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C E R T IF IC A T E
T h is p u b lic a tio n is is s u e d p u r s u a n t to th e
p ro v is io n s o f th e s u n d r y c iv il a c t (41 S ta ts .
1430) a p p ro v e d M a r c h 4, 1921.
C o n ten ts
Special a rtic le s :
L abor p ro d u c tiv ity a n d displacem ent in th e le a th e r in d u s try _______
E x te n t an d m ethods of spreading work, by W illiam J. B a rre tt--------E m ploym ent conditions an d u nem ploym ent relief:
F ederal u nem ploym en t relief law __________________________________
G ardens for unem ployed w orkers__________________________________
U nem ploym ent relief plans of P hilad elp h ia trad e -u n io n s____________
C om pany loan plan s for unem ployed w orkers______________________
P lan fo r providing w ork for unem ployed in V entura, C alif__________
B arterin g of services am ong th e unem ployed in Los Angeles, C alif__
N ew H am pshire p lan for reem p lo y m en t____________________________
U nem ploym ent in foreign co u n tries________________________________
G reat B ritain — Two plan s for utilizing u n em p lo y m en t______________
New Z ealand— U nem ploym ent relief m easu res_____________________
Land se ttle m e n t for unem p lo y ed :
M igration to a n d from farm s in 1931______________________________
C an ad a—•
S ettlem en t of unem ployed on la n d in New B runsw ick__________
F arm settlem en ts in Q uebec___________________________________
G erm any—-Progress of lan d -se ttle m e n t p ro g ram ____________________
In su ran ce, pension, and th rift p lan s:
Effect of depression on 20 stock-ow nership p la n s___________________
B razil— C hanges in p u b lic-u tility em ployees’ re tire m e n t sy ste m _____
C hile— O peration of old-age a n d h e a lth insurance system for wage
e arn ers_________________________________________________________
G erm any— R eductio n of social-insurance benefits___________________
G reat B ritain —
C hanges in n a tio n a l h e a lth in su ran ce sy stem ___________________
W idow s’, o rp h a n s’, a n d old-age pensions in Scotland, 1931_____
U ruguay— Suspension of old-age pensions__________________________
In d u stria l and labor conditions:
V acation practices a n d policies in N ew Y ork C ity in 1932__________
P hilippine Islands— A d ju stm en t of claim s a n d com plaints by B ureau
of L abor, 1926 to 1930__________________________________________
C hina— L abor ad m in istra tio n ______________________________________
E g y p t—-Survey of lab o r cond itio n s_________________________________
W omen and children in in d u stry :
G reat B ritain—
New child lab o r legislation____________________________________
T w o-shift system for w om en a n d young p ersons_______________
H ealth and in d u strial h y g ie n e :
Decline in m o rta lity from pellagra am ong w age ea rn e rs_____________
A ppointm ent of occupational h e a lth council in M assa c h u se tts---------G erm any— R ecent studies of p u lm o n ary asbestosis_________________
G reat B ritain — Silicosis am ong g ra n ite w orkers_____________________
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f>agé
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IV
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Labor law s an d co u rt d ecisio n s:
N ew Jersey a n tiu n io n c o n tra c t la w ________________________________
Law s for p ro te c tio n of w ages of em ployees of c o n tra c to rs on public
w o rk s_____________________________________
Texas prevailing w age law declared u n c o n stitu tio n a l-----------------------R epeal of n a tio n a l trad es-u n io n a c t________________________________
E xtension of a p p ro p ria tio n fo r F ed eral v o catio n al re h a b ilita tio n ------F ederal hom e loan b a n k law _______________________________________
G reat B ritain — E xtension of coal-m ine leg islatio n __________________
In d u stria l accid en ts:
A ccidents in cem ent m an u fa c tu rin g in 1931_________________________
M aine— In fected injuries, 1931____________________________________
N ew Y ork— A ccidental d eath s, 1929-30____________________________
W orkm en’s com p en satio n :
N ew Jersey— C o m pensation denied fo r in ju ries received in em ploy
m e n t n o t in c id en tal to office_____________________________________
R ep o rt of W orkm en’s C om pensation B oard of B ritish C o lu m b ia-----C ooperation:
D evelopm ent of cooperative c red it societies in 1931________________
C redit pool fo r cooperative societies________________________________
G reat B ritain — P ro fit sh arin g a n d co p artn ersh ip in 1931-----------------Mexico— O rganization of cooperative societies______________________
In d u stria l d isp u te s:
Strikes an d lockouts in th e U n ited S ta te s in Ju ly , 1932_____________
C onciliation w ork of th e D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r in Ju ly , 1932-----------P hilippine Islan d s— L ab o r disputes, 1926 to 1930___________________
N ew Z ealand— A bolition of com pulsory a rb itra tio n -------------------------Labor agreem ents, aw ard s an d decisio n s:
A greem ent to stabilize em p lo y m en t for p rin tin g pressm en in Concord,
N . H ___________________________________________________________
A w ards an d decisions—■
P hoto-engravers, N ew Y ork C ity _____________________________
M en’s clothing in d u stry , P h ila d e lp h ia _________________________
F rance— C ollective agreem ents in 1931____________________________
H o u sin g :
B uilding perm its in p rin cip al cities of th e U n ited S tates in Ju ly , 1932__
B uilding p erm its in p rin cip al cities, first h alf of 1932, by ty p e s of
buildings________________________________________________________
France— H ousing b y em p lo y ers____________________________________
G erm any— T he re n t ta x a n d housing c o n stru c tio n --------------------------W ages and ho u rs of lab o r:
A verage w orking hours p e r w eek in A m erican in d u stry , M ay , 1932—
H ours a n d earnings in th e b o o t a n d shoe in d u stry , 1932--------------------W ages a n d hours of lab o r in th e m a n u fa c tu re of w oolen a n d w orsted
goods, 1932____________________________________________________
U nion scales of wages a n d hours of lab o r in 1932: P a r t 1, P relim in ary
re p o rt for selected cities_________________________________________
W age-rate changes in A m erican in d u strie s__________________________
W age changes re p o rte d by trad e-u n io n s since M ay, 1932------------------Salaries in public libraries, Ja n u a ry , 1932----------------------------------------Six-hour shifts in p la n ts of O w ens-Illinois G lass C o -------------------------Idaho— M ine w ages, 1931_________________________________________
L ouisiana— W ages of com m on a n d sem iskilled labor, 1929 a n d 1931__
Belgium — W ages a n d w age red u ctio n s in B russels consular d is tric t---
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CONTENTS
W ages an d h o u rs of lab o r— C on tin u ed .
B razil— W ages in P a ra in 1931_____________________________________
G erm any— E arnin g s in th e iron a n d steel in d u stry , O ctober, 1931___
G reat B ritain — F iv e-d ay w eek in in d u s try __________________________
Greece— W ages in th e m ining in d u stry in 1930_____________________
Ja p a n — G eneral su rv ey of wages, 1931_____________________________
T ren d of em ploym ent:
S um m ary for Ju ly , 1932__________________________________________
E m p lo y m en t in selected m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stries in Ju ly , 1932______
E m p lo y m en t in no n m an u factu rin g in d u stries in Ju ly , 1932__________
T ren d of em ploym en t in Ju ly , 1932, b y S ta te s_____________________
E m p lo y m en t a n d p ay roll in Ju ly , 1932, in cities of over 500,000 p o p u
la tio n ___________________________________________________________
E m ploym ent in executive civil service of th e U n ited S tates, Ju ly , 1932.
E m p lo y m en t in building co n stru ctio n in Ju ly , 1932_________________
E m p lo y m en t on C lass I steam railro a d s in th e U n ited S ta te s ________
R etail p ric e s :
R etail prices of food in Ju ly , 1932_________________________________
R etail prices of coal in Ju ly , 1932___________________________________
W holesale p ric e s :
Index n um bers of w holesale prices, 1913 to Ju ly , 1932______________
W holesale prices in th e U n ited S ta te s a n d in foreign c o u n tries_______
Cost of liv in g :
Oregon— H om e eq u ip m en t an d incom e in P o rtla n d _________________
Belgium— C hanges in p u rchasing pow er a n d consum ption of w orkersC anada— C ost-of-living b u d g et fo r single w om en in N ova S co tia____
Im m ig ratio n and e m ig ra tio n :
S tatistics of im m ig ratio n fo r Ju n e, 1932____________________________
G reat B ritain — R e p o rt of co m m ittee on em pire m ig ra tio n __________
P ublications relatin g to la b o r:
Official— U n ited S ta te s ___________________________________________
Official— F oreign co u n trie s________________________________________
Unofficial_________________________________________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h is Issu e in B rief
Since 1923 there has been a loss of over 16,000 employment opportuni
ties in the jive major branches of the leather industry, as shown by a
recent study made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. About onethird of this displacement can be attributed directly to the increase in
hourly output, ranging in the various branches from 4 to 27 per cent
and averaging approximately 15 per cent for the industry. This
increase in man-hour efficiency is in turn due mainly, it was found, to
improved management. Page 473.
A survey of the extent and methods of spreading work, made by the
President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief in March, 1932,
covered 6,551 companies, employing 3,475,870 persons. The most
usual method of spreading work was found to be by reducing the days
worked per week, 58.8 per cent of the companies having adopted this
practice. Other methods in use were: The reduction of working
hours per day; shorter shifts in continuous operation; alternating shifts
or individuals; and rotation of days off. Page 489.
Employees in manufacturing industries in the United States averaged
37.3 hours of work per week in May, 1932, according to an analysis of
reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For manufac
turing and nonmanufacturing industries combined, the average
weekly working hours were 41.1, varying from 24.7 in the case of
bituminous coal mining to 52.5 in the production of crude petroleum.
It is of interest to note that in spite of the low average hours worked,
a considerable proportion of the employees worked relatively long
hours. Thus, in the case of manufacturing industries, more than 30
per cent of the employees covered were working more than 40 hours
per week, some 10 per cent more than 48 hours, about 1 per cent more
than 60 hours, and a limited number more than 70 hours per week.
Page 602.
