ta te m e n ts f o r c o m p le t e n e s s , in te r n a l a c c u r a c y , and c o n fo r m a n c e w ith u n ifo r m a c c o u n tin g c la s s if i c a t io n s o r o th e r s p e c i f i c a c c o u n tin g r e q u i r e m e n ts ; r e c o n c i lin g r e p o r t s and fin a n c ia l data w ith fin a n c ia l s ta te m e n ts a lr e a d y on f ile , and p o in tin g ou t a p p a re n t in c o n s is t e n c ie s o r e r r o r s ; c a r r y in g ou t a s s ig n e d ste p s in an a c c o u n tin g a n a ly s is , su ch as co m p u tin g sta n d a rd r a t i o s ; a s s e m b lin g and s u m m a r iz in g a c c o u n tin g l i t e r a tu r e on a g iv e n s u b je c t ; p r e p a r in g r e la t iv e ly s im p le fin a n c ia l sta te m e n ts , n ot in v o lv in g p r o b le m s o f a n a ly s is o r p r e s e n ta tio n ; and p r e p a r in g c h a r t s , ta b le s , and o th e r e x h ib its to be u se d in r e p o r t s . In a d d itio n to su ch w o rk , m a y a ls o p e r f o r m s o m e n o n p r o fe s s io n a l ta s k s f o r tr a in in g p u r p o s e s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . U su a lly n on e. A c co u n ta n t II G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . A t th is co n tin u in g d e v e lo p m e n ta l le v e l the p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n t m a k e s p r a c t ic a l a p p lic a t io n s o f te c h n ic a l a c c o u n tin g p r a c t i c e s and c o n c e p t s b e y o n d the m e r e a p p lic a t io n o f d e t a ile d r u le s and in s t r u c t io n s . A s s ig n m e n ts a r e d e s ig n e d to expan d h is p r a c t ic a l e x p e r ie n c e and to d e v e lo p h is p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m e n t in the a p p lic a t io n o f b a s i c 47 A C COUN TA N T— C on tin ued a c c o u n tin g te c h n iq u e s to s im p le p r o f e s s io n a l p r o b le m s . He is e x p e c t e d to b e c o m p e te n t in the a p p lic a t io n o f sta n d a rd p r o c e d u r e s and r e q u ir e m e n t s to ro u tin e t r a n s a c t io n s , to r a is e q u e s tio n s abou t u n u su al o r q u e s tio n a b le it e m s , and to s u g g e s t s o lu t io n s . (T e r m in a l p o s it io n s a r e e x c lu d e d .) D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . W ork is r e v ie w e d c l o s e l y to v e r i f y its g e n e r a l a c c u r a c y and c o v e r a g e o f u nu su al p r o b le m s , to in s u r e c o n fo r m a n c e w ith r e q u ir e d p r o c e d u r e s and s p e c ia l in s t r u c t io n s , and to a s s u r e h is p r o f e s s io n a l g ro w th . H is p r o g r e s s is ev a lu a te d in t e r m s o f h is a b ility to a p p ly h is p r o f e s s io n a l k n o w le d g e to b a s i c a c c o u n tin g p r o b le m s in the d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t io n s o f an e s t a b lis h e d a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P e r f o r m s a v a r ie t y o f a c c o u n tin g ta s k s , e . g . , p r e p a r e s ro u tin e w o rk in g p a p e r s , s c h e d u le s , e x h ib its , and s u m m a r ie s in d ic a tin g the e x ten t o f h is e x a m in a tio n , and p r e s e n tin g and su p p o r tin g h is fin d in g s and r e c o m m e n d a t io n s . E x a m in e s a v a r ie t y o f a c c o u n tin g d o c u m e n ts to v e r ify a c c u r a c y o f c o m p u ta tio n s and to a s c e r t a in that a ll tr a n s a c t io n s a r e p r o p e r l y s u p p o r te d , a r e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith p e r tin e n t p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s , and a r e c l a s s i f i e d and r e c o r d e d a c c o r d in g to a c c e p t a b le a c c o u n tin g s ta n d a r d s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . a fe w c l e r k s . U s u a lly n on e, alth ou g h he m a y s u p e r v is e A c co u n ta n t III G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . P e r f o r m s p r o f e s s io n a l o p e r a tin g o r c o s t a c c o u n tin g w o rk r e q u ir in g the sta n d a r d iz e d a p p lic a t io n o f w e ll e s t a b lis h e d a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s , t h e o r ie s , c o n c e p t s , and p r a c t i c e s . R e c e iv e s d e t a ile d in s t r u c t io n s c o n c e r n in g the o v e r a ll a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m and its o b je c t iv e s , the p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s u n d e r w h ich it is o p e r a t e d , and the n a tu re o f c h a n g e s in the s y s t e m o r its o p e r a t io n . C h a r a c t e r is t ic a ll y , the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o r a s s ig n e d s e g m e n t is sta b le and w e ll e s t a b lis h e d (i. e . , the b a s i c c h a r t o f a c c o u n ts , c l a s s ific a t io n s , the n a tu re o f the c o s t a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m , the r e p o r t r e q u ir e m e n t s , and the p r o c e d u r e s a r e c h a n g ed in fr e q u e n tly ). D ep e n d in g u pon the w o r k lo a d in v o lv e d , the a cc o u n ta n t m a y h a v e su ch a s s ig n m e n ts as s u p e r v is io n o f the d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t io n o f : (a) The e n tir e s y s t e m o f a s u b o r d in a te e s ta b lish m e n t, o r (b) a m a jo r s e g m e n t (e g . , g e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g ; c o s t a c c o u n tin g ; o r fin a n c ia l s ta te m e n ts and r e p o r t s ) o f a s o m e w h a t l a r g e r s y s t e m , o r (c ) in a v e r y la r g e and c o m p le x s y s t e m , m a y b e a s s ig n e d to a r e la t iv e ly n a r r o w and s p e c ia liz e d s e g m e n t d e a lin g w ith s o m e p r o b le m , fu n c tio n , o r p o r t io n o f w o rk w h ich is i t s e lf o f the le v e l o f d iffic u lty c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f th is le v e l. D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . A to fu r n is h a d v ic e and a s s is t a n c e qu a cy o f p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m e n t, p r a is a l o f r e s u lt s , su b s e q u e n t a p p r o p r ia te m e a n s . h ig h e r l e v e l p r o f e s s io n a l a cco u n ta n t n o r m a lly is a v a ila b le as n e e d e d . W ork is r e v ie w e d f o r te c h n ic a l a c c u r a c y , a d e and c o m p lia n c e w ith in s t r u c t io n s th rou g h s p o t c h e c k s , a p p r o c e s s in g , a n a ly s is o f r e p o r t s and s ta te m e n ts , and o th e r T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . The p r im a r y r e s p o n s ib ilit y o f m o s t p o s it io n s at th is l e v e l is to a s s u r e that the a s s ig n e d d a y -t o -d a y o p e r a t io n s a r e c a r r i e d out in a c c o r d a n ce w ith e s t a b lis h e d a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s , p o l i c i e s , and o b j e c t iv e s . T he a cco u n ta n t p e r f o r m s su ch p r o f e s s io n a l w o rk a s : D e v e lo p in g n o n s ta n d a rd r e p o r t s and s ta te m e n ts ( e . g . , th o s e c o n tain in g c a s h f o r e c a s t s r e fle c t in g the in t e r r e la t io n s o f a c c o u n tin g , c o s t b u d g etin g , o r c o m p a r a b le in fo r m a t io n ); in te r p r e tin g and p oin tin g out tr e n d s o r d e v ia t io n s fr o m s t a n d a r d s ; p r o je c t in g da ta in to the fu tu r e ; p r e d ic t in g the e ffe c t s o f ch a n g e s in o p e r a tin g p r o g r a m s ; o r id e n tify in g xnanagem ent in fo r m a t io n a l n e e d s , and r e fin in g a c c o u n t s t r u c t u r e s o r r e p o r t s a c c o r d in g ly . 48 A C C OUN T A N T— C ont inued W ithin the lim it s o f h is d e le g a t e d r e s p o n s ib ilit y , m a k e s d a y - t o - d a y d e c is i o n s c o n c e r n in g the a c c o u n tin g tr e a tm e n t o f fin a n c ia l t r a n s a c t io n s . Is e x p e c te d to r e c o m m e n d s o l u tion s to c o m p le x p r o b le m s and p r o p o s e ch a n g es in the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m f o r a p p r o v a l at h ig h e r l e v e l s . S u ch r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e d e r iv e d fr o m h is ow n k n o w le d g e o f the a p p lic a t io n o f w e ll-e s t a b lis h e d p r in c ip le s and p r a c t i c e s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . o f a s u b o r d in a te n o n p r o fe s s io n a l sta ff. In m o s t in s t a n c e s he d ir e c t s the w o r k A c co u n ta n t IV G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . P e r f o r m s p r o f e s s io n a l o p e r a t in g o r c o s t a c c o u n tin g w o r k w h ich r e q u ir e s the a p p lic a t io n o f w e ll-e s t a b lis h e d a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s , t h e o r ie s , c o n c e p t s , and p r a c t ic e s to a w id e v a r ie t y o f d iffic u lt p r o b le m s . R e c e iv e s in s t r u c t io n s c o n c e r n in g the o b je c t iv e s and o p e r a t io n s o f the o v e r a ll a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m . A t th is le v e l, c o m p a r e d w ith le v e l III, the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o r a s s ig n e d se g m e n t is m o r e c o m p le x , i. e . , (a) is r e la t iv e ly u n s ta b le , (b) m u s t a d ju s t to n ew o r ch a n g in g c o m p a n y o p e r a t io n s , (c ) s e r v e s o r g a n iz a tio n s o f u n u su a lly la r g e s i z e , £ r (d) is c o m p lic a t e d b y the n eed to p r o v id e and c o o r d in a te s e p a r a te o r s p e c ia liz e d a c c o u n tin g tr e a tm e n t and r e p o r t in g (e . g. , c o s t a c c o u n tin g u sin g sta n d a rd c o s t , p r o c e s s c o s t , and jo b o r d e r te c h n iq u e s ) f o r d iffe r e n t o p e r a t io n s o r d iv is io n s o f c o m p a n y . D ep e n d in g u p on the w o r k lo a d and d e g r e e o f c o o r d in a t io n in v o lv e d , the a cco u n ta n t IV m a y h ave su ch a s s ig n m e n ts as the s u p e r v is io n o f the d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t io n o f : (a) T he e n tir e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f a s u b o r d in a te e sta b lis h m e n t, o r (b) a m a jo r s e g m e n t (e . g . , g e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g ; c o s t a c c o u n tin g ; o r fin a n c ia l s ta te m e n ts and r e p o r t s ) o f an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s e r v in g a la r g e r and m o r e c o m p le x e s ta b lis h m e n t, o r (c ) the e n tir e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f a la r g e ( e . g . , e m p lo y in g s e v e r a l th ou san d p e r s o n s ) s u b o r d in a te e s t a b lis h m e n t w h ich in o th e r r e s p e c t s has an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f the c o m p le x it y that c h a r a c t e r iz e s le v e l III. D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . A h ig h e r le v e l a cco u n ta n t n o r m a lly is a v a ila b le to fu r n is h a d v ic e and a s s is t a n c e as n e e d e d . W ork is r e v ie w e d b y sp ot c h e c k s and a p p r a is a l o f r e s u lt s f o r a d e q u a cy o f p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m en t, c o m p lia n c e w ith in s t r u c t io n s , and o v e r a ll a c c u r a c y and q u a lity . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A s at le v e l III, a p r im a r y c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f m o s t p o s it io n s at th is le v e l is the r e s p o n s ib ilit y o f o p e r a t in g an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o r m a jo r s e g m e n t o f a s y s t e m in the in ten ded m a n n e r . T he a c c o u n ta n t IV e x e r c i s e s p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m e n t in m a k in g fr e q u e n t a p p r o p r ia te r e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r : N ew a c c o u n t s ; r e v is io n s in the a c c o u n t s t r u c t u r e ; new ty p e s o f l e d g e r s ; r e v is io n s in r e p o r t in g s y s t e m o r s u b s id ia r y r e c o r d s ; ch a n g e s in in s t r u c t io n s r e g a r d in g the u se o f a c c o u n t s ; n ew o r r e fin e d a c c o u n t c la s s if i c a t io n s o r d e fin it io n s ; e t c . He a ls o m a k e s d a y - t o - d a y d e c is i o n s c o n c e r n in g the a c c o u n tin g tr e a tm e n t o f fin a n c ia l tr a n s a c t io n s and is e x p e c te d to r e c o m m e n d s o lu tio n s to c o m p le x p r o b le m s b e y o n d the s c o p e o f h is r e s p o n s ib ilit y . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . in clu d e p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . A c c o u n tin g s t a ff he s u p e r v is e s , i f any, m a y A c co u n ta n t V G eneral c h a r a c te r is tic s . P e r f o r m s p r o f e s s io n a l o p e r a t in g o r c o s t a c c o u n tin g w o r k w h ich is o f g r e a t e r than a v e r a g e p r o f e s s io n a l d iffic u lt y and r e s p o n s ib ilit y b e c a u s e o f the p r e s e n c e o f u n u su al and n o v e l p r o b le m s o r the u nu su al m a g n itu d e o r im p a c t o f the a c c o u n tin g program . T y p ic a lly th is le v e l o f d iffic u lt y a r is e s fr o m (a) the la r g e s i z e o f the a c c o u n tin g and o p e r a t in g o r g a n iz a tio n , (b) the a t y p ic a l n a tu re o f the a c c o u n tin g p r o b le m s e n c o u n te r e d , o r (c ) the u n u su a lly g r e a t in v o lv e m e n t in a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s d e s ig n and d e v e lo p m e n t. E x a m p le s o f a s s ig n m e n ts c h a r a c t e r is t ic o f th is l e v e l a r e the s u p e r v is io n o f the d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t io n o f : (a) T he e n tir e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f a su b o r d in a te e s t a b lis h m e n t h av in g an u n u su a lly n o v e l and c o m p le x a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m , o r (b) the e n tir e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f a la r g e ( e . g . , e m p lo y in g s e v e r a l th ou san d p e r s o n s ) su b o r d in a te e s t a b lis h m e n t w h ich in 49 A C COUN T A N T— C on tin ued o th e r r e s p e c t s has an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f the c o m p le x it y that c h a r a c t e r iz e s le v e l IV, o r (c ) the e n tir e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o f a c o m p a n y o r c o r p o r a t io n that has a r e la t iv e ly sta b le and c o n v e n tio n a l a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m and e m p lo y s s e v e r a l th ou san d p e r s o n s and h as a fe w su b o r d in a te e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ich in clu d e a c c o u n tin g u n its, o r (d) a m a jo r s e g m e n t o f an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m that su b s ta n tia lly e x c e e d s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e s c r ib e d in any on e o f the p r e c e d in g e x a m p le s . D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . A n a cco u n ta n t o f h ig h e r l e v e l n o r m a lly is a v a ila b le to fu r n is h a d v ic e and a s s is t a n c e as n e e d e d . W ork is r e v ie w e d f o r a d e q u a c y o f p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m e n t, c o m p lia n c e w ith in s t r u c t io n s , and o v e r a ll q u a lity . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s ib ili t y . T he w o r k is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y its u n u su al d iffic u lt y o r r e s p o n s ib ilit y . A c co u n ta n ts V t y p ic a lly a r e d ir e c t ly c o n c e r n e d on a r e la t iv e ly con tin u ou s b a s is w ith w hat the n a tu re o f the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m sh ou ld b e , w ith the d e v is in g o r r e v is in g o f the o p e r a tin g a c c o u n tin g p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s that a r e n e c e s s a r y , and w ith the m a n a g e r ia l as w e ll as the a c c o u n tin g m e a n in g o f the r e p o r t s and s ta te m e n ts f o r w h ich he is r e s p o n s ib le . A c co u n ta n ts V a r e n e c e s s a r il y d e e p ly in v o lv e d in fu n d a m en ta l and c o m p le x a c cou n tin g m a tt e r s and in the m a n a g e r ia l p r o b le m s that a r e a ffe c t e d . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . c lu d e s p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . A c c o u n tin g s t a ff he s u p e r v is e s g e n e r a lly in A U D IT O R *1 P e r f o r m s p r o f e s s io n a l a u ditin g w o r k r e q u ir in g a b a c h e l o r 's d e g r e e in a c c o u n tin g o r , in r a r e in s t a n c e s , e q u iv a le n t e x p e r ie n c e and e d u ca tio n c o m b in e d . A u d its the fin a n c ia l r e c o r d s and p r a c t i c e s o f a c o m p a n y , o r o f d iv is io n s o r c o m p o n e n ts o f the c o m p a n y , to a p p r a is e s y s t e m a t ic a lly and v e r if y the a c c o u n tin g a c c u r a c y o f r e c o r d s and r e p o r t s and to a s s u r e the c o n s is t e n t a p p lic a t io n o f a c c e p t e d a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s . E v a lu a te s the a d e q u a cy o f the a c cou n tin g s y s t e m and in te r n a l fin a n c ia l c o n t r o l. M ak es a p p r o p r ia te r e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r im p r o v e m e n t as n e c e s s a r y . T o the e x ten t d e t e r m in e d n e c e s s a r y , e x a m in e s the tr a n s a c t io n s e n te r in g in to the b a la n c e s h e e t and the t r a n s a c t io n s e n te r in g in to in c o m e , e x p e n s e , and c o s t a c c o u n ts . D e t e r m in e s : (1) T h e e x is t e n c e o f r e c o r d e d a s s e t s (in clu d in g the o b s e r v a t io n o f p h y s ic a l in v e n to r ie s ) and the a l l- in c l u s iv e n e s s o f r e c o r d e d lia b i lit i e s . the takin g of (2) The a c c u r a c y o f fin a n c ia l s ta te m e n ts o r r e p o r t s and the f a i r n e s s o f p r e s e n ta tio n o f fa c t s th e r e in . (3) The p r o p r ie t y o r le g a lity o f t r a n s a c t io n s . (4) The d e g r e e o f c o m p lia n c e w ith e s t a b lis h e d p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s c o n c e r n in g fin a n c ia l t r a n s a c t io n s . E x clu d e d a r e p o s it io n s w h ich d o n ot r e q u ir e fu ll p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n tin g tra in in g b e c a u s e the w o r k is c o n fin e d on a r e la t iv e ly p e r m a n e n t b a s is to r e p e tit iv e e x a m in a tio n s o f a lim ite d a r e a o f co m p a n y o p e r a t io n s and a c c o u n tin g p r o c e s s e s , e. g . , on ly a c c o u n ts p a y a b le and r e c e iv a b le ; d e m u r r a g e r e c o r d s and r e la t e d fu n c tio n s , o r sta tio n o p e r a t io n s o n ly o f a r a i l r o a d c o m p a n y ; b r a n c h o f f i c e s w h ich do not en g a g e in the fu ll ra n g e o f banking and a c c o u n tin g a c t iv it ie s o f the m a in b a n k ; w a r e h o u s e o p e r a t io n s on ly o f a m a il o r d e r c o m p a n y ; c h e c k in g tr a n s a c t io n s to d e t e r m in e w h e th e r o r n ot th ey c o n fo r m to p r e s c r i b e d r o u tin e s o r p r o c e d u r e s . (E x a m in a tio n s o f su ch r e p e t it iv e o r lim ite d n a tu re n o r m a lly d o n ot r e q u ir e o r p e r m it p r o fe s s io n a l au dit w o r k to b e p e r f o r m e d .) 50 A U D IT O R — C on tin u ed A u d ito r I G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . A s a tr a in e e a u d ito r at p e r f o r m s a v a r ie t y o f ro u tin e a s s ig n m e n ts . T y p ic a lly , he ta sk s u n d er a pla n n ed tr a in in g p r o g r a m d e s ig n e d to p r o v id e the p r in c ip le s , t h e o r ie s , and c o n c e p ts o f a c c o u n tin g and (T e r m in a l p o s it io n s a r e e x c lu d e d .) the e n te r in g p r o f e s s io n a l le v e l, is r o ta te d th rou g h a v a r ie t y o f p r a c t ic a l e x p e r ie n c e in a p p ly in g au d itin g to s p e c if i c s itu a tio n s . D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . W o rk s u n d e r c l o s e s u p e r v is io n o f an e x p e r ie n c e d a u d ito r w h o s e g u id a n ce is d ir e c t e d p r im a r i ly to the d e v e lo p m e n t o f the tr a in e e * s p r o f e s s io n a l a b ility and to the e v a lu a tio n o f h is p o te n tia l f o r a d v a n c e m e n t. L im its o f a s s ig n m e n ts a r e c l e a r l y d e fin e d , m e th o d s o f p r o c e d u r e a r e s p e c ifie d , and k in ds o f ite m s to b e n oted and r e f e r r e d to s u p e r v i s o r a r e id e n tifie d . