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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bank reau of Labor Statistics Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review ( usps 987-800) is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Review welcomes articles on the la b o r fo rce , la b o r-m an a g e m en t re la tio n s , b u sin ess c o n d itio n s , in d u stry p ro d u c tiv ity , co m p e n sa tio n , occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. 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Periodicals postage paid at Washington, dc , and at additional mailing addresses. U nless stated o th erw ise, a rticles ap p earin g in this publication are in the public domain and may be reprinted without express permission from the Editor-in-Chief. Please cite the specific issue of the Monthly Labor Review as the source. Information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200 Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. P ostmaster : Send address changes to Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, dc 20402-0001. Cover designed by M elvin B. M oxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 124, Number 9 September 2001 What is the Employment Cost Index? 3 Understanding the characteristics of this index aids in identifying cost pressures that often lead to price inflation John W. Ruser Family and medical leave: evidence from the 2000 surveys Many employers offer leave over and above that legally required and most report no adverse effects on their business 17 Jane Waldfogel Job creation and destruction: Washington-Baltimore area 24 Gross job flows varied significantly between central cities in the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area R. Jason Faberman Departments Labor month in review Précis Book reviews Current labor statistics 2 32 33 37 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. B oles, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Horst Brand, Henry P. Guzda https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The Septem ber Review The Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is one of several important Bureau of Labor S tatistics m easures o f w hat can be termed business costs. That is, as John W. Ruser points out in his article, it is “an indicator of cost pressures within companies that could lead to price infla tion for finished goods and service.” The article goes on to describe the wage and salary payments and the wide range of benefit costs counted, the raw data collection process, and the statistical calculations underlying the index. It also includes analyses of the index’s behavior over the business cycle and other characteristics of the data series. Jane W aldfogel subm its a careful analysis of two surveys conducted for the Department of Labor on the impacts of the Fam ily and M edical L eave A ct ( f m l a ). She reports, among other find ings of the survey, that about 16 percent of employees took leave for family or medical reasons in 2000, and that only about 10 percent of employers perceived a noticeable negative impact of the pro gram on business profitability or growth. R. Jason Faberman takes advantage of the Longitudinal Database (L D B ), a relatively new tool developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, to investigate the dynamics of employment in the Bal timore and Washington metropolitan ar eas. The LDB contains quarterly employ ment and wage data for nearly all estab lishm ents in the United States. The comprehensive coverage of the data base allowed Faberman to focus on two metropolitan areas and the longitudinal nature of the files allowed him to decom pose job flows into their com ponent parts. By using these characteristics of the data, he is able to conclude, “These findings shed an intriguing new light on the em ploym ent dynam ics observed within metropolitan areas: not only is job growth higher in the suburbs, but job turnover is as well.” 2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Effects of events of Septem ber 11 Women narrow earnings g a p by degrees The events of September 11, 2001, re sulted in a tragic loss of life and signifi cant disruptions to workers in the local affected economies. In Lower Manhat tan, about 368,000 persons w orked within a few blocks of the World Trade Center, more than a half-million worked within the area cordoned off by emer gency officials as they responded to the attack, and about 700,000 in a slightly larger area of the southern quarter of the island. The immediate statistical impact of this attack, however, was small relative to the number of people who were af fected. In the Current Employment Sta tistics survey of establishments, the ref erence period is the pay period includ ing the 12th of the month. Workers em ployed for any portion are counted as employed. Nearly all pay periods includ ing the 12th began prior to the day of the attack. Thus, it is likely that the events of September 11 had little effect on S eptem ber’s overall em ploym ent count. To the extent that potential jobseekers were unable or unwilling to search for work in the aftermath of the events of Sep tember 11, unemployment estimates could have been affected in the Current Popula tion Survey of households. Because the reference period for job search is any time during the 4 weeks ending September 15, however, the effect on unemployment ap pears to have been limited. The employment and unemployment effects of the September 11 attacks are more likely to begin to register by the time data for October become available in November. We cannot be sure, how ever, that we will be able to completely disentangle these effects from other in fluences in the economy. Additional in formation and links to program-specific fact sheets can be found at: At all levels of education, women fared better than men did with respect to earn ings growth between 1979 and 2000. Earnings for women with college de grees have increased 30.4 percent since 1979 on an inflation-adjusted basis, while those of male college graduates rose only 16.7 percent. In fla tio n -a d ju s te d e a rn in g s for women with a high school diploma ad vanced 2.9 percent between 1979 and 2000, w hile earnings for m ale high school graduates fell 12.9 percent. Among those with some college or an associate degree, w om en’s earnings were up 8.2 percent, while m en’s were down 4.1 percent. A lthough both w om en and m en without a high school diploma have ex perienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, w om en’s earnings fell significantly less— a drop of 9.8 per cent, compared with a 26.7-percent drop for men. More information can be found in Highlights o f Women’s Earnings in 2000, BLS Report 952. http://vvww.bls.gov/blsimpac.htm September 2001 Midwesterners most likely to have job The proportion of the population with jobs was the highest in the Midwest in 1999. Among Midwesterners, 67.3 per cent of the population was employed on average in 1999. The percentages for the other three regions were clustered within a narrow range: 64.3 percent of those in the West were employed, 63.2 percent in the South, and 62.5 percent in the Northeast. In the N ation as a whole, 64.3 percent of the population had jobs. A dditional inform ation is available from Geographic Profile o f Employment and Unemployment, 1999 (BLS Bulletin 2537). □ The Employment Cost Index w hat is it? Understanding the characteristics of the Employment Cost Index aids in identifying the cost pressures measured by this important Government statistic pressures that often lead to inflation in the price o f goods and services — John W. Ruser John W. Ruser is Chief, Compensation Research and Program Develop ment Group, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: Ruser_J@bls.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis he Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quar terly measure of the change in the price of labor, defined as compensation per em ployee hour worked. Closely watched by many economists, the ECI is an indicator of cost pres sures within companies that could lead to price inflation for finished goods and services. The in dex measures changes in the cost of compensa tion not only for wages and salaries, but also for an extensive list of benefits. As a fixed-weight, or Laspeyres, index, the ECI controls for changes occurring over time in the industrial-occupational composition of employment. This article provides a broad overview of the ECI. Beginning with how the data for the index are collected and how the index is calculated, the dis cussion draws attention to some of the underlying challenges that are involved in calculating such a complex statistic: What types of data should, ide ally, be collected? What data are collected under nonideal conditions? and How are infrequent pay ments handled? Then, the article addresses a vari ety of questions that have been raised about the behavior and efficacy of the eci: How does the index behave over the business cycle? Is it, like the Consumer Price Index (CPI), affected by “substitu tion bias”? Does the eci capture emerging forms of compensation, such as hiring and retention bo nuses and stock options? and, finally, How does employer cost relate to employee value? T Collection of eci data The eci is computed from compensation cost data collected from a sample of jobs within sampled business establishments and government opera tions. (In what follows, business establishments and government operations will collectively be called “establishments.”) The data are weighted to represent the universe of establishments and occupations in the nonfarm private sector and in State and local governments. The eci sample, and hence the estimates derived from it, exclude Federal, private-household, and unpaid family workers, as well as self-employed individuals and owners of establishments. The eci sample is currently drawn in three stages as part of the larger National Compensation Sur vey. First, sample geographic areas are selected by dividing the United States into primary sampling units.1 Second, a sample of business establish ments and State and local government operations is selected from within each primary sampling unit that is chosen. Third, a bls data collector visits each establishment in the sample (the first visit is termed “initiation”), asks for a list of employees, and then collects a sample from this list, using pre determined rules. The employees making up the sample represent jobs that enter into calculations of the ECI. Techniques in which the probability of being selected for the sample is proportional to size are used at all stages of sampling, which means that larger geographic areas, larger establishments, and jobs with more employees have a higher prob ability of appearing in the survey. However, smaller areas, establishments, and jobs appear as well. For a fixed sample size, variances of estimates tend to be smaller under this kind of sampling than under simple random sampling. Establishments and jobs within them remain in Monthly Labor Review September 2001 3 The Employment Cost Index the ECl sample for approximately 5 years, contributing data ev ery quarter for the pay period that includes the 12th day o f the survey months: March, June, September, and December.2 Data on the cost o f compensation are collected for all employees in sampled jobs. After the initial personal visit, quarterly reports are normally collected by mail or telephone by economists lo cated in BLS regional offices. During the time a job remains in the ECl sample, data are collected on all incumbents in the job, even through changes in incumbency. Because the ECl does not fol low changes in compensation costs for individual workers, the average wage and salaiy o f a job may vary over time as the composition o f incumbents varies (for example, when the tenure o f incumbents changes with the business cycle). Due to business closings, the elimination o f jobs, and the refusal o f respondents to participate further in the survey, some establishments and some jobs drop out o f the sample, an event termed “attrition.” To reduce the burden on respondents, re build the attrition-depleted sample, and keep the sample current with the changing economy, establishments in the sample are replaced in a procedure termed “sample replacement.” Replace ment o f ECl samples was begun in 1981, and the method for replacement has differed overtime. From 1986 until 1997, all of the establishments within designated groups o f industries were replaced at the same time, with different industry groups re placed in different years. This approach had the disadvantage that the samples for some industries were older than those for other industries, which was a problem because the sample of jobs can become unrepresentative over time.3 Since 1997, when the Bureau began integrating the ECl into the National Compensation Survey, replacement samples have become cross-area and cross-industry samples, meaning that each replacement sample is now nationally representative. The sample is divided into five approximately equal groups that are replaced every 5 years. Such a replacement scheme has an advantage over the previous scheme in respect o f maintaining the currency o f the sample. The new replacementgroup data contain information about the changing workforce that may be used to adjust the sampling weights o f the older, less representative, replacement groups. Alternatively, it may be possible to weight more heavily the data from the more recent and more representative replacement groups. The Bu reau will conduct research to determine which approach holds more promise for maintaining an up-to-date survey. The sample size at any time depends on the size o f the initial sample, its age, the rate o f sample attrition, and sample replace ments. The size o f the ECl sample has varied overtime. Recently, the sample has begun to grow from a realignment o f compensa tion survey resources. The sample is expected to continue to grow, both from this realignment and from a budget increase. As of June 2001, 7,365 private-industry establishments provided data on about 31,100 occupations, while 790 State and local government operations afforded data on about 3,800 occupa 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 tions. Current plans call for expanding the gross sample to 18,000 units, although the usable sample is expected to be at least 25 percent smaller, as some units fail to respond and others are found to be out o f business or out o f the scope o f the survey. Collection of wage and benefit data At least two approaches could be taken to measuring an employer's costs for employee compensation. One focuses on past expenditures— that is, the actual money an employer spent on compensation during a specified time, usually the past year. The other focuses on estimating current costs— current wages and salaries and the cost o f benefits under current plan provisions and under participation in the plan at its initiation or at another point in time. BLS data collectors are instructed to capture data in accordance with the second ap proach (termed the “rate-and-usage” approach), although at times circumstances require the collection o f data on past expenditures instead. The ECl captures the change in employers’ costs for wages, salaries, and 20 different benefits classed into six categories. Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding scheduled hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments. Other supplemental cash payments are considered benefits. The benefits covered by the ECl include the following: • Paid leave— vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave; • Other supplemental cash payments—premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (for example, over time pay and pay for working weekends and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses, such as lump-sum payments provided in lieu o f wage increases; • Insurance benefits— life, health, short-term disability, and long-term disability insurance; • Retirement and savings benefits— employers’ payments into defmed-benefit and defined-contribution plans, includ ing Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESO P’ s); • Legally required benefits— Social Security, Federal and State unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation in surance, and Medicare; • Other benefits— severance pay and payment into supple mental unemployment plans. All costs o f benefits are converted to an hourly basis by di viding the annual cost o f benefits by annual hours worked. The inform ation needed to calculate the cost o f benefits according to rate and usage depends on the specific ben efit plan. The discussion that follows shows how rate and usage information is used to calculate costs. Vacations. To calculate the cost o f vacations, at initiation data are collected on (1) vacation provisions by length of service, (2) the distribution o f workers in the sampled occupa tion by length o f service, and (3) the number o f paid hours per vacation day. For example, suppose that there are 10 workers in a sampled jo b and that 5 have fewer than 5 years o f service with the company and 5 have more than 5 years. Suppose further that the company's vacation plan allows 10 days of vacation for workers with under 5 years o f service and 15 days o f vacation for those with 5 or more years o f service. Suppose also that each vacation day has 8 hours and is paid at the straight-time rate o f $10 per hour. Finally, suppose that the total hours worked equal 2,000 per worker. Then the aver age num ber o f vacation days taken by all workers in the sampled job is 12.5, and the cost o f vacations is4 12.5 days x 8 hours x $10 2,000 = $0.50 per hour worked. In contrast to vacation time, the calculation o f which is based on assuming that all vacation hours are taken, the cost of sick leave is based on actual usage at the time o f initiation. Health insurance. Suppose that a health insurance plan is offered to all employees in the sampled job, but only 9 o f 10 participate in the plan at initiation. The monthly premium, paid entirely by the company, is $120 per participating employee. Each employee works 2,000 hours. The annualized current cost per employee is the monthly premium, times 12 months, times 0.9. (Recall that one employee does not participate.) The annual ized current cost is divided by 2,000 to yield the current cost per hour: --------------- — = $0.65 per hour worked. 2,000 For vacations and health insurance, information on eligibility and participation in benefit plans is collected at initiation. The information includes the distribution o f workers by length of service (used to determine the average number o f vacation days taken by employees) and the fraction o f workers participating in health insurance. When costs per hour worked for these ben efits are calculated in subsequent quarters to measure the change in the cost o f the benefits, the same eligibility and par ticipation rates are assumed as at initiation. Flolding these val ues constant for a sampled job eliminates the effects of shifts in the composition o f the workforce on the measurement o f cost changes. (For example, it eliminates the effect o f a changing distribution o f length o f service, as might occur over a business cycle.) The policy o f holding usage o f benefits fixed over the pe riod that a jo b remains in the ECI extends to all benefits for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which rate and usage data are collected.5 In particular, the policy applies to overtime, so that the ECI is calculated on the assumption that a fixed number o f overtime hours are worked in each quarter (equal to the amount observed in the initiation quarter). The implications o f this policy with respect to over time are discussed in a later section. In only one instance is usage information updated when the cost o f benefits is based on rate and usage data: when the benefit plan changes. For example, if a new set o f health insur ance plans were offered, or if the provisions o f existing plans were changed, then new information would be collected on the number o f participants in each plan, and the cost o f health insurance would be calculated on the basis o f the price o f the new plans and the new distribution o f participation. Another example o f a change in benefit plan in which new information on usage o f benefits would be collected is when the overtime premium changes. In this case, new information would be col lected on overtime hours worked. The two data collection approaches As stated in the previous section, the Bureau has a prefer ence for collecting ECI data in the form o f rate and usage over data collected as expenditures. There are several reasons for this preference: • The aim o f the ECI is to measure the current cost o f hiring labor services. Past expenditures may reflect different wages or benefit plans than currently exist. • The ECI seeks to hold benefit usage constant when plan provisions remain constant. Usage is probably not held constant in expenditure data. • The rate-and-usage approach usually permits the calcula tion o f separate costs for each occupation in an establish ment. An expenditure may yield ju st one cost for the establishm ent, requiring the costs to be prorated among occupations. Note, however, that it may be possible to ob tain expenditure data for the specific jobs sampled. • Expenditures may include unwanted costs that can be dif ficult to exclude from the survey because the respondent does not know whether they are included and what the amounts may be. For example, a life insurance expenditure might include life insurance costs for retirees. The presumption, then, is that collecting data in the form o f rates and usage renders the data more likely to be specific to the sampled job and to pertain to the current period. In reality, BLS data collectors sometimes cannot obtain rate and usage information for the sampled job. In that case, they must either fall back on rate and usage information for a broader occupational group or obtain expenditure data for the job or for a broader occupational group. Monthly Labor Review September 2001 5 The Employment Cost Index Often, a data collector may be able to obtain some rate or usage information for a benefit at the job level, but must gather other information for calculating the benefit’s cost for an aggre gation higher than the job. In the case o f benefits that are avail able on a companywide basis, obtaining costs per hour from an aggregation higher than the job may be perfectly reasonable. Other times, applying higher level information to the sampled job is a necessary approximation. As an illustration o f these points, consider an establishment that offers just one health insurance plan. The cost per participant for the plan probably does not vary across jobs in the establishment, so that the costs per participant at the company level are the same as they would be for the workers in a sampled job. What may differ, however, is the level o f participation in different jobs. A data collector might not be able to obtain this usage information for the sampled job and might instead need to rely on participation rates for the company as a whole.6 Tables 1 and 2 show the sources o f data in the ECl for March 2000 for several major types o f benefit. The tables are based on an unedited code designating the source o f the data, so the estimates should be accepted cautiously. Never theless, the tables give a sense o f the source o f data. Table 1 shows that there were about 30,300 sampled jobs in the data base, including refusals and instances in which the plan ex ists, but costs are unavailable. Refusals accounted for about 5 percent o f all sampled jobs on a weighted basis, while the percentage o f jobs for which the plan existed, but costs were unavailable, ranged from about 9 percent to 23 percent. For the benefits listed in the table, costs were collected or there was no plan (which we know with certainty had zero cost) between 72 percent and 86 percent o f the time (weighted). For those jobs for which cost data were collected, table 2 shows how often rate and usage information was available for the specific job, how often rate and usage information was available for an aggregation o f jobs, and how often some other source o f data was used. When data elements from several dif ferent sources are used to generate a benefit cost for a job, the “poorest” o f the data elements indicates the source. That is, for Table 1. a given job, if rate and usage data for that job were mixed with expenditure data for an aggregation o f jobs, then the benefit cost would be coded as coming from expenditure data. The cat egory titled “other sources o f data” includes both cases in which data were “estimated” and a small percentage of cases in which the data source was not recorded.7 “Estimated” data represent situations in which at least one data element used to calculate a cost had to be estimated by the respondent. “Esti mated” data may still be high in quality, as hard data might account for the majority o f the elements in a cost calculation. Table 2 also shows that rate and usage data for the specific job were most often available for holidays (93.0 percent) and vacation leave (85.9 percent). In contrast, rate and usage data for the specific jo b were available only 33.7 percent o f the time for sick leave, which often comes from other sources. A closer examination o f the data indicates that sick leave data are often “estimated.” The central point is that BLS data collectors attempt to ob tain cost information that is as close to the sampled job and as close to the reference period as possible. However, limitations in the data available from the respondent necessitate compro mises in what is collected. Infrequent payments Many forms o f compensation are paid out relatively smoothly over time or exist as part o f a well-specified benefit package, so that their costs can be easily associated with the reference period. The most obvious example o f this is hourly wages, which are paid for labor services in the reference period. Even a schedule o f paid holidays (which are not necessarily taken during the reference period) can be viewed as part o f a com pensation package that exists during the reference period, and its annualized hourly costs can be attributed to that pe riod. But some components o f compensation, such as bo nuses, are paid infrequently (less than quarterly), and whether and how much will be paid in the future is uncertain. This uncertainty raises the question o f how these payments should Cost data collected in the eci, by type of benefit, March 2000 [In percent] Cost data Number of sampled jobs (unweighted).............. Total.................................................................... No p la n ........................................................ Cost data collected...................................... Plan exists, cost unavailable....................... Refusals...................................................... N ote : Definedcontribution pension Definedbenefit pension Health insurance Holiday leave 30,269 100.0 51.3 30.1 13.4 5.1 30,269 100.0 59.1 26.9 8.9 5.1 30,269 100.0 22.8 54.2 18.1 5.0 30,269 100.0 16.9 68.3 10.2 4.7 Percentages are based on weighted data. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 Vacation leave Sick leave 30,269 100.0 20.9 58.5 16.0 4.6 30,269 100.0 23.2 49.1 22.8 4.9 Type of cost data collected in the eci, by type of benefit, March 2000 [In percent] Type of cost data Number of sampled jobs with cost data collected (unweighted).................................... Total.................................................................... Rate and usage for— Specific jo b .................................................. Agreggation of jo b s...................................... Expenditures for— Specific jo b .................................................. Aggregation of jo b s..................................... Other sources of d a ta ....................................... N ote : Definedcontribution pension Definedbenefit pension Health insurance 11,256 9,108 17,407 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.8 7.8 58.2 1.9 .3 31.4 15.7 .7 32.9 6.3 Holiday leave Vacation leave Sick leave 21,224 17,549 14,237 100.0 100.0 100.0 51.5 10.7 93.0 .3 85.9 1.6 33.7 9.9 .4 23.3 14.1 .0 .9 5.9 .0 1.7 10.7 .0 2.5 53.9 Percentages are based on weighted data. be incorporated into the ECI. One approach is to associate infrequent payments solely with the quarter in which they are paid. For example, holiday bonuses paid in December could be associated with the ECI covering the December quarter. To the extent that infrequent payments tend to be made by most employers around the same time (such as the end o f the year), this treatment creates spikes in the nonseasonally adjusted index. However, these spikes could be re moved in the seasonally adjusted ECI. In that case, only un usual bonus payments would move the seasonally adjusted index. The ECI treats infrequent payments differently. Costs for an infrequent payment are included in the quarter in which the payment is made and in each subsequent quarter, until a new payment is made. For example, if a $500 bonus were paid in December 2000 and a $600 bonus were paid in December 2001, then $500 would appear in the eci data for December 2000 and March, June, and September o f 2001, and $600 would appear in the December 2001 data. One rationale for the ECI approach to infrequent payments applies the logic used for costing holidays. Bonuses are part o f a total compensation package that an employee anticipates receiving and an employer anticipates paying. So the future costs o f bonuses are associated with the reference quarter in the same way that the costs o f holidays are annualized and associated with each quarter. But what makes the case o f a bonus more difficult is that the amount o f the payment may not be the same in the future, nor might an employee even be given a bonus at all. A ccordingly, using the past bonus amount in each future quarter might be viewed as substitut ing a proxy for the uncertain future payment. The ECI approach o f carrying the bonus amount forward eliminates the spikes that would be induced if these payments were incorporated into the ECI only in the quarter in which they were paid. Thus, the approach obviates the need for seasonal adjustment. In the early years o f the survey, this approach may have served as a means o f seasonally adjust https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing the data, when available time series were insufficient to allow the analyst to use formal seasonal adjustment tech niques. Such a rationale is no longer applicable, as there are now ample quarters o f data to permit seasonal adjustment. A disadvantage o f the ECI approach is that it is more difficult to attribute cost increases to the quarter in which they occur. As noted earlier, the approach also implicitly assumes that infre quent payments will persist into the future when, in fact, they may not. Which way is the best to incorporate infrequent payments into the index is currently under review. Calculating the eci In calculating the national ECI for compensation costs, as well as many o f the ECi’s subindexes, the myriad wage and com pensation cost quotes for individual jobs must be aggregated into a single number. The aggregation process involves two key steps. The discussion that follows describes the process in general terms; mathematical details appear in Appendix A, and a numerical example is given in Appendix B.8 Each private-sector establishment surveyed for the ECI is placed within 1 o f 72 industry groupings (largely two-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industries), and each job surveyed is placed within 1 o f 10 major occupation groups, forming 720 private-sector cells.9 Further, 19 State and local industry groups form 190 public-sector cells (19 industries times 10 major occupational groups). Each job quote in the survey falls within exactly 1 o f these 910 cells. The first step in the calculation o f the ECI involves aggregating the data for all o f the job quotes within a cell in order to obtain an average for each cell. The second step involves aggregating across cell averages to obtain the ECI. Consider first the second step in the calculation. The ECI is designed to indicate how the average compensation costs of employers would have changed over time if the industrialoccupational composition o f employment had not changed from a designated base period. Thus, the ECI is calculated as Monthly Labor Review September 2001 7 The Employment Cost Index the weighted sum o f the changes in compensation costs for all industry-occupation cells, where the weighting factor for each cell is its share o f total labor compensation in the base period. An index calculated with the use o f base-period weights in this fashion is termed a Laspeyres index. Since March 1995,1990 employment counts from the BLS Occupa tional Employment Survey have been used to calculate the base-period weights for ECI cells.10 Now consider the first step in the calculation o f the ECI, namely, the estimation o f the mean change in compensation costs for each industry-occupation cell. The simplest way to estimate this change for any cell between period 0 (the base period) and period t (the reference period) would be to compare average compensation for that cell in the base and reference periods. But because the ECI sample changes over time due to replacement, this involves comparing averages across jobs that might not be strictly comparable. For example, a given cell in the base period might include compensation costs for an urban plan ner, while the same cell in the reference period might include compensation costs for an economist who replaced the urban planner in the sample. Accordingly, to ensure that changes in compensation costs are compared across comparable jobs, the ECI takes an approach different from that mentioned in the previous paragraph. To start, the mean change in a cell's compensation cost between period 0 and period 1 is estimated as the ratio o f the average compensa tion for that cell’s jobs in period 1 to that in period 0. Average compensation in each period is calculated as the weighted arith metic average o f compensation costs for each job in the cell, where the weights are sampling weights that are roughly equal to the inverse o f the probability o f being selected for the sample. To ensure that this estimate is not affected by a change in the sample, only those jobs that are in the sample in both periods are used in the calculation. A similar procedure is utilized to calcu late the mean change in compensation between periods 1 and 2, between periods 2 and 3, and so on. The change in mean com pensation from period 0 to period t for a given industry-occupa tion cell is then calculated as the product o f the individual perperiod changes. Alternative index formulas The Laspeyres formula used to calculate the ECI is but one index formula that could be used to measure employment cost changes. Previous research on the CPI— also a Laspeyres in dex— suggests that the form o f the index may matter. Thus, an important question is whether the estimated growth o f em ployment costs depends on the particular index formula cho sen or whether the ECI is largely insensitive to the form o f the index. Research suggests that the latter is the case. Before discussing alternatives to the Laspeyres formula, it is im portant to stress that the current ECI is not a pure 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 Laspeyres index. An important feature o f Laspayres indexes is that they hold constant the market basket o f commodities (labor in the ECI, goods and services in the CPI) at the base period. Over time, market baskets change in composition, so that the fixed base-period market basket becomes less rel evant in describing the current period. The ECI deals with this issue by updating the base-period employment distribution infrequently.11In June 1986 and March 1995, new employment distributions were used to calculate current employment cost changes. The new distributions were introduced into the cal culation o f the index by taking the previous period’s index value, calculated with the use o f the old base-period employ ment distribution, and multiplying it by the reference-period cost change, calculated with the use o f the new employment distribution. This new distribution becomes the source o f new base-period weights for all future quarters, until yet another employment distribution is introduced. Rather than constructing indexes by means o f base-period weights, other indexes can be calculated by using other weighting schemes. A Paasche index, for example, uses refer ence-period quantities to aggregate the price changes for cells. Thus, if the ECI were computed as a Paasche index, it would be calculated as the weighted sum o f the changes in compen sation costs for all o f the industry-occupation job cells, where the weighting factor for each cell is the cell’s share o f total compensation in the reference period. A Paasche index for employment costs answers the question, “How would em ployment costs have risen over time if employment had al ways been distributed among industries and occupations as they are in the reference period?” It would make no difference whether reference- or base-pe riod employment distributions were used to calculate an em ployment cost index if the pay of all jobs rose at the same rate. But this is not the case, so which index rises faster depends on which index weights jobs with faster compensation cost growth more heavily. Economic theory predicts the relative sizes of the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes. Consider first an example from consumer theory. Suppose that consumers consume both ham burger and steak, and suppose that the price o f steak rises faster than that o f hamburger. Then economic theory predicts that consumers will consume more hamburgers and less steak over time. That is, they will tend to substitute hamburger for steak. This substitution effect implies that in the reference period a Laspeyres index o f price increase will tend to be larger than a Paasche index, because the base-period consumption pattern (used for the Laspeyres index) is more heavily weighted toward the commodity (steak) whose price is rising the fastest. By con trast, the Paasche index weights the price increase for hamburger (the price o f which has risen more slowly) more heavily. Theoretically, substitution bias may also affect the relative values o f Laspeyres and Paasche indexes for compensation costs. Suppose that a hospital hired both nursing aides and nurses, and suppose further that the pay o f nurses increased faster than that o f nursing aides. Then the hospital might tend to substitute nursing aides for nurses, using the aides to perform the less technical duties formerly conducted by the nurses. Be cause fewer nurses and more nursing aides are employed in the reference period than in the base period, the Paasche index will give greater weight to the group o f workers with the slower growing compensation costs. Thus, the Paasche index will indi cate slower compensation cost growth than the Laspeyres in dex, due to a substitution effect. By ignoring this substitution effect, the Laspeyres index will tend to overstate employers’ labor costs in the reference period, while the Paasche index, weighting the cells with slower rising compensation costs more heavily, will tend to overstate employers’ labor costs in the base period.12 Because economic theory predicts that the Laspeyres index tends to overstate increases in labor costs, whereas the Paasche index tends to understate them, it might seem sensible to take an average o f the two indexes. In fact, the Fisher ideal does pre cisely that, being a geometric average o f the Laspeyres and the Paasche indexes.13 Another index similar in spirit is the Tomqvist index. In the context o f employment costs, it is a weighted geo metric mean o f cell cost changes, where the weights are the average shares o f spending on the various types o f labor in the base and reference periods. (See Appendix A for a mathematical treatment o f all o f these indexes.) What is the empirical evidence regarding the impact of sub stitution effects on indexes? Ana Aizcorbe and Patrick Jackman’s research on the CPI suggested that, by ignoring the substitu tion effect, the CPI overstated the annual increase in the cost of living by about 0.2 percent per year for the period 1982-91.14But the evidence for compensation cost growth is very different. A study by M ichael Lettau, M ark Loewenstein, and Aaron Cushner showed that the ECI is not very sensitive to the choice of index.15 Furthermore, contrary to the predicted impact of sub stitution, the growth in compensation costs for the Paasche index was slightly higher than for the Laspeyres (0.12 percent per year over the period from September 1981 to December 1994). The explanation for the apparently contradictory result for compensation costs is that factors other than a substitution effect are at work. One hypothesis is that over the period stud ied by Lettau, Loewenstein, and Cushner—the 1980s and the first half o f the 1990s— employment in goods-producing indus tries (particularly manufacturing) declined, while employment in service-producing industries increased. At the same time, pay in service-producing industries grew faster than in goods-pro ducing industries. The movement in pay and employment in favor o f the service sector reflects a growing demand for labor in that sector relative to the goods-producing sector. The Paasche index, which gives greater weight to service sector employment, weights the faster growing service sector pay more heavily than the Laspeyres index does. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis While the research o f Lettau, Loewenstein, and Cushner does show this interesting pattern, it also shows that the ECI is rela tively insensitive to the method of weighting changes in com pensation costs and, hence, the particular index that is used. This insensitivity is probably due to the fact that employment shares change slowly over time, so that the weights o f the vari ous indexes are not dramatically different. In response to interest from users, the Bureau intends to re lease a variety o f indexes in addition to the Laspeyres index. Variable pay and stock options Some analysts believe that compensation practices are un dergoing marked changes, with a growing emphasis on more variable forms o f pay.16 This trend purportedly includes greater reliance on bonuses and stock options. If there is such a trend, how is it reflected in the ECI? The ECI captures many forms o f variable pay that supplement straight-time wages and salaries, including overtime pay, shift differentials, and cash bonuses. The latter are classified as ei ther production or nonproduction bonuses. Production bonuses are cash payments that are linked to a worker's own production through a formula such as a sales commission or piecework rate. They are included in the wage and salary component o f the ECI. Nonproduction bonuses include a wide variety o f other cash payments: yearend or holiday bonuses, lump-sum bonuses paid in lieu of wage increases, profit-sharing bonuses, contract-sign ing bonuses, and bonuses paid to retain incumbent employ ees.17 These payments, which in some cases can be relatively large, are included in the benefits component o f the ECI. Until June 2000, the ECI excluded hiring bonuses paid to induce an individual to accept employment and referral bonuses paid to employees for recommending an applicant who is hired by the company. The ECI now includes these bonuses as well. The ECI currently excludes compensation in the form of stock options. Traditionally, the incidence o f payment in the form o f stock options has been low, and stock options were not believed to have the potential to affect the ECI greatly. However, in light o f the apparent growing use o f this form o f compensation, the Bureau fielded a nationally representative survey to determine the incidence o f new stock option grants in 1999. The survey, ofabout2,100 establishments, was fielded between February and June o f 2000. The results o f the survey showed that 1.7 percent o f all private-industry employees and 5.3 percent o f employees in publicly held companies received new stock option grants in 1999. As expected, grants were more prevalent among higher paid employees (12.9 percent o f all employees earning $75,000 or more), larger establishments, and certain industrial sectors— the highest being publicly held durable-goods-manufacturing establishments (14 percent o f employees) and publicly held companies in finance, insurance, and real estate (13.9 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 9 The Employment Cost Index percent o f employees). While the generally low incidence of stock option grants suggests that the overall ECI might be little affected by the omission o f stock options, the same might not be the case for high-incidence sectors. Among current BLS research projects is a study examining the feasibility o f conducting a survey o f employers’ costs o f stock options. Capturing the cost o f stock options in the ECI is problematic, as they do not lend themselves to easy measurement with cur rently available data. In the United States, two major types of stock options have emerged: incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options. These two types o f options differ in tax treatment and, therefore, also in whether and, if so, when they are captured in administrative data systems. The most prevalent stock option is the nonqualified one. When such an option is exercised, an employee incurs a tax liability equal to the difference between the market and exercise prices. For tax pur poses, this difference is reported as wages and salaries. At the same time, the company takes a tax deduction o f the same mag nitude for employee compensation. The company does not need to report this deduction on its financial statements. In contrast to nonqualified stock options, income to work ers derived from incentive stock options is taxable as capital gains rather than ordinary income. Incentive stock options have tax advantages over nonqualified options to the em ployee, because the long-term capital-gains tax rate is gener ally lower than the employee's ordinary income tax rate. But companies cannot deduct incentive stock options for tax pur poses and are subject to a limit o f $100,000 on the value of stock on the date on which it was granted (a limit that does not apply to nonqualified stock options). Because exercising stock options generates a taxable event, it would seem feasible, from a data availability standpoint, to value stock options when they are exercised.18But, conceptu ally, it is not clear that that would be the appropriate time to do so. The problem is that the ECI measures the cost o f compen sation to employers, and, arguably, the employer realizes the cost o f stock options before they are exercised. Ultimately, the exercise o f stock options is covered by the employer ei ther through its own stock purchases or through the issue o f new stock. The employer's costs associated with the former are explicit, while there are implicit costs associated with issuing new stock in the form o f stock dilution, which affects the stock’s price and hence the ability o f the company to raise capital through the stock market. Regardless o f the way the company covers stock option exercises, the market anticipates the cost of the options long before they are exercised, thus affecting the company's cost o f capital in advance o f exercising the options. The preceding discussion suggests that it might be appropri ate to value stock options for the ECI when they are granted. The limited availability o f data and the complex nature of the required economic model, however, will pose challenges. In its Statement 123, the Financial Accounting Standards Board re Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 10 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 quires public companies to disclose the “fair value” o f stock option grants by using an “option-pricing model,” such as the Black-Scholes model. This model requires a variety of informa tion, including the price of the stock when options are granted, an assumed risk-free rate of interest, a measure o f the long-run variability o f the company's stock, and an indication o f how long the options are to be held before they are exercised. Com panies are responsible for determining the economic and finan cial assumptions necessary for the model. However, Statement 123 allows companies to continue to use Accounting Principles Board Opinion 25 to determine net income, which frequently results in no expense being recorded. If this method is used to determine net income, companies must report stock option costs under the “fair-value” method in footnotes to their financial statements. An additional complication arises in valuing stock options before they are exercised. Because stock options typically offer some employee discretion regarding when they are exercised, options could involve an investment decision as well as a com pensation component. Employees may exercise their options as soon as they are vested. Arguably, one could view the value of stock options when they become vested as an accrual o f wages and salaries over the period from the date the stocks are granted to the vesting date and consider that value to be disbursed at the time of vesting. Then, any additional return from holding the options beyond the vesting date could be viewed as a return on investment. If correct, this view suggests that only the compen sation component o f stock option values should be attributed to the ECI. However, splitting the two components will be diffi cult, because tax data and company financial information are insufficient to effect the split. The Bureau is conducting research into the feasibility o f cost ing stock options. A number of questions will be addressed: In what ways are stock options similar to the uncertain liabilities employers incur when they promise retirement benefits? Do these similarities have implications for the treatment o f stock options in the ECI? Given constraints imposed by the data, is valuing stock options when they are granted consistent with ECI concepts? Is it relevant to the calculation o f the ECI whether options have both a compensation and an investment compo nent, and if so, how is the compensation component incorpo rated into a costing algorithm? With regard to valuing stock options when they are granted, is sufficient information pro vided by financial statements under the standard promul gated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or will supplementary information be required from respondents or other public sources? Is it appropriate to rely on companymade choices about the option-pricing model and the param eters o f that model, or should the Bureau assume a standard model, make standard assumptions about certain parameters, such as the risk-free interest rate, and rely on company infor mation for the other parameters? How will stock options be valued for privately held companies? Given that stock options are relatively infrequently granted, is the ECI the appropri ate survey vehicle to capture their costs, or is a special survey required w hich disproportionately surveys sectors that grant their options more often? Finally, with what fre quency should stock options be valued? Business cycles and the ECI Certain features o f the ECI tend to make its wage and com pensation indexes less variable over the business cycle than other measures o f compensation, such as those which meas ure average hourly earnings. These features do not all work in the same direction. First, during business cycle upswings, hours worked per week tend to increase through the use o f more overtime. The average hourly rate o f pay for straight-time work does not change, but because overtime is paid at a higher rate for hourly workers (who are not exempt from the provisions o f the Fair Labor Standards Act), the average hourly pay for all hours worked increases. Second, sectors o f the economy differ in their cyclicality. Goods-producing industries tend to be more procyclical than do service-producing sectors. In addition, jobs within an in dustry may differ in cyclicality. For example, blue-collar jobs traditionally have been more cyclical than white-collar jobs. To the extent that these sectors and jobs differ in average pay, the average pay for all workers will tend to vary over the cycle as the composition o f the workforce varies. Third, traditionally, the employment o f lower paid, less experi enced workers has tended to be more procyclical than that of more experienced workers. During business cycle downturns, less experienced workers may be laid off first (so average pay would tend to go up, everything else being equal), while during upswings, less experienced workers are the last to be rehired. This factor would tend to make an average hourly earnings se ries move less cyclically than it would otherwise. Fourth, some components o f compensation display joint cyclical or countercyclical behavior. For example, incentive pay and nonproduction bonuses both tend to increase dur ing cyclical upturns. Further, business cycle downturns are associated with slackening labor markets, during which com pensation tends to rise less than during upturns, everything else being equal. In contrast, new workers who are hired dur ing upswings may be eligible for fewer vacation days, lower ing the average cost o f vacations and dampening increases in average compensation costs. The way the ECI is currently constructed tends to dampen some, but not all, o f these movements. As mentioned previ ously, the ECI generally holds overtime usage constant within a job at the level observed in the initiation quarter. New informa tion on overtime hours is not collected for the job, except in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unlikely event that there is a change in the overtime premium. Hence, the benefit component o f the ECI does not currently reflect variations in the usage o f overtime over the business cycle.19 The policy o f holding overtime usage constant is under review. One option being considered is to use current overtime information that will be available from each cross-industry, cross area replacement panel to update overtime for all sample units, generating an ECI that allows overtime to vary. Another factor that tends to dampen movement o f the ECI over the business cycle is the index’s Laspeyres formulation. Because the ECI holds constant the distribution o f employ ment across industries and across occupations, it is not in fluenced by the differing cyclicality o f employment across jobs and sectors. The ECI may, however, be influenced by employm ent changes in the experience profile o f jobs. Data are collected every quarter on the average straight-time wage rate for jobs in the sample. As mentioned previously, these data are the average wages o f all incumbents in the job. To the extent that the identity o f the incumbents varies over the business cycle, the average wages may move cyclically. During downturns, less experienced, lower paid incumbents may be the first to be laid off. If so, the composition o f incumbents would then shift toward those who are more highly paid, raising the average straight-time pay. Thus, ECI measures o f average hourly straight-time pay, as well as measures o f benefits, such as overtime premiums, that are tied to average straight-time pay, may contain a countercyclical component. Another job-com position feature o f the ECI suggests that it w ill be less procyclical than a measure o f average earnings. Recall that the index collects data on a sample o f companydefined jobs within each establishment. W henever a worker in an ECl-sampled job is promoted to a higher level job, that worker m oves out o f the group o f workers providing cost data for the lower level job. Thus, the ECI does not capture the worker's increase in pay. Further, if the worker was one o f the higher paid workers in the lower level job, the average pay o f the remaining workers in the sampled job w ill actually drop, everything else being equal. Consequently, to the extent that prom otions occur more frequently during b u sin ess u p sw ings, a measure o f average pay w ill tend to be more cy clica l than w ill the ECI. (N ote that it is conceptually ap propriate in a quality-constant Laspeyres index not to m eas ure the increase in pay stemming from a promotion, to the extent that the promotion is associated with an increase in the worker's productivity.) The ECI does capture some cyclical components that are due to variations in compensation costs. Thus, declines in incentive pay and nonproduction bonuses during downturns are reflected in the index. The impact o f slack labor markets, in the form o f slower growing compensation costs for a fixed bundle o f labor, also are captured. However, the ECl’s approach to holding con- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 11 The Employment Cost Index stant the length-of-service distribution for calculating the cost o f vacations means that the index does not vary as the lengthof-service profile changes over the business cycle. Employer cost and employee value20 Some forms o f compensation are provided not as cash, but as noncash benefits. The ECI has developed methods for esti mating the costs o f these benefits to employers. But how do the costs relate to the value that employees attach to noncash compensation? For several reasons, it turns out that employer cost does not necessarily equal employee value. Economists generally use the “cash-equivalent” approach to defining the value o f noncash benefits. The cash-equiva lent value is defined as “the minimum amount o f additional cash compensation an individual would require to become just as well off as that individual would be if he or she re ceived the noncash good.”21 In a competitive labor market, one might expect that, for the “marginal worker” (the last worker hired), the cost o f a nonlegally required benefit would equal its value. Employers can compensate workers either in cash or in noncash benefits and would be indifferent between spending a dollar on the one or the other. Absent factors discussed next, in a competitive market where workers can negotiate over pay and benefits, the marginal worker would demand a mix o f pay and nonlegally required benefits that would equalize the value o f the last dollar spent on each benefit with a dollar o f cash compen sation. For if this equality did not hold, employers could real locate dollars between pay and benefits in such a way as to increase the value o f the compensation package to the worker at no cost to themselves.22 In the perfectly competitive situa tion just described, the cost o f the benefit is equal to its value. For several reasons, the idealized equality o f employer cost and employee value does not hold for benefits that are not legally required. One reason is that some benefits are not sub ject to income taxes.23 Because o f this exemption, the mar ginal worker is expected to demand noncash benefits up to the point where the last dollar spent on benefits equals one dollar after taxes.24 In that event, more o f the benefit will be offered to the employee than would be the case without taxes, and as a result, employer cost will overstate the value o f the benefit to the employee. Another reason for the lack o f equality between employer cost and employee value relates to the relatively uniform pro vision o f some benefits to all workers in an establishment. For example, firms tend to provide only a limited range o f choices o f health insurance plans. In part, this uniformity stems from the aim o f nondiscrimination, whereby tax rules stipulate that benefits are tax deductible only if they do not favor higher paid workers. Still, while many benefits tend to be provided uniformly, 12 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 employees will tend to value them differently. First, higher income workers will demand more of “normal” goods than will lower income workers.25 Hence, because benefits are believed to be normal goods, higher income workers will tend to value a given amount o f benefits more highly than lower income workers will. In contrast, two-earner families may receive du plicative health insurance that is valued less than it would be in one-earner families. Similarly, young, single individuals may value life insurance less. The diversity o f values attached to benefits and the relative uniformity o f the provision o f some benefits imply that at least for some workers, employee value will not equal employer cost. If the foregoing factors drive a wedge between employer cost and employee value for non-legally required benefits, the situation is exacerbated for legally required benefits. Workers and employers can at least negotiate over non-le gally required benefits, so that, accounting for taxes, employer cost and employee value may not be greatly different. But legally required benefits are set outside this negotiating frame work and tend to be uniform across workers, meaning that it is less likely that value equals cost for these benefits. Other measures of compensation The Bureau o f Labor Statistics publishes two other measures o f compensation costs that can be contrasted with the ECI. The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) se ries measures the cost, in cents per hour, o f compensation items by major industry, occupation, region, size o f establish ment, full-time or part-time employment, and bargaining sta tus. The reference period for these costs is the pay period that includes March 12. Unlike the ECI, which measures changes in compensation costs, the ECEC measures the level o f com pensation costs at a point in time. The same data that are used to produce the ECI are used to produce the ECEC, except that the ECEC is calculated with the current distribution o f employ ment. The ECEC has the same scope o f coverage as the ECI, in terms o f benefits and workers surveyed. While comparisons o f ECEC data can be made over time, the central purpose o f that measure is to show how costs per hour distribute among wages, salaries, and benefits at a point in time. The bls Office o f Productivity and Technology produces another measure o f compensation costs, termed compensa tion per hour. This quarterly measure is reported as both an index o f compensation costs and a percent change for U.S. business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporations. Unlike the ECI (but similar to the ECEC), compensation per hour is calculated with the current distribu tion o f employment. Hence, the measure can be affected by shifts in employment between industries and occupations. Compensation per hour is calculated by dividing an esti mate o f aggregate compensation by an estimate o f hours worked. The numerator and denominator come from a variety o f sources. Compensation costs in the numerator come largely from the national income accounts o f the Bureau o f Economic Analysis, supplemented with BLS imputations for the payment o f labor services o f proprietors. Hours-worked estimates in the denominator are derived from a variety o f sources, including the BLS Current Employment Statistics program, Current Population Survey, and Hours at Work Survey. The scope o f compensation per hour is slightly broader than that o f the ECl in terms o f coverage o f workers and compensa tion items. First, compensation per hour includes the self-em ployed (proprietors) and workers employed in Federal Govern ment enterprises (agencies o f the Federal Government that cover a substantial proportion o f their operating costs by selling goods and services to the public and that maintain their own separate accounts; the U.S. Postal Service is one such agency). Second, compensation per hour includes tips and a measure of the value o f realizations o f stock options (that is, the income derived from the exercise o f such options).26 In contrast, the ECl does not include stock option costs to employers. T h e q u a r t e r l y e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x ( e c i ) measures the change in the price o f labor. The ECl’s Laspeyres formula holds the distribution o f labor constant at a point in the past termed the base period. Research on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicates that a Laspeyres formulation overstates increases in the cost o f living by failing to account for substitution effects. Because the ECl is constructed in a manner similar to the way the CPI is, one might ask whether the ECl, too, suffers from an upward bias, in its case in measuring the growth o f labor costs. Research concludes that this is not the case. Alternative in dexes— Passche, Fisher ideal, and Tomqvist— indicate similar compensation cost increases. The ECl treats infrequent (less than quarterly) payments by including them in the quarter in which they are paid and in each subsequent quarter until a new payment is made. A rationale for this treatment is that infrequent payments are part o f a total compensation package that an employee anticipates receiving and the employer anticipates paying. The past amount that is used serves as a proxy for the unknown future payment. But such a treatment spreads the impact o f infrequent payments over many quarters, making it difficult to attribute the increase in cost to the quarter in which it occurs. Further, the assumption that future infrequent payments will persist may be questioned. The ECl policy with respect to the treatment o f infrequent pay ments is under review. The ECl captures the costs o f many forms o f variable pay, but does not capture the value o f stock options. An incidence survey fielded by the Bureau in the first half o f 2000 obtained information on stock option grants issued in 1999. Overall, only 1.7 percent o f private-industry employees received grants that year, but some sectors— most notably, higher paid https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employees— were more likely to receive grants. The Bureau is researching approaches to estimating the costs o f stock op tions in a manner consistent with the general philosophy un derlying the calculation o f the ECL Data permitting, it is likely that stock options will be valued at the value they have at the time they are granted and that data will be collected in a spe cial survey rather than in the ECI survey. Certain features of the ECI tend to make its wage and compen sation indexes less variable over the business cycle than are other measures o f compensation, such as those which measure average hourly earnings. ECI features that tend to dampen cycli cal movements in the index include holding both overtime usage and the distribution o f employment constant. Further, the ECI does not pick up increases in pay from promotions that may be more prevalent during business cycle upswings. However, be cause the ECI tracks the average wage o f workers in sampled jobs, it may be influenced countercyclically by cyclical changes in the experience profile of those jobs. During downturns, lower paid workers with lower tenure are likely to be laid off first, rais ing the average wages o f jobs sampled in the ECL Finally, as with average hourly earnings, the ECI is influenced procyclically by changes in wage pressures due to fluctuations in the de mand for labor. These pressures affect both wage and salary increases, as well as the size o f incentive pay and nonproduc tion bonuses. The ECI measures employer costs for employee benefits. In an unconstrained market, the quantities o f benefits offered to different employees would vary in such a way as to equate each employee’s marginal benefit to the employer’s marginal cost. For several reasons, however, employer costs are not equal to em ployee value. One reason is that some benefits (for example, health insurance) are not subject to income taxes. For these benefits, the cost to the employer is expected to exceed the value to the employee. Another reason is the relatively uniform provision of benefits to all workers in an establishment (due in part to nondiscriminatory tax rules). Adjustments in benefit amounts to each worker (to equalize marginal cost with marginal benefit) are not possible, resulting in different valuations o f the benefits package by different workers. Finally, the equality o f employer cost and employee value may not hold for legally re quired benefits. The Bureau produces two other measures o f compensa tion costs that may be contrasted with the ECI. The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) uses ECI data to measure the cost, in cents per hour, o f compensation items by industry, occupation, and other worker and establishment characteristics. Unlike the ECI, the ECEC is calculated with the current distribution o f employment. The BLS Office o f Produc tivity and Technology produces another measure o f compensa tion costs, termed compensation per hour. This quarterly meas ure is reported as both an index o f com pensation costs and a percent change for U.S. business, nonfarm business, manu- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 13 The Employment Cost Index facturing, and nonfmancial corporations. Unlike the ECI (but similar to the ECEC), compensation per hour is calculated with the use o f the current distribution o f employment. The ECI is one o f the U.S. Government’s principal statisti- cal series for measuring inflation in the economy. Understand ing its characteristics is helpful for interpreting how it meas ures cost pressures that may lead to inflation in the price o f goods and services. □ Notes 1 A primary sampling unit consists o f a county or a number o f con tiguous counties. Thirty-three primary sampling units are selected with certainty. (That is, they would appear in a n y sample that was drawn.) Others are selected with a probability proportional to their em ploy ment. For more information about sam ples from the National Com pensation Survey, see Kenneth J. Hoffman, “New sample areas selected for bls National Com pensation Survey program,” C o m p e n s a t io n a n d W o rk in g C o n d itio n s , spring 1997, pp. 27—31. 2 In the late 1990s, many establishments remained in the eci sample for more than 5 years, to accommodate a transition to a new sample design. 3 A longitudinal panel becomes unrepresentative over time if it fails to pick up newly created jobs and establishments. Prior to the current cross-industry replacem ent schem e and in between sam ple replace ment, the eci sample was replenished with “birth sam ples”— that is, samples o f newly created establishments. However, the eci jobs were not replenished with birth samples o f jobs within the establishments remaining in the sample, so the distribution o f jobs in panels o f estab lishments could become outdated. 4 The average rate o f usage o f vacation tim e (12.5 days in this exam ple) is calculated as a worker-weighted average, not an hourly weighted average. 5 When expenditure data, rather than rate and usage data, are col lected for a benefit, it is not possible to hold usage constant. Quarterly variations in the cost o f benefits in expenditure data may occur even when usage o f benefits is held constant. Also, note that while tenure profiles are held constant in calculating vacation costs, changes in average tenure within a sampled occupation may still move the average wage used to price the cost o f vacation time. 6 In some cases, the data collector can obtain cost information only for multiple benefits combined (for example, health and life insurance together). In those cases, the Bureau allocates aggregate costs among the individual benefit items. 7 Consistent with quality concerns about the data source field, the jobs contributing to table 2 should never have a code which indicates that data are not available. Despite this, they do in a very small per centage o f cases. 8 The discussion that follows and Appendix A borrow heavily from M ichael K. Lettau, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Aaron Cushner, “Is the eci sensitive to the method o f aggregation?” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1997, pp. 3 -1 1 . 9 Som e groupings collapse two-digit s ic ’s (the finance, insurance, and real-estate (fire) industry is an example), others four-digit sic’s, and still others three-digit s i c ’s (health and education). Prior to March 1995, only nine major occupation groups were used. 10 From June 1986 to December 1994, employment counts from the 1980 Census o f Population were used as weights. Prior to June 1986, employment counts from the 1970 Census o f Population were used. 11 Similarly, the cpi updates its market basket o f goods and services infrequently. 12 Absent replenishm ent o f the sample, the eci holds em ployment distributions constant in two ways. Across the 910 industry-occupation cells, em ployment is currently held constant at the March 1995 em ploym ent distribution o f the O ccupational Em ploym ent Survey, as previously discussed. Within cells, absent both sample replenishment and attrition, the em ployment distribution is held constant by hold 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 ing the sample weights fixed. Sample attrition may lead to some within-cell reweighting. Further, as samples are replenished, the within-cell weights may shift across jobs, reflecting a change in the employment distribution within cells. Thus, the eci does reflect some within-cell substitution. 