Between 1929 and 1931 the number of credit unions increased from
785 to 1,057 in 20 States for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
collected data. During the same period the membership of reporting
unions rose from 246,289 to 268,381. The societies for which reports
were received for 1931 had an aggregate share capital of over $15,000,000 and total resources of more than $33,000,000. Loans made
during 1931 in 11 States reporting amounted to over $19,000,000 and
loans outstanding at the end of the year in 19 States to more than
$26,000,000. Considerably over half a million dollars was returned
in dividends by the credit unions in 13 States reporting on this point.
Page 560.
Average hourly earnings in the manufacture of woolen and worsted
goods in the early part of 1932 were 44-7 cents for males and 32.7 cents
for females, as compared with 51.6 and 39.2 cents, respectively, in
1930, according to a recent survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of wages and hours of labor in 91 representative woolen and worsted
mills in 14 States. In 1932 full-time weekly earnings of males averaged
$22.62 and of females $16.35; in 1930 the averages were $25.65 formales
and $19.40 for females. Average full-time hours per week of males
were 50.6 in 1932, as compared with 49.7 in 1930, and of females 50, as
against 49.5. Page 628.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
V II
VIII
THIS ISSUE IN BRIEF
Earnings in the boot and shoe industry in the early part of 1932
averaged 49.3 cents per hour for males and 30.8 cents fo r females in 164
representative factories in the 16 States in which the industry is of
the most importance. In 1930 hourly earnings of males averaged
60.4 cents and of females 38.2 cents. Full-time weekly earnings of
males, as shown by the 1932 study, averaged $24.11, and of females,
$15.06, as compared with $29.48 and $18.68, respectively, in 1930.
Average full-time hours per week were the same for both males and
females, 48.9, being the same as in 1930 for females and one-tenth of
an hour longer for males. These and other data from a survey of
wages and hours of labor in this industry, completed recently by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, are given on page 616.
Union scales of hourly wage rates in May, 1932, as compared with
May, 1931, showed 14 increases, 337 decreases, and no change in 333
cases, according to information collected by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Full-time working hours between the two dates had in
creased in 7 cases and decreased in 58, while in 619 instances there
had been no change. Page 637.
As a means of protecting the workers on public construction projects,
many States, and also the Federal Government, require the contrac
tor to give a bond insuring payment to all persons having just claims
upon him for services or materials. The complete text of the law
passed by the Seventy-second Congress covering construction work in
the District of Columbia and citations from the State laws are con
tained in the article beginning on page 545.
Accidents in the cement industry decreased infrequency in 1931 as
compared with 1930, the decline in frequency rates being from 7.23
to 6.67 per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure. On the other hand, there was
an increase in the severity rate from 2.47 to 3.31 per 1,000 hours’
exposure. Page 554.
A recent study of vacation policies in New York City, made by the
Merchants’ Association of New York, showed that of the 273 com
panies responding to the inquiry 265 would give vacations to sal
aried employees this year, and that 65 of the 115 reporting in regard
to hourly employees would grant vacations to some of the hourly
workers. Full salaries during vacations were to be paid by 218 com
panies, and 36 companies reported that full wages would be paid to
the hourly rated employees. Present business conditions were respon
sible for the revision of vacation policies in all but 2 of the 74 com
panies reporting that a change in their vacation practices had been
made since 1929. Page 533.
The effect of the depression on employee stock-ownership plans is
shown by a study by the industrial relations section of Princeton
University, which has followed the course of the employee stock-own
ership movement for several years. Of 20 representative companies
reported upon, 5 have definitely discontinued their plans, 5 others
have made no recent offering of stock for employee purchase, and 2
companies have taken steps to distribute stock under altered arrange
ments. Dividends have not been paid by 2 companies for two or
more years, 1 stopped paying in 1931, and 4 others have passed
dividends in 1932. Page 524.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
vol
. 35,
n o
. 3
W A S H IN G T O N
Se
pt e m b e r
, 1932
Labor P ro d u ctiv ity and D isp la c em e n t in th e L eath er In d u stry
HIS article presents the results of a study of the displacement of
labor in the five major branches of the leather industry in the
United States, resulting from recent changes in equipment, processes,
and management. This study, like the others in the same field which
have been made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, seeks to arrive at
the volume of labor displaced by ascertaining the recent changes in
the quantity output of the leather industry per man-hour. In this
case the years between which this change has been measured have
been 1923 and 1931. The data were obtained through the cooperation
of more than 50 tanning companies, including all but a very few of
the large and medium-sized organizations in the industry.
The study showed a gross loss of 16,277 employment opportunities
from 1923 to 1931, in these five branches of the industry, of which
almost one-third can be attributed directly to the increase in hourly
output. The main cause of the greater man-hour productivity was
undoubtedly improved management of labor.
The quantity output per hour in the leather industry has risen
materially since 1923. This increase ranges in the various branches
from a little over 4 per cent in the manufacture of sheepskins to more
than 27 per cent in the manufacture of side leather. For the whole
industry the increase may be placed at approximately 15 per cent.
This change is not, of course, great in comparison with some other
American industries whose methods have of late years been subject
to spectacular alteration; and the number of men displaced has been
kept down by the fact that the leather industry has never been one
of great volume from an employment standpoint. Nevertheless this
supplies a clear-cut case of labor displacement, in recent years, where
there seemed to be little reason to look for it; and the analysis of the
causes that explain it brings out some tendencies of great interest,
which have not thus far received much attention in the discussion of
the problem of technological unemployment.
T
Scope of Survey
Period Covered
T h e year 1931—the last complete calendar year—and 1923 were
selected for study. Although 1923 is more recent than would usually
be thought desirable in a study of this kind, the use of this year was
at once unavoidable and adequate because (1) the difficulty of obtain-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
473
474
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
ing the records required increases with great rapidity as one goes back
more than five or six years; and (2) there is a good deal of reason to
think that a long period of rising prices has tended to discourage
efforts to increase labor efficiency in the leather industry, while a
period of falling prices (like that of very recent years) has tended to
encourage them. There are grounds for holding, therefore, that a
relatively large part of the displacement of labor from technological
and similar causes in the tanning industry—at any rate since 1915—
has actually occurred since 1923.
Portion of Industry Covered
The leather industry is a group of 10 or 12 semi-independent
industries. The present study, however, has been confined to the
manufacture of the five major classes of leather—sole leather, side
leather (including patent leather), calfskin, kid leather, and sheep
skins. These five classes of leather have constituted of late years
80 or 90 per cent (in terms of value) of the total output of the industry.
Table 1 shows, for each of the branches of leather manufacture
covered, the importance of the plants studied in their particular field.
1 . — T O T A L P R O D U C T IO N A N D N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S IN F IV E M A JO R
B R A N C H E S OF L E A T H E R IN D U S T R Y , 1923 A N D 1931, A N D IN P L A N T S C O V E R E D IN
P R E S E N T ST U D Y
T able
P lants covered b y survey
E n tire in d u stry
Class of product, and year
Sole leather:
1923-___________ _____
1931_________________
Side le a th e r:6
1923_________________
1931________ _______
Calfskin:
1923_________________
1931_________________
K id leather:
1923_________________
1931_________ _____ _
Sheepskins:7
1923__________________
1931_________________
Total:
1923
1931
1 E stim ated.
Average n u m
ber of em
ployees
N um
ber of
plants
in
opera
tion
Aver
age
num
ber of
em
ploy
ees i
(3)
5 69
10, 085
6,290
415, 000, 000
283,000, 000
(3)
s 42
13, 760
8 , 942
(3)
4 36
(3)
4 33
Production
Production N u m
(approximate) ber
Per
cent
of
total
in
class
D irect
labor 2
T otal
4 27
4 30
3, 202
3, 915
3,812
4, 661
130, 499,194
180, 709,879
559, 000, 000
387, 000, 000
13
13
5, 310
4,317
6 , 247
5, 079
225,890, 604
216,158,616
40.4
55.8
7,809
4,436
170, 000, 000
115, 000,000
11
11
3, 372
2, 783
3,967
3,274
86,821,005
82, 976,826
50.8
72. 1
9, 634
10, 076
205,000, 000
227, 000, 000
11
12
5, 441
5,140
5, 890
5,587
126, 096, 972
131,881,085
61.5
55.5
5 44
6 , 753
4,408
294, 000, 000
208,000,000
5
6
1, 581
1, 696
1,860
1,995
89, 257, 446
103, 265, 513
30.3
49.6
1 315
5 224
48,041
34,152
67
72
18, 906
17, 851
21,776
20, 596
Lbs.
Lbs.
Sq. feet
(3)
2 For occupations excluded from term
3 No data.
4 N um bers of p lants and percentages
A m ount
4 31.5
4 63.9
Sq. feet
«46.2
«55.0
‘ ‘direct labor,” see under ‘ ‘Sources and character of d ata.”
refer to production of p lants whose records were analyzed. T he
whole production of same companies represented 41 p lants and about 75 per cent of sole leather in 1931
and 27 plants and about 38 per cent in 1923.
5 P artly estim ated.
« Including p aten t leather and splits. Excluding splits, th e total production for the in d u stry for 1923
was approxim ately 409,000,000 square feet and for 1931 approxim ately 283,000,000 square feet; and th e pro
duction in the plants covered by the survey was 179,275,891 square feet in 1923 and 171,727,769 square feet
in 1931.
7 N o t including chamois and shearlings.
8 E stim ated on basis of value.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR DISPLACEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY
475
The classes of leather covered by the survey in 1929 (the latest
year for which statistics are at present available), were made in
about 250 plants; but in 1931, owing to the closing of unprofitable
establishments, for the most part permanently, the number had fallen
to about 225. In 1923 the number was somewhat over 300.
Of the 225 plants active in the manufacture of these major classes
of leather in 1931, perhaps 160 or 165 were recognized factors in the
trade at large, the remainder being either small or so situated as to
do a purely local business. Of these hundred and sixty-odd the
survey covered the records of 83, or just about a half. But, though
these 83 constituted only about 37 per cent of the active plants, they
were responsible for about 55 per cent of the output.