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A s s is t s in m a k in g a u dits by p e r fo r m in g su ch ta sk s a s : V e r if ic a t io n o f the a c c u r a c y o f the b a la n c e s in v a r io u s r e c o r d s ; e x a m in a tio n o f a v a r ie t y o f ty p e s o f d o c u m e n ts and v o u c h e r s f o r a c c u r a c y o f c o m p u ta tio n s ; c h e c k in g t r a n s a c tio n s to a s s u r e th ey a r e p r o p e r l y d o c u m e n te d and h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith c o r r e c t a c c o u n tin g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ; v e r ify in g the cou n t o f in v e n t o r ie s ; p r e p a r in g d e t a ile d s ta te m e n ts , s c h e d u le s , and sta n d a rd au dit w o rk in g p a p e r s ; cou n tin g c a s h and o th e r a s s e t s ; p r e p a r in g s im p le r e c o n c i lia t io n s ; and s im ila r fu n c tio n s . A u d ito r II G en eral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . A t th is co n tin u in g d e v e lo p m e n ta l le v e l the p r o f e s s io n a l a u d ito r s e r v e s as a ju n io r m e m b e r o f an au dit tea m , in d ep en d en tly p e r fo r m in g s e le c t e d p o r tio n s o f the audit w h ich a r e lim ite d in s c o p e and c o m p le x it y . A u d it o r s at th is le v e l ty p ic a lly h av e a c q u ir e d k n o w le d g e o f co m p a n y o p e r a t io n s , p o l i c i e s , and p r o c e d u r e s . (T e r m in a l p o s i tio n s a r e e x c lu d e d .) D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . D e ta ile d in s t r u c t io n s a r e fu r n is h e d and the w o r k is r e v ie w e d to the e x ten t n e c e s s a r y to v e r if y its g e n e r a l a c c u r a c y and c o v e r a g e o f u n u su al p r o b le m s , to in s u r e c o n fo r m a n c e w ith r e q u ir e d p r o c e d u r e s and s p e c ia l in s t r u c t io n s , and to a s s u r e the a u d it o r 's p r o f e s s io n a l g ro w th . A n y te c h n ic a l p r o b le m s n ot c o v e r e d b y in s t r u c t io n s a r e b r o u g h t to the a tten tion o f a s u p e r io r . H is p r o g r e s s is e v a lu a te d in t e r m s o f h is a b ility to ap ply h is p r o f e s s io n a l k n o w le d g e to b a s i c au ditin g s itu a tio n s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A p p lie s k n o w le d g e o f a c c o u n tin g th e o r y and au dit p r a c t ic e s to a v a r ie t y o f r e la t iv e ly s im p le p r o f e s s io n a l p r o b le m s in h is au dit a s s i g n m e n ts , in clu d in g s u c h ta sk s a s : The v e r if i c a t io n o f r e p o r t s a g a in s t s o u r c e a c c o u n ts and r e c o r d s to d e t e r m in e th e ir r e lia b ili t y ; r e c o n c i lia t io n o f bank and o th e r a c c o u n ts and v e r i fy in g the d e ta il o f r e c o r d e d t r a n s a c t io n s ; d e t a ile d e x a m in a tio n s o f c a s h r e c e ip t s and d i s b u r s e m e n t v o u c h e r s , p a y r o ll r e c o r d s , r e q u is it io n s , w o r k o r d e r s , r e c e iv in g r e p o r t s , and o th e r a c c o u n tin g d o c u m e n ts to a s c e r t a in that t r a n s a c t io n s a r e p r o p e r l y su p p o r te d and a r e r e c o r d e d c o r r e c t l y fr o m an a c c o u n tin g o r r e g u la t o r y sta n d p oin t; o r p r e p a r in g w o rk in g p a p e r s , s c h e d u le s , and s u m m a r ie s . A u d ito r III G eneral c h a r a c t e r is tic s . W ork at this l e v e l c o n s is t s o f the au dit o f o p e r a t io n s and a c c o u n tin g p r o c e s s e s that a r e r e la t iv e ly s ta b le , w e ll-e s t a b lis h e d , and ty p ic a l o f the in d u s tr y . The au dits p r im a r i ly in v o lv e the c o lle c t io n and a n a ly s is o f r e a d ily a v a ila b le fin d in g s ; th e r e is p r e v io u s audit e x p e r ie n c e that is d ir e c t ly a p p lic a b le ; the au dit r e p o r t s a r e n o r m a lly p r e p a r e d in a p r e s c r i b e d fo r m a t u sin g a sta n d a rd m eth od o f p r e s e n t a t io n ; and fe w if any m a jo r p r o b le m s a r e a n ticip a te d . The w o rk p e r fo r m e d r e q u ir e s the a p p lic a t io n o f s u b s ta n tia l k n o w le d g e s o f a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s and p r a c t ic e s , e . g . , b a s e s f o r d is tin g u is h in g a m on g c a p it a l m a in te n a n ce and o p e r a tin g e x p e n s e s ; a c c r u in g r e s e r v e s f o r t a x e s ; and o th e r a c c o u n tin g c o n s i d e r a tion s o f an e q u iv a le n t n a tu re. 51 A U D IT O R — C on tin u ed D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . W ork is n o r m a lly w ith in an e s t a b lis h e d audit p r o g r a m and s u p e r v is io n is p r o v id e d by a h ig h e r le v e l a u d ito r w ho o u tlin e s and d i s c u s s e s a s s ig n m e n ts . W ork is s p o t -c h e c k e d in p r o g r e s s . C o m p le te d a s s ig n m e n ts a r e r e v ie w e d f o r a d e q u a cy o f c o v e r a g e , s o u n d n e s s o f ju d g m en t, c o m p lia n c e w ith p r o f e s s io n a l s ta n d a r d s , and a d h e r e n c e to p o l i c i e s . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . The a u d ito r e x a m in e s tr a n s a c t io n s and v e r i f i e s a c c o u n ts ; o b s e r v e s and e v a lu a te s a c c o u n tin g p r o c e d u r e s and in te r n a l c o n t r o l s ; p r e p a r e s au dit w o rk in g p a p e r s and su b m its an au dit r e p o r t in the r e q u ir e d p a tte r n co n ta in in g r e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r n e e d e d c h a n g e s o r im p r o v e m e n ts . He is u s u a lly r e s p o n s ib le f o r s e le c t in g the d e ta ile d au dit m e th o d s to fo llo w , c h o o s in g the audit s a m p le and its s i z e , d e t e r m in in g the ex ten t to w h ich d is c r e p a n c ie s n e e d to b e in v e s tig a te d , and d e c id in g the d ep th o f the a n a ly s e s r e q u ir e d to s u p p o r t r e p o r t e d fin d in g s and c o n c lu s io n s . E x a m p le s o f a s s ig n m e n ts in v o lv in g w o r k o f th is l e v e l : (1) A s a tea m le a d e r o r w o rk in g p le t e a c c o u n ts and r e la t e d o p e r a t io n s v o lv in g a c e n t r a liz e d a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m a c c o u n tin g r e c o r d s ) o r o f c o m p a r a b le a lo n e , in d ep en d en tly c o n d u c ts au d its o f the c o m o f s m a ll e r o r l e s s c o m p le x c o m p a n ie s (e . g. , i n w ith fe w o r no su b o r d in a te , s u b s id ia r y , o r b r a n c h s e g m e n ts o f l a r g e r c o m p a n ie s . (2) A s a m e m b e r o f an au dit tea m in d ep en d en tly a c c o m p lis h e s v a r ie d au dit a s s i g n m e n ts o f the a b o v e d e s c r ib e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , ty p ic a lly m a jo r s e g m e n ts o f c o m p le t e a u d its, o r a s s ig n m e n ts o th e r w is e lim ite d in s c o p e o f l a r g e r and m o r e c o m p le x c o m p a n ie s ( e . g . , c o m p le x in that the a cco u n tin g s y s t e m e n ta ils c o s t , in v e n to r y , and c o m p a r a b le s p e c ia liz e d s y s t e m s in te g ra te d w ith the g e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m ). Illu s tr a tiv e o f su ch a s s ig n m e n ts a r e the au dit and in itia l r e v ie w o f a c c o u n tin g tr e a tm e n t and v a lid ity o f r e p o r t in g o f o v e r h e a d e x p e n s e s in a la r g e m a n u fa c tu r in g o r m a in te n a n ce o r g a n i z a tio n ( e . g . , m a jo r r e p a ir y a r d o f a r a ilr o a d ); o r , the c h e c k in g , v e r ifi c a t io n , and b a la n c in g o f a ll a c c o u n ts r e c e iv a b le and a c c o u n ts p a y a b le ; o r , the a n a ly s is and v e r if i c a t io n o f a s s e t s and r e s e r v e s ; o r , the in s p e c tio n and e v a lu a tio n o f a c c o u n tin g c o n t r o ls and p r o c e d u r e s . A u d ito r IV G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A u d ito r s at th is le v e l a r e e x p e r ie n c e d p r o f e s s io n a ls w ho ap ply th o ro u g h k n o w le d g e o f a c c o u n tin g p r in c ip le s and th e o r y in c o n n e c t io n w ith a v a r ie t y o f a u d its. W ork at th is le v e l is c h a r a c t e r iz e d by the au dit o f o r g a n iz a tio n s and a c c o u n tin g p r o c e s s e s w h ich a r e c o m p le x and d iffic u lt b e c a u s e o f su ch f a c t o r s a s : P r e s e n c e o f n ew o r ch a n g ed p r o g r a m s and a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s ; e x is t e n c e o f m a jo r s p e c ia liz e d a c c o u n tin g fu n c tio n s ( e . g . , c o s t a c c o u n tin g , in v e n to r y a cco u n tin g , s a le s a c c o u n tin g ), in a d d itio n to g e n e r a l a c co u n tin g ; n eed to c o n s id e r e x te n s iv e and c o m p lic a t e d r e g u la t o r y r e q u ir e m e n t s ; la c k o f o r d iffic u lty in ob ta in in g in fo r m a t io n ; and o th e r s im ila r f a c t o r s . T y p ic a lly , a v a r ie t y o f d iffe r e n t a s s ig n m e n ts a r e e n c o u n te r e d o v e r a p e r io d o f tim e , e . g . , 1 y e a r . The au dit r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d a r e c o m p r e h e n s iv e , e x p la in i r r e g u la r it i e s , c it e r u le s o r r e g u la tio n s v io la t e d , r e c o m m e n d r e m e d ia l a c tio n s , and c o n ta in a n a ly s e s o f ite m s o f s p e c ia l im p o r t a n c e o r in t e r e s t to co m p a n y m a n a g e m e n t. D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . W ithin an e s t a b lis h e d audit p r o g r a m , h ave r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r in d ep en d en tly p la n n in g and e x e cu tin g a u d its. U n u su ally d iffic u lt p r o b le m s a r e d is c u s s e d w ith the s u p e r v is o r w ho a ls o r e v ie w s c o m p le t e d a s s ig n m e n ts f o r a d h e r e n c e to p r in c ip le s and sta n d a rd s and the so u n d n e s s o f c o n c lu s io n s . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A u d ito r s at th is le v e l h ave fu ll r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r plann in g the audit, in clu d in g d e t e r m in a tio n o f the a s p e c ts to e m p h a s iz e , m e th o d s to be u sed , d e v e lo p m e n t o f n on sta n d a rd o r s p e c ia liz e d au dit a id s su ch as q u e s t io n n a ir e s , e t c . , w h e re p r e v io u s au dit e x p e r ie n c e and pla n s a r e o f lim ite d a p p lic a b ilit y . 52 A U D IT O R — C on tinu ed In clu d ed in the s c o p e o f w o r k that c h a r a c t e r iz e s th is le v e l a r e s u c h fu n c tio n s a s : E v a lu a tio n o f m e th o d s u se d f o r d e t e r m in in g d e p r e c ia t io n r a te s o f e q u ip m e n t; e v a lu a tio n o f a s s e t s w h e r e o r ig in a l c o s t s a r e unknow n; ev a lu a tio n o f the r e lia b ili t y o f a c c o u n tin g and r e p o r tin g s y s t e m s ; a n a ly s is o f c o s t a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s and c o s t r e p o r t s to ev a lu a te the b a s is f o r c o s t and p r i c e s e ttin g ; e v a lu a tio n o f a c c o u n tin g p r o c u r e m e n t and su p p ly m a n a g e m e n t r e c o r d s , c o n t r o ls , and p r o c e d u r e s ; and m any o t h e r s . E x a m p le s o f a s s ig n m e n ts in v o lv in g w o r k at th is le v e l : (1) A s a te a m le a d e r o r w o rk in g a lo n e , in d ep en d en tly p la n s and c o n d u c ts au dits o f the c o m p le t e a c c o u n ts and r e la t e d o p e r a tio n s o f r e la t iv e ly la r g e and c o m p le x c o m p a n ie s ( e . g . , c o m p le x in that the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m e n ta ils c o s t , in v e n to r y , and c o m p a r a b le s p e c ia liz e d a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s in te g ra te d w ith the g e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m ) o r o f c o m pany b r a n c h , s u b s id ia r y , o r a ffilia t e d o r g a n iz a tio n s w h ich a r e in d iv id u a lly o f c o m p a r a b le s iz e and c o m p le x it y , o r (2) A s a m e m b e r o f an au dit tea m in d ep en d en tly p la n s and a c c o m p lis h e s au dit a s sig n m e n ts that c o n s titu te m a jo r s e g m e n ts o f au dits o f v e r y la r g e and c o m p le x o r g a n iz a tio n s , f o r e x a m p le , th o s e w ith fin a n c ia l r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s s o g r e a t as to in v o lv e s p e c ia liz e d s u b o r d in a te , s u b s id ia r y , o r a ffilia t e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s that a r e c o m p le t e in t h e m s e lv e s . N O T E : E x clu d e d fr o m le v e l IV a r e a u d ito r s w ho, as te a m le a d e r o r w o rk in g a lo n e , c o n d u c t c o m p le t e au dits o f v e r y la r g e and c o m p le x o r g a n iz a tio n s , f o r e x a m p le , th o s e w ith fin a n c ia l r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s s o g r e a t as to in v o lv e s p e c ia liz e d su b o r d in a te , s u b s id ia r y , o r a f filia t e a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m s that a r e c o m p le t e in t h e m s e lv e s ; o r a r e te a m m e m b e r s a s s ig n e d to m a jo r s e g m e n ts o f audits o f ev en la r g e r o r m o r e c o m p le x o r g a n iz a t io n s . C H IE F A C C O U N T A N T *1 A s the top te c h n ic a l e x p e r t in a c c o u n tin g , is r e s p o n s ib le f o r d ir e c t in g the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m f o r a c o m p a n y o r f o r an e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a c o m p a n y . The m in im u m a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m in c lu d e s : ( l ) G e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g ( a s s e t s , lia b i lit i e s , in c o m e , e x p e n s e , and c a p it a l a c c o u n ts , in clu d in g r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r p r o fit and l o s s and b a la n c e s h e e t s t a t e m e n ts ); and (2) at le a s t one o th e r m a jo r a c c o u n tin g a c tiv ity , t y p ic a lly tax a c c o u n tin g , c o s t a c c o u n tin g , p r o p e r t y a c c o u n tin g , o r s a le s a c c o u n tin g . It m a y a ls o in clu d e su ch o th e r a c t iv it ie s as p a y r o ll and tim e k e e p in g , and m e c h a n ic a l o r e le c t r o n i c data p r o c e s s i n g o p e r a t io n s w h ich a r e an a d ju n ct o f the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m . (R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r an in te r n a l audit p r o g r a m is t y p ic a lly n ot in clu d e d . ) The r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s o f the c h ie f a cco u n ta n t in clu d e a ll o f the fo llo w in g : (1) On ow n r e s p o n s ib ilit y , d e v e lo p in g o r ad apting o r r e v is in g an a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m to m e e t the n eed s o f the o r g a n iz a tio n . (2) S u p e r v is in g , e ith e r d ir e c t ly o r th rou g h su b o r d in a te s u p e r v i s o r s , the o p e r a t io n o f the s y s t e m w ith fu ll m a n a g e m e n t r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the q u a lity and quantity o f w o r k p e r fo r m e d , tr a in in g and d e v e lo p m e n t o f s u b o r d in a te s , w o r k s c h e d u lin g and r e v ie w , c o o r d in a tio n w ith o th e r p a rts o f the o r g a n iz a tio n s e r v e d , e tc . (3) P r o v id in g d ir e c t ly o r th rou g h an o f f i c i a l su ch as a c o m p t r o ll e r , a d v is o r y s e r v ic e s to the top m a n a g e m e n t o f f i c i a l s o f the o r g a n iz a tio n s e r v e d as to : (a) T h e statu s o f fin a n c ia l r e s o u r c e s o p e r a t io n s as r e v e a le d by a cco u n tin g data, that is m e a n in g fu l to m a n a g e m e n t. and the fin a n c ia l tr e n d s o r r e s u lt s o f and s e le c t in g a m a n n e r o f p r e s e n ta tio n (b) M eth od s f o r im p r o v in g o p e r a t io n s as s u g g e s te d by h is e x p e r t k n o w le d g e o f a c c o u n tin g , e. g. , p r o p o s a ls fo r im p r o v in g c o s t c o n t r o l, p r o p e r t y m a n a g e m e n t, c r e d i t and c o lle c t io n , tax re d u c tio n , o r s i m il ia r p r o g r a m s . 53 C H IE F A C C O U N T A N T — C on tin u ed E x clu d e d a r e p o s it io n s w ith r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m i f th ey a ls o in clu d e (a s a m a jo r p a r t o f the jo b ) r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r b u d g e tin g ; w o r k m e a s u r e m e n t ; o r g a n i za tio n , m e th o d s and p r o c e d u r e s s t u d ie s ; o r s i m il a r n o n a cc o u n tin g fu n c tio n s . (P o s it io n s o f su ch b r e a d th a r e s o m e t im e s title d c o m p t r o ll e r , bu d g et and a c c o u n tin g m a n a g e r , fin a n c ia l m anager, e t c .) S om e p o s it io n s r e s p o n s ib le f o r s u p e r v is in g g e n e r a l a c c o u n tin g and on e o r m o r e o th e r m a jo r a c c o u n tin g a c t iv it ie s bu t w h ich do n ot fu lly m e e t a ll o f the r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s o f a c h ie f a cco u n ta n t s p e c ifie d a b o v e m a y be c o v e r e d by the d e s c r ip t i o n s f o r a cco u n ta n t. C h ie f a cco u n ta n t jo b s w h ich m e e t the a b o v e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a r e c l a s s i f i e d b y le v e l 26 o f w o r k a c c o r d in g to (a) a u th o rity and r e s p o n s ib ilit y and (b) te c h n ic a l c o m p le x it y , u s in g the c h a r t w h ich fo llo w s the d e fin it io n s b e lo w . A u th o r ity and R e s p o n s ib ilit y A R - 1. T he a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m (i. e. , a c c o u n ts , p r o c e d u r e s , and r e p o r t s to b e u sed ) has b e e n p r e s c r i b e d in c o n s id e r a b le d e t a il by h ig h e r le v e ls in the c o m p a n y o r o r g a n iz a tio n . The c h ie f a cco u n ta n t h as fin a l, u n r e v ie w e d a u th o rity w ith in the p r e s c r i b e d s y s t e m , to expand it to fit the p a r t ic u la r n e e d s o f the o r g a n iz a tio n s e r v e d , e . g . , in the fo llo w in g o r c o m p a r a b le w a y s ; P r o v id e s g r e a t e r d e t a il in a c c o u n ts and r e p o r t s o r fin a n c ia l s t a t e m e n ts ; E s ta b lis h e s r e c o r d s ; and a d d itio n a l a c c o u n tin g c o n t r o ls , a c c o u n ts , s u b a c c o u n ts , and s u b s id ia r y P r o v id e s s p e c ia l o r in te r im r e p o r t s and sta te m e n ts n e e d e d b y the m a n a g e r r e s p o n s ib le f o r the d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t io n s o f the o r g a n iz a tio n s e r v e d . A R -2 . The b a s i c a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m is p r e s c r i b e d in b r o a d o u tlin e s r a th e r than in s p e c i f i c d e t a il. W h ile c e r t a in m a jo r fin a n c ia l r e p o r t s , o v e r a ll a c c o u n ts , and g e n e r a l p o li c ie s a r e r e q u ir e d b y the b a s i c s y s t e m , the c h ie f a cco u n ta n t has b r o a d la titu d e and a u th ority to d e c id e the s p e c i f i c m e th o d s , p r o c e d u r e s , a c c o u n ts , r e p o r t s , e t c . — to be u s e d w ith in the o r g a n iz a tio n a l se g m e n t s e r v e d . He m u s t s e c u r e p r i o r a p p r o v a l f r o m h ig h e r le v e ls f o r on ly th o s e ch a n g e s w h ich w ou ld b a s i c a lly a ffe c t the b r o a d r e q u ir e m e n t s p r e s c r i b e d b y su ch h ig h e r le v e ls . T y p ic a l r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s in c lu d e ; E v a lu a tin g and takin g fin a l a c tio n on r e c o m m e n d a tio n s p r o p o s e d b y su b o r d in a te e s ta b lis h m e n ts f o r c h a n g e s in a s p e c t s o f the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o r a c t iv it ie s n ot p r e s c r i b e d b y h ig h e r a u th o r ity ; E x ten d in g c o s t a c c o u n tin g o p e r a t io n s to a r e a s n ot p r e v io u s ly c o v e r e d ; C h an ging f r o m on e c o s t a c c o u n tin g m e th o d to a n o th e r ; E x p an din g the u tiliz a t io n o f c o m p u te r s w ith in the a c c o u n tin g p r o c e s s ; and P r e p a r in g a c c o u n tin g r e p o r t s and sta te m e n ts r e fle c t in g the ev en ts and p r o g r e s s o f the e n tir e o r g a n iz a tio n f o r w h ich he is r e s p o n s ib le ; o ften c o n s o lid a tin g da ta su b m itte d by s u b o r d in a te s e g m e n ts . T h is d e g r e e o f a u th o rity is m o s t t y p ic a lly fou n d at in te r m e d ia te o r g a n iz a tio n a l le v e ls su ch as r e g io n a l o f f i c e s , o r d iv is io n o r s u b s id ia r y h e a d q u a r t e r s . It is a ls o found in s o m e c o m p a n y le v e l situ a tio n s w h e r e the a u th ority o f the c h ie f a cco u n ta n t is le s s e x te n s iv e than is d e s c r ib e d in A R - 3 . M o r e r a r e ly it is fou nd in p la n t le v e l c h ie f a cco u n ta n ts w h o h av e b e e n d e le g a te d m o r e a u th ority than u su a l f o r su ch p o s it io n s as d e s c r ib e d in A R - 1 . 26 Insufficient data were obtained for level V to warrant presentation of average salaries. 54 CH IE F A C C O U N T A N T — C on tin u ed A R - 3 . Has c o m p le t e r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r e s t a b lis h in g and m a in ta in in g the fr a m e w o r k fo r the b a s i c a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m u s e d in the c o m p a n y , s u b je c t o n ly to g e n e r a l p o l i c y g u id a n ce and c o n t r o l f r o m a h ig h e r le v e l c o m p a n y o f f i c i a l r e s p o n s ib le fo r g e n e r a l fin a n c ia l m a n a g e m en t. T y p ic a l r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s in clu d e : D e te r m in in g the b a s i c c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f s p e c i f i c a c c o u n ts to be u se d ; the c o m p a n y 's a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m and the D e v is in g and p r e p a r in g a c c o u n tin g r e p o r t s and sta te m e n ts r e q u ir e d to m e e t m a n a g e m e n t 's n e e d s f o r data; E s ta b lis h in g b a s ic a c c o u n tin g p o l i c i e s , te m in te r p r e ta t io n s , and p r o c e d u r e s ; R e v ie w in g and ta k in g a c tio n on p r o p o s e d r e v is io n s to the c o m p a n y 's a c c o u n tin g s y s s u g g e s te d b y s u b o r d in a te u n its; and T a k in g fin a l a c tio n on a ll te c h n ic a l a c c o u n tin g m a t t e r s . C h a r a c t e r is t ic a ll y , p a r t ic ip a t e s e x t e n s iv e ly in b r o a d c o m p a n y m a n a g e m e n t p r o c e s s e s b y p r o v id in g a c c o u n tin g a d v ic e , in t e r p r e t a t io n s , o r r e c o m m e n d a tio n s b a s e d on data a c c u m u la te d in the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m and on h is p r o f e s s io n a l ju d g m e n t and e x p e r ie n c e . T e c h n ic a l C o m p le x ity T C - 1. The o r g a n iz a tio n w h ich the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m s e r v e s h as r e la t iv e l y few fu n c tio n s , p r o d u c t s , w o r k p r o c e s s e s , e t c ., and th e se ten d to be sta b le and u n ch a n gin g . The a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m o p e r a t e s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith w e ll- e s t a b lis h e d p r in c ip le s and p r a c t ic e s o r th o se o f e q u iv a le n t d iffi c u lt y w h ich a r e ty p ic a l o f that in d u str y . T C - Z . T he o r g a n iz a tio n w h ich the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m s e r v e s has a r e la t iv e ly la r g e n u m b e r o f fu n c tio n s , p r o d u c t s , w o r k p r o c e s s e s , e t c ., w h ich r e q u ir e su b s ta n tia l and fr e q u e n t a d a p ta tion s o f the b a s ic s y s t e m to m e e t m a n a g em en t n e e d s ( e .g ., a d o p tio n o f new a c c o u n ts , s u b a c c o u n t s , and s u b s id ia r y r e c o r d s ; r e v is io n o f in s t r u c t io n s f o r the u se o f a c c o u n ts ; i m p r o v e m e n t o r e x p a n s io n o f m eth od s fo r a c c u m u la tin g and r e p o r t in g c o s t data in c o n n e c t io n w ith new o r ch a n g ed w o r k p r o c e s s e s ) . T C - 3 . T h e o r g a n iz a tio n w h ich the a c c o u n tin g p r o g r a m s e r v e s puts a h e a v y d em a n d on the a c c o u n tin g o r g a n iz a tio n fo r s p e c ia liz e d and e x te n s iv e a d a p ta tion s o f the b a s i c s y s t e m to m e e t m a n a g e m e n t n e e d s . Such d em a n d s a r is e b e c a u s e the fu n c tio n s , p r o d u c t s , w o r k p r o c e s s e s , e t c ., o f the o r g a n iz a tio n a r e v e r y n u m e r o u s , d iv e r s e , u n iq u e, o r s p e c ia liz e d , o r th e r e a r e o th e r c o m p a r a b le c o m p le x it ie s . C o n s e q u e n tly , the a c c o u n tin g s y s t e m , to a c o n s id e r a b le d e g r e e , is d e v e lo p e d w e ll b e y o n d e s t a b lis h e d p r in c ip le s and a c c o u n tin g p r a c t ic e s in o r d e r to: P r o v id e fo r the s o lu tio n of p r o b le m s fo r w h ich no c le a r p reced en ts e x is t ; or P r o v id e fo r the d e v e lo p m e n t o r e x te n s io n o f a c c o u n tin g t h e o r ie s and p r a c t ic e s to d ea l w ith p r o b le m s to w h ich th e se t h e o r ie s and p r a c t ic e s have not p r e v i o u s ly b e e n a p p lie d . S u b ord in a te Staff In the c h a rt that fo llo w s , the n u m b er o f p r o f e s s io n a l a cco u n ta n ts s u p e r v is e d is r e c o g n iz e d to be a r e la t iv e l y cru d e c r it e r i o n fo r d is tin g u is h in g b e tw e e n v a r io u s c l a s s e s . It is to be c o n s id e r e d le s s im p o rta n t in the m a tch in g p r o c e s s than the o th e r c r i t e r i a . In a d d itio n to the s ta ff o f p r o f e s s io n a l a ccou n ta n ts in the s y s t e m fo r w h ich the c h ie f a ccou n ta n t is r e s p o n s ib le , th e r e a r e c l e r i c a l , m a ch in e o p e r a t io n , b o o k k e e p in g , and r e la t e d p e r s o n n e l. 55 C H IE F A C C O U N T A N T — C on tin u ed A u th o r ity and r e s p o n s ib ili t y 1 C la s s T e c h n ic a l c o m p le x it y 1 S u b ord in a te s ta ff o f p r o f e s s io n a l a cco u n ta n ts in the s y s t e m f o r w h ich h e is r e s p o n s ib le . I A R -1 T C -1 O n ly on e o r tw o p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts , w h o do not e x c e e d the a cco u n ta n t III jo b d e fin itio n . II A R -1 T C -2 A b ou t 5 to 10 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts , w ith at le a s t on e o r tw o m a tch in g the a cco u n ta n t IV jo b d e fin it io n . A R -2 T C -1 A b ou t 5 to 10 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts. M ost o f th e s e m a tc h the a cco u n ta n t III jo b d e fin it io n , but on e o r tw o m a y m a tc h the a cco u n ta n t IV jo b d e fin itio n . A R -3 T C -1 O nly on e o r tw o p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts , w ho d o n ot e x c e e d the a c c o u n ta n t IV jo b d e fin it io n . A R -1 T C -3 A b ou t 15 to 20 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts. At le a s t on e o r tw o m a tc h the a ccou n ta n t V jo b d e fin it io n . A R -2 T C -2 A b ou t 15 to 20 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . M an y o f th e s e m a tc h the a ccou n ta n t IV jo b d e fin it io n , but s o m e m a y m a tc h the a cco u n ta n t V jo b d e fin itio n . A R -3 T C -1 A b ou t 5 to 10 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . M o s t o f th e s e m a tc h the a cco u n ta n t III jo b d e fin it io n , but on e o r tw o m a y m a tc h as h igh as a ccou n ta n t V. A R -2 T C -3 A b ou t 25 to 40 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts. M any o f th e s e m a tc h the a ccou n ta n t V jo b d e fin it io n , but s e v e r a l m a y e x c e e d that le v e l. A R -3 T C -2 A b ou t 15 to 20 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . M o s t o f th e s e m a tch the a ccou n ta n t IV jo b d e fin it io n , but s e v e r a l m a y m a tc h the a ccou n ta n t V and on e o r tw o m a y e x c e e d that le v e l. A R -3 T C -3 A b ou t 25 to 40 p r o f e s s io n a l a c c o u n ta n ts . M an y o f th e se m a tch the a ccou n ta n t V jo b d e fin it io n , but s e v e r a l m a y e x c e e d that le v e l. III or or IV or V 1 A R -1 , -2 , and -3 ; and T C -1 , -2 , and -3 are explained on the preceding pages. 