13 That is, the Fisher ideal is the square root o f the product o f the Laspeyres and the Paasche indexes. 14 Ana M. Aizcorbe and Patrick C. Jackman, “The commodity substi tution effect in cpi data, 1982-91,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1993, pp. 25-33. 15 Lettau, Loewenstein, and Cushner, “Is the eci sensitive.” 16 David Lebow, Louise Sheiner, Larry Slifman, and Martha StarrMcCluer, “Recent Trends in Compensation Practices,” Board o f Gov ernors o f the Federal Reserve System, Finance and Economics Discus sion Series no. 1999-32, working paper, 1999. 17 Recently, the Bureau conducted a quality control review o f the data on retention bonuses to confirm that data were being captured correctly. 18 eci data are collected from employers, so capturing exercise cost data might be easier in the case o f the more prevalent nonqualified stock options. 19 Recall that premium pay for overtime appears in the benefit portion o f the eci; the wage and salary measure includes only straighttime pay. 20 This section borrows heavily from Melissa Famulari and Marilyn E. Manser, “Employer-provided benefits: employer cost versus em ployee value,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1989, pp. 24-32. 21 I b id ., p. 25. 22 That is, suppose that the value to the employee o f the last dollar spent on a benefit was less than one dollar. Then the employer could reduce expenditures on the benefit by a dollar and give that dollar to the worker as cash compensation instead, making the worker better off. 23 Taxation o f benefits varies. Cash payments for paid leave, over time, and nonproduction bonuses, included as benefits in the eci, are generally taxable in the year in which they are paid. Contributions to retirement plans are generally tax deferred until payments are made to the employee upon retirement or some other kind o f withdrawal from the labor force. Insurance premiums are generally not taxed. 24 Suppose instead that the compensation package were such that the value o f benefits equaled one dollar before taxes, and suppose that the tax rate were t. Then the employer could spend one less dollar on cash compensation (costing the employee only 1 - t dollars after taxes) and give the employee benefits equal to one additional dollar. The em ployee would then be better off. This substitution o f benefits for cash continues as the value of additional dollars o f benefits declines, to the point where the value of an additional dollar o f benefits equals a dollar o f pay after taxes. 25 In economic theory, a “normal” good is defined as a good whose quantity demanded increases with income. 26 Stock options are included in compensation to the extent that they are reported as wages for unemployment insurance tax purposes, a principal source o f compensation income in the national income accounts. A p p e n d ix A: Laspeyres and alternative index formulas Let Wudenote the mean compensation paid to workers in categoiy i in period t, and let Ett denote the number o f workers in category i em ployed in period t. Let 0 denote the base period. Then the Em theyth job quote in cell / in period x. The proportionate change in compensation for category i from period 0 to period t is then calcu lated as ploym ent Cost Index ( e c i ) in period t is calculated as _ W: W (4) —^ = (1 + ^1 )(1 + ^2 ) - ( l + ^ ) (l) E C I, = V a f x loo, "I w VVi0 W:i 0 If the w h ere eci were computed as a Paasche index, one w ould use an equation like (1), but with weights defined by L (2) a ; FW n i t VViO p - lE„y0 (5) a ' ¿0 i Out o f the eci sample in period x, let / denote the subsample o f i. In addition, let W denote the compensation in period x for the yth job quote in cell i, and let I f denote the corresponding compensation in period x - 1. Finally, let s denote the sample weight corresponding to thei/th job quote in cell i in period x. Then the proportionate change, r . , in the average com pen sation paid to workers in category i between period x - 1 and period The Fisher ideal index is given by job s corresponding to labor categoiy x is estimated from (6) Ft =Ltll2Pt112, where Lt is the Laspeyres index at time t and Pt is the Paasche index t. The Tom qvist index is at time (7) Tt = W^fj x 100, j=i V i., w IJT I JT (3) 1+ r = t. where w. lJT wr ijz—l IJT ^ w J&IT (8) a] = Q / 2 ) W ^ / f w t0Et0+(1/ k=l , where S ;. = , 9 w Aijr vv ijr - l -= = ---------------- is the implicit expenditure weight for . k=\ Current employment weights are obtained by allocating industry employment from the Current Em ployment Survey among occupa tions using ECI sample weights. V vAijTVyijT-\ W A p p e n d ix B: Ho w to C alculate an eci Index for Wages and Salaries Glossary of selected terms used in this example stands for major occupation group, a grouping o f occupa tions with one or more similar attributes. • mog • SIC stands for the standard industrial classification code o f a group o f econom ic activities. • The estimation cell is the nexus o f employment in a major occupa tion group ( m o g ) and an industry group (sic); that is, the estima tion cell is an “item” in our “shopping basket o f labor services.” • The base-period employment weight is the number o f em ployees in any estim ation cell estimated by the O ccupational Em ploy m ent Survey ( o e s ) for the base period. The use o f constant b ase-p eriod em ploym en t w eig h ts is what m akes the e c i a Laspeyres index construction. • The establishment selection weight is the inverse o f the sample establishment’s chance o f having been selected from the universe o f establishments. (For example, if the chance o f having been selected is 5 out o f 20, or 5/20, the inverse is 20/5, for a weight o f 4.) • The occupation sample interval is the number o f em ployees in the sampled establishment that is represented by each occupa tion quote sampled from the establishment; that is, the occupa tion sample interval is the establishment employment divided by the number o f quotes selected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • The f i n a l w e i g h t is the product o f the establishment weight and the occupation sample interval.1 General calculation steps 1. Calculate the weighted average hourly w age rate for the estima tion cell, using observed wage rates m ultiplied by final weights. 2. Calculate the wage "cost weight" for the estimation cell. 3. Sum the cost weights over all estimation cells in the e c i series. 4. Compute the index value for the series. 5. Compute measures o f the 3-month and 12-month change for the series. Goal, assumptions, and facts for this exam ple • Goal: calculate the e c i wage and salary series for blue-collar occu pations in construction. • A ssum e that only the follow ing occupation groups and industries are in the universe: 1. Craft and skilled trades occupations ( m o g E) in special trades contracting (sic 17). 2. Transportation and material m oving occupations (mog G) in general building contracting (sic 15). 3. Nonfarm laborer occupations ( m o g H) in special trades con tracting (sic 17) and in general building contracting (sic 15). Monthly Labor Review September 2001 15 The Employment Cost Index • A ssum e that the OES base-period employment for these occupa tion groups and industries (or estimation cells) were the follow ing for the base period:2 MOG SIC E ...................................................... G ......................................... H .................................................... 15 SIC 0 10,000 30,000 17 50,000 0 50,000 Estimation cell Average hourly wage employment Wage cost weight $17.50 8.75 22.50 10.50 10,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 $175,000 262,500 1,125,000 525,000 MOG Q SIC 15 ... MOG H, SIC 15 ... MOG E, SIC 17.... m o g H , s ic 1 7 ... OES 3. Sum the wage cost weights over all estimation cells in blue-collar occupations in construction: $2,087,500. • The survey data include two establishment sample units from each s ic (for a total o f four such units) and tw o occupation quotes sampled from each establishment (for a total o f eight units). N ote that in actual survey operations the number o f establishments sampled and the number o f quotes sampled from each establish ment are larger. They are limited here for simplicity. 4. Calculate the weighted average hourly w age rate for each estima tion cell in the quarter after the base period, thereby reflecting new wage rates (boldface type denotes a change from the base period): • Estimation cell G ivens for the sample establishments in the base period: Establishment number 1 ........................... 2 ....................... 3 ....................... 4 ....................... SIC Employment Selection weight 15 15 17 17 100 200 400 800 200.0 100.0 125.0 62.5 Occupation sample interval 50 100 200 400 • G ivens for the sample occupations in the base period: Establishment number Occupation number 1 ............................... 1 ............................... 2 2 3 3 4 4 ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... MOG Average hourly wage Final weight 1 E 2 H 1 E $20.00 10.00 15.00 7.50 25.00 10.00 20.00 2 H 1 1 .0 0 1 G 2 H 1 G 2 H 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 • G ivens for the occupations in the quarter follow in g the base period: Occupation 1 in establishment 3 gets a $2.00/hr raise to $27. Occupation 2 in establishment 4 gets a $ 1 .00/hr raise to $12. Calculation steps 1. Calculate the weighted average hourly wage rate for the four ( m o g s i c ) estimation cells in the base period, using observed wage rates, establishment selection weights, and occupation sample intervals: a. For each estimation cell, sum the products o f each quote’s average hourly w age and its final weight. b. For each estimation cell, sum the final weights over all quotes. c. For each estimation cell, divide a by b to get the average hourly wage. Estimation cell MOG G m o g H, MOG E, m o g H, a SIC 15 ................. SIC 15 ................. SIC 1 7 .................. s ic 17 ................. $350,000 175,000 1,125,000 525,000 b Average hourly wage 20,000 20,000 50,000 50,000 $17.50 8.75 22.50 10.50 2. Calculate the w age “cost w eight” for the estimation cell by multi plying the average hourly wage by the OES employment for the base period: 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 MOG G SIC MOG H, SIC M Ö G E , SIC m o g H , SIC 15 ....... .... 15 ....... 1 7 ........ .... 1 7 ....... a b $350,000 175,000 1,175,000 550,000 20,000 20,000 50,000 50,000 Average hourly wage $17.50 8.75 23.50 1 1 .0 0 5. Calculate a new w age cost weight for each estimation cell by computing the percent change in the average hourly w age rate since the previous quarter and applying the percent change com puted to the previous quarter’s wage cost weight to get the cur rent quarter’s wage cost weight (in this example, the previous quarter just happens to be the base quarter): Estimation cell MOG G SIC 1 5 ...... MOG H, SIC 15 ..... MOG E, SIC 17 ...... m o g H , s ic 1 7 ..... Percent change in average hourly wage Previous quarter's wage cost weight Current quarter's wage cost weight 0.00 0.00 4.44 4.76 $175,000 262,500 1,125,000 525,000 $175,000 262,500 1,174,950 549,990 6. Sum the wage cost weights for the current quarter over all estima tion cells in blue-collar occupations in construction: $2,162,440. 7. Compute the current quarter’s index to equal 100 x (current quarter’s aggregate wage cost weight/base quarter’s aggregate wage cost weight), rounded to 0.1: 100 x (2,162 ,4 4 0 /2 ,0 8 7 ,5 0 0 ) = 103.6 for blue-collar occupations in construction. 8. Calculate the 3-month percent change equal to [(current quarter's index/previous quarter’s index) - 1 ] x 100, rounded to 0.1 (in this example, the previous quarter just happens to be the base quar ter): [(1 0 3 .6 /1 0 0 .0 )- 1] x 100 = 3.6. 9. Calculate the 12-month percent change in a similar fashion. The preceding methods work for each succeeding quarter i f one fo l low s steps 4 -9 . Notes to Appendix B_________________________ 1 This description sim plifies the calculation o f the final weight in this example. In the actual eci, the final weight is the product o f the area weight, establishment weight, occupation sample interval, estab lishment nonresponse adjustment, occupation nonresponse adjustment, documentation factor, and rotation factor. 2In normal operations, there would never be estim ation cells with zero oes base-period em ployment. These zeros appear only for sim plicity in this example. Family and Medical Leave Family and m edical leave: evid en ce from the 2000 surveys Seven years after the Family and Medical Leave Act, more employees are taking leave for family or medical reasons, and fewer report that they need leave, but are unable to take it; many employers offer leave over and above that required by the Act, and most report no adverse effects on their business Jane W aldfogel Jane Waldfogel is associate professor of social work and public affairs, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York, E-mail: Jw205@columbia.edu https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis his article highlights the key findings on family and medical leave policies and prac tices from two new surveys of employees and establishments conducted by Westat for the Department of Labor in the summer and fall of 2000. The new surveys provide a window on the family and medical leave experiences of employ ees and employers 7 years after the enactment of the Family and Medical Leave Act ( f m l a ) and 5 years after the last surveys on family and medical leave were conducted.1 Prior to the enactment of the FMLA in 1993, the United States had no national family and medical leave legislation, making the Nation an outlier among other industrialized countries.2 The Preg nancy Discrimination Act of 1979 required estab lishments that already offered temporary-disabil ity programs to cover pregnancy as they did any other disability, but the Act did not mandate that establishm ents actually offer such programs. Some employees had access to family or medical leave through union contracts, employer policies, or State statutes, but coverage under these pro visions was rarely as comprehensive as coverage under the f m l a . Indeed, many employees had no family or medical leave coverage prior to the pas sage of that legislation. The FMLA, which was enacted by Congress and signed by the President in February 1993, went into effect in August of that year. The Act requires establishments with 50 or more employ- T ees to p rovide up to 12 w eeks o f un p aid , job-protected leave per year to eligible employ ees who need leave for a reason specified under the law (that is, to care for a newborn, a newly adopted child, or a newly placed foster child, to care for a child, spouse, or parent who has a seri ous health condition, or to treat one’s own seri ous health condition). In order to be eligible, an employee must have worked for the employer for at least 12 months and at least 1,250 hours that year. Previous research on the fm la Two surveys on family and medical leave were conducted in 1995 for the bipartisan Commission on Family and Medical Leave: an employee sur vey, conducted by the Institute for Social Re search at the University of Michigan, and an es tablishment survey, conducted by Westat. The results of these two surveys, and the rest of the Commission’s findings, were presented in the major report, A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Poli cies, released in 1996. (See note 1.) The 1996 report concluded that the overall im pact of the f m l a on em ployees had been positive. The report also concluded that the im plem entation of the law had not caused the types of problem s for em ployers that some had anticipated. Among the m ost im portant find- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 17 Family and Medical Leave ings in this regard were the following: Employee and employer experiences • The law led to increasedfamily and medical leave benefits fo r employees. Two-thirds o f covered establishments re ported that they changed some aspect o f their family or medi cal leave policies to come into compliance with the law, and covered establishm ents w ere m uch m ore likely than noncovered establishments to offer family and medical leave. The new surveys present a detailed look at employee and employer experiences with family and medical leave in 2000,7 years after the implementation o f the f m l a and 5 years after the last detailed surveys. Like the 1995 surveys, the new ones document the extent to which the Act and other family and medical leave policies are meeting the needs o f employees without imposing undue burdens on employers. They also point to areas where these needs are unmet or where employ ers are reporting significant burdens. The 2000 Survey o f Employees interviewed 2,558 U.S. resi dents who had been employed at any time since January 1, 1999. Three types o f individuals were included in the survey: (1) leave takers—that is, employees who took leave from work for a family or medical reason (N= 1,229); (2) leave needers— that is, employees who needed, but did not take, this type o f leave (N= 203); and (3) other employees— that is, employees who did not take or need leave during the period covered by the survey (N= 1,126). The 2000 Survey o f Establishments gathered information from a random sample o f 1,839 private business establishm ents, some covered by the f m l a and some not. Like the original 1995 survey, the 2000 survey did not include government employers. The sections that follow summarize the key findings o f the 2000 surveys on the seven points highlighted in the previous section: (1) the provision o f family and medical leave benefits; (2) the impact o f the FMLA on covered establishments; (3) how the work o f leave takers is covered; (4) the extent o f coverage under the law; (5) the extent o f awareness o f the law; (6) employees’ use o f family and medical leave; and (7) employees’ satisfaction with family and medical leave. Also summarized are the findings o f the 2000 surveys on an eighth topic not included in the earlier surveys: the use o f family and medical leave by parents o f very young children. • The law had little or no impact on covered establishments ’ operations in other respects. More than 9 in 10 covered establishments said that the FMLA was relatively easy to administer, and most said that the law had no noticeable effect on their business performance. • The work o f those who took leave was typically covered by other employees. Most employees took short leaves (of median length 10 days, with 90.0 percent lasting 12 or fewer weeks), and their work was typically covered by being tem porarily reassigned to other employees. However, the 1996 report also pointed to some problems and limitations. Among the most important were the following: • Coverage under the law was fa r from universal. Only 59.5 percent o f private-sector employees worked for covered establishments, and only 46.5 percent were both covered and eligible. • Awareness o f the law was limited. A large share o f employ ees at covered establishments (41.9 percent) had not heard o f the law. • Although most employees were able to take leave when they needed to, a small share was not. About 3 percent of employees said that they had needed leave for family or medical reasons sometime during the previous 18 months, but were not able to take it. • The lack ofpaid leave was a problem fo r many employees. Although most employees were satisfied with the leave they were able to take, many who needed leave but did not take it said that the reason they did not was that they could not afford it. In addition to the work conducted for the Commission on Family and Medical Leave, there have also been several in dependent studies o f the FMLA. These investigations have found that family leave coverage increased as a result o f the Act3 and that the use o f family leave also increased for some groups, such as mothers o f newborns.4 The impact o f the f m l a on the use o f leave seems to be smaller than its impact on coverage, which may reflect the existence o f financial or other barriers to taking leave under the provisions o f the Act. Such barriers may be particularly important for men, who had the greatest increase in parental leave coverage, but who have shown little increase in usage to date.5 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 Provision o f family and medical leave benefits. As shown in table 1, the 2000 Survey o f Establishments found that 83.7 percent o f establishments covered by the law provided all five benefits it mandates (that is, 12 weeks o f leave for em p lo y ees’ own serious health conditions, m o th ers’ m a ternity-related reasons, parents’ care for newborns, parents’ care for adoptive or foster children, and employees’ care for a child, spouse, or parent with a serious health condition). By contrast, only 33.5 percent o f establishments not covered by the law offered all five benefits. Thus, covered establish ments were much more likely to offer FMLA-type benefits than were noncovered establishments. However, the table also shows that the gap between covered and noncovered establishments is narrowing: establishments not covered by the law were significantly more likely to offer such benefits in 2000 than they were 5 years earlier.6 Table 1. Provision of family and medical leave benefits, by establishment coverage, 1995 and 2000 [In percent] Provision Provide all five mandated benefits: Establishments covered by the la w .............................................. Establishments not covered by the law1 ... Offer more than 12 weeks of leave: Establishments covered by the la w ......... Establishments not covered by the law .... Cover employees who worked fewer than 12 months: Establishments covered by the la w ......... Establishments not covered by the law .... Cover employees who worked fewer than 1,250 hours: Establishments covered by the la w ......... Establishments not covered by the la w ... 1995 2000 1995, most leaves reported in the 2000 survey were short, and the most commonly reported method of covering work when an employee took leave was to assign the work temporarily to other employees. As shown in the following tabulation, the median length o f leave in 2000 was 10 days, the same as in 1995, and again, about 90 percent o f leaves were for 12 or fewer weeks:8 Length o f leave and method of covering work 88.0 20.7 83.7 33.5 — 22.9 21.1 — — 28.7 28.0 27.0 26.8 1 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p <.05. N ote : Dash indicates data not available. S ource : David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, B alancin g the N eeds o f Fam ilies a n d Em ployers: Fam ily a n d M edical Le ave Surveys, 2 0 0 0 U pdate (Rockville, md , Westat, 2001), figure 5.2 and table 5.4. Median length o f leave, d a y s .................................. Leaves lasting 12 or fewer weeks, p ercen t....................................................................... Establishments assigning work to other em ployees, percent................................................ Establishments hiring temporaryreplacement workers, percent*........................... 1995 2000 10 10 90.7 90.1 97.1 98.3 60.5 41.3 * Difference between 1995 and 2 000 is statistically significant at p <.05. In both years, more than 97 percent o f employers said that the most common method o f covering the work o f leave takers was to assign it temporarily to other employees. The second most commonly cited method in both years was hiring an outside temporary-replacement worker, but this method was used by significantly fewer establishments in 2000 (41.3 per cent) than in 1995 (60.5 percent).9 In addition, the 2000 survey data indicate that a sizable minority o f both covered and noncovered establishments is offering leave beyond that mandated by the f m l a , by provid ing more than 12 weeks o f leave, covering employees who did not work 12 months, or covering employees who did not work 1,250 hours in the previous year. (Questions about these top ics were not asked in the 1995 survey.) Coverage. The shares o f establishments and employees cov ered under the FMLA were about the same in 2000 as they were in 1995: 10.8 percent of establishments were covered in 2000, compared with the same figure in 1995, and 58.3 percent o f em ployees worked in covered establishments in 2000, compared with 59.5 percent in 1995. Data from the 2000 Survey of Employ- Impact on covered establishments. Table 2. As shown in table 2, the share o f covered establishments reporting that it was some what or very easy to comply with the administrative require ments o f the f m l a declined from 85.1 percent in 1995 to 63.6 percent in 2000. That year, establishments reported more diffi culty than they had had in 1995 with maintaining additional records, determining whether certain employees were eligible for benefits, coordinating State and Federal leave policies, coordinating the Act with other Federal laws, and coordinat ing the Act with other leave policies.7 At the same time, however, covered establishments gener ally reported that the FMLA had no noticeable effect on their business as regards productivity, profitability, and growth. When asked specifically about intermittent leave, a type of leave that might be particularly disruptive, a majority of cov ered establishments in the 2000 survey said that it had no impact on their productivity or profitability. (No such ques tion was asked in the 1995 survey.) How work is covered while employees are on leave. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis As in Impact of fmla on covered establishments, 1995 and 2000 [In percent] Category 1995 2000 Very or somewhat easy to comply with1....... . 85.1 63.6 No noticeable effect, or a positive effect, on: Business productivity.............................. Business profitability2............................... Business growth....................................... 92.8 93.7 96.9 83.6 90.2 90.3 No impact of intermittent leave on: Productivity.............................................. Profitability............................................... - - 81.2 93.7 1 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p < . 05. 2 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p < 1 0 . N ote : Dash indicates data not available. S ource: David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, Balancing the N eeds o f Fam ilies a n d E m ployers: Fa m ily a n d M edical Leave Surveys, 2 0 0 0 U pdate (Rockville, md , Westat, 2001), tables 6.4, 6.5, and A2-6.13. Monthly Labor Review September 2001 19 Family and Medical Leave ees indicate that about a fifth (19.5 percent) o f covered employ ees were not eligible under the law, because they did not meet the tenure or working-hours requirements,10 about the same share as in 1995. This suggests that only about 46.9 percent of private-sector employees were both covered and eligible for f m l a leave, close to the same share as in 1995 (46.5 percent).11 Thus, leave rights under the Act are still far from universal. Awareness o f the F M L A . Awareness o f the law is, as expected, much higher in covered establishments than in noncovered es tablishments, o f which more than half report not knowing whether they are covered. (See table 3.) A maj ority o f employees in both covered and noncovered establishments have heard of the FMLA, but about half do not know whether the law applies to them. Employee awareness has increased since 1995 in both covered and noncovered establishments, as evidenced by the significant declines in the share o f employees who do not know whether they are covered. Table 3. Awareness of the fmla, 1995 and 2000 [In percent] Category 1995 2000 Employers who don’t know whether they are covered: Establishments covered by the la w ................. Establishments not covered by the la w ........... 12.3 56.5 15.0 55.0 Employees who have heard of the law: Establishments covered by the la w ................. Establishments not covered by the law1 .......... 59.0 50.2 59.3 58.2 Employees who don’t know whether they are covered: Establishments covered by the law2 ................ Establishments not covered by the law2 .......... 59.6 68.2 49.0 51.2 1 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p <.10. 2 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p<.05. S ource: David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, B alancing the N eeds o f Fam ilies a n d Em ployers: F a m ily a n d M edical Leave Surveys, 2 0 0 0 U pdate (Rockville, md , Westat, 2001), tables 3.4 and A2-3.10 and figures 3.1,3.3, and 3.4. Employees ’ use o f family and medical leave. One-sixth o f all employees (16.5 percent) took leave for a family or medical reason in the 18 months prior to the 2000 survey, about the same percentage as did in the 1995 survey (16.0 percent). (See table 4.) Leave taking increased significantly between 1995 and 2000 for some demographic groups: older employees (aged 50 to 64), married employees, employees with children, and those with incomes o f $50,000 to less than $75,000. There was a significant shift between 1995 and 2000 in the reasons that individuals took leave, as shown in the following tabulation:12 Percent distribution Reason for taking leave Own health* .................................................... Maternity or d isa b ility * .............................. Care for newborn, new ly adopted child, or new ly placed foster c h ild ........ Care for ill c h ild .............................................. Care for ill sp o u se* ........................................ Care for ill parent*......................................... 1995 2000 61.4 4.6 47.2 7.8 14.3 8.5 3.6 7.6 17.9 9.8 5.9 11.4 * Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p < .05. In both years, the employee’s own health was the most com monly mentioned reason for taking leave; however, employ ees who took leave in 2000 were less likely to do so for their own health than were employees in 1995 and more likely to take leave for other reasons, such as maternity or disability, care for an ill spouse, or care for an ill parent. The reasons for this shift are unclear. The increased use o f leave for reasons other than one’s own health may reflect a growing awareness and acceptance o f the types o f leave afforded under the FMLA and other family and medical leave policies, but there is no obviMonthly Labor Review Digitized for 20 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 ous explanation why leave taking for one’s own health would have declined over the period, unless employees’ total leave taking is constrained such that they must cut back on leave for their own health if they take leave for other reasons. Although overall leave taking did not increase from 1995 to 2000, taking leave covered by the FMLA did. This dichotomy is consistent with the shift in the reasons for taking leave noted in the previous paragraph. The employer and employee surveys provide different estimates o f the magnitude o f the use o f the Act, but both point to an increase. The employee data show that the share o f employees who took leave under the FMLA rose from 1.2 percent in 1995 to 1.9 percent in 2000.13 The employer data show an increase in use from 3.6 percent o f employees in 1995 to 6.5 percent in 2000.14 The share o f employees needing leave, but not taking it, dropped significantly between 1995 and 2000. Only 2.4 per cent o f employees said that they needed leave, but could not take it, in 2000, significantly less than the 3.1 percent who reported needing, but not taking, leave in 1995.15In both years, the most common reason for not taking needed leave was the inability to afford it. In 2000, this reason was cited by 77.6 percent o f those who needed, but did not take, leave.16 Employees ’ satisfaction with family and medical leave. A large majority o f leave takers said that taking leave had posi tive effects on their ability to care for family members (78.7 percent), their own or family members’ emotional well-being (70.1 percent), and their own or family members’ physical health (63.0 percent); among those who cited positive effects on health, a large majority said that taking leave made it easier for them to comply with doctors’ instructions (93.5 percent) and led to a quicker recovery period (83.7 percent).17 Table 4. Share of employees taking leave for family or medical reasons, 1995 and 2000 [In percent] Category 1995 2000 All employees............................... 16.0 16.5 Sex: Men.................................................. Women............................................. 12.7 20.0 13.5 19.8 Age: 18-24............................................... 25-34 ............................................... 35-49............................................... 50-641.............................................. 65 or o ld e r....................................... 12.8 21.1 15.8 12.9 14.4 11.2 20.2 16.6 17.0 11.6 Marital status: Married or living with partner'.......... Previously married........................... Never married.................................. 16.4 19.6 11.7 18.5 20.0 9.2 Children under 18 in household: One or more children'..................... No children....................................... 20.2 12.8 24.4 11.3 Annual family income: Less than $20,000........................... $20,000 to less than $30,000......... $30,000 to less than $50,000......... $50,000 to less than $75,0002........ $75,000 to less than $100,000....... $100,000 or more............................. 16.9 19.2 16.0 15.7 17.5 16.7 16.5 16.2 18.3 19.9 16.8 18.1 1 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p < .05. 2 Difference between 1995 and 2000 is statistically significant at p < .10. S ource : David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, B alancing the N eeds o f Fam ilies an d Em ployers: Fam ily a n d M edical Leave Surveys, 2 0 0 0 U pdate (Rockville, md , Westat, 2001), table A2-2.7. M ost leave takers (72.6 percent) were somewhat or very satisfied with the amount o f time they took during their long est leave. However, the share reporting that they were very satisfied was significantly lower in 2000 (42.2 percent) than in 1995 (48.2 percent).18 The most frequently cited concern o f leave takers was fi nancial, with more than half (53.8 percent) worried about not having enough money to pay bills.19 Overall, about one-third of leave takers (34.2 percent) received no pay during their leave, about the same share as in 1995 (33.6 percent). The likelihood o f receiving no pay varied a good deal by employee character istics, as shown in table 5. More than a third o f women leave takers (37.5 percent) re ceived no pay (compared with 29.6 percent o f men). There were also significant differences by factors such as age and house hold income. At one extreme, more than two-thirds of leave tak ers who were young (aged 18 to 24) or who had an annual house hold income o f less than $20,000 received no pay during their leave, while at the other extreme, less than one-quarter o f leave takers who were older (aged 50-64) or who had an annual house hold income o f $50,000 or more received no pay. More than half (58.2 percent) o f the leave takers who did not receive their full pay or who did not receive any pay while on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis leave reported that it was somewhat or very difficult to make ends meet, and about half (50.9 percent) said that they would have taken a longer leave if some or additional pay had been available.20 As noted earlier, a small share o f employees said that they needed leave, but did not take it. The most commonly cited rea son for this group’s not taking leave was financial, with 77 per cent saying that they did not take leave because they could not afford it, a significant increase from 1995, when about two-thirds o f those needing, but not taking, leave (65.9 percent) said that the reason was financial.21 In a follow-up question asked in the 2000 survey, 87.8 percent of this group said that they would have taken leave if some or additional pay had been available.22 Use o f leave by employees with young children. The 2000 sur vey of employees contained a special set o f questions designed to track the use o f leave by employees with children bom during the previous 18 months, the period covered by the retrospective portion of the survey. These questions provide a fascinating look at the use o f leave by parents o f young children in 2000, although, regrettably, comparable data for 1995 are not available. As shown in the following tabulation, about three-quarters o f employees with children aged 18 months or younger work at FM LA -covered w o rk s i t e s : 23 Percent Men Women Share and reason Share c overed .................................................... Share covered and e lig ib le ............................. Share taking leave for a covered reason.............................................................. Reason for leave, across all leaves taken: Own h e a lth ................................................... M aternity-disab ility.................................. Newborn, newly adopted child, or newly placed foster c h ild ...................... 75.0 66.7 74.5 56.3 45.1 75.8 9.1 .0 15.3 32.4 34.1 35.8 Two-thirds (66.7 percent) o f the men with young children and somewhat more than half (56.3 percent) o f the women meet the eligibility requirements under the FMLA. Not surprisingly, a large share o f employees with young children took some leave during the 18 months prior to the survey: 75.8 percent o f women and 45.1 percent o f men. Slightly more than a third o f men with young children (34.1 percent) and women with young children (35.8 percent) took some leave to care for a newborn, a newly adopted child, or a newly placed foster child. In addition, about a third of women with young children (32.4 percent) took some leave for maternity or disability. Seven y e a r s after the F a m il y and M e d ic a l L eave A ct the year-2000 surveys o f employers and employees indicate that family and medical leave is becoming a more important part of the experience of employers and employ ees. On the employer side, more establishments are offering fam ily and medical leave policies, in many instances going beyond CAME INTO EFFECT, Monthly Labor Review September 2001 21 Family and Medical Leave what is required by the f m l a . Although an increasing share of establishments covered by the Act are reporting that it is diffi cult to administer, a solid majority o f covered establishments— two-thirds— is finding the Act easy to administer, and an even larger majority o f establishments reports that the FMLA has had no adverse effects on their business. These mixed reports from establishments suggest the need for further research on em ployers’ experiences with family and medical leave policies. In this regard, it would be particularly useful to study employers’ experiences with the Act and with family and medical leave poli cies in the context o f their experiences with other mandated ben efits and other types o f leave and personnel policies. That way, researchers can better understand the extent to which their re ported difficulties with the FMLA are comparable to those experi enced with other types o f personnel policies and mandates. Fu ture research should also further explore the experience of noncovered establishments that offer FMLA-like coverage, in order to better understand the factors motivating these estab lishments to adopt such policies and also to better understand their experiences with them. Table 5. Share of employees who received no pay during their longest leave, 1995 and 2000 [in percent] Category All employees................................. Sex:1 M en.................................................... Women............................................... Age:1 18-24 ................................................. 25-34 ................................................. 35-49 ................................................. 50-64 ................................................. 65 or older.......................................... Marital status:1 Married or living with partner............. Previously married.............................. Never married..................................... Children under 18 in household: One or more children......................... No children....................................... Annual family income:1 Less than $20,000 ............................. $20,000 to less than $30,000 ........... $30,000 to less than $50,000 ........... $50,000 to less than $75,000 ........... $75,000 to less than $100,000 ......... $100,000 or m ore............................... 1995 2000 33.6 34.2 - - - - - - 29.6 37.5 69.7 35.0 31.5 19.7 44.2 30.9 26.5 62.6 33.8 34.4 73.8 37.6 32.3 23.8 18.8 20.6 1 Differences within groups in this subcategory for 2000 are statistically significant at p <.05. N ote : Dash indicates data not available. S ource: David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, B alancing the N eeds o f Fam ilies a n d Em ployers: Fam ily an d M edical Leave Surveys, 2 0 0 0 U pdate (Rockville, md , Westat, 2001), tables 4.4 and A2-4.1. Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 22 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 On the employee side, employees are using FMLA leave in increasing numbers, and the use o f leave for family and medical reasons is rising for groups o f employees who may be particu larly likely to have family or medical needs (for example, employ ees with children, who may be more likely to have young chil dren who need care, and older employees, who may be more likely to have seriously ill spouses or parents). In contrast, the proportion o f those who say that they needed leave for a family or medical reason, but were not able to take it, is declining. Em ployees who have used leave generally report that they are sat isfied with the leave they took and that it had a positive effect on their own and their families’ health and well-being. The major problem that emerges from the data on employees is financial: more than half of leave takers worry about not having enough money for bills. Many leave takers report having difficulty mak ing ends meet during their leave, and some cut their leave short due to financial constraints. In addition, a substantial share of those who need, but do not take, leave say that they did not take the leave they needed because they could not afford it. The new data also suggest that there may be constraints on the total length of leave that employees can take, such that employees may be cutting back leave for their own health if they are taking leave for other family- or medical-related reasons. These issues should be explored in future research. Specialized studies of groups with high family and medical leave needs (such as em ployees with young children or with elderly relatives) would be particularly welcome. A number o f changes to the FMLA have been proposed since the law was implemented, although none have been en acted to date. The results o f the new surveys point to two problem areas that are particularly pressing. The first is the need to make some provision for paid leave. This is an area that has received a great deal o f attention in recent years, and one avenue that is currently being pursued is allowing parents to use unemployment benefits when they take leave to care for a newborn or a newly adopted child. The Department o f La bor issued a rule in June 2000 permitting States to experiment with providing unemployment compensation in such situa tions, and several States are now considering legislation along these lines. It may be worthwhile examining other options for paid leave as well (for example, a temporary disability insur ance program, similar to those currently in place in several States; a separate paid parental leave program, similar to those used by many other industrialized countries; or an “early childhood benefits” program which would provide cash that new parents could use to subsidize leave or child care, similar to programs recently introduced in a few Nordic countries).24 Prospects for such legislation are uncertain at the national level, so efforts are likely to focus at the State level in the immediate future. A second pressing problem area, which also has received a great deal o f attention recently, is extending leave to employees who are not currently covered or eligible— for instance, those working at establishments covered by the law, but not meeting the requirements for eligibility, or those working at smaller estab lishments not covered by the law. Legislation that would amend the f m l a to extend coverage to employees in businesses with 25 to 50 employees (as well as to fund the replacement of wages for some employees who take leave after the birth of a child) has been proposed in Congress, but the prospects for congressional action are uncertain. Thus, progress on this issue, too, may de pend on action at the State level. □ Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This article draws upon many helpful conversa tions with David Cantor, Barbara Bingham, Lisa Stuart, and others who worked on the 2000 surveys and the 2001 report, B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m i l i e s a n d E m p l o y e r s , prepared by Westat for the Department o f Labor. I am grateful for funding from the National Institute o f Child Health and Human Developm ent and the William T. Grant Foundation. However, any opinions expressed here, and any errors, are my own. 1 Further details on the 1995 surveys and their findings can be found in C om m ission on Family and M edical Leave, A W o r k a b le B a la n c e : R e p o r t to C o n g r e s s o n F a m ily M e d i c a l L e a v e P o l i c i e s (U .S. Depart ment o f Labor, W om en’s Bureau, 1996); executive summary available on the Internet at www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/regs/com pIiance/ whd/fmla/summary.htm. Further d etails on the 20 0 0 surveys and their findings can be found in David Cantor, Jane Waldfogel, Jeff Kerwin, Mareena M cK inley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m ilie s a n d E m p lo y e r s : F a m ily and M e d ic a l L e a v e S u rveys, 2000 U p d a te (R ockville, md , Westat, 2001); on the Internet at http://www.dol.gov/ asp/fmla/main.htm. The 20 0 0 surveys are also on the Internet at www.dol.gov/asp/fmla/database.htm. 2 See Sheila Kamerman, “Parental Leave Policies: An Essential In gredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies,” S o c ia l P o l ic y R e p o r t , v o l. 14, n o. 2, 2 0 0 0 , pp. 3 -1 5 ; and “From M aternity to Parenting Policies: Women’s Health, Employment, and Child and Fam ily W ell-B eing,” J o u r n a l o f th e A m e r ic a n W o m e n ’s M e d i c a l A s s o c i a tio n , in press; see also Peter M oss and Fred D even (eds.), P a r e n t a l L e a v e : P r o g r e s s o r P itfa ll? R e s e a r c h a n d P o l ic y I s s u e s in E u r o p e (Brus sels, cbgs Publications, 1999); and Elizabeth Olson, “U.N. Surveys Paid Leave for Mothers: U .S. among Nations without a P olicy,” T h e N e w Y ork T im es, Feb. 16, 1998, p. A.5. 3 Jane W aldfogel, “Family leave coverage in the 1990s,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1999, pp. 13-21; and “The Impact o f the Fam ily and M edical Leave Act,” J o u r n a l o f P o l i c y A n a ly s i s a n d M a n a g e m e n t, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 2 8 1 -3 0 2 . L eave-T aking.” 6 The reasons for this increase are not clear. Noncovered establish ments may be increasing their provision o f these benefits either as a way o f keeping up with the benefits offered by covered establishments in a tight labor market or as a way o f responding to the increased attention that family and medical leave issues have received in recent years. 7 Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m i l i e s a n d E m p lo y e r s , table 6.4. 8 I b id ., tables 6.3 and A 2-2.2. 9 The data from the Survey o f Em ployees tell a similar story: the most common method for covering work, according to em ployees who had taken leave, was to assign it to other workers, and the share o f leave takers who said their work was covered by a temporary replacement was significantly lower in 2000 than in 1995. 10 Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m i l i e s a n d E m p lo y e r s , table A 2 -3 .1 . 11 The 46.9-percent figure was calculated by multiplying the share o f em ployees identified as covered in the 2000 Survey o f Establishments (58.3 percent) by the share o f covered em ployees identified as eligible in the survey (80.5 percent). All the figures in this paragraph are from Commission on Family and Medical Leave, A W o r k a b le B a la n c e , Ex ecutive Summary; and Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m ilie s a n d E m p lo y e r s , tables 3.1 and A .2 -3 .2 . 12 Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m i l i e s a n d E m p lo y e r s , table 2.5. 13 p < .05. See Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m ilie s a n d E m p lo y e r s , table 3.5. 14 I b id ., table 3.6. 15 p < .05. See Cantor et al., B a la n c in g th e N e e d s o f F a m ilie s a n d E m p lo y e r s , table 2.14. 16 I b id ., table 2.17. 17 I b i d . , tables 4 .10 and 4.11; com parable data for 1995 are not available. 4 Katherin Ross, “Labor Pains: The Effects o f the Family and Medical Leave Act on Recent Mothers’ Returns to Work after Childbirth,” paper p resented at the annual m eetin g o f the Population A sso cia tio n o f America, Chicago, Apr. 2-4, 1998; Waldfogel, “Family and Medical Leave Act”; and Jane Waldfogel, Wenjui Han, and Katherin Ross Phillips, “Pa rental Leave-Taking and the fmla,” revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting o f the Population Association o f America, Los Ange les, Mar. 24, 2000. See also related research summarized in Christopher Ruhm, “Policy Watch: The Family and Medical Leave Act,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic P e r s p e c tiv e s , vol. 11, no. 3, 1997, pp. 175-86. 20 I b id ., figure 4.2 and table 4.9; comparable data for 1995 are not available. 5 See Martin Malin, “Fathers and Parental Leave,” T e x a s L a w R e v i e w , v ol. 72, no. 5, 1994, pp. 1047-95; and “Fathers and Parental Leave Revisited,” N o r th e r n I llin o is U n iv e r s ity L a w R e v ie w , vol. 19, no. 1, 1998, pp. 25—56; and Waldfogel, Han, and Ross Phillips, “Parental 24 Jane W aldfogel, “What Other Nations Do: International P olicies toward Parental Leave and Child Care,” paper prepared for a special issue o f T h e F u tu r e o f C h ild r e n on “Caring for Infants and Toddlers,” spring-sum m er 2001, pp. 9 9 -1 1 1 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18 I b id ., figure 4.3. 19 I b id ., table 4.1; comparable data for 1995 are not available. 21 I b id ., table 2.17. 22 I b id ., table 2.18. 23 I b id ., tables 4.16, 4.17, and 4.19. Monthly Labor Review September 2001 23 Job Flows Job creation and destruction within Washington and Baltimore Microdata from the new b l s Longitudinal Database show that from March 1992 through March 1999, gross job flows varied significantly between central cities and suburbs in the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area; higher suburban employment growth was related to higher rates o f both job creation and job destruction R. Jason Faberm an R. Jason Faberman is an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: Faberman_J@bls.gov t is well known that there exists a large dis parity in the growth rates o f central cities and suburbs. In a host o f metropolitan areas, central city employment has declined, while sub urban employment has flourished. Understand ing the nature and causes o f these growth pat terns are critical to those seeking to stimulate the economy o f a central city or deal with subur ban expansion. One previously unexplored as pect o f m etropolitan growth patterns is their gross jo b flo w com ponents — em ploym ent changes due to establishm ent startups, shut downs, expansions, and contractions. At its core, employment growth is simply the net re sult o f these four components. An examination o f those components reveals much more about the employment patterns within a metropolitan area than does an analysis o f employment growth alone. Consequently, this article analyzes just how much gross job flows relate to the observed differences in growth between central cities and suburbs. Gross jo b flows have recently become the primary focus o f several economic studies. Pre viously, econom ists relied alm ost entirely on aggregated data for their research purposes, particularly in studies involving em ployers and labor demand. This practice, however, al low ed researchers to observe only the net I 24 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis changes in economic variables from period to pe riod. A few economists, notably Timothy Dunne, Mark J. Roberts, and Larry Samuelson,1 as well as Steven Davis and John C. Haltiwanger,2 appealed to establishment-level microdata for their analyses o f the U.S. macroeconomy and aggregate labor dynamics. By using those data, they were able to analyze both employment growth and gross job flows for the economy. Together, these variables gave a much clearer picture o f how the labor market functioned, and they changed how many econo mists perceived the way the economy worked. Job flows deal with changes in employment at the place o f work. These changes are associated with the startup and closing o f an establishment, as well as the expansion or contraction o f a con tinuing establishment’s workforce. As the evidence that follows shows, job flows are quite pervasive. They can account for changes totaling more than 15 percent o f employment in a given quarter. Such high rates o f job turnover are reported in several other empirical studies also.3 Research on job flows requires access to estab lishment microdata. The Bureau o f Labor Statistics is currently in the process o f producing a new set o f this type o f data. The Longitudinal Database ( l d b ) contains quarterly employment and wage data for nearly all establishments in the U.S. economy. The Unemployment Insurance (ui) records from the b l s es-202 program provide the raw data for the l d b . These employment. Suburban growth was associated with high rates records are matched across time in order to create a continu o f both job creation and job destruction. An examination o f ous longitudinal time series for each establishment, thereby job flows by their component parts (that is, startups, shut allowing a researcher to observe when establishments start downs, expansions, and contractions) reveals that higher rates up, shut down, expand their employment, or contract their op persisted in the suburbs in nearly every instance; the only erations. Unlike previous databases, the l d b has quarterly in exception was a relatively high rate o f shutdowns in the Dis formation on all private and public establishments. Extending trict of Columbia. These findings shed an intriguing new light past the manufacturing industry, the l d b covers approximately on the employment dynamics observed within metropolitan 98 percent o f all employed individuals. Consequently, it pro areas: not only is job growth higher in the suburbs, but job vides a unique source o f data for a variety o f micro- and mac turnover is as well. roeconomic studies.4 The coverage o f industries and estab The next section outlines the data, methodology, and termi lishments in the l d b makes it particularly useful for in-depth nology used in the analysis. The section after that presents regional studies such as the one presented in this article. results. The final section draws conclusions, cites possible Previous research on job flows dealt primarily with national- explanations o f the findings, and mentions some potential av level data and usually focused on manufacturing. Research enues o f future research. across all industries at a finer level o f regional detail has the potential to highlight many interesting findings about the la Data and methodology bor market. For instance, Randall W. Eberts and Edward Mont gomery have one o f the few studies that explore State-level job The study to be presented uses the b l s Longitudinal Database flows using establishment microdata.5 These researchers find to analyze gross job flows for the Washington, DC-Marylanda positive relation between job flows and employment growth Virginia-West Virginia, Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area across areas: growing areas tend to have higher rates o f both ( p m s a ) and the Baltimore, Maryland, p m s a . The District o f Co jo b creation and jo b destruction. Findings such as this for lumbia and Baltimore City are the central cities of their respec metropolitan areas or smaller regions could greatly aid in our tive p m s a ’s . All other counties and independent cities in each understanding o f how local labor markets function. p m s a are collectively referred to as suburbs. The study exam The analysis that follows focuses on the Washington and ines 28 quarters, spanning March 1992 to March 1999.6 An Baltimore metropolitan areas and looks at quarterly job flows establishment at a single location is the unit o f observation. from March 1992 to March 1999. These two metropolitan areas For the Washington p m s a , the number o f quarterly observa are particularly interesting because they have several unique tions ranges from 107,000 at the beginning o f the sample pe properties. Washington and Baltimore are rather large metro riod to 129,000 at the end. The number o f Baltimore p m s a ob politan areas, and although they are located in close proximity servations ranges from 50,000 to 57,000. The analysis focuses to each other, they have quite different industrial and sectoral on employment data for the 3rd month o f each quarter. The l d b compositions and have experienced different paths o f eco contains linked establishments from the b l s e s - 2 0 2 program, nomic growth. Washington is predominantly a service-based creating a historical record for each observation. In a recent city. Nationally and locally, the service industry has grown Monthly Labor Review article, Timothy R. Pivetz, Michael A. considerably over the past decade. As the national capital, Searson, and James R. Spletzer provided a detailed examina Washington also has a disproportionate share o f public-sec tion o f the l d b , including its longitudinal establishment linking tor employees. Baltimore, by contrast, is predominantly a manu procedure.7 facturing-based city and is similar to many o f the metropolitan The study that follows focuses on employment as it changes areas in the “Rust Belt,” which dominate the Northeastern, each quarter. An establishment birth has positive employment Midwestern, and Mid-Atlantic regions o f the United States. in the current quarter and zero employment8 in the previous Like many o f its northern counterparts, Baltimore has had to quarter and satisfies the following conditions: it cannot be a adjust to significant structural change, as its more mature in reactivated establishment coming off a temporary shutdown, dustries have faced employment contractions. Finally, both and it cannot be a newly created breakout o f a multiple-estab metropolitan areas have well-defined political boundaries for lishment record in the data. Similarly, an establishment death their central cities (the District o f Columbia and Baltimore City, has zero employment in the current quarter and positive em respectively), making them particularly useful for this study. ployment in the previous quarter and satisfies the following The results o f the study indicate substantial job flow het conditions: it cannot be shut down temporarily or be an active erogeneity within both metropolitan areas. Higher growth oc employer reporting zero employment, and it cannot be the curred in the suburbs rather than the central cities. The two result o f a consolidation o f a multiple-establishment record. central cities lost substantial employment during the period Birth employment is the number o f jobs gained due to the studied. The majority o f losses in the District were in govern startup o f a new establishment. Death employment is the num ment, while the losses in Baltimore City were mostly in private ber o f jobs lost due to the shutdown o f an establishment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 25 Job Flows Expansion employment is the number o f jobs gained due to continuing establishments experiencing a net gain in employ ment. Contraction employment is the number o f jobs lost due to continuing establishments experiencing a net loss in em ployment. Note that expansions and contractions do not cap ture job changes within an establishment; instead, these sta tistics reflect only a net change in establishment employment between quarters.9 Job creation is the sum o f birth employ ment and expansion employment. Job destruction is the sum o f death employment and contraction employment. Finally, the net change in employment is the difference between job creation and jo b destruction. The study uses the average employment over the current and starting periods, rather than the starting-period employment, as the denominator to calculate the growth rate.10 Job flow rates are calculated using the same denominator. These rates add up in the same manner as the employment numbers. (For example, the job creation rate is the sum o f the birth rate and the expansion rate.) Consequently, the growth rate is just the difference be tween the job creation and job destruction rates. Gross job flows in Washington and Baltimore Background information. Like many metropolitan areas in the South and West o f the United States, Washington has seen significant population growth, in both absolute and per Table 1. Job flows by central cities and suburbs. Table 1 breaks down the basic employment and growth statistics for each pm sa Employment, March 1999 Employment, March 1992 Net change Employment share' Quarterly growth rate .................................................................................................. 2,503,416 2,216,611 286,805 District of Columbia: Total...................................................................... Private................................................................ Public"................................................................. 592,787 371,833 220,954 655,084 371,053 284,031 -62,297 780 -63,077 100.0 59.7 40.3 -.34 .01 -.84 Suburbs: Total ..................................................................... Private................................................................ Public2.................................................................. 1,910,629 1,552,917 357,712 1,561,527 1,221,923 339,604 349,102 330,994 18,108 100.0 79.8 20.2 .72 .86 .19 Baltimore by Employment growth in Washington and Baltimore, by area and sector, March 1992-March 1999 Area and sector Washington centage terms. The Bureau o f the Census estimated the metro politan area’s 1999 population to be approximately 4.7 million, a gain o f more than 517,000, or 12.2 percent, over the 1990 figure. Baltimore’s 1999 metropolitan area population was just under 2.5 m illion. In contrast to W ashington’s grow th, Baltimore’s population increased by just 109,000, or 4.6 per cent, between 1990 and 1999. Baltimore has a significant manu facturing base that underwent considerable structural change over the past several decades, similar to that o f many “Rust Belt” cities. The Census o f Manufactures indicates that the manufacturing industry in Baltimore shed nearly 30 percent o f its workforce between 1977 and 1992. The l d b data indicate a contraction o f an additional 13 percent during the study pe riod. In contrast, Washington has a relatively high share of employment in high-technology industries. The l d b data sug gest that nearly 20 percent o f the area’s private-sector employ ees work in industries such as communications, software, and electronics. (This level o f detail is not reported herein.) The high skills required of workers in these industries are reflected in the region’s wages: on the basis o f the 1999 es-202 employ ment and wage data, the Washington p m s a ranks sixth out of more than 300 m s a ’s in average wage per worker. Baltimore, while above average, ranks 39th in this category. p m s a 0.44 .......................................................................................................... 1,142,326 1,031,994 110,332 Baltimore City: Total...................................................................... Private................................................................ Public2.................................................................. 376,748 291,682 85,066 400,528 315,545 84,983 -23,780 -23,863 83 100.0 78.1 21.9 -.22 -.29 .00 Suburbs: Total...................................................................... Private................................................................ Public2................................................................. 765,578 636,501 129,077 631,466 517,752 113,714 134,112 118,749 15,363 100.0 82.6 17.4 .69 .74 .45 p m s a 1The employment share is an average of the employment shares from the first quarter of 1992 and the first quarter of 1999. 2 Public-sector employment contains all Federal, State, and local govern ment employees. Monthly Labor Review September 2001 Digitized for 26 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .36 N ote : The growth rate Is the quarterly average of the period from the first quarter of 1992 to the first quarter of 1999, multiplied by 100 to yield a percentage. Table 2. Job flow rates in center cities and suburbs, Washington and Baltimore, by area and sector, March 1992-March 1999 Job creation Job destruction Area and sector Total Births District of Columbia: Total................................... Private............................. Public'............................... 4.9 7.2 1.6 1.1 1.6 .2 Suburbs................................ Total................................... Private............................. Public1............................... 7.1 8.3 2.6 Baltimore City: Total................................... Private............................. Public1............................... Suburbs Total................................... Private............................. Public1............................... Washington Baltimore Expansions Net employment growth Total Deaths Contractions 3.9 5.5 1.4 5.3 7.2 2.5 1.2 1.8 .2 4.1 5.4 2.2 -0.3 .0 -.8 1.5 1.9 .2 5.6 6.4 2.4 6.4 7.4 2.4 1.2 1.5 .1 5.2 5.9 2.3 .7 .9 .2 5.1 6.0 2.1 1.0 1.3 .2 4.1 4.7 1.9 5.3 6.3 2.1 1.1 1.4 .2 4.2 4.9 1.9 -.2 -.3 .0 7.2 8.0 3.0 1.7 2.0 .3 5.5 6.0 2.7 6.5 7.3 2.5 1.3 1.5 .2 5.2 5.8 2.3 .7 .7 .5 p m s a p m s a 1 Public-sector employment contains all Federal, State, and local govern ment employees. area (central city or suburb) and sector (private or public). Washington has more than twice the employment base o f Bal timore. Government work makes up a disproportionately large share o f Washington employment, particularly in the District o f Columbia itself. Nonetheless, the area saw its public-em ployment share decline over the sample period. Overall, the two pmsa’s have similar rates o f total employment growth. Wash ington experienced a higher rate o f private-employment growth, but also registered large job losses in the public sector during the study period, again mostly in the District. In both Wash ington and Baltimore, the central cities experienced striking employment losses. The net losses in the District were almost exclusively in the public sector, while the losses in Baltimore City were concentrated in the private sector. Both cities’ sub urbs had considerable employment growth over the period, whether it is measured as private or total employment. Table 2 provides the average quarterly job flow rates for the central city and suburbs in each pmsa. For each area, job flows are listed for the private and public sector and for the entire labor force. In both central cities, job losses coincided with low rates o f both job creation and job destruction. This was particularly true for total employment. The suburbs o f both metropolitan areas had high growth and relatively high job creation and destruction. In Washington, the rates o f privatesector jo b creation and destruction were approximately 15 per cent and 3 percent higher, respectively, in the suburbs than in the central city. In Baltimore, the respective differences were a striking 33 percent and 16 percent in favor o f the suburbs. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote : The job flow rate is the quarterly average of the period from the first quarter of 1992 to the first quarter of 1999, multiplied by 100 to yield a percentage. differences in job flows between the central cities and suburbs remain even when one splits out job creation and destruction by births, deaths, expansions, and contractions. The only ex ception occurs in the Washington private sector, where the death rate is higher in the District o f Columbia than in the suburbs. Charts 1 and 2 show that these differences generally persist over the study period, despite large seasonal fluctuations in job creation and job destruction each quarter. The top panel o f chart 1 shows that the job creation rate in the District o f Co lumbia surpassed that o f the Washington area suburbs only three times over the 28-quarter span. In the bottom panel, the District’s job destruction rate exceeded the suburban rate just eight times. Chart 2 shows higher rates o f suburban job cre ation and destruction over the entire period for the Baltimore pmsa. The lone exception was during the second quarter o f 1994, seen in the bottom panel, where the Baltimore suburban job destruction was just slightly less than that in Baltimore City. Finally, there is a pronounced asymmetry in just how and when job flows are higher in the suburbs. In each case, central city and suburban job flows are not all that different during seasonal declines in a given job flow. However, the seasonal spikes in both job creation and job destruction are much more prominent in the suburbs than in the central cities. T here exist considerable differences not only in the patterns o f growth between the central cities and suburbs o f Washing ton and Baltimore, but also in their rates o f job creation and job Monthly Labor Review September 2001 27 Job Flows Chart 1. Washington FMSA job creation and job destruction, private sector, second quarter 1992 to fourth quarter 1999 Rate Rate 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 Rate Monthly Labor Review September 2001 Digitized for28 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Rate 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 - 6.0 5.0 Chart 2. Baltimore PMSA job creation and job destruction, private sector, second quarter 1992 to fourth quarter 1999 Rate https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Rate 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 29 Job Flows destruction. Further, higher growth in the suburbs is associated, as one might expect, with high rates o f job creation, but also, as one might not expect, with high rates o f job destruction. To a large degree, the higher job flow rates persist over time, with seasonal fluctuations causing an asymmetry in the central-citysuburb difference: suburban job flows are much higher during seasonal increases than during seasonal decreases. The fact that rates o f both job creation and destruction are higher in the suburbs is a striking finding. It is not surprising that higher rates o f job creation exist in the suburbs, because net growth is higher there as well. What is surprising is that rates o f jo b destruction are higher in the suburbs, too. One explanation is that the central cities and suburbs differ in their establishment characteristics (for example, industry classifica tion, establishment size, and age). Evidence presented in pre vious work indicates that these characteristics should play a role.11 If so, then job flow rates in the suburbs would be higher in the aggregate, but would not be much different than centralcity rates, for a given characteristic (for instance, comparing rates within the manufacturing industry or among medium sized establishments). One could think o f other, more economic, factors that might influence the differences in job creation and destruction found in this study. There are several possibilities. Some deal with stories o f “creative destruction.” For instance, suburban loca tions may be appealing to newer firms. When locating in the suburbs, new firms outcompete the older firms with new tech nologies and innovations. The inflow o f new firms causes a higher rate o f jo b creation, and the added competition it intro duces to the older firms generates a higher rate o f job destruc tion. In the end, the suburbs end up with more productive firms, a situation that comes about through higher rates o f job turnover. This replacement pattern o f creative destruction is consistent with several macroeconomic models in which older capital is slowly replaced by newer “vintages” over tim e.12 In the central cities, the process o f creative destruction is absent: there is no added competition for older firms to contend with, implying that competition has no effect on jo b destruction rates, and no new firms are entering the area, keeping job cre ation rates low. Another way creative destruction could account for high suburban job flows is through a shakeout mechanism, as in the model o f Ricardo Caballero and Mohamad Hammour.13 In this setting, new firms compete against each other, with some flourishing and others dying out quickly. Here, it is the en trance o f new firms that accounts for the high rates o f both job creation and job destruction. Finally, labor migration may also explain how these differ ences in job creation and job destruction come about. An in flux o f workers may increase the rates o f job searching and matching, as migrants try to match up with a job they find acceptable. This added shuffling around also would lead to simultaneously higher rates o f job creation and job destruc tion, a scenario that is most consistent with the model o f re gional labor dynamics presented by Oliver J. Blanchard and Lawrence Katz.14 However, this scenario may better explain job flow differences across metropolitan areas rather than within them, as migration is usually thought o f as occurring across different labor markets. This article documents significant regional variation in the rates o f job creation and job destruction. These gross job flows provide a more detailed picture o f how local labor mar kets function than do simple net employment growth rates, and databases such as the ldb are ideal for the purpose. The study, however, tackles only a small part o f the regional as pect o f gross job flows, leaving the door open for a host o f future work on the subject. For example, further research could go far in discerning whether any o f the preceding scenarios represents a plausible explanation for the higher rates o f jo b flows in the suburbs. Research involving a broader range o f metropolitan areas would prove fruitful in this regard, as well as in either corroborating or refuting the existence o f the job flow difference between the center cities and suburbs— it may be, after all, that the findings reported here are unique to the Balti more-Washington area. Because employment growth rates are known to vary widely across the Nation, research on other re gions could also aid in documenting and explaining variations in job flows across metropolitan areas as well as within them. The results of future work in this area could have considerable policy implications at both the local and national levels. □ Notes 1 Timothy Dunne, Mark J. Roberts, and Larry Samuelson, “Pat terns o f Firm Entry and Exit in U.S. Manufacturing Industries,” r a n d Journal of Economics, winter 1988, pp. 4 9 5 -5 1 5 ; “Plant Turnover and Gross Employment Flows in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector,” Jour nal of Labor Economics, January 1989, pp. 4 8 -7 1 ; and “The Growth and Failure o f U.S. Manufacturing Plants,” Quarterly Journal of Eco nomics, N ovem ber 1989, pp. 6 7 1 -9 8 . 