The 1923 figures of the survey cover about 25 per cent of the
plants then active and 45 per cent of the production. These propor
tions are smaller than for 1931 primarily because the records for so
many plants since closed are no longer accessible. There seems to be
no reason to suppose, however, that the 1923 data do not constitute
a reasonably representative sample.
Sources and Character of Data
The man-hour figures which appear in this report were for the
most part compiled from the pay rolls of tanneries. Some supple
mentary estimating has been necessary, but the facilities for doing
this and for checking the results have been so satisfactory that there
is little reason for questioning the general accuracy of the totals.
The figures cover man-hour productive labor only. This excludes
executives, clerical workers, general laborers not concerned in the
handling of stock in process, watchmen, outside truckmen, and power
plant and maintenance and repair staffs. This definition of direct
labor is nearly the same as that used for their own purposes by most
tanneries; occasional minor discrepancies, involved, for instance, in
the treatment of the hours worked by foremen, may be disregarded.
As regards most of the items of indirect labor, it makes little difference
from a comparative standpoint whether they are included or ex
cluded. This statement, however, does not apply to the power plant
and repair or maintenance staffs; and the chief reason for excluding
these classes was that the data regarding them are not comparable
for different concerns.
In many industries the presence of a large proportion of piece
workers makes the collection of much of the data for a study like the
present one very difficult. In the leather industry there are a good
many employees called pieceworkers, but the effect on the problem
of compiling man-hour data is comparatively slight. A substantial
majority of the plants whose records were analyzed record hours
worked for all classes of employees. Where such records are not
kept for pieceworkers, the variations between the average actual work
ing-days of piece and time workers is in most cases comparatively
small. A few instances were encountered in which pieceworkers were
said to put in a quarter or a third less time than timeworkers; but
there were only a few of these, and as a rule the difference, as far as
it could be determined, was under 10 per cent. All possible allowance
has been made for these differences in cases where it has been necessary
to estimate pieceworkers’ hours and it is believed that the results are
roughly accurate.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
476
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The distinction between piece and time workers in the tanning
industry, indeed, is in many cases nominal only. The ease with which
relatively valuable material in process can be damaged by hasty work
makes tanners suspicious of piecework as a method of speeding up.
Payment by piece rates, therefore, is normally accompanied by the
specification of a “ task,” which as a rule may not be exceeded. Very
frequently a volume of material which must be put through a given
process on a certain day is divided more or less equally among a
group of men paid at piece rates, and the whole group appears on the
pay roll as working the same number of hours.
Piecework, therefore, in the leather industry is of little consequence
as a means of increasing competitively the quantity efficiency of labor.
There are one or two exceptions to this statement, but these have little
bearing on the net conclusions expressed in this report.
Characteristics of Industry
Classes of Product
T h e present sole-leather output of the United States is made nor
mally in some 65 tanneries. Of these approximately 55 manufactuer
sole leather only. The primary product of the remainder is belting,
harness, or upholstery leather; but with the decline in the demand
for the latter products in recent years these plants have taken to the
manufacture of sole leather to fill in. The crisis in the belting, har
ness, and upholstery leather markets has been so acute, indeed, that
recently the sole-leather outputs of most of these concerns have over
shadowed their original and proper products. With one or more
exceptions, however, these plants are not important factors in the
total output.
Side leather is the trade name for shoe upper leather made of cattle
hides. All side leather is split to reduce its thickness, the outer or
hair layer thus produced being called the “ grain” and the inner or
flesh layer the “ split.” The leather made from splits is much inferior
to that made from grains and sells for lower prices. It is used especially
for shoe insoles, low-grade gloves, etc. Patent leather is a kind of
side leather made from hides of somewhat superior quality and pro
duced by giving the leather a final finish by japanning.
Calfskin and kid leathers are high-grade leathers produced in
staple form for shoe uppers or as novelty leathers used for women’s
novelty shoes and other articles.
Leather made from sheepskins is used for a variety of purposes,
such as shoe linings, gloves, leather garments, fancy bags and pocketbooks and hat sweatbands, and to cover the spinning rolls of textile
machinery. The classes of sheepskins known as shearlings (sheep
skins tanned with the wool) and chamois were not included in the
present study.
Location of Plants
Originally, small sole-leather tanneries depending on local supplies
of hides and tanbark were widely distributed over the older States.
At an early stage, however, this industry tended to concentrate near
the bark supply of the Appalachian highlands. There is now only
one active sole-leather tannery in New England and none at all on
the Atlantic seaboard. There are a few straight sole-leather plants
in Michigan; and most of the harness-leather tanneries making sole
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leather on the side are in that State and in Ohio and western New York.
But, except for these and for a small number on the Pacific Coast, the
concentration in the central and southern Appalachian highlands,
from southwestern New York to the borderland of North Carolina
and Tennessee, is now complete.
At present, with the original Appalachian bark supply almost gone,
the disadvantages of this concentration are numerous. There has
been no material tendency toward a shift, however, largely because
the developments in late years have made necessary a decided reduc
tion in the number of sole-leather tanneries, because the industry is
little fitted for urban locations, and because existing companies have
lacked the ready capital for the construction of new plants in more
favorable locations. All but a very few of the sole-leather tanneries,
therefore, are still in rural communities, and a large proportion are
in very small and inaccessible ones.
The two main centers of side-leather manufacture are in the
neighborhood of Boston and Chicago. Calfskin is produced near
Boston, in Milwaukee, and in certain outlying cities in Wisconsin;
the Wisconsin group is now the most important, several of the New
England plants having closed. The main center of the kid-leather
industry is Philadelphia and the near-by cities of Camden, N. J.,
and Wilmington, Del.; there is also a group of plants in the_ towns
north of Boston, but elsewhere the number of plants is insignificant.
For many years, and in the main as late as 1923, the major part of
the sheepskin industry covered by this survey was heavily concen
trated in three centers: Around Boston (especially in the cities of
Salem and Peabody, Mass.); in New York City and in Newark and
vicinity; and in Johnstown and Gloversville, in Fulton County,
N. Y. The New England industry made chiefly shoe-lining stock,
with a good deal of fancy leather, hat sweatbands, and roller leather;
the New York and Newark industry was confined mainly to fancy
leather; and the Fulton County industry was primarily devoted to
glove leather. In recent years, and for the most part since 1923,
there has been a noticeable shift in this distribution. Partly because
of the relative decline in the prices of calfskins and some other kinds
of raw stock which are superior in some respects to sheepskins, and
partly in connection with efforts to standardize the raw materials
of shoe manufacturing, the proportion of shoe-lining stock and of
fancy bag and pocketbook leather made out of sheepskins declined
considerably; and the specialized New York and Newark industry,
consequently, is at present of comparatively little importance in the
consumption of the class of skins under discussion. The manufacture
of high-grade glove leather has always been something of a specialty
in this country, and the demand for the better grades of leather gloves
has tended to fall off with changes in living conditions. Both the
New England and the Fulton County industries, therefore, have
tended to fill in with the new specialty of garment leather for sport
coats. It is most unlikely that this will be a permanently reliable
item, but it was very important in the output of 1931.
Philadelphia is the center of the chamois industry, but also con
tains a few sheepskin tanneries making other kinds of leather. There
never have been more than three or four sheepskin tanneries, other
than shearling plants, in the Middle West, and only one of these, of
very recent origin, is of much consequence.
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Size of Plants
Table 2 shows the average weekly number of employees (direct
labor only) per company in 1923 and 1931, in each of the branches
of the industry covered by the present study.
T able 2 .—W E E K L Y A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S IN T A N N E R IE S IN 1923 A N D
1931, B Y CLASS OF L E A T H E R P R O D U C E D
Average n u m
ber of em ploy
ees (direct labor
only i)
Class of product
Sole leather- . _________ _______ _
___
Side leather
_
Calfskin _ .
____
K id leather
Sheepskins.... .
. . . . .
1
1923
1931
119
408
307
495
316
131
332
253
428
283
For occupations excluded from th e term “ direct labor,” see p. 475.
Trend of Productivity
T able 3 shows th e to ta l m an-hours worked, th e average hours per
week, and th e production per m an-hour in the five branches of the
in d u stry in 1923 an d 1931.
There is a variation between the branches of the industry, both in
absolute output per hour (as far as the production figures are com
parable) and in the increase that has developed since 1923, the causes
of which are discussed in the following pages. The variations, how
ever, are not large, and a fairly precise idea of the increase in output
per hour for the industry as a whole can be derived from the figures
in Table 3 without elaborate calculations.
T a ble 3 .—H O U R S W O R K E D A N D M A N -H O U R P R O D U C T IO N IN T A N N E R IE S C O V E R E D
B Y SU R V E Y , 1923 A N D 1931
T o tal m an-hours worked
in year (direct labor 1 only)
Average hours
per week
Production per m an
hour
1931
Class of product
1923
Sole leather _________________ .
Side leather 3_______ _____ _____
Calfskin.
_________
Kid leather
_
_____
Sheepskins 5
. ________
T o tal. .
. - .
7, 857, 651
1931
9, 001, 486
1923
47.2
1931
1923
Lbs.
44.2
11, 858, 048
7, 037, 385
13,170,716
3, 808, 533
9, 709, 745
5, 825, 463
11, 722,469
4, 222, 558
42.9
40. 1
46.5
46.3
43.3
40.3
43. 9
47.9
43, 732, 333
40, 481, 721
44.5
43.6
Per
cent
of in
Amount crease
over
1923 2
Lbs.
16.61
20.08
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
316. 97 321. 58
312. 87 314. 78
39. 87 311. 56
23. 44
24. 46
18.5
27.2
14.8
13.7
4.4
1 For occupations excluded from th e term “ direct labor,” see p. 475.
2 D ata either no t available or n o t comparable for 3 sole-leather plants, 1 kid plant, a nd 1 sheepskin plant.
Comparison therefore based u p en rem aining plants.
3 Including p a te n t leather and splits.
3 A djusted to ap p ly to comparable proportions of th e various types of this class of leather.
1 N ot including chamois a n d shearlings.
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The increase in the output of side leather per hour is the greatest
appearing for any class covered by the survey, though not far from
that for sole leather. At the same time the absolute output per hour is
a good deal higher than in the case of the other classes of upper leather.