56 ATTORNEYS ATTORNEY P e r f o r m s c o n s u lta t io n and a d v is o r y w o r k and s a r y to e ffe c t the r ig h ts , p r i v i l e g e s , and o b lig a tio n s o f q u ir e s c o m p le t io n o f law s c h o o l w ith an L L . B . d e g r e e b a r . R e s p o n s ib ilit ie s o r fu n ctio n s in clu d e on e o r m o r e c a r r i e s out the le g a l p r o c e s s e s n e c e s the c o m p a n y . T h e w o r k p e r f o r m e d r e ( o r the eq u iv a len t) and a d m is s io n to the o f the fo llo w in g o r c o m p a r a b le d u tie s : P r e p a r in g and r e v ie w in g v a r io u s le g a l in s tru m e n ts and d o c u m e n t s , s u c h as c o n t r a c t s , l e a s e s , l i c e n s e s , p u r c h a s e s , s a le s , r e a l e s t a t e , e t c . ; A c tin g as ag en t o f the c o m p a n y in its t r a n s a c t io n s ; E x a m in in g m a t e r ia l (e . g. , a d v e r t is e m e n t s , p u b lic a t io n s , e t c . ) fo r le g a l im p lic a t io n s ; a d v is in g o f f i c i a l s o f p r o p o s e d le g is la t io n w h ich m ig h t a ffe c t the c o m p a n y ; A p p ly in g f o r p a te n ts , c o p y r ig h t s , o r r e g is t r a t io n o f com p a n y *s p r o d u c t s , p r o c e s s e s , d e v ic e s and tr a d e m a r k s ; a d v is in g w h e th e r to in s tig a te o r d efen d law s u its ; C on d u ctin g p r e t r ia l p r e p a r a t io n s ; d e fen d in g the c o m p a n y in la w s u its ; and A d v is in g o f f i c i a l s on ta x m a t t e r s , G o v e r n m e n t r e g u la t io n s , a n d /o r c o r p o r a t e r ig h t s . E x c lu d e d fr o m th is d e fin it io n a r e : P a ten t w o r k w h ich r e q u ir e s p r o f e s s io n a l tr a in in g in a d d itio n to le g a l tr a in in g (t y p i c a lly , a d e g r e e in e n g in e e r in g o r in a s c ie n c e ) ; C la im s e x a m in in g , c la im s in v e s tig a tin g o r s i m il a r w o r k fo r w h ich p r o f e s s i o n a l le g a l tr a in in g and b a r m e m b e r s h ip is n ot e s s e n t ia l; A t t o r n e y s , fr e q u e n t ly title d ’ ’g e n e r a l c o u n s e l” (an d th e ir im m e d ia te fu ll a s s o c ia t e s o r d e p u tie s ), w ho s e r v e as c o m p a n y o f f i c e r s o r the e q u iv a le n t and a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r p a r t ic ip a tin g in the o v e r a ll m a n a g e m e n t and fo r m u la t io n o f p o l i c y fo r the c o m p a n y in a d d itio n to d ir e c t in g its le g a l w o r k . (T h e d u ties and r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s o f su ch p o s it io n s e x c e e d le v e l V II as d e s c r ib e d b e l o w .) A t to r n e y jo b s w h ich m e e t the a b o v e d e fin itio n s a r e a c c o r d a n c e w ith the c h a r t b e lo w . 27 C la s s and code R e s p o n s ib ilit y l e v e l o f jo b 1 D iffic u lt y le v e l o f le g a l w o r k 1 to b e c la s s ifie d and coded in E x p e r ie n c e r e q u ir e d A s a t r a in e e w ith lit tle o r no p r o f e s s io n a l e x p e r ie n c e a s s i s t s h ig h e r le v e l a t t o r n e y s and r e c e iv e s a s s ig n m e n ts su c h a s : P r e p a r in g v a r io u s sta n d a rd o r u n c o m p lic a t e d le g a l d o c u m e n ts ; p r e p a r in g te n ta tiv e d r a fts o f le g a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ; r e a d in g and c h e c k in g le g a l r e p o r t s fo r u s e fu l it e m s ; p r e p a r in g u n c o m p lic a te d p le a d in g s ; p e r fo r m in g m is c e lla n e o u s le g a l r e s e a r c h . ( R e c e iv e s c o n s id e r a b le p r e lim in a r y in s t r u c t io n , g u id a n ce , and c l o s e s u p e r v is io n in h is w o r k . Has n e g lig ib le r e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r fin a l a c tio n on le g a l m a t t e r s .) I II III D -l R -l A t le a s t 1 y e a r e x p e r ie n c e . D -l R -2 D -2 R -l S u ffic ie n t p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r ie n c e , at le a s t 2 y e a r s but u s u a lly m o r e , to a s s u r e c l e a r c o m p e t e n c e as an a tto r n e y . D -2 R -2 D -3 R -l D -2 R -3 D -3 R -2 or IV or V p r o f e s s io n a l a t to r n e y A t le a s t 1 y e a r , u s u a lly m o r e , o f p r o f e s s io n a l e x p e r ie n c e at the D -2 le v e l. E x te n s iv e p r o f e s s io n a l D -2 o r a h ig h e r le v e l. e x p e r ie n c e at the E x te n s iv e p r o f e s s i o n a l D -3 le v e l. e x p e r ie n c e at the E x te n s iv e p r o f e s s io n a l D -3 and R -3 l e v e ls . e x p e r ie n c e at the VI 0 1 OO i or of R -3 V II D -3 R -4 1 D - l , D -2 , D -3 and R - l , R -2 , e t c ., are explained on the following pages. 27 Insufficient data were obtained for level I to warrant presentation of average salaries. 57 A T T O R N E Y — C on tin u ed D iffic u lt y L e v e l O f L e g a l W o r k D - 1. L e g a l q u e s tio n s a r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d by: F a c ts that a r e w e ll-e s t a b lis h e d ; c l e a r l y a p p lic a b le le g a l p r e c e d e n t s ; and m a tt e r s n ot o f su b s ta n tia l im p o r t a n c e to the o r g a n iz a tio n . (U s u a lly r e la t iv e ly lim it e d su m s o f m o n e y , e . g . , a few th ou san d d o ll a r s , a r e in v o lv e d .) E x a m p le s o f D - l w o r k : (a) L e g a l in v e s tig a t io n , n e g o tia tio n , and r e s e a r c h p r e p a r a t o r y to d efen d in g the o r g a n iz a tio n in p o te n tia l o r a c tu a l la w s u its in v o lv in g a lle g e d n e g lig e n c e w h e r e the fa c ts ca n b e f i r m l y e s t a b lis h e d and th e r e a r e p r e c e d e n t c a s e s d ir e c t ly a p p lic a b le to the situ a tion . (b) S e a rc h in g c a s e r e p o r t s , le g a l d o c u m e n ts , p e r i o d i c a l s , te x tb o o k s , and o th e r le g a l r e f e r e n c e s ; and p r e p a r in g d r a ft o p in io n s on e m p lo y e e c o m p e n s a tio n o r b e n e fit q u e s tio n s w hen th e r e is a su b s ta n tia l am oun t o f c l e a r l y a p p lic a b le s ta tu to ry , r e g u la t o r y , and c a s e m a t e r ia l. (c ) D ra w in g up c o n t r a c t s and o th e r le g a l d o c u m e n ts in c o n n e c t io n w ith r e a l p r o p e r t y t r a n s a c t io n s r e q u ir in g the d e v e lo p m e n t o f d e ta ile d in fo r m a t io n but not in v o lv in g s e r io u s q u e s tio n s r e g a r d in g t it le s to p r o p e r t y o r o th e r m a jo r fa c tu a l o r le g a l is s u e s . D - 2 . L e g a l w o r k is r e g u la r ly d iffic u lt b y r e a s o n o f on e o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : T h e a b s e n c e o f c l e a r and d ir e c t ly a p p lic a b le le g a l p r e c e d e n t s ; the d iffe r e n t p o s s ib le in t e r p r e ta tio n s that c a n b e p la c e d on e ith e r the fa c t s , the la w s , o r the p r e c e d e n ts in v o lv e d ; the s u b sta n tia l im p o r t a n c e o f the le g a l m a tt e r s to the o r g a n iz a tio n ( e . g . , su m s as la r g e as one h u n dred th ou san d d o lla r s a r e g e n e r a lly d i r e c t l y o r in d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d ); and the m a tte r is b e in g s t r o n g ly p r e s s e d o r c o n t e s te d in f o r m a l p r o c e e d in g s o r in n e g o tia tio n s b y the in d iv id u a ls , c o r p o r a t io n s , o r G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s in v o lv e d . E x a m p le s o f D -2 w o r k : (a) A d v is in g on the le g a l im p lic a t io n s o f a d v e r tis in g r e p r e s e n t a t io n s w hen the fa c ts su p p o r tin g the r e p r e s e n t a t io n s and the a p p lic a b le p r e c e d e n t c a s e s a r e s u b je c t to d iffe r e n t in t e r p r e t a t io n s . (b) R e v ie w in g and a d v is in g on the im p lic a t io n s o f new o r r e v is e d law s a ffe c tin g the o r g a n iz a tio n . (c ) P r e s e n t in g th e o r g a n iz a t io n 's d e fe n s e in c o u r t in a n e g lig e n c e la w su it w h ich is s t r o n g ly p r e s s e d b y c o u n s e l fo r an o r g a n iz e d g ro u p . (d) P r o v id in g le g a l c o u n s e l on ta x q u e s tio n s c o m p lic a t e d b y the a b s e n c e o f p r e c e d e n t d e c is i o n s that a r e d ir e c t ly a p p lic a b le to the o r g a n iz a t io n 's s itu a tio n . D -3 . L e g a l w o r k is t y p ic a lly c o m p le x and d iffic u lt b e c a u s e o f on e o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : T h e q u e s tio n s a r e u niqu e and r e q u ir e a h igh o r d e r o f o r ig in a l and c r e a t iv e le g a l e n d e a v o r fo r th e ir s o lu tio n ; the q u e s tio n s r e q u ir e e x te n s iv e r e s e a r c h and a n a ly s is and the ob ta in in g and e v a lu a tin g o f e x p e r t t e s tim o n y r e g a r d in g c o n t r o v e r s ia l is s u e s in a s c ie n t if i c , fin a n c ia l, c o r p o r a t e o r g a n iz a tio n , e n g in e e r in g , o r o th e r h ig h ly t e c h n ic a l a r e a ; and the le g a l m a tte r is o f c r i t i c a l im p o r t a n c e to the o r g a n iz a tio n and is b e in g v ig o r o u s ly p r e s s e d o r c o n te s te d ( e . g . , su m s s u c h as a m illio n d o lla r s o r m o r e a r e g e n e r a lly d ir e c t ly o r in d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d ). E x a m p le s o f D -3 w o r k : (a) A d v is in g on the le g a l a s p e c t s and im p lic a t io n s o f F e d e r a l a n titru s t la w s to p r o je c t e d g r e a t ly ex p a n d ed m a rk e tin g o p e r a t io n s in v o lv in g jo in t v e n tu r e s w ith s e v e r a l o th e r o r g a n iz a t io n s . 58 A T T O R N E Y —-C o n tin u e d (b) P la n n in g le g a l s t r a te g y and r e p r e s e n t in g a u tility c o m p a n y in ra te o r G o v e r n m en t fr a n c h is e c a s e s in v o lv in g a g e o g r a p h ic a r e a in clu d in g p a rts o r a ll o f s e v e r a l S ta te s. (c ) P r e p a r in g and p r e s e n tin g a c a s e b e fo r e an a p p e lla te c o u r t w h e r e the c a s e is h ig h ly im p o rta n t to the fu tu re o p e r a t io n o f the o r g a n iz a tio n and is v ig o r o u s ly c o n t e s te d b y v e r y d is tin g u is h e d (e . g. , h avin g a b r o a d r e g io n a l o r n a tio n a l rep u ta tion ) le g a l ta le n t. (d) S e r v in g as the p r in c ip a l c o u n s e l to the o f f i c e r s and s t a ff o f an in s u r a n c e c o m pany on the le g a l p r o b le m s in the s a le , u n d e r w ritin g , and a d m in is t r a tio n o f g ro u p c o n t r a c t s in v o lv in g n a tion w id e o r m u ltis ta te c o v e r a g e s and la w s . (e) P e r fo r m in g the p r in c ip a l le g a l w o r k in a n o n ro u tin e m a jo r r e v is io n o f the c o m p a n y 's c h a r t e r o r in e ffe ctu a tin g n ew m a jo r fin a n cin g s t e p s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y L e v e l o f J o b R - 1. R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r fin a l a c tio n is u s u a lly lim ite d to m a tt e r s c o v e r e d b y le g a l p r e c e d e n t s and in w h ich little d e v ia tio n fr o m sta n d a rd p r a c t ic e is in v o lv e d . A n y d e c is io n s o r a c tio n s h avin g a s ig n ific a n t b e a r in g on the o r g a n iz a t io n 's b u s in e s s a r e r e v ie w e d . (Is g iv e n g u id a n ce in the in itia l s ta g e s o f h is a s s ig n m e n t (e . g. , in plann in g and o r g a n iz in g le g a l r e s e a r c h and s t u d ie s ). A s s ig n m e n ts a r e then c a r r i e d out w ith m o d e r a te in d e p e n d e n ce alth ou g h g u id a n ce is g e n e r a lly a v a ila b le and is sou ght fr o m t i m e - t o - t i m e on p r o b le m p o in t s .) R -2 . U s u a lly w o r k s in d e p e n d e n tly in in v e s tig a tin g the fa c t s , s e a r c h in g le g a l p r e c e d e n ts , d e fin in g the le g a l and fa c tu a l is s u e s , d r a ftin g the n e c e s s a r y le g a l d o c u m e n t s , and d e v e lo p in g c o n c lu s io n s and r e c o m m e n d a t io n s . D e c is io n s h avin g an im p o rta n t b e a r in g on the o r g a n iz a t io n 's b u s in e s s a r e r e v ie w e d . (R e c e iv e s in fo r m a t io n fr o m s u p e r v is o r r e g a r d in g u n u su al c ir c u m s t a n c e s o r im p o rta n t p o li c y c o n s id e r a t io n s p e r ta in in g to a le g a l p r o b le m . If t r ia ls a r e in v o lv e d , m a y r e c e iv e g u id a n ce fr o m a s u p e r v i s o r r e g a r d in g p r e s e n ta tio n , lin e o f a p p r o a c h , p o s s ib le lin e o f o p p o s itio n to b e e n c o u n t e r e d , e t c . In the c a s e o f n o n ro u tin e w r itte n p r e s e n ta tio n s the fin a l p r o d u c t is r e v ie w e d c a r e fu ll y , but p r im a r i ly f o r o v e r a ll s o u n d n e s s o f le g a l r e a s o n in g and c o n s is t e n c y w ith o r g a n iz a tio n p o li c y . S o m e , but not a ll a t to r n e y s , m a k e a s s ig n m e n ts to on e o r m o r e lo w e r le v e l a t to r n e y s , a id s , o r c l e r k s . ) R -3 . C a r r ie s out a s s ig n m e n ts in d e p e n d e n tly and m a k e s fin a l le g a l d e te r m in a tio n s in m a tt e r s o f su b s ta n tia l im p o r t a n c e to h is o r g a n iz a tio n . Such d e te r m in a tio n s a r e s u b je c t to r e v ie w o n ly fo r c o n s is t e n c y w ith c o m p a n y p o li c y , p o s s ib le p r e c e d e n t e f f e c t , and o v e r a l l e f fe c t iv e n e s s . T o c a r r y out h is a s s ig n m e n ts he d e a ls r e g u la r ly w ith c o m p a n y o f f i c e r s and top le v e l m a n a g e m e n t o f f i c i a l s and c o n f e r s o r n e g o tia te s r e g u la r ly w ith s e n io r a tto r n e y s and o f f ic ia l s in o th e r c o m p a n ie s o r in G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s on v a r io u s a s p e c t s o f h is a s s ig n e d w ork . (R e c e iv e s little o r no p r e lim in a r y in s t r u c t io n on le g a l p r o b le m s and a m in im u m o f t e c h n ic a l le g a l s u p e r v is io n . M ay a s s ig n and r e v ie w w o r k o f a few a t t o r n e y s , but th is is not a p r im a r y r e s p o n s ib ili t y .) R -4 . C a r r ie s out a s s ig n m e n ts w h ich e n ta il in d e p e n d e n tly p la n n in g in v e s tig a tio n s and n e g o tia tio n s on le g a l p r o b le m s o f the h ig h e st im p o r t a n c e to h is o r g a n iz a tio n and d e v e lo p in g c o m p le t e d b r i e f s , o p in io n s , c o n t r a c t s , o r o th e r le g a l p r o d u c t s . T o c a r r y out h is a s s ig n m e n ts he r e p r e s e n t s h is o r g a n iz a tio n at c o n f e r e n c e s , h e a r in g s , o r t r ia ls ; and p e r s o n a lly c o n f e r s and n e g o tia te s w ith top a tto r n e y s and top ran k in g o f f ic ia l s in p r iv a te c o m p a n ie s o r in G o v e rn m e n t a g e n c ie s . On v a r io u s a s p e c t s o f h is a s s ig n e d w o r k m a y g iv e a d v ic e d ir e c t ly and p e r s o n a lly to c o r p o r a t io n o f f i c e r s and to p le v e l m a n a g e r s , o r m a y w o r k th ro u g h the g e n e r a l c o u n s e l o f the c o m p a n y in a d v is in g o f f i c e r s . (G e n e r a lly r e c e i v e s n o p r e lim in a r y in s t r u c t io n on le g a l p r o b le m s . On m a tte r s r e q u ir in g the c o n c e n t r a t e d e ffo r t s o f s e v e r a l a tto r n e y s o r o th e r s p e c ia lis t s is r e s p o n s ib le fo r d ir e c t in g , c o o r d in a tin g , and r e v ie w in g the w o r k o f the a tto r n e y s in v o lv e d .) OR A s a p r im a r y r e s p o n s ib ili t y , d ir e c t s the w o r k o f a s t a ff o f a t t o r n e y s , o n e , but u s u a lly m o r e , o f w h om r e g u la r ly p e r f o r m D -3 le g a l w o r k . W ith r e s p e c t to the w o r k d ir e c t e d , g iv e s a d v ic e d ir e c t ly to c o r p o r a t io n o f f i c e r s and to p m a n a g e r ia l o f f i c e r s , o r m a y g iv e su ch a d v ic e th ro u g h 59 A T T O RN E Y— C on tin u ed the g e n e r a l c o u n s e l. ( R e c e iv e s g u id a n ce v is io n o r a s s is t a n c e e x c e p t w hen he m ig h t a p p r o a c h to the m o s t d iffic u lt , n o v e l, o r U s u a lly r e p o r t s to the g e n e r a l c o u n s e l o r as to o r g a n iz a tio n p o l i c y but no t e c h n ic a l s u p e r r e q u e s t a d v ic e fr o m , o r b e b r ie f e d on , the o v e r a ll im p o rta n t le g a l q u e s tio n s b y the g e n e r a l c o u n s e l. h is d e p u ty .) O F F IC E S E R V IC E S M ANAGER, O F F IC E S E R V IC E S R e s p o n s ib le fo r p la n n in g, d ir e c t in g , and c o n t r o llin g o f o f f i c e s e r v i c e s , s u b je c t o n ly to the m o s t g e n e r a l p o l i c y s u p e r v is io n . P la y s an a c tiv e r o le in a n ticip a tin g and p la n n in g to m e e t o f f ic e s e r v i c e s n e e d s o f the o p e r a tin g o r g a n iz a tio n s e r v e d . S u p e r v is e s a g r o u p o f e m p lo y e e s e n g a g ed in p r o v id in g o f f i c e s e r v i c e s o f a s u p p o rtin g o r " h o u s e k e e p in g " n a tu re to the p r im a r y o p e r a t io n o f a c o m p a n y , an e s t a b lis h m e n t , o r an o r g a n iz a tio n a l unit o f a c o m p a n y o r e s t a b lis h m e n t . (M a y p e r s o n a lly p e r f o r m s o m e o f the fu n c t io n s .) O ffic e s e r v i c e s in clu d e : (a) R e c e ip t , d is tr ib u tio n , and d is p a t c h o f m a il. (b) M a in te n a n ce o f c e n t r a l f i l e s . (c ) P r in tin g o r d u p lic a tio n and d is tr ib u tio n o f f o r m s , p u b lic a tio n s , e t c . (M a y be lim it e d to o r d e r in g the p r in tin g o r d u p lic a tio n o f it e m s . D o e s n ot n e c e s s a r i l y h ave c h a r g e o f a p r in ts h o p o r d u p lic a tio n f a c i l i t i e s , e s p e c ia lly in la r g e o p e r a t io n s , but c o o r d in a te s the flo w to and fr o m the r e p r o d u c t io n u n it s .) (d) P u r c h a s in g o f f ic e s u p p lie s and eq u ip m en t. (M a k es d ir e c t p u r c h a s e s o f r u n - o f t h e - m i l l o f f i c e s u p p lie s . M ay b e r e s p o n s ib le f o r d ir e c t p u r c h a s e o f o th e r it e m s fr o m o u ts id e s u p p lie r s o r m a y r e q u is it io n th r o u g h e s ta b lis h m e n t p u r c h a s in g d e p a r t m e n t s .) (e) R e c o r d s c o n t r o l and d is p o s a l. (f) C o m m u n ic a tio n s (te le p h o n e s w it c h b o a r d a n d /o r te le ty p e s e r v i c e ) . (g) T y p in g o r s te n o g r a p h ic p o o l. (h) O ffic e e q u ip m en t m a in te n a n ce and r e p a ir . (M a y h ave d ir e c t s u p e r v is io n o f m a in te n a n c e and r e p a ir p e r s o n n e l o r m a y c o o r d in a t e the o r d e r in g o f s u c h s e r v i c e s fr o m o u ts id e s e r v i c e s u p p lie r s o r f r o m a c e n t r a l s e r v i c e unit w ith in the e s t a b lis h m e n t .) (i) S p a c e c o n t r o l o v e r o f f i c e f a c i l i t i e s — la you t and a r r a n g e m e n t o f o f f i c e s . ( T y p i c a lly s e r v e s as a s t a ff a s s is ta n t to m a n a g e m e n t o f f i c i a l s in p e r fo r m in g th is fu n c t io n .) M an ager, O ffic e S e r v ic e s I S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in p e r fo r m in g a fe w ( e . g. , fo u r o r fiv e ) o f th e a b o v e fu n c tio n s as a s e r v i c e to a s m a ll o r g a n iz a tio n (e . g . , 300 to 600 e m p lo y e e s , e x clu d in g n o n s u p e r v is o r y p la n t w o r k e r s ) . M an ag er, O ffic e S e r v ic e s II A. S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s e n g a g ed in p e r fo r m in g a few (e . g . , fo u r o r fiv e ) o f the a b o v e fu n c tio n s a s a s e r v i c e to a m o d e r a t e ly la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n (e . g. , 600 to 1 ,5 0 0 e m p lo y e e s , e x c lu d in g n o n s u p e r v is o r y plant w o r k e r s ). OR B. S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s en g a g ed in p e r fo r m in g m o s t (e . g. , s e v e n o r eight) o f the a b o v e fu n c tio n s as a s e r v i c e to a s m a ll o r g a n iz a tio n ( e . g . , 300 to 600 e m p lo y e e s , .ex clu d in g n d n s u p e r v is o r y pla n t w o r k e r s ) . 