2 Steven Davis and John C. Haltiwanger, “Gross Job Creation and Monthly Labor Review September 2001 Digitized for 30 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Destruction: M icroeconom ic E vidence and M acroeconom ic Im plica tions,” in n b e r Macroeconomics Annual 5 (Cambridge, ma, National Bureau o f Econom ic Research, 1990), pp. 1 2 3 -6 8 ); and “Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation,” Quar terly Journal of Economics, August 1992, pp. 8 1 9 -6 3 . 3 For a review, see Steven Davis and John C. Haltiwanger, “Gross Job Flows,” in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Am sterdam , E lsevier S cien ce, 1999), pp. 2 7 1 1 - 2 8 0 5 . 4 See Daniel S. Hamermesh, “LEEping into the Future o f Labor E conom ics: The Research Potential o f Linking Em ployer and Em ployee data,” Labour Economics, March 1999, pp. 25—41. Hamermesh presents an in-depth list o f the aven u es o f potential research for m atched em p loyee-em p loyer data. The list includes many research possibilities for establishment microdata, such as the ldb, as well. 5 Randall W. Eberts and Edward Montgomery, “C yclical versus Secular M ovem ents in Em ploym ent Creation and Destruction,” nber W orking Paper N o. 5162, 1995. 6 Effective June 30, 1993, the Baltimore and Washington Metro politan Statistical Areas were combined. This article looks at the two areas separately; for more information on definitions o f metropolitan areas, see omb Bulletin 9 9 -0 4 . 7 Timothy R. Pivetz, Michael A. Searson, and James R. Spletzer, “Measuring job and establishment flows with bls longitudinal microdata,” Monthly Labor Review, April 2001, pp. 13-20. 8 An establishm ent that is m issing from the data is construed to have zero em ploym ent. tion 9 Davis, Haltiwanger, and Scott Schuh, Job Creation and Destruc (Cambridge, ma, mit Press, 1996), note this occurrence as well in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis their calculations o f job creation and destruction. They conclude that the resulting job creation and destruction measures yield a lower bound estimate due to the movement o f jobs within establishments in a given quarter. 10 The methodology for growth rate and job flow rate calculations is identical to that outlined in D avis, H altiwanger, and Schuh, Job Creation and Destruction. 11 See Davis and Haltiwanger, “Gross Job Flows.” 12 Some examples are V. V. Chari and Hugo Hopenhayn, “Vintage Human Capital, Growth, and the Diffusion o f N ew Technology,” Jour nal of Political Economy, D ecem ber 1991, pp. 1 1 4 2 -6 5 ; P hilippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, “A Model o f Growth through Creative D e struction,” Econometrica, March 1992, pp. 323-52; and Simon Gilchrist and John C. W illiam s, “P utty-C lay Investm ent: A B u sin e ss-C y cle A nalysis,” nber Working Paper No. 6812, 1995. 13 Ricardo Caballero and Mohamad Hammour, “The C leansing E ffect o f R ece ssio n s,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, D ecem ber 1994, pp. 1 3 5 0 -6 8 . 14 Oliver J. Blanchard and Lawrence Katz, “Regional Evolutions,” (W ashington, dc , Brookings Institution, 1992), pp. 1 -75. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 31 Précis Let’s shake on it Will the Internet truly revolutionize the spatial context within which companies transact business? Edward Learner and Michael Storper ask this and other ques tions in their paper, “The Economic G e ography o f the Intern et A ge” ( nber Working Paper 8450). W hile many researchers believe that the Internet’s effect on economic geog raphy may be more dramatic than that of past inventions, such as rail, steam, and the various forms of mechanization which emerged in the 19th century, the authors present the case that, instead, it is the Internet’s lack of personal, physi cal contact that will prevent it from be coming the dominant means for trans acting business. The crux of their argument is that the “coordination of new and innovative ac tivities depends on the successful trans fer of complex uncodifiable messages, requiring a kind of closeness between the sender and receiver that the Internet does not allow. The problem with the Internet is that he cannot look her in the eye through a screen, and she cannot ‘feel’ or ‘touch’ him. It is a medium that may help to maintain relationships, but does not establish deep and com plex con ta c ts .” T he a u th o rs d e fin e an uncodifiable message as one that can not be reduced to terms that are reso lutely nonambiguous, citing the phrase, “I love you,” as an example of a com plex uncodifiable message. Clustering o f production. Both physi cal m aterials and the intellectual activi ties associated with them often are clus tered in physical neighborhoods. Learner and Storper write that this clustering sug gests, “that present or future improve ments in communication technologies, such as the Internet, also may not elim i nate the role of proximity.” They have studied the regularly-occurring phenom enon in economic geography that paral lels what Isaac Newton discovered about gravity. In the business w orld, “the greater the distance between any pair of countries, the less they trade with one another.... In economics, the amount of commerce between two points is equal to the product of the economic masses (gdps) divided not by the square of the distance between them but by distance itself (or some lower power).” The proximity component is not the only important aspect of physical clus tering. Communication costs and ship ping costs may now be lower than at other times in history, but the authors claim it is perishibility (defined either as the concrete— fruits and vegetables, or the abstract— computers or items of h igh fash io n d esign) cou p led w ith codifiability, and the Internet’s inad equacy as a medium allowing accurate, complete transfer of complex, abstract concepts. C odifiability is best estab lished by inform ation exchanged be tw een people, and the facilitation of “long-term deep relationships over long distances [whichl create the essential prerequisites of any complex transac tion: trust and understanding.” Importance o f relationships. Learner and Storper contend it is not only the physical clustering but the intellectual clustering that is at the core of personal relationships in business. They cite that the Internet economy has produced “high densities of dot-com firms in San Fran cisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, and New Y o rk ” as e x a m p le s, and th a t th is economy is following “the same geo graphical pattern as all of its innovative forebears: the establishment of a small number of core agglomerations, charac terized by strong inter-firm and firm-la bor market network relations, the exist ence of an ‘industrial atm osphere,’ and circular and cumulative advantage due to the building up of external econom ics in those places.” Think Silicon Val ley (West Coast Bay area), Silicon Al ley (Manhattan), and Washington State’s Microsoft Corporation. 32 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The intellectual component becomes increasingly vital. The authors assert: “Many intellectual outputs are not prod ucts that can be dropped at the doorstep, but are services that have to be deliv ered by one human to another. Value is created jointly by seller and buyer, by coach and student, often involving many hours of direct communication.... It isn’t just union power that has kept the laborintensive universities operating in more or less the same manner for four centu ries. It is the production function itself.” The handshake and the conversation. The absence of face-to-face contact is what the authors believe will prevent the Internet from taking the place of the “handshake,” or as they term it “physi cal copresence.” Only by a supplier get ting to know his customer, and that cus tomer understanding what her supplier means when he promises to ship the mer chandise by a promised date are the ba sis of human relationships firmly estab lished. “The Internet does nothing by it self to put a message in the right con text, and doesn’t help in understanding. Moreover, an Internet conversation re sembles e-mail in that it involves such low levels of costs to sender and receiver that there is little relationship bond cre ated by the process.” This lack of “emotional closeness” and the Internet’s inability to accurately relay uncodifiable, ambiguous informa tion would appear to dictate a continu ing need for a higher level of trust and involvement than that conjured forth by the machinations of computers, capaci tors, and modems. □ We are interested in your feedback on this column. Please let us know what you have found most interest ing and what essential reading we may have missed. Write to: Execu tive Editor, Monthly Labor Review, 2 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Wash in g to n , D C 2 0 2 1 2 , or e -m a il mlr@bls.gov Book Reviews Solidarity: forever? Worker Activism After Successful Union Organizing. By Linda Markowitz. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2000, 204 pp. $58.95. At the turn o f the century, the Industrial Workers o f the World, or more affection ately the Wobblies, were undoubtedly the most flamboyant and colorful labor union in the United States, if not in the world. Conducting marches and demon strations under unfurled American and worker flags, the Wobblies would oc cupy public parks, street com ers, or major arenas, such as Madison Square Garden, and deliver spirited, sometimes incendiary, oratory for one specific pur pose: to organize the unorganized. Even cynics give the Wobblies credit for or ganizing workers o f different ethnic, ra cial, and sexual backgrounds, getting them to sign the union card and sing from the “little red song-book.” From the agricultural fields o f California to the meatpacking plants o f Chicago and on to the textile mills o f Patterson, New Jer sey, and Lawrence, Massachusetts, the Wobblies were able to infuse a real sense o f cohesion among the working class. The m ajor criticism o f the union, how ever, was their inability to maintain a functional infrastructure once the orga nizing campaign had been won. In Worker Activism After Successful Union O rganizing, a u th o r L in d a Markowitz juxtaposes the union orga nizing process o f the past with that o f the present. Is the current labor move ment repeating the mistakes o f the past? In early 2001, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters disaffiliated from the a f l CIO, charging that the old federation, d esp ite the gosp el o f o rg an izatio n preached by President John Sweeney, has not fulfilled its pledge to organize the unorganized. M arkowitz has fol lowed labor’s campaign to enlist work ers at two different establishments, with different products, in diverse geographic areas, and with far different demograph https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ics. She offers a sharp contrast o f orga nizing by traditional “business union ism” and another conducted on partici patory activism by the rank-and-file. The author traces the organizing cam paign o f two entities, Bobs Grocery Store (BGS) chain in Arizona, and Geofelt Manufacturing, in Pineville, Alabama. Her main thesis is that worker activism experienced during organizing cam paigns diffuses outside campaign set tings. By “outside settings” she means a general antilabor animus by employ ers, weak support or even hostility from Federal, State, and local governments, and the lack o f a working class culture. It m ade little d iffe re n c e th a t the workforce composition at Geofelt Manu facturing was a heterogeneous mixture o f white and black and male and female, the workers shared a natural cultural bond that grew stronger under the threat o f outside pressures. At BGS, the work ers differed mostly on a gender basis with the exception o f a Latino presence. There was little that the workers had in common except for their employment. The catalyst for organizing drives at both firms was ownership change. At BGS, workers went from a feeling o f team and family to one o f anger and mistrust, as new management increased produc tion demands with fewer employees while reducing benefits and job status. At Geofelt Manufacturing, a foreignowned firm with European work con cepts that gave employees a good de gree o f job control, new management implemented an “Americanization” pro cess with stricter definitions o f work sta tus and a more hierarchical control sys tem. Discontent paralleled the rise in demand for union representation, states Markowitz. W hile b oth BG S em p lo y ees and Geofelt Manufacturing workers reached the same end— union representation, the process was much easier and genu ine at the latter. The Amalgamated Cloth ing Workers Union (now United Needle, Industrial, and Textile E m p lo y eesUNITE) conducted an organizing “Blitz” where they concentrated on the one p la n t and im m ed iately e n liste d grassroot support, including local inter ests not directlly involved with any work-related Geofelt Manufacturing ac tivities. Participatory Democracy, where the workers were involved in a step-bystep process for mobilizing their col leagues, allowed the employees to re gard themselves as the union, not just cogs in the union representation ma chine attending to traditional collective bargaining matters. Markowitz contends there were three basic elements to this process: sharing information; open lines o f communication; and decisionmaking by the workers. At BGS, the author paints a starkly contrasted picture o f traditional and stale organizing policies, long referred to since the days o f Samuel Gompers as “business unionism.” The United Food and Commercial Workers Union sent or ganizers from California to organize not just BGS, but other chain grocery stores in the area. Their attentions divided among many different targets in the re tail grocery industry and the organizing drive was a top down process. Workers never felt empowered nor considered themselves together in the struggle for better wages and working conditions. As a result, the process was long and tedious, despite overwhelming support for representation by the workers. The author infers that the union at BGS will never be particularly strong and will be susceptible to adversarial forces, par ticularly if market conditions deteriorate and employees respond accordingly. The author argues that the key to maintaining a strong viable union orga nization, and not suffer Wobbly-type ineffectiveness, is continued evolution o f worker involvement. “Human nature is learned and people are adaptable.” This is particularly poignant to organiz ing in today’s volatile economic climate. The United Auto Workers, for example, have partnered with the big three auto m anufacturers in “paid educational leave” programs. They have not abro- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 33 Book Reviews gated their collective bargaining re sponsibilities, but agree that their mem bers can better identify as the union if they know something about the compa nies they work for and the economic en vironments in which those entities ex ist. The labor-management cooperative programs o f the 1970s and 1980s, the author grudgingly concedes, were cooptive but still added to the experi ences o f w orkers so they could infuse those aforem entioned basic elem ents o f inform ation sharing, com m unicat ing, and decisionm aking into day-today functions. The theories expressed in the book are nothing new or novel. The brief analysis o f the history and develop ment o f our employment system and the rise o f organized labor can be found in any basic labor-relations textbook. Even in the more philosophical analyses o f the work process and human nature, the influence, w hether acknow ledged or not, o f radical philosophers such as Herbert M arcuse and Antonio Gramsci is evident. There are also a few errors o f fact. For example, on page 18 the author states that “President Clinton has failed to support policy banning the replacement o f striking workers....” As one o f two investigators on Presi dent Clinton’s Executive Order 12954, which would have disbarred firms from lucrative government contracts if they permanently replaced striking workers, I had to report on two large firms with the intent o f carrying through the order. The courts ruled Executive Order 13954 as unconstitutional, but that did not dis count the President’s policies. Despite these marginal criticisms, this is an interesting and thought-pro voking book. M arkowitz has consulted the works o f recognized scholars in the areas o f human psychology, labor rela tions, organizational development, and sociology. She has added to the ever transitional wealth o f literature on work place relations and how they will look in the 21 st century. I look forward to a se 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis quel on the progress o f union develop ment at both BGS and Geofelt Manufac turing. Will one organizational culture succeed over the other? Will both frame works find their own particular niches in the world o f organized labor? Will one, both, or neither succumb to the failed legacy o f the Wobblies? — Henry P. Guzda Industrial Relations Specialist, U.S. Department of Labor Employees at Work A Working Nation: Workers, Work, and Government in the New Economy. By David T. Ellwood, Rebecca M. Blank, and others. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2 0 0 0 .146 pp. Sponsored by the Aspen Institute’s Do m estic Strategy Group, this volum e deals with some o f the causes o f the inequality o f earnings that has increas ingly characterized the wages and ben efits o f male workers and their families over the decades since the early 1970s (it slightly decreased during the late 1990s). While the volum e’s title refers to the “New Economy,” the term remains undefined, and we may disregard it. One o f the announced purposes o f the stud ies presented is to deal with “the future o f work,” but the authors avoid doing so. However, the “the future o f work” may well be viewed here in terms o f the continuation o f the trends that have prevailed over the period analyzed. This would imply that adapting to new work patterns and technologies by most lowwage workers will be too slow to sig nificantly change those trends. David Ellwood presents and inter prets the basic facts o f wage and income inequality, and does so in a spare, lucid style. He derives the data from national income statistics and the Current Popu lation Survey, making adjustments (for example, for inflation) he deems appro September 2001 priate. He divides the income distribu tion into thirds, which may be a bit crude but makes for clarity. He figures the na tional income on a per-adult (rather than per-person) basis. He reports total com pensation o f wage and salary workers separately for men and women. Subse quently, he reports the income from work and other sources for two-parent families with children by thirds o f edu cational grouping. He does the same for single-parent families. While median compensation o f men in the top third o f the income distribu tion rose 28 percent between 1973 and 1996, compensation o f men in the middle third declined 3 percent, and o f men in the bottom third 8 percent. The pattern for husbands in two-parent families is sim ilar if somewhat more m oderate; compensation o f these men rose 31 per cent in the top third educational group ing, 4 percent in the middle third, and remained unchanged over the period in the bottom third. “It is simply not true that middle and working class men get much o f the income generated in our nation,” writes Ellwood. The decline in median compensation shown for these men was suffered en tirely by men under 45 years old, with those in the 18-34 age brackets being affected most. It was associated with a full or less than full high school educa tion, but also with “some” post-high school education. All the increase in compensation occurred among college and post- college graduates. It remains, however, that compensation o f men in the higher age brackets improved, re flecting experience and tenure. Women’s median compensation rose in all income and education brackets over the 1973-96 span. The increase was largest, however, in the top third o f the income distribution and o f the edu cational grouping o f two-parent fami lies. Hence, income o f two-parent fami lies benefited from w ives’ earnings, al though in the bottom third it rose but 14 percent, compared with 57 percent and 25 percent in the top and middle thirds (by educational grouping). Inequality o f family income intensi fied between 1973 and 1996. In 1973 the top one-third o f families had income from compensation and other sources— for example, dividends, net interest, and rent— that exceed the middle third by 32 percent, and the bottom third by 61 per cent. In 1996, the respective differences ran to 66 percent and 122 percent. In equality also sharpened when income o f single-parent families is compared with that o f tw o-parent families: the former “had less than half o f the income o f families with two parents for each level o f parental education.” Ellwood writes “the traditional cost o f living adjustment would show little or no increase in income for families at the bottom.” Those at the bottom are poorer today than they were 20-25 years ago - a factor that also diminishes op portunities for children. For example, higher earnings are more and more as sociated with college education, but that has become virtually unattainable for poor people: the entire increase in college attendance has stemmed from children in families in the top 60 percent o f the income distribution. Substantial differences in und er standing the widening earnings gap and ways o f dealing with it are evident from essays by two contributors to the vol ume— one by William A. Niskanen, the other by Rebecca M. Blank. Both are one-time members o f the Council o f Eco nomic Advisors, the former under Presi dent Reagon, and the latter under Presi dent Clinton. We cite some examples. Both Niskanen and Blank support the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) as a su b s id y to lo w -w ag e w o rk e rs. Niskanen, however, opposes the mini mum wage as a hindrance to the hiring o f low -skilled w orkers, while Blank strongly supports it as being insepa rable from the EITC, hence as “substan tially (improving) the returns to work among low-wage workers in the face o f declining or stagnant market wages.” Blank extends the argument, viewing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis minimum wage laws as seeking “to as sure that work provides economic suffi ciency.” Equally important, the mini mum wage, together w ith the EITC, helps reverse and forestall the devalua tion o f work often linked with declining pay. She also urges the adoption o f ad equate child care and health plan insur ance subsidies, again so as to raise compensation and secure family well being. She does not believe that the la bor market by itself will raise low-wage workers’ earnings sufficiently to ensure an adequate living standard. Niskanen and Blank offer divergent conceptions o f what lies at the root o f the w idening earnings gap. N ikanen traces that gap to some o f the personal characteristics and social settings o f low-skill workers. He mentions negli gent attitudes toward work and such “dramatic changes in family structure” as the great increase in births by single m others, w hich has m ade for poor schools and employment problems. Re medial policies should be focused ac cordingly. They should include removal o f impediments to a more freely operat ing labor market, such as the minimum wage (as noted) and prevented the ero sion o f the “employment at will” doc trine which, according to Niskanen, in creases the expected cost o f hiring. B la n k is m ore c o n c e rn e d th an Niskanen with demand-side sources o f the earnings gap, and with institutional weakness she believes should be over come— for example, difficulties o f the sch o o l-to-w ork tran sitio n faced by many youngsters. Thus, she holds that “widening inequality among workers with similar education levels in the same industry or occupation suggests that firms are trying to link pay more directly to individual productivity,” and that “changes in the use and management o f labor” seem to be “linked closely” to the widening earnings gap. The grow ing use o f temporary workers and o f outsourcing is part o f that policy, as is the decline o f unions, which have tradi tionally resisted wage variance among defined categories o f workers in given industries or firms, but have had to ac cede, for example, to so-called two-tier w age agreem ents in m any circu m stances. Thus, wage variance can per haps be modified only if union possess the necessary bargaining power, which in this respect they evidently lack. Blank is not sanguine about the ef fects o f training involving today’s lowskilled workers, although she emphati cally advocates it. She writes that few workers raise their skill levels after their mid-twenties. Training under the Job Training Partnership Act has had but modest effects on post-training wages, and increases in these w ages soon eroded. Training programs for public assistance recipients have had better success, however. A lengthy essay by two contributors to th e vo lu m e, Jo se p h B la si and Douglass Kruse, titled “The New Em ployee-Employer Relationship,” inter alia deals extensively with the subject o f training. They write that “(t)he new skills needed by new employees are generally developed through informal training,” that is, inhouse and on the job. More formal training is sponsored by, or occurs, mostly in large establish ments where turnover is low, and where the em ployees, already college-edu cated, are professionals or technicians. American employers are generally reluc tant to invest in training, partly because o f high voluntary turnover, partly be cause o f high probabilities o f worker displacem ent occasioned by product changes, increased productivity by way o f new equipment or new work organi zation, foreign com petition, and so forth. Be it noted that worker displace ment is viewed by the authors as an as pect o f the weakening o f the relation ship between employee and employer rather than merely in connection with training. One may regard worker dis placement, however, as in part a social loss, a loss o f skills specific to the oc cupation and firm o f the displaced worker, which she or he cannot easily Monthly Labor Review September 2001 35 Book Reviews unlearn. According to the authors, dis placements were not quite as high dur ing the m id-1990s as they had been dur ing the recession o f the early 1980s, in dicating a disturbing trend. Blasi and Douglas devote a section o f their essay to high-performance work practices and their diffusion. They lean toward acceptance o f the argument that unless such work practices are com bined, that is, not introduced piecemeal, th eir effectiv en ess is questio n ab le. Among them, they list careful selection o f workers; decentralized management; quality circles; sharing o f gains from enhanced productivity with w orkers bring in g them about; no layoffs o f workers as productivity rises; jo b rota tion; and work-related meetings. Very 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis few o f the firms surveyed had adopted a full complement o f such innovative work (or better: managerial) practices. The authors list some o f the significant technical, managerial, and cost barriers to that failure. They make no mention, however, o f the origin o f such practices in Japan, where their success has been partly attributable to less confronta tional w orker-m anagem ent attitudes than in the United States, and to en trenched customs ensuring tenure and seniority. Blasi and Douglas write that tenure in the United States has tended to decline. The employment o f contin gent workers, that is, workers hired on a temporary or part-time basis, greatly in creased during the 1990s. They do not discuss whether such workers fit the September 2001 “team” concept which in large part un derlies high-perform ance w ork prac tices. A Working Nation is a w ell-con ceived summary and analysis o f key problems facing a large proportion o f working people and their families. These problems have been in the forefront o f concern o f labor economists and the Department o f Labor over the past four decades. It is a good thing that they also are kept in the forefront o f public attention, such as this volume will help ensure. — Horst Brand Economist, formerly with the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics 38 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market in d icators.............................................................. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and prod u ctivity........................... 3. Alternative m easures o f w ages and compensation ch an ges............................................................ 48 49 4. Employment status o f the population, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 50 5. Selected em ployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 51 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 52 7. Duration o f unemployment, seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................. 53 8. Unem ployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................. 53 9. Unem ploym ent rates by sex and age, seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................. 54 10. Unem ploym ent rates by States, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 55 11. Employment o f workers by States, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 55 12. Em ploym ent o f workers by industry, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 56 13. Average w eekly hours by industry, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 58 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................. 59 15. Average hourly earnings by industry..................................... 60 16. Average w eekly earnings by industry.................................... 61 17. D iffusion indexes o f employment change, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................. 62 18. Annual data: Employment status o f the p op ulation........ 63 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry..................... 63 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry............................................ 64 Price data 28. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com modity and service g r o u p s.................. 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all ite m s................................................................... 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major g roups...................................................................... 31. Producer Price Indexes by stage o f p r o c essin g .................... 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output o f major industry grou p s......................................................................... 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage o f p rocessin g............................................................. 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification ................................................................ 35. U .S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification ................................................................ 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use c ategory.................... 37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use c a teg o r y .................. 38. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories o f serv ices............................................................... 73 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 84 Productivity data 39. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally ad ju sted ........................... 40. Annual indexes o f multifactor productivity.......................... 41. Annual indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s .............................................................. 42. Annual indexes o f output per hour for selected industries..................................................................................... 85 86 87 88 International comparisons data 65 43. Unem ploym ent rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted............................... 91 44. Annual data: Employment status o f the civilian working-age population, 10 countries................................ 92 45. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures, 12 cou n tries................................................................................ 93 67 Injury and illness data Labor compensation and collective bargaining data https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and governm ent......................................................................... 71 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o r e ........... . 72 49 Labor force data 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group..................................... 22. Employment Cost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group...................................... 23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry group................... 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ....................... 25. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firm s...... Labor compensation and collective bargaining data—continued 68 46. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence ra tes........................................................................... 94 69 70 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exp osu re...................................................................................... 96 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 37 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section o f the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor com pensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group o f tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources o f addi tional information are cited. G e n e ra l notes The follow ing notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data o f such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing o f schools, h oli day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are es tim ated on the basis o f past experien ce. W hen new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -1 4 ,1 6 -1 7 ,3 9 , and 43. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 9 were re vised in the February 2001 issue o f the Re view. Seasonally adjusted establishment sur vey data shown in tables 1, 1 2 -1 4 and 1 6 17 were revised in the July 2000 Review and reflect the experience through March 2000. A brief explanation o f the seasonal adjust ment m ethodology appears in “N otes on the data.” R evisions in the productivity data in table 45 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per cent ch an ges from m onth -to-m onth and quarter-to-quarter are published for numer ous Consumer and Producer Price Index se ries. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average A llItems CPI. O nly seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data— such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14— are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect o f changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro priate component o f the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3 and a current price Monthly Labor Review Digitized for38 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis index number o f 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety o f sources. D efinitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions o f these N otes describing each set o f data. For detailed descriptions o f each data series, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bul letin 2490. Users also may w ish to consult Major Programs o f the Bureau ofLabor Sta tistics, Report 919. N ew s releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appear ing on the back cover o f this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earn ings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http://stats.bIs.gov/ceshome.htm Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile o f Employment and Unemployment. For a com prehensive discussion o f the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bul letin 2466. The m ost recent data from the Em ployee Benefits Survey appear in the fo l low ing Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview o f the 1998 revision o f the cpi , see the D ecem ber 1996 issue o f the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices ap pear in monthly new s releases. Listings o f industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm For additional information on interna September 2001 International Comparisons o f Unemployment, BLS B ulle tional comparisons data, see tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developm ents in labor force, em ploy ment, and unemployment; em ployee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = n.e.s. = p = not elsewhere classified, not elsew here specified. preliminary. To increase the tim e liness o f som e series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incom plete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availab ility o f later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Com parative Indicators (Tables 1 -3 ) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison o f major BLS sta tistical series. Consequently, although many o f the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include em ploym ent measures from two major surveys and information on rates o f change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employm ent-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major de m ographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are pre sented, w hile measures o f em ploym ent and average w eekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is cho sen from a variety o f bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a com prehensive measure o f em ployer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. D ata on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. M easures o f rates o f change o f com p en sa tion and w ages from the E m ploym ent C ost Index program are provided for all c iv i l ian non farm w ork ers (e x c lu d in g Federal and h ou seh old workers) and for all private nonfarm w orkers. M easures o f changes in consum er prices for all urban consum ers; produ cer p rices by stage o f p rocessin g; overall prices by stage o f processing; and overall export and import price ind exes are given. M easures o f productivity (output per hour o f all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and com pensation rates o f change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes o f the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data D efinitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections o f these notes describing each set o f data. Employment and Unemploym ent Data (Tables 1; 4 -2 0 ) Household survey data Description of the series Employment data in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The sample con sists o f about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years o f age and older. H ouseholds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sam ple is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day o f the month or w ho worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regu lar job s because o f illness, vacation, indus trial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at w hich he or she worked the greatest number o f hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on la y o ff are also counted among the unem ployed. The unem ploym ent rate represents the num ber unem ployed as a percent o f the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists o f all em ployed or unem ployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as em ployed or unem ployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end o f their last job if they held one within the past 12 m onth s), but are not currently look in g, b eca u se th ey b e lie v e there are no jo b s available or there are none for which they w ou ld qualify. The civilian non in stitu tional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion o f the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is em ploy m ent as a percent o f the civilian non in stitutional population. Notes on the data From time to tim e, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estim atin g errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability o f historical data. A de scription o f these adjustments and their ef fect on the various data series appears in the E xplan atory N o te s o f Employment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X -l 1 arima w hich w as develop ed at Statistics Canada as an extension o f the standard X 11 method previously used by bls. A de tailed description o f the procedure appears in the X - l l a r i m a Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela B ee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue N o. 12-564E, January 1983). At the beginning o f each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjust ment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. The historical sea sonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the m ost recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro duced for the July-D ecem ber period, but no revisions are m ade in the historical data. For additional information on na tional household survey data, contact the D ivision o f Labor Force Statistics: (2 02) 6 9 1 -6 3 7 8 . Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 300,000 establishm ents representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard In dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In m ost industries, the sam pling probabilities are based on the size o f the establishment; m ost large establishm ents are therefore in the sample. (An establishm ent is not necessar ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for e x ample, or w arehouse.) S elf-em p loyed per son s and others not on a regular c ivilian payroll are outsid e the scop e o f the sur v ey because they are exclud ed from estab lishm ent records. This largely accounts for the d ifference in em ploym en t figures b e tw een the h o u seh o ld and estab lish m en t su rveys. Definitions An establishment is an econom ic unit which produces goods or services (such as a fac tory or store) at a single location and is en gaged in one type o f econom ic activity. Em ployed persons are all persons w ho received pay (in clu d in g h olid ay and sick pay) for any part o f the payroll period in clu ding the 12th day o f the m onth. Per son s h old in g more than one jo b (about 5 percent o f all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishm ent w hich reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers c losely associated w ith pro duction operations. T hose w orkers m en tioned in tables 1 1 -1 6 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; con stru ction w ork ers in con str u c tio n ; and nonsupervisory workers in the follow in g in dustries: transportation and public utilities; w holesale and retail trade; finance, insur ance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths o f the total em ploym ent on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay Monthly Labor Review September 2001 39 Current Labor Statistics for overtime or late-shift work but exclud ing irregular b o n u ses and other sp ecial p aym en ts. R eal ea rn in g s are earn in gs adjusted to reflect the effects o f changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for U rban W age E arners and C le rica l Workers (CPI-W). H ours represent the average w eek ly hours o f production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f av erage w eekly hours which was in excess o f regular hours and for which overtime premi ums were paid. T he D iffu sion Index rep resen ts the percent o f industries in w hich em ploym ent w as rising over the indicated period, plus on e-h alf o f the industries with unchanged em ployment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bu reau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, w hile those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 pro vides an index on private nonfarm em ploy ment based on 356 industries, and a manu facturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion o f econom ic gains or losses and are also econom ic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to com prehensive counts o f em ploy ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justment, which incorporated March 1999 benchmarks, was made with the release o f May 2000 data, published in the July 2000 issu e o f the Review. C oincident w ith the benchmark adjustment, historical seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April 1999 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In addition to the routine benchmark revi sions and updated seasonal factors introduced with the release o f the May 2000 data, all esti mates for the wholesale trade division from April 1998 forward were revised to incorpo rate a new sample design. This represented the first major industry division to convert to a probability-based sam ple under a 4-year phase-in plan for the establishment survey sample redesign project. For additional infor mation, see the the June 2000 issue o f Employ ment and Earnings. R evision s in State data (table 11) o c curred with the publication o f January 2000 data. Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the X -12 arima m ethodology to seasonally ad Monthly Labor Review Digitized for40 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis just establishm ent survey data. This proce dure, developed by the Bureau o f the Cen sus, controls for the effect o f varying sur vey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5 -w eek effect), thereby providing improved measurement o f over-the-month changes and underlying econom ic trends. R evisions o f data, usually for the m ost recent 5-year pe riod, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishm ent survey, estim ates for the m ost recent 2 months are based on incom plete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables ( 1 2 -1 7 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month o f their appearance. Thus, D e cember data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months o f publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as prelim inary in January and February and as final in March. For additional information on estab lishm ent survey data, contact the D ivision o f M onthly Industry E m ploym ent Statis tics: (202) 6 9 1 -6 5 5 5 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area U nem ploym ent Statis tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State em ploym ent secu rity agencies. M onthly estim ates o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator o f lo cal econom ic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility o f an area for benefits under Federal econom ic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partner ship Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions under lying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State o f residence. Monthly data for all States and the District o f Columbia are d eriv ed u sin g stan d ard ized proced u res established by bls. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication o f January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average cps levels. For additional information on data in this series, call (202) 6 9 1 -6 3 9 2 (table 10) or September 2001 (202) 6 9 1 -6 5 5 9 (table 11). Com pensation and W age Data (Tables 1-3; 2 1 -2 7 ) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quar terly measure o f the rate o f change in com pensation per hour w orked and inclu des w ages, salaries, and employer costs o f em p lo y e e b e n e fits. It u ses a fix e d m arket basket o f labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket o f goods and services— to measure change over time in em ployer costs o f em ploying labor. Statistical series on total com pensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensa tion costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists o f private industry and State and local government workers combined. Fed eral workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists o f about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 2 3,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments provid ing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total em ployment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five w ell-sp ecified occupations. Data are c o l lected each quarter for the pay period includ ing the 12th day o f March, June, September, and December. B egin ning with June 1986 data, fixed em ploym ent w eights from the 1980 Census o f P o p u la tio n are u sed each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local govern ments. (Prior to June 1986, the em ploym ent w eights are from the 1970 Census o f Popu lation.) These fixed w eights, also used to derive all o f the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com pensa tion, not em ploym ent shifts am ong indus tries or occupations with different levels o f w ages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and m etropolitan/non-metropolitan area series, how ever, em ploym ent data by industry and occu pation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 em ploym ent w eights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total com pensation costs include w ages, salaries, and the em ployer’s costs for em ployee benefits. Wages and salaries consist o f earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, com m is sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and em ployee benefits are such items as payment-inkind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in w ages and salaries in the private nonfarm econom y was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost— wages and salaries and benefits combined— were published beginning in 1980. The series o f changes in w ages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern m ent sector and in the civ ilia n nonfarm econ om y (ex clu d in g Federal em p loyees) were published beginning in 1981. Histori cal indexes (June 1981=100) are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm For additional information on the Em ploym ent C ost Index, contact the O ffice o f C om pensation L evels and Trends: (202) 6 9 1 -6 1 9 9 . Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Em ployee benefits data are obtained from the E m ployee B enefits Survey, an annual survey o f the incidence and provisions o f selected benefits provided by em ployers. The survey collects data from a sample o f ap p roxim ately 9 ,0 0 0 private sector and State and local governm ent establishments. The data are presented as a percentage o f em ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number o f paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; m edical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid fam ily leave. A lso , data are tabulated on the in c i dence o f several other b en efits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, w ell ness programs, and em p loyee assistance programs. Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either w holly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the em ployee are included because the guarantee o f insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, w hether or not they use that benefit. I f the benefit plan is financed w h olly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length o f service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost o f a plan, they are considered participants only i f they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use prede termined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years o f service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level o f em ployer and em ployee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type o f defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion o f their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels o f coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys o f em ployees in medium and large establishm ents conducted over the 1 9 7 9 -8 6 p e r io d in c lu d e d e s ta b lis h m e n ts that em ployed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (m ost service in d u str ies w ere e x c lu d e d ). T he su rv ey conducted in 1987 covered only State and lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts w ith 5 0 or m ore em ployees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1 9 8 9 in c lu d e d m ed iu m and la rg e establishm ents with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishm ents in Alaska and H awaii, as w ell as part-time em ployees. Beginning in 1990, surveys o f State and lo c a l g o v e rn m en ts and sm all private establishm ents w ere condu cted in even numbered years, and surveys o f medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishm ent su rvey in c lu d e s all p rivate non farm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless o f the number o f workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District o f Columbia. For additional information on the Em ployee B enefits Survey, contact the Of fice o f Com pensation L evels and Trends on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ebshom e.htm Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration o f major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number o f workers involved, and the amount o f work time lost because o f stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from a variety o f pub lished sources and cover on ly estab lish ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect o f stoppages on other establishm ents w hose em ployees are idle ow ing to material shortages or lack o f service. Definitions N um ber o f stoppages: The num ber o f strikes and lockouts in volvin g 1,000 w ork ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. W orkers involved: The num ber o f Monthly Labor Review September 2001 41 Current Labor Statistics workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number o f days idle: The aggregate number o f w orkdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent o f the aggregate number o f standard workdays in the period m ultiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volvin g six workers or more. For additional information on work stoppages data, contact the O ffice o f C om pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 6 9 1 -6 2 8 2 , or the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm The cpi is based on prices o f food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes w ill be measured. A ll taxes directly associ ated with the purchase and use o f items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 re tail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre sented in table 29. The areas listed are as in dicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level o f prices among cities. Price Data Notes on the data (Tables 2; 2 8 -3 8 ) In January 1983, the Bureau changed the w ay in w h ich hom eow n ersh ip c o sts are meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to h om eow n ersh ip costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi-w . The central purpose o f the change was to separate shelter costs from the investm ent com ponent o f hom e-ow ner ship so that the index w ould reflect only the cost o f shelter services provided by owneroccupied homes. An updated CPi-u and CPIw were introduced with release o f the Janu ary 1987 and January 1998 data. For additional information on co n sumer prices, contact the D iv isio n o f C on sum er P rices and P rice In d exes: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 0 0 0 . Price data are gathered by the B ureau o f L abor S ta tistic s from retail and pri mary markets in the U n ited States. P rice in d exes are g iv en in relation to a base p e riod— 1982 = 100 for m any Producer Price In d exes, 1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100 for m any C on su m er P rice In d e x e s (u n le ss o th e r w ise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International P rice Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a m ea sure o f the average change in the prices paid by urban consum ers for a fixed market bas ket o f good s and services. The cpi is calcu lated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only o f urban households w hose primary source o f incom e is derived from the em ploym ent o f w age earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting o f all ur ban households. The w age earner index (CPiw) is a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced w ell over a half-century ago for use in w age negotiations. A s new uses were developed for the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representa tive index becam e apparent. The all-urban consum er index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative o f the 1 9 9 3 -9 5 buying hab its o f about 87 percent o f the noninstitutional population o f the United States at that time, compared w ith 32 percent represented in the cpi-w . In addition to w age earners and cleri cal workers, the CPi-u covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the selfem ployed, short-term workers, the unem ployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. Monthly Labor Review Digitized for42 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure av erage changes in prices received by dom es tic producers o f com m odities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calcu lating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 com m odities and about 80,000 quo tations per month, selected to represent the m ovem ent o f prices o f all com m odities pro duced in the manufacturing; agriculture, for estry, and fishing; mining; and gas and e lec tricity and public utilities sectors. The stageo f-p r o ce ssin g structure o f PPI organizes products by class o f buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, interme diate goods, and crude materials). The tradi tional com m odity structure o f ppi organizes products by similarity o f end use or mate rial com position. The industry and product stru ctu re o f ppi o r g a n iz e s data in September 2001 accordance with the Standard Industrial Clas sification (SIC) and the product code exten sion o f the sic developed by the U .S. B u reau o f the Census. To the extent p o ssib le, prices used in calculating Producer Price In dexes apply to the first significan t com m ercial transac tion in the U n ited States from the produc tion or central m arketing point. P rice data are generally c o lle cte d m onthly, prim arily by m ail q u estion n aire. M ost p rices are obtained directly from producing com panies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the T uesd ay o f the w eek containing the 13th day o f the m onth. Since January 1992, price changes for the various com m odities have been averaged togeth er w ith im p licit qu antity w e ig h ts representing their importance in the total net selling value o f all commodities as o f 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number o f special composite groups. A ll Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. For additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the D iv isio n o f In dustrial P rices and P rice Indexes: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 7 0 5 . international Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces m onthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest o f the world. The export price index provides a measure o f price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“R esi dents” is defined as in the national incom e accounts; it inclu des corporations, b u si nesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure o f price change for goods purchased from other countries by U .S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufac tures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed dur ing the first week o f the month. Survey re spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price used in the calculation o f the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes o f prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories o f exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level o f detail for the Bureau o f Econom ic Analysis End-use Classification (SITC), and the four d igit level o f detail for the H arm onized System. Aggregate import indexes by coun try or region o f origin are also available. bls publishes indexes for selected catego ries of internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price ind exes are weighted indexes o f the Laspeyres type. Price r ela tiv e s are a ssig n ed equal im portance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The values as signed to each weight category are based on trade value figures com piled by the Bureau o f the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1995. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s speci fications or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s ques tionnaire requests detailed descriptions o f the physical and functional characteristics o f the products being priced, as well as information on the number o f units bought or sold, dis counts, credit terms, packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms o f trans action o f a product, the dollar value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing o f the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U .S. port o f exportation. W hen firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port o f exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port o f exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valua tion o f imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insur ance, and freight) at the U .S. port o f importa tion, which also includes the other costs as https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sociated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction o f an index. For additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division o f Inter national Prices: (202) 691 -7 1 5 5 . Productivity Data (Tables 2; 3 9 -4 2 ) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. A s such, they encompass a fam ily o f measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit o f labor input, or output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures o f mul tifactor productivity (output per unit o f com bined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The mea sures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes o f hourly com pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour o f all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity o f goods and ser vices produced per hour o f labor input. Out put per unit o f capital services (capital pro ductivity) is the quantity o f goods and ser vices produced per unit o f capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the quan tity o f goods and services produced per com bined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, in puts include labor, capital, energy, non-en ergy materials, and purchased business ser vices. Compensation per hour is total compen sation divided by hours at work. Total com pensation equals the w ages and salaries o f em ployees plus em ployers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate o f these payments for the self-em ployed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in w hich there are no self-em ployed). Real compensation per hour is c om p en sation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor com pen sation costs expended in the production o f a unit o f output and are derived by dividing com pensation by output. U nit nonlabor paym ents inclu d e profits, depreciation , interest, and indirect taxes per unit o f out put. T hey are com p u ted by su btracting com pensation o f all persons from currentdollar value o f output and dividing by out put. U nit nonlabor costs contain all the com ponents o f unit nonlabor payments ex cept unit profits. U nit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit o f output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work o f payroll workers, self-em ployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours o f all persons ad justed for the effects o f changes in the edu cation and experience o f the labor force. Capital services are the flow o f services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures o f the net stock o f physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— w eighted by rental prices for each type o f asset. Combined units o f labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each com ponent’s share o f total cost. Combined units o f labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by com bining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share o f total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages o f the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (gdp) the follow ing outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees o f private households, and the rental value o f owner-occupied dw ellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Pri vate business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department o f Commerce’s Bureau o f Economic Analy sis. Annual estimates o f manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output in dexes from the Federal Reserve Board are ad justed to these annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data o f the Bureau o f Economic Analysis and the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost mea sures in tables 3 9 -4 2 describe the relation- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 43 Current Labor Statistics ship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its pro duction. They show the changes from period to period in the amount o f goods and ser vices produced per unit o f input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not mea sure the contributions o f labor, capital, or any other specific factor o f production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect o f many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition o f the labor force; capital invest ment; level o f output; changes in the utiliza tion o f capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization o f produc tion; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts o f the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the D ivision o f Productivity Research: (202) 6 9 1 -5 6 0 6 . Industry productivity measures Description of the series T h e b l s in d u stry p r o d u ctiv ity data supplement the measures for the bu siness econ om y and major sectors w ith annual measures o f labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels o f the Standard Industrial C lassification system . In addition to labor productivity, th e in d u stry data a lso in c lu d e annual m easures o f com pensation and unit labor costs for three-digit industries and measures o f m ultifactor productivity for three-digit m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u str ies and railroad transportation. The industry measures differ in m ethodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors b e c a u s e th e in d u str y m e a su r e s are d evelop ed independently o f the N ational Incom e and Product A ccounts framework used for the major sector measures. put. Labor compensation includes pay roll as w ell as supplemental payments, in cluding both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. M ultifactor productivity is derived by dividing an index o f industry output by an index o f the com bined inputs consum ed in producing that output. Combined inputs include capital, labor, and intermediate pur chases. The measure o f capital input used represents the flo w o f services from the capital stock used in production. It is devel oped from m easures o f the net stock o f p h y sica l a ssets— equip m ent, structures, land, and inventories. The measure o f in term ediate purchases is a com bination o f purchased m aterials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data The industry measures are com piled from data produced by the Bureau o f Labor Statis tics and the Bureau o f the Census, with .addi tional data supplied by other governm ent a g e n c ie s, trade a ss o c ia tio n s, and other sources. For m ost industries, the produ ctivity indexes refer to the output per hour o f all em ployees. For som e trade and services in dustries, indexes o f output per hour o f all persons (including self-em ployed) are con structed. For som e transportation indus tries, only indexes o f output per em ployee are prepared. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se ries, contact the D ivision o f Industry Produc tivity Studies: (202) 6 9 1 -5 6 1 8 . International Comparisons (Tables 43^15) Labor force and unemployment Definitions Output per hour is derived by dividing an index Description of the series o f industry output by an index o f labor input. For most industries, output indexes are de rived from data on the value o f industry out put adjusted for price change. For the remain ing industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity o f production. The labor input series consist o f the hours o f all employees (production workers and non production workers), the hours o f all persons (paid em ployees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers), or the number o f em ployees, depending upon the industry. U nit labor costs represent the labor com pensation costs per unit o f output pro duced, and are derived by dividing an index o f labor com pensation by an index o f out Tables 43 and 44 present comparative meas ures o f the labor force, employment, and un em p loym en t— app roxim ating U .S . c o n cepts— for the United States, Canada, A us tralia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in m ost cases, comparable to U .S . unem ploym ent statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where neces sary, for all known major definitional differ ences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures pro vide a better basis for international compari 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 sons than the figures regularly published by each country. For further information on ad ju stm en ts and com parability issu es, see Constance Sorrentino, “International unem ployment rates: how comparable are they?” Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the N otes section on Employment and Unem ployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. stan dard o f 16 years o f age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward are adjusted to cover ages 16 and older, whereas the age at which compulsory schooling ends remains at 15. The institu tional population is included in the denom i nator o f the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application o f the U .S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Re view, Decem ber 1981, pp. 8 -1 1 . The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys becom e available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1 9 9 0 ,1 9 9 4 ,1 9 9 7 ,1 9 9 8 ,1 9 9 9 , 2000), Canada (1976) France (1992), Ger many (1991), Italy (1991, 1993), the N eth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign o f the labor force survey questionnaire and collection m ethod ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 cen sus-based population controls, adjusted for the un dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. T herefore, the data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new com posite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the N otes sec tion on Em ploym ent and U nem ploym ent Data o f this Review. bls recently introduced a new adjusted series for Canada. Beginning with the data for 1976, Canadian data are adjusted to more closely approximate U.S. concepts. Adjust ments are made to the unemployed and labor force to exclude: (1) 15-year-olds; (2) pas sive jobseekers (persons only reading new s paper ads as their method o f job search); (3) persons waiting to start a new job who did not seek work in the past 4 weeks; and (4) persons unavailable for work due to personal or family responsibilities. An adjustment is made to include full-tine students looking for full-tim e work. The impact o f the adjust ments was to lower the annual average unem ploym ent rate by 0 .1 -0 .4 percentage point in the 1980s and 0 .4 -1 .0 percentage point in the 1990s. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution o f stand ardized European Union Statistical Office (eurostat) unemployment statistics for the unem ploym ent data esti mated according to the International Labor O ffice (ilo) definition and published in the Organization for Econom ic Cooperation and D evelopm ent (oecd) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the eurostat data are more up-to-date than the OECD figures. A lso, since 1992, the eurostat definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact o f this revision was to lower the un em ployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Germany, the data for 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. Data prior to 1991 relate to the former West Germany. The im pact o f including the former East Germany was to increase the unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method o f weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unem ploy ment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey m ethodol ogy was revised and the definition o f unem ployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, BLS adjusted Italy’s published unem ploy ment rate downward by excluding from the un em p loyed those persons w ho had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incor poration o f the 1991 population census re sults. The impact o f these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ploym ent declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This difference is attributable mainly to the incor poration o f the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 census results. For the Netherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed for a closer application o f ilo guidelines. eurostat has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Sw edish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions re garding current availability were added and the period o f active w orkseeking was re duced from 60 days to 4 w eek s. T hese changes lowered Sw eden’s 1987 unem ploy ment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement p e r io d for th e labor fo r ce su rv ey w as changed to represent all 52 w eeks o f the year rather than one w eek each month and a new adjustment for population totals was intro duced. The impact was to raise the unem ploym ent rate by approxim ately 0.5 per centage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Sta tistics Sw eden revised its labor force survey data for 1 9 8 7 -9 2 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Sw edish unemployment rate by 0.2 percent age point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, bls has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact o f this change was to increase the adjusted un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect o f the 1987 and 1993 changes and the bls adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sw eden’s 1987 unem ployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se ries, contact the D ivision o f Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 6 9 1 -5 6 5 4 . Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 45 presents comparative indexes o f manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the U nited States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are trend compari sons— that is, series that measure changes over time— rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in com paring the levels o f manufacturing output among countries. bls constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures— output, total labor hours, and total com pensation. The hours and com pensation measures refer to all em ployed persons (w age and salary earners plus self-em ployed persons and un paid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all em ployees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions Output, in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national accounts o f each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index o f indus trial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essen tially identical to their indexes o f industrial production. The 1977-97 output data for the United States are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau o f Economic Analysis o f the U.S. Department o f Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, “Improved Estimates o f Gross Product by Industry, 1 9 5 9 -9 4 ,” Survey o f Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133— 55.) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set o f fixed price w eights for the years 1970 through 1997. Output series for the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). Monthly Labor Review September 2001 45 Current Labor Statistics To preserve the comparability o f the U.S. measures with those for other economies, bls uses gross product originating in manufac turing for the United States for these com parative measures. The gross product origi nating series differs from the manufacturing output series that bls publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures o f U.S. pro ductivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 39 and 41 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics o f manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by bls using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehen sive em ploym ent series, and estim ates o f annual hours worked. For Germany, bls uses estimates o f average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the M in istry o f Labor for use with the national ac counts em ploym ent figures. For the other countries, bls constructs its own estimates o f average hours. Denmark has not published estimates o f average hours for 1994-97; therefore, the bls measure o f labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts o f each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by bls using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em ployment-related subsidies. Self-em ployed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary em ployees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manu facturing as defined by the International Stan dard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators o f manufactur ing output (such as industrial production in d exes), em ploym ent, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures becom e available. For additional information on this se ries, contact the D ivision o f Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 6 9 1 -5 6 5 4 . Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days o f restricted work activity, or both. Lost w orkdays include the number o f w orkdays (con secu tive or not) on w h ich the em ployee w as either aw ay from work or at work in som e restricted capacity, or both, because o f an occupational injury or illness, bls m easures o f the number and incid en ce rate o f lost workdays were d is continued beginning w ith the 1993 survey. The number o f days away from work or days o f restricted work activity d oes not include the day o f injury or onset o f illn ess or any days on w hich the em p loyee w ould not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are com puted as the num ber o f injuries and/or illn e sse s or lost work days per 100 full-tim e workers. Description of the series Notes on the data O ccupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 4 6 -4 7 ) The Survey o f Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A strati fied random sample with a Neym an alloca tion is selected to represent all private in dustries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial C lassification and size o f em ployment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records o f nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more o f the follow ing: loss o f consciousness, restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in September 2001 The definitions o f occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases o f the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects o f toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disor ders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num ber o f new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported dur ing the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recog nized and reported. These long-term latent ill nesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the over whelming majority o f the reported new ill nesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, con tact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). M ost o f the estimates are in the form o f incidence rates, defined as the number o f in juries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 em ployee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the bls O f fice o f Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. M any o f these States publish data on State and local government em ployees in ad dition to private industry data. M ining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the M ine Safety and Health Adm inis tration and the Federal Railroad Administra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, BLS began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are som e major characteristics o f the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length o f service, as w ell as the cir cumstances o f their injuries and illnesses (na ture o f the disabling condition, part o f body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for de tailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. For additional information on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the O ffice o f Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 6 9 1 -6 1 8 0 , or access the Internet at: http://www.bIs.gov/oshhome.htm Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries com piles a complete roster o f fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal even ts. The program c o lle c ts and cross checks fatality information from m ultiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion and M ine Safety and Health Administra tion records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers. In ad d ition to private w age and salary w orkers, the self-em p loyed , fam ily m em bers, and Federal, State, and local g o v e rn m ent w orkers are covered by the program. To be inclu ded in the fatality census, the decedent m ust have been em p loyed (that is w o r k in g fo r pay, c o m p e n s a tio n , or profit) at the tim e o f the even t, engaged in a legal w ork activity, or present at the site o f the in cid en t as a requirem ent o f h is or h erjo b . Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or unin tentional wound or damage to the body result ing in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence o f such es sentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series o f events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as w ell as workrelated illn e ss e s , w h ich can be d ifficu lt to identity due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elem ents are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally in jured worker, the fatal incident, and the ma chinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event charac teristics are included in a national new s re lease that is available about 8 months after the end o f the reference year. The Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. M ost States issue summary information at the time o f the national new s release. For additional information on the Census o f Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the bls O ffice o f Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 6 9 1 -6 1 7 5 , or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet The Bureau o f Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range of data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: http://stats.bls.gov Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous FTP or Gopher at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stats.bls.gov Monthly Labor Review September 2001 47 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1999 Selected indicators 2000 20C 2000 1999 III II I IV III II IV It 1 E m p lo y m e n t d a ta E m ploym ent s ta tu s of th e civilian noninstitutionalized p o p ulation (h o u se h o ld survey): L abor force participation r a t e ...................................................................... 67.1 6 7 .2 67.1 67.1 67.1 6 7 .4 6 7 .3 6 7 .0 67.1 6 7.2 6 6 .9 E m p lo y m en t-p o p u latio n ratio ...................................................................... 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .2 6 4 .2 6 4.3 6 4.6 6 4 .6 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 3 .9 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ........................................................................................ 4.2 4 .0 4 .3 4 .2 4.1 4.1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 4.2 4 .5 M e n .......................................................... ......................................................... 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.1 4 .0 3.9 3.9 3.9 4 .0 4 .3 4 .6 10.3 9 .7 10.5 10.1 10.3 9 .7 9 .8 9 .8 9.6 10.6 11.2 2 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r........................................... ......................................... 3.0 2 .8 3.0 3.0 2 .9 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .9 3.1 3 .4 W o m e n ............................................................................................................. 4 .3 4.1 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 4.2 4.1 4 .2 4 .0 4.2 4 .3 16 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................. 9 .5 8.9 9.2 9.6 9 .4 9 .5 9.0 8.6 8 .6 8.6 9 .2 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r..................................................................................... 3 .3 3.2 3 .5 3.3 3.1 3.2 3 .2 3 .3 3.0 3 .3 3 .4 E m ploym ent, nonfarm (payroll d a ta ), in t h o u s a n d s :1 T o ta l...................................................................................................................... G o o d s -p ro d u c in g ....................................................................................... S e r v ic e -p ro d u c in g ...................................................................................... 12 8 ,9 1 6 1 3 1 ,7 5 9 1 2 8 ,4 3 0 12 9 ,0 7 3 1 2 9 ,7 8 3 13 0 ,9 8 4 1 3 1 ,8 5 4 1 3 1 ,9 2 7 1 3 2 ,2 6 4 1 3 2 ,5 5 9 1 3 2 ,4 8 5 10 8 ,7 0 9 1 1 1 ,0 7 9 10 8 ,3 1 9 10 8 ,8 7 4 1 0 9 ,5 0 7 11 0 ,4 5 6 1 1 0 ,9 1 7 1 1 1 ,2 9 3 1 1 1 ,6 6 9 1 1 1 ,8 8 6 1 1 1 ,7 0 8 2 5 ,5 0 7 2 5 ,7 0 9 2 5 ,4 5 4 2 5 ,4 5 9 2 5 ,5 2 4 2 5 ,7 0 4 2 5,711 2 5 ,7 3 2 2 5 ,7 0 4 25,621 2 5 ,3 1 4 18 ,5 5 2 18 ,4 6 9 18,5 4 3 18,516 18,4 8 2 1 8 ,5 0 4 1 8 ,5 1 0 1 8 ,4 8 7 1 8 ,3 7 8 1 8 ,1 8 8 1 7 ,8 8 5 10 3 ,4 0 9 1 0 6 ,0 5 0 1 0 2 ,9 7 6 1 0 3 ,6 1 4 10 4 ,2 5 9 10 5 ,2 8 0 1 0 6 ,1 4 3 1 0 6 ,1 9 5 1 0 6 ,5 6 0 1 0 6 ,9 3 8 107,171 A v e ra g e h o u rs: P riv a te s e c to r ................................................................................................. 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 34 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 3 4 .3 34 .2 M a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................................. 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 41.1 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 O v e rtim e .................................................................................................... 4 .6 4.6 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 4 .5 4 .3 4.1 3 .9 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x 2 P e r c e n t c h a n g e in th e ECI, c o m p e n s a tio n : All w o rk e rs (excluding farm , h o u s e h o ld a n d F e d e ra l w o rk e rs) ..... 3.4 4.1 1.0 1.1 .9 1.3 1.0 1.0 .7 1.3 .9 P riv ate industry w o rk e rs ............................................................................ 3.4 4 .4 1.1 .9 .9 1.5 1.2 .9 .7 1.4 1.0 G o o d s-p ro d u c in g 3.................................................................................. 3.4 4 .4 .7 .9 1.0 1.6 1.2 .9 .6 1.3 .9 S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g 3................................................................................ 3.4 4 .4 .9 .8 1.4 1.2 1.0 .7 1.4 1.0 3 .4 3.0 1.3 .4 1.5 1.0 .6 .3 1.3 .7 .9 .6 U n io n ................................................................................................................... 2 .7 4 .0 .7 .9 .7 1.3 1.0 1.2 .5 .7 1.1 N o n u n io n ............................................................................................................ 3.6 4 .4 1.2 .9 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 .7 1.5 1.0 W o rk e rs by b a rg a in in g s ta tu s (private industry): 1 Q u arterly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . 2 A nnual c h a n g e s a r e D e c e m b e r-to -D e c e m b e r c h a n g e s . Q u arterly c h a n g e s a re c a lc u la te d u sin g th e last m o n th of e a c h q u a rte r. 3 G o o d s-p ro d u c in g in d u strie s include m ining, co n stru c tio n , a n d m an u fa c tu rin g . S erv ic e -p ro d u c in g in d u strie s include all o th e r private s e c to r in d u stries. 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 2. Annual and quarterly percent c hanges in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 1999 1999 2000 II 2000 III IV I 2001 II III IV I II C o m p e n s a t io n d a t a 1'2 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — c o m p e n s a ti o n ( w a g e s , s a la r ie s , b e n e fits ): C ivilian n o n f a r m ............... ...................... P riv a te n o n f a r m ........................................ 3 .4 0 .9 1.3 1 .0 1.0 0 .7 1.3 0 .9 3 .4 .9 1.5 1.2 .9 .7 1 .4 1 .0 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s : C ivilian n o n f a r m ............................... P r iv a te n o n f a r m ........................................ .8 1.1 1.0 1.1 .6 1.1 .9 .9 1.2 1.0 1.0 .6 1,2 1.0 .2 1.7 .7 .8 1.0 1.0 P r ic e d a t a 1 C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x (All U rb a n C o n s u m e r s ) : All Ite m s 2 .7 1.0 .7 1.0 - .1 P r o d u c e r P ric e In d ex : F in is h e d g o o d s ............................ F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ...................... C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t ..................................... I n te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s . 2 .9 .1 1 .4 1.3 .6 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 .8 - .2 1 .8 1 .8 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 .3 1.2 .1 .0 .0 I.O - .1 1.0 .1 1 .9 1 .6 1.0 - .1 1 .0 1 .0 - 3 .5 9.1 1 1 .2 .3 1.1 - .1 1 .0 3 .7 C r u d e m a t e r i a ls ......................................... 1.0 1 .9 1 5 .3 P r o d u c t iv ity d a ta 3 O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s : B u s i n e s s s e c t o r .......................................... - 1 .1 N o n fa rm b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ........................ N o n fin a n c ia l c o m o r a ti o n s 4 ................................... A nnual changes a re 3 .5 D e c e m b e r - to - D e c e m b e r c a lc u la te d u s in g t h e la s t m o n th of e a c h q u a r te r . 2 .9 2 .6 changes. 4 .2 Q u a rte rly .4 changes 2 .8 a re 7 .0 - .6 7 .3 1.0 3 .0 .0 2 .8 7 .4 - .6 6 .3 1 .4 2 .3 .1 2 .5 4 .5 4 .0 7.1 4 .0 1 .6 .6 2 .8 c e n t c h a n g e s r e fle c t a n n u a l r a t e s of c h a n g e In q u a rte rly i n d e x e s . T h e C o m p e n s a tio n a n d p ric e d a t a a r e n o t d a t a a r e s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d . s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s t e d , a n d t h e p ric e d a t a a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d . 4 O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all e m p lo y e e s . 2 E x c lu d e s F e d e r a l a n d p riv a te h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s . A n n u a l r a t e s of c h a n g e a r e c o m p u t e d b y c o m p a r in g a n n u a l a v e r a g e s . Q u a rte rly p e r- 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly average Components 2000 II Four quarters ending 2001 III IV I 2000 II 1 II III IV 1 II A v e r a g e h o u rly c o m p e n s a ti o n : 1 All p e r s o n s , b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ............................... 5 .9 8 .6 All p e r s o n s , n o n f a r m b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ............ 6 .2 7 .6 1 .3 1.0 1.2 1.0 .7 1 .5 .9 .7 1.3 1.0 1.2 .5 1.5 1.2 1.0 .6 .3 1 .3 6 .5 7.1 9 .4 5 .3 5 .2 4 .7 5 .7 6.1 7 .6 7 .4 6 .6 8 .9 5.1 4 .7 5 .0 5 .8 6 .3 7 .4 7 .2 6 .4 1 .3 .9 4 .3 4 .4 4 .3 4.1 4.1 3 .9 1 .4 1 .0 4 .6 4 .6 4 .6 4 .4 4 .2 4 .0 .7 1.1 3 .6 3 .9 4 .2 4 .0 3 .4 3 .5 .7 1 .5 1.0 4 .7 4 .6 4 .7 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 .7 .9 .6 3 .6 3 .5 3 .3 3 .0 3 .3 3 .6 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — c o m p e n s a tio n : C ivilian n o n f a r m 2 ....................................................... P r iv a te n o n f a r m ....................................................... U n io n ......................................................................... N o n u n io n ................................................................. S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e r n m e n ts ............................ E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — 'w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s : C ivilian n o n f a r m 2........................................................ P r iv a te n o n f a r m ....................................................... U n io n .......................................................................... N o n u n io n .................................................................. S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts ............................ 1.1 1 .0 1.1 .6 1.1 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 1.2 3 .8 1.0 3 .8 3 .7 1 .0 .6 1 .2 1.0 4 .2 4.1 4.1 3 .9 .0 3 .8 .9 3 .8 1.1 .9 .6 1.1 2 .7 2 .8 3 .2 3 .4 1 .3 3 .6 1.1 3 .8 1.0 .6 1.2 .9 4 .4 4 .3 4 .3 .6 4 .0 3 .9 .3 1 .7 3 .7 .7 .7 .5 3 .8 3 .7 3 .5 3 .3 3 .5 3 .7 E x c lu d e s F e d e r a l a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 49 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Labor Force Data Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 2 0 9 ,6 9 9 2 0 9 ,7 2 7 2 0 9 ,9 3 5 2 1 0,161 2 1 0 ,3 7 8 2 1 0 ,5 7 7 2 1 0 ,7 4 3 2 1 0 ,8 8 9 2 1 1 ,0 2 6 21 1 ,1 7 1 2 1 1 ,3 4 8 2 1 1 ,5 2 5 2 1 1 ,7 2 5 21 1 ,9 2 1 1 4 0 ,8 6 3 1 4 0 ,5 4 6 1 4 0 ,7 2 4 1 4 0 ,8 4 7 1 4 1 ,0 0 0 1 4 1 ,1 3 6 1 4 1 ,4 8 9 1 4 1 ,9 5 5 141,751 1 4 1 ,8 6 8 1 4 1 ,7 5 7 1 4 1 ,2 7 2 1 4 1 ,3 5 4 1 4 1 ,7 7 4 6 7 .0 1 3 5 ,4 6 4 6 7 .0 67.1 6 7 .3 6 7 .2 6 7 .2 67.1 6 6 .8 6 6 .8 6 6 .9 1 3 5 ,4 7 8 13 5 ,8 3 6 1 3 5 ,9 9 9 1 3 5 ,8 1 5 1 3 5 ,7 8 0 1 3 5 ,3 5 4 1 3 5 ,1 0 3 1 3 4 ,9 3 2 1 3 5 ,3 7 9 2001 Annual average 1999 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional p o p u l a t i o n ............................... 2 0 7 ,7 5 3 Civilian lab o r fo rc e ................. 1 3 9 ,3 6 8 P a rticip atio n r a t e ........... 67.1 6 7 .2 6 7 .0 6 7 .0 6 7 .0 E m p lo y e d ............................. 1 3 3 ,4 8 8 1 3 5 ,2 0 8 1 3 4 ,8 9 8 1 3 4 ,9 3 9 1 3 5 ,3 1 0 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .5 6 4 .4 6 4 .3 6 4 .0 6 3 .9 6 3 .7 6 3 .9 U n e m p lo y e d ....................... U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te .... 5 ,8 8 0 4 .2 5 ,6 5 5 4 .0 5 ,7 8 5 4.1 5 ,5 3 7 5 ,5 3 6 5 ,6 5 3 69,211 3.9 6 9 ,3 7 8 69,441 4 .0 6 9 ,2 5 4 4 .3 6 9 ,3 0 4 6 ,4 0 2 4 .5 6 9 ,5 9 2 6 ,4 2 2 6 8 ,8 3 6 5 ,9 3 6 4.2 6 9 ,2 7 5 6 ,1 6 9 4 .4 6 8 ,3 8 5 5 ,9 5 6 4.2 6 8 ,9 3 4 6 ,0 8 8 3.9 6 9 ,3 1 4 5 ,6 5 8 4 .0 N ot In t h e lab o r fo rc e ......... 5 ,6 4 8 4 .0 69,181 7 0 ,2 5 4 4 .5 7 0 ,3 7 0 6 ,3 9 5 4 .5 7 0 ,1 4 7 p o p u l a t i o n ............................... 9 1 ,5 5 5 9 2 ,5 8 0 9 2 ,6 4 2 9 2 ,7 5 4 9 2 ,8 6 3 9 2 ,9 6 9 93,061 9 3 ,1 1 7 9 3 ,1 8 4 9 3 ,2 2 7 9 3 ,2 8 5 9 3 ,4 1 0 93,541 9 3 ,6 1 6 9 3 ,7 0 8 Civilian lab o r fo rc e ................. P a rticip atio n r a t e ........... 7 9 ,1 0 4 7 0 ,7 8 2 7 6 .4 7 1 ,0 2 9 7 1 ,1 3 5 7 6 .4 7 1 ,2 8 9 71,351 7 6 .6 7 6 .3 7 1 ,3 4 6 7 6 .2 7 1 ,5 5 5 7 6 .4 E m p lo y e d ............................. 67,761 6 8 ,5 8 0 6 8 ,4 9 5 6 8 ,7 1 0 6 8 ,7 2 8 6 8 ,6 8 3 6 8 ,8 4 8 6 8 ,9 1 6 68,761 71,261 7 6 .4 6 8 ,5 3 4 7 1 ,5 7 5 76 .6 7 1 ,4 9 2 7 6 .7 7 1 ,2 8 8 76 .6 7 1 ,0 5 3 7 6 .5 7 1 ,1 5 5 7 6 .7 7 0 ,9 3 0 7 6.6 6 8 ,7 0 6 6 8 ,5 9 5 6 8 ,4 6 6 6 8 ,7 4 5 ulation ratio2............... M e n , 20 yea rs a n d o ver Civilian noninstitutional 7 6 .5 6 8 ,7 7 4 7 6 .5 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p ulation ratio 2............... 7 4 .0 74.1 7 3 .9 74.1 74 .0 7 4 .0 7 3 .8 7 3 .9 7 4 .0 7 3 .8 7 3 .5 7 3 .6 7 3 .3 73.1 7 3 .4 A g ricu ltu re....................... 2 ,0 2 8 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 8 0 2 ,2 7 6 2 ,3 5 0 2 ,2 1 9 2 ,1 2 2 2 ,2 3 2 2 ,1 2 2 2 ,1 5 4 2 ,1 5 0 2 ,1 1 7 2 ,1 6 9 2 ,0 3 5 2 ,0 2 8 6 5 ,5 1 7 6 6 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 8 7 3.2 6 6 ,4 3 4 6 6 ,7 9 5 2 ,5 7 6 6 6 ,6 0 7 6 6 ,4 2 6 2 ,7 5 6 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.9 6 6 ,4 3 0 2 ,8 8 0 4 .0 6 6 ,7 1 7 2 ,8 1 0 3.4 6 6 ,3 8 3 2 ,7 2 8 3 .8 6 6 ,5 8 9 2 ,8 6 9 3 .3 66,561 2 ,4 5 2 3.4 6 6 ,6 1 6 2,441 3 .3 6 6 ,3 7 8 2 ,3 2 5 3.3 6 6 ,5 5 5 2,381 3 .5 6 6 ,3 2 8 2 ,3 5 0 3 .3 1 0 0 ,1 5 8 1 0 1 ,0 7 8 101,111 1 0 1 ,2 0 9 101,321 1 0 1 ,4 4 8 1 0 1 ,5 3 3 1 0 1 ,6 1 2 1 0 1 ,6 4 3 1 0 1 ,6 8 6 1 0 1 ,7 7 9 1 0 1 ,8 7 0 1 0 1 ,9 3 8 1 0 2 ,0 2 3 1 0 2 ,0 6 7 6 0 ,8 4 0 6 0 .7 6 1 ,5 3 5 6 0 .9 6 1 ,4 8 6 6 0 .7 5 9 ,3 4 4 6 1 ,6 2 5 6 0 .7 6 1 ,8 1 9 6 0 .8 6 2 ,4 1 2 6 2 ,1 3 2 6 2 ,1 1 9 5 9 ,7 0 8 5 9 ,9 3 2 6 1 .0 59,741 6 0 .9 5 9 ,5 0 6 6 1 .3 6 0 ,1 7 8 6 1 ,8 9 0 6 0 .7 5 9 ,4 2 5 6 2 ,1 2 6 61.1 5 9 ,8 9 4 6 2 ,2 2 0 6 1 .2 5 9 ,2 7 3 6 1 ,2 6 5 6 0 .5 5 8 ,9 9 2 6 1 ,5 2 8 6 0 .6 5 8 ,5 5 5 6 1 ,5 6 5 6 0 .9 5 9 ,3 5 2 5 9 ,7 6 6 5 9 ,5 1 0 6 2 ,1 4 5 6 0 .9 5 9 ,7 5 2 N onagricultural in d u s trie s ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ....................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te .... 2 ,4 3 3 2 ,3 1 9 2 ,5 2 7 3.9 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r C ivilian noninstitutional p o p u la tio n 1............................... Civilian la b o r fo rc e ................. E m p lo y m e n t-p o p 5 8 .5 5 8 .7 5 8 .6 5 8 .3 5 8.6 5 8 .6 58 .6 5 8 .8 5 8.9 5 8 .9 59.1 5 8 .6 5 8 .6 5 8 .3 5 8 .5 A gricu ltu re....................... N onagricultural 803 818 797 808 764 748 797 822 852 839 819 847 822 752 773 in d u s trie s ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ........................ U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ... 5 7 ,7 5 2 5 8 ,5 3 5 2 ,2 1 2 5 8 ,1 8 4 5 9 ,0 4 2 5 9 ,0 9 3 2,111 3.4 2 ,2 3 2 3.6 2 ,2 8 8 3 .7 5 9 ,3 5 9 2 ,2 3 3 3.6 5 8 ,8 9 5 2 ,1 0 3 3 .4 5 8 ,7 0 9 2 ,1 1 9 3 .4 5 8 ,8 8 6 2 ,2 7 3 3 .7 5 8 ,5 8 0 2 ,1 4 2 3.5 5 8 ,6 7 7 2 ,3 9 0 3.8 5 8 ,9 4 3 2 ,3 5 3 3.8 5 8 ,7 5 9 2 ,3 8 0 3 .8 5 8 ,9 7 8 2 ,3 9 4 3.6 5 8 ,4 7 6 2 ,2 6 2 3 .7 2 ,2 8 5 3 .8 3.9 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s Civilian n o n institutional p o p u la tio n 1............................... 1 6 ,0 4 0 16 ,0 4 2 1 5 ,9 7 4 15 ,9 7 2 1 5 ,9 7 7 15 ,9 6 0 1 5 ,9 8 3 1 6 ,0 1 4 1 6 ,0 6 3 1 6 ,1 1 3 1 6 ,1 0 8 1 6 ,0 6 8 1 6 ,0 4 6 1 6 ,0 8 6 1 6 ,1 4 5 C ivilian lab o r fo rc e ............... 8 ,3 3 3 8 ,3 6 9 5 2 .2 8 ,2 2 9 8 ,4 3 0 8 ,3 0 8 8 ,3 1 7 8 ,3 7 6 8,381 8 ,3 3 7 8 ,2 4 3 8 ,1 9 5 8 ,0 5 0 7 ,8 0 2 8 ,1 1 8 8 ,0 7 4 7 ,2 1 6 5 1 .5 7 ,1 3 0 5 2 .8 7 ,2 3 7 5 2 .0 7 ,2 3 8 52.1 7 ,2 6 5 5 2 .4 7 ,2 8 9 5 2 .3 7 ,2 8 0 5 1.9 7 ,1 8 8 5 1.2 7 ,1 2 2 5 0 .9 7 ,0 6 7 50.1 6 ,9 0 7 4 8 .6 6 ,7 4 2 5 0 .5 6 ,9 5 6 5 0.0 6 ,8 8 3 4 4 .7 4 5 .4 4 4 .6 4 5 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .5 4 5 .6 4 5 .5 4 4 .7 4 4 .2 4 3 .9 4 3 .0 4 2 .0 4 3 .2 4 2 .6 234 235 218 233 242 274 257 220 205 143 191 229 201 209 244 6 ,9 3 8 1,162 7,041 6 ,9 1 2 6,991 1,052 7 ,0 3 2 1,0 8 7 7 ,0 6 0 1,101 6 ,9 8 3 1,149 6 ,9 8 0 1,121 6 ,8 7 6 1,1 2 7 6 ,6 7 8 1 ,1 4 3 1,0 6 0 6 ,7 4 8 1 ,1 6 2 13 .9 13.1 6 ,9 9 6 1,0 7 0 12.9 6 ,6 3 8 1,0 9 9 1 3.4 7 ,0 0 4 1 ,1 9 3 6,541 1,0 9 3 1 2.6 13.0 13.1 13.8 13.6 1 3.8 14 .2 13.6 1 4 .3 5 2 .0 7 ,1 7 2 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p A gricu ltu re...................... N onagricultural U n e m p lo y e d ...................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ... 1 4.2 1,191 14 .8 W h it e Civilian n o n in stitu tio n al P a rticip atio n r a t e ......... 1 7 3 ,0 8 5 1 7 4 ,4 2 8 1 7 4 ,4 4 3 1 7 4 ,5 8 7 1 7 4 ,7 4 5 1 7 4 ,8 9 9 1 7 5 ,0 3 4 1 7 5 ,1 4 5 1 7 5 ,2 4 6 1 7 5 ,3 6 2 1 7 5 ,4 1 6 1 7 5 ,5 3 3 1 7 5 ,6 5 3 1 7 5 ,7 8 9 1 7 5 ,9 2 4 1 1 6 ,5 0 9 1 1 7 ,5 7 4 1 1 7 ,5 5 4 1 1 7 ,5 5 3 1 1 7 ,6 4 0 1 1 7 ,9 4 5 1 1 8 ,2 7 6 1 1 8 ,2 8 7 1 1 7 ,6 8 8 1 1 7 ,7 7 3 6 7 .2 6 7 .3 6 7 .5 6 7 .5 6 7 .0 1 1 3 ,5 8 4 1 1 3 ,5 0 9 113,811 1 1 4 ,0 1 5 1 1 3 ,9 0 2 1 1 3 ,8 5 3 6 7 .3 1 1 3 ,4 3 4 1 1 3 ,1 8 5 6 7 .0 1 1 3 ,0 3 7 1 1 7 ,9 8 2 67.1 1 1 3 ,3 7 8 6 7 .3 1 1 3 ,4 6 4 1 1 8 ,2 4 3 6 7 .4 1 1 8 ,1 4 5 6 7 .3 1 1 7 ,6 0 3 6 7 .2 6 7 .3 6 7 .4 1 1 7 ,2 9 8 6 7 .2 1 1 2 ,2 3 5 1 1 3 ,4 7 5 113,201 1 1 3 ,2 3 7 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p - U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ... 6 4 .8 65.1 6 4 .9 6 4 .9 6 4 .9 6 4 .9 6 4 .8 6 5 .0 65.1 6 5 .0 6 4 .9 6 4 .6 6 4 .4 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 4 ,2 7 3 4 ,0 9 9 4 ,0 9 7 4 ,1 7 6 4 ,0 8 9 4 ,0 1 9 4,131 4 ,1 3 4 4,261 4 ,3 8 5 4 ,3 8 9 4,711 4 ,5 0 3 4 ,6 9 6 4 ,7 4 5 3 .7 3 .5 3 .5 3.6 3.5 3 .4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3 .7 4.0 3 .8 4 .0 4 .0 2 4 ,8 5 5 2 5 ,2 1 8 25,221 2 5 ,2 5 8 2 5 ,2 9 9 2 5 ,3 3 9 2 5 ,3 7 6 2 5 ,4 0 8 2 5 ,3 8 2 2 5 ,4 1 2 2 5,441 2 5 ,4 7 2 25,501 2 5 ,5 3 3 2 5 ,5 6 5 1 6 ,3 6 5 1 6 ,6 0 3 1 6 ,6 2 7 1 6 ,7 3 2 1 6 ,7 4 2 1 6 ,7 7 3 1 6 ,7 5 6 1 6 ,6 9 3 6 5 .9 66.1 1 5 ,3 7 2 6 5 .2 6 5 .6 15,2 3 9 6 5 .9 15 ,4 7 0 6 6 .0 1 5 ,2 3 2 6 5 .6 15,401 1 6 ,6 6 6 6 5 .4 1 6 ,6 3 9 6 5 .2 1 5 ,3 0 4 16,691 6 5 .7 1 6 ,7 8 9 6 5 .8 1 5 ,3 3 4 1 6 ,5 4 0 6 5 .5 1 6 ,4 8 9 6 5 .8 1 5 ,0 5 6 16,501 6 5 .4 15 ,4 4 0 1 5 ,3 4 8 15 ,2 9 9 15,311 1 5 ,3 4 3 6 5 .3 1 5 ,3 7 4 B la c k Civilian n o n institutional Civilian la b o r fo rc e ................ 1 5 ,4 8 5 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p ulation ratio2.............. U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ... 6 0 .6 6 0 .8 6 0 .4 6 0 .3 6 0 .5 6 0 .8 6 1.0 6 0 .9 60 .6 6 0 .8 6 0 .3 60.1 6 0 .0 60.1 60.1 1,309 1,2 6 9 1,301 1,1 8 5 1,2 7 2 1,441 1 ,3 6 7 1 ,3 2 8 1,4 1 3 1,3 2 0 7 .5 7.6 1,401 8.4 1,251 7.6 1,2 2 6 7 .4 1,2 4 7 8 .0 1,2 6 9 7 .7 7 .5 8.6 8.2 8.0 8 .4 7 .9 7.9 I S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 50 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 7.2 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 2000 Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 2 1 ,6 5 0 2 2 ,3 9 3 2 2 ,4 2 2 2 2 ,4 8 8 2 2 ,5 5 5 2 2 ,6 1 8 2 2 ,6 8 7 2 2 ,7 4 9 2 2 ,7 6 9 2 2 ,8 3 0 2 2 ,8 8 9 2 2 ,9 5 7 23,021 2 3 ,0 9 0 2 3 ,1 5 7 1 4 ,6 6 5 6 7 .7 1 5 ,3 6 8 6 8 .6 1 5 ,2 4 3 6 8 .0 1 5 ,3 1 2 1 5 ,5 1 3 15 ,6 2 6 15,671 15 ,5 4 0 68.1 6 8 .9 6 8 .9 68.1 1 5 ,6 5 3 6 8 .6 1 5 ,7 7 0 6 8 .9 1 5 ,7 7 5 6 8 .7 1 5 ,6 0 8 6 7 .8 1 5 ,5 7 0 6 7 .4 1 5 ,7 8 8 6 8 .2 1 3 ,7 2 0 1 4 ,4 9 2 1 4 ,3 8 4 1 4 ,4 3 9 6 8 .8 1 4 ,6 4 7 15,491 6 8 .5 14,711 14 ,6 8 6 14 ,7 7 2 14 ,6 1 2 1 4 ,6 7 3 1 4 ,7 8 2 1 4 ,7 4 7 1 4 ,6 3 4 1 4 ,5 3 8 1 4 ,8 4 3 6 3 .4 6 4 .7 6 4 .2 6 4 .2 6 4 .9 6 5 .0 6 4 .7 6 4 .9 6 3 .8 6 4 .3 6 4 .6 6 4 .2 6 3 .6 6 3 .0 64.1 945 6 .4 876 5.7 859 5 .6 873 5.7 866 780 5.0 940 899 5 .7 989 6.4 980 988 6 .3 1 ,0 2 8 975 6 .2 1,0 3 2 945 6 .6 6 .0 Hispanic origin C ivilian n o n institutional P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e .......... E m p lo y m e n t-p o p - U n e m p lo v m e n t r a te .... 5 .6 1 T h e p o p u latio n fig u re s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . N O TE: 2 Civilian e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e rc e n t of th e civilian n o n institutional p o p u latio n . 5. 6.0 6 .3 6 .5 Detail for th e a b o v e r a c e a n d H ispanic-origln g ro u p s will n ot s u m to to ta ls b e c a u s e d a ta for t h e " o th e r r a c e s " g ro u p s a r e n ot p r e s e n te d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in clu d e d in bo th th e w hite a n d b lack p o p u latio n g ro u p s. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. E m p lo y e d , 16 y e a r s a n d o ver... 1 3 3 ,4 8 8 1 3 5 ,2 0 8 M e n ................................................ 7 7 1 ,4 4 6 7 2 ,2 9 3 1 3 4 ,8 9 8 72,141 1 3 4 ,9 3 9 7 2 ,3 7 9 W o m e n ......................................... 6 2 ,0 4 2 6 2 ,9 1 5 6 2 ,7 5 7 M arried m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ....................................... 4 3 ,2 5 4 4 3 ,3 6 8 M arried w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ....................................... 3 3 ,4 5 0 W o m e n w h o m ain tain fam ilie s....................................... 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 1 3 5 ,3 7 9 Characteristic 1 3 5 ,3 1 0 1 3 5 ,4 6 4 1 3 5 ,4 7 8 1 3 5 ,8 3 6 1 3 5 ,9 9 9 1 3 5 ,8 1 5 1 3 5 ,7 8 0 1 3 5 ,3 5 4 1 3 5 ,1 0 3 1 3 4 ,9 3 2 7 2 ,4 2 7 7 2 ,3 5 4 7 2 ,5 3 4 7 2 ,5 8 9 7 2 ,3 5 9 72,201 7 2 ,2 4 5 7 1 ,9 7 8 7 1 ,9 2 6 7 2 ,2 7 9 6 2 ,5 6 0 7 2 ,3 9 8 6 2 ,9 1 2 6 3 ,0 3 7 6 3 ,1 2 4 6 3 ,3 0 2 6 3 ,4 1 0 6 3 ,4 5 6 6 3 ,5 7 8 6 3 ,1 0 9 6 3 ,1 2 5 6 3 ,0 0 6 6 3 ,1 0 0 4 3 ,3 0 8 4 3 ,3 7 5 43,321 4 3 ,3 4 5 43,251 4 3 ,2 9 3 4 3 ,1 3 4 4 3 ,3 4 0 4 3 ,3 8 5 4 3 ,5 1 6 4 3 ,7 3 3 4 3 ,4 2 8 4 3 ,2 9 4 3 3 ,7 0 8 3 3,621 3 3 ,5 0 7 33,491 3 3 ,6 2 2 3 3 ,6 3 3 3 3 ,6 3 5 3 4 ,2 4 9 3 4 ,0 5 9 3 4 ,0 8 0 3 3 ,6 6 2 3 3 ,6 8 6 3 3 ,3 8 0 3 3 ,6 0 3 8 ,2 2 9 8 ,3 8 7 8 ,4 6 0 8 ,4 9 2 8 ,5 1 6 8 ,4 4 9 8 ,4 9 5 8,501 8 ,4 2 6 8 ,3 7 3 8 ,0 4 9 8 ,1 6 0 8 ,3 1 9 8 ,5 2 9 8 ,5 6 7 W a g e a n d s a la r y w o rk e rs ...... S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o rk e rs ......... 1,9 4 4 1,2 9 7 2 ,0 3 4 2 ,0 6 5 1 ,1 8 9 2 ,0 4 8 1,241 2 ,0 1 8 1,2 7 4 2,041 1,1 8 2 2 ,0 0 5 1,180 1 ,9 8 3 1,1 8 2 1 ,8 3 9 1,291 1 ,7 7 5 1 ,1 6 6 40 38 39 36 38 32 25 25 29 1 ,9 1 0 1,231 36 1 ,9 5 8 1,201 U n p a id fam ily w o rk e rs ........... 2 ,0 1 9 1,1 9 8 34 1,9 0 2 1 ,2 3 3 38 36 1 ,7 8 6 1 ,2 5 6 22 122,931 1 8 ,6 4 4 1 0 4 ,2 8 7 1 9 ,0 0 3 1 0 4 ,1 1 4 1 2 3 ,0 0 9 1 8 ,8 1 2 1 0 4 ,1 9 7 1 8 ,9 1 9 1 0 4 ,5 1 3 Class of worker A g r ic u ltu r e : N o n ag ricu ltu ral in d u strie s: W a g e a n d s a la r y w o rk e rs ...... 1 2 1 ,3 2 3 1 2 3 ,1 2 8 1 2 2 ,7 4 4 1 8 ,9 0 3 1 0 2 ,4 2 0 1 9 ,0 5 3 1 0 4 ,0 7 6 1 0 4 ,1 5 2 P riv a te h o u s e h o ld s ......... O th e r...................................... 933 1 0 1 ,4 8 7 S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o rk e rs ____ U n p aid fam ily w o rk e rs .......... 18 ,5 9 2 890 821 8 ,7 9 0 1 0 3 ,1 8 6 8 ,6 7 4 103,331 8 ,6 1 9 95 101 86 8 ,6 1 8 114 3 ,3 5 7 3 ,1 9 0 3 ,1 1 0 3 ,1 7 0 781 1 0 3 ,5 0 6 1 2 3 ,1 1 7 123,461 1 9 ,0 7 3 1 2 3 ,6 3 2 1 0 4 ,3 8 8 1 0 4 ,4 8 6 1 2 3 ,8 1 3 19 ,3 5 2 104,461 827 1 0 3 ,6 5 9 879 1 0 3 ,5 8 2 8 ,5 3 3 1 9 ,1 4 6 824 812 1 0 3 ,2 9 0 8 ,7 8 6 1 0 3 ,5 7 6 8,561 108 136 128 8 ,6 0 0 121 3 3 ,1 8 8 3 ,2 2 2 3 ,4 1 6 3 ,2 3 4 1,9 6 4 1 2 4 ,0 3 5 1 2 4 ,0 6 9 1 2 3 ,8 1 4 1 ,2 2 3 47 1 8 ,8 4 3 1 9 ,1 0 3 1 9 ,1 3 4 1 2 3 ,3 9 5 1 8 ,8 5 4 1 2 3 ,4 1 6 1 9 ,0 6 7 1 0 5 ,1 9 2 1 0 4 ,9 6 6 1 0 4 ,6 8 0 104,541 1 0 4 ,3 4 9 1 2 3 ,4 3 2 744 790 1 0 3 ,4 5 3 8,741 94 1 0 3 ,7 2 3 8 ,5 7 4 859 823 1 0 4 ,3 3 3 8 ,6 9 8 1 0 4 ,1 4 3 8 ,6 1 7 881 1 0 3 ,8 0 0 8 ,7 8 4 812 1 0 3 ,7 2 9 789 1 0 3 ,5 5 9 8 ,6 0 8 8 ,5 3 0 110 142 138 93 103 3 ,3 2 7 3 ,2 7 3 3 ,1 6 4 3,201 3,371 3 ,6 3 7 3 ,4 6 6 2 ,0 3 5 2 ,0 4 3 1 ,9 1 4 2 ,0 9 7 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 9 9 2 ,1 2 0 88 Persons at work part time1 All in d u strie s: P a rt tim e for e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ....................................... S la c k w o rk o r b u s in e s s c o n d itio n s ............................ 1,9 6 8 1,9 2 7 1,871 1,9 8 0 2,051 1 ,9 0 9 2 ,1 8 3 1 ,0 7 9 944 918 880 831 947 886 896 954 933 907 873 900 1 ,0 2 5 999 1 8 ,7 5 8 18 ,7 2 2 1 8 ,5 7 9 1 8 ,7 0 4 1 8 ,5 9 5 1 8 ,7 5 8 1 8 ,8 9 6 1 8 ,9 9 3 1 8 ,5 6 8 19,021 1 8 ,6 4 7 1 8 ,7 1 3 18,581 1 8 ,4 7 2 1 8 ,8 4 5 3 ,1 8 9 3 ,0 4 5 2 ,9 7 2 3 ,0 3 8 3 ,0 3 0 3 ,0 4 4 3 ,2 8 5 3 ,0 8 8 3 ,2 2 7 3 ,1 4 3 3 ,0 0 7 3,061 3 ,1 9 7 3 ,5 3 2 3 ,3 3 6 1,861 1,8 3 5 1 ,7 7 3 1,901 1,9 4 0 1,8 0 8 2 ,0 8 2 1,882 1,971 1,9 7 0 1,8 2 8 1 ,9 8 5 2 ,0 8 9 2 ,2 3 4 2 ,0 5 9 1,0 5 6 924 896 861 817 923 871 877 945 910 877 864 876 1 ,0 2 4 985 1 8 ,1 9 7 1 8 ,1 6 5 18 ,0 5 2 18 ,1 4 2 1 8 ,0 2 4 1 8 ,2 0 6 1 8 .3 2 3 18,4 3 7 1 8 ,0 4 0 1 8 ,5 0 9 1 8 ,1 3 2 1 8 ,1 7 6 18,061 1 8 ,0 3 9 1 8 ,3 0 9 C o u ld only find p art-tim e P a rt tim e for n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .................................... N o n ag ricu ltu ral in d u strie s: P a rt tim e for e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ..................................... S la c k w o rk o r b u s in e s s c o n d itio n s ............................. C o u ld only find p a rt-tim e P a rt tim e for n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .................................... ’ E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s "with a jo b b ut n ot a t w ork" du rin g th e s u rv e y p e rio d for s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c atio n , illn ess, or industrial d isp u te s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 51 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] Selected categories 2000 Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. Sept. 2001 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July C h a r a c te ris tic T o ta l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................... 4 .2 4 .0 4 .0 4.1 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .2 4 .2 4 .3 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .5 B oth s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .......................... 1 3 .9 13.1 1 3 .4 1 4 .2 1 2 .9 1 2 .6 1 3 .0 13.1 1 3 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .8 1 4 .2 1 3 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .8 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................ 3 .5 3 .3 3 .2 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .6 3 .5 3 .8 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................... 3 .8 3 .6 3 .7 3 .7 3 .5 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3 .6 3 .7 3 .6 3 .8 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 W h ite , to ta l.......................................................... 3 .7 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 3 .5 3 .4 1 1 .5 3 .5 3 .6 3 .7 3 .7 4 .0 3 .8 4 .0 4 .0 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .................... 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 1 .5 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 1 .2 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .7 1 0 .9 1 1 .6 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 2 .6 1 3 .3 M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .............................. 1 2 .6 1 2 .3 1 2 .5 13.1 1 2 .2 1 1 .8 1 2 .4 1 2 .2 1 3 .3 1 2 .6 1 1 .8 1 2 .8 13.1 1 4 .5 1 3 .7 W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ....................... 1 1 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .8 1 0 .6 1 0 .5 1 0 .9 1 0 .7 9 .8 9 .2 1 1 .2 1 0 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 3 .0 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................... 3 .0 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 2 .9 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 3 .5 3 .3 3 .6 3 .4 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................... 3 .3 3.1 3 .2 3 .3 3.1 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 3 .3 3.1 3 .5 3 .4 3 .3 3 .5 7 .6 8 .4 7 .5 8 .6 8 .2 7 .9 2 5 .5 7 .7 7 .9 7 .2 7 .4 8 .0 8 .4 2 7 .9 2 4 .7 2 6 .4 2 6 .8 24.1 2 3 .9 2 1 .9 2 6 .7 2 7 .9 2 8 .8 2 8 .9 3 1 .6 2 5 .1 2 8 .2 M en , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .............................. 3 0 .9 2 6 .4 2 5 .7 3 1 .7 2 6 .7 2 7 .0 2 2 .5 30.1 2 6 .9 3 1 .7 2 7 .7 3 4 .9 3 0 .0 3 0 .7 2 6 .9 2 4 .3 8 .0 7 .6 7 .5 W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ....................... 2 5.1 2 3 .0 2 7 .1 2 2 .3 2 1 .7 2 1 .2 2 1 .3 2 3 .4 2 8 .9 2 5 .7 3 0 .2 2 8 .6 2 0 .3 2 6 .0 M en , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................... 6 .7 7 .0 6 .8 7 .2 6 .5 7 .0 6 .9 7 .3 6 .9 6 .6 8 .5 8 .2 7 .6 7 .8 7 .9 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................... 6 .8 6 .3 6 .3 6 .2 5 .8 5 .8 6 .2 5 .7 7 .3 5 .8 6 .3 5 .5 6 .4 6 .8 6 .0 6 .4 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 5 .6 5 .0 6 .0 5 .7 6 .0 6 .3 6 .3 6 .5 6 .2 6 .6 6 .0 M a rrie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ................ 2 .2 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 2.1 2 .2 2 .2 2 .3 2 .3 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 2 .6 2 .6 M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .......... 2 .7 2 .7 2 .7 2 .8 2 .7 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 2 .8 7 .7 6 .0 6 .2 6 .3 6 .2 F u ll-tim e w o r k e r s .......................................... 4.1 3 .9 3 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 4.1 4 .0 4 .2 4 .3 4 .3 4 .4 4 .4 P a rt-tim e w o r k e r s .......................................... 5 .0 4 .8 5.1 5 .0 4 .6 4 .5 4 .5 4 .6 4 .9 4 .8 4 .8 5 .5 4 .6 5 .3 5.1 4 .3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 4 .3 4 .5 4 .5 4 .6 4 .5 4 .8 4 .7 5 .7 3 .9 4 .5 4 .3 5 .0 7.1 3 .5 3 .6 2 .2 4 .6 3 .5 5.1 5 .5 6 .8 3 .7 C o n s tru c tio n ....................................................... 7 .0 6 .4 6 .0 6 .4 6 .4 6 .5 6 .9 6 .5 6 .8 7 .0 6 .2 7.1 6 .6 6 .7 6 .8 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................... 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 3 .5 3 .6 4 .0 3 .6 3 .6 4 .2 4 .5 5 .0 4 .6 4 .8 5 .0 5.1 3 .5 3 .4 3 .3 3.1 3 .2 3 .8 3 .5 3 .4 4 .2 4 .2 5 .0 4 .3 4 .9 5 .0 4 .7 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...................................... 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4.1 4 .3 4 .3 3 .9 4 .0 4 .3 5 .0 5 .0 4 .9 5 .7 3 .0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3 .2 2 .8 2 .6 3 .2 2 .8 2 .9 3.1 5.1 4.1 4 .7 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities........... 3 .8 4 .4 3 .3 5 .2 5 .0 5 .0 5.1 4 .8 4 .8 4 .7 4 .8 5 .0 5.1 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .2 2 .3 2 .3 2 .2 2 .4 2.1 2 .3 1 .9 2.1 2 .3 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 2 .3 2 .6 3 .2 4 .2 4.1 4.1 H is p a n ic o rig in , to ta l ................................... 6 .4 5 .9 5 .4 5 .4 5 .2 5.1 6 .4 6.1 6 .2 6 .3 In d u stry N o n a g ric u ltu ra l w a g e a n d s a la r y F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ...... 4.1 3 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3 .7 3 .6 3 .7 3 .6 4 .0 3 .9 4 .4 2 .2 2.1 2.1 2 .3 2.1 2 .0 2 .3 2 .2 2 .2 1 .5 2.1 2 .3 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 8 .9 7 .5 7 .2 8 .0 7 .9 8 .8 9 .4 8 .9 9 .0 9 .2 1 1 .3 9 .2 8 .2 9 .6 1 0 .9 L e s s t h a n a h ig h s c h o o l d ip lo m a ................... 6 .7 6 .4 6 .4 6 .3 6 .2 6 .4 6 .6 6 .3 6 .8 7 .7 6 .9 6 .6 6 .5 6 .8 6 .6 H igh s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s , n o c o ll e g e ............... 3 .5 3 .5 3 .4 3 .7 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .4 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 4.1 2 .8 2 .7 2 .7 2 .7 2 .6 2 .4 2 .7 2 .7 3 .0 2 .7 2 .7 3 .0 3 .0 3 .2 3 .0 1 .8 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1 .6 1 .6 2 .0 2 .3 2.1 2 .2 2.1 A g ricu ltu ral w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ........ 4 .3 E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t1 S o m e c o lle g e , l e s s t h a n a b a c h e l o r ’s C o lle g e g r a d u a t e s ................................................ 1 D a ta r e f e r to p e r s o n s 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r. Monthly Labor Review Digitized for 52 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 1999 2000 2000 2001 July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s .................................. 2 ,5 6 8 2 ,5 4 3 2 ,4 9 3 2 ,5 6 7 2 ,4 9 8 2 ,5 1 0 2 ,5 3 1 2 ,4 4 0 2 ,6 1 3 2 ,7 9 7 2 ,6 7 4 2 ,9 5 8 2 ,6 7 9 2 ,8 0 9 2 ,6 1 2 5 to 1 4 w e e k s ............................................ 1 ,8 3 2 1 ,8 0 3 1,811 1 ,8 3 2 1 ,7 5 0 1 ,7 5 5 1 ,7 9 6 1 ,8 5 2 1 ,9 7 7 1 ,6 6 9 1 ,9 9 2 1 ,9 7 7 2 ,0 2 8 2 ,0 8 4 2 ,1 5 0 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r .................................. 1 ,4 8 0 1 ,3 0 9 1 ,3 1 9 1 ,3 7 3 1 ,2 4 7 1,3 1 1 1 ,3 1 7 1 ,3 2 6 1,371 1 ,4 9 0 1 ,5 1 7 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,4 8 4 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 8 7 1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s ....................... .............. 755 665 650 673 618 702 713 675 731 793 814 759 852 804 935 2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ............... .............. 725 644 669 700 629 609 604 651 640 697 703 740 632 737 652 M e a n d u ra tio n , in w e e k s ...................... 1 3 .4 1 2 .6 1 3 .2 1 3 .0 12.1 1 2 .4 1 2 .4 1 2 .6 1 2 .6 1 2 .9 1 3 .0 1 2 .6 1 2 .2 1 3 .0 1 2 .5 M e d ia n d u ra tio n , in w e e k s .................. 6 .4 5 .9 5 .9 6.1 5 .3 6.1 6.1 6.1 5 .9 6 .0 6 .5 5 .8 6 .5 6 .2 6 .7 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Annual average 1999 2000 2000 2001 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 3 ,2 5 2 J o b l o s e r s 1................................................. 2 ,6 2 2 2 ,4 9 2 2 ,4 5 0 2 ,5 8 5 2 ,5 0 2 2 ,4 4 6 2 ,5 0 1 2 ,5 1 4 2 ,7 4 2 2 ,8 5 3 2 ,9 6 3 3 ,1 9 9 3 ,1 5 9 3 ,2 9 1 O n te m p o r a r y lay o ff........................... 848 842 857 907 837 825 877 937 1 ,0 3 2 945 991 1 ,0 5 3 1 ,0 8 4 940 1 ,0 0 3 N o t o n t e m p o r a r y layoff.................... 1 ,7 7 4 1 ,6 5 0 1 ,5 9 3 1 ,6 7 8 1 ,6 6 5 1,621 1 ,6 2 4 1 ,5 7 7 1,711 1 ,9 0 8 1 ,9 7 2 2 ,1 4 6 2 ,0 7 5 2 ,3 5 1 2 ,2 4 9 J o b l e a v e r s ................................................. 783 775 788 780 756 815 768 746 838 820 814 749 820 810 774 R e e n t r a n t s ................................... .............. 2 ,0 0 5 1 ,9 5 7 1 ,9 6 0 1 ,9 3 0 1 ,7 9 8 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,9 3 6 1 ,8 9 9 1 ,9 5 6 1 ,9 2 7 1 ,9 0 8 2 ,0 0 5 1,801 1 ,9 0 6 1 ,9 1 2 N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................. 469 431 412 503 429 398 429 466 446 372 382 462 482 477 436 J o b l o s e r s 1................................................. 4 4 .6 44 .1 4 3 .7 4 4 .6 4 5 .6 4 4 .3 4 4 .4 4 4 .7 4 5 .8 4 7 .8 4 8 .8 4 9 .9 5 0 .4 5 0 .8 5 1 .0 O n te m p o r a r y lay o ff............ .............. 1 4 .4 1 4 .9 1 5 .3 1 5 .6 1 5 .3 1 4 .9 1 5 .6 1 6 .7 1 7 .2 1 5 .8 1 6 .3 1 6 .4 1 7 .3 1 4 .5 1 5 .7 N o t o n t e m p o r a r y lay o ff.................... 3 0 .2 2 9 .2 2 8 .4 2 8 .9 3 0 .4 2 9 .3 2 8 .8 2 8 .0 2 8 .6 3 2 .0 3 2 .5 3 3 .5 33 .1 3 6 .3 3 5 .3 Percent of unemployed J o b l e a v e r s ................................................. 1 3 .3 1 3 .7 1 4 .0 1 3 .5 1 3 .8 1 4 .7 1 3 .6 1 3 .3 1 4 .0 1 3 .7 1 3 .4 1 1 .7 13.1 1 2 .5 12.1 34.1 3 4 .6 3 4 .9 3 3 .3 3 2 .8 3 3 .8 3 4 .4 3 3 .8 32 7 3 2 .3 3 1 .4 31 3 2 8 .8 29 4 30 0 8 .0 7 .6 7 .3 8 .7 7 .8 7 .2 7 .6 8 .3 7 .4 6 .2 6 .4 7 .2 7 .7 7 .4 6 .8 J o b l o s e r s 1................................................. 1 .9 1 .8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1 .7 1 .8 1.8 1 .9 2 .0 2.1 2 .3 2 .2 2 .3 2 .3 J o b l e a v e r s ................................................. .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .5 R e e n t r a n t s .................................................. 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .3 1 .3 1 .4 1.3 1 .4 1 .4 1 .3 1 .4 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................. .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................. P e r c e n t o f c iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e 1 In c lu d e s p e r s o n s w h o c o m p le te d te m p o r a r y jo b s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 53 Current Labor Statistics: 9. Labor Force Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age 2000 Annual average 2001 Apr. May June T o ta l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................... 4 .2 4 .0 4 .0 4.1 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .2 4 .2 4 .3 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .5 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ....................................... 9 .9 9 .3 9 .2 9 .4 8 .9 8 .9 9.1 9 .2 9 .6 9 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 9 .9 1 0 .4 10.1 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................... 1 3 .9 13.1 1 3 .4 1 4 .2 1 2 .9 1 2 .6 1 3 .0 13.1 1 3 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .8 1 4 .2 1 3 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .8 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ............................... 1 6 .3 1 5 .4 1 6 .3 1 6 .9 1 5 .7 1 5 .2 1 5 .4 1 5 .8 1 7 .4 1 7 .2 1 6 .0 1 6 .7 1 5 .5 1 6 .0 1 9 .3 1999 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. July 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................... 1 2 .4 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 1 2 .6 11.1 11.1 1 1 .4 1 1 .6 1 1 .5 1 1 .0 1 2 .3 1 2 .6 1 2 .2 13.1 1 1 .8 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ................................... 7 .5 7.1 6 .9 6 .6 6 .6 6 .8 6 .8 7 .0 7 .2 7 .2 7 .8 8 .3 7 .9 8 .2 7 .5 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................... 3.1 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 3 .3 3 .5 3 .4 3 .2 3.1 3.1 3 .2 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 3 .6 2 .8 2 .6 2 .4 2 .7 2 .7 2 .8 2 .9 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 2 .8 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................... M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................... 4.1 3 .9 3 .8 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .3 4 .2 4 .4 4 .6 4 .5 4 .7 4 .5 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s .................................... 1 0 .3 9 .7 9 .6 1 0 .2 9 .5 9 .4 9 .5 9 .7 1 0 .3 1 0 .8 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 1 .0 1 1 .8 1 0 .4 1 4 .7 1 4 .0 14.1 1 5 .8 1 3 .7 1 3 .4 1 3 .6 14.1 1 5 .0 1 5 .5 1 3 .8 15.1 1 5 .3 1 5 .9 15.1 1 7 .0 1 6 .8 1 7 .5 17.1 1 7 .5 1 7 .6 1 7 .5 1 8 .4 2 0 .5 1 8 .5 1 5 .6 1 8 .7 1 7 .4 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 13.1 1 2 .2 1 2 .0 1 5 .2 1 1 .2 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 1 1 .7 1 1 .8 13.1 1 2 .7 1 2 .8 1 3 .9 1 4 .5 1 3 .0 7 .7 7 .3 7.1 6 .9 7.1 7 .3 7 .3 7 .2 7 .6 8 .2 9 .3 8 .7 8 .7 9 .5 7 .9 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................ 3 .0 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 3 .2 3 .5 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 3 .0 2 .9 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 3.1 3 .0 3 .3 3 .5 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................... 2 .8 2 .7 2 .4 2 .7 2 .6 2 .8 2 .9 2 .8 3 .0 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............... 4 .3 4.1 4 .2 4 .2 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4.1 4 .2 4 .2 4 .4 4 .3 4 .4 4 .5 9 .5 8 .9 8 .9 8 .6 8 .2 8 .4 8 .6 8 .7 8 .8 8.1 8 .9 9 .8 8 .8 8 .9 9 .7 1 3 .2 12.1 1 2 .6 1 2 .4 1 2 .0 1 1 .9 1 2 .3 12.1 1 2 .4 1 1 .6 1 3 .7 1 3 .3 1 1 .8 1 2 .7 1 4 .4 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................ 1 5 .5 1 4 .0 1 5 .0 1 6 .8 1 3 .8 1 2 .8 1 3 .4 1 3 .2 14.1 1 5 .7 1 6 .4 1 4 .5 1 3 .6 1 4 .0 1 9 .6 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 0 .9 9 .8 1 1 .0 1 1 .6 1 1 .5 1 1 .6 1 1 .3 8 .7 1 1 .9 1 2 .4 1 0 .4 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 6 .7 7.1 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................ 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................... Digitized for 54 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 .2 7 .0 6 .7 6 .3 6 .0 6 .3 6 .3 6 .7 6 .7 6.1 6 .3 7 .8 7.1 3 .3 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3 .2 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 3 .2 3 .4 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 3 .4 3 .4 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 3 .2 3.1 3 .2 3.1 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .4 3 .6 3 .8 3 .6 2 .8 2 .6 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 2 .8 2 .7 2 .4 2 .5 2 .7 2 .2 2 .6 2 .2 2 .5 2 .5 ( September 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted June May June State 2000 2001p 2001p A r k a n s a s ................................................................... June 2000 State May 2001p June 2001p 4 .5 4 .7 4 .2 3 .4 3 .8 4 .2 6 .8 5 .6 5 .8 5 .0 4 .8 4 .3 4 .0 4 .2 4 .3 3.1 2 8 2 9 4 .5 4 .6 4 .9 3 .8 4 .4 4 .6 5.1 4 .9 5.1 3.1 2 .8 2 .9 2 .8 2 .8 3.1 3 .7 4 .3 4 .5 2 .3 2 .3 3 .0 4 .5 5 .7 5 .7 4.1 3 .4 3 .2 4 .5 4 .3 4 .4 D istrict of C o lu m b ia .............................................. 5 .4 4 .9 6 .4 3 .7 5 .2 4 .9 F lo rid a ........................................................................ 3 .6 3 .9 4.1 3 .0 2 .3 2 7 C o n n e c tic u t.............................................................. G e o r g ia ...................................................................... 3 .9 3 .7 3 .6 4.1 4 .0 43 H a w a ii........................................................................ 4.1 4 .3 4 .2 3.1 29 3.1 Id a h o .......................................................................... 4 .8 4 .8 4 .8 49 5 6 5 .5 Illinois.......................................................................... 4 .3 5 .2 5 .2 4 .2 4 .7 48 I n d ia n a ....................................................................... 3 .5 3.1 3 .8 4 .2 4 .5 5 .0 Io w a ............................................................................ 2 .7 2 .8 3 .0 4 .0 4 .4 49 K a n s a s ....................................................................... 3 .9 3 .6 3 .8 2 .3 2 .6 2 .6 K e n tu c k y .................................................................. 4.1 4 .2 4 .5 3 .9 4.1 42 5 .5 5 .6 5 .3 4 .3 4 .5 4 .6 M a in e ......................................................................... 3 .6 3 .5 3 .5 3 .2 4 0 3 6 U ta h ....................................................... M a ry la n d .................................................................. 4 .0 3 .7 3 .5 2 .9 2 9 3 1 M a s s a c h u s e t t s ....................................................... 2 .7 3 .6 3 .4 2 2 3 0 2 8 6 0 M ic h ig a n .................................................................... 3 .5 5 .0 4 .9 5 .2 5 5 M in n e s o ta ................................................................ 3 .3 3 .9 3 .4 5 .6 5 3 5 3 M is s is s ip p i............................................................... 6 .1 5 .0 4 .3 3 .7 4 1 44 4 .0 3 .6 3 .8 W y o m in g ................................................................... p = p relim in a ry 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] State June 2000 May 2001p June 2001p State June 2000 May 2001p June 2001p 2 ,7 4 3 .8 3 9 4 .8 A la b a m a ....................... A la s k a ........................... 1 .9 2 6 .0 2 8 2 .4 1 ,9 2 5 .3 2 8 8 .1 1 ,9 1 4 .7 M isso u ri................................................... 2 8 9 .1 M o n ta n a ................................................... 3 8 7 .6 2 ,7 4 6 .3 3 9 3 .2 A riz o n a ......................... 2 ,2 4 1 .5 2 ,2 7 6 .7 2 ,2 7 0 .5 N e b r a s k a ................................................. 9 1 2 .2 9 1 4 .2 9 1 1 .7 A r k a n s a s ...................... 1 ,1 6 2 .5 1 ,1 6 5 .4 1 ,1 6 4 .3 1 ,0 2 5 .4 1 ,0 7 0 .4 1 ,0 7 6 .3 C a lifo rn ia ...................... 1 4 ,5 0 6 .7 1 4 ,8 1 3 .4 1 4 ,8 2 0 .7 N ew H a m p s h ir e ................................... 6 2 1 .7 6 2 7 .0 6 2 6 .2 4 ,0 2 2 .5 2 ,7 5 7 .1 C o lo r a d o ...................... 2 ,2 1 0 .7 2 ,2 6 5 .2 2 ,2 7 0 .1 N ew J e r s e y ............................................ 3 ,9 9 9 .0 4 ,0 2 8 .2 C o n n e c tic u t................ 1 ,6 9 6 .4 1 ,7 0 1 .8 1 ,7 0 0 .4 N ew M e x ic o .......................................... 7 4 1 .7 7 5 4 .8 7 5 7 .5 D e la w a r e ...................... 4 1 9 .7 4 2 4 .7 4 2 3 .2 N ew Y ork ................................................ 8 ,6 3 3 .1 8 ,7 2 9 .7 8 ,7 2 2 .2 3 ,9 6 1 .1 D istrict of C o lu m b ia . 6 4 7 .0 6 5 1 .3 6 5 4 .6 N orth C a r o lin a ...................................... 3 ,9 5 0 .5 3 ,9 8 5 .4 F lo rid a ........................... 7 ,0 7 1 .2 7 ,2 8 6 .7 7 ,2 9 8 .7 N o rth D a k o ta ......................................... 3 2 8 .5 3 2 7 .7 3 2 7 .6 G e o r g ia ........................ 3 ,9 7 5 .6 4 ,0 5 2 .0 4 ,0 4 3 .3 O h io .......................................................... 5 ,6 3 9 .2 5 ,6 4 1 .5 5 ,6 4 6 .3 H a w a ii........................... 5 5 2 .0 5 5 7 .8 5 6 0 .4 O k la h o m a ............................................... 1 ,4 9 1 .0 1 ,4 9 8 .3 1 ,5 0 1 .3 Id a h o .............................. 5 6 8 .2 5 7 0 .6 O r e g o n ...................................................... 1 ,6 0 5 .9 1 ,5 9 8 .4 Illinois............................ 559 .1 6 ,0 4 4 .1 6 ,0 5 8 .5 6 ,0 5 3 .8 P e n n s y lv a n ia ........................................ 5 ,6 9 0 .9 5 ,7 3 2 .9 1 ,5 9 6 .0 5 ,7 2 9 .4 In d ia n a .......................... 3 ,0 1 4 .9 2 ,9 9 6 .2 2 ,9 8 5 .4 R h o d e Is la n d ......................................... 4 7 4 .8 4 7 8 .8 4 7 9 .2 Io w a ............................... 1 ,4 7 2 .3 1 ,4 8 0 .0 1 ,4 7 7 .9 S o u th C a r o lin a ...................................... 1 ,8 7 8 .0 1 ,8 9 8 .6 1 ,8 7 6 .4 K a n s a s .......................... 1 ,3 4 8 .8 1 ,3 6 7 .0 1 ,3 6 7 .5 S o u th D a k o ta ........................................ 3 7 8 .0 3 8 1 .3 3 8 0 .9 K e n tu c k y ...................... 1 ,8 1 8 .3 1 ,8 3 9 .0 1 ,8 3 3 .5 T e n n e s s e e .............................................. 2 ,7 3 8 .5 2 ,7 5 3 .9 2 ,7 5 9 .9 L o u is ia n a ..................... 1 ,9 2 7 .5 1 ,9 4 8 .7 1 ,9 4 5 .2 T e x a s ........................................................ 9 ,4 4 7 .7 9 ,6 4 0 .0 9 ,6 5 8 .9 M a in e ............................ 6 0 3 .6 6 1 0 .6 6 1 0 .2 U ta h .......................................................... 1 ,0 7 5 .2 1 ,0 9 3 .4 1 ,0 9 2 .9 M a ry la n d ...................... 2 ,4 5 5 .0 2 ,4 7 5 .7 2 ,4 7 4 .9 V e rm o n t.................................................. 2 9 8 .5 2 9 9 .9 2 9 9 .9 M a s s a c h u s e t t s .......... 3 ,3 2 0 .1 3 ,3 6 5 .7 3 ,3 6 8 .7 V irginia...................................................... 3 ,5 0 8 .8 3 ,5 6 2 .6 3 ,5 6 7 .9 2 ,7 4 2 .8 M ic h ig a n ....................... 4 ,6 8 8 .0 4 ,6 7 6 .5 4 ,6 7 9 .5 W a s h in g to n ............................................ 2 ,7 1 5 .6 2 ,7 4 4 .2 M in n e s o ta .................... 2 ,6 6 8 . 2 2 ,6 9 3 .2 2 ,6 8 9 .8 W e s t V irginia......................................... 7 3 4 .2 7 3 8 .2 7 3 8 .5 M is s is s ip p i................... 1 ,1 5 8 .9 1 ,1 4 5 .6 1 ,1 5 2 .0 W is c o n s in ............................................... 2 ,8 3 8 .7 2 ,8 4 3 .8 2 ,8 3 8 .0 W y o m in g ................................................. 2 3 7 .6 2 4 3 .4 2 4 4 .9 p = p relim in a ry NOTE: S o m e d a t a in th is ta b l e m a y differ fro m d a t a p u b lis h e d e ls e w h e r e b e c a u s e of t h e c o n tin u a l u p d a tin g of t h e d a t a b a s e . Monthly Labor Review September 2001 55 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In t h o u s a n d s ] _____________________________________________________ Industry Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 13 2 ,5 9 5 11 1 ,9 1 5 13 2 ,6 5 4 2001 Apr. May Junep 13 2 ,5 3 0 1 1 1 ,7 6 0 13 2 ,4 3 7 1 11,622 111,521 July*1 TO TA L ........................................ PRIV ATE S E C T O R ...................... 12 8 ,9 1 6 10 8 ,7 0 9 13 1 ,7 3 9 1 11,079 1 3 1,899 1 1 1,180 131,837 1 1 1,237 1 32,046 11 1 ,4 6 3 1 3 2,145 1 1 1 ,5 6 4 1 3 2,279 1 3 2,367 1 1 1,689 11 1 ,7 5 3 13 2 ,4 2 8 11 1 ,7 9 9 11 1 ,9 4 3 1 32,489 1 1 1,742 G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G ...................... M in in g .............................................. 2 5 ,5 0 7 2 5 ,7 0 9 2 5 ,7 7 4 2 5 ,7 2 7 2 5 ,6 9 6 2 5 ,7 1 3 25,711 2 5 ,6 8 8 2 5 ,6 3 3 2 5 ,6 2 7 25 ,6 0 2 25,421 2 5 ,3 2 4 2 5 ,1 9 8 2 5 ,1 2 5 M etal m ining..................................... Oil a n d g a s e x tra c tio n ................... 539 44 297 543 41 311 542 40 313 543 40 313 547 40 548 40 319 548 41 555 39 328 557 38 331 564 37 335 339 565 35 340 566 34 320 550 39 325 560 37 316 551 40 320 N onm etallic m inerals, e x c e p t fu e ls .................................. 113 114 113 114 115 115 114 112 111 113 113 113 112 112 113 6,4 1 5 1,458 6,6 9 8 6,6 7 8 6 ,6 9 9 6,7 2 8 6,781 6,791 1,538 1,548 1,543 6,9 2 9 1,552 6 ,8 6 4 1,525 6 ,8 8 0 1,555 6,881 1,520 6,8 2 6 1,538 6 ,8 5 2 1,528 6 ,7 5 8 1,549 1,548 1,556 1,551 6 ,8 7 3 1,557 900 4 ,2 7 4 900 904 921 4 ,3 3 5 4 ,3 6 7 930 4 ,3 9 5 938 4 ,3 0 5 909 4 ,3 2 4 913 4 ,2 9 0 4 ,4 3 9 915 4 ,3 8 9 923 4 ,4 0 2 925 4 ,3 8 8 4 ,3 8 0 18,421 C o n s t r u c t i o n ..................................... G e n e ra l building c o n tra c to rs ..... H eavy c o n stru ctio n , e x c ep t building........................................... 13 2 ,4 4 4 340 874 4 ,0 8 4 901 897 S p e c ia l t ra d e s c o n tra c to rs .......... 4 ,2 6 9 4 ,2 5 6 M a n u fa c tu r in g .................................. P roduction w o rk e rs ................. 18,552 12,747 18 ,4 6 9 12,628 1 2 ,6 8 8 18,485 12,631 12,559 18 ,4 0 4 12,545 12,511 18 ,3 4 9 12 ,4 6 6 18,257 12,394 12,323 18,116 12,254 18,0 0 9 12,1 6 6 1 7,879 1 2,066 17,7 6 6 11,963 17 ,6 8 6 11 ,8 9 7 D u ra b le g o o d s .............................. 1 8,554 18,382 18,192 936 1 1 ,1 1 1 11,138 1 1,207 11,172 11,129 11,126 1 1 ,1 2 0 1 1 ,1 0 2 11,031 10,997 10,941 10,8 7 0 1 0,778 10,695 10 ,6 2 0 P roduction w o rk e rs ................. 7 ,5 9 6 7,591 7 ,6 3 5 7,6 0 8 7,5 6 8 7 ,5 6 0 7 ,5 4 4 7 ,5 1 7 7,4 6 2 7 ,4 1 5 7,3 5 8 7 ,3 0 8 7 ,2 3 5 7 ,1 6 0 7 ,0 9 6 L um ber a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ..... F urniture a n d fix tu res................ S to n e , clay, a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts ...................................... Prim ary m etal in d u strie s ............ 834 832 558 831 559 826 560 821 559 817 557 811 555 806 552 799 549 799 548 800 543 797 548 836 565 798 532 797 529 566 699 577 579 700 1,541 686 578 679 1,5 1 4 577 667 1,536 681 1,526 578 671 1,540 695 1,536 577 691 1,537 577 698 1,537 579 695 1,521 581 700 1,546 580 F a b ric a te d m etal p ro d u c ts ........ 1,509 1,5 0 3 1,488 1,478 648 1,4 7 5 2 ,1 3 6 2 ,1 2 0 2 ,1 3 7 2 ,1 3 3 2 ,1 2 1 2 ,1 2 3 2 ,1 2 2 2 ,i1 9 2,1 1 7 2 ,1 0 5 2 ,0 8 4 2 ,0 7 2 2 ,0 5 4 2,031 2 ,0 0 6 Industrial m ac h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t................................... C o m p u te r a n d office e q u ip m e n t................................. E lectronic a n d o th e r electrical e q u ip m e n t................................... E lectronic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a c c e s s o r ie s .............................. T ra n sp o rtatio n e q u ip m e n t........ M otor v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t.................................. Aircraft a n d p a rts ....................... In stru m e n ts a n d rela te d p ro d u c ts ...................................... M isc e lla n e o u s m an u factu rin g in d u strie s ...................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ....................... P roduction w o rk e rs ................ 579 361 362 365 364 365 365 366 369 370 369 367 366 357 353 1,735 1,740 1,736 1,738 1,737 1,738 1,735 1,726 1,715 1,6 8 4 1,656 1,6 2 4 1,591 641 689 1,855 695 1,836 698 1,822 704 1,822 708 1,822 710 1,817 714 1,772 711 1,786 702 1,775 686 1 ,8 8 8 682 1,849 1,768 670 1,757 650 1,7 4 9 1,750 1,018 496 1,013 465 1,027 1,015 464 1,005 464 994 465 463 995 462 990 464 952 462 967 464 956 465 950 464 939 465 931 465 466 855 852 856 856 858 861 865 867 870 871 871 866 865 865 865 634 934 391 394 396 396 392 394 395 396 393 390 391 390 387 389 388 7,441 7,3 4 7 7 ,3 1 3 5 ,0 2 3 7,2 9 2 7 ,2 7 8 4 ,9 8 5 7,2 6 2 4 ,9 6 7 7 ,6 4 7 4 ,9 4 9 7 ,2 2 6 4,9 3 2 7 ,1 9 5 4 ,9 0 8 7 ,1 7 5 4 ,8 9 6 7 ,1 3 9 4 ,8 5 4 7,101 4,831 7 ,0 6 5 4 ,7 9 9 7 ,0 6 6 4,801 1,678 32 518 1,679 33 514 1,682 32 510 1,684 32 505 1 ,6 8 6 1,687 32 494 1,6 8 7 1,684 32 489 33 480 1,6 8 5 33 472 1,680 33 471 599 651 1,534 567 571 632 1,039 127 595 645 1,529 1,039 127 1,039 126 1,682 37 559 1,684 34 528 1 ,6 8 6 690 668 633 657 637 656 Printing a n d pub lish in g .............. C h e m ic a ls a n d allied pro d u cts. 1,552 1,035 132 1,547 1,038 127 1,553 1,036 128 p lastic s p ro d u c ts ........................ L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u cts... 1,006 77 1 ,0 1 1 71 1,013 74 SE R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ................... 10 3 ,4 0 9 10 6 ,0 5 0 10 6 ,1 2 5 C o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d public utilities............................................. C o m m u n ic a tio n s.......................... Electric, g a s , a n d sa n ita ry s e rv ic e s ....................................... 571 1,719 5 ,1 5 0 T ra n sp o rta tio n ................................. R ailro ad tra n s p o rta tio n .............. Local a n d in teru rb an p a s s e n g e r tra n s it....................... T rucking a n d w a re h o u s in g ...... W a te r tra n s p o rta tio n ................... T ra n sp o rtatio n by a ir.................. P ip elin es, e x c e p t n atu ral g a s ... T ra n sp o rtatio n s e rv ic e s ............ 572 654 368 F o o d a n d kindred p ro d u c ts ...... T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts ........................ Textile mill p ro d u c ts .................... A pparel a n d o th er textile p ro d u c ts ....................................... P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ......... T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic u til it ie s ........................................... 574 660 1,672 7,331 5 ,0 3 8 P e tro le u m a n d coal pro d u cts... R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s 540 5,0 5 3 34 530 4,991 1,679 33 528 1,6 7 4 625 655 1,549 1,036 620 655 1,547 1,037 127 616 655 1,544 1,038 1,009 71 33 523 31 496 611 654 604 652 126 1,540 1,038 127 1,539 1,039 127 1,006 1 ,0 0 2 997 979 973 967 69 69 993 69 987 70 68 68 68 10 6 ,1 1 0 10 6 ,3 5 0 1 0 6,432 1 06,568 1 0 6,679 10 6 ,7 9 5 1 0 6,968 1 07,052 128 590 642 581 641 579 639 635 1,524 1,512 1,036 1,502 1,033 127 1,4 9 5 1,0 3 3 128 1,490 1,038 66 959 65 953 64 959 64 10 7 ,0 6 8 10 7 ,2 0 6 1 0 7 ,2 3 9 1 0 7 ,3 1 9 128 128 6 ,8 3 4 7 ,0 1 9 7,0 3 4 6 ,9 6 3 7,0 6 2 7 ,0 7 6 7,0 9 3 7 ,1 0 8 7 ,1 0 6 7,1 2 3 7 ,1 2 7 7 ,1 1 9 7,1 3 0 7 ,1 1 4 7 ,1 1 3 4,411 235 4 ,5 2 9 236 4 ,5 3 6 235 4 ,5 4 8 236 4 ,5 5 3 235 4 ,5 5 9 234 4 ,5 7 3 235 4 ,5 8 3 232 4,5 8 0 229 4,591 231 4,591 230 4 ,5 7 6 230 4 ,5 8 4 230 4,571 227 4 ,5 6 4 228 478 1,810 186 1,227 13 463 476 1,856 196 1,281 14 471 477 1,860 195 1,282 14 473 478 1,8 6 0 198 478 1,861 199 1,291 14 475 477 1,861 478 1,864 478 479 1 ,8 6 6 1 ,8 6 8 480 1,870 480 1,872 477 1,8 6 4 483 1,867 483 1,867 483 1,864 200 200 200 201 200 201 202 201 1,298 14 1,306 14 1,312 14 477 1,318 14 478 1,316 13 479 1,3 1 3 14 476 203 1,315 14 472 469 203 1,305 14 467 2 ,4 2 3 1,560 2 ,4 9 0 2 ,4 9 8 1,647 2 ,4 1 5 1,5 6 5 2,5 2 6 1,679 2 ,5 3 2 2 ,5 3 6 1,690 2 ,5 4 3 2 ,5 4 6 2 ,5 4 7 2 ,5 4 9 1,6 9 6 1,699 1,7 0 0 1,701 1,639 1,288 14 474 475 476 1,316 14 477 2 ,5 0 9 2 ,5 1 7 1,660 1 ,6 6 8 2 ,5 2 0 1,672 2 ,5 2 5 1,678 1,685 1,3 1 0 14 863 851 851 850 849 849 848 847 847 847 846 847 847 847 848 W h o le s a le t r a d e .............................. 6,911 7 ,0 2 4 7 ,0 3 0 7 ,0 3 7 7,0 4 2 7 ,0 5 9 7 ,0 7 0 7 ,0 6 8 7,0 6 7 7 ,0 6 4 7,0 6 6 7 ,0 5 3 7 ,0 3 8 7 ,0 2 2 7 ,0 1 9 R e ta il t r a d e ......................................... Building m ate ria ls a n d g a rd e n s u p p lie s .......................................... G e n e ra l m e rc h a n d is e s to r e s ..... D e p a rtm e n t s to r e s ....................... 2 2 ,8 4 8 2 3 ,3 0 7 23,311 2 3 ,3 4 8 23,371 2 3 ,3 8 0 2 3 ,3 9 5 2 3 ,4 0 6 2 3 ,4 1 5 2 3 ,4 7 2 2 3 ,4 5 7 2 3 ,5 3 0 2 3 ,5 4 6 2 3 ,5 7 0 2 3 ,5 9 6 988 2 ,7 9 8 2 ,4 5 9 1,016 2 ,8 3 7 2,491 1,014 2 ,8 2 0 2 ,4 7 0 1,015 2 ,8 3 0 2 ,4 8 3 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,0 1 1 1 ,0 1 0 2 ,8 3 4 2 ,4 8 7 2 ,8 2 9 2,481 2 ,8 3 5 2 ,4 9 2 2 ,8 2 2 2 ,4 8 0 1,007 2 ,7 8 9 2,4 4 8 1,0 0 7 2 ,8 0 7 2 ,4 6 2 1,006 2 ,7 9 7 2,451 999 2 ,8 0 4 2 ,4 5 9 1,006 2,821 2 ,4 7 3 1,0 1 4 2 ,8 1 8 2,471 1,0 0 8 2 ,8 1 2 2 ,4 5 9 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of tab le. 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands]_________________________________________________ Industry Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May Junep July’’ F o o d s to r e s ....................................... 3 ,4 9 7 3,521 3 ,5 2 3 3,5 2 6 3,5 2 0 3,5 2 8 3,5 2 7 3 ,5 3 2 3,5 3 8 3 ,5 4 8 3,5 5 0 3,5 6 2 3 ,5 5 3 3 ,5 4 4 3 ,5 3 7 A utom otive d e a le r s a n d s e rv ic e s ta tio n s ............................ N ew a n d u s e d c a r d e a le r s ........ A pparel a n d a c c e s s o r y s to re s ... 