The explanation of these facts is partly that side leather is made from
a cheaper raw material and (apart from patent leather) is less highly
finished than calf or kid, and that its manufacture is comparatively
little complicated by novelties and highly varied specialties. On the
other hand, the raw material of side leather is nearly the same as
that of sole leather.
The sheepskin industry is unlike the other branches of leather man
ufacture covered by the present survey in that the net increase in
output per hour from 1923 to 1931, if there was any at all, was small.
The chief explanation of this, beyond much doubt, lies in the effect
of the shift from shoe-lining stock to garment leather in offsetting any
increase due to improved management of labor. The relative amounts
of labor expended on these two classes of leather vary considerably
from plant to plant, but on an average the amount required on gar
ment leather is materially greater. The shift from shoe-lining stock to
garment leather was plainly in large part temporary. It is quite
likely, therefore, that a reduction in the near future of the offsetting
increase in labor resulting from the shift will lead to a clear increase
in output per hour, due to improved labor management already in
operation.
The increased output per hour in the calfskin and kid branches, due
mainly to improved management, has been less than in the sole and
side leather branches, largely because of the relatively high cost of the
raw material and product, the relatively large proportion of high-grade
leathers, and the high finish required by a large part of the product.
These facts imply, first, that the grade of the labor in 1923 was already
rather high, so that the opportunity for the taking up of slack, except
in two or three of the larger plants, was rather limited; and, second,
that it has not been as easy as in the case of the other classes of
leather discussed in this report to speed up many of the operations
without endangering the quality of the product.
In the case of all the classes of leather covered by the survey,
except sheepskins, the plants whose records have been analyzed have
tended to classify themselves into three groups, showing a relatively
high, a medium, and a relatively low output per hour, respectively.
Table 4 shows the output per man-hour in plants with a relatively
high, medium, and relatively low output in the five branches of the
industry studied. The figures have been adjusted to allow for varia
tions in types of product, that would have affected the comparability
of the outputs per hour.
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T a ble 4 .—P R O D U C T IO N
P E R M A N -H O U R IN S P E C IF IE D G R O U P S O F P L A N T S IN
E A C H O F M A JO R B R A N C H E S O F L E A T H E R M A N U F A C T U R E , 1923 A N D 1931
Production per m an-hour in specified
groups of plants
Class of leather, and year
High
group
M edium
group
Low
group
All
groups
Sole leather:
1923__________________________________________________
1931—
Plants comparable w ith 1923________________________
All plan ts....................... ........................................................ .
L bs.
Lbs.
L bs.
Lbs.
Side leather: i
1923__________________________________________________
1931__________________________________________________
Calfskin:
1923__________ ________________________________________
1931__________________________________________________
K id leather:
1923..________ _________________________________________
1931..________________________________________________
Sheepskins:
1923___ _____ ______________________________________ ___
1931—
P lan ts comparable w ith 1923____ _______________
All p lan ts________
. .
_ . . _________________
S q .ft.
1 All
17. 06
14. 79
15. 50
16. 61
21. 70
2 1 . 86
18. 49
18. 67
15. 64
15.64
19. 68
20.08
S q .ft.
Sq. ft.
S q .ft.
23. 04
28. 99
16. 15
19. 69
1 1 . 80
13. 90
16. 97
21.58
15. 41
17. 62
14. 23
14. 74
9. 94
1 1 .1 1
12. 87
14. 78
10.83
10 . 80
11. 58
8. 22
8. 61
1 1 . 22
12 . 80
9. 87
23.44
23.25
24. 46
grain leather.
It is seen that the differences between the groups of calfskin com
panies are small in comparison with those in the case of side leather.
In the kid-leather branch the fact that the difference in output per
hour between the groups is relatively small is to be attributed mainly
to the standardization of the industry, to its geographical concentra
tion, and to the comparative stability of the demand for its product.
That the increase in output per hour shows fairly wide variation, on
the other hand, is the result largely of differences in conservation of
management. With a stable demand, with comparatively little
tendency to increase in the intensity of competition, and with a
higher degree of labor efficiency to start with than obtained until
recently in other branches of leather manufacture, increase in output
per hour has not been forced on all the more important kid companies
to the extent that it has in the case of sole, side, and calfskin leather.
The conditions that made this conservatism possible, however, are
now changing, and there are indications that the problem of labor cost
is being forced on the attention of some kid companies that have been
able, relatively speaking, to ignore it thus far.
Amount of Labor Displaced
T he following table translates the figures for output, on which
discussion has thus far centered, into terms of men actually employed.
The figures showing opportunities lost are, of course, derived from
the other columns of the table showing number of employees and
should be considered only as approximations.
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T able 5 —E S T IM A T E D LOSS OF E M P L O Y M E N T O P P O R T U N IT IE S , 1923 TO 1931, IN F IV E
M A JO R B R A N C H E S OF L E A T H E R IN D U S T R Y
N orm al weekly
average num ber
of employees
Class of product
E stim ated
norm al pro
duction of At 1931 At 1923
industry
produc produc
tion per tion per
hour
hour
E stim ated
num ber of
employees
1931
1923
Em ploym ent
opportunities
lost—
D ue to
in
From
creased
all
hourly causes
o u tp u t
P ounds
Sole leather.
______________________
332, 000, 000
8, 562
9, 696
7,298
12 , 120
1,134
4, 822
11, 754
5, 724
10, 920
5, 706
14, 406
6 , 672
11,734
5, 729
8,584
4, 540
9,915
4,316
15,194
7,868
9, 622
6,126
2, 652
948
814
23
6 , 610
3,328
i 293
1,810
42, 666
48, 237
34, 653
50,930
5, 571
16, 277
Square feet
Side le a th e r.. . . . . . . . .
Calfskin_____ __________________ . .
K id leather .
..
_ _______ ._
Sheepskins_______ ______________
T o tal
1
. . . ._ _____ _ _______
530, 000, 000
145, 000, 000
250, 000, 000
275,000, 000
Gain.
In dealing with actual displacement of labor in any industry it is
necessary to take account of the change in (1) the number of hours
necessary to turn out a given unit of product, (2) the number of
hours worked during a given period of time, and (3) the quantity of the
product for which there is a demand. At present, moreover, when
any figure for current demand is likely to be more or less subnormal,
it may be necessary also to take account of the labor required to
supply an estimated normal demand at the actual current output per
hour.
If the present demand—actual or normal—for any commodity
has expanded since the year with which comparison is made, the labor
necessary to supply the increase will have offset more or less any
displacement that would have resulted from a higher output per hour,
if the demand had remained the same. If there has been a decline
in the demand, on the other hand, the resulting loss accentuates
any displacement due to the greater productivity of labor.
In the case of the present study the factor of change in the number
of hours worked per week can, fortunately, be disregarded, since,
as appears from Table 3 there was little difference in the leather
industry in this respect between 1931 and 1923. That there was not
a considerable decline, in view of the state of business in 1931, is to
be explained by the staple nature of the product, and by a tendency
on the part of a good many leather manufacturers, on account of slow
turnover, to delay adjustment to a contraction in the current demand.
Since there was no noticeable decline in hours worked per week, it
is sufficient to make comparisons in terms of numbers of employees
only.
The figures presented in Table 5 indicate that from 1923 to 1931
there was a gross displacement of labor, in all tanneries manufacturing
the five major classes of leather covered by this survey, of some
16,277 men. This gross figure, however, is composed of three items:
136143°— 32----2
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(1) A displacement of some 2,693 men was due to the fact that
the 1923 production was appreciably above the present estimated
normal.
(2) A displacement of some 8,013 men was due to the fact that
the 1931 production in a year of depression was decidedly below the
present estimated normal.
(3) Finally, the remaining displacement of some 5,571 men was
due to the increase in output per hour, figuring the production at the
present normal. Only this part of the gross displacement was the
result of improved plant, equipment, processes, and management;
it therefore constitutes what is commonly spoken of as technological
unemployment. To make these figures applicable to the whole
tanning industry they should be increased by about 20 per cent.
This would bring the displacement for all tanneries, due to greater
efficiency, to some 6,685 men.
Technological Conditions Affecting Output
Length of process.—The industry has always been one of slow
turnover, due to the length of the process, which still runs to several
months in the case of sole and other unsplit cattle-hide leathers.
Even in cases where the process is now comparatively short the
former conditions still exert a psychological effect.
Chrome tanning is a much shorter process than tanning with
vegetable extracts, and use of this method, therefore, shortens the
period of manufacture considerably. The kid-leather industry was
the first to adopt the chrome process, and in American trade usage
the term “ kid leather” covers only chrome-tanned shoe stock, the
small amount of fancy kid leather tanned with vegetable extracts
being known as “ morocco leather.” Calfskin leather is also made
largely by the chrome process; only 1 of the 11 important companies
in this branch of the industry manufactures any considerable amount
of vegetable-tanned calfskin leather. Most side leather is now
tanned by chrome instead of by vegetable extracts, or in successive
baths of the two, so that the period of manufacture is much shorter
than in the case of sole leather and only a little longer on the average
than in the calfskin and kid leather branches. Most of the sole
leather manufactured is still tanned with vegetable extracts, the
whole process requiring from four to six months. Though there has
been a considerable shortening of the process in late years, there is a
difference of opinion as to its desirability from the point of view both
of economy and of the quality of the product. A few firms of standing
and importance have steadily resisted the tendency, but the shorter
process (requiring not more than four months in all) is becoming the
rule. In Germany the use of wheels or drums for the tanning of sole
leather has reduced the period required, in some cases to about two
months. _ Although experiments with this method have been made
in America, opinion as to the quality of the leather produced has, on
the whole, been adverse. Although one of the larger companies is
making considerable quantities of leather by the new method, the
chance of any general adoption in this branch of the industry in the
near future seems small.
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What change has taken place in the length of process in the soleleather industry has been a factor in increasing output per hour,
largely^ as a result of reducing the number of handlings of the hide.