60 M A N A G E R , O F F IC E S E R V IC E S — C on tin u ed M a n a g e r, O ffic e S e r v ic e s III A. S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s en g a g ed in p e r fo r m in g a few (e . g. , fo u r o r fiv e ) o f the fu n ctio n s as a s e r v i c e to a la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n ( e . g . , 1 ,5 0 0 to 3 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s , e x clu d in g n o n s u p e r v is o r y plant w o r k e r s ) . OR B. S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in p e r fo r m in g m o s t ( e . g . , seven or eight) o f the a b o v e fu n ctio n s as a s e r v i c e to a m o d e r a t e ly la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n ( e . g . , 600 to 1 ,5 0 0 e m p lo y e e s , e x clu d in g n o n s u p e r v is o r y plant w o r k e r s ) . M a n a g e r, O ffic e S e r v ic e s IV S u p e r v is e s a s t a ff o f e m p lo y e e s en g a g ed in p e r fo r m in g m o s t ( e . g . , s e v e n o r eight) o f the a b o v e fu n ctio n s as a s e r v i c e to a la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n ( e . g . , 1 ,5 0 0 to 3 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s , e x clu d in g n o n s u p e r v is o r y plant w o r k e r s ) . BUYERS BU YER P u r c h a s e s m a t e r ia ls , s u p p lie s , eq u ip m en t, and s e r v i c e s ( e . g . , u t ilit ie s , m a in te n a n ce , and r e p a ir ). In s o m e in s ta n c e s ite m s a r e o f ty p e s that m u st b e s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d , p r o d u c e d , o r m o d ifie d b y the v e n d o r in a c c o r d a n c e w ith d r a w in g s o r e n g in e e r in g s p e c if i c a t io n s . S o lic it s b id s , a n a ly z e s q u ota tion s r e c e iv e d , and s e l e c t s o r r e c o m m e n d s s u p p lie r . M ay in te r v ie w p r o s p e c t iv e v e n d o r s . P u r c h a s e s it e m s and s e r v i c e s at the m o s t fa v o r a b le p r ic e c o n s is t e n t w ith q u a lity , q u an tity, s p e c ific a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s , and o th e r f a c t o r s . P r e p a r e s o r s u p e r v is e s p r e p a r a t io n o f p u r c h a s e o r d e r s fr o m r e q u is it io n s . M a y e x p e d ite d e li v e r y and v is it v e n d o r s ' o f f i c e s and p la n ts. N o r m a lly , p u r c h a s e s a r e u n r e v ie w e d w hen th e y a r e c o n s is t e n t w ith p a st e x p e r i e n c e , and a r e in c o n fo r m a n c e w ith e s t a b lis h e d r u le s and p o l i c i e s . P r o p o s e d p u r c h a s e tr a n s a c t io n s that d e v ia te fr o m the u su a l o r fr o m p a st e x p e r ie n c e in t e r m s o f p r i c e s , q u a lity o f it e m s , q u a n titie s , e t c . , o r that m a y set p r e c e d e n t s f o r fu tu re p u r c h a s e s , a r e r e v ie w e d b y h ig h e r a u th o rity p r io r to fin a l a c tio n . In a d d itio n to the w o r k d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , s o m e (but n ot a ll) b u y e r s d ir e c t the w o r k o f on e o r a few c le r k s w ho p e r f o r m ro u tin e a s p e c t s o f the w o r k . A s a s e c o n d a r y and s u b s id ia r y du ty, s o m e b u y e r s m a y a ls o s e l l o r d is p o s e o f s u r p lu s , s a lv a g e , o r u s e d m a t e r ia l s , eq u ip m en t, o r s u p p lie s . NOTE: S om e b u y e r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le fo r the p u r c h a s in g o f a v a r ie t y o f it e m s and m a t e r ia ls . W hen the v a r ie t y in c lu d e s ite m s and w o r k d e s c r ib e d at m o r e than on e o f the fo llo w in g le v e ls , the p o s it io n sh ou ld be c o n s id e r e d to eq u a l the h ig h e s t le v e l that c h a r a c t e r iz e s at le a s t a su b s ta n tia l p o r tio n o f the b u y e r 's t im e . E x clu d e d a r e : (a) B u y e r s o f ite m s fo r d ir e c t s a le , e it h e r w h o le s a le o r r e t a il; (b) B r o k e r s and d e a le r s b u y in g fo r c lie n t s o r f o r in v e s tm e n t p u r p o s e s ; (c ) P o s it io n s that s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u ir e p r o f e s s io n a l e d u ca tio n and q u a lific a t io n s in a p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e o r in e n g in e e r in g ( e . g . , c h e m is t , m e c h a n ic a l e n g in e e r ); 61 B U Y E R — C on tin u ed (d) B u y e r s w ho s p e c ia liz e in p u r c h a s in g a s in g le o r a few r e la t e d it e m s o f h ig h ly v a r ia b le q u a lity su c h as ra w c o tto n o r w o o l, t o b a c c o , c a t t le , o r le a th e r f o r s h o e u p p e r s , etc. E x p e r t p e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e o f the ite m is r e q u ir e d to ju d g e th e r e la t iv e v a lu e o f the g o o d s o f f e r e d , and to d e c id e the qu an tity , q u a lity , and p r i c e o f e a c h p u r c h a s e in t e r m s o f its p r o b a b le e ffe c t on the o r g a n iz a t io n 's p r o fit and c o m p e t it iv e sta tu s; (e) B u y e r s w h o s e p r in c ip a l r e s p o n s ib ili t y is the s u p e r v is io n o f o th e r b u y e r s o r the m a n a g e m e n t, d ir e c t io n , o r s u p e r v is io n o f a p u r c h a s in g p r o g r a m ; (f) P e r s o n s p r e d o m in a n t ly c o n c e r n e d w ith c o n t r a c t o r s u b c o n tr a c t a d m in is t r a tio n ; (g) P e r s o n s w h o s e m a jo r d u ties c o n s is t o f o r d e r in g , r e o r d e r in g , o r r e q u is itio n in g it e m s u n d er e x is t in g c o n t r a c t s ; and (h) P o s it io n s r e s t r i c t e d to the c l e r i c a l fu n ctio n s o r to p u r c h a s e e x p e d itin g w o r k . B uyer I p li e s , P u r c h a s e s " o f f - t h e - s h e l f " ty p e s o f r e a d ily a v a ila b le , c o m m o n ly u s e d m a t e r ia ls , s u p t o o l s , fu r n itu r e , s e r v i c e s , e t c . T r a n s a c t io n s u s u a lly in v o lv e lo c a l t u r e r s 1 s a le s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s . r e ta ile r s , w h o le s a le rs , jo b b e r s , and m a n u fa c Q u a n tities p u r c h a s e d a r e g e n e r a lly s m a ll a m o u n ts , e . g . , th o s e a v a ila b le fr o m lo c a l sou rces. E x a m p le s o f ite m s p u r c h a s e d in clu d e : C o m m o n s t a t io n e r y and o f f i c e s u p p lie s ; s ta n d a r d ty p e s o f o f f i c e fu r n itu r e and fix t u r e s ; sta n d a rd n u ts, b o l t s , s c r e w s ; ja n i t o r ia l and c o m m o n b u ild in g m a in te n a n ce s u p p lie s ; and c o m m o n b u ild in g m a in te n a n ce o r c o m m o n u tility s e r v i c e s . B u y e r II P u rch a ses "o ff-t h e -s h e lf" m a t e r ia l s , and s e r v i c e s . jo b b e r s , T r a n s a c t io n s etc. u s u a lly ty p e s o f in v o lv e sta n d a rd , d e a lin g d ir e c t ly g e n e r a lly w ith a v a ila b le t e c h n ic a l m a n u fa c t u r e r s , Q u a n tities o f ite m s and m a t e r ia ls p u r c h a s e d m a y b e r e la t iv e l y la r g e , in the c a s e o f c o n t r a c t s fo r co n tin u in g su p p ly o v e r a p e r io d o f t im e . it e m s , d is t r ib u t o r s , p a r t ic u la r ly M ay b e r e s p o n s ib le fo r lo c a tin g o r p r o m o tin g p o s s ib le new s o u r c e s o f su p p ly . U s u a lly is e x p e c t e d to k e e p a b r e a s t o f m a r k e t t r e n d s , ch a n g e s in b u s in e s s p r a c t ic e s in the a s s ig n e d m a r k e t s , new o r a lt e r e d ty p e s o f m a t e r ia ls e n te r in g the m a r k e t , e t c . E x a m p le s o f ite m s p u r c h a s e d in clu d e : In d u s tr ia l ty p e s o f h a n d to o ls ; e le c t r o n i c tube and c o m p o n e n t te s t in s tr u m e n ts ; sta n d a rd e le c t r o n i c p a r ts and c o m p o n e n t s ; e l e c t r i c m o t o r s ; g a s o lin e s e r v i c e sta tio n eq u ip m en t; P B X o r o th e r s p e c ia liz e d te le p h o n e s e r v i c e s ; and r o u tin e p u r c h a s e s o f c o m m o n ra w m a t e r ia ls su ch as sta n d a rd g r a d e s and s i z e s o f s t e e l b a r s , r o d s , and a n g le s . A l s o in clu d e d at th is le v e l a r e b u y e r s o f m a t e r ia ls o f the ty p e s d e s c r ib e d fo r b u y e r I w hen the q u a n tities p u r c h a s e d a r e la r g e so that l o c a l s o u r c e s o f su p p ly a r e g e n e r a lly in ad eq u a te and the b u y e r m u st d e a l d ir e c t ly w ith m a n u fa c tu r e r s on a b r o a d e r than lo c a l s c a l e . B u y e r III P u r c h a s e s it e m s , m a t e r ia l s , o r s e r v i c e s o f a t e c h n ic a l and s p e c ia liz e d n a tu r e . T h e it e m s , w h ile o f a c o m m o n g e n e r a l ty p e , a r e u s u a lly m a d e , a lt e r e d , o r c u s t o m iz e d to m e e t the u s e r 's s p e c i f i c n e e d s and s p e c if i c a t io n s . 62 B U Y E R — C on tin u ed T r a n s a c t io n s u s u a lly r e q u ir e d e a lin g w ith m a n u fa c tu r e r s . T h e n u m b e r o f p o te n tia l v e n d o r s is lik e ly to b e s m a ll and p r i c e d iffe r e n t ia ls o fte n r e f le c t im p o rta n t f a c t o r s (q u a lity , d e li v e r y d a te s , and p la c e s , e t c . ) that a r e d iffic u lt to e v a lu a te . T h e q u a n tities p u r c h a s e d o f an y it e m o r s e r v i c e m a y b e la r g e . M an y o f the p u r c h a s e s in v o lv e on e o r m o r e o f that d e t a il, in t e c h n ic a l t e r m s , the r e q u ir e d p h y s ic a l, r a b le p r o p e r t ie s ; s p e c ia l te s tin g p r i o r to a c c e p t a n c e ; a w a rd s ; s p e c ia liz e d p r o c e s s i n g , p a c k in g , o r p a ck a g in g p o r t d iffe r e n t ia ls ; e t c . su ch c o m p lic a t io n s a s : S p e c ific a t io n s c h e m ic a l, e l e c t r i c a l , o r o th e r c o m p a g ro u p in g o f ite m s fo r lot b id d in g and r e q u ir e m e n t s ; e x p o r t p a c k s ; o v e r s e a s Is e x p e c t e d to k e e p a b r e a s t o f m a r k e t and p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n ts . to lo c a t e n ew s o u r c e s o f su p p ly . M ay b e r e q u ir e d S om e p o s it io n s m a y in v o lv e a s s is t in g in th e tr a in in g o r s u p e r v is in g o f lo w e r le v e l b u y ers o r c le r k s . E x a m p le s o f it e m s p u r c h a s e d in clu d e : C a s t in g s ; s p e c ia l e x tr u d e d sh a p es o f n o r m a l s i z e and m a t e r ia l; s p e c ia l fo r m u la p a in ts; e l e c t r i c m o t o r s o f s p e c ia l sh a p e o r s p e e d ; s p e c ia l p a ck a g in g o f it e m s ; and ra w m a t e r ia ls in s u b s ta n tia l q u a n titie s . B u y e r IV P u r c h a s e s h ig h ly c o m p le x and t e c h n ic a l it e m s , m a t e r ia l s , o r s e r v i c e s , u s u a lly th o s e s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d and m a n u fa c tu r e d e x c lu s i v e ly fo r the p u r c h a s e r . T r a n s a c t io n s r e q u ir e d e a lin g w ith m a n u fa c tu r e r s and o fte n in v o lv e p e r s u a d in g p o t e n t ia l v e n d o r s to u n d erta k e the m a n u fa c tu r in g o f c u s t o m d e s ig n e d ite m s a c c o r d in g to c o m p le x and r ig id s p e c ifi c a t io n s . Q u a n tities o f it e m s and m a t e r ia ls p u r c h a s e d a r e o fte n la r g e in o r d e r to s a t is fy the r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r an e n tir e la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n fo r an ex ten d ed p e r io d o f t im e . C o m p le x s c h e d u le s o f d e li v e r y a r e o fte n in v o lv e d . B u y e r d e t e r m in e s a p p r o p r ia te q u a n tities to b e c o n t r a c t e d f o r at any g iv e n p e r io d o f t im e . T r a n s a c t io n s a r e o fte n c o m p lic a t e d b y the p r e s e n c e o f one o r m o r e su ch m a tt e r s as in c lu s io n o f: R e q u ir e m e n t s fo r s p a r e p a r t s , p r e p r o d u c t io n s a m p le s and te s tin g , o r t e c h n ic a l lit e r a t u r e ; o r paten t and r o y a lt y p r o v i s io n s . K e e p s a b r e a s t o f m a r k e t and p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n ts . D e v e lo p s n ew s o u r c e s o f su p p ly . In a d d itio n to the w o r k d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , a few p o s it io n s m a y a ls o r e q u ir e s u p e r v is io n o v e r a fe w lo w e r le v e l b u y e r s o r c l e r k s . (N o p o s it io n is in clu d e d in th is le v e l s o l e ly b e c a u s e s u p e r v i s o r y d u ties a r e p e r f o r m e d .) E x a m p le s o f it e m s p u r c h a s e d in clu d e : S p e c ia l p u r p o s e h igh c o s t m a ch in e t o o ls and p r o d u c tio n f a c i l i t i e s ; raw m a t e r ia ls o f c r i t i c a l l y im p o rta n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r q u a lity ; p a r t s , s u b a s s e m b lie s , c o m p o n e n t s , e t c . , s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d and m a d e to o r d e r (e . g. , c o m m u n ic a tio n s eq u ip m en t fo r in s t a lla tio n in a i r c r a f t b e in g m a n u fa c tu r e d ; c o m p o n e n t a s s e m b li e s f o r m i s s i l e s and r o c k e t s ; and m o t o r v e h ic le fr a m e s ). B u y e r V 28 P u r c h a s e s ite m s o r m a t e r ia l s , e ith e r t e c h n ic a l o r n o n t e c h n ic a l, in su c h u n u su a lly la r g e q u a n tities that in d iv id u a l p u r c h a s e s c a n a ffe c t th e o v e r a ll m a r k e t p r ic e o f the c o m m o d ity . (N O T E : O n ly the v e r y la r g e s t o r g a n iz a t io n s , e . g . , th o s e e m p lo y in g m o r e than 1 0 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s , a r e a b le to bu y in the q u a n tities c o n te m p la te d in th is p a r a g r a p h . E v e n in the v e r y la r g e o r g a n iz a tio n s th is le v e l o f bu y in g is o fte n a b sen t and e v e n w hen p r e s e n t , is r e s t r i c t e d to a v e r y fe w b u y e r s o r is a s s ig n e d , n ot to a b u y e r but to s o m e h ig h e r ra n k in g o ffic ia l.) 28 Insufficient data were obtained for level V to warrant presentation o f average salaries. 63 B U Y E R — C on tin u ed A lt e r n a t iv e ly , m a y p u r c h a s e ite m s o f e x t r a o r d in a r y te c h n ic a l c o m p le x it y ( e . g . , m i s s i le g u id a n ce s y s t e m s ; ite m s that in v o lv e th e o u te r m o s t lim its o f the p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s o r e n g in e e r in g ) o r o f u n u su a lly h igh in d iv id u a l v a lu e ( e . g . , m u ltie n g in e je t a i r c r a f t ; la r g e c a p a c it y c o m p u t e r s ; and h igh c a p a c it y t u r b in e -g e n e r a t o r s ). U s u a lly is r e q u ir e d to id e n tify and c o n s id e r a ll p o s s ib le s o u r c e s o f su p p ly . T h e tr a n s a c t io n s a r e s o la r g e that th e y o fte n a ffe c t a c o n s id e r a b le p o r t io n o f the in d u s tr y o r tr a d e c o n c e r n e d , r e s u ltin g in c o m p le x s c h e d u lin g and d iffic u lt y in n e g o tia tin g m u tu a lly a c c e p t a b le a r r a n g e m e n t s . F r e q u e n t ly is r e q u ir e d to d e v e lo p n ew s o u r c e s o f su p p ly th ro u g h p e r s u a s io n o f m a n u fa c t u r e r s o r o th e r c o n c e r n s to expan d o r c o n v e r t p la n ts and f a c i l i t i e s . In a d d itio n to th e w o r k d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , a fe w p o s it io n s m a y a ls o r e q u ir e s u p e r v is io n o v e r a few lo w e r g r a d e b u y e r s o r c l e r k s . (N o p o s it io n is in clu d e d in th is l e v e l s o l e ly b e c a u s e s u p e r v i s o r y d u tie s a r e p e r f o r m e d .) PERSO N N EL M ANAGEM ENT JO B A N A L Y S T P e r f o r m s w o r k in v o lv e d in c o lle c t in g , a n a ly z in g , and d e v e lo p in g o c c u p a t io n a l data r e la t iv e to jo b s , jo b q u a lific a t io n s , and w o r k e r c h a r a c t e r is t ic s as a b a s is f o r c o m p e n s a tin g e m p lo y e e s in a f a i r , e q u ita b le , and u n ifo r m m a n n e r . P e r f o r m s su ch d u ties as stu d yin g and a n a ly zin g jo b s and p r e p a r in g d e s c r ip t io n s o f d u ties and r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s and o f the p h y s ic a l and m e n ta l r e q u ir e m e n t s n e e d e d b y w o r k e r s ; ev a lu a tin g jo b s and d e te r m in in g a p p r o p r ia te w a g e o r s a la r y le v e ls in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e ir d iffic u lt y and r e s p o n s ib ilit y ; in d e p e n d e n tly c o n d u ctin g o r p a r t ic ip a tin g w ith r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f o th e r c o m p a n ie s in c o n d u c tin g c o m p e n sa tio n s u r v e y s w ith in a lo c a li t y o r la b o r m a r k e t a r e a ; a s s is t in g in a d m in is t e r in g m e r it ra tin g p r o g r a m ; r e v ie w in g ch a n g e s in w a g e s and s a la r ie s in d ic a te d b y s u r v e y s and r e c o m m e n d in g c h a n g e s in p a y s c a l e s ; and au ditin g in d iv id u a l jo b s to c h e c k the p r o p r i e t y o f e v a lu a tio n s and to a p p ly c u r r e n t jo b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . J o b A n a ly s t I A s a tr a in e e , p e r fo r m s w ork in d e sig n a te d a r e a s and o f lim ite d o ccu p atio n al s c o p e . R e c e iv e s im m e d ia te s u p e r v is io n in a s s ig n m e n ts d e s ig n e d to p r o v id e tr a in in g in the a p p lic a t io n o f e s t a b lis h e d m eth od s and te c h n iq u e s o f jo b a n a ly s is . Stud ies the le a s t d iffic u lt jo b s and p r e p a r e s r e p o r t s f o r r e v ie w b y a jo b a n a ly s t o f h ig h e r le v e l. J o b A n a ly s t II S tu d ie s, d e s c r i b e s , and ev a lu a te s jo b s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith e s t a b lis h e d p r o c e d u r e s . Is u s u a lly a s s ig n e d to the s im p le r k in d s o f b oth w a g e and s a la r ie d jo b s in the e s t a b lis h m e n t . W o rk s in d e p e n d e n tly on su ch a s s ig n m e n ts but is lim ite d b y in s t r u c t io n s o f h is s u p e r io r and b y d e fin e d a r e a o f a s s ig n m e n t. J o b A n a ly s t III A n a ly z e s and e v a lu a te s a v a r ie t y o f w ag e and s a la r ie d jo b s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith e s t a b lis h e d e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m s and p r o c e d u r e s . M ay co n d u c t w a g e s u r v e y s w ith in th e lo c a li t y o r p a r t ic ip a te in c o n d u c tin g s u r v e y s o f b r o a d c o m p e n s a tio n a r e a s . M a y a s s i s t in d e v e lo p in g s u r v e y m e th o d s and p la n s . R e c e iv e s g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n but r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r fin a l a c tio n is lim ite d . 64 JO B A N A L Y S T ---- C on tin u ed J ob A n a ly s t IV A n a ly z e s and e v a lu a te s a v a r ie t y o f jo b s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith e s t a b lis h e d e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m s and p r o c e d u r e s , and is g iv e n a s s ig n m e n t w h ich r e g u la r ly in c lu d e s r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r the m o r e d iffic u lt k in ds o f j o b s . ( " M o r e d iffic u lt " m e a n s jo b s w h ich c o n s is t o f h a r d - t o u n d ersta n d w o r k p r o c e s s e s ; e . g . , p r o f e s s io n a l, s c ie n t if i c , a d m in is t r a t iv e , o r te c h n ic a l; o r jo b s in new or e m e r g in g o c c u p a t io n a l fie ld s ; or_ jo b s w h ich a r e b e in g e s t a b lis h e d as p a rt o f the c r e a t io n o f new o r g a n iz a tio n s ; o r w h e r e oth er s p e c ia l c o n s id e r a t io n s of th e s e ty p e s a p p ly .) R e c e iv e s g e n e r a l s u p e r v is io n , but r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r fin a l a c tio n is lim ite d . M ay p a r t ic ip a te in the d e v e lo p m e n t and in s t a lla tio n o f e v a lu a tio n or c o m p e n s a tio n s y s t e m s , w h ich m a y in clu d e th o se fo r m e r it ra tin g p r o g r a m s . M a y p la n s u r v e y m e th o d s and co n d u ct or d ir e c t w a g e s u r v e y s w ith in a b r o a d c o m p e n s a tio n a r e a . D IR E C T O R O F P E R S O N N E L *1 3 D ir e c t s a p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m fo r a c o m p a n y o r fo r a plant or e s t a b lis h m e n t o f a c o m p a n y . F o r a jo b to be c o v e r e d b y th is d e fin it io n , the p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m en t p r o g r a m m u st in clu d e r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r a ll th r e e o f the fo llo w in g fu n c tio n s : (1) A d m in is t e r in g a fo r m a l jo b e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m ; i . e . , a s y s t e m in w h ich th e r e a r e e s t a b lis h e d p r o c e d u r e s b y w h ich jo b s a r e a n a ly z e d and e v a lu a te d on the b a s is o f th e ir d u tie s , r e s p o n s ib ili t ie s , and q u a lific a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s in o r d e r to p r o v id e a fo u n d a tio n f o r eq u ita b le c o m p e n s a tio n . T y p ic a lly , su ch a s y s t e m in c lu d e s the u s e o f one or m o r e s e ts o f jo b e v a lu a tio n fa c t o r s and the p r e p a r a t io n o f fo r m a l jo b d e s c r ip t i o n s . It m a y a ls o in clu d e su ch r e la t e d fu n c tio n s as w ag e and s a la r y s u r v e y s o r m e r it r a tin g s y s t e m a d m in is t r a tio n . The jo b e v a lu a tio n s y s t e m (s ) d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y c o v e r a ll jo b s in the o r g a n iz a tio n , but d o e s c o v e r a s u b s ta n tia l p o r t io n o f the o r g a n iz a tio n . (Z) E m p lo y m e n t and p la c e m e n t fu n c tio n s ; i . e . , r e c r u it in g a c t iv e ly fo r at le a s t s o m e kin d s o f w o r k e r s th rou g h a v a r ie t y o f s o u r c e s ( e . g . , s c h o o ls o r c o l l e g e s , e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s , p r o f e s s io n a l s o c i e t i e s , e t c .) ; ev a lu a tin g a p p lic a n ts a g a in s t dem an d s o f p a r t i c u la r jo b s b y u s e o f su ch te c h n iq u e s as jo b a n a ly s is to d e t e r m in e r e q u ir e m e n t s , in t e r v ie w s , w r it te n t e s ts o f a p titu d e, k n o w le d g e , o r s k ill, r e f e r e n c e c h e c k s , e x p e r ie n c e e v a lu a t io n s , e t c .; r e c o m m e n d in g s e le c t io n s and jo b p la c e m e n t s to m a n a g e m e n t, e t c . (3) E m p lo y e e r e la t io n s and s e r v i c e s fu n c tio n s ; i . e . , fu n c tio n s d e s ig n e d to m a in ta in e m p lo y e e s ' m o r a le and p r o d u c t iv it y at a h igh le v e l (fo r e x a m p le , a d m in is t e r in g a fo r m a l o r in fo r m a l g r ie v a n c e p r o c e d u r e ; id e n tify in g and r e c o m m e n d in g s o lu tio n s fo r p e r s o n n e l p r o b le m s su ch as a b s e n t e e is m , h igh tu r n o v e r , lo w p r o d u c t iv it y , e t c .; a d m in is t r a tio n o f b e n e fic ia l s u g g e s tio n s s y s t e m , r e t ir e m e n t , p e n s io n , o r in s u r a n c e p la n s , m e r it r a tin g s y s t e m , e t c .; o v e r s e e in g c a fe t e r ia o p e r a t io n s , r e c r e a t io n a l p r o g r a m s , in d u s tr ia l h ea lth o r s a fe ty p r o g r a m s , e t c .). E m p lo y e e tr a in in g and d e v e lo p m e n t fu n c tio n s m a y o r m a y not b e p a rt o f the p e r so n n e l m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m fo r p u r p o s e s o f m a tc h in g th is d e fin itio n . L a b o r r e la t io n a c t i v it ie s , if an y, a r e c o n fin e d m a in ly to the a d m in is t r a tio n , in t e r p r e ta tio n , and a p p lic a t io n o f la b o r u n ion c o n t r a c t s and a r e e s s e n t ia lly s im ila r to th o s e d e s c r ib e d u n der (3) a b o v e . If r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r a c tu a l c o n t r a c t n e g o tia tio n w ith la b o r u n ion s as the p r in c ip a l c o m p a n y r e p r e s e n t a t iv e is c o n s id e r e d a s ig n ific a n t one in the jo b , i . e . , the one w h ich s e r v e s as the p r im a r y b a s is fo r q u a lific a t io n r e q u ir e m e n t s and c o m p e n s a tio n , the jo b is e x c lu d e d f r o m b e in g m a tc h e d w ith th is d e fin itio n . P a r t ic ip a t io n in b a rg a in in g o f a l e s s s ig n ific a n t n a tu r e , e . g . , to n e g o tia te d e t a ile d s e ttle m e n t o f su ch m a tt e r s as s p e c i f i c r a t e s , jo b c la s s i f i c a t i o n s , w o r k r u le s , h ir in g o r la y o ff p r o c e d u r e s , e t c . , w ith in the b r o a d t e r m s o f a g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d at h ig h e r l e v e l s , o r to su p p ly a d v ic e and in fo r m a t io n on t e c h n ic a l p oin ts to the c o m p a n y 's p r in c ip a l r e p r e s e n t a t iv e , w ill not h ave the e ffe c t o f e x c lu d in g the jo b f r o m c o v e r a g e . 