2 ,3 6 8 1,080 1,171 2 ,4 1 2 1,114 2 ,4 1 8 1,118 1,195 2,4 2 0 2 ,4 2 6 1 ,1 2 2 1 ,2 0 2 2 ,4 2 4 1,124 1,227 2,421 1 ,1 2 0 2 ,4 2 5 1,123 1,2 1 4 2 ,4 2 0 1,1 2 4 1 ,2 0 2 2 ,4 2 6 1,123 1,208 2 ,4 2 4 1,124 1,193 2 ,4 1 2 1,116 1,196 1,228 1,226 2 ,4 2 8 1,126 1,231 2,431 1,128 1,2 2 7 2 ,4 3 5 1,130 1,218 1,087 1,134 8 ,1 1 4 1,135 8,1 2 3 1,138 8,132 1,138 8,1 3 8 1,142 8,1 3 7 1,144 8,142 1,148 8 ,1 4 9 8,1 5 7 1,146 8,171 1,147 7,961 8 ,1 5 8 1,140 8 ,2 1 3 1,136 8 ,2 1 6 1,136 8,241 1,138 8 ,2 9 7 e s ta b lis h m e n ts ............................. 2 ,9 7 8 3,0 8 0 3,0 8 8 3 ,0 9 4 3,0 9 8 3 ,1 0 5 3 ,1 0 3 3 ,1 0 6 3,132 3,1 4 2 3,151 3 ,1 6 5 3 ,1 5 5 3 ,1 5 0 3,151 F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ....................................... F in a n c e .............................................. 7 ,5 5 5 3 ,6 8 8 7 ,5 6 0 3 ,7 1 0 7,5 4 6 7,5 4 9 3,7 0 7 7,5 5 6 7,5 8 2 7 ,5 9 4 3 ,7 3 8 2 ,0 2 4 7,6 0 9 3,7 4 8 3,7 5 5 7,631 3 ,7 6 7 2 ,0 5 6 1,468 254 3 ,7 3 5 2 ,0 2 5 1,420 2 ,0 2 5 1,417 254 2 ,0 2 8 1,418 254 7 ,6 1 7 3 ,7 5 4 2 ,0 4 0 683 686 F urniture a n d h o m e fu rnishings s to r e s ............................................... E ating a n d drinking p la c e s ......... M isc e lla n e o u s retail D ep o sito ry institutions............... C o m m ercial b a n k s .................... 3,701 2 ,0 2 4 1,425 252 7,5 6 9 3,7 2 5 7 ,5 7 5 3 ,7 2 9 2 ,0 2 3 1,421 253 677 253 678 2,0 2 3 1,420 253 678 1,147 1 ,1 2 2 7,6 1 8 7,6 2 6 3,761 7 ,6 4 4 2 ,0 3 2 1,421 3 ,7 7 0 2 ,0 3 7 1,4 2 6 2,041 1,428 255 691 255 697 256 699 709 2 ,0 2 9 1,430 253 681 675 1,425 253 674 b r o k e rs .......................................... 689 748 751 756 762 767 770 774 777 781 781 780 776 766 755 Holding a n d o th e r in v estm en t o ffic es.................................. .......... I n s u ra n c e .......................................... I n su ra n c e c a rr ie r s ........................ 234 2 ,3 6 8 1,610 251 2 ,3 4 6 1,589 251 2 ,3 4 0 1,585 253 2,341 1,585 255 2,3 3 5 1,580 257 2 ,3 3 7 1,580 248 2,3 4 0 1,583 259 2 ,3 3 9 1,582 259 2 ,3 4 6 1,588 259 2,351 1,592 260 2 ,3 5 3 1,593 258 2 ,3 5 6 1,596 260 2 ,3 5 8 1,5 9 8 261 2 ,3 5 6 1,598 257 2 ,3 5 7 I n su ra n c e a g e n ts , bro k ers, a n d s e rv ic e .................................. R eal e s ta t e ........................................ 758 1,500 757 1,504 755 1,495 756 1,501 755 1,503 757 1,507 757 1,506 757 1,508 758 1,510 759 1,510 760 1,510 760 1,509 760 1,5 1 6 758 1,508 758 1,506 3 9 ,0 5 5 766 1,848 1,226 4 0 ,4 6 0 801 1,912 4 0 ,4 9 5 4 0 ,7 3 6 804 1,924 4 0 ,7 6 7 1,051 9,8 5 8 994 3 ,8 8 7 3 ,4 8 7 9,9 6 5 995 3,947 3,5 4 7 9 ,5 9 9 3,201 9 ,7 0 2 1,013 3 ,5 9 0 3 ,1 9 8 833 1,920 1,279 9 ,6 6 6 1,008 3 ,5 5 6 3,161 833 1,923 1,281 9 ,3 0 0 983 3 ,6 1 6 3 ,2 4 8 4 0 ,9 9 3 824 1,944 1,267 9 ,7 2 9 1,009 3 ,6 0 0 3,2 0 2 4 1 ,0 8 7 1,259 9,9 3 9 994 3,8 9 0 3,4 6 5 4 1 ,0 7 3 828 1,960 1,265 9,8 2 2 1,007 3 ,6 9 4 4 1 ,0 7 8 834 1,257 40,901 813 1,946 1,265 9 ,8 9 3 4 1 ,0 2 0 821 1,957 1,250 9 ,8 8 4 994 3 ,9 0 9 3 ,5 0 5 40 ,8 4 5 811 1,939 1,261 9,9 3 3 998 3 ,8 6 9 3,461 4 0 ,9 8 4 1,251 4 0 ,6 1 3 801 1,923 1,256 9,921 994 3 ,9 1 7 3,5 0 6 1,875 2 ,0 9 5 2 ,1 0 6 2 ,1 1 4 2 ,1 2 4 2 ,1 3 5 1,196 372 599 1,248 366 594 1,248 365 596 1,254 366 1,260 366 590 1,266 366 1,651 1,728 1,735 1,741 1,738 1,747 1,755 1,759 1,769 1,772 1,775 1,7 6 4 1,787 1,776 1,773 10 ,0 3 6 10,197 10,097 10,114 10,131 10,146 10,164 10 ,1 8 4 1 0 ,2 1 1 10,236 10,259 1 0,280 10,296 10 ,3 2 9 10,352 1,8 7 5 1,9 2 4 1,923 1,926 1,933 1,938 1,941 1,9 4 8 1,953 1,958 1,962 1,967 1,9 7 3 1,981 1,982 1,786 3 ,9 7 4 636 996 2 ,2 6 7 2 ,7 8 3 680 771 1,795 3 ,9 9 0 643 1,009 1,793 3 ,9 8 8 645 1,798 3 ,9 9 3 645 1,806 4,0 3 5 646 1,017 1,806 4 ,0 4 5 645 1,811 4 ,0 5 5 648 1,816 4,0 6 2 646 1 ,0 2 0 1 ,0 2 2 1 ,0 2 1 1,814 4,071 645 1,0 2 7 1,821 1 ,0 1 1 1,800 4,0 1 6 644 1,013 1,803 4 ,0 2 5 642 1 ,0 1 0 1,799 4 ,0 0 5 646 1,014 4 ,0 8 6 648 1,0 2 7 1,823 4 ,0 9 7 648 1,026 2 ,3 2 5 2 ,9 0 3 712 806 2 ,3 3 7 2 ,8 8 3 715 807 2,3 5 2 2 ,8 8 9 719 809 1,797 4,001 645 1,013 2 ,3 4 4 2,9 2 8 719 813 2 ,3 2 9 2 ,9 5 0 724 817 2 ,3 3 8 2 ,9 5 8 727 820 729 823 2 ,3 6 3 2 ,9 8 5 732 827 2 ,3 7 5 2,9 9 7 734 829 2 ,3 8 4 3 ,0 0 9 739 831 2 ,3 8 8 3 ,0 2 3 743 835 2,431 3 ,0 3 9 745 835 2 ,4 2 6 3 ,0 5 6 756 845 2 ,4 2 9 3 ,0 5 5 764 847 99 2 ,4 3 6 106 2 ,4 7 5 107 107 2 ,4 7 0 107 2,4 8 2 107 2 ,4 8 2 108 2 ,4 8 6 108 2 ,4 8 7 109 2 ,4 8 7 110 110 111 111 2,4 8 7 2 ,4 8 9 109 2 ,4 8 9 110 2 ,4 6 6 2 ,4 9 6 2,501 2 ,4 8 8 3 ,2 5 6 3,4 1 9 3 ,4 2 3 3,4 4 0 3,4 5 5 3,4 6 7 3 ,4 7 8 3 ,4 9 0 3,4 9 6 3 ,5 0 4 510 3 ,5 1 7 3 ,5 1 2 3 ,5 2 9 3,5 3 8 957 1,017 1 ,0 2 2 1,026 1,030 1,034 1,035 1,040 1,046 1,050 1,052 1,053 1,057 1,059 1,064 S a v in g s in stitutions................... N o n d ep o sito ry institutions........ S e c u rity a n d com m odity S e r v i c e s 1........................................... Agricultural s e rv ic e s ...................... H otels a n d o th e r lodging p la c e s P e rso n a l s e rv ic e s ........................... B u s in e ss s e rv ic e s ........................... S e rv ic e s to b u ildings................... P e rso n n e l su p p ly s e rv ic e s ........ H elp s u p p ly s e rv ic e s ................. C o m p u te r a n d d a ta p ro c e s s in g s e rv ic e s .................. Auto rep a ir s e rv ic e s a n d p a rk in g ................................... M isc e lla n e o u s re p a ir se rv ic e s .... M otion p ic tu re s ................................ A m u s e m e n t a n d rec re a tio n s e rv ic e s .......................................... H ealth s e rv ic e s ................................ O ffices a n d clinics of m edical d o c to rs ........................................... N ursing a n d p e rs o n a l c a re facilities.......................................... H o sp ita ls.......................................... H om e h e a lth c a re s e rv ic e s ...... Legal s e rv ic e s .................................. E d u catio n al s e rv ic e s ..................... S ocial s e rv ic e s ................................. C hild d a y c a re s e rv ic e s ............. R e sid en tial c a r e ............................ M u s e u m s a n d b o tan ical a n d zoological g a r d e n s ..................... M em b e rsh ip o rg a n iz a tio n s .......... E n g in eerin g a n d m a n a g e m e n t s e rv ic e s .......................................... E n g in e erin g a n d a rch itectu ral s e rv ic e s .............................. .......... M a n a g e m e n t a n d public re la tio n s....................................... G o v e r n m e n t....................................... F e d e ra l............................................... F e d e ra l, e x c e p t P o stal S e rv ic e .......................................... S ta te .................................................... E d u c a tio n ........................................ O th e r S ta te g o v e rn m e n t............ L ocal.................................................... E d u c a tio n ........................................ O th e r local g o v e rn m e n t............. 798 1,923 2 ,0 2 4 3 ,7 1 8 2 ,0 2 4 1,524 1 ,2 2 1 596 808 1,927 588 253 677 1,418 253 678 818 1,952 1,261 1,835 1,277 1,426 255 702 1,599 3 ,8 1 6 3 ,4 0 4 9,8 8 8 1,007 3 ,7 7 9 3,3 7 2 1,261 9,851 1,007 3,731 3,3 3 9 2,1 5 2 2 ,1 6 4 2 ,1 7 6 2 ,1 8 6 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,1 9 9 2 ,2 0 0 2 ,2 0 5 2 ,2 0 5 1,270 366 593 1,278 365 597 1,291 1,291 365 600 1,298 364 1,300 364 605 601 1,3 0 9 363 587 1,303 361 602 1,313 360 593 1 ,0 0 2 1,0 1 5 2 ,3 5 7 2 ,9 7 7 365 600 1 ,0 0 0 3 ,5 1 9 3 ,1 3 0 1,031 1,090 1,090 1,098 1 ,1 0 2 1,108 1,113 1,116 1,119 1,123 1,125 1,1 2 4 1 ,1 2 1 1,1 2 4 1 ,1 2 1 2 0 ,2 0 6 2 ,6 6 9 20,681 2 ,7 7 7 2 0 ,7 1 9 2 ,8 2 0 2 0 ,6 0 0 2 ,6 5 3 2 0 ,5 8 3 2 ,6 2 3 20,581 2 ,6 2 2 2 0 ,5 9 0 2 ,6 2 0 2 0 ,6 1 4 2 0 ,6 2 9 2,6 1 3 2 0 ,6 8 0 2 ,6 1 5 20,711 2 ,6 1 3 2 0 ,7 4 7 2 ,6 1 5 2 0 ,7 7 0 2 ,6 1 2 2 0 ,8 1 5 2,621 2 0 ,9 2 3 2 ,6 2 6 1,796 4 ,7 0 9 1,983 2 ,7 2 6 1 2,829 7 ,2 8 9 5 ,5 4 0 1,917 1,957 4 ,7 8 2 2 ,0 3 3 2 ,7 4 9 13,117 7,4 3 8 5,6 7 9 1,790 4 ,7 9 4 2,0 3 7 2 ,7 5 7 13,153 7,4 5 6 5,6 9 7 1,762 1,762 4 ,7 9 8 2 ,0 3 5 2 ,7 6 3 13,161 7 ,4 4 5 5,7 1 6 1,761 4 ,7 9 8 2 ,0 3 3 2 ,7 6 5 13,172 7,4 4 9 5,7 2 3 1,755 4 ,8 0 0 2 ,0 2 8 2 ,7 7 2 13,216 7,4 6 8 5,7 4 8 1,756 4 ,8 2 5 2 ,0 4 8 2 ,7 7 7 13 ,2 4 0 7,4 7 9 5,761 1,7 5 4 4 ,8 1 3 2,051 2,7 6 2 13 ,1 4 7 7 ,4 3 9 4 ,8 3 6 2 ,0 5 5 2,781 13,262 7,4 9 2 5 ,7 7 0 1,756 4 ,8 4 7 1,7 5 4 4 ,8 5 4 2 ,0 6 5 2,7 8 2 13 ,2 8 5 7 ,4 9 5 5 ,7 9 0 2 ,0 6 6 2 ,7 8 8 1 3 ,3 0 4 7 ,5 1 2 5,7 9 2 1,772 4,881 2 ,0 8 9 2 ,7 9 2 13 ,3 3 4 7 ,5 1 5 5,811 4 ,9 0 6 2 ,1 1 3 2 ,7 9 3 13,391 7,5 7 3 5,8 1 8 4 ,7 8 5 2,0 3 2 2 ,7 5 3 13,119 7,4 4 0 5,6 7 9 5,7 0 8 2 ,6 1 3 1,7 5 4 4 ,8 0 9 2 ,0 3 7 2 ,7 7 2 13,192 7 ,4 5 7 5 ,7 3 5 1,772 1 In clu d e s o th e r in d u strie s not sh o w n se p a ra te ly . p = prelim inary. N o t e : S e e "N otes o n th e d a ta " for a d escrip tio n of th e m o st r e c e n t b e n c h m a rk revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 57 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industrln Annual average 1999 2000 2000 July 2001 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Junep July** P R IV A T E S E C T O R ......................................... 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 3 4 .4 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 3 4 .2 3 4 .4 3 4 .3 3 4 .3 3 4 .2 3 4 .2 3 4 .2 3 4.1 G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G ........................................ 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 41 .1 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0.1 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 M IN IN G ...................................................................... 4 3 .2 4 3.1 4 3 .2 4 3.1 4 3 .0 43.1 4 3 .0 4 2 .5 43 .1 4 3 .2 4 3 .8 4 4 .0 4 3 .9 4 3 .3 4 3 .3 M A N U F A C T U R IN G ............................................ 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 O v e rtim e h o u r s ............................................ 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .3 4.1 4 .2 3 .9 4.1 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 D u r a b l e g o o d s .................................................. 4 2 .2 4 2.1 4 2 .4 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1.1 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 O v e rtim e h o u r s ........................................... 4 .8 4 .7 4 .8 4 .6 4 .5 4 .6 4 .4 4.1 4.1 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .................... 41 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 0 .2 3 9 .8 4 0.1 4 0 .3 4 0.1 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 41 .1 F u rn itu re a n d fix tu re s ................................. 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .4 3 8 .8 3 9 .2 39.1 39.1 3 9 .3 3 8 .6 3 8 .4 3 9 .7 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ............ 4 3 .4 4 3.1 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 2 .9 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 4 3 .0 4 2 .8 4 3 .7 4 3 .2 4 3 .9 4 4 .0 4 4 .0 P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ........................... 4 4 .5 4 4 .9 4 5 .2 4 4 .7 4 4 .7 4 4 .4 4 4 .4 4 3 .5 4 3 .8 4 3 .2 4 3 .4 4 4 .3 4 3 .5 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ....................................................... 4 5 .2 4 6 .0 4 6 .2 4 5 .9 4 5 .8 4 5.1 4 5 .2 4 4 .7 4 4 .7 4 4 .4 4 4 .4 4 5 .4 4 4 .6 4 5 .1 4 4 .4 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ....................... 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2.1 4 1 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 In d u stria l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t... 4 2.1 4 2 .2 4 2 .5 4 2.1 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 41 .1 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .8 E le c tro n ic a n d o t h e r e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t ..................................................... 4 1 .2 4 1.1 4 1 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 40 .1 3 9 .8 39.1 3 9 .3 3 9 .0 T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ........................ 4 3 .8 4 3 .4 4 3 .7 4 3 .2 4 2 .9 4 3 .0 4 2 .5 4 1 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 1 .9 4 2 .4 M otor v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t ............ 4 5 .0 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 4 4 .3 4 3 .8 4 3 .9 4 3 .2 4 1 .5 42 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 3 .3 4 3 .6 4 3 .0 4 3 .4 I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s ........ 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 1.1 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 1.1 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .4 38.1 3 8 .3 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 7 .9 4 0 .8 3 8 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0.1 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ................ 3 9 .8 3 9 .0 3 9 .3 4 0 .9 3 8 .7 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................... 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 3 8 .5 O v e rtim e h o u r s ........................................... 4 .4 4 .4 4 .5 4 .4 4 .3 4 .3 4 .2 4.1 4 .3 4 .0 4.1 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...................... 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 1.1 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1.1 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s ..................................... 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 3 9 .9 A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ....... 3 7 .5 3 7 .8 38 .1 3 7 .7 3 7 .6 3 7 .5 3 7 .6 3 7 .2 3 7 .6 3 7 .6 3 7 .5 3 8 .0 3 7 .8 3 7 .5 3 7 .8 4 1 .7 P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s ........................ 4 3 .4 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g .............................. 38.1 3 8 .3 3 8 .4 38.1 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 7 .0 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .6 3 8 .2 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .4 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............... 4 3 .0 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2.1 42 .1 4 2 .6 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .2 4 2 .7 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ........................................ 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .................. 3 7 .4 3 7 .5 3 7 .6 3 7 .4 3 7 .3 3 7 .4 3 7 .3 3 6 .8 3 6 .9 3 6 .4 3 6.1 3 6 .6 3 5 .9 3 6 .2 3 5 .5 S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ...................................... 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .9 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .6 3 8 .0 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S ........................................ 3 8 .7 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 38.1 38.1 3 8 .1 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ...................................... 3 8 .3 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 38.1 3 8 .3 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................................... 2 9 .0 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 2 8 .8 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 2 8 .7 2 9.1 2 8 .9 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .6 2 8 .6 p = p relim in a ry . NOTE: S e e " N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” for a d e s c r ip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev is io n . 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted Industry P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u rre n t d o lla rs ).. Annual average 2000 2001 1999 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Junep Julyp $ 1 3 .2 4 $ 1 3 .7 5 $ 1 3 .7 5 $ 1 3 .8 0 $ 1 3 .8 4 $ 1 3 .9 0 $ 1 3 .9 7 $ 1 4 .0 3 $ 1 4 .0 3 $ 1 4 .1 1 $ 1 4 .1 7 $ 1 4 .2 1 $ 1 4 .2 4 $ 1 4 .3 1 G o o d s -p ro d u c in g ........................................ 1 4 .8 3 1 5 .4 0 1 5 .3 8 1 5 .4 5 1 5 .4 7 1 5 .5 7 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 5 1 5 .6 7 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .7 9 1 5 .7 8 1 5 .8 6 15.91 - M ining................................................................. 1 7 .0 5 1 7 .2 4 1 7 .2 9 1 7 .2 5 1 7 .2 4 1 7 .3 0 1 7 .3 8 1 7 .4 3 1 7 .4 9 1 7 .5 2 1 7 .5 5 1 7 .5 3 1 7 .5 4 1 7 .7 6 1 7 .7 6 C o n s tru c tio n .................................................... 1 7 .1 9 1 7 .8 8 1 7 .8 6 1 7 .9 3 1 7 .9 7 1 8 .0 2 1 8 .1 6 1 8 .1 7 1 8 .2 8 1 8 .3 0 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .1 5 1 8 .2 2 1 8 .2 9 1 8 .2 5 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................ 1 3 .9 0 1 4 .3 8 1 4 .3 7 1 4 .4 3 1 4 .4 4 1 4 .5 4 1 4 .5 7 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .5 4 1 4 .6 3 1 4 .6 6 1 4 .7 2 1 4 .7 8 14.81 E x c lu d in g o v e rtim e .................................. 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .6 2 1 3 .6 2 1 3 .6 9 1 3 .7 3 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .8 4 1 3 .8 8 1 3 .8 3 1 3 .9 4 1 3 .9 6 1 4 .0 4 1 4 .0 9 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .1 8 S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g ....................................... 1 2 .7 3 1 3 .2 4 1 3 .2 4 1 3 .2 9 1 3 .3 4 1 3 .3 9 1 3 .4 6 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .5 4 1 3 .6 2 1 3 .6 8 1 3 .7 3 1 3 .7 6 1 3 .8 4 1 3 .8 6 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s........ 1 5 .6 9 1 6 .2 2 1 6 .1 8 1 6 .2 7 16.31 1 6 .3 9 1 6 .4 2 1 6 .5 0 16.51 1 6 .6 4 1 6 .6 8 1 6 .7 4 1 6 .7 6 1 6 .8 9 1 6 .8 7 W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................................ 1 4 .5 9 1 5 .2 0 1 5 .2 4 1 5 .2 5 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .3 7 1 5 .4 4 1 5 .5 5 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .6 0 1 5 .6 8 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .7 0 1 5 .8 4 1 5 .8 2 $ 1 4 .3 4 - R e ta il t r a d e ...................................................... 9 .0 9 9 .4 6 9 .4 7 9 .5 0 9 .5 4 9 .5 7 9.61 9 .6 5 9 .6 4 9 .6 9 9 .7 2 9 .7 4 9 .7 9 9 .8 3 9 .8 4 F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta t e .... 1 4 .6 2 1 5 .0 7 1 5 .0 7 1 5 .1 3 1 5 .1 9 1 5 .2 0 1 5 .2 8 1 5 .3 5 1 5 .4 4 1 5 .5 5 15.61 1 5 .6 4 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .8 4 15.91 S e r v ic e s ............................................................. 1 3 .3 7 13.91 1 3 .9 2 1 3 .9 7 14.01 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .1 6 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .2 5 1 4 .3 5 1 4 .4 0 1 4 .4 8 1 4 .4 9 1 4 .5 5 1 4 .4 5 7 .8 6 7 .8 9 7 .8 7 7 .9 0 7 .8 8 7 .9 0 7 .9 2 7 .9 4 7 .9 0 7 .9 2 7 .9 5 7 .9 4 7 .9 3 7 .9 5 8 .0 0 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c o n s ta n t (1982) d o lla rs ).............................................................. p = p relim in a ry . NOTF- S p p "Nnfps nn thp data" fnr p dpsrrintinn nf thp most rpr.pnt hpnr.hmprk revision https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 59 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................. Annual average 2000 2001 1999 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May $ 1 3 .2 4 $ 1 3 .7 5 $ 1 3 .6 9 $ 1 3 .6 8 $ 1 3 .8 9 $ 1 3 .9 7 $ 1 3 .9 9 $ 1 4 .0 4 $ 1 4 .1 0 $ 1 4 .1 6 $ 1 4 .1 9 $ 1 4 .2 7 $ 1 4 .2 2 $ 1 4 .2 2 $ 1 4 .2 7 1 7 .1 3 1 7 .1 6 1 7 .2 8 1 7 .3 2 1 7 .5 4 1 7 .6 7 17.61 1 7 .5 7 1 7 .6 0 1 7 .4 9 1 7 .6 2 1 7 .6 9 1 8 .2 2 1 8 .2 0 1 8 .2 3 1 8 .1 7 1 8 .1 6 1 8 .3 0 1 8 .0 7 1 8 .1 7 1 8 .2 2 18.31 Junep July15 M IN IN G ...................................................................... 1 7 .0 5 1 7 .2 4 17.21 C O N S T R U C T IO N ................................................. 1 7 .1 9 1 7 .8 8 1 7 .9 2 1 8 .0 5 1 8 .1 7 M A N U F A C T U R IN G ............................................. 1 3 .9 0 1 4 .3 8 1 4 .3 5 1 4 .3 6 14.51 1 4 .5 3 1 4 .6 0 1 4 .6 7 1 4 .5 9 14.61 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .7 4 1 4 .7 5 1 4 .7 9 1 4 .8 5 D u r a b le g o o d s .................................................. 1 4 .3 6 1 4 .8 2 1 4 .7 4 14.81 1 4 .9 6 1 4 .9 9 1 5 .0 5 15.11 1 4 .9 8 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .0 9 1 5 .1 4 1 5 .1 9 1 5 .2 4 1 5 .2 7 1 2 .3 2 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .................... 11.51 1 1 .9 3 1 1 .9 9 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 7 1 2 .0 9 1 2 .0 7 1 2 .1 2 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .0 8 1 2 .0 8 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .1 6 1 2 .1 9 F u rn itu re a n d fix tu re s ................................. 1 1 .2 9 1 1 .7 3 1 1 .7 6 1 1 .8 3 1 1 .8 8 1 1 .8 6 1 1 .9 0 1 1 .9 3 1 1 .9 2 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .0 4 1 2 .0 7 1 2 .0 9 1 2 .1 5 1 2 .2 7 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ............ 1 3 .9 7 1 4 .5 3 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .7 7 1 4 .7 5 1 4 .7 6 1 4 .7 2 1 4 .6 5 1 4 .6 8 1 4 .7 9 1 4 .9 6 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .1 4 1 5 .1 4 P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ........................... 1 5 .8 0 1 6 .4 2 1 6 .6 7 1 6 .4 9 1 6 .5 4 1 6 .4 8 1 6 .5 8 1 6 .6 5 1 6 .6 6 1 6 .5 8 1 6 .6 3 1 6 .9 0 1 6 .8 2 1 6 .9 6 1 7 .1 3 B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ....................................................... 1 8 .8 4 1 9 .8 2 2 0 .3 5 1 9 .9 7 1 9 .8 3 1 9 .8 4 19.71 1 9 .8 8 2 0 .1 6 2 0 .0 5 2 0 .0 0 2 0 .3 7 2 0 .2 6 2 0 .4 2 2 0 .6 0 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ....................... 1 3 .5 0 1 3 .8 7 1 3 .8 3 1 3 .8 5 1 3 .9 9 14.01 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .0 9 1 3 .9 9 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .0 8 14.11 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .2 6 1 4 .2 4 In d u stria l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t... 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .5 5 1 5 .5 7 15.61 1 5 .6 9 1 5 .6 6 1 5 .6 7 15.81 1 5 .7 3 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .7 7 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .7 9 15.81 15.91 e q u ip m e n t .................................................... 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .8 0 1 3 .7 7 1 3 .7 6 13.91 1 4 .0 0 1 4 .0 4 1 4 .1 7 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .1 6 1 4 .2 6 1 4 .3 9 1 4 .3 8 1 4 .4 9 14.61 T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ........................ 1 7 .7 9 1 8 .4 5 1 8 .0 2 1 8 .3 7 1 8 .7 7 1 8 .8 8 1 9 .0 5 1 9 .0 0 1 8 .5 7 1 8 .6 8 1 8 .7 6 1 8 .7 7 1 8 .8 3 1 8 .9 0 1 8 .8 3 M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t ............ 1 8 .1 0 1 8 .7 9 1 8 .2 2 1 8 .6 8 1 9 .1 2 1 9 .2 6 1 9 .4 3 19.31 1 8 .7 7 18.91 1 9 .0 2 1 9 .1 3 1 9 .1 8 1 9 .2 5 1 9 .0 9 I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s ........ 1 4 .0 8 1 4 .4 3 1 4 .4 6 1 4 .4 4 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .6 2 1 4 .6 4 1 4 .8 0 1 4 .6 4 1 4 .6 0 1 4 .7 3 1 4 .8 0 1 4 .7 5 14.81 1 4 .9 9 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ................ 1 1 .2 6 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .5 6 1 1 .6 6 1 1 .7 5 1 1 .8 2 1 1 .9 4 1 1 .9 8 1 1 .9 8 1 2 .0 5 1 2 .0 4 1 2 .1 0 1 2 .0 5 1 2 .1 2 E le c tro n ic a n d o t h e r e le c tric a l N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................... 13.21 1 3 .6 9 1 3 .7 5 1 3 .6 8 1 3 .8 0 13.81 1 3 .8 9 1 3 .9 7 1 2 .9 7 1 3 .9 7 1 3 .9 7 1 4 .1 2 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .1 2 1 4 .2 2 F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...................... 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .5 0 1 2 .5 4 1 2 .4 9 1 2 .5 9 1 2 .5 9 1 2 .6 9 12.71 1 2 .7 0 1 2 .6 5 1 2 .6 8 1 2 .7 9 1 2 .8 3 1 2 .8 7 1 2 .9 5 T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ........................................ 1 9 .8 7 2 1 .5 7 2 2 .9 0 2 2 .6 0 2 2 .1 3 2 2 .4 7 2 1 .8 5 2 1 .7 6 2 1 .3 4 2 1 .4 9 2 2 .6 3 2 2 .5 9 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .6 3 T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s .................................... 10.8 1 1 1 .1 6 1 1 .1 8 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .3 0 1 1 .2 3 1 1 .2 7 1 1 .2 7 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .2 7 11.31 1 1 .3 0 1 1 .2 9 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .3 8 A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ....... 8 .9 2 9 .3 0 9 .2 9 9 .2 9 9 .3 6 9 .3 7 9 .3 3 9 .3 7 9 .3 9 9 .3 6 9 .4 6 9 .4 4 9 .3 9 9 .4 4 9 .4 2 P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s ........................ 1 5 .8 8 1 6 .2 5 1 6 .3 6 1 6 .2 7 1 6 .3 7 1 6 .4 3 1 6 .5 0 16.61 1 6 .5 3 1 6 .5 4 1 6 .5 6 1 6 .7 4 1 6 .7 2 1 6 .9 0 1 6 .9 5 1 4 .8 2 P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ............................... 1 3 .9 6 1 4 .4 0 14.41 1 4 .3 9 1 4 .5 6 1 4 .5 0 1 4 .5 6 1 4 .6 6 1 4 .5 9 1 4 .6 4 1 4 .6 9 1 4 .7 5 1 4 .7 5 1 4 .7 6 C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s ............... 1 7 .4 2 1 8 .1 5 1 8 .3 3 18.21 1 8 .3 2 1 8 .2 7 1 8 .3 5 1 8 .4 7 1 8 .3 4 18.41 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .6 4 1 8 .5 2 1 8 .5 5 1 8 .7 0 P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .................. 2 1 .4 3 2 2 .0 0 2 1 .9 3 2 1 .7 8 2 2 .0 6 2 2 .1 4 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .1 0 2 2 .2 1 2 1 .8 3 2 2 .0 9 2 1 .8 3 2 1 .7 9 2 1 .9 5 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ........................................ 1 2 .4 0 1 2 .8 5 1 2 .8 8 1 2 .8 7 1 2 .9 6 1 2 .9 8 1 3 .1 0 1 3 .2 0 1 3 .2 4 13.31 1 3 .1 9 1 3 .3 3 1 3 .3 0 1 3 .3 0 1 3 .4 0 L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .................. 9.7 1 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .2 4 10.31 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .3 7 10.51 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .4 6 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .2 6 1 0 .3 5 1 0 .2 3 P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S ......................................... 1 5 .6 9 1 6 .2 2 1 6 .1 9 1 6 .2 2 16.31 1 6 .3 8 1 6 .4 3 1 6 .5 3 1 6 .5 6 1 6 .6 8 1 6 .6 5 1 6 .7 8 1 6 .7 0 16.81 1 6 .8 8 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ....................................... 1 4 .5 9 1 5 .2 0 1 5 .2 7 1 5 .1 9 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .4 5 1 5 .4 5 1 5 .5 8 1 5 .5 6 1 5 .6 2 1 5 .5 8 1 5 .8 6 1 5 .6 6 1 5 .7 5 1 5 .8 6 R E T A IL T R A D E .................................................... 9 .0 9 9 .4 6 9 .4 0 9.41 9 .5 8 9 .5 9 9.61 9 .6 5 9 .6 9 9 .7 2 9 .7 4 9 .7 8 9 .7 8 9 .7 7 9 .7 7 A N D R E A L E S T A T E ...................................... 1 4 .6 2 1 5 .0 7 15.01 1 4 .9 9 15.11 1 5 .2 4 1 5 .2 5 1 5 .3 2 1 5 .4 5 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 7 15.81 1 5 .7 4 1 5 .7 3 1 5 .8 5 S E R V IC E S ............................................................... 1 3 .3 7 13.91 1 3 .7 8 1 3 .7 4 1 4 .0 0 14.11 1 4 .2 0 1 4 .3 3 1 4 .3 9 1 4 .4 7 1 4 .4 8 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .4 6 1 4 .4 0 1 4 .4 5 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , p = p relim in a ry . NOTE: S e e " N o te s o n t h e d a ta " fo r a d e s c r ip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev is io n . 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry In d u s tr y A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 2000 2 00 1 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay Junep J u ly p $ 4 7 7 .7 8 4 7 3 .0 0 2 7 3 .3 3 $4 7 4 .7 0 47 3 .3 4 2 7 1 .7 2 $479.21 4 7 6 .1 0 272 43 $ 4 8 4 .7 6 47 8 .1 6 2 7 5 28 $4 7 9 .8 6 47 9 .1 7 2 7 ? 03 $4 8 0 .1 7 479 .8 3 2 7 ? 51 $ 4 7 7 .9 9 4 8 2 .6 3 $4 8 1 .4 4 4 8 3 .9 7 $ 4 8 2 .4 6 4 8 6 .0 3 $486.61 48 5 .9 8 $4 8 4 .9 0 487.01 $ 4 8 9 .1 7 4 8 9 .4 0 $ 4 9 3 .7 4 4 9 3 .7 4 PRIVATE SECTOR C u rren t d o lla rs.................................. $ 4 5 6 .7 8 S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d ................... $ 4 7 4 .3 8 - 2 7 1 .2 5 2 7 2 .1 6 M INING................................................ 7 3 6 .5 6 74 3 .0 4 74 8 .6 4 7 4 6 .8 7 751.61 756.86 74 3 .0 3 747.20 750.98 75 1 .9 5 757.27 76 5 .6 0 7 6 9 .5 6 76 9 .9 9 77 3 .0 5 CO NSTRUCTION....................... ...... 6 7 2 .1 3 70 2 .6 8 71 6 .8 0 725.61 72 8 .6 2 732.44 704.34 694 .5 6 69 2 .2 8 682.82 702.52 69 5 .7 0 72 8 .6 2 72 6 .9 8 73 9 .7 2 57 9 .6 3 3 4 4 .2 0 598.21 343.21 592 6 6 3 3 9 .0 5 59 4 .5 0 6 0 6 52 344.81 604 4 5 6 0 7 36 6 0 7 34 34 0 .3 0 34 3 .2 4 344.31 344 .6 9 33 6 .7 6 332.61 335.61 32 8 .3 8 3 33.52 33 4 .8 7 334.41 6 0 5 .9 9 62 3 .9 2 61 4 .6 6 6 2 0 .5 4 632.81 63 1 .0 8 633.61 630.09 61 5 .6 8 61 3 .2 2 6 20.20 607.11 624.31 62 6 .3 6 6 1 9 .9 6 4 7 3 .0 6 4 5 4 .9 9 48 9 .1 3 46 9 .2 0 4 8 9 .1 9 4 6 6 .8 7 49 4 .0 2 4 7 3 .2 0 4 9 6 .0 8 4 8 1 .1 4 499 .3 2 474 .4 0 494 .8 7 474.81 486.01 476.01 47 7 .9 2 46 4 .8 8 47 3 .5 4 4 6 1 .9 5 4 83.20 4 6 7 .1 5 4 8 3 .9 9 45 7 .4 5 4 9 7 .3 4 46 2 .2 2 4 9 7 .3 5 4 6 7 .7 8 5 0 2 .6 6 482.21 60 6 .3 0 70 3 .1 0 62 6 .2 4 63 4 .2 3 74 1 .8 2 6 4 1 .6 7 6 3 7 63 6 2 4 13 R13 A4 733.81 646 93 74 2 .6 5 647 53 73 7 .2 6 731.71 746.10 73 5 .9 3 73 1 .3 7 71 6 .2 6 71 8 .4 2 73 0 .0 8 73 1 .6 7 7 4 2 .8 5 7 4 0 .0 2 8 5 1 .5 7 57 2 .4 0 91 1 .7 2 5 9 0 .8 6 94 4 .2 4 58 3 .6 3 91 6 .6 2 5 8 5 .8 6 908.21 59 8 .7 7 890.82 596 .8 3 902.72 59 7 .6 8 89 0 .6 2 596.01 90 1 .1 5 58 1 .9 8 88 2 .2 0 58 0 .8 4 884.00 58 5 .7 3 920.72 567.22 89 9 .5 4 589.12 92 0 .9 4 58 8 .9 4 9 1 8 .7 6 5 7 9 .5 7 6 3 2 .7 6 656.21 6 5 3 .9 4 65 2 .5 0 65 8 .9 8 656 .1 5 65 8 .1 4 66 2 .4 4 65 5 .9 4 64 8 .4 9 65 1 .3 0 62 8 .0 3 6 4 4 .2 3 640.31 64 1 .1 7 55 3 .3 2 77 9 .2 0 56 7 .1 8 80 0 .7 3 56 1 .8 2 7 5 8 .6 4 55 8 .6 6 789.91 5 7 3 09 5 7 5 00 5 7 5 64 5R5 2 ? 8 2 2 .1 3 81 9 .3 9 821.06 8 07.50 772.51 775.22 789.80 76 5 .8 2 80 4 .0 4 7 9 9 .4 7 77 0 .1 5 79 1 .9 8 84 0 .0 8 8 3 7 .3 8 79 0 .3 3 60 5 .6 0 MANUFACTURING C o n s ta n t (1982) d o lla rs............... Durable goods Durable goods L um ber a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ...... F urniture a n d fix tu res................... S to n e , clay, a n d g la s s B last f u rn a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p ro d u c ts ............................ F a b ric a te d m etal p ro d u cts ......... Industrial m ach in ery a n d E lectronic a n d o th er electrical T ra n sp o rtatio n e q u ip m e n t.......... M otor v eh ic le s a n d 8 1 4 .5 0 8 3 4 .2 8 7 7 2 .5 3 8 2 3 .7 9 860 .4 0 85 7 .0 7 85 2 .9 8 82 6 .4 7 7 78.96 786.66 80 8 .3 5 In stru m e n ts a n d rela te d p ro d u c ts ........................................ 58 1 .5 0 597 .7 8 60 2 .3 4 455.91 4 5 7 .0 8 6 21.72 46 0 .8 8 60 3 .1 7 4 5 4 .0 4 60 5 .9 0 45 4 .0 4 60 5 .4 0 461 .5 2 59 4 .9 6 450 .3 0 60 2 .4 8 4 4 8 .5 3 60 7 .5 6 4 5 7 .4 3 60 2 .7 7 4 8 8 .1 5 59 5 .7 5 4 4 6 .6 0 587.71 M isc e lla n e o u s m anufacturing... 5 9 5 .9 6 4 5 3 .5 7 4 5 8 .5 9 4 6 2 .7 2 4 5 9 .3 5 Nondurable goods........................ 5 4 0 .2 9 55 8 .5 5 5 5 9 .6 3 556 .7 8 5 6 7 .1 8 564.83 56 9 .4 9 56 9 .9 8 56 5 .7 9 560.20 56 1 .5 9 5 5 9 .1 5 564.21 569 .0 4 57 0 .2 2 F o o d a n d kindred p ro d u c ts ........ T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts......................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts..................... A pparel a n d o th e r textile p ro d u c ts .............................. ......... P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts.......... 5 0 6 .2 0 763.01 4 4 2 .1 3 5 2 1 .2 5 877 .9 0 4 5 9 .7 9 5 2 4 .1 7 9 6 4 .0 9 4 5 8 .3 8 525 .8 3 942.42 4 5 8 .4 9 5 3 5 .0 8 92 7 .2 5 4 6 5 .5 6 528.78 87 8 .1 2 45 7 .0 6 53 4 .2 5 89 5 .8 5 46 0 .9 4 52 8 .7 4 89 2 .1 6 4 6 2 .0 7 520.70 83 2 .2 6 45 9 .5 9 509.80 83 1 .6 6 449 .6 7 513.54 893 .8 9 4 5 8 .0 6 510 .3 2 885 .5 3 444 .0 9 522 .1 8 906 .5 9 4 5 4 .9 9 5 2 8 .9 6 9 5 6 .2 5 4 5 9 .5 9 52 9 .6 6 95 2 .2 9 4 4 7 .2 3 334 .5 0 6 8 9 .1 9 351 .5 4 690 .6 3 349 .3 0 6 9 3 .6 6 3 5 1 .1 6 35 2 .8 7 69 9 .0 0 352.31 6 99.92 35 2 .6 7 349.31 69 7 .5 7 683 .1 0 355 .7 0 687 .2 4 346 .4 5 70 6 .2 0 35 3 .2 5 705.93 352.87 6 8 8 .2 2 6 8 8 .0 1 355 .8 8 690 .5 4 356 .8 3 701 .3 5 3 5 1 .3 7 7 0 3 .4 3 Printing a n d publishing................ C h e m ic a ls a n d allied pro ducts.. P etro leu m a n d coal pro d u cts.... R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n eo u s plastic s p ro d u c ts ......................... L e a th e r a n d le a th e r pro d u cts.... 531 .8 8 7 4 9 .0 6 9 0 8 .6 3 551 .5 2 5 5 0 .4 6 7 7 5 .3 6 9 2 5 .4 5 54 9 .7 0 76 6 .6 4 88 6 .4 5 56 2 .0 2 7 7 6 .7 7 9 3 0 .9 3 55 8 .2 5 7 72.82 9 52.02 56 4 .9 3 77 8 .0 4 95 5 .8 9 564.41 771 .3 8 932 .8 0 78 8 .6 7 95 2 .6 4 55 5 .8 8 78 1 .2 8 987.87 557 .7 8 778 .7 4 957 .2 5 773 .5 3 936.51 554.60 790.34 9 6 5 .3 3 556 .0 8 783.40 910.31 557 .9 3 780 .9 6 932.61 566 .1 2 791.01 948 .2 4 5 1 7 .0 8 3 6 3 .1 5 5 3 1 .9 9 3 8 1 .7 5 52 5 .5 0 37 5 .8 2 52 8 .9 6 38 9 .1 2 5 4 0 .4 3 3 9 0 .7 5 53 7 .3 7 38 9 .4 4 539.72 390.10 543.84 38 2 .6 5 544.16 384 .6 7 543 .0 5 373 .6 4 53 8 .1 5 375.51 52 9 .2 0 36 9 .1 7 53 9 .9 8 37 0 .3 9 543 .9 7 3 7 9 .8 5 537 .3 4 358 .0 5 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES........................ 60 7 .2 0 6 2 6 .0 9 6 3 4 .6 5 627.71 63 1 .2 0 638.82 63 2 .5 6 63 8 .0 6 632 .5 9 6 3 7 .1 8 36 2 .7 0 641.00 63 2 .9 3 6 4 2 .1 4 653 .2 6 W HOLESALE TRADE...................... 55 8 .8 0 58 5 .2 0 59 2 .4 8 5 8 1 .7 8 58 8 .6 7 597.92 59 3 .2 8 596.71 589.72 590.44 59 2 .0 4 60 7 .4 4 59 8 .5 9 6 0 1 .6 5 612.20 RETAIL TRADE.................................. 263.61 2 7 3 .3 9 2 8 0 .1 2 27 7 .6 0 27 5 .9 0 2 7 7 .1 5 2 7 4 .8 5 278 .8 9 2 7 3 .2 6 27 6 .0 5 27 6 .6 2 2 8 1 .6 6 2 8 0 .6 9 2 8 4 .6 0 28 8 .2 2 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE...................... 5 2 9 .2 4 54 7 .0 4 5 5 0 .8 7 53 9 .6 4 5 4 5 .4 7 557.78 549.00 553 .0 5 55 6 .2 0 56 7 .3 7 564.12 5 8 0 .2 3 5 6 5 .7 8 56 9 .4 3 58 1 .7 0 SERVICES........................................... 4 3 5 .8 6 4 5 4 .8 6 4 5 6 .1 2 4 5 2 .0 5 4 5 5 .0 0 464.22 462 .9 2 4 6 7 .1 6 46 4 .8 0 47 1 .7 2 4 7 2 .0 5 4 7 6 .7 7 4 6 9 .9 5 47 2 .3 2 4 7 6 .8 5 565 .5 7 p » prelim inary. No t e : S e e "N otes on th e d a ta ” for a description of th e m o st re c e n t b e n c h m a rk revision. D ash in d ic a te s d a ta not available https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 61 Current Labor Statistics: 17. Labor Force Data Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries O v e r 1-m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................ 6 3 .2 5 6 .2 5 9 .3 6 0 .2 5 8 .9 5 7.1 5 5 .4 5 8 .4 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 5 5.1 5 9 .6 5 2 .8 5 7 .2 5 8 .2 5 4 .2 57.1 5 4 .4 5 5 .2 5 7 .9 5 9 .9 5 6 .8 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 5 5 .7 5 9 .3 6 1 .0 5 4 .2 4 7 .7 6 0 .5 5 7 .8 55.1 5 2 .0 5 4 .8 55.1 5 4 .2 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 5 3 .7 5 0 .4 5 5 .8 4 5 .0 4 6 .6 4 4 .9 4 7 .0 - - - - - 5 4 .8 5 5 .0 5 8 .2 5 6 .4 O v e r 3 - m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 6 5 .3 6 6 .1 6 4 .6 6 5 .7 6 2 .2 5 7 .9 5 7 .5 5 8 .4 59.1 5 9 .2 5 9 .3 5 9 .2 1 9 9 9 ............................................................ 6 0 .8 5 7 .8 5 8 .5 5 5 .8 58.1 5 7 .9 5 7 .2 5 9 .2 5 9 .8 59.1 6 1 .0 6 0 .6 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6 1 .6 6 3 .3 6 1 .9 5 6 .2 55.1 5 7 .9 6 1 .5 5 6 .4 5 4.1 5 3 .3 5 5 .7 5 3 .3 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 5 1 .7 54.1 4 8 .6 4 9 .2 4 3.1 4 4 .6 - - - - - - O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 7 0 .4 6 7 .4 6 5 .0 6 2 .5 6 3 .6 6 0 .5 5 9 .2 5 8 .6 5 7 .9 5 9 .6 6 0 .6 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 5 9 .8 5 9 .8 5 8 .2 6 0 .3 5 6 .7 5 9 .2 6 1 .8 6 0 .8 6 2 .2 6 1 .2 6 2 .3 6 4 .9 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6 3 .5 6 0 .6 6 2 .6 6 3 .7 6 1 .5 5 5 .5 56.1 5 8 .6 5 4 .2 5 4 .8 5 1 .8 5 4 .2 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 5 2 .0 5 0 .6 4 8 .0 4 6 .6 - - - - - - - - 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 6 9 .7 6 7 .6 6 7 .4 6 6 .0 6 4 .0 6 2 .7 6 1 .9 6 2 .0 6 0 .9 5 9 .3 6 0 .8 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 6 1 .2 6 0 .2 5 8 .2 6 0 .8 6 0 .8 6 1 .6 6 2 .2 6 1 .3 6 3 .9 6 3 .0 6 1 .3 6 0 .9 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 6 2 .5 6 3 .0 6 1 .8 5 9 .5 5 8 .4 5 6 .8 5 5 .7 5 6 .5 5 4 .2 5 3 .4 5 3 .0 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 5 0 .0 - - - - - - - - - - 5 1 .8 - 4 3 .4 5 9 .9 O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n : 5 8 .8 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries O v e r 1-m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 5 7 .4 5 1 .5 5 3 .7 5 3 .3 4 3 .8 4 8 .2 3 8 .2 5 1 .5 4 1 .9 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 4 6 .9 4 4 .5 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 5 0 .4 3 9 .3 5 1 .5 3 9 .3 4 5 .2 4 6 .3 5 3 .3 4 6 .7 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 4 4 .9 5 6 .6 5 5 .5 4 6 .7 4 1 .2 5 4 .8 5 3 .7 3 8 .6 3 4 .6 4 1 .5 4 3 .8 44 .1 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. I 3 7 .9 3 2 .4 4 1 .5 3 1 .3 2 9 .4 33.1 3 9 .7 - - - - - O v e r 3 - m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 5 9 .6 5 9 .6 5 5 .9 5 0 .4 4 6 .7 3 7 .9 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .9 3 8 .2 3 6 .8 4 0 .8 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 4 1 .2 3 9 .0 3 8 .2 4 1 .8 4 0 .8 4 5 .2 3 9 .0 4 5 .2 4 0 .8 4 4 .9 4 6 .3 4 6 .0 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 5 0 .0 5 4 .0 5 2 .9 4 2 .3 4 3 .0 4 8 .5 4 8 .2 3 3 .6 2 8 .7 3 0 .5 3 9 .0 3 5 .7 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 2 8 .3 2 9 .4 2 4 .6 2 6 .5 2 2 .1 2 6.1 - - - - - - O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n : 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 6 3 .2 5 4 .4 5 0 .4 4 0 .4 4 4 .5 4 0.1 3 7 .5 3 6 .4 3 4 .9 40 .1 37.1 3 4 .2 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 3 6 .0 3 8 .2 3 7 .5 4 1 .2 3 6 .8 3 9 .7 4 3 .0 4 1 .5 4 6 .0 4 0 .4 4 6 .3 5 1 .5 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 5 1 .5 4 4 .5 4 8 .5 55.1 4 3 .8 3 4 .9 3 3 .5 3 4 .6 30.1 2 9 .4 2 5 .0 2 7 .9 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 2 6 .8 2 5 .4 1 9 .9 2 1 .0 - - - - - - - - 1 9 9 8 ............................................................. 5 4 .8 5 2 .2 5 1 .8 4 6 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 3 8 .2 3 7 .5 3 6 .4 3 4 .6 3 5 .7 3 4 .2 1 9 9 9 ............................................................. 3 8 .6 3 4 .6 3 2 .4 3 6 .0 3 7 .9 3 9 .0 4 0.1 4 0 .4 4 4 .5 4 6 .0 4 4 .9 4 4 .5 2 0 0 0 ............................................................. 4 6 .3 4 5 .2 4 1 .2 3 7 .9 3 3 .8 3 1 .3 3 1 .3 3 1 .3 2 7 .6 2 5 .4 2 4 .3 2 1 .3 2 0 0 1 ............................................................. 2 0 .6 - - - - - - - - - - - O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n : D a s h i n d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . d e c r e a s in g e m p lo y m e n t. N O T E : F ig u re s a r e t h e p e r c e n t of in d u s tr ie s w ith e m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s in g p lu s o n e -h a lf of t h e in d u s tr ie s w ith u nchanged e m p lo y m e n t, w h e r e 5 0 p e r c e n t in d ic a te s a n e q u a l b a la n c e s h o w n in e a c h s p a n a r e p relim in a ry . S e e t h e "D efinitions" in th is s e c tio n . S e e " N o te s o n t h e d a ta " fo r a d e s c rip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k re v is io n , b e tw e e n in d u s tr ie s w ith i n c r e a s in g a n d 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D a ta for t h e 2 m o s t r e c e n t m o n th s September 2001 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands]_________________ ___________________ Employment status 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n ............. 1 9 2 ,8 0 5 1 9 4 ,8 3 8 1 9 6 ,8 1 4 1 9 8 ,5 8 4 2 0 0 ,5 9 1 2 0 3 ,1 3 3 2 0 5 ,2 2 0 2 0 7 ,7 5 3 2 0 9 ,6 9 9 C ivilian la b o r f o r c e .......................................... 1 2 8 ,1 0 5 1 2 9 ,2 0 0 1 3 1 ,0 5 6 1 3 2 ,3 0 4 1 3 3 ,9 4 3 1 3 6 ,2 9 7 1 3 7 ,6 7 3 1 3 9 ,3 6 8 1 4 0 ,8 6 3 L a b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ................. 6 6 .4 6 6 .3 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 67 .1 67 .1 67.1 6 7 .2 E m p lo y e d ...................................................... 1 1 8 ,4 9 2 1 2 0 ,2 5 9 1 2 3 ,0 6 0 1 2 4 ,9 0 0 1 2 6 ,7 0 8 1 2 9 ,5 5 8 1 3 1 ,4 6 3 1 3 3 ,4 8 8 1 3 5 ,2 0 8 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a tio ............ 6 1 .5 6 1 .7 6 2 .5 6 2 .9 6 3 .2 6 3 .8 64.1 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 A g ric u ltu re ........................ ..................... 3 ,2 4 7 3 ,1 1 5 3 ,4 0 9 3 ,4 4 0 3 ,4 4 3 3 ,3 9 9 3 ,3 7 8 3 ,2 8 1 3 ,3 0 5 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s t r ie s ............... 1 1 5 ,2 4 5 1 1 7 ,1 4 4 1 1 9 ,6 5 1 1 2 1 ,4 6 0 1 2 3 ,2 6 4 1 2 6 ,1 5 9 1 2 8 ,0 8 5 1 3 0 ,2 0 7 1 3 1 ,9 0 3 U n e m p lo y e d ............................................... 5 ,6 5 5 9 ,6 1 3 8 ,9 4 0 7 ,9 9 6 7 ,4 0 4 7 ,2 3 6 6 ,7 3 9 6 ,2 1 0 5 ,8 8 0 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ................................ 7 .5 6 .9 6 .1 5 .6 5 .4 4 .9 4 .5 4 .2 4 .0 N o t in t h e la b o r f o r c e ...................................... 6 4 ,7 0 0 6 5 ,6 3 8 6 5 ,7 5 8 6 6 ,2 8 0 6 6 ,6 4 7 6 6 ,8 3 7 6 7 ,5 4 7 6 8 ,3 8 5 6 8 ,8 3 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry T o ta l e m p lo y m e n t.................................................... 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 0 8 ,6 0 1 1 1 0 ,7 1 3 1 1 4 ,1 6 3 1 1 7 ,1 9 1 1 1 9 ,6 0 8 1 2 2 ,6 9 0 1 2 5 ,8 6 5 1 2 8 ,9 1 6 1 3 1 ,7 5 9 P riv a te s e c t o r .......................................................... 8 9 ,9 5 6 9 1 ,8 7 2 9 5 ,0 3 6 9 7 ,8 8 5 1 0 0 ,1 8 9 1 0 3 ,1 3 3 1 0 6 ,0 4 2 1 0 8 ,7 0 9 1 1 1 ,0 7 9 G o o d s - p r o d u c in g .............................................. 2 3 ,2 3 1 2 3 ,3 5 2 23 908 24 265 24 493 24 962 25 414 25 507 2 5 70Q M ining................................................................. 635 610 601 581 580 596 590 539 543 C o n s tru c tio n .................................................... 4 ,4 9 2 4 ,6 6 8 4 ,9 8 6 5 ,1 6 0 5 ,4 1 8 5 ,6 9 1 6 ,0 2 0 6 ,4 1 5 6 ,6 9 8 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................. 1 8 ,1 0 4 1 8 ,0 7 5 18 ,3 2 1 1 8 ,5 2 4 1 8 ,4 9 5 1 8 ,6 7 5 1 8 ,8 0 5 1 8 ,5 5 2 1 8 ,4 6 9 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g ............................................ 8 5 ,3 7 0 8 7 ,3 6 1 9 0 ,2 5 6 9 2 ,9 2 5 9 5 ,1 1 5 9 7 ,7 2 7 1 0 0 ,4 5 1 1 0 3 ,4 0 9 1 0 6 ,0 5 0 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities.......... 5 ,7 1 8 5,8 1 1 5 ,9 8 4 6 ,1 3 2 6 ,2 5 3 6 ,4 0 8 6 ,6 1 1 6 ,8 3 4 7 ,0 1 9 W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................................ 5 ,9 9 7 5,9 8 1 6 ,1 6 2 6 ,3 7 8 6 ,4 8 2 6 ,6 4 8 6 ,8 0 0 6 ,9 1 1 7 ,0 2 4 R e ta il t r a d e ...................................................... 1 9 ,3 5 6 1 9 ,7 7 3 2 0 ,5 0 7 2 1 ,1 8 7 2 1 ,5 9 7 2 1 ,9 6 6 2 2 ,2 9 5 2 2 ,8 4 8 2 3 ,3 0 7 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta t e .... F e d e r a l .......................................................... L o c a l............................................................... NOTE: 6 ,6 0 2 6 ,7 5 7 6 ,8 9 6 6 ,8 0 6 31 5 7 9 3 3 117 7 ,1 0 9 36 040 7 ,3 8 9 37 533 7 ,5 6 0 30 197 6 ,9 1 1 34 464 7 ,5 5 5 2 9 ,0 5 2 3 9 055 40 460 18 6 4 5 1 8 841 19 128 19 306 19 419 19 667 1Q 8 2 3 2 0 ? 0 fi 2 ,9 6 9 2 ,9 1 5 2 ,8 7 0 2 ,8 2 2 2 ,6 6 9 2 ,7 7 7 4 488 4 876 4 636 2 ,6 9 9 4 682 2 ,6 8 6 4 408 2 ,7 5 7 4 606 4 61? 1 1 ,2 6 7 1 1 ,4 3 8 1 1 ,6 8 2 1 1 ,8 4 9 1 2 ,0 5 6 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 2 ,5 2 5 1 2 ,8 2 9 1 3 ,1 1 9 S e e " N o te s o n t h e d a ta " for a d e s c rip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev is io n . Monthly Labor Review September 2001 63 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Private sector: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ........................................................... 3 4 .4 3 4 .5 3 4 .7 3 4 .5 3 4 .4 3 4 .6 3 4 .6 3 4 .5 3 4 .5 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................... 1 0 .5 7 1 0 .8 3 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .8 2 1 2 .2 8 1 2 .7 8 1 3 .2 4 1 3 .7 5 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) .............................. 3 6 3 .6 1 3 7 3 .6 4 3 8 5 .8 6 3 9 4 .3 4 4 0 6 .6 1 4 2 4 .8 9 4 4 2 .1 9 4 5 6 .7 8 4 7 4 .3 8 M ining: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... 4 3 .9 4 4 .3 4 4 .8 4 4 .7 4 5 .3 4 5 .4 4 3 .9 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 1 4 .5 4 1 4 .6 0 1 4 .8 8 1 5 .3 0 1 5 .6 2 1 6 .1 5 16.91 1 7 .0 5 1 7 .2 4 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ........................... 6 3 8 .3 1 6 4 6 .7 8 6 6 6 .6 2 6 8 3 .9 1 7 0 7 .5 9 7 3 3 .2 1 7 4 2 .3 5 7 3 6 .5 6 7 4 3 .0 4 C o n s tru c tio n : A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... 3 8 .0 3 8 .5 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 8 .9 3 9.1 3 9 .3 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 1 4 .1 5 1 4 .3 8 1 4 .7 3 1 5 .0 9 1 5 .4 7 1 6 .0 4 16.61 1 7 .1 9 1 7 .8 8 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ........................... 5 3 7 .7 0 5 5 3 .6 3 5 7 3 .0 0 5 8 7 .0 0 6 0 3 .3 3 6 2 5 .5 6 6 4 6 .1 3 6 7 2 .1 3 7 0 2 .6 8 M an u fa c tu rin g : A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... 4 1 .4 4 2 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (In d o lla r s ) ............................ 1 1 .4 6 1 1 .7 4 1 2 .0 7 1 2 .3 7 1 2 .7 7 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .4 9 1 3 .9 0 1 4 .3 8 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ........................... 4 6 9 .8 6 4 1 .0 4 8 6 .0 4 5 0 6 .9 4 5 1 4 .5 9 5 3 1 .2 3 5 5 3 .1 4 5 6 2 .5 3 5 7 9 .6 3 5 9 8 .2 1 T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic utilities: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) .............................. A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ........................... 3 8 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .7 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 8 .7 3 8 .6 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .5 5 1 3 .7 8 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .4 5 1 4 .9 2 15.31 1 5 .6 9 1 6 .2 2 5 1 4 .3 7 5 3 2 .5 2 5 4 7 .0 7 5 5 6 .7 2 5 7 2 .2 2 5 9 2 .3 2 6 0 4 .7 5 6 0 7 .2 0 6 2 6 .0 9 W h o le s a le tra de: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ......................................................... 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .5 1 1 .3 9 3 8 .2 1 1 .7 4 3 8 .3 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................. 1 2 .0 6 1 2 .4 3 1 2 .8 7 1 3 .4 5 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .5 8 1 5 .2 0 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 4 3 5 .1 0 4 4 8 .4 7 4 6 3 .1 0 4 7 6 .0 7 4 9 2 .9 2 5 1 6 .4 8 5 3 8 .8 8 5 5 8 .8 0 5 8 5 .2 0 2 8 .9 3 8 .4 R e tail trade: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .9 2 8 .8 2 8 .8 2 8 .9 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................. 7 .1 2 7 .2 9 7 .4 9 7 .6 9 7 .9 9 8 .3 3 8 .7 4 9 .0 9 9 .4 6 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 2 0 5 .0 6 2 0 9 .9 5 2 1 6 .4 6 2 2 1 .4 7 2 3 0 .1 1 2 4 0 .7 4 2 5 3 .4 6 2 6 3 .6 1 2 7 3 .3 9 F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real estate: A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................... 3 5 .8 3 5 .8 3 5 .8 3 5 .9 3 5 .9 36.1 3 6 .4 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................. 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .8 3 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .8 0 1 3 .3 4 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .6 2 1 5 .0 7 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 3 8 7 .3 6 4 0 6 .3 3 4 2 3 .5 1 4 4 2 .2 9 4 5 9 .5 2 4 8 1 .5 7 5 1 2 .1 5 5 2 9 .2 4 5 4 7 .0 4 Se rv ices : A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ....................................................... 64 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .4 3 2 .4 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................. 1 0 .5 4 1 0 .7 8 1 1 .0 4 1 1 .3 9 1 1 .7 9 1 2 .2 8 1 2 .8 4 1 3 .3 7 13.91 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................ 3 4 2 .5 5 3 5 0 .3 5 3 5 8 .8 0 3 6 9 .0 4 3 8 2 .0 0 4 0 0 .3 3 4 1 8 .5 8 4 3 5 .8 6 4 5 4 .8 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1999 2000 2001 Series June Civilian w o rkers2................................................................................ Sept. 141 .8 1 4 3 .3 P ro fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n ic a l......................................... 1 4 3 .3 14 2 .2 E x e c u tiv e , ad m in itra tiv e, a n d m a n a g e r ia l.............................. 1 4 5 .4 1 4 7 .3 Dec. Mar. June 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 5 .3 1 4 8 .4 1 4 6 .7 1 4 9 .9 1 4 3 .9 1 4 8 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 5 1 .9 Sept. 1 4 9 .5 Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 15 0 .6 1 5 2 .5 1 5 3 .8 0 .9 3 .9 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 1 .3 1 5 4 .6 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .3 .7 1 5 6 .6 1 5 8 .6 1.3 4,1 4 .0 4 .4 4 .5 W o rk e rs , by o c c u p a tio n a l gro u p : W h ite-co llar w o rk e rs ........................................................................... A dm inistrative s u p p o rt, including c le ric a l................................ 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .7 146.1 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .8 1 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .6 14 8 .6 1 4 2 .7 150.1 B lue-collar w o r k e r s ............................................................................. 144.1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .3 .7 3.6 S e rv ic e o c c u p a tio n s ........................................................................... 1 4 2 .4 143.1 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .0 147.1 1 4 8 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .3 .9 4 .2 W o rk e rs , by in d u stry division: G o o d s -p ro d u c in g .................................................................................. 1 4 0 .0 141 .2 1 4 2 .5 1 4 4 .9 146 .6 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 .0 3 .8 M a n u fa c tu rin g ..................................................................................... 1 4 0 .9 142.1 1 4 3 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .3 2 .6 1 5 4 .4 S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g ............................................................................... 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .0 14 5 .3 147.1 1 4 7 .5 148 4 150 1 151.1 153 0 .9 9 4 0 S e r v ic e s ................................................................................................. 14 3 .2 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .6 .7 4.1 14 1 .4 145.1 1 4 2 .7 1 4 6 .5 H ealth s e r v ic e s ................................................................................. 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .5 1 5 5 .6 1.4 4 .8 155 4 3.5 H o s p ita ls .......................................................................................... 14 2 .2 1 4 3 .4 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .2 1 .6 5 .3 E d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s ..................................................................... 14 1 .7 1 4 4 .6 14 5 .8 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .8 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 .3 3 .7 P u b lic a d m in istratio n ....................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................... 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .4 14 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 146.1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 5 4 .0 .9 4 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .4 14 4 .7 1 4 6 .6 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .0 .9 4.1 Private industry w o rkers.............................................................. 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .8 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .0 4 .0 143 .2 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 8 .5 148 .2 1 4 9 .9 E xcluding s a le s o c c u p a tio n s ...................................................... .9 4 .2 W h ite-co llar w o rk e rs ......................................................................... 144.1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .9 14 9 .3 151.1 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .6 155 .7 1 5 7 .4 1.1 4.2 E xcluding s a le s o c c u p a tio n s ................................................... 1 4 4 .5 144.1 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .9 154.1 1 5 6 .5 158.1 1 .0 4 .5 145 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .7 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .5 .8 4 .5 W o rk e rs, by o c c u p a tio n a l gro u p : P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n ic a l o c c u p a tio n s ............. E x e c u tiv e , a d m in itra tiv e, a n d m a n a g e ria l o c c u p a tio n s .. 14 5 .8 1 4 7 .7 149.1 151.1 1 5 2 .7 15 4 .4 1 5 5 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 5 9 .4 S a l e s o c c u p a tio n s .......................................................................... 144.1 1 5 0 .3 15 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .5 1.3 1.4 2 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .3 14 6 .2 1 4 8 .9 A d m in istrativ e s u p p o rt o c c u p a tio n s , including c le ric a l... 14 2 .6 14 3 .7 1 4 9 .0 1 5 3 .4 156.1 1 5 7 .7 1 .0 4 .7 13 8 .2 1 3 9 .4 14 0 .5 1 4 2 .6 1 5 0 .6 144.1 1 5 2 .3 B lue-collar w o r k e r s ........................................................................... 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .3 .7 3.6 P re c is io n p ro d u ctio n , c ra ft, a n d re p a ir o c c u p a tio n s ........ 13 8 .4 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 144.1 14 5 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .7 .7 3 .9 M a ch in e o p e ra to rs , a s s e m b le r s , a n d in s p e c to rs .............. T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d m ate ria l m o v in g o c c u p a tio n s ............ 13 8 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 3 4 .4 1 4 1 .4 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .0 149.1 .5 2 .8 1 3 5 .2 .9 3.8 1 4 4 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 4 9 .4 1 4 3 .9 14 3 .2 1 3 8 .6 148.1 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .3 1 3 7 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .8 141.1 1 4 8 .3 1 3 3 .6 H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e rs , h e lp e rs , a n d la b o re rs .... 1 5 0 .4 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .4 .8 3.6 4 .4 S e rv ic e o c c u p a tio n s ......................................................................... 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .6 148.1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .3 .9 4.1 P ro d u c tio n a n d n o n s u p e rv is o ry o c c u p a tio n s 4 ..................... 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .9 143.1 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .7 .9 3 .9 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .2 W o rk e rs , by in d u stry division: G o o d s -p ro d u c in g ............................................................................... 1 3 9 .9 141.1 1 4 2 .5 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .9 E xcluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... W h ite-co llar o c c u p a tio n s ........................................................... 1 3 9 .3 1 4 2 .7 1 4 0 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 1 .8 144 .2 1 4 5 .9 147 .2 1 4 1 .3 148.1 1 4 6 .5 B lue-collar o c c u p a tio n s ............................................................. C o n s tru c tio n ...................................................................................... 1 3 8 .3 1 4 2 .5 1 3 9 .4 1 4 5 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .8 150.1 1 4 8 .4 1 4 4 .4 1 5 1 .3 E xcluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... 1 4 9 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .7 140 .8 14 3 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .2 1 4 3 .6 1 4 6 .0 148 .2 1 4 6 .2 145.1 148 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .6 .9 3 .5 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 5 4 .2 1 5 2 .2 1 5 6 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 .2 14 8 .2 1 .2 3 .9 3 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .8 149.1 1 5 0 .0 .6 3 .0 1 4 6 .5 1 4 4 .9 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .4 150.1 153.1 .9 3.2 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .6 .8 3 .8 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .7 15 2 .2 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .0 1 .0 4 .2 4 .4 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................... W h ite-co llar o c c u p a tio n s ........................................................... E xcluding s a le s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... B lue-collar o c c u p a tio n s ............................................................. D u r a b le s ............................................................................................. N o n d u r a b le s ..................................................................................... S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g .............................................................................. Excluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... W h ite -c o lla r o c c u p a tio n s ........................................................... 1 4 0 .9 1 4 3 .0 1 4 1 .3 139 .4 142.1 1 4 4 .3 1 4 2 .5 1 4 5 .8 .9 3 .8 .9 3 .8 1 5 1 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 4 6 .8 1 5 3 .0 14 8 .2 1 5 6 .5 1 5 5 .0 4 .3 4 .4 14 9 .2 1.3 1.3 .7 1 5 0 .3 1.4 5 .0 3 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .0 140 .4 1 4 2 .3 1 4 4 .0 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .8 142 .8 143 .3 144.1 1 4 7 .4 149.1 1 4 4 .6 14 5 .3 14 5 .9 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .4 151.1 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .0 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .0 152.1 1 5 2 .6 153 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 5 7 .4 1 .0 4 .2 155.1 1 5 7 .5 159.1 1 .0 4 .6 143.1 145.1 1 4 5 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .4 1 4 5 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .6 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 2 .4 .8 3 .9 3 .9 1 4 8 .3 1.3 4 .6 E xcluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .0 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .3 1 3 7 .8 139.1 1 4 0 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 4 1 .8 1 3 8 .7 14 2 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 3 .9 1 4 0 .4 P u b lic utilities.................................................................................. 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .7 146.1 146.1 145.1 1 4 6 .0 146.1 W h o le s a le a n d retail t r a d e .......................................................... 1 5 1 .4 152.1 1 5 1 .5 1 4 3 .8 142.1 B lue-collar o c c u p a tio n s ............................................................. S e rv ic e o c c u p a tio n s ................................................................... T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p ublic utilities............................................ T ra n s p o r ta tio n ................................................................................ C o m m u n ic a tio n s ....................................................................... E lectric, g a s , a n d s a n ita ry s e r v i c e s .................................. 1 4 7 .5 15 0 .2 1 5 0 .7 150.1 1 5 4 .5 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .9 138.1 1 4 4 .2 141.1 14 2 .2 1 4 3 .5 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 .0 3 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .9 154.1 1 5 7 .3 1 5 9 .8 1 .6 5 .9 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 6 .0 161.1 158.1 6 .8 1 5 1 .0 1 5 4 .7 1 5 3 .4 1 .8 1 4 8 .9 .3 4 .7 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .3 148.1 Excluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .8 151.1 1 4 0 .0 13 7 .2 1 4 0 .7 1 4 4 .8 1 3 8 .3 14 3 .2 1 3 9 .7 1 3 7 .0 138.1 140.1 139.1 G e n e ra l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s ................................................. F o o d s t o r e s .................................................................................. 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .7 1 4 5 .8 .7 1 5 0 .5 1 4 5 .4 W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................................................................ Excluding s a l e s o c c u p a tio n s ............................................... R etail t r a d e ...................................................................................... .9 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .6 1.1 3 .6 1 4 9 .6 152.1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .9 .9 3 .9 155.1 .7 1.4 6 .0 1.4 4 .0 1 5 2 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 4 1 .0 14 6 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 6 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 7 .3 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 4 9 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .5 146.1 1 4 8 .2 1 5 6 .9 1 4 8 .7 1.7 1 .0 4 .0 4 .9 3 .4 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of tab le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 65 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 21. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,' by occupation and industry group [June 1989 - 100] 1999 2000 2001 Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ......................................... 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 5 2 .0 153.1 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .5 1 .0 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 4 8 .8 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .5 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .4 1 6 1 .2 163.1 1 .2 4 .9 B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o t h e r c re d it a g e n c i e s . 1 5 5 .4 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .8 1 6 2 .7 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .8 1 6 6 .5 1 7 0 .8 1 7 2 .7 1.1 5 .2 I n s u r a n c e ............................................................................................. 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .8 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .2 1 5 7 .6 1 5 9 .3 1.1 5 .3 1 5 2 .9 157 5 154.1 158 4 1 5 6 .5 160 5 1 5 7 .8 163 n .8 1 6 4 .4 4^3 S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................. 1 4 4 .6 146.1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 1 .2 156 3 4 .2 H e a lth s e r v i c e s ................................................................................ 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .7 1 5 4 .7 1 .3 4 .9 H o s p ita ls ........................................................................................... 142.1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 9 .2 151.1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 5 .9 1 .6 5 .7 1 4 8 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .9 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .9 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .6 .2 5 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .5 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .2 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .6 .2 4 .6 E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................... C o lle g e s a n d u n iv e r s itie s ......................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................. 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .0 151.1 153.1 1 5 4 .7 1 .0 4 .2 W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ...................................................................... 144.1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .9 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 5 7 .5 1.1 4 .3 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................ 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .8 148.1 1 5 0 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .8 155.1 1 5 7 .5 159.1 1 .0 4 .7 B lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................................ 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .7 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .9 148.1 .8 4.1 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ...................................................................... 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .5 145.1 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .7 .8 3 .9 S ta te a n d local g o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs .......................................... 1 4 1 .0 143.1 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .2 .6 3 .6 W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................................................................. 1 4 0 .2 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .4 .6 3 .5 P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d t e c h n i c a l .......................................... 1 3 9 .3 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .2 144.1 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .2 .5 3 .3 E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l .............................. 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .5 146.1 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .7 .9 4 .4 W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .7 151 6 6 3 5 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .7 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .0 .3 3 .3 S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................... 1 4 0 .5 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .6 .5 3 .5 S e r v ic e s e x c lu d in g s c h o o ls 5 ......................................................... 1 4 0 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .8 150.1 1 5 1 .9 1 .2 4 .2 W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division: ' H e a lth s e r v i c e s ................................................................................ 1 4 2 .0 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .6 152.1 1 5 4 .4 1 .5 4 .4 H o s p ita ls .......................................................................................... 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 1 5 4 .7 1 .6 4 .2 E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................... 1 4 0 .3 143.1 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .6 150.1 .3 3 .4 S c h o o l s ............................................................................................ 1 4 0 .6 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 .4 3 .4 E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ................................................. 1 4 0 .0 1 4 2 .9 144.1 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 7 .3 148.1 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .0 .3 3 .0 C o lle g e s a n d u n iv e r s itie s ..................................................... 142.1 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .3 .4 4 .5 P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n 3 ......................................................................... 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 146.1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .9 .9 4 .0 C o s t ( c e n t s p e r h o u r w o rk e d ) m e a s u r e d in t h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x c o n s is t s of w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t of e m p l o y e e b e n e fits . 2 C o n s i s ts of p riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s (e x c lu d in g fa rm a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs ) a n d S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o rk e rs . 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 3 C o n s i s ts of le g is la tiv e , ju d icial, a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d r e g u la to ry a c tiv itie s . 4 T h is s e r i e s h a s t h e s a m e in d u s try a n d o c c u p a tio n a l c o v e r a g e a s t h e H ourly E a r n in g s in d e x , w h ic h w a s d is c o n tin u e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9 . 5 I n c lu d e s , fo r e x a m p le , library, s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e rv ic e s . 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 1999 2001 Series June C iv ilia n w o rk e rs 1................................................................................. 1 3 9 .8 Sept. 1 4 1 .3 Dec. 1 4 2 .5 Mar. 1 4 4 .0 June 1 4 5 .4 Sept. 1 4 7 .0 Dec. 1 4 7 .9 Mar. June 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .8 Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 0 .9 3 .7 W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ............................................................................ P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n i c a l .......................................... 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .7 153.1 .9 3 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .6 151.1 1 5 2 .- .6 3 .8 E x e c u tiv e , a d m in itra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l ............................... 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 .2 3 .9 A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o rt, in clu d in g c le ric a l................................. 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .5 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 ,7 .8 4 .0 B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................................................................ 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .0 .9 3 .8 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................................................. 1 3 9 .4 140.1 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .7 147.1 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .7 .7 4 .0 W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try d ivision: G o o d s - p r o d u c in g ................................................................................... 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .3 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 ,6 1.1 3 .9 M a n u fa c tu rin g ........................................................................................ 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 .0 3 .9 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g ................................................................................. 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .5 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .7 .8 3 .7 S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................... 1 4 2 .3 144.1 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .6 .7 3 .9 H e a lth s e r v i c e s ................................................................................... 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .8 1.3 4 .5 H o s p ita ls ............................................................................................. 1 3 8 .8 140.1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .6 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .8 1 5 1 .2 1 .6 5.1 E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ....................................................................... 1 4 0 .6 1 4 3 .7 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .6 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .0 .3 3 .7 4.1 P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n 2 ........................................................ 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .5 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .6 146.1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .7 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .................................................................................. 