There is some difference of opinion in the industry as to how large a
factor in the net increase in labor efficiency during the past few years
this change has been. But in most cases it seems to have eliminated
the labor of a small number of men only.
Deterioration of material.—During much of the process of manu
facture the material passed through a tannery is very liable to deteri
oration. It is essential that the various operations be performed
promptly when the stock is ready. The danger of loss from this
cause is especially serious in the sole-leather branch of the industry.
Strikes are likely to cause loss out of proportion to the number of
men involved or the seriousness of the dispute.
Damage in processing'.—The stock is also liable to damage from
unskillful or unduly rapid processing. This fact has been a powerful
brake on the introduction of anything that can properly be called
automatic machinery. Even to-day the great majority of machines
to be seen in tanning plants can be operated only by men possessed
of considerable skill and long practice.
Raw material used .—Much of the work in tanneries is very heavy.
In varying degrees in the cases of the different classes of hides and
skins, the stock in process in tanneries is heavy, bulky, wet, and
awkward to manipulate. A rather considerable part of the labor,
therefore, is involved in the mere handling of stock during and between
processes, as distinct from the processing itself. In the sole-leather
branch the weight of green hides runs close to 60 pounds apiece and
the area is about 40 square feet. The stock in process, consequently, is
heavier, builder, and more awkward to handle than that of any of the
light leather branches of the industry, and the proportion of the total
labor required for handling the stock during and between processes is
correspondingly higher. Although side-leather hides are lighter than
those used for sole leather, the footage per piece is not much less, and
the difficulties of handling are somewhat the same. The skins used in
the manufacture of calfskin and kid are lighter and therefore easier
to handle than the two above classes.
The raw material of leather is relatively expensive and this, with
the comparatively long period of manufacture, makes the capital
tied up in stock in process particularly large. This fact has a constant
tendency to cause a shortage in liquid capital for investment in new
plant and eqiffpment. Slowness in installing the latter, moreover,
has resulted also from the generally conservative psychology of the
industry and from the fact that the greater part of the original mechan
ical equipment was simple and durable and not subject to very rapid
depreciation.
Conditions Affecting Labor Management
Along w ith these technological factors it is necessary to bear in
m ind certain general conditions which greatly influence th e supply and
th e m anagem ent of ta n n e ry labor.
The labor in American tanneries, even in rural communities, is
mainly of late immigrant origin, with a very heavy Polish contingent.
There is little difference in the composition of the labor force in the
different branches and the different parts of the country.
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The fact that a large proportion of the workmen in individual
plants, and still more of those engaged in particular processes, are of
the same immigrant nationality has tended to the clannishness among
them that, in view of the technological conditions just described, has
been about as effective for winning small-scale strikes and contro
versies as an elaborate formal organization of labor could have been,
and indeed has to a considerable extent taken the place of the latter.
The size of tanneries in different branches of the industry varies
greatly, but the proportion of small tanneries, with an average of less
than 200 employees, is large.
The fact that most tannery processes require a considerable amount
of skill and experience is accentuated by the frequent lack of any local
surplus supply of labor, when output is anything like normal. The
main reason for this is that so many of the tanneries are not near
communities where there is much other opportunity for employment;
thus, when a plant reduces the number of its men without any prospect
of early resumption of work, the men laid off are likely to leave the
place altogether. In the kid-leather branch, however, owing to the
location and concentration of the industry, the supply of labor is
fairly abundant and relatively susceptible to handling by ordinary
American factory methods. In spite of the value of the skins, the
finishing processes on kid are so highly standardized that the premium
on skilled labor seems to be somewhat less than in the case of calf
skin, for instance.
A good deal of tannery work, especially in sole and other heavy
leather plants, is noncontinuous; that is, a workman does something
to one pack of hides and then is under no immediate necessity of
doing anything else. There is not the incessant stream of material
in process associated with the modern American industrial plant.
Most tannery buildings are not only old but in some departments
of many plants they are poorly lighted, and of large size in proportion
to the number of men working in them.
As a net result of all these conditions, technological and other,
there had unquestionably been in American tanneries, up to within
the period covered by the present survey, a very general tendency
to slackness in the management of labor, and the effect of this had
been, of course, to keep the quantity produced per man-hour down to
what may be called a subnormal level; that is to say, it would have
been normal for the tanning industry at that time, but not so in com
parison with American industry generally.
Several reasons combine to explain the fact that this state of affairs
has been dealt with only very recently: The generally conservative
psychology of the industry; the fear of damage due to strikes and
holdups; the fact that the subordinate supervisory forces of tanneries
have, with rare exceptions, risen from the ranks of the very same men
that they have later been called upon to direct; the fact that the nature
of the work in a tannery has tended to bring the technological and
production executives into close personal touch with the industrial
workmen; and finally, the fact that turnover of labor in tanneries
has been low and the average term of service long.
These things combined to create a marked disposition to let well
enough alone, with respect to the management of labor, as long as
things were not going too badly—which meant, in general, as long
as prices of hides and leather were going up.
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Causes of Increase in Output per Hour
T he causes th a t have combined to bring about the increase in out
p u t per hour th a t have developed since 1923 have not been the same
in the various branches of the tanning industry, b u t there has been
a general similarity. These causes are discussed below.
New Processing Machinery
New processing machines are, as a rule, the primary cause of what
is currently known as technological unemployment. In the tanning
industry, however, the part that they have played in bringing about
the recent increase in output per hour has been very secondary.
Most of the machines now in use in tanneries had been introduced
in much their present form at least 30 or 40 years ago; Allowing
for the restrictions on the use of automatic machinery imposed by
the physical characteristics of hides and skins, there was, 8 or 10
years ago, relatively little of an obvious nature left to be done in the
way of designing new equipment. The chief exceptions to this state
ment have been the following:
( а ) The beaming or scudding machine, which is designed to supple
ment the work of the unhairing machine, in cleaning the finest hairs
from the surface of hides or skins.
(б) The automatic-feed shaving machine, which has been almost
the only variation in one of the older tanning machines to which the
adjective “ automatic ” can properly be applied.
(c) The boarding or graining machine, which treats the surface of
certain kinds of upper leather in such a way as to produce the charac
teristic pattern known as boarded or box grain.
(d) The seasoning or finishing machine, which assists in the appli
cation to the surface of leather of a composition designed to color
and fill it in in connection with the final finish. This machine does
away only in part with the hand labor of applying^ the seasoning.
Practically no new processing machinery has been introduced into
sole-leather tanneries for many years. The beaming or scudding
machine is not satisfactory for this class of hides and^ the other
machines mentioned above can not be used at all. In the side-leather
branch new processing machinery has played a more important part
than in several other branches, though hardly as much as in the
calfskin branch.
Mechanization has been carried farthest in the calfskin and kid
leather branches of the industry. In spite of this the amount of
skilled hand labor involved in giving the better grades of calfskin
leather the necessary finish is so great that the output per hour is
not large in comparison with sole or side leather. Though the intro
duction of new processing machinery has been a secondary reason for
increase in output per hour in the manufacture of calfskins, as through
out the tanning industry, it has been of rather more consequence in
the case of this class than in that of any other. The beaming or
scudding machine has been found more adaptable to calfskins than
to cattle hides and, though by no means universal, is coming into
wide use. As regards the few other new processing machines that
have been mentioned, the situation is much the same as in the sideleather industry.
The kid-leather branch has been completely mechanized (to the
extent that this can be said of any class of tanneries) from the outset,
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486
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
and its output comes nearer being mass production than that of any
of the other branches.
.
Sheepskins are handled by the more important companies m large
quantities, and their relative cheapness has made them in some
respects very suitable for mechanical manipulation. But the number
of different leathers manufactured and, in the case of garment, glove,
and fancy leathers at any rate, the variety of types and of colors,
has greatly complicated the processes used in sheepskin tanneries,
and has tended to give the business of some plants a semi-retail aspect.
On the whole, mechanization has been carried quite as far in most
sheepskin plants as in the majority of those manufacturing the
chief upper leathers.
.
There is hardly a tannery in the country at the present time which
uses these new machines exclusively to carry out the processes to
which they are applicable, and there are many which do not use them
at all. For this state of affairs there are several reasons, some of
which have already been suggested. It is claimed in some quarters
that when these machines were first introduced they had not been
thoroughly tried out from a practical as distinct from a technological
standpoint. Existing machines have often been too ^satisfactory to
be scrapped, considering all the conditions of the industry. The
new machines have been, or at least have been looked upon by many
individual tanneries, as unsuitable for the treatment of some kinds
of hides or skins.
_
.
The net part which new machinery has played m the saving ot
labor in American tanneries, therefore, has been small, despite the
fact that individually these machines are capable of effecting large
savings.
Improvement In Layout of Tanneries
Most American tanneries are located in old, even very old, buildings,
and comparatively few of these at most were designed with any
reference to economy of labor. The plants actually built since 1923
have been extremely few, and the number even of those that have
been to any considerable extent reconstructed during these recent
years has been by no means large. The type of plant layout prevailing
in the sole-leather industry is somewhat different from that charac
teristic of the other branches; but in both types there is ordinarily
a considerable amount of motion lost in “ back tracking and in
moving the stock in process up and down to load the_ apparatus
used, and in connection with the various dryings required in the
course of manufacture.
In the few tanneries that have been built or drastically reconstructed
since 1923 a good deal of improvement has been made in these respects,
and with a resulting contribution of importance to the increase in
output per hour. But there is no reason to think that any very large
part of the increase realized in the industry can have been due to this
cause.
Handling Machinery
Handling machinery is of importance chiefly in the case of heavy
leathers. Of the sole-leather plants covered by the survey, at least
half and probably more have made extensive installations of equip
ment to save labor in handling their hides during and between proc
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LABOR DISPLACEMENT IN LEATHER INDUSTRY
487
esses. These most often take the form of traveling cranes or monorail conveyors, more or less covering the hide house, beam house,
tanyard, and scrub or bleach house; of belt or bucket conveyors or
power trucks for handling hair and glue stock; and of false bottoms
and similar devices to facilitate the charging and discharging of vats
and wheels. The labor saving effected by these installations has been
considerable; but by no means all of them have been made since 1923,
and there is no very high correlation between their extent and the out
puts per hour of individual companies. On the whole, therefore,
they can not be looked upon as a major explanation of increases in the
latter, though they have certainly helped greatly in some cases. _
In the side-leather branch some noteworthy advances in the instal
lation of handling machinery have been made, but they have not been
widespread enough to be a large factor in accounting for the large
increases in man-hour output. Little attention to handling machinery
has been given in the calfskin and kid leather branches of the industry
as the skins are not heavy or bulky.