65 D IR E C T O R O F P E R S O N N E L — C on tin u ed T h e d ir e c t o r o f p e r s o n n e l not o n ly d ir e c t s a p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m o f the in te n sity and s c o p e o u tlin e d p r e v i o u s ly , but (to b e a p r o p e r m a tch ) he is r e c o g n i z e d b y the top m a n a g e m e n t o f f i c i a l s o f the o r g a n iz a tio n he s e r v e s as the s o u r c e o f a d v ic e and a s s is t a n c e on p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t m a tt e r s and p r o b le m s g e n e r a lly . F o r e x a m p le , he is t y p ic a lly c o n s u lte d on the p e r s o n n e l im p lic a t io n s o f p la n n ed ch a n g e s in m a n a g e m e n t p o li c y o r p r o g r a m , the e ffe c t s on the o r g a n iz a tio n o f e c o n o m ic o r m a r k e t t r e n d s , p r o d u c t o r p r o d u c tio n m eth od c h a n g e s , e t c . ; he r e p r e s e n t s m a n a g e m e n t in e x te r n a l c o n t a c ts w ith o th e r c o m p a n ie s , tr a d e a s s o c ia t io n s , g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s , e t c . , w hen the p r im a r y s u b je c t m a tte r o f the c o n ta ct is on p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t m a t t e r s . T y p ic a lly , the d i r e c t o r o f p e r s o n n e l r e p o r t s to a c o m p a n y o f f i c e r o r a h igh m a n a g e m en t o f f i c i a l w ho h as r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r the o p e r a t io n o f a plant o r e s t a b lis h m e n t o f a c o m pany; o r , at c o m p a n y h e a d q u a r te r s le v e l, he m a y r e p o r t to a c o m p a n y o f f i c e r in c h a r g e o f in d u s tr ia l r e la t io n s and p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t a c t iv it ie s o r a s i m il a r o f f i c i a l . D ir e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l jo b s w h ich m e e t the a b o v e d e fin itio n a r e c l a s s i f i e d b y le v e l 29 o f w o r k in a c c o r d a n c e w ith the fo llo w in g ta b u la tion : Personnel program operations level 1 Number o f em ployees in work force serviced 250-750------------------------------------------------------------1 .0 0 0 - 5 ,0 0 0 --------------------------------------------------6 .0 0 0 - 12,000------------------------------------------------1 5 .0 0 0 - 2 5,000----------------------------------------------- Organization serviced— type A 3 I II III IV Organization serviced— type B 4 II III IV V Personnel program developm ent le v e l2 Organization serviced— type A 3 II III IV V Organization serviced— type B 4 III IV V - Personnel program operations le v e l— director of personnel servicing an organizational segment (e . g . , a plant) of a com pany, where the basic personnel program policies, plans, objectives, e t c . , are established at company head quarters or at some other higher level between the plant and the com pany headquarters level. The personnel di rector's responsibility is to put these into operation at the lo ca l level, in such a manner as to most e ffectively serve the loca l management needs. 2 Personnel program developm ent le v e l— director of personnel servicing an entire company (with or without subordinate establishments) where the personnel director plays an important role in establishment o f basic personnel p olicies, plans, objectives, etc. , for the com pany, subject to policy direction and control from company officers. There may be instances in which there is such relatively com plete delegation o f personnel program planning and developm ent responsibility below the com pany level to an intermediate organization, e .g . , a subsidiary or a division, that a job of personnel director for such an organization should be matched as though it were a com pany level job. Organization serviced— type A — jobs serviced are (alm ost exclusively) types which are com m on in the labor market generally, and consist of relatively easy-to-understand work processes, or for similar reasons do not present particularly difficult recruitment, job evaluation, or training problems. Work force, organizational structure, and other organizational characteristics are relatively stable. Organization serviced— type B—jobs serviced include a substantial number o f types which are largely peculiar to the organization serviced, consist of hard-to-understand work processes (e. g . , professional, scientific, administra tive, or technical), are jobs in new or emerging occupational fields, are in extrem ely short supply, have hard-tomatch skill requirements, or for similar reasons present difficult recruitment, jo b evaluation, or training problems. Work force, organizational structure, or other organizational characteristics are com plicated, unstable, subject to wide seasonal fluctuations, etc. NOTE: There are gaps between different degrees o f all three elements used to determine job level matches. These gaps have been provided purposely to allow room for judgment in getting the best overall job level match for each job . Thus, a job which services a work force o f 850 em ployees should be matched with level II if it is a personnel program operations level job where the nature o f the organization serviced seems to fall slightly below the definition for the type B degree. However, the same job should be matched with level I if the nature o f the organi zation serviced clearly falls well within the definition for the type A degree. 29 Ibid. 66 CH E M ISTS AND E N G IN EER S CH E M IST P e r f o r m s r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, in t e r p r e t iv e , and a n a ly t ic a l w o r k to d e t e r m in e the c o m p o s it io n , m o le c u la r s t r u c t u r e , and p r o p e r t ie s o f s u b s ta n c e s , to d e v e lo p o r in v e s tig a te new m a t e r ia ls and p r o c e s s e s , and to in v e s tig a te the t r a n s fo r m a t io n w h ich s u b s ta n c e s u n d e r g o . W o r k t y p ic a lly r e q u ir e s a B .S . d e g r e e in c h e m is t r y o r e q u iv a le n t in e d u ca tio n and e x p e r ie n c e c o m b in e d . C h e m is t I G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A s the b eg in n in g le v e l o f p r o f e s s io n a l w o r k in c h e m is t r y , a b a c h e l o r ’ s d e g r e e w ith m a jo r stu d y in c h e m is t r y , o r eq u iv a le n t is r e q u ir e d . T y p ic a lly r e c e iv e s fo r m a l c l a s s r o o m o r o n - t h e - jo b tr a in in g . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . P e r f o r m s w o r k u n d er c l o s e s u p e r v is io n w ith s p e c if i c and d e ta ile d in s t r u c t io n s as to r e q u ir e d ta sk s and r e s u lts e x p e c t e d . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A s s ig n m e n ts a r e p la n n ed to p r o v id e e x p e r ie n c e in the a p p lic a t io n o f c o m m o n la b o r a t o r y te c h n iq u e s and fa m ilia r iz a t io n w ith m e th o d s and p r a c t ic e s in the la b o r a t o r y . P e r f o r m s a v a r ie t y o f rou tin e a n a ly s e s , t e s t s , and o p e r a t io n s , and a s s i s t s e x p e r ie n c e d c h e m is t s b y c a r r y in g out d e ta ile d ste p s o f e x p e r im e n t s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . N on e. C h e m is t II G en era l c h a r a c t e r is tic s . A t th is con tin u in g d e v e lo p m e n ta l le v e l f o r p r o f e s s io n a l c h e m is t s , w o r k is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s e l e c t io n and a p p lic a t io n o f g e n e r a l and s p e c ia liz e d m e t h o d s , t e c h n iq u e s , and in s tru m e n ts c o m m o n ly u s e d in the la b o r a t o r y . M ay r e c e i v e a d v a n c e d o n - t h e - jo b tr a in in g o r fo r m a l c l a s s r o o m in s t r u c t io n . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . S u p e r v is o r s e s t a b lis h th e n a tu re and ex ten t o f a n a ly s is r e q u ir e d , s p e c ify m e th o d s and c r i t e r i a on new ty p e s o f a s s ig n m e n ts , and r e v ie w w o r k fo r th o r o u g h n e s s o f a p p lic a t io n o f m e th o d s and a c c u r a c y o f r e s u lt s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A n a ly z e s a w id e v a r ie t y o f s a m p le s fo r w h ich th e r e a r e sta n d a r d o r e s t a b lis h e d m e th o d s o f a n a ly s is o r fo r w h ich the a d a p ta tion o f sta n d a rd m e th o d s is o b v io u s o r d e t e r m in e d b y o t h e r s . C on d u cts s p e c ifie d p h a s e s o f r e s e a r c h p r o je c t s as an a s s is ta n t to an e x p e r ie n c e d c h e m is t . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . M ay s u p e r v is e a few te c h n ic ia n s o r a id s . C h e m is t III G en eral c h a r a c te r is tic s . P e r f o r m s w o r k r e q u ir in g a p p lic a t io n o f k n o w le d g e o f a s p e c ia liz e d fie ld o f c h e m is t r y and in g e n u ity in the in d ep en d en t e v a lu a tio n , s e l e c t io n , and a d a p ta tion o f sta n d a rd m e th o d s and t e c h n iq u e s . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . On ro u tin e w o r k , s u p e r v is io n is v e r y g e n e r a l; u n u su al p r o b le m s a r e r e s o lv e d w ith c l o s e c o lla b o r a t io n o f s u p e r v i s o r . C o m p le te d w o r k is r e v ie w e d fo r a p p li c a tio n o f sou n d ju d g m e n t in c h o ic e o f m e th o d s and a d e q u a c y o f r e s u lt s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . D e v e lo p s d e ta ils o f r e s e a r c h and d e v e lo p m e n t a s s ig n m e n ts in a c c o r d a n c e w ith a lin e o f a p p r o a c h s u g g e s te d b y the s u p e r v is o r and ad apts m e th o d s to the s p e c i f i c r e q u ir e m e n t s o f a s s ig n m e n t s . A n a ly z e s s a m p le s that r e q u ir e s p e c i a l iz e d tr a in in g b e c a u s e sta n d a rd m e th o d s a r e u n a p p lic a b le , b e c a u s e o f r e q u ir e d in t e r p r e t iv e ju d g m en t o f q u a lity o f s u b s ta n c e s , o r b e c a u s e o f r e q u ir e d s p e c ia liz e d s k ill in ad aptin g t e c h n iq u es su ch as m i c r o a n a ly s i s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . M ay s u p e r v is e a few te c h n ic ia n s o r a id s . 67 C H E M IS T — C on tin u ed C h e m is t IV G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . P la n s and c o n d u c ts w o r k in c h e m is t r y r e q u ir in g m a s t e r y o f s p e c ia liz e d te c h n iq u e s o r c o n s id e r a b le in g e n u ity in s e le c t in g and ev a lu a tin g a p p r o a c h e s to u n fo r e s e e n o r n o v e l p r o b le m s . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . G e n e r a lly w o r k s in d e p e n d e n tly o f t e c h n ic a l s u p e r v is io n but r e f e r s p r o p o s e d p la n s and u n u su a lly im p o rta n t o r c o m p le x p r o b le m s to s u p e r v i s o r f o r g u id a n ce . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . C on d u cts r e s e a r c h a s s ig n m e n ts r e q u ir in g the e v a lu a tio n o f a lte r n a te m e th o d s o f a p p r o a c h . U n d erta k es the m o r e c o m p le x , and e x a c tin g , o r e s o t e r i c a n a ly t ic a l a s s ig n m e n ts r e q u ir in g a s p e c ia lis t in te c h n iq u e o r p r o d u c t . P r e p a r e s in t e r p r e t iv e r e p o r t s o f r e s u lt s and m a y p r o v id e t e c h n ic a l a d v ic e on s i g n ific a n c e o f r e s u lt s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . and t e c h n ic ia n s . M ay s u p e r v is e a s m a ll s t a ff o f c h e m is t s C h e m is t V G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . P a r t ic ip a t e s in p la n n in g r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s on the b a s is o f s p e c ia liz e d k n o w le d g e o f p r o b le m s and m e th o d s and p r o b a b le v a lu e o f r e s u lt s . M ay s e r v e as an e x p e r t in a n a r r o w s p e c ia lt y m a k in g r e c o m m e n d a tio n s and c o n c lu s io n s w h ich s e r v e as the b a s is fo r u n d erta k in g o r r e je c t in g im p o rta n t p r o je c t s . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . U s u a lly d is c u s s e s im p o rta n t d e v e lo p m e n ts w ith s u p e r v i s o r . S u p e r v is io n r e c e iv e d r e la t e s la r g e ly to w o r k o b je c t iv e s and a d m in is t r a tiv e a s p e c t s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . F r o m b r o a d p r o g r a m o b j e c t iv e s , p la n s , o r g a n iz e s , and s u p e r v is e s o r c o n d u c ts r e s e a r c h in v e s tig a tio n s w ith r e s p o n s ib ili t y f o r d e fin in g p r o je c t s and s c o p e and in d e p e n d e n tly s e le c t in g lin e s o f a p p r o a c h . s c ie n t ifi c A s in d iv id u a l w o r k e r , c a r r i e s out r e s e a r c h p r o je c t r e q u ir in g te c h n iq u e s and m a tu re b a c k g r o u n d o f k n o w le d g e o f r e la t e d o r ig in a tio n o f new fie ld s o f s c ie n c e . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . M ay s u p e r v is e a s m a ll g r o u p o f c h e m is t s e n g a g e d in v a r ie d r e s e a r c h p r o je c t s o r a la r g e r g ro u p on ro u tin e a n a ly t ic a l w o r k . C h e m is t V I G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . P e r f o r m s w o r k r e q u ir in g le a d e r s h ip and e x p e r t k n o w le d g e in a s p e c ia liz e d fie ld o f c h e m is t r y . C o n c e iv e s , p la n s , and d ir e c t s p r o je c t s o f a p io n e e r in g n a tu re to c r e a t e n ew m e th o d s and te c h n iq u e s o r to r e s o lv e p r o b le m s w h ich h av e p r o v e d u n u s u a lly r e f r a c t o r y . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . S u p e r v is io n r e c e i v e d is e s s e n t ia lly a d m in is t r a tiv e w ith a s s i g n m en ts b r o a d ly in d ic a te d in t e r m s o f o b j e c t iv e s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . D e te r m in e s the k in d s o f p r o je c t s and data n e e d e d to m e e t o b je c t iv e s o f p r o g r a m s . M ain ta in s lia is o n w ith r e la t e d o r g a n iz a tio n s and r e p r e s e n t s the la b o r a t o r y in im p o rta n t c o n fe r e n c e s w ith a u th o r ity to c o m m it the o r g a n iz a tio n . M a y s e r v e as a co n s u lta n t to o th e r c h e m is t s in the s p e c ia lt y fie ld . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . the w o r k o f a g ro u p o f c h e m is t s . M ay p la n , o r g a n iz e , d ir e c t , and e v a lu a te C h e m is t V II G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S u p e r v is o r — p r o v id e s le a d e r s h ip and s c ie n t if i c g u id a n ce fo r a b r o a d and d i v e r s if ie d p r o g r a m in c h e m is t r y and r e la t e d su p p o r tin g a c t iv it ie s s u c h as to r e q u ir e s e v e r a l su b o r d in a te s u p e r v i s o r s r e s p o n s ib le fo r p r o g r a m s t y p ic a lly id e n tifie d w ith le v e l V I. R e c o m m e n d s the f a c i l i t i e s , p e r s o n n e l, and funds r e q u ir e d to c a r r y out p r o g r a m s and e v a lu a te s a c c o m p lis h m e n t s . 68 C H E M IS T — C on tin u ed In d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h e r and c o n s u lta n t— is a n o n s u p e r v is o r y c h e m is t o f r e c o g n iz e d le a d e r s h ip statu s and a u th o r ita tiv e n e s s in h is c o m p a n y , in a b r o a d a r e a o f s p e c i a l i z a tio n . Is c o n s u lte d e x t e n s iv e ly b y a s s o c ia t e s and o th e r s w ith a h igh d e g r e e o f r e lia n c e p la c e d on h is s c ie n t if i c in te r p r e ta t io n s and a d v ic e . D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . U n der g e n e r a l a d m in is t r a tiv e d ir e c t io n . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . S u p e r v is o r — is r e s p o n s ib le fo r an im p o rta n t s e g m e n t o f a c h e m ic a l p r o g r a m o f a c o m p a n y w ith e x te n s iv e and d i v e r s if ie d s c ie n t if i c r e q u ir e m e n ts o r the e n tir e c h e m ic a l p r o g r a m o f a c o m p a n y w h e r e th e p r o g r a m is lim it e d in scope. M ak es a u th o r ita tiv e t e c h n ic a l r e c o m m e n d a tio n s c o n c e r n in g th e s c ie n t ifi c o b je c t iv e s and le v e ls o f w o r k w h ich w ill b e m o s t p r o fit a b le in th e lig h t o f c o m p a n y r e q u ir e m e n t s and s c ie n t ifi c and in d u s tr ia l tr e n d s and d e v e lo p m e n ts . In d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h e r and c o n s u lta n t— s e l e c t s p r o b le m s fo r r e s e a r c h and c o n c e iv e s and p la n s in v e s tig a t io n s in w h ich the p h e n o m e n a and p r in c ip le s a r e not a d e q u a te ly u n d e r s t o o d , s o that ou tsta n d in g c r e a t iv it y and m a tu re ju d g m e n t a r e r e q u ir e d to d e v is e h y p o th e s e s and te c h n iq u e s o f e x p e r im e n ta t io n and to in te r p r e t r e s u lt s . A d v is e s the h ead o f a la r g e la b o r a t o r y on c o m p le x a s p e c t s o f e x t r e m e ly b r o a d and im p o rta n t p r o g r a m s w ith r e s p o n s ib ili t y fo r e x p lo r in g , ju s t ify in g , and e v a lu a tin g p r o p o s e d and c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s and p r o je c t s and fu rn is h in g a d v ic e on u n u su a lly c o m p le x and n o v e l p r o b le m s in the s p e c ia lt y fie ld . R e s p o n s ib ilit y is tic s " above. fo r the d ir e c t io n of oth ers. S u p e r v is o r — s e e "g en era l ch a ra cte r C h e m is t V III G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S u p e r v is o r — p r o v id e s le a d e r s h ip and s c ie n t ifi c g u id a n ce fo r a v e r y b r o a d and h ig h ly d iv e r s if ie d p r o g r a m in c h e m is t r y and r e la t e d su p p o r tin g a c t i v it ie s r e q u ir in g s e v e r a l s u b o r d in a te s u p e r v i s o r s r e s p o n s ib le f o r p r o g r a m s t y p ic a lly id e n tifie d w ith le v e l V II, o r a la r g e n u m b e r o f s u p e r v i s o r s o f lo w e r le v e l s . R e c o m m e n d s the f a c i l it ie s , p e r s o n n e l, and funds r e q u ir e d f o r p r o g r a m s and e v a lu a te s a c c o m p lis h m e n t s . In d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h e r on s c ie n t ifi c q u e s tio n s o f is t s w ho a r e t h e m s e lv e s le a d e r and c o n s u lta n t fo r D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . and c o n s u lta n t— s e r v e s as a c o n s u lta n t to t o p - l e v e l m a n a g e m e n t f a r - r e a c h in g s ig n ific a n c e . Is sou g h t as a c o n s u lta n t b y c h e m s p e c ia lis t s in the fie ld . Is a n a tio n a lly r e c o g n iz e d r e s e a r c h h is c o m p a n y . R e c e iv e s g e n e r a l a d m in is t r a tiv e d ir e c t io n . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . S u p e r v is o r — is r e s p o n s ib le fo r an im p o rta n t s e g m e n t o f a c h e m ic a l p r o g r a m o f a c o m p a n y w ith v e r y e x te n s iv e and h ig h ly d iv e r s if ie d s c ie n t ifi c r e q u ir e m e n t s o r the e n tir e c h e m ic a l p r o g r a m o f a c o m p a n y w h e r e the p r o g r a m is o f m o d e r a te s c o p e . Is r e s p o n s ib le f o r d e c id in g th e k in d and ex ten t o f c h e m ic a l and r e la t e d p r o g r a m n e e d e d to a c c o m p li s h the o b je c t iv e s o f the c o m p a n y , f o r c h o o s in g the s c ie n t ifi c a p p r o a c h e s , f o r p la n n in g and o r g a n iz in g f a c ili t ie s and p r o g r a m s , and fo r in te r p r e tin g r e s u lt s . In d iv id u a l r e s e a r c h e r and c o n s u lta n t— fo r m u la t e s and g u id e s the a tta ck on e x c e p t io n a lly d iffic u lt and im p o rta n t p r o b le m s w h o s e s o lu tio n w o u ld r e p r e s e n t a m a jo r s c ie n t ifi c o r t e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e . R e s p o n s ib ilit y is tic s " above. fo r the d ir e c t io n of o th ers. S u p e r v is o r — s e e "g e n e ra l c h a r a c te r T h is le v e l d o e s not in c lu d e th e c h ie f c h e m is t o f a c o m p a n y w ith a v e r y e x te n s iv e and h ig h ly d i v e r s if ie d p r o g r a m ; o r the a s s is ta n t c h ie f c h e m is t o f a c o m p a n y w ith an u n u su a lly e x te n s iv e and n o v e l c h e m ic a l program . 69 E N G IN E E R P e r f o r m s w o r k in r e s e a r c h , d e v e lo p m e n t, d e s ig n , te s tin g , a n a ly s is , p r o d u c tio n , c o n s t r u c tio n , m a in te n a n ce , o p e r a t io n , p la n n in g, s u r v e y , e s tim a tin g , a p p lic a t io n , o r s t a n d a r d iz a tio n o f e n g in e e r in g f a c i l i t i e s , s y s t e m s , s t r u c t u r e s , p r o c e s s e s , eq u ip m en t d e v ic e s , o r m a t e r ia ls r e q u ir in g k n o w le d g e o f the s c ie n c e and a r t b y w h ich m a t e r ia l s , n a tu ra l r e s o u r c e s , and p o w e r a r e m a d e u s e fu l. W o r k t y p ic a lly r e q u ir e s a B . S. d e g r e e in e n g in e e r in g o r the e q u iv a le n t in e x p e r ie n c e and e d u ca tio n c o m b in e d . (S a fe ty e n g in e e r s , in d u s tr ia l e n g in e e r s , q u a lity c o n t r o l e n g in e e r s , and s a le s e n g in e e r s a r e to be e x c lu d e d .) E n g in e e r I G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A s the b eg in n in g le v e l o f e n g in e e r in g w o r k , a b a c h e lo r * s d e g r e e in e n g in e e r in g o r e q u iv a le n t is r e q u ir e d . T y p ic a lly r e c e i v e s fo r m a l c l a s s r o o m o r o n - t h e - jo b tr a in in g . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . P e r f o r m s w o r k u n d er c l o s e s u p e r v is io n w ith s p e c if i c and d e ta ile d in s t r u c t io n s as to r e q u ir e d ta sk s and r e s u lt s e x p e c t e d . W o r k is c h e c k e d d u rin g p r o g r e s s , and u pon c o m p le t io n is r e v ie w e d f o r a c c u r a c y . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P e r f o r m s s im p le ta s k s that a r e p la n n ed to p r o v id e e x p e r ie n c e and fa m ilia r iz a t io n w ith m e th o d s and p r a c t ic e s o f the c o m p a n y in the s p e c ia lt y fie ld and to a s c e r t a in the in t e r e s t s and a p titu d es o f the b eg in n in g e n g in e e r . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . N on e. E n g in e e r II G en eral c h a r a c te r is tic s . A t th is con tin u in g d e v e lo p m e n ta l le v e l, p e r fo r m s rou tin e e n g in e e r in g w o r k r e q u ir in g a p p lic a t io n o f sta n d a rd te c h n iq u e s , p r o c e d u r e s , and c r i t e r i a in c a r r y in g out a s e q u e n c e o f r e la t e d e n g in e e r in g ta s k s . L im ite d e x e r c i s e o f ju d g m en t is r e q u ir e d on d e t a ils o f w o r k . M ay r e c e iv e a d v a n c e d o n - t h e - jo b o r c l a s s r o o m in s t r u c t io n s . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . S u p e r v is o r s c r e e n s a s s ig n m e n ts to e lim in a te d iffic u lt p r o b le m s and s e l e c t s te c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s to b e a p p lie d . R e c e iv e s c l o s e s u p e r v is io n on new a s p e c t s o f a s s ig n m e n t s . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . U sin g p r e s c r i b e d m e t h o d s , p e r fo r m s s p e c if i c and lim it e d p o r tio n s o f a b r o a d e r a s s ig n m e n t o f an e x p e r ie n c e d e n g in e e r . A p p lie s sta n d a rd p r a c t ic e s and te c h n iq u e s in s p e c i f i c s itu a tio n s , a d ju sts and c o r r e l a t e s da ta, r e c o g n iz e s d i s c r e p a n c ie s in r e s u lt s , and fo llo w s o p e r a t io n s th ro u g h a s e r i e s o f r e la t e d d e ta ile d ste p s o r p rocesses. R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . M ay s u p e r v is e a few a id s o r t e c h n ic ia n s . E n g in e e r III G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W o r k r e q u ir e s in d epen den t e v a lu a tio n , s e le c t io n , and a p p lic a t io n o f sta n d a rd e n g in e e r in g te c h n iq u e s , p r o c e d u r e s , and c r i t e r i a , u sin g ju d g m en t and in g en u ity in m a k in g m in o r a d a p ta tion s and m o d ific a t io n s . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . R e c e iv e s in s t r u c t io n on s p e c if i c a s s ig n m e n t o b je c t iv e s , p oin ts o f e m p h a s is , r e f e r e n c e and in fo r m a t io n s o u r c e s , and p o s s ib le s o lu t io n s . U n usu al p r o b le m s a r e s o lv e d jo in t ly w ith s u p e r v i s o r , and w o r k is r e v ie w e d fo r a p p lic a t io n o f sou n d e n g in e e r in g ju d g m e n t. 70 E N G IN E E R ----C on tin u ed T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A s s ig n m e n ts in clu d e e q u ip m e n t d e s ig n and d e v e lo p m e n t, te s t o f m a t e r ia l s , p r e p a r a t io n o f s p e c if i c a t io n s , p r o c e s s stu d y , r e s e a r c h in v e s tig a t io n s , r e p o r t p r e p a r a t io n , and o th e r a c t iv it ie s o f lim ite d s c o p e r e q u ir in g k n o w le d g e o f p r i n c i p l e s , p r a c t i c e s , and te c h n iq u e s c o m m o n ly e m p lo y e d in the s p e c if i c n a r r o w a r e a o f a s s ig n m e n ts . P e r f o r m s w o r k w h ich in v o lv e s c o n v e n tio n a l ty p es o f p la n s , in v e s t ig a t io n s , s u r v e y s , s t r u c t u r e s , o r e q u ip m e n t w ith r e la t iv e ly few c o m p le x fe a t u r e s fo r w h ich th e r e a r e p reced en ts. R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . M ay s u p e r v is e the w o r k i n s p e c t o r s , and o th e r te c h n ic ia n s a s s ig n e d to a s s i s t in the w o r k . of d r a ft s m e n , E n g in e e r IV G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W o r k r e q u ir e s o r ig in a lit y and ju d g m e n t in the in d ep en d en t evaluation"] s e l e c t io n , and s u b s ta n tia l ad a p ta tion and m o d ific a t io n o f sta n d a rd te c h n iq u e s , p r o c e d u r e s , and c r i t e r i a . Is r e c o g n i z e d as fu lly c o m p e te n t in a ll c o n v e n t io n a l a s p e c t s o f the s u b je c t -m a t t e r o r fu n c tio n a l a r e a o f a s s ig n m e n ts . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . R e c e iv e s d i r e c t s u p e r v is io n and g u id a n ce p r im a r i ly on n o v e l o r c o n t r o v e r s i a l p r o b le m s o r q u e s t io n s . M a k es in d ep en d en t te c h n ic a l d e c is i o n s on d e ta ils o f w o r k c o v e r e d by p r e c e d e n t s . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P la n s , s c h e d u le s , and c o o r d in a t e s d e t a ile d p h a s e s o f the e n g in e e r in g w o r k in a p a r t o f a m a jo r p r o je c t o r in a to ta l p r o j e c t o f m o d e r a t e scop e. D e v is e s new a p p r o a c h e s to p r o b le m s e n c o u n t e r e d . P e r f o r m s w o r k w h ich in v o lv e s c o n v e n tio n a l e n g in e e r in g p r a c t ic e but in clu d e s a v a r ie t y o f c o m p le x fe a t u r e s su ch as c o n f l i c t ing d e s ig n r e q u ir e m e n t s , u n s u ita b ility o f sta n d a rd m a t e r ia l s , and d iffic u lt c o o r d in a t io n r e q u ir e m e n ts . W ork r e q u ir e s a b r o a d k n o w le d g e o f p r e c e d e n t s in the s p e c ia lt y a r e a and a g o o d k n o w le d g e o f p r in c ip le s and p r a c t ic e s o f r e la t e d s p e c ia lt i e s . R e s p o n s ib ilit y f o r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . n ic ia n s on ro u tin e w o r k . M a y s u p e r v is e a few e n g in e e r s o r t e c h E n g in e e r V G en eral c h a r a c te r is tic s . W o r k r e q u ir e s a p p lic a tio n o f in te n s iv e and d iv e r s if ie d k n o w le d g e o f e n g in e e r in g p r in c ip le s and p r a c t ic e s in b r o a d a r e a s o f a s s ig n m e n ts and r e la t e d f ie ld s . M a k e s d e c is i o n s in d ep en d en tly on e n g in e e r in g p r o b le m s and m e t h o d s , and r e p r e sen ts the o r g a n iz a tio n in c o n fe r e n c e s to r e s o lv e im p o rta n t q u e s tio n s and to p la n and c o o r d in a te w o r k . P o s it io n s m a y b e s u p e r v i s o r y o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . R e c e iv e s w o r k o b je c t iv e s and c r i t i c a l is s u e s . s u p e r v is io n and g u id a n ce o n ly in t e r m s o f s p e c if i c T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . S u p e r v is o r — p la n s , d e v e lo p s , c o o r d i n a t e s , and d ir e c t s a la r g e and im p o rta n t e n g in e e r in g p r o je c t o r a n u m b e r o f s m a ll p r o je c t s w ith m a n y c o m p le x fe a t u r e s . N o n s u p e r v is o r y r e s e a r c h e r — c a r r i e s ou t c o m p le x o r n o v e l r e s e a r c h r e q u ir in g the d e v e lo p m e n t of new o r im p r o v e d te c h n iq u e s and p r o c e d u r e s . N o n s u p e r v is o r y s t a ff s p e c ia lis t — d e v e lo p s and ev a lu a te s p la n s v a r ie t y o f p r o je c t s and a c t iv it ie s to b e c a r r i e d out b y o th e r s . and a s s ig n m e n ts c r it e r ia fo r a R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . S u p e r v is o r — s u p e r v i s e s , c o o r d i n a t e s , and r e v ie w s the w o r k o f a s m a ll s ta ff o f e n g in e e r s and t e c h n ic ia n s . E s tim a t e s m a n p o w e r n e e d s and s c h e d u le s and a s s ig n s w o r k to m e e t c o m p le t io n d a te. 71 E N G IN E E R — C on tin u ed E n g in e e r V I G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W o r k is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y fu ll te c h n ic a l r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r in t e r p r e t in g , o r g a n iz in g , e x e c u tin g , and c o o r d in a tin g a s s ig n m e n ts . M a in ta in s lia is o n w ith o th e r o r g a n iz a tio n s o r c o m p a n ie s . P o s it io n s m a y b e s u p e r v is o r y o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y . D ir e c t io n r e c e i v e d . A s s ig n m e n ts a r e r e c e iv e d in te r m s o f b r o a d g e n e r a l o b je c t iv e s and lim it s . S u p e r v is io n c o n c e r n s a d m in is t r a tiv e fe a t u r e s o f the w o r k . T y p ic a l d u ties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . C o n c e iv e s and p la n s e n g in e e r in g p r o je c t s in v o lv in g e x p lo r a tio n o f s u b je c t a r e a , d e fin it io n o f s c o p e and s e l e c t io n o f p r o b le m s fo r in v e s tig a tio n , and d e v e lo p m e n t o f n o v e l c o n c e p ts and a p p r o a c h e s . S u p e r v is o r — p la n s , d e v e lo p s , c o o r d i n a t e s , and d ir e c t s a n u m b er o f la r g e and i m p o rta n t p r o je c t s o r a p r o je c t o f m a jo r s c o p e and im p o r t a n c e . N o n s u p e r v is o r y r e s e a r c h e r — p la n s and c o n d u c ts r e s e a r c h o r o th e r w o r k r e q u ir in g p io n e e r in g in a r e a s in w h ich la r g e b lo c k s o f data a r e c o n t r o v e r s i a l o r unknow n. N o n s u p e r v is o r y s ta ff s p e c ia lis t -— as an e x p e r t in a s p e c if i c fie ld , p e r f o r m s a d v is o r y , c o n s u ltin g , and r e v ie w w o r k . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . S u p e r v is o r — d ir e c t s a s t a ff o f p r o je c t e n g i n e e r s and a s s is t a n t s . E v a lu a te s p r o g r e s s o f the s t a ff and r e s u lt s o b ta in e d , and r e c o m m e n d s m a jo r c h a n g e s to a c h ie v e o v e r a ll o b j e c t iv e s . E n g in e e r V II G en era l c h a r a c t e r is tic s . W o rk is c h a r a c t e r iz e d by d e c is io n s and r e c o m m e n d a tio n s w h ich a r e r e c o g n i z e d as a u th o r ita tiv e and h ave an im p o rta n t im p a c t on e x te n s iv e e n g in e e r in g a c t i v it ie s . In itia te s and m a in ta in s e x te n s iv e c o n ta c ts w ith k e y e n g in e e r s and o f f i c i a l s o f o th e r o r g a n iz a tio n s and c o m p a n ie s ; th is r e q u ir e s s k ill in p e r s u a s io n and n e g o tia tio n s o f c r it ic a l is s u e s . P o s it io n s m a y b e s u p e r v is o r y o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y . D ir e c t i o n r e c e i v e d . R e c e iv e s g e n e r a l a d m in is t r a tiv e d ir e c t io n . T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . D e m o n s tr a t e s c r e a t iv it y , fo r e s ig h t , and m a tu re e n g in e e r in g ju d g m e n t in a n ticip a tin g and s o lv in g u n p r e c e d e n te d e n g in e e r in g p r o b le m s , d e te r m in in g p r o g r a m o b je c t iv e s and r e q u ir e m e n t s , o r g a n iz in g p r o g r a m s and p r o j e c t s , and d e v e lo p in g sta n d a rd s and g u id es fo r d iv e r s e e n g in e e r in g a c t iv it ie s . S u p e r v is o r — p la n s , d e v e lo p s , c o o r d i n a t e s , and d ir e c t s an e n g in e e r in g p r o g r a m s is tin g o f m a n y la r g e and im p o rta n t p r o je c t s . N o n s u p e r v is o r y — p e r f o r m s a d v is o r y , c o n s u ltin g , s p e c ia lis t o r e x p e r t in b r o a d p r o g r a m a r e a s . and r e v ie w w o r k con as a u th o r ita tiv e R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . S u p e r v is o r — d ir e c t s a la r g e s ta ff o f p r o j e c t e n g in e e r s , and e n g in e e r s and s c ie n t is t s in su p p ortin g fu n c tio n s . S e v e r a l su b o r d in a te s u p e r v i s o r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le fo r p r o je c t s o r a c t iv it ie s t y p ic a lly id e n tifie d w ith l e v e l V I. E n g in e e r V III G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W o r k is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y a u th o r ita tiv e d e c is i o n s and r e c c o m m e n d a tio n s w h ich h ave a fa r - r e a c h in g im p a c t on e x te n s iv e e n g in e e r in g and r e la t e d a c tiv it ie s o f the c o m p a n y . N e g o tia te s c r i t i c a l and c o n t r o v e r s ia l is s u e s w ith top le v e l e n g i n e e r s and o f f i c e r s o f o th e r o r g a n iz a tio n s and c o m p a n ie s . P o s it io n s m a y b e s u p e r v is o r y o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y . D ir e c t io n r e c e iv e d . R e c e iv e s g e n e r a l a d m in is tr a tiv e d ir e c t io n . 72 E N G IN E E R — C on tin u ed T y p ic a l d u tie s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . D e m o n s tr a t e s a h igh d e g r e e o f c r e a t iv it y , f o r e sig h t, and m a tu re e n g in e e r in g ju d g m e n t in p la n n in g , o r g a n iz in g , and g u id in g e x te n s iv e e n g i n e e r in g p r o g r a m s and a c t iv it ie s o f ou tsta n d in g n o v e lty and im p o r t a n c e . S u p e r v is o r — p la n s , d e v e lo p s , c o o r d i n a t e s , and d ir e c t s s ifie d e n g in e e r in g p r o g r a m c o n s is t in g o f m a n y la r g e and p o r tin g a c t iv it ie s . a h ig h ly c o m p le x and d i v e r im p o rta n t p r o je c t s and s u p N o n s u p e r v is o r y — p e r fo r m s a d v is o r y and c o n s u ltin g w o r k fo r h is c o m p a n y as a n a tio n a lly r e c o g n iz e d a u th ority fo r b r o a d p r o g r a m a r e a s o f c o n s id e r a b le n o v e lt y and im p o r t a n c e . R e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r the d ir e c t io n o f o t h e r s . D ir e c t s a v e r y la r g e s t a ff o f p r o j e c t e n g in e e r s , and e n g in e e r s and s c ie n t is t s in su p p o rtin g fu n c tio n s . S e v e r a l s u b o r d in a te s u p e r v is o r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r p r o g r a m s , p r o j e c t s , o r a c t iv it ie s t y p ic a lly id e n tifie d w ith le v e l V II. T h is le v e l d o e s n ot in clu d e p o s itio n s o f c h ie f e n g in e e r s o f c o m p a n ie s w ith la r g e e n g in e e r in g o r g a n iz a t io n s ; e. g. , th o se en g a g ed in r e s e a r c h and d e v e lo p m e n t on a v a r ie t y o f c o m p le x w e a p o n s s y s t e m s w ith n u m e r o u s n o v e l c o m p o n e n t s , o r o f c h ie fs o f p r im a r y o r g a n iz a t io n a l s e g m e n ts o f c o m p a n ie s w ith v e r y la r g e e n g in e e r in g o r g a n iz a tio n s en g a g ed in u n u su a lly e x te n s iv e and d iv e r s if ie d r e s e a r c h and d e v e lo p m e n t. EN G IN E E R IN G TE C H N IC IA N S EN G IN E E R IN G TE C H N IC IA N *1 T o be c o v e r e d by th e se d e fin it io n s , e m p lo y e e s m u s t m e e t a ll o f the fo llo w in g c r i t e r i a ; as (1 ) P r o v id e s s e m ip r o f e s s io n a l te c h n ic a l s u p p o r t fo r e n g in e e r s w o r k in g in su ch a r e a s r e s e a r c h , d e s ig n , d e v e lo p m e n t, te s tin g o r m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o c e s s im p r o v e m e n t . (2 ) W o rk p e r ta in s to e l e c t r i c a l , e l e c t r o n i c , o r m e c h a n ic a l c o m p o n e n ts o r e q u ip m e n t. (3 ) R e q u ir e d to h ave s o m e k n o w le d g e o f s c ie n c e o r e n g in e e r in g . (E x c lu d e s p r o d u c tio n o r m a in te n a n ce w o r k e r s , d r a fts m e n , d e s ig n e r s , and e n g in e e r s .) q u a lity con trol te s te rs, c r a ft s m e n , E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n I P e r f o r m s s im p le ro u tin e ta sk s u n d er c l o s e s u p e r v is io n o r fr o m d e ta ile d p r o c e d u r e s . W o rk is c h e c k e d in p r o c e s s o r on c o m p le t io n . P e r f o r m s at th is le v e l, on e o r a c o m b in a tion o f su ch ty p ic a l d u ties a s: A s s e m b le s o r in s ta lls eq u ip m e n t o r p a rts r e q u ir in g c o n n e c tin g . s im p le w ir in g , s o ld e rin g , or P e r f o r m s s im p le o r r o u tin e ta sk s o r te s ts su ch as te n s ile o r h a r d n e s s t e s t s ; o p e r a t e s , and a d ju sts s im p le te s t eq u ip m en t; r e c o r d s te s t data. G a th e rs and m a in ta in s s p e c ifi e d r e c o r d s o f e n g in e e r in g da ta su ch as t e s t s , and d r a w in g s ; p e r f o r m s c o m p u ta tio n s by su b stitu tin g n u m b e r s in s p e c ifi e d fo r m u la s ; p lo ts data and d ra w s s im p le c u r v e s and g r a p h s . 73 EN G IN E E R IN G T E C H N IC IA N — C on tin u ed E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n II P e r f o r m s s ta n d a r d iz e d o r p r e s c r i b e d a s s ig n m e n t s , in v o lv in g a s e q u e n c e o f r e la t e d o p e r a t io n s . F o llo w s sta n d a rd w o r k m e th o d s o r e x p lic it in s t r u c t io n s ; te c h n ic a l a d e q u a c y o f ro u tin e w o r k is r e v ie w e d on c o m p le t io n ; n o n r o u tin e w o r k m a y a ls o b e r e v ie w e d in p r o c e s s . P e r f o r m s at th is le v e l , on e o r a c o m b in a tio n o f su ch ty p ic a l d u tie s a s : A s s e m b le s o r c o n s t r u c t s s im p le o r sta n d a rd e q u ip m e n t o r p a r t s . r e p a ir s im p le in s tru m e n ts o r eq u ip m e n t. M ay s e r v i c e o r C on d u cts a v a r ie t y o f s ta n d a r d iz e d t e s t s ; m a y p r e p a r e te s t s p e c im e n s ; o p e r a t e s sta n d a rd te s t eq u ip m en t; r e c o r d s te s t da ta. E x tr a c ts e n g in e e r in g da ta fr o m v a r io u s p r e s c r i b e d s o u r c e s ; p r o c e s s e s low in g w e ll d e fin e d m e t h o d s ; p r e s e n t s the data in p r e s c r i b e d fo r m . s e t s up and the data f o l E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n III P e r f o r m s a s s ig n m e n ts that a r e n ot c o m p le t e ly s ta n d a r d iz e d o r p r e s c r i b e d . S e le c t s o r adapts sta n d a rd p r o c e d u r e s o r eq u ip m e n t. R e c e iv e s in itia l in s t r u c t io n s , e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e m e n ts and a d v ic e fr o m s u p e r v i s o r o r e n g in e e r ; t e c h n ic a l a d e q u a c y o f c o m p le t e d w o r k is c h e c k e d . P e r f o r m s at th is l e v e l , on e o r a c o m b in a tio n o f su ch t y p ic a l d u tie s a s : C o n s t r u c ts c o m p o n e n t s , su bu n its o r s im p le m o d e ls o r ad apts M ay t r o u b le s h o o t and c o r r e c t m a lfu n c tio n s . sta n d a rd e q u ip m e n t. C on d u cts v a r io u s te s ts o r e x p e r im e n ts w h ich m a y r e q u ir e m in o r m o d ific a t io n s in te s t setu p s o r p r o c e d u r e s ; s e l e c t s , s e t s up and o p e r a t e s sta n d a rd te s t e q u ip m e n t and r e c o r d s te s t d a ta. E x tr a c ts and c o m p il e s a v a r ie t y o f e n g in e e r in g data; p r o c e s s e s o r c o m p u te s data u sin g s p e c if i e d fo r m u la s and p r o c e d u r e s . P e r f o r m s ro u tin e a n a ly s is to c h e c k a p p li c a b i lit y , a c c u r a c y , and r e a s o n a b le n e s s o f da ta. E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n IV P e r f o r m s n o n r o u tin e a s s ig n m e n ts o f su b s ta n tia l v a r ie t y and c o m p le x it y . R e c e iv e s o b je c t iv e s and t e c h n ic a l a d v ic e fr o m s u p e r v i s o r o r e n g in e e r ; w o r k is r e v ie w e d fo r t e c h n ic a l ad equ acy. M a y b e a s s i s t e d b y lo w e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n s . P e r f o r m s at th is l e v e l , on e o r a c o m b in a tio n o f su ch t y p ic a l d u tie s a s : W o r k s on lim it e d s e g m e n t o f d e v e lo p m e n t p r o je c t ; c o n s t r u c t s e x p e r im e n t a l o r p r o totyp e m o d e ls to m e e t e n g in e e r in g r e q u ir e m e n t s ; c o n d u c ts te s ts o r e x p e r im e n t s ; r e c o r d s and e v a lu a te s data and r e p o r t s fin d in g s . C on d u cts te s ts o r e x p e r im e n ts r e q u ir in g s e le c t io n and a d a p ta tion o r m o d ific a t io n o f te s t e q u ip m e n t and t e s t p r o c e d u r e s ; s e t s up and o p e r a t e s e q u ip m e n t; r e c o r d s da ta; a n a ly z e s da ta and p r e p a r e s te s t r e p o r t s . C o m p ile s and c o m p u te s a v a r ie t y o f e n g in e e r in g data; m a y a n a ly z e te s t and d e s ig n data; d e v e lo p s o r p r e p a r e s s c h e m a t ic s , d e s ig n s , s p e c if i c a t io n s , p a rts lis t s o r m a k e s r e c o m m e n d a t io n s r e g a r d in g th e se it e m s . M ay r e v ie w d e s ig n s o r s p e c ifi c a t io n s fo r adequ acy. E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic ia n V P e r f o r m s n o n r o u tin e and c o m p le x a s s ig n m e n ts in v o lv in g r e s p o n s ib ili t y f o r plan n in g and c o n d u c tin g a c o m p le t e p r o j e c t o f r e la t iv e l y lim ite d s c o p e o r a p o r tio n o f a la r g e r and m o r e d iv e r s e p r o je c t . S e le c t s and ad apts p la n s , t e c h n iq u e s , d e s ig n s o r la y o u ts . M ay c o o r d in a te p o r tio n s o f o v e r a l l a s s ig n m e n t; r e v i e w s , a n a ly z e s and in te g r a te s the t e c h n ic a l w o r k 74 E N G IN E E R IN G T E C H N IC IA N — C on tin u ed o f oth e rs. S u p e r v is o r o r p r o f e s s io n a l e n g in e e r o u tlin e s o b j e c t i v e s , r e q u ir e m e n t s and d e s ig n a p p r o a c h e s ; c o m p le t e d w o r k is r e v ie w e d fo r t e c h n ic a l a d e q u a c y and s a t is fa c t io n o f r e q u i r e m e n ts . M ay b e a s s is t e d by lo w e r le v e l te c h n ic ia n s . P e r f o r m s at th is le v e l, on e o r a c o m b in a tio n o f su ch t y p ic a l d u ties a s: D e s ig n s , d e v e lo p s and c o n s t r u c t s m a jo r u n its , d e v ic e s o r eq u ip m en t; c o n d u c ts te s ts o r e x p e r im e n t s ; a n a ly z e s r e s u lt s and r e d e s ig n s o r m o d ifie s eq u ip m en t to im p r o v e p e r fo r m a n c e ; r e p o r t s r e s u lt s . P la n s o r a s s i s t s in plann in g te s ts to e v a lu a te eq u ip m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e . D e te r m in e s te s t r e q u ir e m e n t s , eq u ip m en t m o d ific a t io n and te s t p r o c e d u r e s ; c o n d u c ts t e s t s , a n a ly z e s and e v a lu