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .2 148.1 1 4 9 .7 1 4 9 .7 .8 3 .7 P rivate in d u s try w o rk e rs ................................................................ 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .9 1 .0 .9 3 .8 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ........................................................ 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .5 145.1 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .8 1 .3 3 .9 W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................................................................... 142.1 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .8 1 .0 3 .7 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................... 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .9 151.1 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .4 .8 4 .0 4 .0 P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t i o n s ............. E x e c u tiv e , a d m in itra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a tio n s .. 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .6 144.1 145.1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 5 0 .2 152.1 1 5 3 .2 .7 1 4 4 .3 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .7 1 5 6 .5 1 .2 3 .8 S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................................. 1 4 0 .5 142.1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .0 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .5 1 .5 2 .4 A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o r t o c c u p a tio n s , in clu d in g c le r ic a l... 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .8 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .5 149.1 150.1 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .6 .9 4.1 B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ............................................................................. 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .7 139.1 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .9 .9 3 .8 P re c is io n p ro d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d r e p a ir o c c u p a t i o n s ........ 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .7 .8 3 .6 M a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , a s s e m b le r s , a n d i n s p e c t o r s ............... 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .9 .9 3 .7 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d m a te ria l m o v in g o c c u p a t i o n s ............. 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .7 134.1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 .9 4.1 H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c l e a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d l a b o r e rs .... 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .2 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .8 1 .2 4 .3 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ........................................................................... 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .6 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .9 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .5 .8 3 .5 P r o d u c tio n a n d n o n s u p e rv is o ry o c c u p a t i o n s 3 ..................... 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .4 142.1 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .0 .9 3 .7 3 .9 W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division: G o o d s - p r o d u c in g .................................................................................. 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .2 1 4 7 .0 1 4 8 .6 1.1 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .5 142.1 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 .0 4 .0 W h ite -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................. 1 4 0 .5 1 3 7 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .5 1 5 2 .3 1 .2 3 .7 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 3 8 .8 140.1 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .2 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .5 1.1 3 .9 B lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ........................................ ...................... C o n s tru c tio n ..................................................................................... 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .0 143.1 1 4 4 .7 146.1 1 .0 4 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 4 .9 142.1 1 4 3 .9 1 .3 4 .3 M a n u fa c tu rin g ..................................................................................... 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 .0 3 .9 W h ite -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................ 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .2 151.1 1 5 2 .7 1.1 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 .9 3 .4 B lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................................ 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .8 1 .0 4.1 3 .4 D u r a b le s ................................................................................................. 139.1 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .7 146.1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .5 1 .0 4 .0 N o n d u r a b le s ......................................................................................... 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .4 1 4 7 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 .0 3 .5 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g ........ ......................................................................... 1 4 0 .8 142.1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .9 .9 3 .7 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .6 .9 3 .9 W h ite -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................ 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 5 2 .5 1 5 4 .0 1 .0 3 .7 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 4 3 .7 145.1 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .8 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .6 .8 4 .0 B lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................... 1 3 5 .9 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .8 139.1 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .3 .7 3 .6 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ....................................................................... 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .6 141.1 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .8 146.1 1 4 7 .2 .8 3 .3 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilities.............................................. 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .5 1 4 0 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .7 1 .4 4.1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................................. 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 4 1 .6 1.3 4 .0 P u b lic u tilitie s.................................................................................... 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .9 1 4 6 .4 147.1 1 4 8 .7 1 5 1 .0 1.5 4 .2 4 .7 C o m m u n ic a tio n s .......................................................................... 141.1 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .4 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .8 1.7 E lectric, g a s , a n d s a n ita ry s e r v i c e s ................................... 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .6 148.1 1 4 9 .9 1 .2 3 .6 W h o le s a le a n d reta il t r a d e ............................................................ 1 3 9 .6 141.1 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .4 150.1 1.1 3 .2 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 3 .5 W h o le s a le t r a d e .............................................................................. E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. R e ta il t r a d e ......................................................................................... 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .3 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .9 .8 1 4 2 .3 1 4 4 .3 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 4 .5 1 .9 3 .4 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 5 1 .3 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 .0 4 .5 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .6 142.1 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .8 .6 3 .0 G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s .................................................. 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 .2 5.1 F o o d s t o r e s .................................................................................... 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .5 .8 3 .6 S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d of ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 67 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 22. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] Series June Sept. 2001 2000 1999 Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 3 .4 F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ......................................... 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .2 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .6 0 .5 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................. 1 4 4 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .0 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .5 1 5 3 .3 154.1 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .6 .6 4 .0 B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o t h e r c re d it a g e n c i e s . 1 5 4 .5 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .6 1 6 2 .0 1 6 3 .3 1 6 5 .0 1 6 5 .7 1 6 9 .4 1 7 0 .8 .8 4 .6 4 .6 I n s u r a n c e ............................................................................................. 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .6 1 5 0 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .3 .6 S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................. 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .4 149.1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .0 .8 4 .0 B u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s ........................................................................... 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 2 .0 154.1 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .0 1 5 8 .2 1 6 0 .8 1 .6 4 .3 4 .5 H e a lth s e r v i c e s ................................................................................. 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .5 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .6 148.1 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 .3 H o s p ita ls ........................................................................................... 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .9 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .9 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .5 1 5 1 .0 1 .7 5 .4 E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................... 1 4 4 .2 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .4 156.1 .5 4 .3 C o lle g e s a n d u n iv e r s itie s ......................................................... 1 4 4 .4 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .4 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .9 154.1 1 5 5 .0 .6 3 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................. 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .0 142.1 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .9 .9 3 .7 W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ...................................................................... 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .8 1 .0 3 .8 E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................ 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .4 14 9 .1 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .3 .9 4 .2 B lu e -c o lla r o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................................ 1 3 4 .0 135.1 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .9 .8 3 .6 S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ...................................................................... 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .0 14 7 .1 .8 3 .3 S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ............................................. 1 3 9 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .2 .5 3 .7 W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................................................................. 1 3 9 .3 142.1 1 4 3 .4 144.1 1 4 9 .8 .5 3 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .0 1 3 9 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .7 • 147.1 P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n i c a l .......................................... 149.1 1 4 9 .8 .5 3 .5 E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l ............................. 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .9 145.1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .8 150.1 1 5 1 .5 .9 4 .4 W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o rt, in clu d in g c le ric a l................................. 1 3 7 .5 1 3 9 .6 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .6 .4 3 .2 B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................................................................ 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .5 142.1 . 1 4 3 .9 145.1 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .5 .3 3.1 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .9 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .2 .5 3 .7 1 3 9 .6 142.1 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .9 149.1 1 5 0 .7 1 .1 4.1 W o rk e rs , by in d u s try division: S e r v ic e s ................................................................................................... 4 S e r v ic e s e x c lu d in g s c h o o l s ......................................................... 1 4 0 .4 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .9 1 .3 4 .3 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .8 144.1 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .6 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .8 1 .5 4 .3 1 3 9 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .8 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .0 .3 3 .6 1 4 0 .0 143.1 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .9 148.1 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .2 .3 3 .7 E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ................................................. 1 3 9 .9 143.1 144.1 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .6 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .5 .3 3 .4 C o l le g e s a n d u n iv e r s itie s .................................................... 1 3 9 .8 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .8 .3 4 .3 P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n ........................................................................ 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .5 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .6 146.1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .7 .7 4.1 H e a lth s e r v i c e s ............................................................................... ' C o n s i s ts of p riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s ( e x c lu d in g fa rm a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs ) a n d S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o r k e r s . T h is s e r i e s h a s t h e s a m e in d u s try a n d o c c u p a tio n a l c o v e r a g e a s t h e H ourly E a r n in g s in d e x , w h ic h w a s d is c o n tin u e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9 . 4 In c lu d e s , fo r e x a m p le , library, s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e rv ic e s . 2 C o n s i s ts of le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ial, a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d r e g u la to ry a c tiv itie s. 23. 3 Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] Series June Sept. 2001 2000 1999 Dec. Mar. June 1 5 7 .5 Dec. 1 5 8 .6 Mar. June 4 .8 1 6 3 .2 1.1 1 6 5 .2 1 6 7 .4 1 .3 5 .6 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .7 .3 3 .0 1 4 8 .6 1 5 0 .2 1 5 3 .8 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .5 1 5 6 .3 1 5 8 .5 1 6 0 .4 1 6 1 .5 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .6 153.1 154.1 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .2 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .2 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .6 .7 3 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .7 1 5 4 .0 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .4 1 6 2 .6 1 6 4 .6 1 .2 5 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 4 .8 157.1 1 5 7 .9 .5 2 .6 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .7 1 5 4 .0 156 .1 158.1 1 5 9 .7 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 .2 5 .6 1 4 7 .3 1 5 5 .7 Sept. Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 1 6 1 .5 W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : W o rk e rs , b y in d u s try division: N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................. 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] 1999 2000 2001 Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2001 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s t a t u s ' U n io n ................................................................................................................... 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .2 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .4 146.1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .5 1.1 0 .6 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................... 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .8 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .3 .9 3.1 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g .................................................................................... 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .5 1 .3 3 .9 M a n u fa c tu rin g ........................................................................................... 138.1 139.1 1 4 1 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .4 147.1 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .8 .6 2 .3 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .................................................................................. 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .4 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .4 1 .4 4 .2 N o n u n io n ........................................................................................................... 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .2 1 4 7 .4 149.1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .3 1 .0 4 .2 4 .0 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................................................... 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .8 143.1 1 4 5 .4 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .4 153.1 1 .0 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g .................................................................................... 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .9 1 .0 4 .2 M a n u fa c tu rin g ........................................................................................... 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .4 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .9 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .7 .9 3 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .................................................................................. 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .8 145.1 1 4 7 .4 149.1 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .8 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .4 1 .0 4 .2 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .6 W o rk e rs, b y re g io n 1 N o r t h e a s t .......................................................................................................... 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .3 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .6 1 5 3 .7 1 .4 4.1 S o u t h .................................................................................................................. 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .6 151.1 1 5 2 .3 .8 3 .8 M id w e st (fo rm erly N o rth C e n tra l) ........................................................ 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .0 .8 3 .5 W e s t ................................................................................................................... 142.1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .7 1 4 7 .0 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 4 .3 1 5 6 .0 1.1 4 .8 W o rk e rs, b y a re a s iz e ' M e tro p o lita n a r e a s ....................................................................................... 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .6 150.1 1 5 1 .0 153.1 1 5 4 .6 1 .0 4 .0 O th e r a r e a s .................................................................................................... 1 4 1 .8 143.1 1 4 3 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .3 152.1 1 5 3 .7 1.1 4.1 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta t u s ' U n io n ................................................................................................................... 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .5 1 4 0 .0 1 4 1 .2 142.1 1 4 3 .7 1.1 3 .8 G o o d s - p r o d u c in g ...................................................................................... 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .9 136.1 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .4 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .2 1 .3 4 .2 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g .................................................................................... 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .9 140.1 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .7 1 .1 3 .5 M a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................................ 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 .1 4 .2 1 4 2 .7 1.1 3 .6 1 5 2 .2 .9 3 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................... N o n u n io n ................................................................................................... 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .4 1 4 3 .9 141.1 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .3 145.1 1 4 6 .7 148.1 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .8 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................................................... 1 3 8 .8 1 4 0 .0 141.1 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .3 1 .0 3 .9 S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g .................................................................................... 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .7 .9 3 .7 M a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................................ N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................... 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .4 146.1 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .6 150.1 1 5 0 .7 3 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .9 1 .0 1 4 1 .8 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 4 0 .5 1 5 2 .0 .9 3 .7 W o rk e rs, b y r e g io n ' N o r t h e a s t .......................................................................................................... 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .2 1.3 3 .8 S o u t h ............................................................................................................. 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .3 .7 3 .3 M id w e st (fo rm erly N o rth C e n tra l) .......................................................... 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .3 147.1 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .9 1 5 2 .3 .9 3 .5 W e s t ...................................................................................................... 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .9 1.1 4 .5 W o rk e rs, b y a re a s iz e 1 M e tro p o lita n a r e a s . ...................................................................................... 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .5 144.1 1 4 5 .7 147.1 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .2 .9 3 .8 O th e r a r e a s .................................................................................................... 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .7 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .8 .9 3 .5 1 T h e i n d e x e s a r e c a lc u la te d d iffe re n tly fro m t h o s e for t h e o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u stry g r o u p s . F o r a d e ta ile d d e s c rip tio n of t h e in d e x c a lc u la tio n , s e e t h e Monthly Labor Review T e c h n ic a l N o te , " E s tim a tio n p r o c e d u r e s fo r th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t Ind ex ," M ay 1 9 8 2 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 69 Current Labor Statistics: 25. Compensation & Industrial Relations Percent of full-time employees participating In employer-provided benefit plans, and In selected features within plans, S c o p e of s u rv e y (in 0 0 0 's ) ..................................................... N u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s (in 0 0 0 's): W ith m ed ic a l c a r e ................................................................. W ith life in s u r a n c e ................................................................ W ith d e fin e d b e n e fit p la n ................................................... 1984 1982 1980 I te m 2 1 ,0 4 3 2 1 ,3 5 2 1988 1986 2 1 ,0 1 3 2 1 ,3 0 3 3 1 ,0 5 9 3 2 ,4 2 8 2 8 ,7 2 8 3 1 ,1 6 3 1997 1995 1993 1991 1989 3 3 ,3 7 4 3 8 ,4 0 9 20,711 2 0 ,4 1 2 2 0 ,3 8 3 2 0 ,2 3 8 2 7 ,9 5 3 2 9 ,8 3 4 2 5 ,8 6 5 2 3 ,5 1 9 2 5 ,5 4 6 2 9 ,3 4 0 2 0 ,4 9 8 2 0 ,2 0 1 2 0 ,1 7 2 20,451 2 8 ,5 7 4 1 9 ,5 6 7 3 0 ,4 8 2 2 9 ,2 9 3 2 6 ,1 7 5 2 9 ,0 7 8 1 6 ,0 1 5 1 7 ,4 1 7 3 3 ,4 9 5 1 9 ,2 0 2 _ - 1 7 ,6 7 6 1 7 ,9 3 6 16,1 9 0 17,231 1 8 ,3 8 6 2 0 ,4 3 0 T im e -o ff p l a n s P a rtic ip a n ts with: P a id lunch tim e ........................................................................ 10 9 9 10 11 10 8 9 A v e ra g e m in u te s p e r d a y ................................................. - 25 26 27 29 26 30 29 P a id r e s t tim e ........................................................................... 75 - 76 73 72 72 71 67 68 26 - 26 26 26 28 26 88 - 3 .2 85 3.2 84 - 25 - 99 99 99 99 96 3 .3 97 80 3 .3 92 83 3 .0 91 _ 80 3 .3 89 _ 81 3 .7 89 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9.8 1 0 .0 9.4 9.2 1 0 .2 9 .4 9.1 9 .3 P a id p e rs o n a l l e a v e ............................................................... A v e ra g e d a y s p e r y e a r ......... ........................................... 20 24 22 21 21 22 20 3.8 25 3 .7 24 - 23 3.6 3 .3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3 .3 3 .5 P a id v a c a tio n s .......................................................................... 100 99 99 100 98 97 96 97 96 95 P a id sic k le a v e 1..................................................................... U n p aid m ate rn ity l e a v e ......................................................... 62 - 67 67 70 69 68 67 65 58 56 - - - 37 37 - - - - - 18 26 60 53 - U n p a id p a te rn ity l e a v e ......................................................... 33 16 U n p aid fam ily l e a v e .............................................................. - - - - - - - - 84 93 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 - - 86 62 46 62 66 58 78 73 85 78 56 63 61 $ 3 1 .5 5 76 67 $ 3 3 .9 2 69 $ 3 9 .1 4 A v e ra g e m in u te s p e r d a y ................................................. P a id fu n era l l e a v e .................................................................. A v e ra g e d a y s p e r o c c u rr e n c e ........................................ P a id h o lid a y s............................................................................ A v e ra g e d a y s p e r y e a r ...................................................... _ _ _ In s u r a n c e p la n s P a rtic ip a n ts in m ed ic a l c a re p l a n s ..................................... P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with c o v e ra g e for: H o m e h e a lth c a r e ................................................................. 8 70 18 76 79 75 80 81 80 28 28 30 43 $ 1 2 .8 0 63 44 $ 1 9 .2 9 64 47 $25.31 51 $ 2 6 .6 0 80 $ 6 0 .0 7 $ 7 2 .1 0 69 $ 9 6 .9 7 78 $ 4 1 .4 0 $ 1 0 7 .4 2 $ 1 1 8 .3 3 $ 1 3 0 .0 7 82 42 P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with e m p lo y e e co n trib u tio n re q u ire d for: S elf c o v e r a g e ........................................................................ A v e ra g e m onthly co n trib u tio n ....................................... 26 - 27 - 36 $ 1 1 .9 3 46 51 58 $ 3 5 .9 3 A v e ra g e m om m y co n trio u tio n ...................................... P a rtic ip a n ts in life in s u r a n c e p l a n s ................................... 66 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 _ 72 74 72 78 71 71 76 77 74 10 8 7 6 5 7 6 - 64 64 59 49 42 44 41 37 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 - - - - - 53 55 63 59 56 52 50 52 96 4 95 P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with: A ccid en tal d e a th a n d d is m e m b e rm e n t i n s u r a n c e ................................................................................ R e tire e p ro te c tio n a v a ila b le .............................................. _ _ P a rtic ip a n ts in lo n g -te rm disability P a rtic ip a n ts in s ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t P a rtic ip a n ts in s h o rt-te rm disability p l a n s 1 .................... R e tir e m e n t p la n s P a rtic ip a n ts in d e fin e d b e n e fit p e n s io n p la n s .............. 84 84 82 76 63 55 98 58 97 63 97 64 98 59 98 62 97 55 98 52 95 22 6 63 7 56 54 61 48 51 56 49 48 48 49 55 57 41 44 43 54 55 P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with: Early re tire m e n t a v a ila b le ................................................ 53 45 52 47 54 35 57 45 56 62 26 55 62 60 45 P a rtic ip a n ts in d e fin e d c ontribution p l a n s ...................... P a rtic ip a n ts in p la n s with ta x -d e fe rre d s a v in g s 36 33 a r r a n g e m e n t s ........................................................................ 64 58 52 10 O th e r b e n e f its E m p lo y e e s eligible for: 2 P re m iu m c o n v e rs io n p l a n s ................................................ ' I T h e defin itio n s for p a id sick le a v e a n d sh o rt-te rm disability (previously s ic k n e s s a n d 5 I 5 S 1C 12 12 13 12 23 36 52 38 5 32 7 fits a t le s s th a n full pay. Prior to 199 5 , reim b u rs e m e n t a c c o u n ts in clu d e d p rem iu m c o n v e rs io n p la n s , w hich a c c id e n t in su ra n c e ) w e r e c h a n g e d for th e 1 9 9 5 s u rv e y . P a id sic k le a v e now in c lu d e s only 2 p la n s th a t sp e cify e ith e r a m ax im u m n u m b e r of d a y s p e r y e a r or unlim ited d a y s . S h o rt- specifically allow m ed ical p lan p a rtic ip a n ts to p ay re q u ire d plan p re m iu m s with p re ta x te r m s disability n o w in c lu d e s all in su re d , s e lf-in s u re d , a n d S ta te - m a n d a te d p la n s av a ila b le d o llars. o n a p er-d isab ility b a s is , a s well a s th e u n fu n d e d per-disability p la n s p rev io u sly re p o rte d a s ta b u la te d s e p a ra te ly . Also, reim b u rs e m e n t a c c o u n ts th a t w e r e p a rt of flexible b e n e fit p la n s w e re sic k le a v e . S ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t in s u ra n c e , re p o rte d in y e a r s prior to th is su rv e y , in clu d ed only in su re d , s e lf-in s u re d , a n d S ta te - m a n d a te d p la n s providing per-disability b e n e 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 N o t e : D a s h in d ic a te s d a ta n ot av a ila b le . 26. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 Item Small private establishments 1990 1992 1994 State and local governments 1996 1987 1990 1992 1994 S c o p e of s u rv e y (in 0 0 0 's ) ........................................ 3 2 ,4 6 6 3 4 ,3 6 0 3 5 ,9 1 0 3 9 ,8 1 6 10,321 1 2 ,9 7 2 1 2 ,4 6 6 1 2 ,9 0 7 N u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s (in 0 0 0 ’s): W ith m ed ic a l c a r e .................................................... 2 2 ,4 0 2 2 4 ,3 9 6 1 2 ,0 6 4 2 1 ,9 9 0 8 ,7 7 3 1 1 ,4 1 5 1 1 ,2 1 9 1 1 ,0 9 5 1 1 ,1 9 2 2 0 ,7 7 8 2 5 ,5 9 9 2 4 ,6 3 5 9 ,5 9 9 W ith life in s u r a n c e ................................................... 2 3 ,5 3 6 2 1 ,9 5 5 6 ,4 9 3 7 ,5 5 9 5 ,4 8 0 5 ,8 8 3 9 ,5 9 9 1 1 ,6 7 5 1 0 ,8 4 5 1 1 ,7 0 8 8 17 34 11 10 36 34 W ith d e fin e d b e n e fit p la n ....................................... 1 1 ,1 9 4 T im e - o ff p la n s P a rtic ip a n ts with: P a id lu n ch tim e ........................................................... A v e ra g e m in u te s p e r d a y ..................................... 37 9 37 - - P a id r e s t tim e .............................................................. 48 49 - - 53 - 27 26 - - 58 29 56 A v e ra g e m in u te s p e r d a y ..................................... 29 29 - P a id fu n era l l e a v e ...................................................... 47 50 50 51 56 63 - 65 62 A v e ra g e d a y s p e r o c c u rr e n c e ............................ 2 .9 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 3.7 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 P a id h o lid a y s ............................................................... 84 82 82 80 81 74 75 73 A v e ra g e d a y s p e r y e a r '........................................ P a id p e rs o n a l l e a v e ................................................... 9 .5 9 .2 7 .6 14 38 1 3.6 39 14 .2 12 7 .5 13 1 0.9 11 38 11 .5 38 A v e ra g e d a y s p e r y e a r .......................................... 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 3 .0 2 .7 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 P a id v a c a tio n s ............................................................ 88 88 88 86 72 67 67 66 P a id s ic k l e a v e 2 ......................................................... 47 53 50 50 97 95 95 94 U n p aid l e a v e ................................................................ 17 - _ 57 51 59 _ U n p aid p a te rn ity l e a v e ............................................. 8 18 7 - - 30 33 44 - U n p a id fam ily l e a v e ................................................... - - 47 48 - - - 93 69 71 66 64 In s u ra n c e p la n s P a rtic ip a n ts in m ed ic a l c a r e p l a n s ......................... P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts w ith c o v e ra g e for: 93 93 90 87 _ H o m e h e a lth c a r e ................................................... . 79 80 _ 76 82 87 84 E x te n d e d c a r e fac ilitie s ........................................ 83 84 - - 78 79 84 81 P h y s ica l e x a m ........................................................... 26 28 - “ 36 36 47 55 P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with e m p lo y e e c o n trib u tio n re q u ire d for: S e lf c o v e r a g e ............................................................ 42 47 52 52 35 38 43 47 A v e ra g e m o n th ly c o n trib u tio n .......................... $ 2 5 .1 3 $36.51 $ 4 0 .9 7 $ 4 2 .6 3 $ 1 5 .7 4 $ 2 5 .5 3 $ 2 8 .9 7 $ 3 0 .2 0 Fam ily c o v e r a g e ...................................................... 67 73 76 75 71 65 72 71 A v e ra g e m o n th ly c o n trib u tio n .......................... $ 1 0 9 .3 4 $ 1 5 0 .5 4 $ 1 5 9 .6 3 $ 1 8 1 .5 3 $ 7 1 .8 9 $ 1 1 7 .5 9 $ 1 3 9 .2 3 $ 1 4 9 .7 0 P a rtic ip a n ts in life in s u r a n c e p l a n s ....................... 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 79 77 P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with: A c c id en ta l d e a th a n d d is m e m b e rm e n t i n s u r a n c e .................................................................... 78 S u rv iv o r in c o m e b e n e fits ....................................... R e tire e p ro te c tio n a v a ila b le .................................. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 19 25 20 13 55 45 46 46 19 23 20 22 31 27 28 30 14 21 22 21 - - - - 15 93 90 87 91 92 87 76 67 67 74 64 P a rtic ip a n ts in lo n g -te rm disability i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ......................................................... P a rtic ip a n ts in s ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e p l a n s ........................................................... P a rtic ip a n ts in s h o rt-te rm disability p l a n s 2 ........ 6 26 26 - - - 20 22 15 29 R e tir e m e n t p la n s P a rtic ip a n ts in d e fin e d b e n e fit p e n s io n p la n s .. P e r c e n t of p a rtic ip a n ts with: N orm al re tire m e n t p rior to a g e 6 5 ..................... 54 50 _ 47 92 89 92 95 7 95 - 92 90 88 89 4 - - 33 16 10 13 58 49 54 - 100 100 100 46 - 53 44 18 8 10 99 49 P a rtic ip a n ts in d e fin e d co n trib u tio n p l a n s ........... P a rtic ip a n ts in p la n s with ta x -d e fe rre d s a v in g s 31 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 a r r a n g e m e n t s .............................................................. 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 Early re tire m e n t a v a ila b le ..................................... Ad h o c p e n s io n in c r e a s e in l a s t 5 y e a r s ........ T erm in a l e a rn in g s form ula.................................... B e n efit c o o rd in a te d with S o c ial S e c u rity ........ O th e r b e n e fits E m p lo y e e s eligible for: Flexible b e n e fits p l a n s .............................................. 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 R e im b u r s e m e n t a c c o u n t s 3 ..................................... 8 14 19 12 5 31 50 64 P re m iu m c o n v e rs io n p la n s ................................... 7 1 M e th o d s u s e d to c a lc u la te th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r of p a id h o lid a y s w e re re v is e d S ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e , r e p o rte d in y e a r s prior to th is s u rv e y , in 1 9 9 4 to c o u n t p artial d a y s m o re p re c is e ly . A v e ra g e h o lid a y s for 1 9 9 4 a r e in clu d e d only in su re d , s e lf-in s u re d , a n d S t a te - m a n d a te d p la n s p roviding p e r- n o t c o m p a r a b le with th o s e r e p o rte d in 1 9 9 0 a n d 1992. 2 T h e d efin itio n s for p a id s ic k le a v e a n d sh o rt-te rm disability (previously disability b e n e fits a t l e s s th a n full pay . 3 P rior to 1 9 9 6 , r e im b u rs e m e n t a c c o u n ts in clu d e d p rem iu m c o n v e rs io n p la n s , s ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t in su ra n c e ) w e r e c h a n g e d for th e 1 9 9 6 s u rv e y . P a id sick w hich le a v e n o w in c lu d e s only p la n s th a t sp e cify e ith e r a m ax im u m n u m b e r of d a y s p re m iu m s with p re ta x d o lla rs. A lso, r e im b u rs e m e n t a c c o u n t s th a t w e r e p a rt of p e r y e a r o r unlim ited d a y s . S h o rt-te rm disability n o w in c lu d e s all in su re d , self- flexible b e n e fit p la n s w e r e t a b u la te d s e p a r a te ly . sp ecifically allow m ed ic a l plan p a rtic ip a n ts to pay re q u ire d plan in s u re d , a n d S t a te - m a n d a te d p la n s a v a ila b le on a p er-disability b a s is , a s well a s th e u n f u n d e d p er-d isab ility p la n s p rev io u sly r e p o rte d a s sic k le a v e . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N o t e : D a s h in d ic a te s d a ta n o t a v a ila b le . Monthly Labor Review September 2001 71 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more 2000 1999 Annual totals Measure Dec. Jan.p Feb.p Mar.p Apr.p Mayp Junep Julyp Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p Dec.p 1999 2000 N u m b e r of s to p p a g e s : B eg in n in g in p e rio d .................................... 17 39 0 0 1 2 6 2 5 3 6 5 7 0 2 21 40 1 1 2 4 7 4 8 6 8 10 12 3 3 * W o rk e rs involved: B eg in n in g in p e rio d (in t h o u s a n d s ) .... 73 394 .0 .0 1 7.0 5 .7 2 6 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 1.4 7 .2 9 9 .2 1 7 .8 6 0 .3 .0 8 .7 In e ffe c t d u rin g p e rio d (in t h o u s a n d s ) . 80 397 3 .0 3 .0 2 0 .0 2 5 .7 2 9 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 5 0 .8 1 4 6 .9 2 3 7 .2 1 6 7 .8 2 1 1 .6 4 .5 1 0 .3 1 ,9 9 5 2 0 ,4 1 9 6 3 .0 6 0 .0 2 9 8 .0 3 2 7 .6 2 7 2 .2 3 ,0 9 5 .3 3 ,1 3 4 .0 2 ,8 0 4 .4 4 ,1 8 6 .6 3 ,0 2 9 .3 3 ,0 8 8 .6 6 4 .5 5 8 .9 .01 .06 (2) .01 .01 .01 .1 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 3 .11 .11 _______ l ì (2) D a y s idle: P e r c e n t of e s tim a te d w o rk in a tim e 1.... ________ Û 1 A gricultural a n d g o v e rn m e n t e m p lo y e e s a r e in clu d e d in th e to tal e m p lo y e d a n d to tal w orking tim e; p riv a te h o u s e h o ld , fo re stry , a n d fish ery e m p lo y e e s a r e e x c lu d e d . An e x p la n a tio n of th e m e a s u r e m e n t of id le n e s s a s a p e r c e n t a g e of th e to tal tim e w o rk e d is fo u n d in " T o ta l e c o n o m y ’ m e a s u r e s of strik e id le n e s s," Monthly Labor Review, O c to b e r 1 9 6 8 , p p . 5 4 - 5 6 . 2 L e s s th a n 0 .0 0 5 . p = prelim inary. J 72 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 28. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]_____ Series Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X FOR ALL URBAN CONSUM ERS All ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 - 100)........................................................ 166.6 172.2 172.8 172.8 173.7 174.0 174.1 174.0 175.1 175.8 176.2 176.9 177.7 178.0 177.5 49 9 .0 515.8 517.5 517.6 520.3 521.2 521.5 521.1 52 4 .5 526.7 528.0 529.9 532.2 533 .3 53 1 .6 164.6 168.4 168.7 169.2 169.4 169.6 169.5 170.5 171.4 171.8 172.2 172.4 172.9 173.4 174.0 164.1 167.8 168.1 168.7 168.9 169.1 168.9 170.0 170.9 171.3 171.7 171.9 172.5 173.0 173.5 164.2 167.9 168.3 168.9 169.0 169.1 168.8 170.2 171.3 171.8 172.0 172.2 172.8 173.3 173.9 185.0 188.3 189.6 189.9 188.6 190.1 189.0 190.7 191.1 191.9 191.9 192.5 193.2 194.2 194.9 M eats, poultry, fish, a n d e g g s .................................. 147.9 154.5 155.8 156.8 156.9 156.8 155.5 156.6 158.0 159.5 160.1 160.7 160.8 161.7 162.3 Dairy a n d rela te d p r o d u c ts '...................................... 159.6 160.7 160.5 161.0 161.6 161.4 161.5 163.6 163.6 163.2 163.4 168.3 204 .6 2 0 1 .0 20 2 .5 204.6 207 .3 215.1 2 1 2 .6 211 .5 2 1 1 .5 213 .3 164.7 213 1 166.9 203.1 161.9 20 6 .2 N onalcoholic b e v e ra g e s a n d b e v e ra g e m ate ria ls ...................................................................... 134.3 137.8 138.5 138.2 138.0 137.4 137.9 136.7 139.4 139.9 139.5 138.9 138.1 138.6 138.9 O th er fo o d s at h o m e .................................................... 153.5 155.6 156.6 156.9 156.7 155.8 156.0 156.3 157.8 157.9 158.6 157.6 159.6 159.5 160.4 S u g a r a n d s w e e ts ...................................................... 152.3 154.0 154.1 154.6 154.6 153.9 153.0 153.5 155.7 155.8 155.7 154.0 155.8 155.7 156.1 148.3 147.4 148.1 148.9 148.7 149.7 146.5 150.2 153 0 152 6 153 1 O th er fo o d s .................................................................. 168.9 172.2 173.5 173.7 173.4 172.0 173.3 172.7 173.8 174.0 175.1 174.4 176.4 175.7 176.8 O th er m isc e lla n eo u s food;;' 2 ............................ 104.9 107.5 108.8 109.5 107.7 106.8 1 1 0 .0 108.9 109.0 108.7 108.4 108.5 108.8 107.7 109.6 F ood a w a y from h o m e '................................................. 165.1 169.0 169.1 169.5 170.0 170.3 170.4 170.8 171.4 171.8 172.3 172.7 173.1 173.6 174.1 O th er food aw ay from h o m e ' ,2 ............................... 105.2 109.0 108.7 109.3 1 1 0 .0 1 11.1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .8 113.8 175.2 175.6 175.5 176.4 176.5 177 7 177 8 178 1 112.4 178 5 1 1 2 .6 174.7 111.3 177.2 111.4 169.7 110.5 175.9 1 1 1 .0 Alcoholic b e v e ra g e s ........................................................ 179 1 175.9 177.3 H o u sin g ................................................................................... 163.9 169.6 170.6 170.9 171.4 171.7 171.6 171.9 174.1 174.7 175.4 175.4 187.3 193.4 194.1 194.7 194.6 195 2 195 2 195 1 196 4 197 6 198 9 199 ? 177.6 177.5 183.9 183 9 184 fi 185.3 186.1 186.8 187.6 Lodging aw ay from h o m e ........................................... 112.3 117.5 1 2 2 .8 123.0 118.1 118.5 113.9 108.8 114.1 119.1 124.2 1 2 1 .8 1 2 0 .0 123.7 124.0 O w n e rs’ e quivalent rent of prim ary r e s id e n c e 3... 192.9 198.7 198.6 199.2 199.9 2 0 0 .5 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .8 202.4 105.4 2 0 3 .6 204.2 20 4 .9 20 5 .7 2 0 6 .3 T e n a n ts ’ a n d h o u s e h o ld in su ra n c e 1’2 .................... F u e ls a n d utilities......................................................... 101.3 103.7 104.2 104.0 104.7 145.3 105.5 106.8 107.0 106.6 140.9 104.5 142.7 105.4 141.3 104.2 143.1 105.1 137.9 104.2 143.8 105.0 128.8 153.8 152.3 150.8 149.7 151.3 155.7 154.8 F u e ls ................................................................................ 113.5 1 2 2 .8 126.5 125.9 129.1 128.3 127.7 130.6 139.8 138.0 136.3 135.1 136.8 129.7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .8 133.7 137.6 140.3 144.9 149.1 144.6 138.1 134 4 131 9 141.6 129 fi 140.5 91.4 120.9 128.0 133.0 132.4 134.8 133.6 132.7 135.6 145.7 144.0 142.6 141.6 128.6 129.0 128.7 128.9 128.6 128.8 129.1 129.1 129 1 143.8 128 9 149.4 129 2 148.6 128.6 G a s (piped) a n d electricity.................................... 126.7 128.2 A p p a r e l................................................................................... 131.3 129.6 124.5 125.3 130.4 132.8 131.8 127.8 125.4 128.4 132.2 131.9 129.8 126.3 1 2 2 .6 M e n 's a n d bo y s' a p p a re l............................................. 131.1 129.7 126.4 126.8 129.1 130.4 131.3 128.0 125.5 126.6 127.5 128.2 129.1 125.8 122.5 W o m e n 's a n d girls' a p p a re l....................................... 123.3 121.5 113.9 115.6 124.2 127.9 124.8 119.7 115.5 1 2 1 .0 127.8 127.0 122.3 117.5 1 1 1 .6 Infants' a n d to d d le rs' a p p a r e l ' .................................. F o o tw e a r........................................................................... 129.0 130.6 128.1 126.7 127.4 130.8 130.7 128.2 127.4 129.3 1316.0 131.4 130.6 127.3 124.5 125.7 123.8 120.3 120.7 124.9 125.3 125.4 123.8 121.4 1 2 2 .6 125.2 124.9 124.4 1 22.1 121.3 T ran sp o rtatio n ....................................................................... 144.4 153.3 155.0 153.2 154.7 154.4 155.2 154.4 154.4 154.9 153.9 156.1 159.2 158.3 154.4 P rivate tra n sp o rta tio n ..................................................... 140.5 149.1 150.6 148.6 150.4 150.4 151.1 150.3 150.3 150.7 149.7 152.1 155.3 154.0 149.9 N ew a n d u s e d m otor vehicles 2 ................................. N ew v e h ic le s................................................................ 100.1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .6 100.4 100.4 1 0 0 .8 101.5 102.1 102.3 1 0 2 .2 101.9 1 0 1 .8 101.4 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .8 142.9 142.8 142.5 141.9 141.4 141.6 142.7 143.6 143.7 143.3 142.8 142.7 142.3 141.7 141.2 U se d c a rs a n d tru c k s 1 ............................................... M otor fuel......................................................................... 152.0 100.7 155.8 155.3 136.1 155.2 128.4 156.2 135.2 157.9 133.1 159.3 133.0 160.2 127.8 160.4 160.4 159.1 158.9 158.3 126.6 127.5 159.9 124.1 159.7 129.3 133.6 146.8 142.0 125.6 G a so lin e (all ty p e s ).................................................... 1 0 0 .1 128.6 135.4 127.7 134.3 132.3 132.2 127.0 125.8 126.8 123.3 132.8 146.0 141.3 124.9 M otor vehicle p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t........................ 100.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.7 101.7 102.5 103.1 103.6 104.0 104.7 104.2 104.4 104.4 105.1 M otor vehicle m a in te n a n c e a n d rep a ir................... 171.9 177.3 177.2 178.2 178.7 179.4 179.9 179.9 180.6 181.5 181.7 181.9 182.5 182.7 183.4 Public tra n s p o rta tio n ....................................................... 197.7 20 9 .6 21 3 .7 215.7 213.0 208 .0 209.1 209 .5 2 1 0 .2 2 1 2 .1 2 1 0 .0 208 .3 209 .3 21 6 .3 216.1 273.1 M edical c a r e .......................................................................... 2 5 0 .6 26 0 .8 261.4 262.6 263.1 263 .7 264.1 264.8 267.1 268 .9 27 0 .0 270 .8 271.4 27 2 .5 M edical c a re c o m m o d ities............................................ 2 3 0 .7 238.1 238.6 239.2 239.4 239 .6 240.0 241.1 24 2 .3 243 .8 24 4 .9 245 .7 246 .6 248.1 2 4 8 .5 M edical c a re s e rv ic e s ..................................................... 255.1 266.0 26 6 .7 268.0 268.7 269.4 26 9 .8 27 0 .4 273.0 274.9 2 7 5 .9 276.8 277 .3 27 8 .3 2 7 8 .9 P ro fessio n al s e rv ic e s ................................................... 229 .2 137.7 23 8 .3 23 8 .9 239.3 239 .7 23 9 .8 24 0 .3 24 2 .6 244.1 2 4 4 .8 24 5 .6 245 .8 246.5 246 .8 Hospital a n d rela te d s e rv ic e s .................................... 299 .5 317.3 318.1 321.3 322.5 323 .6 324.7 325.3 328.5 331.0 33 2 .8 333.6 335.1 336.6 3 3 7 .9 R ec rea tio n 2 ......................................................................... V ideo a n d a u d io 1'2 .......................................................... 1 02.1 103.3 103.7 103.9 103.8 103.8 103.7 103.7 104.1 104.3 104.3 105.0 105.0 104.8 105.0 100.7 1 0 1 .0 101.3 1 0 1 .6 101.5 1 0 1 .0 100.9 100.7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 101.7 1 0 1 .6 101.3 101.7 E ducation a n d com m unication 2 ..................................... 1 0 1 .2 102.5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .8 102.9 103.6 103.2 103.6 103.9 104.0 104.3 104.1 104.0 104.4 104.8 E ducation 2 .................................................... E ducational b o o k s a n d s u p p lie s ............................ 107.0 112.5 1 1 1 .8 113.0 116.0 116.1 116.1 116.4 116.9 117.2 278.1 280.2 28 4 .8 115.5 285.4 115.8 279.9 115.3 28 5 .2 115.4 26 1 .7 114.9 284.8 289.2 290.4 2 9 0 .8 290 .8 29 0 .7 2 9 3 .9 295.1 Tuition, o th er sch o o l fe e s , a n d child c a r e ........... 308.4 324.0 321 .7 325.4 330.8 332.1 332.5 332.7 333.3 333.7 334.0 334.1 335.0 336.2 33 7 .2 C o m m unication 1,2 ........................................................... 96.0 93.6 9 3.3 93.7 92.1 93.1 92.3 93.0 93.3 93.2 9 3.7 93.3 92.9 93.1 9 3.6 Inform ation a n d inform ation p r o c e s s in g 1'2 ......... 95 .5 92.8 92.5 93.0 91 .3 92 .3 9 1.5 92.2 92.4 92.2 9 2.7 92.3 91.8 92.1 9 2.5 T e lep h o n e s e rv ic e s 1'2 ........................................... Inform ation a n d inform ation p ro ce ssin g 1 0 0 .1 98.5 98.2 98.9 97.0 98 .3 97.5 98.4 98.8 9 8.7 99.4 99.0 98.7 99.0 99 .6 o th er th a n teleD hone s e rv ic e s 1,4 ..................... P e rso n a l c o m p u te rs a n d peripheral 30 .5 2 5.9 25 .7 25.2 2 5.0 2 4.7 24.2 23.8 23.2 22 .9 2 2.5 2 2.1 2 1.7 2 1.4 21 .3 e q u ip m e n t 1'2 ..................................................... O th er g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ................................................ 53.5 41.1 40.3 39.5 3 8.9 3 8.3 37.3 36.5 35.0 33 .9 32.4 31.7 30.4 2 9.8 2 9 .3 2 5 8 .3 271.1 27 2 .2 271.6 274.7 273.0 276.2 274.0 275.9 277.2 2 7 7 .7 27 7 .7 281 .3 281 .2 28 5 .8 T o b a c c o a n d sm oking p ro d u cts.................................. 35 5 .8 39 4 .9 40 0 .7 394.1 408.0 396.7 41 1 .0 396.6 404.3 40 8 .5 4 0 7 .7 424.2 418 .7 421 .0 4 4 1 .2 P e rso n a l c a r e '................................................................ 161.1 165.6 165.7 166.2 166.6 167.0 167.4 167.8 168.2 168.6 169.1 169.6 169.5 170.0 170.7 P e rso n a l c a re p r o d u c ts '............................................ 151.8 153.7 153.7 154.3 154.3 153.4 153.9 155.5 155.3 155.3 155.7 155.8 153.2 154.6 155.1 P e rso n a l c a re s e r v i c e s '............................................. 171.4 178.1 178.2 179.3 179.9 180.3 180.6 181.3 181.6 181.9 182.2 183.4 184.1 184.1 184.8 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of tab le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 73 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]___________________________________ Series Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 2 4 3 .0 2 5 2 .3 2 5 2 .9 2 5 3 .6 2 5 4 .0 255.1 2 5 5 .7 2 5 5 .7 2 5 7 .3 2 5 8 .6 2 5 9 .5 2 6 0 .2 2 6 1 .0 2 6 1 .8 2 6 3 .2 C o m m o d itie s...................................................................... 144.4 149.2 149.3 148.6 150.3 150.4 150.6 150.0 150.0 150.6 150.7 151.9 152.9 152.1 150.4 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .................................................... 164.6 168.4 169.4 169.2 169.4 169.6 169.5 170.5 171 .4 171.8 172.2 172.4 172.9 17 3 .4 17 4 .0 C o m m o d itie s le s s food a n d b e v e r a g e s ................. 132.5 137.7 137.7 136.4 138.8 138.9 139.3 137.8 137.4 138.1 138.0 139.7 140.8 13 9 .4 136.5 N o n d u ra b le s le s s food a n d b e v e r a g e s ............... 137.5 147.4 147.5 145.6 149.9 149.9 150.2 147.2 146.4 147.7 147.9 151.0 153.5 15 1 .3 146.3 A p p a r e l........................................................................ 131.3 129.6 124.5 125.3 130.4 132.8 131.8 127.8 125.4 12 8 .4 132.2 131.9 129.8 126.3 1 2 2 .6 164.5 M isc e lla n e o u s p e rs o n a l s e rv ic e s ......................... C om m odity a n d s e rv ic e group: N o n d u ra b le s le s s food, b e v e ra g e s , a n d a p p a re l.............................................................. 146.0 162.5 165.4 162.0 165.9 164.7 165.7 163.1 163.2 163.7 161.9 167.0 172.0 17 0 .4 D u ra b le s ......................................................................... 126.0 125.4 125.2 124.7 124.8 125.0 125.5 125.9 125.9 125.9 125.5 125.4 124.9 124.5 124.2 S e r v ic e s ............................................................................... 188.8 195.3 196.3 197.0 197.2 197.6 197.6 198.0 2 0 0 .2 2 0 1 .0 2 0 1 .8 2 0 1 .9 2 0 2 .5 2 0 4 .0 2 0 4 .5 R en t of s h e lte r 3 ............................................................ T ra n sp o ra ta tio n s e rv ic e s .......................................... 195.0 190.7 2 0 1 .3 196.1 2 0 2 .1 2 0 2 .7 2 0 2 .6 203 .3 203 .2 203.1 204 .5 2 0 5 .7 2 0 7 .2 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .7 197.4 197.2 197.0 198.0 198.3 199.1 2 0 0 .3 2 0 0 .2 2 0 0 .1 2 0 7 .8 2 0 0 .4 2 0 9 .0 196.5 2 0 2 .0 2 0 2 .6 O th e r s e rv ic e s .............................................................. 223.1 2 2 9 .9 2 2 9 .9 2 3 1 .3 2 3 1 .5 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .4 2 3 3 .0 234.1 2 3 4 .8 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .2 2 3 6 .4 2 3 6 .7 2 3 7 .7 All ite m s le s s fo o d ........................................................ 167.0 173.0 173.6 173.5 174.6 174.9 175.0 174.7 175.9 176.6 177.1 177.8 178.6 179.0 178.2 All Item s le s s s h e lte r ................................................... 160.2 165.7 166.2 166.0 167.4 167.5 167.7 167.5 168.6 169.1 169.2 170.1 170.9 17 1 .0 170.0 All ite m s le s s m edical c a r e ....................................... 162.0 167.3 167.9 167.9 168.8 169.1 169.2 169.0 170.1 170.8 171.2 171.8 172.6 17 2 .9 172.3 C o m m o d ities le s s fo o d .............................................. 134.0 139.2 139.2 138.0 140.3 140.4 140.8 139.3 139.0 139.7 139.6 141.2 142.4 141.0 138.2 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d ............................................... 139.4 149.1 149.3 147.5 151.5 151.6 151.8 149.0 148.3 149.6 149.8 152.8 155.1 153.1 148.3 N o n d u ra b le s le s s food a n d a p p a re l...................... 147.5 162.9 165.7 162.6 166.2 165.1 166.0 163.6 163.9 164.3 162.7 167 .4 172.0 170.6 165.2 N o n d u ra b le s .................................................................. 151.2 158.2 158.4 157.6 160.0 160.1 160.2 159.1 159.1 160..0 160.3 162.0 163.6 162.7 160.3 S e rv ic e s le s s rent of s h e lte r 3 ................................... S e rv ic e s le s s m edical c a re s e rv ic e s ..................... E n e rg y .............................................................................. 195.8 2 0 2 .9 204 .2 2 0 5 .0 205 .7 2 0 5 .8 2 0 5 .9 2 0 6 .9 2 1 0 .0 21 0 .5 2 1 0 .6 2 1 0 .6 2 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .3 2 1 3 .7 182.7 106.6 188.9 124.6 189.9 129.7 190.5 125.9 190.7 130.6 191.1 129.3 191.1 129.0 191.5 128.1 193.6 132.5 194.3 132.0 195.1 129.5 195.2 133.1 195.7 140.1 197.2 140.5 197.8 13 2 .4 S p e c ia l in d ex e s: All ite m s le s s e n e rg y .................................................. 174.4 178.6 178.7 179.1 179.6 180.1 180.3 180.2 181.0 181.8 182.6 182.9 182.9 183.3 18 3 .6 All ite m s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y ............................ 177.0 181.3 181.3 181.7 182.3 182.8 183.0 182.8 183.5 184.4 185.3 185.6 185.5 185.9 186.2 C o m m o d ities le s s food a n d e n e rg y ................. 144.1 144.9 143.8 143.7 145.1 145.6 146.0 145.1 144.8 145.9 146.2 146.6 145.7 144.9 144 .4 E n erg y c o m m o d itie s ........................................... 1 0 0 .0 129.5 135.0 127.9 135.2 133.6 133.8 129.3 128.6 129.1 12 5 .4 133.8 145.6 141.1 125.6 195.7 2 0 2 .1 2 0 2 .7 2 0 3 .5 2 0 3 .5 204.1 2 0 4 .2 2 0 4 .4 2 0 5 .7 2 0 6 .8 2 0 7 .7 2 0 8 .0 2 0 8 .4 2 0 9 .4 2 1 0 .1 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S All ite m s ...................................... .......................................... 163.2 168.9 169.4 169.3 170.4 170.6 170.9 170.7 171.7 172.4 172.6 173.5 17 4 .4 174.6 173.8 All ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 )...................................................... 4 8 6 .2 503.1 50 4 .7 504.2 50 7 .6 50 8 .2 509 .0 508 .5 511 .6 5 1 3 .4 514 .2 5 1 6 .7 5 1 9 .4 5 2 0 .0 5 1 7 .8 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ........................................................ 163.8 167.7 168.0 168.6 168.8 169.0 168.8 169.8 170.8 171.2 171.6 171.9 172.3 172.8 17 3 .4 163.4 167.2 167.6 189.9 168.3 168.5 168.3 169.3 170.3 170.8 171.1 171.4 171.9 172 .4 173.0 163.0 166.8 167.3 156.8 168.1 168.1 167.8 169.1 170.3 170.8 171.1 171.3 171.8 172 .4 173.0 C e r e a ls a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts ................................ 184.7 188.0 189.2 161.0 188.4 189.9 188.6 190.4 190.9 191.7 191.7 192.2 192.9 193.9 194.5 M e ats, poultry, fish, a n d e g g s ............................... 147.6 154.1 155.4 2 0 2 .5 156.6 156.4 155.3 156.3 157.9 159.2 160.0 160.7 160.6 161.4 162.1 159.4 160.5 138.2 161.6 2 0 3 .6 2 0 5 .8 163.8 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .1 163.1 209 .8 163.5 2 1 1 .7 164.7 2 0 1 .5 161.5 2 1 3 .3 163.5 2 0 0 .0 161.9 2 0 4 .7 161 .4 2 0 1 .8 160.5 2 0 3 .4 2 1 1 .5 166.9 2 1 0 .5 168.3 2 0 9 .5 133.2 136.9 137.5 137.4 137.1 136.6 137.1 135.8 138.7 139.3 138.8 138.2 137.2 137.8 138.0 152.8 155.1 156.0 156.2 156.1 155.3 155.4 155.8 157.3 157.3 158.2 157.1 159.1 159.1 160.0 F ruits a n d v e g e ta b le s ............................................... N onalcoholic b e v e ra g e s a n d b e v e ra g e m a te ria ls ..................................................................... F a ts a n d o ils............................................................... O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s fo o d s 1,2 ......................... F o o d a w a y from h o m e 1.............................................. 152.2 153.9 154.2 154.4 154.4 153.8 152.7 153.3 155.4 155.6 155.6 153.7 155.8 155.5 156.0 147.9 147.2 147.9 148.6 148.5 149.4 146.3 149.9 152.8 15 2 .4 153.0 151 .4 154.3 156 .4 15 7 .4 168.8 172.3 173.5 173.6 173.5 172.0 173.4 173.0 174.0 174.1 175.4 174.6 176.5 176.0 177.2 104.6 107.1 108.4 109.0 107.5 106.3 109.6 108.6 108.5 108.5 108.5 108 .4 108.7 108 .0 109.9 165.0 169.0 169.1 169.5 170.0 170.3 170.5 170.8 171.4 171.8 172.3 172.7 173.1 173.5 174.0 105.1 109.2 108.8 109.6 110.4 110.9 1 1 1 .2 111.4 111.5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .0 112.5 1 1 2 .8 114.0 168.8 173.8 174.4 174.7 174.4 174.8 175.6 175.8 176.5 177.0 177.2 177.6 178.0 178.4 179.2 H o u sin g ................................................................................ 160.0 165.4 166.4 166.6 167.3 167.5 167.6 168.1 170.2 170.5 171.0 171.0 171.7 173.0 17 3 .3 S h e lte r............................................................................... 181.6 187.4 187.9 188.4 188.7 189.3 189.5 189.6 190.6 191.5 192.6 192.9 193.5 19 4 .4 195.0 177.1 183.4 183.4 184.1 184.8 185.6 186.2 187.0 187.7 188.3 189.0 189.6 190 .4 191.0 191.7 O w n e rs ’ e q u iv a le n t ren t of prim ary re s id e n c e 3 H o u se h o ld fu rn ish in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s ............. N ew a n d u s e d m otor v e h ic le s 2 ............................. 1 2 2 .2 117.3 123.1 122.5 118.3 118.6 113.9 108.7 113.8 118.5 123.8 1 2 1 .2 119.9 123.2 123 .7 175.7 180.8 180.8 181.3 181.9 182.4 183.0 183.5 184.1 184.5 185.2 185.7 186.3 187.0 187.5 1 0 1 .6 103.9 137.4 104.4 104.4 143.4 104.7 104.9 142.0 144.6 105.3 151.5 105.6 149.9 105.8 148.8 106.9 150.8 106.7 142.5 105.2 153.2 107.2 141.0 104.2 140.4 104.4 128.7 155.2 154.4 113.0 1 2 1 .8 125.7 125.0 128.2 127.2 126.5 129.3 138.6 136.6 134.8 133.6 135.7 140.5 139.5 9 1.7 128.8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .1 133.1 136.7 139.3 144.1 150.1 145.0 138.0 133.9 131.5 129.2 123.1 120.4 127.5 132.5 131.8 134.4 133.0 132.1 134.8 144.8 143/0 141.5 140.4 142.9 148.5 147.8 124.7 125.5 125.7 125.7 126.1 125.8 126.0 125.6 125.7 125.9 125.9 126.0 125.7 125.9 125.8 130.1 128.3 123.6 124.0 128.7 131.3 130.5 126.6 124.1 127.0 130.6 130.5 128.5 125.2 121.9 131.2 129.7 126.6 126.8 128.8 130.3 131.3 128.0 125.8 126.9 127.6 128.3 129.2 126.3 122.9 121.3 119.3 1 1 2 .2 113.2 121.5 125.5 1 2 2 .6 117.5 113.2 118.4 125.2 124.7 1 2 0 .2 115.6 1 1 0 .2 130.3 132.3 129.8 128.4 129.0 132.6 132.7 130.0 129.0 131.0 133.3 133.2 132.0 128.6 126.2 126.2 143.4 124.2 152.8 120.9 154.4 121.5 152.3 124.8 154.2 125.5 154.0 125.7 154.9 124.0 153.9 121.5 154.0 122.4 125.2 153.3 125.2 155.8 124.5 159.2 1 2 2 .1 157.9 121.4 15 3 .4 140.7 150.1 151.6 149.3 151 .4 151.3 152.2 151.2 151.2 151.7 150.5 153.2 156.6 155.1 15 0 .4 100.4 101.4 1 0 1 .1 100.9 1 0 1 .0 101.4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .8 102.9 1 0 2 .8 102.5 102.4 1 0 2 .0 101.7 101.4 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of tab le . 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 154.5 September 2001 28. Continued—'Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [ 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 10 0 , unless otherw ise indicated]_____________________________________________ Series Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. N ew v e h ic le s........................................................... 144.0 143.9 143.7 143.1 142.5 142.7 143.7 144.6 144.8 U s e d c a rs a n d tru c k s 1.......................................... 153.3 157.1 156.6 156.5 157.5 159.3 160.7 161 6 1fi1 7 Feb. Mar. 144.5 143.8 2001 Apr. 143.8 May 143.4 June 142.7 July 142.3 M otor fuel................................................................... 1 0 0 .8 129.5 136.2 128.0 135.3 133.1 133.2 127.7 126.9 127.8 124.1 134.0 147.4 142.1 124.9 G aso lin e (all ty p e s )............................................... 1 0 0 .2 128.8 135.5 127.3 134.6 132.3 132.4 126.9 126.2 127.1 123.4 133.3 146.7 141.1 124.2 M otor vehicle p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t................... 1 0 0 .0 100.9 1 0 0 .8 100.7 100.9 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .8 102.3 103.0 103.4 104.0 103.5 103.6 103.6 104.3 M otor vehicle m ain ten a n c e a n d re p a ir............. 173.3 178.8 178.7 179.6 180.2 180.9 181.4 181.5 182.1 183.1 183.3 183.4 184.1 184.4 185.0 Public tra n s p o rta tio n .................................................. 193.1 203.4 206.9 208.7 206.4 202.4 203.2 203.7 204 .3 205.8 20 4 .2 20 2 .7 203 .5 2 0 9 .5 209 .5 M edical c a r e ..................................................................... 249.7 259.9 260.6 26 1 .7 262.2 262.8 263.1 263.8 266.3 268.1 269.1 26 9 .9 270.4 2 7 1 .5 272.0 M edical c a re c o m m o d ities....................................... 226.8 23 3 .6 234.2 234.6 235.0 235.2 23 5 .5 23 6 .5 237.8 239.1 24 0 .2 241.0 24 1 .7 2 4 3 .2 243 .6 M edical c a re s e rv ic e s ................................................ 254.£ 26 5 .9 266.6 267.9 268.5 269.2 269.4 270.1 272.8 27 4 .7 27 5 .7 276.5 277.0 278.0 2 7 8 .5 P ro fessio n al s e rv ic e s .............................................. 230.6 239.6 240.3 240.9 241.3 241 ,8 241 .7 242.3 24 4 .9 246.4 247.0 24 7 .8 H ospital a n d rela te d s e rv ic e s ............................... 248.0 2 4 8 .7 24 9 .0 29 5 .5 313.2 314.2 317.1 318.2 319.2 320.3 320.9 323.9 326.6 32 8 .3 329.1 330.6 332.0 333.5 R e c reatio n 2 ............................................................ 101.3 102.4 102.7 102.9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .8 102.7 1 0 2 .6 103.0 103.1 103.0 103.7 103.7 103 5 103 7 V ideo a n d a u d io 1,2 ....................................... 100.5 100.7 100.9 101.3 101.1 100.7 1 0 0 .6 100.3 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 01.1 100 7 101 1 E ducation a n d com m unication 2 ................................ 101.5 102.7 1 0 2 .2 103.0 102.9 103.7 103.2 103.7 104.0 104.1 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.5 104.9 E ducation 2 ................................................................... E ducational b o o k s a n d s u p p lie s....................... 107.2 264.1 1 1 2 .8 1 12 .1 113.2 115.1 115.4 115.6 115.7 116.0 116.7 117.2 117.6 28 1 .5 283.6 288.6 289.0 288 .6 289.2 29 2 .9 116.3 29 4 .7 116.4 283 .3 116.2 294.1 294.7 29 4 .5 2 9 8 .2 299 .3 Tuition, o th er sch o o l fe e s , a n d child c a r e ...... 302.8 318.2 316.2 319.2 324.7 325.7 326.3 326.5 327.0 327.4 32 7 .9 328.2 329.1 94.2 9 3.3 94.1 94.4 94.4 94 .8 94.4 94.0 330 .3 94 3 331.3 94 R C om m unication 1,2 ...................................................... 96.9 94.6 94.3 94.8 93.1 Inform ation a n d inform ation p r o c e s s in g 1,2... 96.5 94.1 93.9 94.4 92.6 93.8 92.8 93.6 93.8 93.7 94.1 93.8 93.4 9 3.6 94.0 T e lep h o n e s e rv ic e s 1,2....................................... Inform ation a n d inform ation p ro cessin g 1 0 0 .2 98.7 98.4 99.1 97.1 98.6 97.6 98.6 99.0 98.9 99.5 99.2 98.8 99.2 99.7 o th er th an teleD hone s e rv ic e s 1,4................. P e rso n a l c o m p u te rs a n d peripheral 31.6 2 6.8 2 6.6 26.1 25.9 25.5 25.1 24.6 24.0 2 3.8 2 3.3 2 2 .8 2 2.4 2 2 .2 2 2 .0 eq u ip m e n t 1,2 ................................................ 53.1 40.5 39.8 39.1 38.5 37.8 36.7 35.9 34.3 33.4 3 1.8 31.1 2 9.9 29.4 28.7 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ............................................ 26 1 .9 27 6 .5 27 7 .9 27 6 .8 280.9 278.2 282.3 279.2 281 .5 283.2 2 8 3 .5 288.2 286.8 2 8 7 .9 293 .8 T o b a c c o a n d sm oking p ro d u cts............................. 356.2 395.2 400.9 394.2 408.2 397.0 41 1 .3 396.9 404.6 409.2 40 8 .5 42 4 .8 41 9 .8 42 1 .6 441 .9 P e rso n a l c a r e 1.................................................. 161.3 165.5 165.5 166.1 166.5 166.8 167.1 167.7 168.1 168.5 169.0 169.4 169.3 169.9 170.6 P e rso n a l c a re p ro d u cts 1....................................... 152.5 154.2 154.1 155.0 155.1 153.9 154.2 155.8 155.7 155.7 155.9 156.0 153.8 155.4 155.9 P e rso n a l c a re s e rv ic e s 1 ........................... 171.7 178.6 178.6 179.7 180.3 180.8 181.1 181.7 182.1 182.4 182.8 183.9 184.7 184.8 185.4 243.1 251 .9 25 2 .2 253.0 253.4 254.5 255.1 255.3 257.0 258.4 258 ,3 260.0 260 .7 2 6 1 .6 263.2 M iscellaneous p e rso n a l s e rv ic e s ........................ C om m odity a n d serv ice group: C o m m odities............................................................. 144.7 149.8 150.1 149.3 151.0 151.0 151.4 150.6 150.8 151.4 151.4 152.8 153.9 153.0 151.2 F ood a n d b e v e ra g e s ............................................... 163.8 167.7 168.0 168.6 168.8 169.0 168.8 169.8 170.8 171.2 171.6 171.9 172.3 172.8 173.4 C om m odities le s s food a n d b e v e ra g e s ................ 133.2 139.0 139.2 137.7 140.2 140.2 140.8 139.1 138.8 139.5 139.3 141.2 142.6 141.1 138.0 N o n d u ra b le s le s s food a n d b e v e ra g e s .............. 138.1 149.1 149.7 147.2 151.8 151.6 152.1 148.6 148.1 149.4 149.3 153.1 156.2 153.6 148.2 A p p a r e l...................................................................... 130.1 128.3 123.6 124.0 128.7 131.3 130.5 126.6 124.1 127.0 130.6 130.5 128.5 125.2 121.9 N o n d u ra b le s le s s food, b e v e ra g e s , a n d a p p a re l........................................................... 147.2 165.3 168.7 164.6 169.3 167.6 168.8 165.5 166.0 166.5 164.4 170.5 176.3 174.1 167.3 D u ra b le s..................................................................... 126.0 125.8 125.6 125.2 125.3 125.6 126.2 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.2 126.0 125.5 125.2 124.8 S e rv ic e s ..................................................................... 185.3 191.6 192.2 193.0 193.4 193.9 194.0 194.5 196.6 197.2 197.8 198.0 198.7 2 0 0 .1 2 0 0 .6 R ent of sh e lte r 3 ........................... T ra n sp o ratatio n s e rv ic e s ....................................... 174.9 187.9 180.5 192.9 181.0 193.0 181.5 181.7 182.6 195.2 183.6 196.0 185.8 197.2 187.2 197.2 185.5 197.2 186.3 193.7 182.5 195.0 184.4 193.8 182.3 193.9 197.6 O th e r s e rv ic e s ........................................... 198.9 187.8 199.5 219 .6 22 5 .9 225 .9 227.3 227.3 228.4 228.1 22 8 .9 229.9 23 0 .6 231 .2 23 1 .9 232.2 2 3 2 .6 233.6 163.1 169.1 169.6 169.4 170.7 170.9 171.3 170.9 171.9 S p ecial Indexes: All item s le s s fo o d ............................... 172.5 172.8 173.8 174.7 174.9 All item s le s s s h e lte r........................................... 173.9 158.1 163.8 164.3 163.9 165.4 165.5 165.7 165.5 166.5 167.0 167.0 168.0 169.1 169.0 167.8 All item s le s s m edical c a r e ...................................... 159.2 164.7 165.1 165.0 166.2 166.4 166.6 166.4 167.4 168.0 168.2 169.1 170.0 170.2 169.4 C om m odities le s s fo o d ................................. 134.6 140.4 140.6 139.1 141.6 141.6 142.2 140.6 140.3 141.0 140.8 142.7 144.1 142.6 139.6 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d ............................................. 140.0 150.7 151.2 148.9 153.3 153.1 153.6 150.3 149.9 151.1 151.1 154.7 157.6 155.3 150.1 N o n d u ra b le s le s s food a n d a p p a re l...................... 148.4 165.4 168.7 164.9 169.2 167.7 168.8 165.8 166.3 166.8 164.9 170.5 175.9 173.9 167.7 N o n d u ra b le s........................................................ 151.3 158.9 159.4 158.3 160.8 160.8 161.0 159.7 159.9 160.8 160.9 163.0 164.8 163.8 161.2 S e rv ic e s le s s rent of sh e lte r 3 ............. 174.1 180.1 181.3 181.9 182.5 182.7 182.8 183.7 186.6 186.9 187.0 187.0 187.8 189.6 189.9 S e rv ic e s le s s m edical c a re s e rv ic e s .................... E n erg y .......................................................... 179.5 106.1 185.4 124.8 186.0 130.1 186.6 125.7 187.2 130.9 187.6 129.3 187.7 129.0 188.3 127.6 190.3 131.8 190.8 131.3 191.4 128.6 191.6 132.9 192.3 140.6 193.6 140.3 194.2 131.3 All item s le s s e n e rg y ........................................... 171.1 175.1 174.9 175.3 176.0 176.5 176.8 176.8 177.4 178.2 178.8 179.2 179.2 179.5 179.8 All item s le s s food a n d e n e rg y ............................. 173.1 177.1 176.8 177.2 178.0 178.6 179.0 178.7 179.3 180.1 180.9 181.3 181.2 181.4 181.7 C om m odities le s s food a n d e n e rg y ................. 144.3 145.4 144.5 144.2 145.7 146.1 146.7 145.8 145.5 146.2 146.8 147.3 146.4 145.6 145.4 E nergy c o m m o d ities........................................... 100.3 129.7 135.4 127.7 135.4 133.5 133.8 128.9 128.5 129.1 125.1 134.2 146.6 141.5 125.0 S e rv ic e s le s s e n e rg y ............................................ 192.6 198.7 198.8 199.51 2 0 0 .0 2 0 0 .6 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .1 2 0 2 .2 2 0 3 .1 1 20 4 .0 204.4 20 4 .8 2 0 5 .7 2 0 6 .3 Not se a s o n a lly ad ju ste d . 