Per Cent of Capacity Operated
In m ost industries, probably, bu t particularly in those whose tu rn
over of m aterial is as slow as in some branches of tanning, the amount
of labor required to keep production going on a t all is somewhat out
of proportion to the am ount produced. 'When the latte r falls below a
certain percentage of capacity, therefore, there is some tendency for
o utput per hour to decline.
This question has been gone into with considerable care, with the
result of making it highly improbable, if not indeed impossible, that
any material part of the net increase in output per hour for the leather
industry at large could be explained on this ground.
In any given plant or group of plants there has not, as a rule, been
much change in capacity since 1923, and a change in any given item
of production from that year to 1931 has therefore tended to mean
a roughly correlated change in the per cent of capacity in operation.
But, though the 1931 output of the plants for which 1923 data were
obtained can not be figured as more than 3 or 4 per cent above their
1923 production, the output per hour of every class except sheepskins
showed an increase from 1923 to 1931 of from 13 to 21 per cent. In
the case of sheepskins the production covered by the survey in
creased about 15 per cent from 1923 to 1931 but the output per hour
remained practically unchanged.
Other statistical comparisons which lack of space makes it imprac
ticable to set forth in detail confirm this negative conclusion. Un
doubtedly changes in the per cent of capacity in operation have been
of importance in influencing output per hour in individual cases, and
in a year of very subnormal production (conceivably, for instance,
in 1932) they might have a material net effect on the industry at large.
But as a factor in the increase appearing in the tables in this report
such changes have been of minor consequence.
Variations in Types of Product
No one of the principal branches of the tanning industry produces
a single standardized product. The proportions of the various types
represented by any large item of production, moreover, tend to shift—
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488
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
sometimes at pretty short intervals—both in the case of individual
concerns, and because of the varying shares of the available business
secured by companies that maintain certain proportions in their own
cases as a policy. The outputs per hour for these various types of
product at a given time are by no means the same, and the shifts just
mentioned, in theory at least, may affect the comparability of the
figures a good deal.
However, it really depends on the point of view whether figures for
output per hour are misleading unless the effect of these changes in
types of product has been allowed for.
If one is interested primarily in the effect of changes in output per
hour on employment, a man displaced is a man displaced, regardless
of whether his disappearance is due to a new machine, to a new pro
cess, to more efficient management, or to a new type of leather. The
only question that arises here is whether the change in type of product
is likely to be permanent or is merely a temporary fluctuation.
If, on the other hand, one is concerned chiefly with changes in labor
costs, as persons in the industry itself naturally are, it is of course true
that any part of such changes due to shifts in types of product is not
a matter of labor efficiency, and that in ascertaining the degree of
improvement in the latter an allowance should be made for this
irrelevant factor.
Improved Management of Labor
A consideration of the causes of increase in tannery output per hour
leads to the conclusion that the principal cause of the increase has
been the improved management of labor and the accompanying taking
up of slack in the expenditure of the time of the labor force.
Improvements of this latter sort do not lend themselves to statisti
cal study; but there is ample nonstatistical testimony to support the
statement just made. Indeed, in a majority of the tanneries visited
for the purposes of the survey, it was hard to find evidence that any
cause other than the stricter and more intelligent management of
labor had played any part at all in increasing the output per hour.
As regards the methods whereby this improvement in labor effi
ciency in the tanning industry has been effected, there have been a few
important cases of the bringing in of consulting industrial engineers
and of the adoption of elaborate premium scale systems. Even where
the latter can not be said to be in use, bonuses have often played
a part of consequence in stimulating effort. But on the whole
the characteristic procedure has been merely for company officers,
superintendents, and industrial engineers already on the ground to
apply their attention to minimizing the waste and loss of time. The
comparatively small size of most tanning plants and the specialized
character of the production problems have both emphasized this
approach. It has been a question not so much of introducing new
things as of grappling with obstacles to increasing the output per hour
that had long been underrated and ignored.
To the best of the writer’s belief, this overhauling of labor manage
ment in tanneries has been accomplished without anything that could
fairly be called exploitation of the employees. It has been mainly a
question not of pushing output per hour up from a level already more
or less normal, but of getting it up to a level deserving that name
from an abnormally and unnecessarily low one.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E xten t and M eth od s o f S p read in g Work
By W
il l ia m
J. B a r r e t t ,
on
o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’s O r g a n i z a t i o n
U n e m pl o y m e n t R e l ie f
URRENT interest in increasing employment through further
spreading of work has brought up the question as to the
Cextent
to which industry and business can add to their present organ
izations. There is abundant evidence that labor has gone to great
lengths in reduced incomes, and management has undergone increased
costs in providing employment for additional workers. Some com
panies have been more fortunate during this period and have been
able to maintain operations at relatively high levels. Among such
companies lie the best possibilities of adding more workers.
From time to time the President’s Organization on Unemployment
Relief has sought information on the extent of the spreading of work
and the methods used for spreading or increasing employment. In
the early part of March, 1932, a questionnaire on this subject was
sent to some 25,0001companies whose rated capitalization in 1929 was
$100,000 or more. Returns were received from 6,551 of these com
panies. The results of this investigation show how industry and
business in their respective branches have spread employment, and
indicate where the possibilities for further spreading are most
promising.
The 6,551 reporting companies, representing all sizes and prac
tically every type of industry and business, in 1929 employed 3,475,870
persons at a weekly pay roll of $104,461,727. During the pay-roll
period ending nearest March 15, 1932, these companies employed
2,547,901 persons at a weekly pay roll amounting to $60,626,129.
This represented a decrease of 26.7 per cent in employment and of
42 per cent in pay roll.
On March 15, 1932, of those employed, 1,428,116 (or 56.1 per cent)
were on part time. These part-time workers were employed, on the
average, 58.7 per cent of full time.
Of the companies reporting, 1,673, or 25.5 per cent, were working
full time, while 1,842 companies, or 28.1 per cent, were working five
or more days per week.
The proportion part-time employees form of all present employees
varies from 84.9 per cent in the machinery and rubber groups to 20.4
per cent in commercial establishments.2
The proportion of companies operating at or near full time (five
days or more per week) varies from 70.3 per cent in the commercial
group to 13.5 per cent in the machinery group.
“ Reduced days per week” was the method most commonly used
for spreading or increasing employment, and 3,857, or 58.8 per cent of
the 6,551 companies, reported they were using this method.
An analysis of the returns by industries shows a wide variation in
the extent to which work has been spread. Within industrial groups
1 T he list of 25,000 companies was secured from th e policyholders’ service b ureau of the M etropolitan Life
Insurance Co. P rin tin g and mailing of th e questionnaires was carried out b y the D epartm ent of Com
merce. T ab u latio n of th e retu rn s was m ade b y th e B ureau of th e Census under the supervision of G. B
W etzel a nd W . B. Cragg of th a t bureau.
. . .
,
...
2 T he indu strial groupings correspond w ith those used m th e Census of M anufactures of 1931 w ith the
exception of th e following: Tobacco (which includes tobacco and its products); commercial (which includes
banks, insurance companies, etc.) ; public utilities (which includes gas, electric, and telephone companies) ;
retail a nd wholesale (which includes those whose principal activities are th e selling of goods); steam rail
roads (which includes all th e activities of such companies) ; electric railw ays (which includes all th e activ
ities of such com panies).
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490
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
whose composite returns show further possibilities of spreading work,
there are companies which have done excellent work in giving em
ployment to many more persons than present production requires.
In the capital goods industries—one of the groups affected most
severely—there have been some notable examples of work spreading.
The following are excerpts from letters illustrative of the extent to
which some companies in this group have gone in this practice.
Thus, one company states: “ Our volume is only about one-seventh
of normal (normal volume $80,000,000 per year) and our aggregate
personnel about one-fourth of normal, much of it working a very
small portion of the time.” Another company in this group remarks
as follows:
Owing to th e u n u su al situ a tio n th a t has confro n ted us th e p a s t tw o or th ree
years, we have fo u n d it necessary to reduce th e n u m b e r of ho u rs som e of o u r de
p a rtm e n ts are o p eratin g to a p o in t w here th e earnings of em ployees in d e p a rt
m en ts so affected are h a rd ly sufficient to enable th e m to m eet living expenses.
We have even gone so fa r as to delay p u ttin g in to o p eratio n eq u ip m e n t t h a t would
reduce o u r costs very m ate ria lly a n d th a t a t th e sam e tim e w ould th ro w som e of
our em ployees o u t of w ork. A t th e p resen t tim e we are lim itin g all of o u r em p lo y
ees, w ith exception of th o se on th e salaried p a y roll, to 30 h o u rs p e r week, an d
it has been unnecessary fo r us to h ire e x tra em ployees even a fte r m ak in g th is
m axim um 30-hour w eekly schedule effective.
An examination of the analysis of returns by industries, shown in
Table 1, reveals that some groups, although severely affected by the
drop in operations, have endeavored to spread available work over
relatively large numbers of their employees. The machinery group
is a case in point; here the decrease in employment has been 36.2 per
cent, but the companies reporting have spread work so that 84.9 per
cent of present employees are given part-time employment. In the
case of some of the other groups there are apparent possibilities for
further spreading of employment.
T a ble 1 .— P E R C E N T OF D E C R E A S E IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S , A N D P R O
P O R T IO N OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN
P E R IO D E N D IN G N E A R E S T M A R C H 15, 1932
Industry
Per cent of decrease
P er cent P e r cent
since 1929, in—
of full
of com
N um ber
P er cent
tim e
panies on
of com
of w ork
worked
88 per
panies
ers on
part- cent or
reporting E m ploy
p a rt tim e b ytim
P
ay
roll
e
more
of
m ent
workers full tim e 1
Food .