a te s da ta and p r e p a r e s r e p o r t s on fin d in g s and r e c o m m e n d a t io n s . R e v ie w s and a n a ly z e s a v a r ie t y o f e n g in e e r in g data to d e t e r m in e r e q u ir e m e n t s to m e e t e n g in e e r in g o b je c t iv e s ; m a y c a lc u la t e d e s ig n data; p r e p a r e s la y o u ts , d e ta ile d s p e c i f ic a t io n s , p a r t s l i s t s , e s t im a t e s , p r o c e d u r e s , e t c . M ay c h e c k and a n a ly ze d r a w in g s o r e q u ip m e n t to d e t e r m in e a d e q u a c y o f d r a w in g s and d e s ig n . DRAFTSM EN D r a ft s m a n -t r a c e r C o p ie s p la n s and d r a w in g s p r e p a r e d by o th e r s b y p la c in g t r a c in g c lo t h o r p a p e r o v e r d r a w in g s and t r a c in g w ith p en o r p e n c il. (D o e s n ot in clu d e tr a c in g lim ite d to p la n s p r im a r i ly c o n s is t in g o f s tr a ig h t lin e s and a la r g e s c a le n ot r e q u ir in g c l o s e d e lin e a t io n .) a n d /o r P r e p a r e s s im p le o r r e p e tit iv e d r a w in g s o f e a s ily v is u a liz e d it e m s . v is e d d u rin g p r o g r e s s . W o rk is c l o s e l y su per D r a fts m a n I P r e p a r e s d e ta il d r a w in g s o f s in g le units o r p a r ts fo r e n g in e e r in g , c o n s t r u c t io n , m a n u fa c tu r in g , o r r e p a ir p u r p o s e s . T y p e s o f d r a w in g s p r e p a r e d in clu d e is o m e t r ic p r o j e c tion s (d e p ic tin g th r e e d im e n s io n s in a c c u r a t e s c a le ) and s e c t io n a l v ie w s to c l a r i f y p o s itio n in g o f c o m p o n e n ts and c o n v e y n e e d e d in fo r m a t io n . C o n s o lid a t e s d e t a ils f r o m a n u m b e r o f s o u r c e s and a d ju sts o r t r a n s p o s e s s c a le as r e q u ir e d . D ra fts m a n II P e r f o r m s n o n ro u tin e and c o m p le x d r a ftin g a s s ig n m e n ts that r e q u ir e the a p p lic a t io n o f m o s t o f the s ta n d a r d iz e d d ra w in g te c h n iq u e s r e g u la r ly u s e d . D u ties t y p ic a lly in v o lv e su ch w ork as: P r e p a r e s w o r k in g d r a w in g s o f s u b a s s e m b lie s w ith ir r e g u la r s h a p e s , m u lt ip le fu n c tio n s , and p r e c i s e p o s it io n a l r e la t io n s h ip s b e tw e e n c o m p o n e n t s ; p r e p a r e s a r c h it e c t u r a l d r a w in g s fo r c o n s t r u c t io n o f a b u ild in g in clu d in g d e t a il d r a w in g s o f fo u n d a tio n s , w a ll s e c t i o n s , f l o o r p la n s , and r o o f . U s e s a c c e p te d fo r m u la s and m a n u a ls in m a k in g n e c e s s a r y c o m p u ta tio n s to d e t e r m in e q u a n tities o f m a t e r ia ls to be u s e d , lo a d c a p a c it ie s , s t r e n g th s , s t r e s s e s , e tc. R e c e iv e s in itia l in s t r u c t io n s , r e q u ir e m e n t s , and a d v ic e fr o m s u p e r v i s o r . C o m p le te d w o r k is c h e c k e d fo r te c h n ic a l a d e q u a c y . D ra fts m a n III P la n s the g ra p h ic p r e s e n ta tio n o f c o m p le x it e m s h avin g d is t in c t iv e d e s ig n fe a t u r e s that d iffe r s ig n ific a n t ly fr o m e s t a b lis h e d d r a ftin g p r e c e d e n t s . W o r k s in c l o s e s u p p o r t w ith the d e s ig n o r ig i n a t o r , and m a y r e c o m m e n d m in o r d e s ig n c h a n g e s . A n a ly z e s the e f f e c t o f e a c h ch a n g e on the d e t a ils o f f o r m , fu n c tio n , and p o s it io n a l r e la t io n s h ip s o f c o m p o n e n ts and p a rts. W o r k s w ith a m in im u m o f s u p e r v i s o r y a s s i s t a n c e . C o m p le te d w o r k is r e v ie w e d b y d e s ig n o r ig in a t o r f o r c o n s is t e n c y w ith p r io r e n g in e e r in g d e t e r m in a t io n s . M ay e it h e r p r e p a r e d r a w in g s , o r d i r e c t th e ir p r e p a r a t io n by lo w e r le v e l d r a fts m e n . 75 C L E R IC A L CLERK, A C C O U N T IN G C le r k , A c co u n tin g I U n der s u p e r v is io n , p e r f o r m s on e o r m o r e ro u tin e a c c o u n tin g o p e r a t io n s su ch as p o s tin g s im p le jo u r n a l v o u c h e r s o r a c c o u n ts p a y a b le v o u c h e r s , e n te r in g v o u c h e r s in v o u c h e r r e g i s t e r s ; r e c o n c i lin g bank a c c o u n ts ; and p o s tin g s u b s id ia r y le d g e r s c o n t r o lle d b y g e n e r a l l e d g e r s , o r p o s tin g s im p le c o s t a c c o u n tin g data. T h is jo b d o e s n ot r e q u ir e a k n o w le d g e o f a c c o u n tin g and b o o k k e e p in g p r in c ip le s , but is fou nd in o f f i c e s in w h ich the m o r e r o u tin e a c cou n tin g w o r k is s u b d iv id e d on a fu n c tio n a l b a s is a m on g s e v e r a l w o r k e r s . C le r k , A c c o u n tin g II U n der g e n e r a l d ir e c t io n o f a b o o k k e e p e r o r a c c o u n ta n t, has r e s p o n s ib ili t y f o r k e e p in g on e o r m o r e s e c t io n s o f a c o m p le t e s e t o f b o o k s o r r e c o r d s r e la tin g to on e p h a se o f an e s t a b lis h m e n t 's b u s in e s s t r a n s a c t io n s . W o r k in v o lv e s p o s tin g and b a la n c in g s u b s id ia r y le d g e r o r le d g e r s su ch as a c c o u n ts r e c e iv a b le o r a c c o u n ts p a y a b le ; ex a m in in g and c o d in g in v o ic e s o r v o u c h e r s w ith p r o p e r a c c o u n tin g d is tr ib u tio n ; r e q u ir e s ju d g m e n t and e x p e r ie n c e in m a k in g p r o p e r a s s ig n a t io n s and a llo c a t io n s . M ay a s s i s t in p r e p a r in g , a d ju s tin g , and c lo s in g jo u r n a l e n t r ie s ; m a y d i r e c t a c c o u n tin g c le r k s I. CLERK, F IL E C le r k , F ile I P e r f o r m s ro u tin e filin g o f m a t e r ia l that h as a lr e a d y b e e n c l a s s i f i e d o r w h ich is e a s ily c l a s s i f i e d in a s im p le s e r i a l c la s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m (e . g. , a lp h a b e t ic a l, c h r o n o l o g ic a l , o r n u m e r ic a l). A s r e q u e s t e d , lo c a t e s r e a d ily a v a ila b le m a t e r ia l in f ile s and fo r w a r d s m a t e r ia l; m a y f i l l ou t w ith d r a w a l c h a r g e . P e r f o r m s s im p le c l e r i c a l and m a n u a l ta sk s r e q u ir e d to m a in ta in and s e r v i c e f i l e s . C le r k , F ile II S o r t s , c o d e s , and f ile s u n c la s s ifie d m a t e r ia l by s im p le (s u b je c t m a tte r ) h ea d in g s o r p a r t ly c l a s s i f i e d m a t e r ia l b y fin e r su b h e a d in g s . P r e p a r e s s im p le r e la t e d in d e x aiid c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e a id s . A s r e q u e s t e d , lo c a t e s c l e a r l y id e n tifie d m a t e r ia l in f ile s and fo r w a r d s m a t e r ia l. M a y p e r f o r m r e la t e d c l e r i c a l ta sk s r e q u ir e d to m a in ta in and s e r v i c e f i l e s . C le r k , F ile III In an e s t a b lis h e d filin g s y s t e m co n ta in in g a n u m b er o f v a r ie d s u b je c t m a tt e r f i l e s , c l a s s i f i e s and in d e x e s file m a t e r ia l su ch as c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , r e p o r t s , t e c h n ic a l d o c u m e n t s , e tc. M a y a ls o file th is m a t e r ia l . M ay keep r e c o r d s o f v a r io u s ty p es in c o n ju n c t io n w ith the f i l e s . M a y le a d a s m a ll g ro u p o f lo w e r le v e l file c l e r k s . KEYPUNCH O PE R A TO R K eyp u n ch O p e r a to r I U n der c l o s e s u p e r v is io n o r fo llo w in g s p e c if i c p r o c e d u r e s o r in s t r u c t io n s , t r a n s c r ib e s da ta fr o m s o u r c e d o c u m e n ts to p u n ch ed c a r d s . O p e r a te s a n u m e r ic a l a n d /o r a lp h a b e t ic a l o r c o m b in a tio n k e y p u n ch m a c h in e to k ey p u n ch ta bu la tin g c a r d s . M ay v e r if y c a r d s . W o rk in g fr o m v a r io u s s ta n d a r d iz e d s o u r c e d o c u m e n t s , fo llo w s s p e c ifie d s e q u e n c e s w h ich h ave b e e n c o d e d o r p r e s c r i b e d in d e t a il and r e q u ir e lit tle o r no s e l e c t in g , c o d in g , o r in te r p r e tin g o f data to be p u n ch ed . P r o b le m s a r is in g fr o m e r r o n e o u s it e m s o r c o d e s , m is s in g in fo r m a t io n , e t c . , a r e r e f e r r e d to s u p e r v i s o r . 76 K E Y P U N C H O P E R A T O R — C on tin u ed Keypunch Operator II Operates a n um erical a n d /o r a lp h a b e t ic a l o r c o m b in a tio n k ey p u n ch m a ch in e to t r a n s c r ib e da ta from various source d o c u m e n ts to k ey p u n ch ta bu la tin g c a r d s . P e r f o r m s sa m e ta sk s as lower lev el keypunch o p e r a t o r bu t in a d d itio n , w o r k r e q u ir e s a p p lic a t io n o f c o d in g s k ills and the making of som e d e t e r m in a t io n s , f o r e x a m p le , lo c a t e s on the s o u r c e d o c u m e n t the it e m s to be punched; extracts in fo r m a t io n fr o m s e v e r a l d o c u m e n t s ; s e a r c h e s fo r and in t e r p r e t s inform ation on the d o c u m e n t to d e t e r m in e in fo r m a t io n to b e p u n ch ed . M a y tr a in in e x p e r ie n c e d op erato rs. O F F IC E BOY OR GIRL P erfo rm s various routine d u ties su ch as running e r r a n d s ; o p e r a t in g m in o r o f f i c e m a c h in e s , such as se a le r s or m a i l e r s ; op en in g and d is tr ib u tin g m a il; and o th e r m in o r c l e r i c a l work. SECRE TARY A ssigned as personal s e c r e t a r y , n o r m a lly to on e in d iv id u a l. M a in ta in s a c l o s e and h ig h ly responsive relationship to the d a y - t o - d a y w o r k a c t iv it ie s o f the s u p e r v i s o r . W ork s f a i r ly independently receiving a m in im u m o f d e ta ile d s u p e r v is io n and g u id a n ce . P e r fo r m s v a r ie d cle r ic a l and sec re ta ria l d u tie s , u s u a lly in clu d in g m o s t o f the fo llo w in g : (a) R eceives telephone c a l l s , p e r s o n a l c a l l e r s , and in c o m in g m a il, a n s w e r s ro u tin e inqu iries, and routes the t e c h n ic a l in q u ir ie s to the p r o p e r p e r s o n s ; (b) E sta b lish es, m a in ta in s , and r e v i s e s the s u p e r v i s o r 's f i l e s ; (c ) Maintains the s u p e r v i s o r 's c a le n d a r and m a k e s a p p oin tm en ts as in s t r u c t e d ; (d) Relays m e ssa g e s fr o m s u p e r v is o r to s u b o r d in a t e s ; (e ) Reviews correspondence, m e m o r a n d a , and r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d by o th e r s fo r the su p erviso r's signature to assure p r o c e d u r a l and ty p o g r a p h ic accuracy; (f) P erfo rm s stenographic and typing w o r k . M ay also p erform o th e r c l e r i c a l and s e c r e t a r i a l ta s k s o f c o m p a r a b le n atu re and d iffic u lt y . The work typically r e q u ir e s k n o w le d g e o f o f f ic e ro u tin e and u n d e rsta n d in g o f the o r g a n iz a t io n , p ro g ra m s, and p r o c e d u r e s r e la t e d to the w o r k o f the s u p e r v i s o r . E xclusions Not a ll positions that a r e title d " s e c r e t a r y " p o s s e s s the a b ov e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . E x a m p le s o f positions which a r e e x c lu d e d fr o m the d e fin it io n a r e as fo llo w s : (a ) P ositions which do n ot m e e t the " p e r s o n a l" s e c r e t a r y c o n c e p t d e s c r ib e d a b o v e ; (b ) Stenographers n ot fu lly tr a in e d in s e c r e t a r i a l type d u tie s ; (c ) Stenographers serving as o f f i c e a s s is ta n t s to a g ro u p o f p r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n ic a l, o r m anagerial p erso n s; (d ) Secretary positions in w h ich the d u ties a r e e ith e r s u b s ta n tia lly m o r e r o u tin e o r substantially m o re com plex and r e s p o n s ib le than th o se c h a r a c t e r iz e d in the d e fin it io n ; (e ) A ssista n t type p o s it io n s w h ic h in v o lv e m o r e d iffic u lt o r m o r e r e s p o n s ib le t e c h n ic a l, adm inistrative, s u p e r v i s o r y , o r s p e c ia liz e d c l e r i c a l d u tie s w h ic h a r e n ot t y p ic a l o f s e c r e t a r i a l work. N O TE; The term " c o r p o r a t e o f f i c e r , " u s e d in the le v e l d e fin it io n s fo llo w in g , r e f e r s to th o s e o f f i c i a l s who have a s ig n ific a n t c o r p o r a t e - w i d e p o lic y m a k in g r o le w ith r e g a r d to m a jo r company a ctiv ities. T h e title " v ic e p r e s id e n t , " th ou gh n o r m a lly in d ic a t iv e o f th is r o l e , d o e s n ot in a ll c a s e s id e n tify su ch p o s it io n s . V i c e p r e s id e n t s w h o s e p r im a r y r e s p o n s ib ilit y is to a c t personally on in d iv id u a l c a s e s o r tr a n s a c t io n s ( e . g . , a p p r o v e o r d en y in d i v id u a l lo a n or credit actions; a d m in is t e r in d iv id u a l tr u s t a c c o u n ts ; d ir e c t ly s u p e r v is e a c l e r i c a l sta ff) are not considered to b e " c o r p o r a t e o f f i c e r s " fo r p u r p o s e s o f ap p ly in g the fo llo w in g le v e l d e fin it io n s : 77 S E C R E T A R Y — C on tin u ed S e cre ta ry I (a ) S e c r e t a r y to the s u p e r v is o r o r h ead o f a s m a ll organizational unit (e. g. , fe w e r than ab ou t 25 o r 30 p e r s o n s ) ; o r (b ) S e c r e t a r y to a n o n s u p e r v is o r y s t a ff s p e c ia lis t , p rofession al em ployee, a d m in is tr a tiv e o f f i c e r , o r a s s is t a n t , s k ille d te c h n ic ia n o r e x p e r t . (N O T E ; Many companies a s s ig n s t e n o g r a p h e r s , r a th e r than s e c r e t a r i e s as d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , to this lev el o f su pervisory o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r .) S e c r e t a r y II (a ) S e c r e t a r y to an e x e c u tiv e o r m a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n whose responsibility is n ot e q u iv a le n t to on e o f the s p e c i f i c le v e l situ a tio n s in the d e fin itio n for lev e l III, but w h o s e s u b o r d in a te s t a ff n o r m a lly n u m b e r s at le a s t s e v e r a l d o z e n em ployees and is usually divided into o r g a n iz a t io n a l s e g m e n ts w h ich a r e o ft e n , in tu rn , fu r th e r subdivided. In som e c o m p a n ie s , th is le v e l in c lu d e s a w id e r a n g e o f o r g a n iz a t io n a l e c h e lo n s ; in o th e rs, only one o r tw o; o r ( b ) S e c r e t a r y to the h ead o f an in d iv id u a l pla n t, factory, e t c - , (or other e q u iv a le n t le v e l o f o ff ic ia l ) that e m p lo y s , in a l l, fe w e r than 5, 000 persons. S e c r e t a r y III in a l l, (a ) S e c r e t a r y to the c h a ir m a n o f the b o a r d o r president o f a company that e m p lo y s , fe w e r than 100 p e r s o n s ; o r ( b ) S e c r e t a r y to a c o r p o r a t e o f f i c e r (o th e r than chairm an o f the board or p r e s id e n t ) o f a c o m p a n y that e m p lo y s , in a l l, o v e r 100 but fe w e r than 5 ,0 0 0 p erso n s; or (c ) S e c r e t a r y to the h ea d (im m e d ia te ly b e lo w the officer level) over either a m a jo r c o r p o r a t e - w i d e fu n c tio n a l a c tiv it y ( e . g . , m a r k e t in g , r e s e a r c h , operation s, industrial r e l a t i o n s , e t c . ) o r a m a jo r g e o g r a p h ic o r o r g a n iz a tio n a l s e g m e n t ( e .g . , a regional h e a d q u a r t e r s ; a m a jo r d iv is io n ) o f a c o m p a n y that e m p lo y s , in a l l, over 5 ,0 0 0 but fewer than 2 5 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e e s ; o r (d ) S e c r e t a r y to the h ea d o f an in d iv id u a l p la n t, fa cto ry, etc. le v e l o f o f f ic ia l ) that e m p lo y s , in a ll, o v e r 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; or (or other e q u iv a le n t (e ) S e c r e t a r y to the h ead o f a la r g e and im p o rta n t organizational segm ent ( e . g . , a m id d le m a n a g e m e n t s u p e r v i s o r o f an o r g a n iz a t io n a l segm ent often involving as m a n y as s e v e r a l h u n d red p e r s o n s ) o f a c o m p a n y that e m p lo y s , in a l l, over 2 5 ,0 0 0 p e r so n s. S e c r e t a r y IV in a ll, dent) m a jo r (a) over of S e c r e t a r y to the c h a ir m a n o f the b o a r d o r p r e s id e n t o f a company that e m p lo y s , 100 bu t fe w e r than 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; o r (b ) S e c r e t a r y to a c o r p o r a t e o f f i c e r (o th e r than the chairm an of the board o r p r e s i a c o m p a n y that e m p lo y s , in a ll, o v e r 5 ,0 0 0 but few er than 2 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s ; o r (c ) segm en t or S e c r e t a r y to the h e a d , s u b s id ia r y o f a c o m p a n y im m e d ia te ly b e lo w the corporate o fficer le v e l , that e m p lo y s , in a ll, over 2 5 ,0 0 0 p e r s o n s . of a 78 STEN O GRAPH ER, GENERAL P r im a r y duty is to take and t r a n s c r ib e d ic ta tio n fr o m on e o r m o r e p e r s o n s e it h e r in sh orth a n d o r b y S ten otyp e o r s im ila r m a c h in e , in v o lv in g a n o r m a l ro u tin e v o c a b u la r y . M ay a ls o type fr o m w r it te n c o p y . M ay m a in ta in f i l e s , k e e p s im p le r e c o r d s o r p e r f o r m o th e r r e la t iv e ly r o u tin e c l e r i c a l ta s k s . M ay o p e r a te fr o m a s te n o g r a p h ic p o o l. D o e s n ot in clu d e t r a n s c r ib in g -m a c h in e w o r k . STEN O GRAPH ER, SEN IO R P r im a r y duty is to take and t r a n s c r ib e d ic ta tio n fr o m on e o r m o r e p e r s o n s e ith e r in sh orth a n d o r by S ten otyp e o r s im ila r m a c h in e , in v o lv in g a v a r ie d t e c h n ic a l o r s p e c ia liz e d v o c a b u la r y su ch as in le g a l b r ie f s o r r e p o r t s o n s c ie n t ifi c r e s e a r c h . M a y a ls o type fr o m w r it te n c o p y . M ay a ls o s e t up and m a in ta in f i l e s , k e e p r e c o r d s , e t c . OR P e r f o r m s s te n o g r a p h ic d u tie s r e q u ir in g s ig n ific a n t ly g r e a t e r in d e p e n d e n ce and r e s p o n s ib ilit y than s t e n o g r a p h e r , g e n e r a l as e v id e n c e d b y the fo llo w in g : W o r k r e q u ir e s h igh d e g r e e o f s t e n o g r a p h ic s p e e d and a c c u r a c y ; a th o r o u g h w o r k in g k n o w le d g e o f g e n e r a l b u s in e s s and o f f i c e p r o c e d u r e and o f the s p e c if i c b u s in e s s o p e r a t io n s , o r g a n iz a t io n , p o l i c i e s , p r o c e d u r e s , f i l e s , w o r k flo w , e t c . U s e s this k n o w le d g e in p e r fo r m in g s te n o g r a p h ic d u tie s and r e s p o n s ib le c l e r i c a l ta sk s su ch as m a in ta in in g fo llo w u p f i l e s ; a s s e m b lin g m a t e r ia l fo r r e p o r t s , m e m o r a n d u m s , and le t t e r s ; c o m p o s in g s im p le le t t e r s f r o m g e n e r a l in s t r u c t io n s ; re a d in g and r o u tin g in co m in g m a il; a n sw e r in g ro u tin e q u e s t io n s , e tc . D o e s n ot in clu d e t r a n s c r ib in g -m a c h in e w o r k . N O T E : T h is jo b is d is tin g u is h e d fr o m that o f a s e c r e t a r y in that the s e c r e t a r y n o r m a lly w o r k s in a c o n fid e n t ia l r e la t io n s h ip to o n ly on e m a n a g e r o r e x e c u tiv e and p e r f o r m s m o r e r e s p o n s ib le and d is c r e t i o n a r y ta sk s as d e s c r ib e d in that jo b d e fin it io n . S W IT C H B O A R D O P E R A T O R S w itch b o a rd O p e r a to r I O p e r a te s a s in g le - o r m u lt ip le -p o s it io n te le p h o n e s w it c h b o a r d h an dlin g in c o m in g , o u tg o in g , in tra p la n t o r o f f i c e c a l l s . M ay h an dle r o u tin e lon g d is ta n c e c a lls and r e c o r d t o l ls . M ay p e r fo r m lim it e d telep h on e in fo r m a t io n s e r v i c e . ( " L i m i t e d 1' te le p h o n e in fo r m a t io n s e r v ic e o c c u r s if the fu n ctio n s o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s e r v ic e d a r e r e a d ily u n d e r s ta n d a b le fo r telep h on e in fo r m a t io n p u r p o s e s , o r if the r e q u e s ts a r e r o u t in e , e . g . , g iv in g e x te n s io n n u m b e r s w h en s p e c if i c n a m e s a r e fu r n is h e d , o r if c o m p le x c a lls a r e r e f e r r e d to a n oth er o p e r a t o r .) S w itch b o a rd O p e r a to r II O p e r a te s a s in g le - o r m u lt ip le -p o s it i o n te le p h o n e s w it c h b o a r d h an dlin g in c o m in g , o u tg o in g , in tr a p la n t o r o f f ic e c a l l s . P e r f o r m s fu ll te le p h o n e in fo r m a t io n s e r v i c e o r h a n d les c o m p le x c a l l s , su ch as c o n f e r e n c e , c o l l e c t , o v e r s e a s , o r s im ila r c a l l s , e it h e r in a d d itio n to d oin g r o u tin e w o r k as d e s c r ib e d fo r s w it c h b o a r d o p e r a t o r I, o r as a f u ll- t i m e a s s i g n m e n t. ( " F u l l " te le p h o n e in fo r m a t io n s e r v ic e o c c u r s w h en the e s t a b lis h m e n t has v a r ie d fu n c tion s that a r e n ot r e a d ily u n d e r sta n d a b le fo r te le p h o n e in fo r m a t io n p u r p o s e s , e . g . , b e c a u s e o f o v e r la p p in g o r in t e r r e la t e d fu n c tio n s , and c o n s e q u e n tly p r e s e n t fr e q u e n t p r o b le m s as to w h ich e x te n s io n s a r e a p p r o p r ia te fo r c a lls .) 