4 In d ex e s on a D ecem b er 1988 = 100 b a s e . 2 In d ex e s on a D e c e m b e r 1997 = 100 b a s e . D ash in d ic a te s d a ta not available. 3 In d ex e s on a D e c e m b e r 1982 = 1 0 0 b a s e . NoTE: lndex a PPlied to a m onth a s a whole, not to an y specific d ate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 75 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Urban Wage Earners A rea sch ed u le 1 J u ly June A p r. M a r. M 172.4 N o rth ea st u r b a n .................................................................................... M 179.0 179.8 183.7 S iz e A— M ore th a n 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 .................................................... M 179.7 180.5 184.6 S iz e B/C— 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 3............................................... M 107.7 108.2 110.4 M idw est u rb a n 4 ..................................................................................... S iz e A— M ore th a n 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 .................................................... M 169.7 168.8 171.7 U .S. city a v e r a g e .......................................................................... 2000 2001 2000 172.8 176.2 M ay June J u ly June 2001 M a r. J u ly 169.2 169.4 185.0 175.9 176.7 186.2 175.7 176.5 A p r. M ay June J u ly 17 3 .5 174 .4 180.3 180.9 18 1 .6 182.1 181.8 180.2 180.7 181.6 182.3 182.1 173.8 178.0 184.2 184.6 185.3 185.0 185.6 186.4 110.7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .0 110.7 107.3 107.7 109.8 1 1 0 .2 11 0 .4 110.5 1 1 0 .1 172.8 174.2 173.8 172.5 166.2 165.1 167.8 16 9 .0 170.7 170.1 168 .4 177.5 172.6 174.6 177.7 176.9 R e g io n a n d a r e a s iz e 2 S iz e B/C— 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 3............................................... S iz e D— N onm etropolitan (le s s th a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 )....................... S o u th u r b a n .......................................................................................... M 171.3 170.5 173.3 174.4 175.6 175.3 174.3 166.9 165.9 168.5 169.6 17 1 .0 170.5 169.3 M 108.4 107.7 109.7 110.4 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .0 108.7 107.7 109.6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .0 111 .4 109.8 M 163.1 163.2 165.9 166.7 167.9 167.5 166.1 161.8 161.7 164.3 165.1 166 .4 165.8 164.2 M 167.5 168.0 170.6 171.4 171 .7 172.2 171.6 165.8 166.3 168.7 169.6 170 .0 170.3 169.7 S iz e A— M ore th a n 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 .................................................... M 167.2 167.9 170.9 171.6 171.9 172.7 172.5 165.0 165.7 168.4 169 .3 169.7 170.5 170.3 S iz e B/C— 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 .5 0 0 .0 0 0 3............................................... S iz e D— N onm etropolitan ( le s s th a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 ) ...................... M 107.6 107.8 109.4 109.9 1 1 0 .1 110.3 109.8 107 .4 107.6 109.1 109 .7 109 .9 1 1 0 .0 109.5 M 167.1 167.7 169.5 170.6 171.0 171.4 170.1 168.1 168.6 170.4 171.8 172.0 172.3 170.8 W e st u r b a n ............................................................................................ M 174.3 175.2 180.1 180.4 181.3 182.0 182.0 169.9 170.8 175.3 17 5 .8 176.7 177.3 177.2 S iz e A— M ore th a n 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 .................................................... M 175.8 176.8 182.0 182.5 183.4 184.4 184.2 169.6 170.6 175.4 17 6 .0 17 7 .0 177.9 177.8 S iz e B /C — 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 1,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 s ............................................... M 107.7 108.1 110.7 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .2 111.4 107.4 107.9 110.4 1 1 0 .4 11 0 .9 11 0 .9 1 1 1 .0 M M M 156.4 107.8 167.5 156.8 107.9 167.8 160.3 109.8 170.3 160.9 161.6 110.7 162.1 155.1 107.7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .6 171.2 171.9 172.1 17 0 .5 160.2 110.7 171.1 160.6 107.7 167.0 158.6 109.5 169.5 15 9 .3 1 1 0 ,8 161.8 110.3 171.0 155.4 1 1 0 .2 171.2 160.2 109.9 169.8 171.7 S iz e c la s s e s : A5 E3/C3 ...................................................................................................... D ........................................................................................................... 166.8 S e l e c t e d lo c a l a r e a s ' M 176.0 174.6 177.1 178.4 179.8 179.2 177.7 170.4 168.9 171.4 172.6 174.0 173.4 L os A n g e le s -R iv e rs id e -O ra n g e C ounty, C A ........................... M 171.0 171.7 176.2 176.6 177.5 178.9 178.3 164.3 165.0 169.1 169.6 170.5 171.9 171.3 N ew York, N Y -N orthern N J -L o n g Island, N Y -N J -C T -P A . M 182.0 182.8 186.4 186.6 187.3 188.3 187.8 177.6 181.8 181 .9 183.8 192.1 182.3 189.3 190.1 _ 183.5 190.9 _ 18 3 .0 183.2 _ 178.4 C lev e la n d -A k ro n , O H ........................................................................ 1 - 168.3 172.3 - 173.7 - 173.4 - 160.5 163.9 - 165.6 - 164.9 D a lla s -F t W orth, TX ........................................................................... 1 - 166.2 168.9 - 169.4 - 171.5 - 166.2 168.5 - 169.1 - 171 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 190.9 W ash in q to n -B altim o re , D C -M D -V A -W V 7 ............................... 1 - 108.4 109.7 - 1 1 0 .1 - 1 1 0 .8 - 108.2 10 9 .4 - 10 9 .9 - A tlanta, G A ............................................................................................. 2 171.3 - - 176.6 - 177.8 - 168.9 - - 173.8 - 175.4 2 170.9 174.5 _ 175.8 _ 159.6 159.5 165.8 _ _ 169.1 153.1 _ 170.4 19 1 .3 - _ 15 8 .4 157 .8 2 154.1 M iam i-F t. L a u d e rd a le , FL................................................................ 2 168.0 - - 172.8 - 173.5 - 165.7 - - 170 .4 - 171.2 - P h ilad elp h ia-W ilm in g to n -A tlan tic City, P A -N J -D E -M D .... 2 176.6 - - 181.2 - 182.5 - 176.1 - - 180 .7 - 182.0 - S a n F ra n c is c o -O a k la n d - S a n J o s e , CA...................................... 2 179.1 - - 189.1 - 190.9 - 175.2 175.2 - 184.9 - 186.9 - S e a ttle - T a c o m a - B r e m e r to n , W A................................................. 2 179.2 - - 184.2 - 186.3 - 174.5 - - 17 9 .4 - 181.3 - 1 F o o d s , fuels, a n d s e v e ra l o th e r ite m s p ric e d ev e ry m o n th in all a re a s ; m o st o th er g o o d s M O -K S ; M ilw a u k e e -R a cin e , Wl; M in n e a p o lis-S t. P aul, M N-W I; P ittsburgh, PA; P o rt-la n d -S a le m , O R -W A ; S t Louis, M O-IL; S a n a n d s e rv ic e s priced a s indicated: M— E very m onth. P e ters b u rg -C le a rw a te r, FL. 1^ J a n u a r y , M arch, M ay, July, S e p te m b e r, a n d N ovem ber. 7 In d e x e s on a N o v e m b e r 199 6 = 100 b a s e . 2— F e b ru ary , April, J u n e , A ugust, O c to b e r, a n d D e c e m b e r. D a sh in d ic a te s d a ta not available. Diego, CA; T a m p a - S t. 2 R e g io n s d e fin e d a s th e four C e n s u s reg io n s. NOTE: Local a r e a CPI in d e x e s a r e b y p ro d u cts of th e national CPI program . 3 I n d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 1 996 = 100 b a s e . 4 T h e "N orth C entral" region h a s b e e n r e n a m e d th e "M idwest" region by th e C e n s u s B u reau . E a c h local index h a s a s m aller s a m p le s iz e a n d is, th e re fo re , s u b je c t to It is c o m p o s e d of th e s a m e g e o g ra p h ic entities. su b sta n tia lly m o re s a m p lin g a n d o th e r m e a s u re m e n t error. A s a resu lt, local a r e a in d e x e s s h o w g re a te r volatility th a n th e national index, a lth o u g h th eir long 6 In d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 198 6 = 100 b a s e . 3 In addition, th e following m etropolitan a r e a s a re p u b lish e d se m ia n n u ally a n d a p p e a r in ta b le s 3 4 a n d 3 9 of th e J a n u a r y a n d July is s u e s of th e CPI Detailed Report: A n c h o ra g e , AK; C in cin n ati-H am ilto n , O H -K Y -IN ; D e n v e r-B o u id e r-G re e le y , CO ; H onolulu, HI; K a n s a s City, 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 term tre n d s a r e sim ilar. T h e refo re , th e B u reau of L abor S ta tistics strongly u rg e s u s e r s to c o n s id e r a d o p tin g th e national a v e ra g e CPI for u s e in th eir e s c a la to r c la u s e s . Index a p p lie s to a m o n th a s a w hole, n ot to a n y specific d a te . ) 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982-84= 100] Series 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x for All U rb a n C o n s u m e r s : All Ite m s: I n d e x .............................................................................................. 1 4 0 .3 1 4 4 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 5 2 .4 1 5 6 .9 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ......................................................................... 3 .0 3 .0 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 F ood a n d b e v e ra g e s: In d e x .......................................................................................... 1 3 8 .7 1 4 1 .6 1 4 4 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 .4 2 .1 2 .3 2 .8 3 .2 1 3 7 .5 1 4 1 .2 1 4 4 .8 1 4 8 .5 1 5 2 .8 2 .9 2 .7 2 .5 2 .6 2 .9 I n d e x ............................................................................................... 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .7 1 3 3 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 3 1 .7 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ......................................................................... 2 .5 1 .4 - .2 - 1 .0 - .2 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ........................................................................ 2 .3 3 .4 a 1 5 7 .7 r* 1 6 8 .4 2 .3 H o u s in g : In d e x ............................................................................................ P e r c e n t c h a n g e ................................................................. 1 6 9 .6 2 .2 3 .5 A p p a re l: 1 2 9 .6 - 1 .3 T r a n s p o r ta tio n : I n d e x ............................................................................................... P e r c e n t c h a n g e .................................................................. 1 2 6 .5 1 3 0 .4 1 3 4 .3 139.1 1 4 3 .0 2 .2 3.1 3 .0 3 .6 2 .8 190.1 2 0 1 .4 2 1 1 .0 2 2 0 .5 7 .4 5 .9 4 .8 4 .5 1 8 3 .3 1 9 2 .9 1 9 8 .5 2 0 6 .9 6 .8 5 .2 2 .9 4 .2 1 3 8 .2 14 2 .1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 9 .8 2 .9 2 .8 2 .5 2 .9 A AA A 0 .9 2 .0 1 5 3 .3 6 .2 M e d ic a l c a r e : In d e x .................................................................................. P e r c e n t c h a n g e .............................................................. O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s : In d e x .................................................................................. P e r c e n t c h a n g e ......................................................................... 2 6 0 .8 3 .5 3 .5 4.1 2 7 1 .1 O .l 8 .7 1 .3 2 .2 5 .0 C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x for U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le ric a l W o rk e rs : All ite m s: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I n d e x .................................................................................. P e r c e n t c h a n g e ......................................................................... ID / .O 2 .9 2 .3 1 6 8 .9 3 .5 jfi/f Monthly Labor Review September 2001 77 Current Labor Statistics: 31. Price Data Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing 1982 = 100] Grouping Annual average 1999 2000 2000 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .2 13 8 .6 138 .2 139 .4 140.0 13 9 .7 14 1 .2 14 1 .5 141 .0 1 4 1 .7 14 2 .5 142.1 140 .7 13 9 .0 138 .6 140.1 140.1 14 0 .7 142 .7 14 3 .8 1 4 3 .3 1 4 1 .5 1 3 7 .4 138.0 14 1 .9 13 8 .4 141 .9 1 3 7 .2 140.1 13 7 .9 1 4 2 .5 13 7 .5 1 4 0 .5 138 .2 13 9 .5 140 .9 1 4 1 .6 14 1 .8 141 .9 141 .2 139.0 141.1 14 0 .8 14 1 .5 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .9 14 3 .6 14 5 .9 13 5 .2 14 0 .2 13 4 .2 13 9 .7 13 1 .5 13 1 .3 Finished go o d s................................................. 13 3 .0 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s .............................. 132.0 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r fo o d s ............................ 135.1 1 3 7 .2 1 3 0 .5 1 2 7 .9 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .7 133.0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 3 8 .8 133.1 14 0 .0 1 3 2 .7 13 8 .6 123 .2 12 9 .2 13 0 .3 F in s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g fo o d s ............................................. N o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s fo o d .................... D u ra b le g o o d s ................................................ 13 9 .5 14 0 .5 143.0 1 4 1 .6 14 2 .6 1 4 1 .3 142.1 13 5 .3 13 9 .8 135 .4 138 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .9 13 5 .3 13 9 .9 1 2 9 .9 131.1 13 0 .8 1 3 0 .5 13 0 .6 142.1 1 4 2 .9 14 4 .9 July 1 4 4 .5 1 4 3 .7 1 4 1 .4 1 4 6 .5 133 .2 143.1 13 3 .2 140 .0 1 4 7 .3 1 3 3 .8 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 3 0 .6 13 1 .2 1 3 1 .4 1 3 0 .3 143 .8 134.1 134 .2 1 3 9 .7 130 .8 Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and com po nents........................ M ate ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts for m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................... 1 2 4 .6 128.1 1 2 8 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .4 128 .0 128.1 120.8 12 8 .6 12 8 .8 128 .9 1 2 8 .7 12 8 .6 12 8 .3 1 2 7 .5 M aterials for fo o d m a n u fa c tu rin g ................ 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 1 9 .4 11 9 .0 1 1 8 .9 11 9 .8 12 0 .4 12 0 .3 122 .3 122 .3 126.1 1 2 4 .9 1 3 2 .6 13 4 .5 1 3 3 .9 13 3 .6 1 3 3 .3 13 3 .5 13 5 .0 136.1 135 .8 135 .2 1 2 4 .6 13 4 .2 1 2 5 .7 M aterials for n o n d u ra b le m an u fa c tu rin g ... 119.1 13 3 .7 13 3 .4 1 3 1 .9 M aterials for d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g ......... C o m p o n e n ts for m a n u fa c tu rin g ................... 125.1 1 2 5 .7 129 .0 126 .2 12 9 .4 12 9 .0 1 2 8 .8 1 2 6 .4 12 8 .0 126 .7 126 .0 126.1 12 6 .2 126 .4 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .4 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .5 12 7 .2 12 6 .4 12 7 .0 126 .3 1 2 9 .3 12 6 .4 1 2 7 .5 12 6 .3 150 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .6 1 0 6 .9 1 0 5 .9 153 .2 108.1 1 5 3 .9 139.0 13 9 .0 1 3 0 .9 1 1 0 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 2 6 .2 M ate ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts for c o n s tru c tio n ................................................... 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .3 150 .2 150.1 14 9 .9 1 4 9 .6 P r o c e s s e d fu els a n d lu b ric a n ts...................... C o n ta in e r s ............................................................... 8 4 .6 102.0 10 5 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 1 0 .5 108 .8 10 8 .3 11 1 .4 15 0 .0 1 0 9 .9 14 2 .5 1 5 1 .6 1 5 3 .3 15 3 .0 153 .0 153 .0 15 3 .0 15 3 .0 S u p p lie s ................................................................... 13 4 .2 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .3 13 7 .0 1 5 3 .3 13 7 .4 109.2 1 5 3 .4 1 3 7 .7 138 .0 138.1 1 3 8 .9 138.5 1 5 2 .8 138 .7 9 8.2 9 8 .7 120.6 100.2 12 2 .7 1 3 0 .3 128 .4 136.2 15 5 .0 13 3 .2 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .9 1 3 0 .4 14 1 .0 9 9 .5 1 4 6 .7 100 .4 9 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 9 5 .5 12 9 .7 143 .0 1 0 3 .9 15 3 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 8 3 .5 1 0 4 .5 14 8 .2 1 0 8 .9 142 .2 109.1 1 4 4 .5 1 3 2 .3 7 8 .8 138.1 94.1 13 9 .9 1 4 0 .6 140 .4 140.1 1 4 1 .9 1 4 6 .6 140 .9 9 9 .7 147.1 101.2 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e rg y ....... 1 4 4 .9 1 4 7 .4 9 7 .9 14 5 .9 14 2 .0 1 0 3 .6 143 .0 145 .2 9 8 .9 146.1 1 5 1 .7 110.2 15 1 .0 154.1 1 0 6 .8 1 5 3 .6 13 8 .8 1 3 8 .8 122.8 116.1 1 0 9 .7 12 7 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 4 2 .6 104.1 14 2 .0 10 2 .7 1 4 0 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 5 0 .6 1 4 7 .7 14 7 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 5 0 .7 Crude m aterials for further p rocessin g....................................................... F o o d stu ffs a n d f e e d s tu ffs ................................. C ru d e n o n fo o d m a te ria ls ................................... 9 9 .3 1 3 4 .4 12 6 .0 9 7 .6 S pecial groupings: F in is h e d g o o d s , e x c lu d in g fo o d s ................... F in is h e d e n e rg y g o o d s ....................................... F in is h e d g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ............................ 1 3 8 .8 9 7 .3 14 4 .7 13 8 .4 14 4 .8 9 9 .6 146 .0 1 4 7 .3 14 7 .7 14 7 .5 148 .6 1 4 8 .7 14 8 .5 1 0 1 .9 1 4 6 .7 149 .4 14 7 .8 149 .2 149 .2 149.1 15 0 .0 1 4 9 .5 14 9 .4 150 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .8 15 0 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 4 9 .9 9 5 .9 14 4 .7 100.6 1 4 1 .6 9 7 .0 F in is h e d g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y ......... 146.1 148 .0 1 4 7 .3 14 7 .6 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s food a n d e n e rg y ............................................................ 1 5 1 .7 154 .0 1 5 3 .5 15 3 .8 154.0 155 .5 155 .4 15 5 .3 1 5 6 .5 1 5 5 .9 156.1 1 5 6 .4 156 .9 15 6 .7 156 .8 C o n s u m e r n o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y ......................................................... 1 6 6 .3 1 6 9 .8 16 9 .6 17 0 .4 1 7 0 .9 171 .3 171.2 171 .0 17 3 .2 17 3 .2 1 7 3 .5 174 .0 1 7 5 .4 1 7 5 .5 1 7 5 .5 130.1 I n te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls l e s s fo o d s a n d f e e d s .............................................................. 1 2 3 .9 I n te rm e d ia te fo o d s a n d f e e d s ......................... 111.1 13 1 .2 11 2 .7 131.0 13 2 .2 131 .9 13 2 .4 13 2 .3 131 .7 1 3 1 .6 132.1 1 3 1 .0 8 4 .3 10 4 .6 10 4 .2 111.1 110.1 1 3 2 .3 110.6 111 .5 1 0 8 .8 131 .5 1 1 1 .7 107 6 1 3 1 .5 1 1 1 .7 1 0 1 .7 1 1 3 .5 107 9 115.1 11 0 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 0 9 .5 114.1 106 .4 114 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 0 7 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 0 6 .3 In te rm e d ia te g o o d s le s s e n e rg y ..................... 1 3 1 .7 1 3 5 .0 13 5 .7 13 5 .3 13 5 .4 135 .4 135.2 1 3 5 .3 13 5 .8 1 3 5 .8 13 6 .0 136 .0 136.1 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .3 In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls le s s fo o d s a n d e n e rg y ............................................................ 133.1 1 3 6 .6 13 7 .2 13 7 .0 137.0 137 .0 136 .8 13 6 .8 137.1 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .5 13 7 .2 1 3 6 .5 122.1 12 7 .6 12 2 .4 13 6 .7 1 4 4 .8 15 4 .7 19 3 .4 145 .2 110.1 1 3 9 .8 123.1 109 .0 11 2 .4 11 3 .7 14 8 .3 11 2 .4 141 .0 10 9 .2 14 2 .9 140 .9 109 .9 115.2 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .8 141 .0 137 .8 13 7 .5 13 8 .7 136.1 134 .6 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 0 .6 1 1 4 .3 1 2 9 .4 C ru d e e n e rg y m a te ria ls ..................................... C ru d e m a te ria ls le s s e n e rg y ........................... 7 8 .5 107 .9 1 1 1 .7 110.8 10 7 .4 C ru d e n o n fo o d m a te ria ls le s s e n e rg y ......... 135 .2 1 4 5 .2 1 4 4 .3 14 1 .9 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 117.1 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Industry SIC _ Total mining industries........................................ 10 12 13 14 Oil a n d g a s extraction (12/85 - 100)................ Mining a n d quarrying of nonm etallic m inerals, e x c ep t fu els.......................................... Annual average 1999 2000 July Aug. 2000 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 78.0 113.5 118.1 113.8 124.7 131.8 128.9 139.6 170.8 138.2 130.7 132.2 127.5 115.5 103.4 70.3 87.3 78.5 7 3.8 73.9 73.4 75.2 75.1 83.3 127.4 83.5 141.9 83.6 151.5 73.5 83.6 204.4 90.8 159.4 73.1 90.3 149.3 70.0 90 .6 151.5 71.4 85.6 132.8 73.5 84.8 162.0 72.4 8 4.8 126.8 73 .3 84.1 147.7 92.2 144.9 71.0 8 7.7 129.6 90.9 112.9 70.4 134.0 137.0 137.6 137.8 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.2 139.3 140.1 140.8 140.8 140.7 141.8 141.6 Total manufacturing industries......................... F o o d a n d kindred p ro d u c ts ................................... T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s .......................................... Textile mill p ro d u cts ................................................ A pparel a n d o th er finished pro d u cts m a d e from fabrics a n d sim ilar m ate ria ls........ Lum ber a n d w ood products, e x c ep t furniture...................................................... Furniture a n d fixtures............................................. P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u cts..................................... 128.3 126.3 32 5 .7 116.3 133.5 128.5 345.8 116.7 133.9 129.4 34 2 .3 116.7 133.5 128.7 350.4 116.9 134.7 128.5 351.1 116.6 134.9 128.7 35 1 .6 116.8 134.9 128.8 351.6 117.0 134.4 129.6 351.8 117.5 134.7 130.1 372.4 117.4 134.7 130.4 372.4 117.9 134.6 131.7 37 2 .3 117.0 135.4 132.5 372.1 117.0 136.3 133.2 391.2 117.1 136.0 133.8 39 1 .7 117.2 134.6 133.9 391.1 116.9 125.3 125.7 125.9 125.9 125.9 126.0 125.7 125.9 125.7 125.7 125.7 125.9 125.8 125.7 125.9 161.8 141.3 136.4 158.1 143.3 145.8 157.6 143.5 147.3 155.7 143.6 147.3 155.3 143.5 147.7 155.0 143.7 147.6 154.5 143.8 147.5 154.2 143.8 147.0 153.2 144.2 147.4 153.8 144.3 147.0 154.5 144.8 147.0 154.7 144.7 147.0 160.5 144.9 146.9 161.3 145.2 146.8 158.2 145.3 146.4 27 Printing, publishing, a n d allied in d u stries........ 177.6 182.9 183.2 183.6 183.6 184.9 187.6 188.4 188.8 188.4 188.6 149.7 156.7 160.4 161.6 124.6 137.9 134.6 119.8 161.9 107.3 126.8 140.9 135.4 117.4 161.4 114.1 127.4 142.8 135.6 116.8 160.4 136.5 132.6 115.8 158.3 125.1 125.4 138.4 134.8 120.5 158.6 112.8 157.5 76.8 157.4 115.7 125.0 137.5 134.8 120.3 185.1 159.0 114.4 124.8 138.9 134.1 119.2 187.2 C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u cts............................ P etroleum refining a n d rela te d p ro d u cts .......... R u b b er a n d m isc e lla n eo u s p lastics products. L e a th e r a n d lea th e r p ro d u cts.............................. S to n e, clay, g las s , a n d c o n c re te p ro d u cts...... Prim ary m etal in d u stries........................................ 185.0 158.3 121.9 126.5 138.8 134.3 119.0 186.8 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 160.0 116.9 126.4 142.6 135.7 116.5 158.8 103.8 126.5 141.9 135.9 116.1 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 F a b ric a te d m etal products, e x c ep t m achinery a n d tran sp o rtatio n eq u ip m e n t................................... 35 36 37 38 39 Electrical a n d electronic m achinery, e quipm ent, a n d s u p p lie s..................................... T ran sp o rtatio n .......................................................... M easuring a n d controlling instrum ents; photographic, m edical, a n d optical g o o d s; w a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s................................ M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries industries (12/85 - 100)...................................... 122.2 112.6 124.7 137.8 134.5 120.4 121.8 125.3 138.4 134.5 120.2 112.5 126.0 139.1 134.4 118.5 112.0 126.1 140.6 135.0 118.0 120.9 126.6 142.9 136.0 116.9 129.1 130.3 130.3 130.4 130.5 130.6 130.5 130.5 130.6 130.7 130.8 131.2 131.1 131.1 131.1 117.3 117.5 117.6 1176 1176 117.6 117.7 117.7 117.7 117.8 117.8 118.0 118.0 118.1 118.1 109.5 134.5 108.3 136.8 108.5 136.1 108.1 135.7 108.1 135.7 108.0 138.4 107.9 138.6 107.7 138.4 107.7 138.7 107.6 137.6 107.5 137.9 107.5 138.1 107.4 137.4 107.3 137.1 106.9 137.3 125.7 126.2 126.2 126.2 126.3 126.4 121.8 126.4 126.9 127.1 126.9 126.9 127.3 127.4 127.2 130.3 130.9 130.9 131.0 131.0 131.0 131.2 131.3 131.7 131.9 132.3 132.2 132.5 132.5 132.7 114.8 135.3 113.0 130.8 9 8.3 119.4 135.2 118.9 135.2 125.2 147.6 102.5 135.2 126.1 147.9 102.5 121.4 135.2 126.5 152.5 102.7 135.2 124.2 152.7 102.7 121.5 135.2 126.1 154.2 102.7 121.9 141.3 125.8 154.7 109.1 122.5 141.3 127.8 154.0 109.1 141.3 126.8 155.4 108.9 122.7 141.3 125.9 155.4 108.9 123.0 141.3 125.6 156.4 109.0 123.2 141.3 130.3 156.6 109.0 123.3 145.4 Service industries: 42 43 44 45 46 M otor freight tran sp o rtatio n a n d w are h o u sin g (06/93 - 100)......................... U.S. P o stal S e rv ic e (06/89 - 100)...................... W ater tran sp o rtatio n (12/92 - 100)..................... T ransportation by air (12/92 - 100).................... Pipelines, e x c ep t natural a a s (12/92 - 100).... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 122.6 147.7 102.3 120.1 121.2 135.2 127.0 151.5 102.4 121.8 122.6 Monthly Labor Review September 2001 131.8 157.6 110.9 79 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Index 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Finished goods T o ta l................................................................. F o o d s .................................................................................... E n e r g y ............................................................... O t h e r .......................................................................... 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 3 0 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 8 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 3 4 .3 13 5 .1 1 3 7 .2 7 7 .8 7 8 .0 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .6 8 4 .3 8 4 .6 122.0 1 2 3 .8 8 3 .4 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components T o ta l.............................................................................. F o o d s ................................................................................... E n e r g y .......................................................... O t h e r ................................................................... AfI« i i y .o 8 9 .0 127.1 75.1 7 8 .8 94 .1 1 4 3 .7 14 6 .1 1 4 8 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 9 .2 1 2 3 .2 120.8 1 1 9 .2 8 0 .8 8 4 .3 1 0 1 .7 1 3 3 .5 13 3 .1 1 3 6 .6 Crude materials for further processing T o ta l....................................................................... 1 0 0 .4 1 0 2 .4 105.1 1 0 8 .4 E n e r g y ............................................................... 7 8 .8 7 6 .7 72.1 O t h e r .......................................................... 9 4 .2 94.1 9 7 .0 F o o d s ............................................................................ Digitized for80 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 3 .5 68.6 7 8 .5 120.6 100.2 122.1 8 4 .5 9 1.1 1 1 8 .0 9 6 .8 9 8 .2 1 0 3 .9 9 8 .7 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1 9 9 5 = 100] SITC Industry Rev. 3 0 01 Food and live anim als............................................................... M eat a n d m e a t p r e p a ra tio n s ...................................................... Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 8 5 .8 108.2 8 3.6 10 3 .7 8 5 .9 105 .2 87.1 107.4 8 8 .7 105.9 7 5 .8 8 9 .8 105 .4 7 0 .8 8 8 .7 8 8 .5 107.6 7 4 .0 77 .2 10 9 .8 7 4 .7 89 .8 8 8.9 8 6 .9 86.2 8 7 .8 8 9 .5 82 .2 8 2.6 8 2 .0 8 0 .9 7 9 .7 7 8 .4 10 3 .3 8 5.0 8 5.9 105.6 8 3 .9 8 5 .2 10 6 .5 78.1 8 4 .3 8 3.6 107 .5 7 9.0 8 3 .5 119.2 04 C e r e a ls a n d c e re a l p re p a r a tio n s .............................................. 6 6 .9 6 4.0 6 7 .8 05 V e g e ta b le s , fruit, a n d n u ts, p re p a r e d fre sh o r d ry ............. 9 1 .3 88.6 9 1 .9 8 2 .9 8 9 .7 82.9 8 3 .7 95 .4 8 0 .3 8 6 .5 78 .0 88 .4 10 0 .5 8 3 .8 8 6 .9 9 0 .7 2 21 22 24 H id es, sk in s, a n d furskins, ra w ................................................. O ils e e d s a n d o le a g in o u s fru its.................................................. C ork a n d w o o d ................................................................................ 25 26 9 5 .9 6 7 .7 27 9 3 .3 28 3 32 33 P e tro le u m , p e tro leu m p ro d u cts, a n d re la te d m ate ria ls.... 4 2001 2000 July 91 .7 8 3 .5 104.7 102.1 8 1 .3 8 7.2 7 9 .3 8 6 .5 8 9 .8 88.6 7 8 .8 72 .2 8 5.9 7 3.2 8 5 .8 7 0 .4 90 .6 76 .2 9 0.6 7 4 .7 9 0 .9 162.1 93.1 193.4 93 .0 157.5 93.1 189.0 183.6 7 0 .7 7 2 .2 7 8 .0 93.1 7 8 .7 9 1 .5 7 8 .7 151.2 9 3 .8 147.6 93.1 1 6 6 .3 93.1 157.2 9 3 .3 178.3 172.3 2 0 3 .3 64 6 7 2.0 9 0 .7 7 9 .5 157.4 Feb. 88.6 107.1 7 6 .4 Mar. 89.1 107.1 Apr. 88.6 7 5 .0 8 1 .6 May June 8 7.9 110.8 8 7 .8 11 0 .7 7 4 .7 8 7 .4 7 3 .5 8 8 .4 7 7 .5 123.2 7 6 .9 7 6.0 8 0 .9 7 5 .2 64.1 111.0 79 .9 80 .6 8 8 .5 110 .5 7 3 .2 9 1 .0 7 6 .8 103 .8 8 5 .7 8 1 .2 7 0.6 8 2 .3 6 7 .6 8 0 .6 6 4 .8 9 0.9 7 4 .7 8 9.9 7 2 .5 8 9 .4 159.5 93.1 185.2 15 2 .4 9 3.6 100.2 156.0 15 9 .0 10 0 .4 153 .6 100 .7 1440 10 0 .7 181.1 17 2 .4 178.4 18 4 .4 177 .0 16 2 .8 69 1 74.1 7 3 .0 8 9 .2 7 2.2 7 3 .6 6 3 .0 July 7 1 .5 8 9.4 6 2 .6 9 0 .4 7 1 .7 6 9 .2 63 .2 6 1 .7 6 0 .0 59 0 58 .7 61 0 60 8 60 6 61 6 65 0 67.1 5 C hem icals and related products, n.e.s............................... 54 M edicinal a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a l p ro d u c ts ................................ 9 4 .7 94 .9 9 4 .4 9 4.0 93 .0 9 3 .4 100.3 100.2 100.2 100.1 93.1 9 9 .7 9 2 .9 100.5 9 4 .9 100.4 9 9 .4 9 1.6 9 9 .6 9 1.0 9 9 .7 55 57 E s s e n tia l oils; polishing a n d c le a n in g p re p a ra tio n s .......... P la stic s in prim ary f o r m s ............................................................ 103 .3 9 7 .0 10 3 .4 103 .4 10 3 .4 9 0 .0 9 0 .5 9 1 .5 103 .4 92 .7 103 .0 9 1 .2 10 2 .9 9 2 .3 10 3 .3 9 1.2 103.2 9 2 .8 10 2 .9 89.1 58 P la stic s in n o n p rim ary fo rm s ...................................................... C h e m ic a l m ate ria ls a n d p ro d u cts, n .e .s ................................ 9 9 .4 103.3 9 5.4 9 9.4 9 9 .6 103.2 9 2 .8 9 9 .7 9 8 .3 99.1 9 6 .7 9 6 .8 9 9 .9 9 6 .6 9 8 .4 9 6 .5 9 9.2 98 .9 9 9 .2 9 8 .3 9 9 .3 9 9 .3 9 9 .2 9 8 .5 9 8 .5 9 8 .6 9 8 .3 9 8 .3 9 7 .8 M anufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials..... 100 .7 100.9 101.1 100.8 100.5 100.4 101.0 100.6 100 .4 100.1 9 9.9 9 9 .7 9 8 .9 R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu re s, n .e .s ...................................................... P a p e r, p a p e rb o a rd , a n d a rticle s of p a p e r, pulp. a n d p a p e rb o a r d ............................................................................ N onm etallic m ineral m a n u fa c tu re s, n .e .s ............................. N o n fe rro u s m e ta ls .......................................................................... 104 .8 10 4 .7 10 4 .7 104.6 104.1 103.8 10 4 .4 10 4 .3 104 .7 104.0 104.0 104.1 10 4 .8 9 0 .4 106 .3 103.0 9 0 .3 10 6 .3 9 0 .0 106.1 8 9 .9 10 5 .8 89.1 105.6 106.2 8 8 .4 106.2 8 7 .8 106 .0 8 7 .7 10 6 .5 8 7 .6 10 6 .6 105.1 10 5 .0 104.9 89 .6 105.9 103 .4 104.9 109.1 108.1 106 .5 103.1 101.6 8 7 .0 10 7 .0 9 9 .5 10 7 .0 9 5 .5 M achinery and transport equipm ent.................................... 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .4 9 7 .3 9 7 .4 9 7 .4 9 7 .5 9 7 .6 9 7 .9 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .6 9 7 .5 112 .4 11 2 .3 1 1 2 .4 11 2 .4 113 .7 11 3 .7 115.2 14.7 106.4 106.5 106 .3 106.3 106.5 106 6 106 8 115.2 107.1 11 5 .0 10 6 .7 115.0 106 .7 115.0 106 .7 11 5 .0 105.9 108.3 6 8 .3 108.1 6 7.8 108.2 108.3 6 7 .7 108.4 108.5 6 7 .6 108.6 67.1 108.8 67.1 109.2 66.8 109 .5 6 6 .7 109 .5 6 7 .8 109.6 65 .6 9 6 .7 8 5 .7 103.9 9 6.8 9 6 .8 9 6 .3 85 4 104.0 9 6 .5 8 5 .2 104.1 9 6 .4 9 6 .5 9 6 .5 8 5 .8 104.1 9 6.5 853 103.9 9 6 .4 8 5.8 103.9 9 6 .6 85 4 104.0 8 5 .2 104.1 852 104.1 848 104.1 848 104.1 96 .6 84 5 104.1 840 104.2 10 6 .4 106.4 106 .5 106.9 106 .9 106.6 107 .0 107.0 107.0 106.8 106.9 107.1 106.9 59 6 62 64 66 68 7 71 72 74 G e n e ra l industrial m a c h in e s a n d p a rts , n .e .s ., 75 C o m p u te r e q u ip m e n t a n d office m a c h in e s .......................... T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d s o u n d reco rd in g a n d 76 77 78 87 R o a d v e h ic le s ................................................................................. 6 7 .8 88.6 106 8 8 9 .9 96.1 66.2 9 6 .5 9 0 .0 9 9 .5 10 2 .9 8 7 .0 97.1 8 5 .7 110.1 6 5 .4 9 6 .5 Professional, scientific, an d controlling instrum ents a nd app aratu s.................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 81 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [ 1995 = SITC Rev. 3 0 01 100] Industry July Food and live anim als............................................................... Aug. Sept 2000 Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 2001 Apr. May June July 91 .5 91 .7 91 .2 91 .5 90.2 9 2 .4 9 2.8 9 1 .3 93 .0 90 .8 89.8 8 8.5 8 7.7 M eat a n d m e a t p re p a ra tio n s ..................................................... 98.1 98 .9 99 .0 95 .5 95 .7 97.3 9 5.5 96.1 100.4 102.6 104.4 104.3 10 7 .4 03 Fish a n d c r u s ta c e a n s , m ollusks, a n d o th er a q u a tic in v e rte b ra te s ................................................................. 110.7 110.7 107.4 100.1 99.7 9 8.8 100.9 104.5 106.1 105.6 101.7 102.2 97 .8 109.3 9 6.8 109.1 V e g e tab le s , fruit, a n d n u ts, p re p a re d fre sh or dry ........... C o ffee, te a , c o c o a , s p ic e s , a n d m a n u fa c tu re s th e r e o f ............................................................................................ 113.5 97 .6 112.6 05 07 109.5 102.3 100.5 9 7.0 9 5.6 97.1 1 Beverages and tobacco.......................................................... 11 B e v e r a g e s ........................................................................................ 2 Crude m aterials, inedible, except fuels............................. 24 C ork a n d w o o d ............................................................................... 25 28 29 P u lp a n d w a s te p a p e r ................................................................. M etalliferous o r e s a n d m etal s c ra p ........................................ C ru d e anim al a n d v e g e ta b le m aterials, n .e .s ...................... 97.2 56.8 55.8 54 .5 54.1 5 1.9 5 0.8 5 0.5 51.1 51.1 52.1 50 .8 49 .8 4 7 .2 112.5 112.9 113.6 113.5 113.3 113.2 113.2 113.3 113.0 113.2 114.8 114.4 1 1 4 .4 109.4 109.9 110.7 110.6 110.7 110.6 110.5 110.8 110.4 110.7 112.5 112.1 112.2 9 0.7 8 9.6 8 8.9 8 9.8 8 7.7 88.5 87 .5 88 .9 89 .5 93 .7 102.2 8 7 .8 9 9.7 101.6 9 7 .7 97 .6 102.1 82.0 8 3 .4 101.6 8 3 .4 101.7 83 .4 95 .6 8 1.4 84 .3 101.3 103.0 102.3 104.3 99.1 98 .8 97.1 100.8 102.0 82 .9 100.9 115.3 11 7 .5 6 5 .5 9 5 .8 8 5 .7 172.1 189.0 187.6 218.1 186.3 181.8 2 4 2 .6 188.4 180.2 177.1 169.9 2 0 5 .4 183.3 2 4 9 .3 163.9 33 1 .8 152.0 4 0 1 .0 95 .9 95 .4 95.1 9 4.7 9 5.8 9 2.6 9 2.5 8 7 .9 9 6.7 93.1 8 7.0 9 6.0 8 7.6 9 6.0 8 0.0 100.4 9 3 .7 8 6.9 9 5.7 8 7.2 9 5.9 7 9.5 100.4 9 5 .0 9 4.2 8 6.9 9 5.7 8 6.9 9 5.8 7 8.6 107.0 8 0.7 101.2 101.8 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products.............. 33 P e tro le u m , p etro leu m p ro d u cts, a n d rela te d m aterials.... 34 G a s , n atu ral a n d m a n u fa c tu re d .............................................. 170.6 168.5 2 0 2 .9 5 Chem icals and related products, n.e.s............................... 52 Inorganic c h e m ic a ls ...................................................................... 53 Dying, tan n in g , a n d coloring m a te ria ls .................................. 54 M edicinal a n d p h a rm a c eu tica l p ro d u c ts ............................... 55 E sse n tia l oils; polishing a n d cle a n in g p re p a ra tio n s .......... 57 P la stic s in prim ary fo rm s............................................................. 58 P la stic s in n o n p n m ary fo rm s..................................................... 59 C hem ical m ate ria ls a n d p ro d u cts, n .e .s ................................ 95 .5 92 .5 87.6 97.5 8 9.9 9 5.5 8 1.5 6 100.2 88.6 9 7.3 8 9 .4 9 5 .4 8 0.9 100.0 88.8 9 5.3 8 0.8 101.1 100.1 100.6 9 8.5 88.8 95.1 87.1 9 5.5 8 0.3 101.8 86.1 86.6 97 .5 8 0 .4 98.1 97 .7 102.9 114.1 132.7 76 .8 98.1 9 1 .8 72.5 9 7.0 100.7 98 .6 154.1 144.7 153.1 158.2 150.6 2 3 3 .5 169.9 153.9 3 1 6 .9 2 4 4 .5 143.5 2 4 4 .4 96 .3 9 8.9 8 9.6 9 4.9 96 .6 9 7.9 89.1 9 4.6 9 6 .3 9 5.7 95 .0 88 .4 9 4 .0 9 2.4 87.9 88.2 88.6 9 5.5 8 4.5 9 5.8 8 4.4 101.6 101.9 88.1 9 5.8 8 3.2 101.4 93.8 87.7 95.7 83.1 100.6 68 .3 9 5 .4 153.5 149.6 200.0 94 .8 91 .5 8 7.6 9 3.8 8 7 .4 9 6.8 82.1 100.4 143.2 14 1 .4 16 8 .4 9 3.8 9 0.8 88.2 9 6 .8 87.1 9 6 .8 8 0 .7 9 9 .8 M anufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials..... 9 8.0 9 8.8 9 7.9 9 7.6 97.2 9 7.3 98.2 9 8.7 9 7.3 9 6 .3 95 .5 9 5.3 94.1 R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu re s, n .e .s ...................................................... P a p e r, p a p e rb o a rd , a n d a rticle s of p a p e r, pulp, a n d p a p e rb o a r d ........................................................................... 92.1 9 1.9 9 1.7 9 1.6 9 1.5 9 1.8 9 1.8 9 1.9 9 1.8 9 1.6 91 .5 91.2 90 .5 8 9.5 100.9 112.5 95.8 8 9.4 100.9 118.7 9 5 .4 92.2 N onm etallic m ineral m an u fa c tu re s, n .e .s ............................. N o n ferro u s m e ta ls ......................................................................... M a n u fa c tu re s of m eta ls, n .e .s .................................................. 92.1 100.7 9 2.6 100.5 124.0 9 5.0 9 2.8 100.5 116.4 9 4 .9 9 3.7 100.3 110.9 9 5.7 92.8 100.3 107.0 95.7 7 Machinery and transport equipm ent................................... 8 9.6 62 64 66 68 69 72 74 9 1 .4 9 1.6 9 1.9 91.9 91 .0 100.8 100.2 100.2 100.2 114.4 9 5 .4 115.7 9 5.2 114.3 9 4.9 114.4 121.0 9 5.0 9 5.3 8 9.5 8 9.3 89.2 89.1 8 9 .0 8 8.9 88.8 88.8 8 8 .4 88.2 88.1 8 7 .9 9 6.7 9 6.5 95.9 95.7 9 5 .4 95 .3 95.9 9 6.6 9 6.3 9 6.0 9 5.8 95 .7 95.1 9 6.7 9 6.4 59.9 96.1 59 .8 95 .5 58 .8 95 .3 58 .8 9 5 .4 58 .7 95 .9 58 .3 95 .9 57 .8 95 .6 57 .5 95.1 5 6.5 9 4.7 5 6.4 94 .6 56.2 9 4.6 5 6.3 84.1 82 .6 83 .7 8 2.5 102.9 83 .6 8 2.2 102.9 83 .0 82.1 102.9 82 .8 81 .8 82 .8 82 .5 82.1 82.1 82.0 8 2.0 10 2 .4 82 .0 8 1.7 82.1 8 1.8 1 0 2 .4 100.0 100.0 106.1 95 .6 101.7 94 .9 78 M achinery s p e cia liz e d for particular in d u strie s................... G e n e ra l industrial m a c h in e s a n d p a rts , n .e .s ., a n d m a c h in e p a rts ...................................................................... C o m p u te r e q u ip m e n t a n d office m a c h in e s .......................... T e lec o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d s o u n d reco rd in g a n d rep ro d u c in g a p p a ra tu s a n d e q u ip m e n t............................... Electrical m ac h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t...................................... R o a d v e h ic le s .................................................................................. 102.8 84 .2 82 .7 102.7 102.6 83 .9 82 .7 102.9 F o o tw e a r........................................................................................... 100.9 101.0 100.9 100.8 100.7 100.6 101.0 102.8 101.2 102.8 85 101.5 102.6 101.1 101.0 102.6 100.8 100 .9 P h o to g ra p h ic a p p a ra tu s , eq u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lies, a n d optical p o o d s, n .e .s ............................................................ 92.5 92.1 91.4 9 1 .4 9 1.0 9 0.7 91.2 9 1.3 9 1 .4 90 .6 9 0.6 9 0.3 8 9 .7 75 76 77 88 82FRASER Monthly Labor Review Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 9.9 8 4 .3 82 .8 September 2001 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [1995= 100] Category 2001 2000 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 9 6 .5 9 6 .3 9 6 .5 9 6 .5 9 6 .2 96.1 9 5 .9 9 5 .6 9 5 .3 8 6 .7 8 7 .4 8 8 .2 8 6 .6 8 7 .3 8 6 .6 8 6 .2 8 6 .8 8 7 .9 8 5 .7 8 6 .7 8 7 .3 8 5 .7 8 6 .4 8 5 .9 8 5 .9 8 6 .5 8 7 .5 9 7 .6 9 5 .3 9 1 .0 9 0 .9 93.1 9 3 .9 9 3 .8 93-1 9 2 .3 9 0 .7 July Aug. Sept. A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ...................................................................... 9 6 .2 9 6 .0 9 6 .6 F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ................................................ 85.1 8 2 .8 8 5 .3 8 5 .8 A g ricu ltu ral fo o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ..................... 8 4 .0 8 1 .3 8 4 .3 8 4 .6 N o n a g rlc u ltu ra l (fish, b e v e r a g e s ) fo o d p r o d u c t s ....... 9 7 .9 9 9 .7 9 7 .9 9 9 .5 9 8 .2 9 6 .3 9 8 .6 9 7 .0 In d u stria l s u p p li e s a n d m a t e r i a ls .......................................... 9 5 .5 9 5 .4 9 6 .6 9 6 .2 9 5 .8 9 5 .0 9 5 .0 9 4 .9 9 6 .5 A g ricu ltu ra l in d u stria l s u p p li e s a n d m a t e r i a ls ............. 7 7 .9 8 0 .3 8 1 .9 8 2 .3 8 2 .0 8 2 .9 8 2 .4 8 2 .6 8 0 .7 8 0 .7 8 1 .0 7 8 .7 7 7 .7 F u e ls a n d l u b ric a n ts ................................................................ 141.1 1 3 7 .9 1 5 5 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 5 0 .7 1 4 6 .2 1 4 5 .2 147.1 1 3 9 .8 1 4 4 .8 1 4 7 .7 1 4 3 .2 1 3 5 .0 8 6 .5 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l s u p p lie s a n d m a te ria ls , e x c lu d in g fu el a n d b u ilding m a t e r i a ls ........................... 9 1 .7 9 1 .7 9 1 .4 9 1 .6 9 0 .7 90.1 9 0 .4 90.1 8 9 .8 8 9 .2 8 8 .0 8 7 .6 S e l e c t e d b u ild in g m a te ria ls ................................................. . 8 9 .6 9 0 .5 8 9 .4 8 9 .8 8 9 .0 8 9 .0 8 8 .8 8 8 .2 8 7 .4 8 6 .8 8 6 .3 8 7 .0 8 7 .2 C a p ita l g o o d s ................................................................................. 96.1 96.1 9 6 .2 96.1 9 6 .2 9 6 .3 9 6 .4 9 6 .5 9 6 .7 9 6 .6 9 6 .6 9 6 .4 9 6 .3 E le c tric a n d e le c tric a l g e n e r a t in g e q u ip m e n t ............. 99.1 9 9 .7 9 9 .9 9 9 .5 9 9 .6 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .9 N o n e le c tric a l m a c h in e ry ....................................................... 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 5 .0 9 1 .3 91.1 9 0 .9 9 0 .7 A u to m o tiv e v e h ic le s , p a rts , a n d e n g i n e s ......................... 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 C o n s u m e r g o o d s , e x c lu d in g a u to m o tiv e ......................... 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .8 N o n d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d .............................................. 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 D u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d ...................................................... 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .4 A g ricu ltu ral c o m m o d itie s .......................................................... 8 2 .6 8 0 .9 8 3 .5 8 3 .9 8 4 .7 8 5 .7 8 6 .1 8 4 .9 85.1 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 .8 8 5 .5 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l c o m m o d itie s ................................................. 9 7 .8 9 7 .7 9 8 .0 9 7 .9 9 7 .8 9 7 .5 9 7 .7 9 7 .7 9 7 .5 9 7 .4 97.1 9 6 .9 9 6 .4 "1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J- Monthly Labor Review September 2001 83 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 2000 Category A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ........................................................... F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s .......................................... 2001 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 9 9 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .3 9 7 .8 9 7 .2 9 7 .5 9 7.1 9 5 .6 9 1.1 9 1 .3 9 0 .7 9 0 .7 8 9 .4 9 1 .0 9 0 .8 8 9 .8 9 0 .6 8 8 .9 8 8 .7 8 7 .6 8 6 .4 8 1 .9 8 4 .2 8 4 .3 8 3 .4 8 5 .6 8 3 .8 8 3 .5 8 2 .2 8 1 .7 A g ricu ltu ral fo o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s .................... 8 3 .7 8 3 .2 8 2 .5 8 3 .0 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l (fish, b e v e r a g e s ) fo o d p r o d u c t s ....... 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 1 1 .2 1 0 9 .5 109.1 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .4 9 8 .6 In d u stria l s u p p li e s a n d m a t e r i a ls ......................................... 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 2 7 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .4 1 2 2 .3 116.1 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .7 1 1 5 .6 1 1 0 .6 F u e l s a n d lu b ric a n ts ............................................................... 1 6 9 .2 1 7 0 .9 1 8 7 .4 1 8 4 .5 1 8 6 .8 1 7 8 .7 1 7 6 .7 1 6 9 .3 1 5 3 .3 1 5 2 .3 1 5 7 .4 153.1 1 4 2 .7 P e tro le u m a n d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s ............................ 1 6 8 .0 1 6 9 .5 187.1 1 8 1 .9 1 8 3 .6 1 6 5 .6 1 5 5 .7 156.1 1 4 5 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 5 1 .0 1 4 9 .5 1 4 1 .6 8 9 .8 9 0 .4 9 0 .6 9 1 .0 9 1 .0 9 1 .2 9 0 .8 9 1.1 8 9 .0 87 .1 8 5 .3 P a p e r a n d p a p e r b a s e s t o c k s ............................................ 8 7 .5 8 7 .6 9 2 .7 9 3 .4 9 2 .8 9 2 .8 9 2 .6 9 3 .3 94.1 9 4 .3 9 4 .4 9 3 .9 93 .1 S e l e c t e d b u ild in g m a t e r i a ls .................................................. 9 2 .2 9 0 .8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 0 .2 9 8 .7 9 9 .3 9 7 .2 99.1 9 5 .3 9 6 .0 9 6 .2 9 8 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 0 7 .8 U n fin is h e d m e t a ls a s s o c i a t e d w ith d u r a b le g o o d s .. 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .6 104.1 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .7 1 0 3 .8 1 0 1 .1 9 8 .2 9 7 .6 9 5 .4 N o n m e ta ls a s s o c i a t e d w ith d u r a b l e g o o d s ................. 8 7 .7 8 7 .6 8 7 .2 8 7 .3 87.1 8 7 .2 8 7 .8 8 8 .7 8 8 .8 8 8 .5 8 8 .2 8 8 .0 8 7 .6 8 0 .9 8 0 .7 8 0 .6 8 0 .2 80.1 8 0 .0 7 9 .9 7 9 .7 6 8 ,7 7 9 .2 6 8 ,1 7 9 .0 7 8 .7 94.1 9 3 .7 9 3 .5 9 3 .4 93.1 93.1 93.1 9 2 .9 9 5 .2 9 4 .7 9 4 .9 9 4 .9 9 4 .7 M a te ria ls a s s o c i a t e d w ith n o n d u r a b le s u p p li e s a n d m a t e r i a ls ........................................................ C a p ita l g o o d s ........................................................................... E le ctric a n d e le c tric a l g e n e r a t in g e q u ip m e n t ............. N o n e le c tric a l m a c h in e ry ..................................................... 77.1 7 7 .0 7 6 .8 7 6 .4 7 6 .3 76.1 7 6 .0 7 5 .8 7 5 .6 7 5 .0 7 4 .8 7 4 .7 7 4 .3 A u to m o tiv e v e h ic le s , p a rts , a n d e n g i n e s ......................... 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .3 C o n s u m e r g o o d s , e x c lu d in g a u to m o tiv e .......................... N o n d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d .............................................. 9 6 .8 9 9 .8 9 6 .8 9 6 .6 9 9 .8 9 6 .6 9 9 .8 9 6 .5 9 9 .8 9 6 .4 9 6 .6 9 2 .9 9 6 .6 9 9 .8 9 6 .6 9 6 .4 9 6 .4 9 6 .2 96 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 “ D u ra b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d .................................................. 9 3 .4 9 3 .2 9 3 .0 9 2 .8 9 2 .8 9 2 .8 9 2 .9 9 2 .8 9 2 .8 9 2 .5 9 2 .3 92.1 N o n m a n u fa c tu re d c o n s u m e r g o o d s .............................. 9 1 .9 9 9 .5 9 9 .2 9 9 .6 9 9 .8 99.1 9 8 .8 9 9 .5 1 0 1 .5 9 9.1 9 8 .0 9 9 .4 9 9 .0 9 7 .4 38. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [1995 = 100]______________ 1999 Category June Sept. 2000 Dec. Mar. June 2001 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Air fre ig h t ( in b o u n d ) ........................................... 8 6 .2 8 7 .9 9 0 .7 8 8 .9 8 8 .4 8 8 .5 8 7 .4 8 6 .5 8 4 .0 Air fre ig h t ( o u tb o u n d ) ................................................... 9 2 .8 9 2 .7 9 1 .7 9 1 .7 9 2 .8 9 2 .6 9 2 .6 9 2 .6 9 0 .5 1 1 9 .2 Air p a s s e n g e r f a r e s (U .S . c a r r ie r s ) ............................. 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .2 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 5 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 4 .2 Air p a s s e n g e r f a r e s (fo re ig n c a r r ie r s ) ................................. 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .6 1 0 7 .9 109.1 1 0 3 .2 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .7 O c e a n lin e r fre ig h t (in b o u n d ) ................................... 1 3 3 .7 1 4 8 .0 1 3 9 .4 1 3 6 .3 1 4 3 .0 1 4 2 .8 1 4 2 .8 145.1 1 4 2 .3 Digitized for 84FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100]___________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Quarterly indexes III IV I 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .3 II II 2001 2000 1999 1998 Item IV III II II I IV I 1 1 4 .0 116.1 1 1 5 .0 117.1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 2 5 .9 127.1 1 2 9 .0 1 3 1 .7 1 3 3 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .2 1 4 0 .4 1 1 2 .9 III B u s in e s s C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................ 104.1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .6 108.1 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .9 115.1 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .6 115.1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .8 118.1 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 5 .0 1 2 6 .3 1 2 8 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 5 .9 1 3 7 .6 139.1 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .5 105.1 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 6 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 1 5 .8 116.1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 5 .4 1 1 3 .5 113.1 1 1 3 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .2 N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s 1 1 1 .7 113.1 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 9 .3 1 3 2 .3 134.1 136.1 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .7 103.1 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 4 7 .7 1 5 2 .0 1 4 5 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 7 .0 1 3 4 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 3 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .8 113.1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 0 9 .2 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .1 M a n u fa c tu r in g U nit la b o r c o s t s ................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 2 3 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .8 1 2 8 .9 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .9 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .3 1 3 9 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 4 0 .0 1 3 9 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .8 124.1 1 2 5 .9 128.1 1 3 1 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .7 104.1 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .1 9 4 .8 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3 .0 9 3.1 93.1 9 1 .9 9 3 .2 9 3 .3 94 .1 9 5 .7 9 8 .0 9 9 .6 X Monthly Labor Review September 2001 85 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Ite m 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 P rivate b u s in e s s P ro d u ctiv ity : O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s ................................................ 4 5 .6 6 3 .0 7 5 .8 9 0 .2 9 1 .3 9 4 .8 9 5 .4 9 6 .6 9 7 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 4 .8 O u tp u t p e r u n it of c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ........................................ 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .1 1 0 1 .5 9 9 .3 96.1 9 7 .7 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .1 M ultifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ................................................................ 6 5 .2 8 0 .0 8 8 .3 9 5 .3 9 4 .4 9 6 .6 97.1 98.1 9 8 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .6 2 7 .5 4 2 .0 5 9 .4 8 3 .6 8 2 .6 8 5 .7 8 8 .5 9 2 .8 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .2 1 1 0 .6 O u tp u t................................................................................................. In p u ts: L a b o r in p u t....................................................................................... 5 4 .0 6 1 .0 7 1 .9 8 9 .4 8 8 .3 8 9 .3 9 1 .8 9 5 .6 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .4 C a p ita l s e r v i c e s .....................................................................:....... 2 4 .9 3 7 .8 5 8 .6 8 4 .2 8 6 .0 8 7 .7 8 9 .8 9 2 .6 9 6 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .7 1 1 0 .4 C o m b in e d u n its of la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t........................ 4 2 .3 5 2 .4 6 7 .3 8 7 .7 8 7 .5 8 8 .8 91.1 9 4 .6 9 7 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .0 1 0 7 .7 C a p ita l p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s .................................................. 4 1 .3 5 6 .7 7 4 .7 9 0 .8 9 5 .0 9 7 .0 9 6 .8 9 6 .3 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .5 P rivate n o n fa rm b u s in e s s P ro d u ctiv ity : O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s ................................................ 4 8 .7 6 4 .9 7 7 .3 9 0 .3 9 1 .4 9 4 .8 9 5 .3 9 6 .5 9 7 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .7 O u tp u t p e r u n it of c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ........................................ 1 2 0 .1 1 1 8 .3 1 0 5 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 6 .6 9 7 .9 9 8 .8 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .2 9 9 .8 M ultifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ................................................................ 69.1 8 2 .6 9 0 .5 9 5 .6 9 4 .7 9 6 .6 97.1 98.1 9 8 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .4 2 7 .2 4 1 .9 5 9 .6 8 3 .5 8 2 .5 8 5 .5 8 8 .4 9 2 .6 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 105.1 1 1 0 .6 L a b o r in p u t......................................................................................... 50.1 5 9 .3 7 0 .7 8 9 .2 8 8 .0 8 9 .0 9 1 .8 9 5 .4 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 6 .6 8 3 .5 8 5 .4 8 7 .3 8 9 .5 9 2 .3 9 5 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .9 1 1 0 .8 O u tp u t................................................................................................. In p u ts: C a p ita l s e r v i c e s .............................................................................. 2 2 .6 3 5 .5 5 6 .4 C o m b in e d u n its of la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t........................ 3 9 .3 5 0 .7 6 5 .9 8 7 .3 87.1 8 8 .4 9 1 .0 9 4 .4 9 7 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 8 .0 C a p ita l p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s .................................................. 4 0 .5 5 4 .8 73 .1 9 0 .3 9 4 .7 9 6 .8 9 6 .5 9 6 .3 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 2 4 .3 M an u fa c tu rin g (1 9 9 2 = 100) P ro d u ctiv ity : O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s ................................................. 4 1 .8 5 4 .2 7 0.1 9 2 .8 9 5 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 1 2 .8 117.1 O u tp u t p e r u n it of c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ........................................ 1 2 4 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .6 9 7 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .5 M ultifactor p ro d u c tiv ity ................................................................ 7 2 .7 8 4 .4 8 6 .6 9 9 .3 9 8 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 5 .0 106.1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 2 3 .5 1 3 0 .7 O u tp u t.............................................................................................. 3 8 .5 5 6 .5 7 5 .3 9 7 .3 9 5 .4 H o u r s of all p e r s o n s ...................................................................... 9 2 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 4 .8 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .2 C a p ita l s e r v i c e s .............................................................................. E n e r g y .................................................................................. 3 0 .9 4 8 .5 7 4 .7 9 5 .8 9 7 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .5 1 0 8 .0 1 1 1 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 2 2 .8 5 1 .3 8 5 .4 9 2 .5 9 9 .9 1 0 9 .2 In p u ts: 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 0 7 .0 1 0 3 .9 N o n e n e r g y m a t e r i a ls .................................................................... 3 8 .2 4 4 .8 7 5 .0 9 2 .5 9 3 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 7 .2 P u r c h a s e d b u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s .................................................. 2 8 .2 4 8 .8 7 3 .7 9 2 .5 92.1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .0 105.1 1 1 0 .0 1 0 8 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .8 C o m b in e d u n its of all f a c to r i n p u ts ........................................ 5 2 .9 6 7 .0 8 7 .0 9 8 .0 9 7 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 5 .5 Digitized for 86 FRASER Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] I te m 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 B u sin ess 4 8 .8 6 7 .0 8 0 .4 9 5 .2 9 6 .3 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 3 .7 2 3 .5 5 4 .2 9 0 .7 9 5 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 9 .6 125.1 1 3 2 .8 6 0 .0 7 8 .9 8 9 .4 9 6 .5 9 7 .5 9 9 .9 9 9 .7 9 9 .3 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 4 .6 107.1 1 1 0 .1 2 8 .0 35.1 6 7 .4 9 5 .3 9 8 .7 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .6 104.1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .9 1 1 3 .6 2 5 .2 3 1 .6 6 1 .5 9 3 .9 9 7 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 1 3 .3 117.1 115.1 115.1 1 1 3 .9 2 7 .0 3 3 .9 6 5 .2 9 4 .8 98.1 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .7 N o n fa rm b u s in e s s 5 1 .9 6 8 .9 8 2 .0 9 5 .3 9 6 .4 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 4 .3 2 3 .7 5 4 .6 9 0 .5 9 5 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 9 .8 113.1 1 1 9 .0 1 2 4 .2 1 3 2 .0 6 2 .8 7 9 .5 9 0 .0 9 6 .3 9 7 .5 9 9 .6 9 9 .5 9 9 .2 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .4 2 7 .5 3 4 .4 6 6 .5 9 5 .0 9 8 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 3 .6 2 4 .6 3 1 .3 6 0 .5 9 3 .6 97.1 1 0 3 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .5 1 1 8 .0 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 5 .4 2 6 .5 3 3 .3 6 4 .3 9 4 .5 9 8 .0 1 0 2 .2 104.1 106.1 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .2 N o n fin a n c ia l co rp o ra tio n s 5 5 .4 7 0 .4 81.1 9 5 .4 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .7 103.1 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 9 .9 1 5 .6 2 5 .3 5 6 .4 9 0 .8 9 5 .3 1 0 2 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 8 .3 6 8 .3 8 4 .7 93.1 9 6 .7 9 7 .8 9 9 .5 9 9 .4 9 8 .8 9 8 .7 9 7 .8 1 0 1 .3 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .4 2 6 .8 3 4 .8 6 8 .4 9 5 .9 9 8 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .0 28.1 3 5 .9 6 9 .6 9 5 .2 9 7 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .2 2 3 .3 3 1 .9 65.1 9 8 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .5 1 0 5 .6 5 0 .2 4 4 .4 6 8 .8 9 4 .3 9 3 .0 1 1 3 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 3 9 .0 1 5 2 .2 1 5 6 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 3 1 .0 3 0 .2 35.1 6 6 .0 97.1 9 9 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 5 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .1 2 8 .8 3 5 .6 6 8 .4 9 5 .8 9 8 .3 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .7 105.1 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .7 M a n u fa c tu rin g Im plicit p ric e d e f l a to r ...................................................................... 4 1 .8 5 4 .2 70.1 9 2 .8 9 5 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 1 2 .8 117.1 1 2 4 .3 1 2 9 .6 4 6 .3 1 4 .9 2 3 .7 5 5 .6 9 0 .8 9 5 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .3 1 1 1 .4 1 1 7 .3 1 2 2 .0 130.1 6 5 .2 7 9 .5 9 1 .7 9 6 .6 98.1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .4 9 9 .0 9 8 .8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 7 .8 3 5 .6 4 3 .8 7 9 .3 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .0 9 6 .9 95.1 9 4 .4 94.1 94.1 2 6 .8 2 9 .3 8 0 .2 9 9 .7 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .6 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .5 _ 3 0 .2 3 4 .9 7 9 .8 9 9 .0 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .1 - D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 87 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 42. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100]______________________ Industry SIC 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Mining C o p p e r o r e s .............................................................................. 102 1 0 2 .7 1 0 0 .5 1 1 5 .2 118.1 1 2 6 .0 1 1 7 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .3 1 0 5 .5 G o ld a n d s ilv e r o r e s ............................................................... 104 1 2 2 .3 1 2 7 .4 1 4 1 .6 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .8 1 4 4 .2 1 3 8 .3 1 5 8 .5 1 8 7 .6 2 0 0 .0 B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lignite m in in g ................................ 122 1 1 8 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 3 3 .0 148.1 1 5 5 .9 1 6 8 .0 1 7 6 .6 1 8 8 .0 1 9 2 .2 C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s ................................... 131 9 7 .0 9 7 .9 1 0 2 .1 1 0 5 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .4 1 3 2 .3 C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ................................................ 142 1 0 2 .2 9 9 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 4 1 .2 1 0 8 .7 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 0 4 .8 Manufacturing M e a t p r o d u c t s ........................................................................... 201 97.1 9 9 .6 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .3 9 7 .4 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .2 D airy p r o d u c t s .......................................................................... 202 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 1 1 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .3 114.1 P r e s e r v e d fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...................................... 203 9 5 .6 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .6 109.1 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .0 G ra in mill p r o d u c t s .................................................................. 204 1 0 5 .4 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .2 1 0 8 .4 1 1 5 .4 1 0 8 .0 1 1 8 .2 1 2 6 .2 1 3 0 .4 B a k e ry p r o d u c t s ...................................................................... 205 9 2 .7 9 0 .6 9 3 .8 9 4 .4 9 6 .4 9 7 .3 9 5 .6 99.1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 7 .5 S u g a r a n d c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c t s .................................. 206 1 0 3 .2 1 0 2 .0 9 9 .8 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 3 0 .0 F a t s a n d o ils .............................................................................. 207 118.1 1 2 0 .1 114.1 1 1 2 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 2 0 .2 1 3 7 .3 156.1 B e v e r a g e s ................................................................................... 208 1 1 7 .0 1 2 0 .0 127.1 1 2 6 .4 130.1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .4 1 3 2 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s .................. 209 9 9 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .5 1 0 5 .2 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .9 109.1 104.1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 6 .3 C i g a r e t te s ................................................................................... 211 1 1 3 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 4 2 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 5 2 .2 1 3 5 .8 B r o a d w o v e n fa b ric m ills, c o tt o n ...................................... 221 103.1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 2 2 .1 1 3 4 .0 1 3 7 .3 1 3 1 .2 1 3 6 .2 1 3 8 .7 B ro a d w o v e n fa b ric m ills, m a n m a d e .............................. 222 1 1 1 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 2 6 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 4 2 .5 1 4 5 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 6 2 .2 1 6 8 .6 N a rro w fa b ric m ills................................................................. 224 9 6 .5 9 9 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 2 6 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 7 1 .9 1 2 2 .4 K nitting m ills.............................................................................. 225 1 0 7 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 2 7 .9 134.1 1 3 8 .3 1 5 0 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 3 5 .9 1 4 4 .8 T e x tile fin ish in g , e x c e p t w o o l............................................. 226 8 3 .4 7 9 .9 7 8 .6 7 9 .3 8 1 .2 7 8 .5 7 9 .2 9 4 .3 99.1 1 0 1 .0 " . C a r p e ts a n d r u g s ..................................................................... 227 9 3 .2 8 9 .2 96.1 97.1 9 3 .3 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .3 1 0 2 .3 9 7 .8 Y a rn a n d t h r e a d m ills............................................................. 228 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 9 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 3 0 .7 1 3 7 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 5 0 .4 1 5 3 .0 1 6 9 .5 M is c e lla n e o u s tex tile g o o d s .............................................. 229 1 0 9 .2 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 2 3 .7 123.1 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 7 .0 M e n 's a n d b o y s ' fu rn is h in g s .............................................. 232 1 0 2 .1 1 0 8 .4 109.1 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .7 1 2 3 .4 1 3 4 .7 162.1 1 7 4 .7 1 8 7 .0 W o m e n 's a n d m is s e s ' o u t e r w e a r ..................................... 233 104.1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 2 1 .8 1 2 7 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 4 1 .6 1 4 9 .9 1 5 1 .9 1 7 4 .5 W o m e n 's a n d c h ild r e n 's u n d e r g a r m e n t s ..................... 234 2 9 3 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 1 3 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 2 4 .5 1 3 8 .0 1 6 1 .3 1 7 4 .5 2 0 8 .9 2 1 6 .4 H a ts , c a p s , a n d m illinery...................................................... 235 8 9 .2 91.1 9 3 .6 8 7 .2 7 7 .7 8 4 .3 8 2 .2 87.1 9 9 .5 1 0 8 .7 M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ....................... 238 9 0 .6 9 1 .8 9 1 .3 9 4 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 0 1 .4 1 0 7 .7 1 0 5 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a te d tex tile p r o d u c t s ................... 239 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .7 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 2 9 .2 S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills.................................................. 242 9 9 .8 1 0 2 .6 108.1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 1 0 .2 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 2 5 .4 M illwork, p ly w o o d , a n d s tru c tu ra l m e m b e r s ............... 243 9 8 .0 9 8 .0 9 9 .9 9 7 .0 9 4 .5 9 2 .7 9 2 .4 89.1 9 1 .3 9 0 .7 W o o d c o n t a i n e r s ...................................................................... 244 1 1 1 .2 113.1 1 0 9 .4 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .9 106.1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .0 W o o d b u ild in g s a n d m o b ile h o m e s ................................ 245 103.1 1 0 3 .0 103.1 1 0 3 .8 9 8 .3 9 7 .0 9 6 .7 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .2 9 6 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ........................................... 249 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 5 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 2 3 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 4 1 .3 H o u s e h o ld fu rn itu r e ................................................................ 251 1 0 4 .5 107.1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .3 1 2 5 .8 1 2 8 .7 O ffic e fu rn itu r e .......................................................................... 252 9 5 .0 94.1 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .2 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 1 8 .3 113.1 1 0 9 .8 P u b lic b u ild in g a n d r e la te d f u rn itu re .............................. 253 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 4 0 .6 1 6 1 .0 1 5 7 .4 1 7 3 .3 1 8 1 .5 2 1 4 .9 2 0 7 .6 2 1 0 .9 P a rtitio n s a n d fix tu re s ........................................................... 254 9 5 .6 9 3 .0 1 0 2 .7 1 0 7 .4 9 8 .9 1 0 1 .2 9 7 .5 1 2 1 .1 1 2 5 .6 1 2 7 .0 M is c e lla n e o u s fu rn itu re a n d fix tu re s .............................. 259 1 0 3 .5 1 0 2 .1 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 3 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .7 P u lp m ills.............................................................................. 261 1 1 6 .7 1 2 8 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 2 2 .5 1 2 8 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .6 8 2 .3 8 6 .6 8 8 .4 1 2 2 .7 P a p e r m ills........................................................................... 262 1 0 2 .3 9 9 .2 1 0 3 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .9 P a p e r b o a r d m ills................................................................ 263 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .4 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 1 8 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .8 1 3 1 .0 P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta i n e r s a n d b o x e s .................................. 265 1 0 1 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .4 105.1 1 0 6 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .5 M is c e lla n e o u s c o n v e rte d p a p e r p r o d u c t s ................... 267 1 0 1 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 2 .9 1 2 7 .3 N e w s p a p e r s ............................................................................... 271 9 0 .6 8 5 .8 8 1 .5 7 9 .4 7 9 .9 7 9 .0 7 7 .4 7 9 .0 8 3 .6 8 6 .3 P e r io d ic a ls ................................................................................... 272 9 3 .9 8 9 .5 9 2 .9 8 9 .5 8 1 .9 8 7 .8 89.1 1 0 0 .1 1 1 5 .0 115.1 B o o k s ........................................................................................... 273 9 6 .6 1 0 0 .8 9 7 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .0 1 0 1 .6 9 9 .3 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .0 1 0 5 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lis h in g ..................................................... 274 9 2 .2 9 5 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 4 .5 9 7 .5 9 4 .8 9 3 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 2 8 .3 C o m m e rc ia l p rin tin g ............................................................... 275 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 1 5 .2 M anifold b u s i n e s s f o rm s ...................................................... 276 9 3 .0 89.1 9 4 .5 91.1 8 2 .0 7 6 .9 7 5 .2 7 7 .9 7 6 .7 7 3 .6 G r e e tin g c a r d s .......................................................................... 277 1 0 0 .6 9 2 .7 9 6 .7 9 1 .4 8 9 .0 9 2 .5 9 0 .8 9 2 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .9 B la n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b in d in g ............................................. 278 9 9 .4 96.1 1 0 3 .6 9 8 .7 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 2 3 .3 P rin tin g t r a d e s e r v i c e s ........................................................... 279 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .6 1 1 2 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 1 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 2 6 .2 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 2 0 .5 In d u stria l in o rg a n ic c h e m i c a l s ........................................... 281 1 0 6 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 2 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 1 6 .8 1 4 5 .8 1 7 0 .7 P la s tic s m a te ria ls a n d s y n th e t ic s ..................................... 