.........................
T ex tile., _ ___________ ___________ . .
Forest. . . _ ________ _______ _ __
Paper ___________________ . . . . _ ____
P rin tin g and publishing.
__ .
Chem icals..
. . ___________
Petroleum a n d coal_____ _ . _________
R ubber . . .
.
. . . . ____
_______
. . .
L eather.
Stone, clay, a n d g la s s ___ ____________
Iro n an d steel . .
N onferrous m etals _____ __________ _.
M achinery
. ._
T ransportation equipm ent . . .
_ _
Tobacco
.
.
______
Commercial _______
____ . . ____
Public u tilities. . .
____. . .
____
R etail a n d w holesale.
___
Steam railroads__ ___ __________ .
Electric railw ays. . ___________ .
T o tal___
_______________
M anufacturing companies o n ly _________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1,
PA Y -R O L L
607
853
773
320
119
430
53
44
200
375
694
313
980
165
59
94
3. 6
18.9
36. 5
18. 7
10 .0
14.2
24. 7
29.6
9.8
38.8
31. 2
33.4
36. 2
25. 9
2 1 .0
16. 1
14. 6
38. 8
57. 0
34.6
14. 9
24. 2
31. 6
51.2
26.4
56. 0
60. 6
51. 6
55.4
43. 8
21.4
24. 7
21. 7
38.0
47.0
5.0
26. 6
50. 1
62. 8
51.2
41. 3
45.1
50. 1
84.9
43. 5
67.9
79. 3
73. 1
84.9
63. 5
35. 2
20.4
55.3
31. 2
22. 3
4.0
62 3
61 0
58 0
66 . 9
61. 4
63. 4
58. 2
67. 3
62. 2
52 7
55 9
60. 9
54. 1
62. 1
71.0
55.4
60.4
59.2
61. 7
75.0
42.0
36.5
26.4
38 1
37.8
53. 2
30 2
22.8
33 0
14.7
15.0
20 8
13. 5
27.0
44.1
70.3
39.1
40. 8
18. 2
66.7
11
20.4
25. 8
36. 6
551
26. 7
42. 0
56.1
58.7
28.1
5,985
26.6
46.7
63.0
58.5
26.5
120
338
3
6,
e., 5 w orking-days or more.
2 .0
2 Increase.
491
EXTENT AND METHODS OF SPREADING WORK
Table 2 shows the average size of the plants reporting in each in
dustrial group on the basis of reported 1929 employment.
T able 2 .—A V E R A G E SIZE OF P L A N T S R E P O R T IN G , ON BASIS O F 1929 E M P L O Y M E N T
N um ber of
employees
N um ber of
employees
Companies
report
ing
Industry
F ood.. _____________
Textile. . . . __________
Forest________________
Paper . _____
Printing and publishing.
Chemicals
Petroleum and coal____
R u b b er_______________
L eather____. . . . . . .
Stone, clay and glass___
Iron and ste e l..
_____
N onferrous m etals__
M achinery____________
607
853
773
320
119
430
53
44
200
375
694
313
980
Total
153,345
261,810
118,429
, 928
30,448
105, 673
79, 941
57,429
77, 895
104,045
386, 405
107, 401
513, 629
68
Aver
age per
com
pany
253
306
153
216
256
246
1,509
1,305
389
278
557
343
524
Industry
Transportation equip
m ent ________ . . . .
Tobacco______ ____ ___
Commercial _________
Public utilities____ _ . .
R etail and wholesale___
Steam railroads________
Electric ra ilw a y s ___ _
Companies
report
ing
Aver
age per
com
pany
1,690
300
3
278,651
17, 669
11,395
598,337
15, 578
466,195
22,667
4,900
46
42,300
7,560
6, 551
3,475,870
530
M anufacturing com pan
ies only________ ____ 5,985 2, 361,688
394
T o tal__________ _
165
59
94
Total
120
11
338
121
Methods of Spreading or Increasing Employment
T he methods of spreading or increasing employment used by the
4 926 companies reporting their methods were distributed over 10 m ajor
groupings. The statem ent below shows the num ber of companies
reporting the use of each method.
N um ber of companies
M ethod of sp reading w ork:
reporting use of m ethods
R educed days per w eek___________________________________________ 3, 857
R educed hours p er d a y ____________________________________________ 2, 336
S h o rter shifts in contin u o u s o p e ra tio n ______________________________
380
A ltern atin g shifts or in d iv id u a ls___________________________________ 1, 338
R o ta tio n of d ay s off_______________________________________________ 1, 170
M ethod of increasing em ploym ent:
M aintenance an d re p a ir___________________________________________ 1, 290
C o n stru c tio n ______________________________________________________
278
P roduction for s to c k ______________________________________________ 1, 177
D evelopm ent of new m a rk e ts ______________________________________
959
D evelopm ent of new p ro d u c ts _____________________________ _______ 1, 020
Table 3 shows the prevalence of each method of spreading or in
creasing employment in each industrial group. The number of com
panies reporting is less than the total, as some failed to signify the
method used.
In reply to the question as to future employment, over 10 per cent
of the companies reporting in the survey replied that they expected
to add to their forces during the next few months. The remainder
either did not answer this question or expected no additional em
ployment.
This survey shows large proportions of our industrial establish
ments utilizing the spreading of work for the maintenance of em
ployment. It points to certain portions which have gone to great
lengths in sharing employment, and also indicates that in certain
other sections of our industry and business this practice of spreading
3
T he tot<il num ber exceeds the total num ber of companies because m any of the companies reported th e
use of two or more m ethods for spreading or increasing em ploym ent.
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492
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
employment may be extended. Such industries could be approached
and encouraged to increase employment where possible, but perhaps
the most effective means of adding to present employment would be
for each community to make a check of the possibilities within its
own industries and businesses.
T able 3 .— M E T H O D OF S P R E A D IN G OR IN C R E A S IN G E M P L O Y M E N T , B Y IN D U S T R Y
G R O U PS
N um ber of companies using specified method
Num-
Industry
F ood___________ ______
Textiles _____________
Forest_________________
P a p e r____ _
_ ___ Prin tin g and publishings
Chem icals_____________
Petroleum and c o a l.. _ ..
R u b b er____________ . . .
L eather___
_ ___ ___
Stone, clay, and glass___
Iron and steel__________
N onferrous m etals_____
M achinery. _ ____
T ransportation equipm ent _______ . . . . . .
Tobacco. _ __________
Com m ercial___________
Public u tilities. ____
R etail and wholesale. . . _
Steam railroads . . .
Electric railw ays . . . .
of
com R e
A lter
Re Shorter
pa duced duced
shifts nating R ota
nies days hours in con shifts tion
of
or in
re
per
per tinuous
port week
opera dividu days
off
day
ing
tion
als
392
589
593
248
90
268
33
38
141
310
516
272
887
260
437
460
186
53
199
361
95
49
201
121
23
31
106
228
515
229
755
7
78
117
329
144
481
132
39
49
78
237
105
30
30
60
136
76
13
14
17
91
11
10
2
2
3
122
20
T o tal____________ 4,926 3, 857 2,336
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17
57
27
22
6
26
3
11
12
77
143
137
60
18
55
10
9
22
111
47
46
19
55
190
70
294
9
41
3
6
1
6
10
12
19
65
2
87
148
104
57
31
66
11
12
19
59
142
79
221
28
4
13
21
63
4
evel
M ain
Pro D evel D op
te n Con duc mop
m ent
ent
ance struc tion of
new of new
tion
for
and
prod
ar
repair
stock m
kets
ucts
131
96
151
63
7
105
32
14
41
21
3
45
151
156
56
6
105
153
59
240
29
7
21
83
7
7
44
82
149
65
252
36
4
30
2
12
22
6
4
17
19
1
11
12
22
63
22
12
5
4
21
86
66
136
125
51
9
62
145
105
50
38
165
21
36
9
37
49
110
29
7
9
4
35
278 1,177
959
10
6
67
3
13
34
50
149
54
217
6
6
3
1
15
1
380
1, 338 1, 170
1,290
1 , 020
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS AND UNEM
PLOYMENT RELIEF
F ederal U n e m p lo y m e n t R elief Law
HE Federal emergency relief law (Public Act No. 302) became
effective July 21, 1932. The law was enacted for the purpose of
relieving destitution, to broaden the lending powers of the Recon
struction Finance Corporation (Public Act No. 2, approved January
22, 1932), and to create employment by the execution of public works.
The capital of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was
increased $1,800,000,000. By the provisions of Title I, for the relief
of destitution, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized
to make available the sum of $300,000,000 to be used in the States for
the relief of people in need due to unemployment. The governors of
the States have two years in which to make application and are held
responsible for the administration of all allotted moneys. No State
may receive more than 15 per cent of the total available sum. Interest
for such loans is fixed at the annual rate of 3 per cent. In the appli
cation for funds the governor of the State must certify to the necessity
for funds and that the resources of the State are inadequate for relief
needs. Payments to any city or municipality are deducted from the
State allotment and must also be certified.
The balance of the loans ($1,500,000,000) may be used to finance
self-liquidating public and private construction projects and the
financing of agriculture through credit corporations, as provided in
Title II of the act.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is therefore authorized to
lend money for the following objects-: (1) Projects undertaken by
States and political subdivisions; (2) corporations formed for the
purpose of providing homes for people of small means, or for the
reconstruction of slum areas, under public regulation; (3) private
corporations organized for the construction, etc., of bridges, tunnels,
docks, etc., devoted to a public use; (4) private dividend corporations
formed to aid in financing projects for the protection and development
of forests and other natural resources regulated by the States; and
(5) the construction of any publicly owned bridge for railway or
highway uses. All of the loans must be made for projects of a selfliquidating character—that is, the project must be made self-support
ing and financially solvent—and assurance must be given that the
construction cost will be returned within a reasonable time by means
of rents, tolls, fees, or other charges. Loans to the States are to be
made through the purchase of their securities. The Reconstruction
Finance Corporation is authorized to bid for such securities and to
purchase any public bond issued for the purpose of financing the
construction of any bridge. The corporation may also make loans
for the purpose of financing sales of surpluses of agricultural products
and of enabling institutions organized by law to finance the marketing
of agricultural products and livestock. Regional agricultural credit
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MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
corporations may be created in any of the 12 Federal land-bank
districts.