79 T A B U L A T IN G -M A C H IN E O P E R A T O R T a b u la tin g -M a c h in e O p e r a to r I O p e r a te s s im p le ta bu la tin g o r e l e c t r i c a l a c c o u n tin g m a c h in e s , s u c h as the s o r t e r , r e p r o d u c in g p u n ch , c o l l a t o r , e t c . , w ith s p e c if i c in s t r u c t io n s . M ay in clu d e the p e r fo r m a n c e o f s o m e s im p le w ir in g fr o m d ia g r a m s and s o m e filin g w o r k . T h e w o r k t y p ic a lly in v o lv e s p o r tio n s o f a w o r k u n it, fo r e x a m p le , in d iv id u a l s o r tin g o r c o lla t in g r u n s , o r r e p e t it iv e o p e r a t io n s . T a b u la tin g -M a c h in e O p e r a to r II O p e r a te s m o r e d iffic u lt ta bu la tin g o r e l e c t r i c a l a c c o u n tin g m a c h in e s , su ch as the ta b u la to r and c a l c u l a t o r , in a d d itio n to the s o r t e r , r e p r o d u c e r , and c o l l a t o r . T h is w o r k is p e r fo r m e d u n d er s p e c if i c in s t r u c t io n s and m a y in clu d e the p e r fo r m a n c e o f s o m e w ir in g fr o m d ia g r a m s . T he w o r k t y p ic a lly i n v o l v e s , fo r e x a m p le , ta b u la tio n s in v o lv in g a r e p e tit iv e , a c cou n tin g e x e r c i s e , a c o m p le t e but s m a ll ta bu la tin g stu d y , o r p a r t s o f a lo n g e r and m o r e c o m p le x r e p o r t . Such r e p o r t s and stu d ie s a r e u s u a lly o f a r e c u r r in g n a tu re w h e r e the p r o c e d u r e s a r e w e ll e s t a b lis h e d . M ay a ls o in clu d e the tra in in g o f new e m p lo y e e s in the b a s ic o p e r a t io n o f the m a c h in e . T a b u la tin g -M a c h in e O p e r a to r III O p e r a te s a v a r ie t y o f ta bu la tin g o r e l e c t r i c a l a c c o u n tin g m a c h in e s , t y p ic a lly in c lu d in g , su ch m a c h in e s as the ta b u la to r , c a lc u l a t o r , in t e r p r e t e r , c o l l a t o r , and o t h e r s . P er f o r m s c o m p le t e r e p o r t in g a s s ig n m e n ts w ith ou t c l o s e s u p e r v is io n , and p e r f o r m s d iffic u lt w ir in g as r e q u ir e d . The c o m p le t e r e p o r t in g and tabu latin g a s s ig n m e n ts t y p ic a lly in v o lv e a v a r ie t y o f lon g and c o m p le x r e p o r t s w h ich o fte n a r e o f ir r e g u la r o r n o n r e c u r r in g type r e q u irin g s o m e p la n n in g and s e q u e n c in g o f ste p s to be ta k en . A s a m o r e e x p e r ie n c e d o p e r a t o r , is t y p ic a lly in v o lv e d in tra in in g new o p e r a t o r s in m a ch in e o p e r a t io n s , o r p a r t ia lly tr a in e d o p e r a t o r s in w ir in g fr o m d ia g r a m s and o p e r a t in g s e q u e n c e s o f lon g and c o m p le x r e p o r t s . D o e s n ot in clu d e w o r k in g s u p e r v i s o r s p e r fo r m in g ta b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t io n s and d a y - t o d ay s u p e r v is io n o f the w o r k and p r o d u c tio n o f a g ro u p o f ta b u la tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s . T Y P IS T U s e s a ty p e w r ite r to m a k e c o p ie s o f v a r io u s m a t e r ia ls o r to m a k e ou t b i lls a fte r c a lc u la t io n s h ave b e e n m a d e b y a n oth er p e r s o n . M ay in clu d e typin g o f s t e n c ils , m a t s , o r s im ila r m a t e r ia ls f o r u se in d u p lic a tin g p r o c e s s e s . M ay do c l e r i c a l w o r k in v o lv in g little s p e c ia l t r a in in g , su ch as k e e p in g s im p le r e c o r d s , filin g r e c o r d s and r e p o r t s , o r s o r tin g and d is tr ib u tin g in c o m in g m a il. T y p is t I P e r f o r m s on e o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : C o p y typin g fr o m r o u g h o r c le a r d r a ft s ; r o u tin e typin g o f f o r m s , in s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s , e t c . ; settin g up s im p le sta n d a rd ta b u la tio n s , o r c o p y in g m o r e c o m p le x ta b le s a lr e a d y s e t up and s p a c e d p r o p e r l y . T y p is t II P e r f o r m s on e o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g : T y p in g m a t e r ia l in fin a l fo r m w h en it in v o lv e s c o m b in in g m a t e r ia l fr o m s e v e r a l s o u r c e s o r r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r c o r r e c t s p e llin g , s y l la b ic a t io n , p u n ctu a tio n , e t c . , o f te c h n ic a l o r u n u su al w o r d s o r f o r e ig n la n g u a ge m a t e r ia l; plann in g la y o u t and typin g o f c o m p lic a t e d s t a t is t ic a l ta b le s to m a in ta in u n ifo r m ity and b a la n c e in s p a c in g . M a y type ro u tin e fo r m le t t e r s , v a r y in g d e ta ils to su it c i r c u m s t a n c e s . 80 N O T E : The d e fin it io n s fo r the d r a ftin g and c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t io n s sh ow n in th is b u l le tin a r e the sa m e as th o se u s e d in the B u r e a u 's p r o g r a m o f o c c u p a t io n a l w a g e s u r v e y s in m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s . (S ee the lis t o f a r e a s in the o r d e r fo r m at the b a c k o f this b u lle t in .) The le v e l d e s ig n a t io n s u s e d in th is b u lle t in , h o w e v e r , d iffe r fr o m th ose u s e d in the a r e a b u lle t in s . The e q u iv a le n t le v e l d e s ig n a tio n s fo r the o c c u p a t io n s c o n c e r n e d a r e as f o llo w s : O c c u p a tio n N a tion a l S u r v e y o f P r o f e s s i o n a l , A d m in is t r a t iv e , T e c h n ic a l, and C le r ic a l P ay O c c u p a tio n a l W age S u r v e y s in M e tr o p o lit a n A reas D r a fts m a n ___________________________ I II III C B A C l e r k , a c c o u n tin g __________________ I II B A C l e r k , f i l e __________________________ X II III C B A K ey p u n ch o p e r a t o r _________________ I II B A S e c r e t a r y ____________________________ I II III IV D C B A S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t o r ______________ I II B A I C B A T a b u la t in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r ___________ II III T y p is t I B II A Appendix D. Comparison of Average Annual Salaries in Private Industry, June 1967, with Corresponding Salary Rates for Federal Employees Under the General Schedule T he s u r v e y w a s d e s ig n e d , a m on g oth er u s e s , to p r o v id e a b a s i s f o r c o m p a r in g F e d e r a l s a la r ie s u n d er the G e n e r a l S ch ed u le w ith g e n e r a l pa y le v e ls in p r iv a te in d u str y . To assu re c o m p ila t io n o f p a y data fo r w o r k le v e ls that w ou ld be e q u iv a le n t to the F e d e r a l g r a d e s , the C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m is s io n c o lla b o r a t e d w ith the B u rea u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s to p r e p a r e the o c c u p a t io n w o r k le v e l d e fin it io n s u se d in the s u r v e y . A l l d e fin it io n s w e r e g r a d e d b y the C o m m is s io n a c c o r d in g to the sta n d a rd s e s t a b lis h e d f o r e a c h g r a d e . F o r e a c h o f the o c c u p a tion w o r k le v e ls s u r v e y e d b y the B u re a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , the e q u iv a le n t G e n e r a l S ch ed u le g r a d e , a s d e t e r m in e d b y the C o m m is s io n , is id e n tifie d in the fo llo w in g ta b le . 81 82 C o m p a r iso n o f A v era g e Annual S a la rie s in P riva te I n d u s t r y ,1 June 1967, W ith S a la ry R ates fo r F e d e r a l E m p lo y e e s Under the G en era l Schedule 2 O ccu pa tion and c la s s su rv ey ed by BLS 3 C le rk s , file I _ O ffice b oys or g ir ls __________________ A v e ra g e annual sa la r ie s in p riv a te in du stry 4 $ 3, 405 3, 777 S a la ry ra tes fo r F e d e r a l enip lo y e e s under the G e n e ra l S ched ule 2 P e r annum ra te s and steps 6 G ra de 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 9 GS 1 $ 3 , 609 3, 776 $ 3 , 731 3, 902 $ 3 , 853 4, 028 $ 3 , 975 4, 154 $ 4 , 097 4, 280 $ 4 , 219 4 ,4 0 6 $ 4 , 341 4, 532 $ 4 ,4 6 3 4, 658 $ 4 , 585 4, 784 $ 4 , 707 4, 910 C le rk s , file I I ______ ______ ____________ K eypunch o p e r a t o r s I ________________ S w itch boa rd o p e r a t o r s I ______________ T ab u la tin g-m a ch in e o p e r a to r s I ____ 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 877 344 351 481 944 GS 2 3, 925 4, 108 4, 058 4, 245 4, 191 4, 382 4, 324 4, 519 4 ,4 5 7 4, 656 4, 590 4, 793 4, 723 4, 930 4, 856 5, 067 4, 989 5, 204 5, 122 5, 341 C le rk s , a ccoun tinp I C le rk s , file. TTT ________ ________ D r a ft s m e n -t r a c e r s ............. E n g in eerin g tech n icia n s I K eypunch o p e r a t o r s II ________________ S ten og ra p h ers, g e n e ra l ____________ S w itch boa rd o p e r a to r s II T a b u la tin g-m a ch in e o p e r a to r s II ____ 4 ,4 7 1 4, 772 4, 734 5, 366 4, 960 4, 606 5, 234 5 ,4 9 4 4, 684 GS 3 4, 269 4 ,4 6 6 4 ,4 1 3 4, 615 4, 557 4, 764 4, 701 4, 913 4, 845 5, 062 4, 989 5, 211 5, 133 5, 360 5, 277 5, 509 5 ,421 5, 658 5, 565 5, 807 C le rk s , a ccou n tin g II D ra ftsm en I E n g in eerin g tech n icia n s TI S e c r e t a r ie s I __________________________ S te n o g ra p h e r s, s e n i o r ________________ T a b u la tin g -m a ch in e o p e r a to r s I I I ___ 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 935 762 305 318 393 690 GS 4 4, 776 4, 995 4, 936 5, 161 5, 096 5, 327 5, 256 5 ,4 9 3 5 ,4 1 6 5, 659 5, 576 5, 825 5, 736 5 ,9 9 1 5, 896 6, 157 6, 056 6, 323 6, 216 6 ,4 8 9 A ccou n ta n ts I A u d ito r s I B u y ers I C h em ists I _____ ______________________ D ra ftsm en I I -------------------- --------------E n g in eers I ________________________ __ E n g in eerin g tech n icia n s III Job an aly sts I S e cre ts r ie s IT 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7, 6, 990 190 030 590 219 388 235 621 019 GS 5 5, 331 5, 565 5, 507 5, 751 5, 683 5, 937 5, 859 6, 123 6, 035 6, 309 6, 211 6 ,4 9 5 6, 387 6, 681 6, 563 6, 867 6, 739 7, 053 6, 915 7, 239 5, 867 6, 137 6,4 5 1 6, 734 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 263 547 877 184 6 ,461 6, 752 7, 090 7 ,4 0 9 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7, 7, 8, 253 572 942 309 7,4 5 1 7, 777 8, 155 8, 534 7, 7, 8, 8, S e c r e t a r ie s III 6, 375 GS 6 A ccou n ta n ts I I ___________ ___________ A u d ito r s II ______________________ _____ B u y ers II _____________________________ C h em ists II ____________________________ D ra ftsm en I I I _________ _______________ E n g in eers II E n g in eerin g tech n icia n s I V ____ _____ Job a n aly sts II ________________________ S e c r e t a r ie s TV 7, 820 8, 354 8, 211 8 ,4 8 2 8, 720 9, 078 8, 318 8, 157 6, 938 GS 7 A ccounta nts III A u d itors III A ttorn ey s I I ____________________________ B u y ers TTT C h em ists III ___ ____ _______________ E n g in eers I I I __ __ __________________ E n g in eerin g te ch n icia n s V ___________ Job an aly sts III _______________________ M a n a g ers, o ffic e s e r v i c e s I _________ 8, 879 9 ,4 4 9 9, 622 9, 819 9, 719 10,3 30 9, 341 9, 618 8, 562 GS 9 7, 696 8, 054 7, 957 8, 323 8, 218 8, 592 8 ,4 7 9 8, 861 8, 740 9, 130 9, 001 9, 399 9, 262 9, 668 9, 523 9, 937 9, 784 10, 206 10, 045 10,4 75 M a n a gers, o ffic e s e r v i c e s II ________ 10, 397 GS 10 8 ,4 2 1 8, 821 8, 709 9, 115 8, 997 9 ,4 0 9 9, 285 9, 703 9, 573 9, 997 9, 861 10, 291 10, 149 10, 585 10, 437 10, 879 10, 725 11, 173 11, 013 11,4 67 A ccou n ta n ts I V ______________ ________ A u d ito r s IV ____________________________ A ttorn eys I I I ________________ ________ B u y ers IV __________________________ __ C h em ists IV ____________________ , ______ C h ief a ccoun tants I ___________________ D ir e c t o r s of p e r so n n e l I _____________ E n g in eers IV Job a n aly sts IV _______________________ M a n a g ers, o ffic e s e r v ic e s III _______ 10,6 60 11, 633 11, 843 11, 806 12,044 11, 768 1 0,407 12,424 11, 964 13,011 GS 11 9, 221 9, 657 9, 536 9, 979 9, 851 10, 301 10, 166 10, 623 10,481 10, 945 10, 796 11, 267 11,111 11, 589 11,4 26 11,911 11, 741 12, 233 12, 056 12, 555 See footnotes at end of table. 065 342 664 959 659 957 303 634 857 162 516 859 055 367 729 084 649 982 368 759 83 C o m p a r iso n o f A v era g e Annual S a la rie s in P riv a te I n d u s t r y ,1 June 1967, W ith S a la ry R ates fo r F e d e r a l E m p lo y e e s Under the G en era l Schedule 2— Continued O ccu p a tion and c la s s su rv ey ed by BLS 3 A v e ra g e annual s a la r ie s in p riv a te G ra d e 5 in du stry 4 S a la ry ra tes fo r F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s under the G e n e ra l S ched ule 2 P e r annum ra te s and step s 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $ 10,9 27 $ 11,306 $ 11,685 $ 1 2 ,0 6 4 $12, 443 $12, 882 $13, 201 $ 1 3 ,5 8 0 $13, 959 $ 1 4 ,3 3 8 11, 843 11,461 12,225 13, 371 12,6 07 1 3,753 14, 135 14,5 17 12, 989 14,8 99 A ccou n ta n ts V ________ _______________ A tto rn e y s I V ____________________ _____ C h em ists V _________________ _____ __ C h ief accou n ta n ts II _____ ____________ D ir e c t o r s of p e r so n n e l II ____________ E n g in eers V _____________ ___________ M a n a g ers, o ffic e s e r v i c e s IV _______ $ 12, 795 1 4,4 19 14,4 05 13, 036 12, 394 14,5 23 15,4 14 GS 12 A tto rn e y s V ______ __________________ C h em ists VI ___________________________ C h ief accou n ta n ts III _______ __ _____ D ir e c t o r s of p er so n n e l III ___________ E n g in eers VI __________________________ 17, 206 16, 575 15,8 83 1 5 ,3 19 16,604 GS 13 1 2,873 13, 507 13,321 13,9 57 1 3,769 14, 407 14,2 17 14, 857 1 4,665 15, 307 15, 113 15, 757 15, 561 16, 207 16, 009 16, 657 16, 457 17, 107 16, 905 17, 557 A tto rn e y s V I ___________________________ C h em ists VII __________________________ C h ief accou n ta n ts IV _________________ D ir e c t o r s o f p e r s o n n e l IV _____________ E n g in eers VII _________________________ 2 1 ,4 1 5 2 0 ,1 1 0 18, 896 19, 186 19, 332 GS 14 15, 106 15, 841 15,6 29 16, 369 16, 152 16, 897 16, 675 17, 425 17, 198 1 7,953 17, 721 18,481 18, 244 19, 009 18, 767 19, 537 19, 290 2 0 ,0 6 5 19, 813 2 0 ,5 9 3 A ttorn ey s V I I __________________________ C h em ists VIII ___________ ___________ E n g in eers VIII ________________________ 2 7 ,2 9 3 2 4 ,6 7 6 22, 235 GS 15 17,5 50 18,404 18, 157 19, 017 18,764 19, 630 19, 371 20, 243 19, 978 2 0 ,8 5 6 2 0 ,5 8 5 21, 469 21, 192 22, 082 21, 799 22, 695 22, 406 23, 308 2 3 ,0 1 3 23, 921 1 F o r sc o p e o f su r v e y , see appendix A . 2 S a la ry ra te s under the F e d e r a l S a la ry and F rin g e B en efits A c t of 1966 (fir s t line) w h ich w ere in e ffe ct in June 1967, the r e fe r e n c e date fo r the BLS su rv ey ; and s a la ry ra tes under the F e d e r a l S a la ry A c t o f 1967 (s e co n d line) w hich b e ca m e e ffe c t iv e at the beginning o f the fir s t pay p e r io d beginning on or a fte r O cto b e r 1, 1967. 3 F o r d e fin ition s, se e appendix C. 4 Survey findings as su m m a rize d in table 1 o f this re p o rt. 5 C orresp on d in g g ra d e s in the G e n e ra l Schedule w e re su p plied by the U .S . C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m issio n . 6 S ection 5335 o f title 5 o f the U .S . C ode p r o v id e s fo r w ith in -g ra d e in c r e a s e s on con d ition that the e m p lo y e e 's " w o r k is of an a cce p ta b le le v e l of co m p e te n ce as d efin ed by the head o f the dep artm ent. " F o r e m p lo y e e s who m e e t this con d ition , the s e r v ic e re q u ire m e n ts are 52 ca len d a r w eeks each fo r sa la ry ra tes 1, 2, and 3; 104 w eek s each fo r s a la ry ra tes 4, 5, and 6; and 156 w eek s ea ch fo r s a la ry ra tes 7, 8, and 9. S ection 5336 p r o v id e s that an additiona l w ith in -g ra d e in c r e a s e m a y b e gra nted within any p e r io d of 52 w eeks in re c o g n itio n o f high q uality p e r fo r m a n c e above that o r d in a r ily found in the type o f p os ition co n c e rn e d . Under s e c tio n 5303 o f title 5 o f the U .S . C od e, high er m in im u m ra tes (but not e x ceed in g the m a xim u m s a la ry rate p r e s c r ib e d in the G e n e ra l Schedule fo r the g ra d e or le v e l) and a co r re s p o n d in g new s a la ry range m ay be e s ta b lish e d fo r p o s itio n s o r o ccu p a tion s under ce r ta in con d ition s. The con d ition s in clu de a finding that the s a la ry ra tes in priv a te in du stry a re so su b sta n tia lly abov e the s a la ry ra tes o f the statutory pay sc h ed u les as to handicap sig n ifica n tly the G o v e r n m e n t's rec ru itm e n t or reten tion o f w e ll-q u a lifie d p e r s o n s . Such s p e cia l pay s c a le s have been e sta b lis h ed fo r s p e c ific g ra d e s or le v e ls o f ce r ta in o ccu p a tion s (including e n g in eers and s c ie n t is t s ). In form a tion on the s p e c ia l h igh er pay sc a le s cu r re n tly in e ffe c t , and the occu p a tion s and a re a s to w hich they apply, m ay be obtained fr o m the U .S . C iv il S e rv ice C o m m is s io n , W ashington, D .C ., 20415, o r its r e g io n a l o ff ic e s . U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1968 0 -2 8 7 -0 9 2 Order Form TO: Superintendent o f D ocum ents U. S. Governm ent Printing O ffice W ashington, D. C. 20402 or Bureau o f Labor Statistics— John F. Kennedy Federal Building, G overnm ent Center, R oom 1 6 0 3 -B, Boston, Mass. 02203 341 Ninth A ve. , New York, N. Y. 10001 1371 Peachtree St. , NE, , A tlanta, Ga. 30309 911 Walnut St. , Kansas C ity, M o. 64106 219 South Dearborn St. , C h icag o, 111. 60604 450 G olden Gate A ve. , Box 36017, San Francisco, C a lif. 94102 j ch eck or f j m on ey order. M ake checks or m on ey orders Enclosed find $____________ in | payable to the Superintendent o f D ocum ents. (T w en ty -fiv e percent discount for bundle order o f 100 copies or m ore. ) Please send m e copies o f bulletins as in dicated. Number of copies 19 65 -66 AREA WAGE SURVEY SUM M ARY BULLETINS Bulletin 14 65 -66. 19 65 -66 (19 66 ). W ages and R elated Benefits. Part I: 84 M etropolitan A reas, Consolidates inform ation from the individual area bulletins for surveys m ade the period July 1965 to July 1966. Contains average w eek ly earnings for occu p ation s, average hourly earnings for plant occu pation s, and establishm ent tices and supplem entary w age provisions by ; ndustry division and area. Price 55 B ulletin 1465 -86. W ages and R elated Benefits, Part II: U nited States and R eg ion a l Summaries, 1965—66 (1967). during o ffic e prac cents. M etropolitan A reas. Presents in form ation on occu p a tion a l earnings, establishm ent practices, and supple m entary w age provisions for all m etropolitan areas co m b in e d and separately by industry division and region. Also provides analyses o f w age differences and trends o f occu p a tion a l earnings. Price 60 cents. 1966-67 AREA WAGE SURVEY BULLETINS: * BLS bulletin number Price Number (in of cents) copies 1530-86 25 1530-62 1530-60 25 20 1530-53 1530-71 1530-30 25 25 30 1530-74 1530-63 20 30 Boise City (July 1 9 6 7 )--------------Boston ( Sept. 1 9 6 7 )------------------Buffalo (D ec. 19 6 6)------------------Burlington (Mar. 1 9 6 7 )------------Canton (Apr. 1 9 6 7 )------------------Charleston (Apr. 1 9 6 7 )------------Charlotte (Apr. 1 9 6 7 )--------------Chattanooga (Aug. 1 9 6 7 )---------Chicago (Apr. 1 9 6 7 )----------------- 1575-3 1575-13 1530-38 1530-52 1530-58 1530-61 1530-64 1575-7 1530-73 20 30 30 25 20 20 20 25 30 Cincinnati (Mar. 1967)------------Cleveland (Sept. 1967)------------Columbus (Oct. 1966)--------------Dallas (Nov. 1966)-------------------Davenport-Rock Island— Moline (Oct. 1967)----------------Dayton (Jan. 1967)-------------------Denver (D ec. 1966)------------------- 1530-56 1575-14 1530-20 1530-25 25 25 30 30 1575-12 1530-45 1530-32 25 25 25 Des Moines (Feb. 1967)------------Detroit (Jan. 1967)-------------------Forth Worth (Nov. 1966)-----------Green Bay (July 1967) — -----------Greenville (May 1967)--------------Houston (June 1967)------------------Indianapolis (D ec. 1966)----------J ack son (Feb. 1967)------------------- 1530-44 1530-48 1530-28 1575-5 1530-66 1530-85 1530-37 1530-43 25 30 30 20 25 25 25 20 Jacksonville (Jan. 1 9 6 7 )----------Kansas City (Nov. 1966)-----------Lawrence-Haverhill (June 1967)----------------------------Little Rock-North Little Rock (July 1967) — ................ - ............ Los Angeles—Long Beach and Anaheim—Santa A n a Garden Grove (Mar. 1967)------ 1530-39 1530-26 25 25 1530-77 20 1575-2 25 1530-65 30 Louisville (Feb. 1967)--------------Lubbock (June 1967)------------------Manchester (July 1 9 6 7 )------------Memphis (Jan. 1967)----------------Miami (Dec. 1 9 6 6 )-------- --------Midland and Odessa (June 1967)----------------------------- 1530-49 1530-75 1575-1 1530-40 1530-31 30 20 20 25 25 1530-78 20 Area and payroll period Akron (July 1967)---------------------Albany—Schenectady—T roy (Apr. 1967)....... .......... - .......... — Albuquerque (Apr. 1967)----------A ll entown-Bethlehem—Easton (Feb. 1967).......................... ........ Atlanta (May 1 9 6 7 )------------------Baltimore (Nov. 1966)--------------Beaumont—Port Arthur—Orange (May 1 9 6 7 )-............................... Birmingham (Apr. 1967)----------- — — — BLS Price Number bulletin (in of number cents) copies Area and payroll period Milwaukee (Apr. 1967)-------------------Minneapolis—5t. Paul (Jan. 1967)................ ....................... — Muskegon-Muskegon Heights (May 1967)....... ....................... - .......... Newark and Jersey City (Feb. 1 9 6 7 )................................. ........ New Haven (Jan 1 9 6 7 )------ ----------- New Orleans (Feb. 1 9 6 7 )----------------New York (Apr. 1967)---------------------- 30 1530-42 30 1530-72 20 1530-55 1530-41 1530-51 1530-83 25 25 30 40 — — — — — — — — — — ___ Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport News—Hampton (June 1967)..........— -------- -------------- 1530-82 Oklahoma City (July 1967)--------------- 1575-4 Omaha (Oct. 1966)— ............- .......... 1530-18 Paterson-C lifton—Passa ic (May 1967) — ................ - .................— 1530-67 Philadelphia (Nov. 1966)----------------- 1530-35 Phoenix (Mar. 1 9 6 7 ) - -- -------- ---------- 1530-59 Pittsburgh (Jan. 1967)---------------------- 1530-46 Portland (Maine) (Nov. 1966)----------- 1530-17 Portland (O reg.) (May 1 9 6 7 )..........— 1530-79 Prov id e nc e—Pawtucket— Warwick (May 1967).......................... 1530-70 Raleigh (Aug. 1967)....... .......... .......... 1575-6 Richmond (Nov. 1966)-------------------- 1530-23 Rockford (May 1967)------------------------ 1530-68 St. Louis (Oct. 1 9 6 6 )---------------------- 1530-27 Salt Lake City (D ec. 1 9 6 6 )------------- 1530-33 San Antonio (June 1967)------------------San Bernardino-Riverside— Ontario (Aug. 1967)........................... San Diego (Nov. 1966)......................... San Francisco-Oakland (Jan. 1967)-----------------------------------San Jose (Sept. 1 9 6 7 )........................... Savannah (May 1 9 6 7 )---------------------Scranton (July 1 9 6 7 )............................. Seattle-Everett (Oct. 1966)------------Sioux Falls (Oct. 1966)-------------------South Bend (Mar. 1 9 6 7 )- — ................ Spokane (June 1 9 6 7 )-----------------------Tampa—St. Petersburg (Aug. 1967) - - . Toledo (Feb. 1967)................ ............... Trenton (D ec. 1966)-----------------------Washington, D .C . (Sept. 1 9 6 7 )-----Waterbury (Mar. 1967)------ ------------Waterloo (Nov. 1966).............. ............ Wichita (Oct. 1 9 6 6 )------------- ---------Worcester (June 1967)---------------------York (Feb. 1967)--------------- -------------Youngstown-Warren (Nov. 1966)------ * Bulletins dated prior to July 1965 were entitled "Occupational Wage Surveys. " 1530-76 N a m e_______________________________________________________________________________ C it y ______________________________________ State Zip Code 25 20 25 25 35 20 30 20 25 30 25 25 20 30 25 1530-84 25 1575-10 1530-24 30 25 1530-36 1575-15 1530-69 1575-9 1530-22 1530-12 30 25 20 25 25 20 1530-57 1530-80 1575-8 1530-50 1530-34 1575-11 1530-54 1530-21 1530-11 1530-81 1530-47 1530-29 20 25 25 30 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES New England John F . K en n edy F e d e r a l B uild in g G o v e r n m e n t C e n t e r , R o o m 1 6 0 3 -B B o s to n , M a s s . 02203 T e l . : 2 2 3 -6 7 6 2 Mid-Atlantic 341 Ninth A v en u e N ew Y o r k , N. Y . 10001 T e l . : 9 7 1 -5 4 0 5 Southern 1371 P e a c h t r e e S tre e t, A tla n ta , G a . 30309 T e l . : 5 2 6 -5 4 1 8 North Central 219 South D e a r b o r n S tre e t C h ic a g o , 111. 6 0604 T e l . : 3 5 3 -7 2 3 0 Pacific 450 G o ld e n G ate A v en u e B o x 36017 San F r a n c i s c o , C a lif. 94102 T e l . : 5 5 6 -4 6 7 8 Mountain-Plains F e d e r a l O ffic e B u ild in g , T h ir d F lo o r 911 W alnut S treet K a n sa s C ity , M o . 64106 T e l . : 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1
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