282 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 2 5 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 2 5 .3 1 3 5 .4 1 4 2 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 0 4 .8 D r u g s ............................................................................................. 283 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .5 9 9 .5 9 9 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 0 4 .3 S o a p s , c le a n e r s , a n d to ile t g o o d s ................................... 284 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .3 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 1 6 .8 P a in ts a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................... 285 1 0 6 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 2 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 5 .6 In d u stria l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s .............................................. 286 1 0 1 .4 9 5 .8 9 4 .6 9 2 .2 9 9 .9 9 8 .6 9 9 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .3 A g ricu ltu ral c h e m i c a l s ........................................................... 287 1 0 4 .7 9 9 .5 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 1 7 .5 1 0 6 .9 S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . 88 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 42. Continued— Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 M is c e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s ................................... 289 9 7 .3 96.1 1 0 1 .8 107.1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .6 128.1 P e tro le u m re fin in g .................................................................. 291 1 0 9 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 2 0 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 3 2 .3 1 4 2 .0 1 4 9 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 6 9 .5 A s p h a lt p a v in g a n d ro o fin g m a t e r i a ls ............................ 295 9 8 .0 94.1 1 0 0 .4 1 0 8 .0 1 0 4 .9 1 1 1 .2 113.1 123.1 1 2 4 .7 1 1 5 .7 M is c e lla n e o u s p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ............. 299 9 4 .8 9 0 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .2 9 6 .3 8 7 .4 87.1 9 6 .5 9 8 .5 9 0 .7 T ire s a n d in n e r t u b e s ............................................................. 301 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 1 6 .5 124.1 131.1 1 3 8 .8 149.1 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .5 H o s e a n d b e ltin g a n d g a s k e t s a n d p a c k in g .............. 305 96.1 9 2 .4 9 7 .8 9 9 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 1 3 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .0 F a b r ic a te d r u b b e r p r o d u c ts , n .e .c ................................... 306 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .9 1 1 5 .2 123.1 119.1 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 5 .3 1 3 2 .3 1 4 0 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts , n .e .c .......................... 308 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 3 3 .8 1 4 1 .2 F o o tw e a r, e x c e p t r u b b e r ...................................................... 314 1 0 1 .1 9 4 .4 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 1 3 .0 117.1 126.1 1 2 1 .4 1 1 0 .9 1 3 1 .6 F la t g l a s s ..................................................................................... 321 8 4 .5 8 3 .6 9 2 .7 9 7 .7 9 7 .6 9 9 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 2 7 .7 G l a s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b lo w n ...................... 322 1 0 4 .8 1 0 2 .3 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 1 5 .7 1 2 1 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 3 5 .2 1 4 3 .6 P r o d u c ts of p u r c h a s e d g l a s s ............................................. 323 9 2 .6 9 7 .7 1 0 1 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 5 .9 106.1 1 2 2 .0 125.1 1 2 2 .0 1 3 4 .0 C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ................................................................... 324 1 1 2 .4 1 0 8 .3 115.1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 5 .6 1 2 4 .3 1 2 8 .7 133.1 134.1 1 3 9 .6 S tru c tu ra l c la y p r o d u c t s ........................................................ 325 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 1 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 2 4 .0 P o tte ry a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ............................................. 326 9 8 .6 9 5 .8 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 1 9 .3 1 2 3 .2 127.1 1 2 0 .8 C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p l a s t e r p r o d u c t s ..................... 327 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta llic m in e ra l p r o d u c t s ............. 329 9 5 .4 9 4 .0 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .6 B la s t f u r n a c e a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ........................ 331 1 0 9 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 4 2 .4 1 4 2 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 5 5 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 4 8 .9 Iron a n d s te e l f o u n d r i e s ........................................................ 332 106.1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 6 .2 P rim a ry n o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ................................................. 333 1 0 2 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 0 1 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 0 5 .3 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 2 5 .8 1 3 1 .2 N o n f e r ro u s rolling a n d d r a w in g ........................................ 335 9 2 .7 9 1 .0 9 6 .0 9 8 .3 1 0 1 .2 9 9 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 2 2 .7 N o n f e r ro u s f o u n d rie s ( c a s t in g s ) ...................................... 336 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 1 2 .1 1 1 7 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 7 .0 1 3 1 .5 1 3 0 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s p rim a ry m e ta l p r o d u c t s ......................... 339 1 1 3 .7 109.1 1 1 4 .5 1 1 1 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 3 6 .2 1 4 0 .0 1 5 0 .4 M etal c a n s a n d s h ip p in g c o n ta i n e r s .............................. 341 1 1 7 .6 1 2 2 .9 1 2 7 .8 1 3 2 .3 1 4 0 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 5 5 .2 1 6 0 .3 1 6 3 .8 1 6 0 .3 1 2 3 .9 1 2 6 .9 C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e ................................... 342 9 7 .3 9 6 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 1 1 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .7 P lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g , e x c e p t e le c tric .......................... 343 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .0 9 8 .4 1 0 2 .0 109.1 1 0 9 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 2 7 .3 1 3 0 .3 F a b r ic a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................. 344 9 8 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 0 7 .7 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .7 M etal f o rg in g s a n d s ta m p in g s ........................................... 346 9 5 .6 9 2 .9 1 0 3 .7 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 3 0 .3 M etal s e r v i c e s , n .e .c .............................................................. 347 1 0 4 .7 9 9 .4 1 1 1 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .4 1 2 4 .4 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .9 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s , n .e .c ................................... 348 82.1 8 1 .5 8 8 .6 8 4 .6 8 3 .6 8 7 .6 8 7 .5 9 3 .7 9 6 .6 9 2 .2 349 9 7 .5 9 7 .4 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .3 E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s ............................................................. 351 1 0 6 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 3 .3 1 0 9 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 4 5 .9 1 5 1 .2 F a r m a n d g a r d e n m a c h in e ry ............................................. 352 1 1 6 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 1 8 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 3 4 .7 1 3 7 .2 1 4 1 .2 1 4 8 .5 1 2 5 .5 353 1 0 7 .0 99.1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 1 7 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 3 2 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .2 M eta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry ...................................................... 354 1 0 1 .1 9 6 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 2 3 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 2 3 .5 S p e c ia l in d u stry m a c h in e ry ................................................ 355 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 3 2 .3 1 3 4 .0 1 3 1 .7 125.1 1 3 9 .3 G e n e r a l in d u stria l m a c h in e ry ............................................. 356 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .4 C o m p u te r a n d o ffice e q u ip m e n t...................................... 357 138.1 1 4 9 .6 1 9 5 .7 2 5 8 .6 3 2 8 .6 4 6 9 .4 6 8 1 .3 9 6 0 .2 1 3 5 0 .6 1 8 4 0 .2 R e frig e ra tio n a n d s e r v i c e m a c h in e ry ............................. 358 1 0 3 .6 1 0 0 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .0 1 2 1 .4 1 2 3 .2 In d u stria l m a c h in e ry , n .e .c .................................................. 359 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 2 7 .4 1 3 8 .8 1 4 1 .4 1 2 9 .3 1 2 7 .5 1 3 4 .3 E le ctric d is trib u tio n e q u ip m e n t .......................................... 361 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 6 .6 E le ctric a l in d u stria l a p p a r a t u s 362 1 0 7 .7 107.1 117.1 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 5 0 .8 1 5 4 .3 1 6 4 .2 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .9 1 5 0 .3 1 5 0 .2 H o u s e h o ld a p p l i a n c e s .......................................................... 363 1 0 6 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 3 1 .4 E le ctric lighting a n d w iring e q u ip m e n t .......................... 364 9 9 .9 9 7 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 3 2 .4 C o m m u n ic a tio n s e q u ip m e n t .............................................. 366 1 2 3 .8 129.1 1 5 4 .9 1 6 3 .0 1 8 6 .4 2 0 0 .6 2 2 9 .5 2 7 5 .3 2 7 6 .0 32 7 .1 1 0 5 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .4 1 4 2 .9 E le c tro n ic c o m p o n e n t s a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ..................... 367 1 3 3 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 8 9 .3 2 1 7 .9 2 7 4 .1 4 0 1 .5 5 1 4 .9 6 1 3 .4 7 6 8 .0 1 0 7 .0 M is c e lla n e o u s e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t & s u p p li e s ........ 369 9 0 .6 9 8 .6 1 0 1 .3 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .5 114.1 123.1 1 2 8 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 4 0 .7 M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t .......................................... 371 1 0 2 .4 9 6 .6 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 8 .8 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .2 1 1 6 .3 1 2 5 .2 1 3 6 .5 A ircraft a n d p a r t s ..................................................................... 372 9 8 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 0 7 .9 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .7 140.1 1 3 9 .6 S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a irin g ............................. 373 1 0 3 .7 9 6 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .2 1 0 3 .8 9 8 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 5 .3 1 0 2 .0 1 1 2 .6 374 141.1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .9 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 4 8 .3 1 8 4 .2 189.1 2 0 5 .1 M o to rc y c le s , b ic y c le s, a n d p a r t s .. .................................. 375 9 3 .8 9 9 .8 1 0 8 .4 1 3 0 .9 125.1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 5 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 7 .7 1 2 1 .4 G u id e d m is s ile s , s p a c e v e h ic le s , p a r t s ........................ 376 1 1 6 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 3 6 .5 1 4 2 .4 1 5 8 .2 S e a r c h a n d n a v ig a tio n e q u ip m e n t .................................. 381 1 1 2 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 2 2 .1 129.1 132.1 1 4 9 .5 1 4 2 .2 1 4 9 .5 149.1 1 3 9 .7 M e a s u r in g a n d c o n tro llin g d e v i c e s ................................ 382 1 0 6 .4 113.1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 3 3 .8 1 4 6 .4 1 5 0 .5 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .5 1 5 2 .9 M e d ic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d s u p p li e s .................................. 384 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 2 3 .5 1 2 7 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 3 1 .5 1 3 9 .8 1 4 7 .4 1 5 8 .6 1 6 0 .2 O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ................................................................... 385 1 2 1 .2 125.1 1 4 4 .5 1 5 7 .8 1 6 0 .6 1 6 7 .2 1 8 8 .2 1 9 6 .3 199.1 2 2 9 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 4 .8 1 4 7 .2 P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t & s u p p li e s ............................. 386 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 2 6 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 2 8 .7 J e w e lr y , s ilv e rw a re , a n d p la te d w a r e ........................... 391 9 9 .3 9 5 .8 9 6 .7 9 6 .7 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .2 1 0 2 .6 1 1 4 .2 113.1 1 3 3 .9 M u sic a l in s t r u m e n t s .............................................................. 393 97.1 9 6 .9 9 6 .0 9 5 .6 8 8 .7 8 6 .9 7 8 .8 8 2 .9 8 1 .4 8 6 .4 S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 89 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 42. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 T o y s a n d s p o rtin g g o o d s ..................................................... 394 108.1 1 0 9 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 9 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 3 1 .6 1 2 4 .0 P e n s , p e n c ils , office, a n d a r t s u p p li e s .......................... 395 1 1 8 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 2 9 .9 1 3 5 .2 144.1 1 2 7 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 2 9 .3 C o s t u m e je w e lry a n d n o t io n s ........................................... 396 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 2 9 .0 1 4 3 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 3 1 .2 1 5 0 .2 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r e s ............................................. 399 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 0 7 .7 106.1 108.1 1 1 2 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 0 8 .5 1 1 1 .2 R a ilro a d t r a n s p o r t a ti o n ......................................................... 4011 1 1 8 .5 1 2 7 .8 1 3 9 .6 1 4 5 .4 1 5 0 .3 1 5 6 .2 1 6 7 .0 1 6 9 .8 1 7 3 .3 1 8 2 .3 T ru c k in g , e x c e p t l o c a l 1 ....................................................... 4213 1 1 1 .1 1 1 6 .9 1 2 3 .4 1 2 6 .6 1 2 9 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 3 0 .9 1 3 2 .4 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .6 U .S . p o s ta l s e rv ic e 2 .............................................................. 431 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .5 107.1 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .3 Air t r a n s p o rta tio n ’ ................................................................ 4 5 1 2 ,1 3 ,2 2 (p ts.) 9 2 .9 9 2 .5 9 6 .9 1 0 0 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 0 8 .3 Transportation Utitlities T e l e p h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n s ............................................... 481 1 1 3 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 7 .7 1 3 5 .5 1 4 2 .2 148.1 1 5 9 .5 1 6 0 .9 1 7 0 .3 189.1 R a d io a n d te le v is io n b r o a d c a s ti n g .................................. 483 1 0 4 .9 106.1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .8 C a b le a n d o th e r p a y TV s e r v i c e s ................................... 484 9 2 .6 8 7 .6 8 8 .5 8 5 .3 8 3 .4 8 4 .5 8 1 .9 8 4 .7 8 3 .5 8 1 .5 E le ctric u tilitie s .......................................................................... 4 9 1 ,3 (pt.) 1 1 0 .1 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 3 5 .0 1 4 6 .5 1 5 0 .5 160.1 1 6 2 .7 G a s u tilitie s .................................................................................. 4 9 2 ,3 (pt.) 1 0 5 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 2 5 .6 137.1 1 4 5 .9 1 5 8 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .0 Trade L u m b e r a n d o t h e r b u ild in g m a te ria ls d e a l e r s ........... 521 1 0 4 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 1 1 .4 1 1 8 .9 1 1 7 .8 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .8 1 3 4 .2 1 4 2 .3 P a in t, g l a s s , a n d w a llp a p e r s t o r e s .................................. 523 1 0 6 .8 1 0 0 .4 1 0 7 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 2 7 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .2 H a r d w a r e s t o r e s ....................................................................... 525 1 1 5 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 1 5 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 3 7 .8 1 4 9 .3 R e ta il n u r s e r ie s , law n a n d g a r d e n s u p p ly s t o r e s .. .. 526 8 4 .7 8 9 .3 1 0 1 .2 107.1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 3 6 .4 1 2 7 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 5 1 .2 D e p a r tm e n t s t o r e s .................................................................. 531 9 6 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 5 .4 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 2 3 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 3 5 .5 1 4 7 .4 V a rie ty s t o r e s ............................................................................. 533 1 5 4 .4 1 5 8 .8 1 7 3 .7 1 9 1 .5 1 9 7 .4 2 1 1 .3 2 3 8 .4 2 5 7 .7 2 6 8 .7 3 1 9 .5 M is c e lla n e o u s g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s .............. 539 1 1 8 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 4 0 .4 1 6 4 .2 1 6 4 .8 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .6 1 7 0 .3 1 8 5 .7 1 9 5 .2 G r o c e ry s t o r e s .......................................................................... 541 9 6 .6 9 6 .3 9 6 .5 9 6 .0 9 5 .4 9 3 .9 92.1 9 1 .7 9 2 .2 9 5 .4 M e a t a n d fish ( s e a f o o d ) m a r k e ts ..................................... 542 9 8 .9 9 0 .8 9 9 .2 9 7 .7 9 5 .7 9 4 .4 8 6 .4 9 0 .8 9 5 .7 9 9 .3 546 9 1 .2 9 6 .7 9 6 .5 8 6 .5 85 3 8 3 .0 7 5 .9 67 6 6 8 .1 8 3 .8 N e w a n d u s e d c a r d e a l e r s .................................................. 551 1 0 6 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .7 108.1 109.1 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 6 .0 A u to a n d h o m e s u p p ly s t o r e s ........................................... 553 1 0 3 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 5 .3 109.1 1 0 8 .2 108.1 1 1 3 .0 G a s o lin e s e rv ic e s t a t i o n s ..................................................... 554 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 5 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 7 .2 126.1 126.1 1 3 3 .9 1 4 0 .6 M e n 's a n d b o y 's w e a r s t o r e s ............................................. 561 1 1 5 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 9 .8 1 3 6 .3 1 4 5 .2 1 5 4 .6 W o m e n 's c lo th in g s t o r e s ..................................................... 562 1 0 6 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 2 3 .6 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 7 .3 17 6 .1 1 9 0 .5 F a m ily c lo th in g s t o r e s ........................................................... 565 1 0 7 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 4 1 .8 1 4 6 .9 1 5 0 .2 153.1 1 5 6 .5 S h o e s t o r e s ................................................................................ 566 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 3 0 .7 1 3 9 .2 1 5 1 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 4 5 .0 151.1 F u rn itu re a n d h o m e f u r n is h in g s s t o r e s .......................... 571 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .2 1 2 7 .2 134.1 H o u s e h o ld a p p li a n c e s t o r e s ............................................... 572 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .7 1 1 5 .5 1 1 8 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 8 1 .4 1 8 3 .9 R a d io , te le v is io n , c o m p u te r, a n d m u s ic s t o r e s ........ 573 1 2 1 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 3 9 .9 1 5 4 .5 179.1 1 9 9 .3 2 0 8 .1 2 1 8 .4 2 6 0 .3 3 1 4 .6 E a tin g a n d d rin k in g p l a c e s .................................................. 581 1 0 4 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 4 .3 D ru g a n d p r o p rie ta ry s t o r e s .............................................. 591 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 1 1 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 2 9 .8 L iq u o r s t o r e s .............................................................................. 592 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 9 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 4 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 4 .6 U s e d m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s ................................................... 593 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .3 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 3 2 .7 1 4 0 .3 1 6 3 .6 1 8 1 .9 M is c e lla n e o u s s h o p p in g g o o d s s t o r e s .......................... 594 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .5 117.1 123.1 1 2 5 .3 129.1 1 3 8 .8 1 4 5 .2 N o n s to re r e t a il e r s .................................................................... 596 1 1 1 .1 1 4 9 .0 1 5 2 .4 1 7 3 .3 1 8 6 .5 2 0 8 .0 2 2 2 .2 F u e l d e a l e r s ............................................................................... 598 8 4 .5 8 5 .3 8 4 .2 9 1 .8 9 9 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 0 5 .8 11 5 .1 R e ta il s to r e s , n .e .c .................................................................. 599 1 1 4 .5 1 0 4 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 2 6 .5 118.1 1 3 2 .2 1 2 5 .8 1 2 7 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 7 .8 1 5 7 .3 1 6 1 .0 602 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 6 .4 1 2 9 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .6 1 3 5 .2 Finance and services H o te ls a n d m o te l s .................................................................. 701 9 6 .2 9 9 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .5 L a u n d ry , c le a n in g , a n d g a r m e n t s e r v i c e s ................... 721 1 0 2 .3 9 9 .9 9 9 .3 9 9 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 2 1 .8 P h o to g ra p h ic s tu d io s , p o rtra it........................................... 722 9 8 .2 92.1 9 5 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 0 .7 114.1 1 2 1 .6 10 5 .1 B e a u ty s h o p s ............................................................................. 723 9 7 .5 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .9 9 7 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 4 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 3 .3 B a r b e r s h o p s ............................................................................. 724 1 0 0 .7 9 4 .9 1 1 3 .2 1 2 1 .9 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 2 8 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 7 .4 1 3 8 .0 F u n e r a l s e r v i c e s a n d c r e m a to r ie s .................................. A u to m o tiv e r e p a ir s h o p s ...................................................... 726 753 9 1 .2 1 0 7 .9 8 9 .9 9 8 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 3 .8 105.1 1 2 1 .6 9 7 .6 116.1 1 0 1 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 2 4 .9 9 9 .7 1 2 7 .6 M otion p ic tu re t h e a t e r s ........................................................ 783 118.1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 0 .4 1 0 5 .0 104.1 1 0 3 .4 106.1 1 1 0 .5 1 R e f e rs to o u tp u t p e r e m p lo y e e n .e .c . = n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d i R e f e r s to o u p u t p e r full-tim e e q u iv a le n t e m p lo y e e y e a r o n fis c a l b a s is . 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Annual average Country 1999 2000 1999 I II 2000 III IV I II III IV U n ite d S t a t e s .......... 4 .2 4 .0 4 .3 4 .3 4 .2 4.1 4.1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 C a n a d a ...................... 6 .8 5 .8 7.1 7.1 6 .8 6 .2 6 .0 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 A u s tra lia ................... 7 .2 6 .6 7 .5 7 .4 7.1 7 .0 6 .8 6 .7 6 .3 6 .5 J a o a n 1 ....................... 4 .7 4 .8 1 1 .3 4 .8 4 .7 4 .8 F r a n c e 1 ...................... 4 .7 1 1 .4 1 0 .2 4 .7 9 .7 4 .7 9 .6 4 .8 9 .2 1 1 .2 4 .8 9 .7 1 1 .2 1 0 .8 G e r m a n v 1 ................ 8 .7 8 .3 8 .8 8 .8 8 .8 8 .7 8 .4 8 .3 8 .2 8 .1 Italv 1,2 ........................ 1 1 .5 1 0 .7 1 1 .8 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .2 1 1 .3 1 0 .8 1 0 .6 1 0 .1 S w e d e n 1 ................... 7.1 5 .9 7.1 7 .0 7.1 7.1 6 .7 6 .0 5 .6 5 .2 United Kingdom1.., 6 .1 - 6 .2 6 .1 5 .9 5 .9 5 .8 5 .5 5 .4 - 1 P re lim in a ry fo r 2 0 0 0 for J a p a n , F r a n c e , G e r m a n y (unified), Italy, a n d S w e d e n a n d fo r 1 9 9 9 o n w a r d for t h e U n ited K in g d o m . 2 Q u a rte rly r a t e s a r e for t h e first m o n th of t h e q u a rte r. d ic a to rs of u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r U .S . c o n c e p t s t h a n t h e a n n u a l fig u re s . S e e " N o te s o n t h e d a ta " fo r in fo rm a tio n o n b r e a k s in se rie s. For Com parative NOTE: c a lc u la te d Q u a rte rly b y a p p ly in g fig u r e s fo r F ra n ce and G e rm a n y a n n u a l a d ju s t m e n t f a c to rs to a re fu rth e r Civilian q u a lific a tio n s Labor and Force h isto ric a l Statistics, d a ta , Ten see Coun tries, 1 9 5 9 -2 0 0 0 (B u r e a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , M ar. 1 6 , 2 0 0 1 ). c u rr e n t p u b lis h e d d a ta , a n d th e r e f o r e s h o u ld b e v ie w e d a s l e s s p r e c i s e in D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . Monthly Labor Review September 2001 91 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparison 44. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 U nited S t a t e s 1................................................................................ C a n a d a .............................................................................................. 1 2 6 ,3 4 6 1 2 8 ,1 0 5 1 2 9 ,2 0 0 1 3 1 ,0 5 6 1 3 2 ,3 0 4 1 3 3 ,9 4 3 1 3 6 ,2 9 7 1 3 7 ,6 7 3 1 3 9 ,3 6 8 1 4 0 ,8 6 3 1 4 ,1 2 8 1 4 ,2 9 9 1 4 ,3 8 7 1 4 ,5 0 0 8 ,6 1 9 8 ,7 7 6 9,001 1 4 ,9 3 6 9,221 1 5 ,5 1 3 8 ,4 9 0 14 ,6 5 0 9 ,1 2 7 1 5 ,2 1 6 A u s tra lia ............................................................................................. 1 4 ,1 6 8 8 ,5 6 2 9 ,3 4 7 9 ,4 7 0 1 5 ,7 4 5 9 ,6 8 2 E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s a n d c o u n tr y Civilian labor force J a p a n .................................................................................................. 6 4 ,2 8 0 6 5 ,0 4 0 6 5 ,4 7 0 6 5 ,7 8 0 6 5 ,9 9 0 6 6 ,4 5 0 6 7 ,2 0 0 6 7 ,2 4 0 6 7 ,0 9 0 6 6 ,9 9 0 F r a n c e ................................................................................................ 2 4 ,4 7 0 2 4 ,5 7 0 2 4 ,6 4 0 2 4 ,8 3 0 2 5 ,0 9 0 2 5 ,2 1 0 G e rm a n y 2 .......................................................................................... 3 9 ,1 3 0 3 9 ,0 4 0 3 9 ,1 4 0 2 4 ,7 8 0 3 9 ,2 1 0 3 9 ,1 0 0 3 9 ,1 8 0 3 9 ,4 8 0 2 5 ,5 4 0 3 9 ,5 2 0 2 5 ,8 6 0 3 9 ,6 3 0 - 2 2 ,9 4 0 6 ,7 8 0 2 2 ,9 1 0 6 ,9 4 0 2 2 ,5 7 0 7 ,0 5 0 2 2 ,4 5 0 7 ,2 0 0 2 2 ,4 6 0 7 ,2 3 0 2 2 ,5 7 0 7 ,4 4 0 2 2 ,6 8 0 7 ,5 1 0 2 2 ,9 6 0 7 ,6 7 0 2 3 ,1 3 0 - N e th e rla n d s ..................................................................................... S w e d e n .............................................................................................. U n ited K ingdom ............................................................................. 4,591 4 ,5 2 0 4 ,4 1 8 4 ,4 6 0 4 ,4 5 9 4 ,4 1 8 4 ,4 0 2 - 2 8 ,6 1 0 2 8 ,4 1 0 4 ,4 4 3 2 8 ,3 1 0 7 ,7 5 0 4 ,4 3 0 2 8 ,2 8 0 2 8 ,4 8 0 2 8 ,6 2 0 2 8 ,7 6 0 2 8 ,8 7 0 2 9 ,0 9 0 - - Participation rate3 1InitoH .^tatoç1 6 6 .2 6 6 .4 6 6 .3 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 67.1 67.1 67.1 6 7 .2 C a n a d a .............................................................................................. 6 6 .7 6 5 .9 6 5 .5 6 5 .2 6 4 .9 6 4 .7 6 5 .0 6 5 .4 6 5 .8 6 5 .9 A u s tra lia ............................................................................................. 64.1 6 3 .9 6 3 .6 6 3 .9 6 4 .6 6 4 .6 6 3 .2 6 3 .4 6 3 .3 63.1 6 2 .9 6 4 .3 6 3.2 6 4 .2 6 2 .4 6 4 .7 J a p a n .................................................................................................. 6 4 .4 F r a n c e ................................................................................................ 5 5 .9 5 5 .8 5 5 .6 5 5 .5 5 5 .3 6 3 .0 5 5 .5 5 5 .3 6 2 .8 5 5 .7 5 6 .0 dormant/2 5 8 .9 5 8 .3 5 8 .0 5 7 .6 5 7 .3 5 7 .4 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 5 7 .9 6 2 .0 - 4 7 .7 4 7 .5 4 7 .9 4 7 .3 47.1 47.1 4 7 .2 4 7 .6 4 7 .8 - N e th e rla n d s ..................................................................................... 5 6 .8 5 7 .7 5 8 .2 5 8 .9 6 0 .3 6 0 .6 6 1 .4 6 1 .5 - S w e d e n .............................................................................................. U n ited K in q d o m ............................................................................. 6 7 .0 6 3 .7 6 5 .7 6 4 .5 5 9 .0 6 3 .7 64.1 63.1 6 2 .8 6 2 .5 6 2 .7 6 4 .0 6 2 .7 6 3 .3 6 2 .8 6 2 .8 6 2 .7 6 3 .2 6 2 .9 - - Em ployed U n ited S t a t e s 1................................................................................ C a n a d a .............................................................................................. 1 1 7 ,7 1 8 1 1 8 ,4 9 2 1 2 0 ,2 5 9 1 2 3 ,0 6 0 1 2 4 ,9 0 0 1 2 6 ,7 0 8 1 2 9 ,5 5 8 1 3 1 ,4 6 3 1 3 3 ,4 8 8 1 2 ,7 4 7 1 2 ,7 7 0 1 3 ,0 2 7 13,271 7 ,6 8 0 6 3 ,8 1 0 7,921 6 3 ,8 6 0 8 ,2 3 5 6 3 ,8 9 0 6 4 ,2 0 0 1 3 ,7 0 5 8 ,4 2 9 6 4 ,9 0 0 1 4 ,0 6 8 8 ,5 9 7 6 4 ,4 5 0 1 4 ,8 2 7 7 ,6 7 6 6 2 ,9 2 0 ’13 ,3 8 0 8 ,3 4 4 1 4 ,4 5 6 A u s tra lia ............................................................................. J a p a n .................................................................................................. 1 2 ,6 7 2 7 ,6 3 7 8 ,7 8 5 6 3 ,9 2 0 9 ,0 4 3 6 3 ,7 9 0 F r a n c e ............................................................................... 2 2 ,1 2 0 2 1 ,7 4 0 3 6 ,0 3 0 2 1 ,7 3 0 3 5 ,8 9 0 2 1 ,9 1 0 3 5 ,9 0 0 2 1 ,9 6 0 2 2 ,0 9 0 3 5 ,6 8 0 3 5 ,5 7 0 2 2 ,5 2 0 3 5 ,8 3 0 2 2 ,9 7 0 3 6 ,1 7 0 2 0 ,2 7 0 6 ,5 9 0 4 ,0 2 8 2 5 ,3 4 0 19 ,9 4 0 1 9 ,8 2 0 1 9 ,9 2 0 2 0 ,2 1 0 6 ,6 8 0 3 ,9 9 2 6 ,7 3 0 4 ,0 5 6 6 ,9 7 0 4 ,0 1 9 1 9 ,9 9 0 7 ,1 1 0 3 ,9 7 3 7 ,3 6 0 4 ,0 3 4 2 0 ,4 6 0 7 ,4 9 0 4 ,1 1 7 - 2 5 ,5 5 0 2 6 ,0 0 0 2 6 ,2 8 0 2 6 ,7 4 0 2 7 ,0 5 0 2 7 ,3 3 0 dormant/ Italy ..................................................................................... 6 3 ,6 2 0 2 2 ,0 2 0 3 6 ,9 2 0 3 6 ,4 2 0 N e th e rla n d s ..................................................................................... 2 1 ,3 6 0 6 ,3 8 0 4 ,4 4 7 2 1 ,2 3 0 6 ,5 4 0 4 ,2 6 5 U n ited K ingdom .............................................................................. 2 6 ,0 9 0 2 5 ,5 3 0 1 3 5 ,2 0 8 _ - Em ploym ent-population ratio4 U n ited S t a t e s 1................................................................................ C a n a d a .............................................................................................. A u stra lia ............................................................................................ J a p a n .................................................................................................. 6 1 .7 6 1 .5 6 1 .7 6 2 .5 6 2 .9 6 3 .2 6 3 .8 64.1 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 0 .2 5 7 .9 5 8 .9 5 7 .0 6 2 .0 5 8 .5 5 6 .6 6 1 .7 5 9.0 5 7 .7 5 9 .4 59.1 5 9 .7 6 0 .4 5 8 .8 5 9 .0 59.1 6 0 .9 59.1 6 0 .9 5 9 .2 6 0 .2 6 1 .3 5 9 .6 5 9 .4 62.1 6 0 .4 5 0 .6 5 0 .0 4 9 .0 6 1 .3 4 8 .7 4 8 .8 4 8 .5 6 1 .0 4 8 .5 49.1 4 9 .8 _ G e rm a n y 2 .......................................................................................... 5 5 .5 5 4 .4 5 3 .4 5 2 .8 5 2 .6 5 2.2 5 2 .0 5 2 .3 5 2 .8 - Italy...................................................................................................... N e th e rla n d s ..................................................................................... S w e d e n ............................................................................................. 4 4 .5 5 3 .4 6 4 .9 4 4 .0 5 4 .4 4 3 .0 5 4 .4 4 2 .0 5 4 .8 4 1 .5 5 4 .9 4 1 .6 5 7 .4 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 5 9 .4 6 2 .0 5 8 .5 5 7 .6 5 8 .3 4 1 .6 5 6 .5 5 7 .7 5 6 .9 U n ited K in a d o m ............................................................................. 5 8 .0 5 6 .7 5 6 .2 5 6 .5 5 7 .2 5 7 .6 5 8 .3 5 7 .6 5 8 .7 6 1 .8 5 8 .9 - 5 8 .7 - 59.1 - 5 ,6 5 5 Unem ployed U n ited S t a t e s 1 ................................................................................ C a n a d a .............................................................................................. J a p a n ................................................................................................. 8 ,6 2 8 9 ,6 1 3 8 ,9 4 0 7 ,9 9 6 7 ,4 0 4 7 ,2 3 6 6 ,7 3 9 6 ,2 1 0 5 ,8 8 0 1,381 814 1 ,4 9 6 925 1,530 1 ,3 5 9 1,2 2 9 1,271 1 ,1 4 8 1 ,0 5 8 918 939 856 766 783 1 ,2 3 0 791 750 685 638 3 ,2 0 0 1,3 6 0 1 ,4 2 0 1,660 1,9 2 0 2 ,1 0 0 2 ,2 5 0 2 ,3 0 0 2 ,7 9 0 3 ,1 7 0 2 ,3 5 0 2 ,9 0 0 3 ,0 6 0 3 ,1 3 0 3 ,0 2 0 3 ,5 0 0 3 ,1 3 0 3 ,9 1 0 3 ,6 9 0 2 ,8 9 0 3 ,4 6 0 - 2 ,6 5 0 2 ,6 9 0 2 ,7 5 0 2 ,6 7 0 - G e rm a n v 2 ........................................................................................ Italy..................................................................................................... N e th e rla n d s ..................................................................................... 2 ,2 1 0 2 ,5 5 0 2 ,6 2 0 3 ,1 1 0 3 ,3 2 0 2 ,9 2 0 3 ,2 0 0 1,5 8 0 1,6 8 0 2 ,3 0 0 2 ,5 1 0 2 ,6 4 0 400 390 460 520 510 470 400 310 260 - S w e d e n ............................................................................................. 144 255 440 445 2 ,8 8 0 2 ,4 8 0 2 ,3 4 0 2 ,0 2 0 368 1,8 2 0 313 1,7 6 0 - 2 ,5 2 0 426 2 ,7 3 0 404 U n ited K ingdom ............................................................................ 415 2 ,9 7 0 - Unem ploym ent rate U n ited S t a t e s 1................................................................................ C a n a d a ............................................................................................. 6 .8 7 .5 6 .9 6.1 5 .6 5 .4 4 .9 4 .5 4 .2 9 .8 1 0 .6 1 0.7 8 .2 7 .5 6 .8 5 .8 9.6 1 0 .8 1 0 .9 2 .5 8 .5 8 .5 3.2 8 .7 A u s tra lia ............................................................................................ 9.4 9 .7 8 .6 8 .6 8 .0 6 .6 3.4 3 .4 4.1 7.2 4 .7 1 1 .8 12.4 1 1 .8 1 1 .2 G e rm a n y 2 ........................................................................................ 2 .9 4 .0 2.1 2 .2 9 .6 5 .6 10.4 6.7 1 1 .8 7.9 1 2.3 8 .5 8 .2 12.5 8.9 9 .9 9.3 8 .7 6 .9 5 .9 7.3 5 .6 1 0 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .8 11.7 11.9 1 2 .0 10 .7 6 .5 7.2 7.1 6 .3 5 .3 9 .3 1 0 .5 9.6 9 .9 1 0.1 7.1 9.7 9.1 8 .7 4 .0 8.4 11 .5 3 .4 8 .2 7 .0 6 .3 5 .9 - N e th e rla n d s .................................................................................... S w e d e n ............................................................................................. 3.1 5 .6 U n ited K in a d o m ............................................................................ 8 .8 1 0.1 1 D a ta for 1 9 9 4 a r e n ot directly c o m p a ra b le with d a ta for 1 9 9 3 a n d e a rlie r y e a rs . F o r 3 L ab o r fo rc e a s a p e rc e n t of t h e w o rk in g -a g e p o p u latio n , a d d itio n al inform ation, s e e th e box n o te u n d e r " E m p lo y m en t a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t 4 E m ploym ent a s a p e rc e n t of th e w o rk in g -a g e p o p u latio n . 6.1 4 .8 9 .7 D ata" in th e n o te s to th is s e c tio n . NOTE: S e e N o te s on th e d a ta for inform ation o n b re a k s in s e r i e s for t h e U nited 2 D a ta from 1991 o n w a rd re fe r to unified G e rm a n y . S e e Comparative Civilian Labor S ta te s , F ra n c e , G e rm a n y , Italy, th e N e th e rla n d s, a n d S w e d e n . Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1 9 5 9 -2 0 0 0 , D a s h in d ic a te s d a ta a r e not a v a ila b le , M ar. 16, 2 0 0 1 , o n th e In te rn et a t p = prelim inary. h tt p ://s t a ts .b ls .g o v /fls d a ta .h tm . 92 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 45. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1 9 9 2 = 100] Ite m a n d c o u n t r y 1960 1970 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 O u tp u t p er h our United S ta te s .................................................................. C a n a d a ............................................................................. J a p a n ................................................................................. Belgium ............................................................................. D enm ark........................................................................... F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ........................................................................... Italy.................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... Norw ay....................................................... ...................... S w ed e n ............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................. 38.7 14.0 18.0 29.9 2 1 .8 29.2 2 0 .2 18.6 36.7 27.3 31.2 56.6 38.0 32.9 52.7 43.0 52.0 37.9 38.1 57.8 52.2 44.7 70.5 75.1 63.9 65.4 90.3 66.5 77.2 65.9 69.2 76.7 73.1 56.1 96.9 90.9 84.8 92.0 94.1 87.5 91.5 86.7 93.7 92.1 90.5 82.3 95.7 93.7 89.5 96.9 99.6 91.9 94.6 89.4 97.1 94.6 93.2 8 6 .2 96.9 95.7 95.4 96.8 99.1 93.5 99.0 92.5 98.6 96.6 94.6 88.3 97.8 95.3 99.4 99.1 99.6 96.9 99.0 95.2 99.6 97.5 95.5 92.2 102.7 99.1 99.1 99.6 98.3 99.0 101.4 100.7 101.7 99.8 102.3 99.2 100.1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 102.1 107.3 109.9 104.5 100.5 102.5 104.5 108.4 - 1 0 0 .6 108.5 1 0 1 .6 110.1 102.9 101.4 105.6 112.7 101.4 119.4 106.8 1 0 0 .6 107.3 104.0 1 0 1 .8 113.8 1 1 1 .0 109.3 113.2 _ 117.0 109.5 115.8 115.5 121.1 1 1 2 .8 121.4 122.4 127.0 112.5 120.4 123.6 134.8 115.2 124.1 124.5 _ _ _ _ 114.5 113.2 109.3 117.7 115.0 116.8 109.5 119.7 1 2 2 .6 124.0 126.7 111.1 128.9 128.5 112.9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 121.9 104.8 124.5 103.2 127.8 103.9 135.6 104.6 103.9 139.5 109.2 118.4 118.1 121.3 119.8 106.7 105.1 109.7 104.6 93.5 105.6 108.4 122.4 111.5 125.7 103.0 133.0 104.0 _ O u tp u t United S ta te s .................................................................. C a n a d a ............................................................................. J a p a n ................................................................................. Belgium ............................................................................. D enm ark............................................................................ F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ........................................................................... Italy...................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... Norw ay.............................................................................. S w ed e n ............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................... 34.2 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 21.9 31.7 56.5 45.9 67.7 60.6 38.8 57.6 6 8 .0 64.1 70.9 45.8 59.5 89.1 80.7 90.3 75.8 103.2 102.4 1 0 1 .6 8 6 .0 110.1 1 1 2 .6 59.9 78.2 91.3 88.7 85.3 80.4 77.4 103.6 90.7 87.2 84.6 93.3 108.6 96.3 92.2 90.9 94.5 92.8 105.3 109.8 101.4 90.2 99.1 104.3 97.2 94.0 98.1 96.9 101.3 110.9 105.4 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 103.5 104.6 96.0 97.0 99.0 95.7 92.5 96.4 98.2 102.7 101.9 101.4 110.1 98.3 104.1 105.3 1 0 0 .0 104.8 113.5 100.9 104.3 103.7 105.9 100.4 103.9 101.4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .0 95.6 94.7 94.8 95.1 91.0 93.6 96.9 1 0 0 .8 102.1 109.0 108.5 97.5 90.8 89.5 90.7 90.1 92.7 90.6 89.4 84.4 90.8 92.3 87.8 80.9 95.6 94.7 95.9 97.3 95.9 96.2 92.1 93.6 95.2 97.5 95.5 90.5 102.7 99.6 104.6 104.8 104.6 103.0 106.1 107.5 103.7 101.5 97.2 104.3 97.7 99.7 96.5 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.1 98.4 95.5 1 0 0 .6 111.1 113.2 95.4 101.4 109.3 100.3 95.2 1 0 0 .6 104.2 106.7 117.1 106.1 104.2 114.7 104.9 95.3 107.2 107.8 109.0 128.4 107.8 103.6 103.0 93.7 93.6 - 127.7 128.1 1 11.1 133.5 133.1 103.6 109.9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .6 115.3 111.5 100.9 110.3 116.6 117.6 144.6 109.9 139.3 141.3 103.9 113.8 111.5 114.2 131.1 108.2 109.7 96.3 108.3 114.1 115.7 138.6 109.6 104.0 106.4 92.0 92.0 _ 103.7 109.4 92.2 91.0 105.5 113.5 91.5 89.8 _ _ _ 92.4 86.5 96.7 92.4 105.2 98.1 99.4 91.6 84.2 98.0 91.6 106.9 105.3 102.9 91.0 80.1 96.5 90.5 107.9 105.3 104.8 89.5 78.7 97.1 90.8 112.3 104.2 105.4 89.9 79.6 99.3 91.2 113.2 106.6 105.0 109.8 108.0 100.5 105.6 100.4 106.7 106.1 107.9 103.6 109.5 109.2 109.3 111.4 106.7 113.9 115.2 117.3 123.2 1 0 2 .2 110.1 1 0 2 .2 111.4 _ 114.0 150.7 109.7 T o ta l hours United S ta te s .................................................................... C a n a d a .............................................................................. J a p a n .................................................................................. Belgium ............................................................................. D enm ark............................................................................ F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ........................................................................... Italy...................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... N orw ay.............................................................................. S w e d e n ............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................... 92.1 88.3 76.3 170.7 136.5 142.3 142.3 108.7 170.6 154.0 168.3 217.3 104.4 107.1 102.3 174.7 129.0 149.0 136.3 120.9 156.2 154.3 154.7 106.6 107.1 1 2 1 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 0 0 .8 135.0 124.0 155.3 99.8 101.5 107.2 105.4 99.3 108.9 99.0 114.3 121.4 123.2 55.6 47.7 58.6 52.5 49.6 40.8 53.6 28.4 64.4 39.0 37.3 33.2 84.0 77.8 79.2 81.1 82.9 81.6 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.8 67.7 86.7 85.2 93.4 14.1 78.8 63.2 91.7 80.3 55.0 61.3 69.4 43.1 93.0 50.8 51.0 59.1 34.8 15.3 27.0 20.3 23.0 17.1 24.4 25.7 17.8 23.1 19.2 78.8 65.3 51.3 88.3 58.9 76.8 59.6 62.0 82.3 63.9 70.3 77.8 2 0 2 .1 107.5 114.6 93.8 119.7 101.1 133.3 110.5 1 2 2 .0 1 1 1 .8 102.3 104.7 105.8 99.3 109.7 99.8 107.1 119.0 122.3 100.1 107.7 101.5 103.7 116.4 119.2 101.5 102.1 103.0 103.3 104.2 100.1 94.9 105.2 118.3 86.1 90.5 103.3 122.7 83.8 91.5 8 8 .6 79.5 98.6 _ C o m p e n s atio n p er h o u r United S ta te s ................................................................... C a n a d a .............................................................................. J a p a n .................................................................................. Belgium ........................................................................... D enm ark........................................................................... F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ............................................................................ Italy...................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... Norw ay.............................................................................. S w ed e n .............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................... 14.9 9.9 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.6 23.7 17.0 16.5 13.7 13.3 10.3 20.7 4.7 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 2 0 .2 25.6 30.9 30.1 15.4 19.5 27.8 7.9 34.4 12.9 15.0 9.8 30.1 43.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 12.4 52.9 20.4 1 1 .8 10.7 6.3 8 6 .6 82.5 84.2 85.9 87.7 8 6 .0 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 72.9 1 0 2 .8 110.9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 115.8 116.0 117.7 116.0 - _ _ _ _ _ 105.6 112.3 107.8 108.2 104.4 99.8 106.5 108.4 118.5 1 1 0 .2 113.0 128.0 125.4 115.8 118.7 119.7 111.4 114.9 128.9 123.0 118.3 126.2 123.3 117.0 119.3 130.8 126.5 92.0 95.9 93.8 93.3 92.4 98.8 96.2 93.7 1 1 2 .8 1 1 0 .6 109.2 106.3 107.4 125.2 120.3 113.2 113.6 114.2 108.2 _ 133.4 127.4 1 2 2 .6 U n it la b o r costs: National currency b asis United S ta te s ................................................................... C a n a d a .............................................................................. J a p a n .................................................................................. Belgium .............................................................................. D enm ark............................................................................ F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ............................................................................ Italy..................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... Norw ay.............................................................................. S w ed e n .............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................... 2 0 .6 8 8 .2 88.1 93.3 86.5 79.9 93.6 90.4 79.4 82.2 93.6 87.9 84.9 91.1 92.2 85.1 84.6 93.7 92.3 95.0 93.0 93.6 96.8 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.8 91.6 86.7 83.6 92.4 77.0 79.0 82.9 76.9 75.6 83.2 90.5 89.8 86.3 72.3 72.6 77.6 73.0 76.2 75.5 82.9 76.8 78.5 93.7 95.6 83.1 89.5 91.3 94.1 87.3 93.8 88.9 95.0 91.3 92.5 88.1 90.5 8 8 .0 94.0 88.7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 98.2 97.6 104.1 102.3 100.1 102.4 104.5 104.4 102.3 100.9 90.6 100.3 98.5 94.3 104.9 97.9 93.0 97.3 1 0 2 .0 102.1 96.0 102.9 83.6 99.7 94.8 95.5 100.1 96.4 93.8 94.7 104.7 103.2 94.0 107.1 87.2 102.5 93.5 95.9 95.8 95.6 100.9 95.9 107.2 109.9 94.6 111.4 91.7 104.8 92.2 104.6 112.4 92.2 115.2 90.0 107.1 92.7 91.4 98.1 94.9 93.4 108.9 92.6 1 0 1 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 1 2 .0 92.5 121.5 90.9 111.9 128.5 91.3 112.3 92.0 83.6 98.3 83.7 93.1 83.6 94.1 81.3 83.0 92.4 80.5 93.1 83.0 92.6 83.2 90.3 78.6 82.0 91.4 79.8 105.7 79.3 94.1 79.6 101.1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .8 _ U n it lab o r costs: U.S. dollar b a sis United S ta te s ................................................................... C a n a d a .............................................................................. J a p a n .................................................................................. Belgium.............................................................................. D enm ark............................................................................ F ra n ce ................................................................................ G erm an y ............................................................................ Italy...................................................................................... N eth erlan d s...................................................................... N orw ay............................................................................... S w ed e n .............................................................................. United Kingdom ............................................................... 32.0 10.9 19.4 13.5 2 1.1 10.4 15.6 16.0 11.3 16.9 15.6 86.1 75.4 82.9 97.7 105.1 90.9 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.5 97.6 89.8 95.7 96.3 98.2 1 0 0 .6 91.4 118.8 95.1 93.2 95.6 98.6 81.8 96.8 88.3 67.7 85.3 98.5 83.4 130.1 94.2 88.3 92.9 98.2 78.1 92.8 90.7 63.1 86.5 94.8 84.1 135.1 105.2 101.1 1 0 0 .6 114.1 78.0 103.0 105.0 71.2 91.6 93.5 85.0 111.7 99.3 105.0 99.2 111.3 87.8 98.6 107.1 79.7 92.6 8 6 .6 75.9 _ 6 8 .6 6 6 .6 64.3 99.3 105.0 1 0 2 .8 NOTE: D ata for G erm any for y e a rs b efore 1992 a re for the form er W est G erm any. Data for 1992 onw ard a re for unified G erm any. D ash indicates d a ta not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 93 Current Labor Statistics: 46. Injury and Illness Occupational Injury and Illness rates by Industry,1United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers8 In d u s t r y a n d t y p e o f c a s e 1988 1989 1 1990 1992 1 99 1 1998 4 — 1999 4 7.1 6 .7 3.3 3.1 _ 6.3 3.0 _ 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 8.5 3.8 8.4 3.8 8.1 3.6 7 .4 3.4 PRIVATE SE CTO R5 8 .6 8 .6 8 .8 8.4 4.0 4 .0 4.1 3 .9 76.1 78 .7 84 .0 8 6 .5 8.9 3.9 9 3 .8 10.9 5.6 10.9 5 .7 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 1 0 .0 9.7 8.7 8.4 7 .9 5.9 5 .4 5.4 5.0 4 .7 1 0 1 .8 100 .9 1 1 2 .2 10 8 .3 1 2 6 .9 4 .3 _ 3 .9 _ 4.1 - 3 .9 _ 5 .9 3 .7 _ 4 .9 4 .4 2 .9 2 .7 _ _ _ _ _ A griculture, forestry, and fish ing5 _ 7 .3 3 .4 _ Mining 6 .8 6.3 6 .2 5.4 3.9 3.9 _ 3.9 _ 3.2 _ 1 2 .2 1 1 .8 1 0 .6 9 .9 5.5 4 .9 4 .5 16 1 .9 - 5 .5 9.8 4.4 9 .0 9 .9 4 .8 8 .8 8 .5 8 .3 7 .4 5.1 4 .8 5.0 4 .5 7.3 4.1 152.1 13 7 .2 11 9 .5 129 .6 2 0 4 .7 14.6 14.3 14.2 13.0 6 .8 6 .8 6 .7 6.1 13.1 5.8 14 2 .2 1 4 3 .3 147 .9 148.1 14.0 6 .4 13.9 _ _ Construction _ _ 9 .5 4 .4 8 .8 8 .6 4 .0 4 .2 8 .5 3.7 8 .4 8 .0 3 .9 3 .7 9 .0 8.7 8 .2 4 .3 4 .3 4.1 7 .8 3.8 9.1 4.1 8 .9 4 .4 _ _ G e n e ra l building c o n tra c to rs : _ _ 1 2 .2 1 1.5 10.9 6 .5 6.4 5 .5 5 .4 5.1 5.1 132 .2 1 3 7 .3 13 7 .6 13 2 .0 142 .7 15.1 13.8 13.8 1 2 .8 1 2 .1 1 1 .1 1 0 .2 7.0 6 .5 6.3 6 .0 5.4 5.1 5.0 162.3 147.1 144.6 160.1 16 5 .8 13.8 1 2 .8 10.4 1 0 .0 5 .8 1 2.5 5.8 1 1 .1 6.1 5.0 4 .8 4 .7 16 8 .3 1 2 .1 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 10 .3 9 .7 9.2 5.3 5.5 5.3 4 .9 4 .8 4 .7 4 .6 13.1 5.4 13.5 5.7 1 2 .8 1 1 .6 5.1 1 1.3 5.1 10 .7 5 .0 1 0 .1 5.6 1 5.9 7 .6 15.7 7.7 14 .9 14.2 6 .8 1 3.5 6 .5 13.2 7.0 6 .8 13.0 6 .7 14 .6 6 .5 15.0 7 .0 1 3.9 6 .4 1 2 .2 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 1.5 5 .4 5 .8 5 .7 5 .9 1 2.3 5 .7 12 .4 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 0.7 6 .0 5.7 6 .0 5 .4 13.4 1 2 .0 _ _ _ 4 .0 _ H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n , e x c e p t building: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n tra c to rs : 1 4.7 14.6 14.7 7.0 141.1 6 .9 144 .9 6 .9 153.1 13 .5 6 .3 151 .3 13.1 13.1 13.2 1 2.7 5.7 107.4 5 .8 5 .6 12.5 5.4 11 3 .0 5.8 12 0 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 4 .6 14.2 5.9 14.1 14.2 6 .0 1 3.6 5 .7 13.4 6 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 6 .5 123 .3 1 2 2 .9 19.5 18.4 9 .4 18.1 1 0 .0 189.1 1 7 7 .5 17 2 .5 16 .8 8 .3 17 2 .0 16.6 16.1 7.2 1 6.9 7 .8 1 5.9 7.2 _ _ _ - _ _ - M anufacturing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D u ra b le g o o d s : 5.5 12 6 .7 _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 .8 _ L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts: 8 .8 16.3 7 .6 165 .8 _ _ _ _ _ F u rn itu re a n d fixtures: 7.3 11 5 .7 14.8 6 .6 12 8 .4 _ _ _ _ _ _ S to n e , clay, a n d g l a s s p ro d u cts: _ _ 15.5 7 .4 15.4 14 .8 13.6 1 3.8 13.2 7 .5 7.3 6 .8 6.1 6 .3 6 .5 141 .0 1 4 9 .8 16 0 .5 15 6 .0 15 2 .2 19.4 18.7 19.0 16.8 7.2 15.0 12 .9 7 .2 6 .8 15.0 7.2 14 .0 8.1 1 7.5 7.1 16.5 8.1 1 7.7 7 .4 1 7.0 8 .2 7.0 6 .3 1 6 1 .3 168 .3 18 0 .2 169.1 175 .5 18.8 1 8.5 7 .9 18.7 1 7.4 16.8 15.8 14.4 14.2 1 3 .9 1 2 .6 7 .9 7.1 6 .6 16 .2 6.7 16.4 8 .0 6.7 6.9 6 .2 6.4 6 .5 6 .0 1 3 8 .8 14 7 .6 15 5 .7 14 6 .6 14 4 .0 1 2.1 1 2.1 1 2 .0 1 1 .2 11.1 1 1 .1 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 4 .8 4.7 4 .4 4 .2 4.2 4.4 4 .4 9 .9 4 .0 1 0 .0 4 .7 4.1 9 .5 4 .0 8 .5 3 .7 8 2 .8 8 6 .8 8 8 .9 8 6 .6 8 7 .7 8 .0 9.1 3.9 7 7 .5 9.1 3.8 7 9.4 8 .6 8.4 8 .3 6 .8 6 .6 5 .9 5 .7 3.7 3 .5 3 .3 3.1 3.1 2 .8 2 .8 83 .0 3.6 8 1.2 8.3 3.6 7.6 3 .3 6 4 .6 1 7.7 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.7 18.5 1 9.6 18.6 16 .3 15.4 1 4.6 1 3.7 6 .6 6 .8 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.8 7 .9 7 .0 6 .6 6 .6 6.4 134.2 138.6 6 .9 15 3 .7 166.1 186.6 6 .0 5.6 5.9 2 .7 5 .3 2 .4 5.1 4 .8 4 .0 4 .0 2 .3 2 .3 1.9 1 .8 9 .5 4 .4 8.9 4.2 8.1 8 .4 3.9 4 .0 16.0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P rim ary m eta l in d u strie s: 7 .3 _ _ F a b ric a te d m eta l p ro d u cts: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Industrial m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t: _ _ _ _ _ E lectro n ic a n d o th e r e le ctrical eg u ip m e n t: _ _ _ _ T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t: » In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la te d p ro d u cts: 6.1 5.6 2 .6 2.5 5.9 2 .7 2.7 5.9 2.7 5 1.5 55.4 5 7 .8 64.4 65.3 11.3 1 1.1 11.3 11.3 10.7 1 0 .0 9.9 9.1 5.1 9 1.0 5.1 97.6 5.1 113.1 5.1 5.0 108.2 4.6 4.5 4.3 2.5 _ M is c e lla n e o u s m an u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s: Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . 94 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis September 2001 104.0 - 46. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 1988 1989 1 1990 199 1 1992 1995 4 19964 1997 4 1999 4 1993 4 19944 10 5 9.9 9 ? fi fi ft ? 5.1 - 4.9 - 4 .6 - 4.4 - 4.3 - 4.2 - 15.0 14.5 13.6 12.7 8 .0 8 .0 - - 7.5 - 7.3 - 6.4 3 .4 - 2 .2 6.7 7 .4 3.4 - 1998 4 N o n d u ra b le g o o d s: 11.4 1 1 .6 11.7 11 5 11 3 5.4 101.7 5.5 107.8 5.6 116.9 5.5 119.7 5.3 1 2 1 .8 10 7 5.0 - 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 2 0 .0 Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... L ost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 2 0 2 .6 19.5 9.9 20 7 .2 18.8 9.5 2 1 1 .9 17.6 8.9 - 17.1 9.2 - 16.3 8.7 - T o b a c c o p roducts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... 9.3 2.9 8.7 3.4 7.7 3.2 6.4 6 .0 2 .6 2 .8 Lost w o rk d a y s............................................................................................... 5 3.0 6 4.2 6 2.3 5 2.0 4 2 .9 5.3 2 .4 - 6.7 2.4 5.8 2 .3 - 5.6 2 .8 - - 5.9 2.7 - T extile mill p roducts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 9.6 4 .0 7 8.8 10.3 4.2 8 1 .4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 8 .2 4.0 - 4.1 - 7.8 3.6 - 3.1 - Lost w o rk d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... F o o d a n d k indred pro d u cts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... A pparel a n d o th er textile pro d u cts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... 9.9 4.4 88.3 6.4 3.2 - 8.1 8 .6 8 .8 9.2 9.5 9.0 8.9 8 .2 7 .4 7.0 6 .2 5.8 3.8 8 0.5 3.9 92.1 4.2 99.9 4 .0 104.6 3.8 - 3.9 - 3.6 - 3 .3 - 3.1 - 2 .6 2 .8 - - 12.7 1 2.1 1 1 .2 1 1 .0 5.8 132.9 5.5 124.8 5.0 122.7 5.0 125.9 9.9 4 .6 - 9.6 4 .5 - 8.5 4 .2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 - 7.1 3.7 - 7.0 3.7 - 6.7 3.2 7.3 3.2 7 4.8 6.9 6.7 6 .4 6 .0 5.0 3.0 - 3.0 - 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 - 5.7 2.7 - 5.4 3.1 - - - 5.7 5.5 2 .7 - 4.8 2 .4 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.2 2 .8 2.1 64.2 5.9 2 .7 - - 4.4 2.3 - 5.9 5.2 4 .7 4.6 4.3 3.9 4.1 2.9 2 .8 2 .5 - 1 .8 1 .8 71.2 2 .3 - 2 .2 6 8 .2 2 .5 - 4.8 2 .4 - - - - 6 8 .2 P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u cts: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w orkday c a s e s ..................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s............................................................................................... 13.1 5.9 124.3 Printinq a n d publishinq: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w o rk d ay c a s e s .................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 6 .6 6.9 6.9 3.2 5 9.8 3.3 6 3.8 3.3 6 9.8 7 4.5 C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p roducts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 7.0 3.3 5 9.0 7.0 3.2 6 3.4 6.5 3.1 6 1.6 6.4 6 .0 3.1 6 2.4 2 .8 7.0 3.2 6 .6 6 .6 6 .2 3.3 3.1 6 8.4 6 8 .1 77 .3 Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... - 3.5 Lost w orkday c a s e s .................................................................................... Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... P etro leu m a n d co a l p roducts: Total c a s e s ................................................................................................... 5.5 - R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p lastic s p roducts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w o rk d ay c a s e s .................................................................................... 16.3 16.2 15.1 14.5 13.9 12.3 11.9 1 1 .2 1 0 .1 8 .0 7.8 147.2 151.3 7.2 150.9 6 .8 142.9 153.3 6.5 - 14.0 6.7 - 12.9 8.1 Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 6.5 - 6.3 - 5.8 - 5.8 - 5.5 - L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p roducts: T otal c a s e s ................................................................................................... Lost w o rk d ay c a s e s .................................................................................... 11.4 5.6 12.1 12.5 5.9 12.1 12.1 1 2 .0 5.4 5.5 5.3 10.7 4 .5 4.3 9.8 4.5 128.2 152.3 140.8 128.5 - - 11.4 4 .8 - 1 0 .6 5.9 Lost w o rk d a y s ............................................................................................... 13.6 6.5 130.4 - - - 10.3 5.0 - 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9 6 5.5 134.1 93 5.4 9 ,5 9 .3 9.1 8.7 5 .4 5.5 5.2 140.0 9 1 5.1 144.0 - - - 5.1 - 4.8 - 4.3 - 4.4 - 7.8 3.5 60 .9 8 .0 7.9 8 4 3.5 7 .9 7 5 8 fi 6.7 3.5 6 5.6 7 6 3.4 8 1 3.6 6 3.5 80.1 3.4 - 3.2 - 2 .9 - 3.0 - 2 .8 72.0 3.4 - - 2.7 - 7.4 3.7 72 3.7 7 7 7 5 8 8 8 5 3.6 - 3.2 79.2 3.8 - 3 .4 7 1.5 7 8 3.7 - 3.3 - 3.3 - 8.7 3.4 7 9.2 8 .2 7.9 3 .3 - 7.5 3.0 - 6.5 2.7 - 2.5 - 16.2 T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... W h o le s a le a n d re tail tra d e Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... W h o le s a le tra d e : 7 6 7.7 Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... 3.8 69.2 4.0 7 1.9 Retail tra d e : Total c a s e s ...................................................................................................... Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... 7.9 3.4 5 7.6 8.1 8.1 7.7 3.4 6 0.0 3.4 63.2 3.3 69.1 7 6 3.6 8 2 .4 3 .3 - - - 6.9 6 .8 2 .8 2.9 - - 6 .1 F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e s ta te Total c a s e s ...................................................................................................... Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... 2 .0 2 .0 2.4 2.9 2 .9 2.7 2 .6 .9 17.2 .9 17.6 1.1 1.1 1 .2 1 .2 1.1 1 .0 2 7 .3 24.1 2.4 3 2.9 - - - 5 .4 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.5 2 .8 7.1 3.0 6.7 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 5 6.4 60.0 6 8 .6 - - - 2 .4 .9 - 2 .2 .9 - .7 .5 - 6 .4 6 .0 2 .8 2 .6 5.6 2.5 5.2 2.4 2 .2 - - - - 1 .8 .8 - S e rv ic e s Total c a s e s ...................................................................................................... Lost w ork d ay c a s e s ........................................................................................ Lost w o rk d a y s ................................................................................................... 2 .6 4 7 .7 1 D a ta for 1 989 a n d s u b s e q u e n t y e a rs a re b a s e d on th e Standard Industrial Class 6 .0 6 .2 4.9 N = n u m b er of injuries a n d illn e ss e s or lost w orkdays; ification Manual, 1 987 Edition. F o r th is re a s o n , th e y a re not strictly c o m p a ra b le with d a ta EH = total h o u rs w o rk ed by all e m p lo y e e s during th e c a le n d a r ye a r; a n d for th e y e a rs 1 9 8 5 -8 8 , w hich w e re b a s e d on th e Standard Industrial Classification 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 = b a s e for 100 full-time eq u iv a le n t w o rk e rs (w orking 4 0 h o u rs p e r w e e k , 50 Manual, 1972 Edition, 1 977 S u p p le m e n t. w e e k s p e r y ear). 2 B eginning with th e 1992 su rv ey , th e a n n u a l su rv e y m e a s u r e s only nonfatal injuries a n d 4 B eginning with th e 1 993 survey, lost w o rk d ay e s tim a te s will not b e g e n e ra te d . A s of illn e ss e s , w hile p a s t s u rv e y s c o v e re d both fatal a n d nonfatal incidents. To b e tte r a d d re s s 1992, BLS b e g a n g e n e ra tin g p e rc e n t d istributions a n d th e m ed ia n n u m b e r of d a y s a w a y fatalities, a b a s ic e le m e n t of w o rk p lace sa fe ty , BLS im p le m e n te d th e C e n s u s of Fatal from w ork by industry a n d for g ro u p s of w o rk e rs s u s ta in in g sim ilar w ork disabilities. O ccu p a tio n a l Injuries. 3 T h e in cid e n c e r a te s r e p re s e n t th e n u m b e r of injuries a n d illn e ss e s or lost w o rk d ay s p e r 5 E x clu d es farm s with few er th a n 11 e m p lo y e e s sin c e 1976. D a sh in d ic a te s d a ta not available. 100 full-time w o rk e rs a n d w e re c a lc u la te d a s (N/EH) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , w h ere: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review September 2001 95 Current Labor Statistics: 47. Injury a n d Illness Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1993-98 Fatalities E vent o r e x p o su re 1 '■ . 1998 1 9 9 3 -9 7 19972 A v erag e N um ber P e rce n t N um ber T o ta l................................................................................................................... 6 ,3 3 5 6 ,2 3 8 6 ,0 2 6 100 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n c i d e n t s ................................................................................... 2 ,6 1 1 2 ,6 0 5 2 ,6 3 0 44 H ig h w a y i n c id e n t................................................................................................... 1 ,3 3 4 1 ,3 9 3 1,431 24 C o llisio n b e tw e e n v e h ic le s , m o b ile e q u ip m e n t ................................... 652 640 701 12 M oving in s a m e d ire c tio n ........................................................................... 109 103 118 2 M oving in o p p o s it e d ire c tio n s , o n c o m i n g .......................................... 234 230 271 4 M oving in i n te r s e c tio n ................................................................................. 132 142 142 2 V e h ic le s tr u c k s ta tio n a r y o b je c t o r e q u ip m e n t .................................... 249 282 306 5 N o n c o llisio n in c id e n t......................................................................................... 360 387 373 6 J a c k k n if e d o r o v e rtu r n e d — n o c o llisio n .............................................. 267 298 300 5 N o n h ig h w a y (fa rm , in d u stria l p r e m i s e s ) in c id e n t................................... 388 377 384 6 O v e r tu r n e d ............................................................................................................ 214 216 216 4 A ircraft......................................................................................................................... 315 261 223 4 W o rk e r s tr u c k b y a v e h ic le ................................................................................ 373 367 413 7 W a te r v e h ic le in c id e n t.............. .......................................................................... 106 109 112 2 R a ilw a y ....................................................................................................................... 83 93 60 1 A s s a u l t s a n d v i o le n t a c t s .................................................................................. 1,241 1 ,1 1 1 960 16 995 860 709 12 S h o o tin g ................................................................................................................ 810 708 569 9 S ta b b in g ................................................................................................................ 75 73 61 1 O th e r, in clu d in g b o m b in g ............................................................................. 110 79 79 1 S elf-in flic ted in ju rie s ............................................................................................. 215 216 223 4 C o n ta c t w ith o b je c ts an d eq u ip m e n t..................................................... 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 3 5 941 16 S tru c k b y o b je c t..................................................................................................... 573 579 517 9 S tru c k b y falling o b je c t.................................................................................... 369 384 317 5 S tru c k b y flying o b je c t.................................................................................... 65 54 58 1 C a u g h t in o r c o m p r e s s e d b y e q u ip m e n t o r o b j e c t s ............................. 290 320 266 4 C a u g h t in r u n n in g e q u ip m e n t o r m a c h in e r y ......................................... 153 189 129 2 C a u g h t in o r c r u s h e d in c o lla p s in g m a t e r i a ls .......................................... 124 118 140 2 668 716 702 12 591 653 623 10 94 116 111 2 139 154 156 3 83 87 97 2 F a lls ........................................................................................................................ F all fro m l a d d e r .................................................................................................. F all o n s a m e le v e l................................................................................................. C o n t a c t w ith o v e r h e a d p o w e r l in e s .......................................................... C o n t a c t w ith t e m p e r a t u r e e x t r e m e s ........................................................... E x p o s u r e to c a u s tic , n o x io u s , o r a lle rg e n ic s u b s t a n c e s .................... O th e r e v e n ts o r e x p o s u re s 3....................................................................... 1 B a s e d o n th e 1 9 9 2 bls O c c u p a tio n a l Injury a n d Illn e ss 52 44 51 1 586 554 572 9 320 298 334 6 128 138 153 3 43 40 46 1 120 123 104 2 1 70 59 48 101 90 87 80 72 75 199 196 205 3 26 21 16 - 1 1 In c lu d e s t h e c a te g o r y "B odily re a c tio n a n d e x e rtio n ." 3 C la s s ific a tio n S tru c tu re s . 2 T h e BLS n e w s r e l e a s e i s s u e d A u g u s t 12 , 1 9 9 8 , r e p o r te d a to ta l of 6 ,2 1 8 fa ta l w o rk In ju rie s fo r c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 9 7 . S in c e th e n , an a d d itio n a l 2 0 jo b -r e la te d f a ta litie s w e r e id en tifie d , b rin g in g t h e to ta l jo b -r e la te d fatality c o u n t for 1 9 9 7 to 6 ,2 3 8 . 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: T o ta ls fo r m a jo r c a te g o r ie s m ay in c lu d e s u b - c a te g o r ie s n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te l y . P e r c e n t a g e s m a y n o t a d d to to ta ls b e c a u s e of ro u n d in g . p e rc e n t. September 2001 D a s h in d ic a te s l e s s t h a n 0 .5 Obtaining information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics O ffice or Topic Bureau of Labor Statistics Information services Internet address http://www.bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/opbinfo.htm E-m ail blsdata_staff@ bls.gov E m p lo y m en t an d u n em p lo y m en t Employment, hours, and earnings: National State and local Labor force statistics: National Local Ul-covered employment, wages Occupational employment Mass layoffs Longitudinal data http://www.bls.gov/ceshome.htm http://www.bls.gov/790home.htm cesinfo@ bls.gov data_sa@ bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/cpshome.htm http://www.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/cewhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/oeshome,htm http://www.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/nlshome.htm cpsinfo@ bls.gov lausinfo@ bls.gov 202_info@bls.gov oesinfo@ bls.gov mlsinfo@bls.gov nls_info@ bls.gov P ric e s a n d living c o n d itio n s Consumer price indexes Producer price indexes) Import and export price indexes Consumer expenditures http://www.bls.gov/cpihome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ppihome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ipphome.htm http://www.bls.gov/csxhome.htm cpi_info @bls.gov ppi-info@bls.gov ippinfo_ipp@ bls.gov cexinfo@bls.gov C o m p e n sa tio n a n d w o rk in g c o n d itio n s National Compensation Survey: Employee benefits Employment cost trends Occupational compensation Occupational illnesses, injuries Fatal occupational injuries Collective bargaining http://www.bls.gov/comhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ebshome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ecthome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ocshome.htm http://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/oshcfoil.htm http://www.bls.gov/cbahome.htm Labor Industry Multifactor http://www.bls.gov/lprhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm http ://w w w. bis. go v/mprhome.go v ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov oshstaff@ bls.gov cfoistaff@bls.gov cbainfo@bls.gov P ro d u c tiv ity dprweb@ bls.gov dipsweb@ bls.gov dprweb@ bls.gov P ro je c tio n s Employment Occupation http://www.bls.gov/emphome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ocohome.htm oohinfo@ bls.gov oohinfo@ bls.gov In te rn a tio n a l http://www.bls.gov/flshome.htm flshelp@bls.gov R eg io n al c e n te rs Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Kansas City New York Philadelphia San Francisco https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis http://www.bls.gov/ro4home.htm http://www.bls.gov/rolhome.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro5home.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro6home.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro7home.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro2home.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro3home.htm http://www.bls.gov/ro9home.htm O th e r F e d e ra l s ta tis tic a l agencies http://www.fedstats.gov BLSinfo Atlanta @bls.gov BLSinfoBoston@bls.gov BLSinfoChicago@bls.gov BLSinfoDallas@bls.gov BLSinfo KansasCity @bls.gov BLSinfoNY@bls.gov BLSinfoPhiladelphia @bls.gov BLSinfoSF@bls.gov Periodicals Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor USPS 987-800 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Postal Square Building, Rm. 2850 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Address Service Requested MLR FEDRE442F ISSDUE011R 1 F E D R E S E R V E BA N K OF S T L O U I S C A R OL T H A X T O N L I B R A R Y U N I T PO BOX 4 4 2 SAIN T LOUIS MO 63166 S chedule of release dates for BLS statistical series MLR table number Series Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Employment situation S e p te m b e r 7 A ugust O c to b e r 5 S e p te m b e r N ovem ber 2 O c to b e r Productivity and costs S e p te m b e r 5 2 n d q u a rte r N ovem ber 7 3 rd q u a rte r U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes S e p te m b e r 13 August O c to b e r 11 S e p te m b e r N ovem ber 8 O cto b e r 3 4 -3 8 Producer Price Indexes S e p te m b e r 14 August O c to b e r 12 S e p te m b e r N ovem ber 9 O c to b e r 2; 3 1 -3 3 Consumer Price indexes S e p te m b e r 18 A ugust O c to b e r 19 S e p te m b e r N o v e m b e r 16 O c to b e r 2; 2 8 -3 0 Real earnings S e p te m b e r 18 August O c to b e r 19 S e p te m b e r N o v e m b e r 16 O c to b e r 14, 16 O c to b e r 25 3rd q u a rte r Employment Cost Indexes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 ; 4 -2 0 2 ;3 9 - 4 2 1 -3 ; 2 1 -2 4
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