All loans must be fully secured, and may be made for a period not
exceeding three years, except that in some cases loans for a longer
period may be made whenever deemed advisable by the board of
directors. Loans by the corporation may be made until January 23,
1934. Loans to railroads must be approved by the Interstate Com
merce Commission. _Applicants for a loan are not required to pay
any fee or commission, and any agreement to pay such a fee is
unlawful.
Monthly statements are required to be made to the President and
Congress, showing the names of all borrowers and the amount of the
loan, with the rate of interest.
The membership of the corporation consists of the Secretary of the
Treasury (member ex officio) and six other persons appointed by the
President. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to market
for the corporation any notes, bonds, or other obligations. In unusual
circumstances the Federal reserve banks may discount eligible paper for
individuals and corporations, provided such person is unable to secure
adequate credit accommodations from other banking institutions.
Title III of the law provides for the emergency construction of
certain public works. An appropriation from the Treasury of
$322,224,000 is allocated as follows: (1) Federal highway construc
tion, $120,000,000; (2) construction of national forest highways,
$16,000,000; (3) river and harbor projects, $30,000,000; (4) floodcontrol projects, $15,500,000; (5) continuation of construction on
Hoover Dam, $10,000,000; (6) air-navigation facilities, $500,000;
(7) lighthouse equipment, etc., $950,000, and navigation projects,
$2,860,000; (8) Coast and Geodetic Survey projects, $1,250,000;
(9) Bureau of Yards and Docks engineering work, $10,000,000; (10)
construction of public buildings outside the District of Columbia,
$100,000,000; (11) construction of necessary buildings at military
posts, $15,164,000.
With the exception of the amount available for the construction of
federally aided and national forest highways, the act provides that
none of the other sums appropriated shall be expended unless the
Secretary of the Treasury certifies that the necessary funds are
available or if not available may be obtained upon reasonable terms.
In addition to the above appropriation, $7,436,000 is also provided for
the construction, etc., of technical buildings at military posts, airports,
and landing fields.
Among the features provided in the unemployment relief law of
particular interest to labor are the prohibition of convict labor upon
all construction projects, the limitation of 30 hours per week upon
such projects, and the preferences granted to qualified ex-service men
with dependents. In addition to these features, provision is made in
the section of the law relating to the construction of Federal-aid high
way systems that all such contracts must contain provisions estab
lishing minimum rates of wages. Such rates are to be predetermined
by the State highway department. They are to apply to skilled and
unskilled labor. The minimum rates must also be stated in the invi
tation for bids and included in all proposals or bids for the work.
The membership of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in
cludes Atlee Pomerene, Ohio, chairman; Ogden L. Mills, New York;
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Gardner Cowles, sr., Iowa; Wilson McCarthy, Utah; Harvey Couch,
Arkansas; Jesse Jones, Texas; and Charles A. Miller, president, New
York.
G ardens for U n em p loyed W orkers
HE movement on the part of industrial establishments to assist
employees on furlough or whose incomes are much reduced to
provide food for their families through the planting of gardens has
spread to many parts of the country. Prominent among the organiza
tions which have adopted this means of assistance are the railroad
systems of the country, many of which gave special encouragement
and aid to employees in planting such gardens last year. The move
ment is not a new one among the railroads, as in the past many com
panies have supplied the land and other material assistance to em
ployees who wished to avail themselves of this opportunity to supple
ment their income; during the present depression, however, this
means of helping employees to help themselves has received increasing
attention.
A survey by the President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief
showed that more than 40 of the railroad systems of the country
either had followed for some years the practice of encouraging em
ployees to plant gardens on land owned by the railroad or had signified
their intention of doing so during the present emergency. A few
companies reported that there was no disposition on the part of the
employees to take advantage of this opportunity or that the system
ran through country in which land was readily available for gardening
purposes. In two instances it was reported that it was the practice
of the company to charge a nominal rental for the use of the land,
but in general the land was free not only to employees of the company
but in several instances also the companies were willing to extend its
use to other persons in the different communities. In a few instances
the work of promoting the use of the land for garden purposes is being
carried on either by a special department organized for that purpose
by the railroad or through the charitable or welfare agencies of differ
ent localities.
In northern Indiana, where many of the steel mills are shut down
or working part time, there has been a “ back-to-the-land” movement
promoted by business organizations, relief agencies, and the Univer
sity of Indiana. It is reported that 43,900 gardens are under cultiva
tion in 45 communities. Business and industry have united in provid
ing the land and in bearing the expense of preparing the ground, while
seeds and equipment have been given by citizens; penal institutions
have furnished small plants, such as tomatoes and cabbage grown in
their greenhouses for transplanting, and county agricultural agents
have tested soils and given expert supervision. In some of the garden
developments, financed entirely by industry, the gardeners receive
cash or credit toward necessaries, and in other cases the work carries
the right to additional supplies. Winter as well as summer supplies
are obtained in this way, as schools, churches, and even fire and police
departments have been temporarily turned into canning centers.
A “ balanced work and food production plan” was started in the
Ford plants in the spring. In connection with the announcement of
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the plan, Mr. Ford said, “ Everybody will be better off if the workers
devote part of the time saved by mass production of machines and
other products of industry to producing their own food—they will be
healthier and happier, and by producing a large share of their food at
wholesale costs by their own labor the reduced earnings due to shorter
hours will be offset.” Several thousand acres of land were made
available, and it was estimated that at least 50,000 gardens in the
Detroit area would be producing foodstuffs this summer for Ford
families. Each plot of ground is large enough, it was estimated, to
yield a year’s supply of vegetables for a family.
The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio, established one of the large
cooperative gardening proj ects of the country last spring. A 275-acre
garden was laid out and the project, organized as a nonprofit organiza
tion under the name of the Akron Community Gardens, received a
charter from the secretary of state. The primary purpose of the
project is to provide opportunities for men on part-time work and
those not employed to assure their families an adequate food supply
by utilizing idle time. Workers will receive shares of the produce in
proportion to the time they spend in raising it.
The Batcheller Works of the American Fork & Hoe Co., located at
Wallingford, Vt., has attempted to lessen the hardship of the depres
sion for employees of the company by organizing the “ cellar full of
food” club. The object of the club will be to provide food supplies
for the winter, and with that end in view the members will raise such
vegetables as lend themselves readily to canning and storage. Accord
ing to the plan, members will make a small contribution into a common
fund to finance the initial expense of plowing, purchase of seeds, etc.,
but those unable to pay this will be allowed to sign a work pledge at a
fixed rate of wages per hour, and when the amount of the pledge has
been worked out the employee will be entitled to share equally with
employees who have paid cash. Accurate records of the time spent
by each member in the labor of planting, cultivating, and harvesting
the crops, kept by a timekeeper and clerk, will foray the basis for the
division of the produce at the end of the season, while members who
contributed cash but did not work in the garden will receive their share
figured on the basis of the cost of labor at a fixed hourly rate.
The United States Steel Corporation, in addition to a program for
spreading work which has kept the force of 220,000 workers largely
intact and the carrying out of various relief measures, has promoted
the planting of both home and community gardens by the employees.
Under the gardening plan the corporation has succeeded in furnish
ing a garden plot for every employee who expressed a desire to grow
his own vegetables. The number of gardens totals 73,511, of which
approximately one-third are small gardens and two-thirds commu
nity gardens. The estimated value of the garden produce for this
year is nearly $1,840,000. Skilled instructors have been provided to
teach housewives how to can fruits and vegetables for winter use
and the program has been extended to teaching the housewives the
almost forgotten art of home baking of bread—an economy measure
favored by the low prices of flour.
Among the many instances in which cooperative gardens have been
successfully developed may be mentioned such developments in
Birmingham, Ala., where more than 100 Bed Cross and community
gardens are being planted and cultivated by the jobless; Memphis,
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Term., where city and county officials established a garden society
which has unemployed men raising foodstuffs for canning; and At
lanta, Ga., where a county-managed plan will provide work for the
jobless and supplies for destitute families next winter. Under the
plan in the latter city men work two days each week and each man
receives a_ week’s rations for himself and his family. A Georgia
banker, Mills B. Lane, offered the use of 4,000 acres of land, rent free,
to unemployed who would plant farm crops, and he suggested that
modest homes could be erected for persons who would agree to plant
quick-growing crops which would put them on a self-sustaining basis.
In North Carolina many organizations have assisted in getting the
jobless back to the farm, as the population of the State is largely rural,
and the farm program of the last four years is said to have resulted in
a generous supply of reserve food. Kentucky miners to the number of
20,000 have taken up the raising of produce and chickens, cows, and
hogs with the support of the Society of Friends (Quakers) which took
funds left over from war-time relief for the purpose. In Nebraska 500
needy veterans were assisted to start the growing of gardens by the
American Legion, and in one county alone in Iowa 6,000 persons were
put to work. In Cleveland, Ohio, 2,890 gardeners not only obtained
food but won prizes for the best-looking and highest yielding crops.
U n e m p lo y m e n t R elief P lan s of P h ila d elp h ia T ra d e-U n io n s
February, 1932, the department of social economy and social
research of Bryn Mawr College, in cooperation with the Central
INLabor
Union, made a study of the measures taken by 30 Philadelphia
labor unions to assist their membership during periods of unemploy
ment.1 The study discloses that 34 per cent of the membership in
one group, the International Union of Operating Engineers, had full
time employment and that the remaining groups reported from 2 to
30 per cent of their membership working full time. Complete unem
ployment was recorded for 97 per cent of members of the Carpet
Workers’ Union, for 91 per cent of the membership of the Bricklayers’
Union, 90 per cent of Rod Workers’ Local No. 405, and 80 per cent of
the Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers’ Local No. 401.
Regular contributions to cover the cost of unemployment relief
were required in 15 of the 30 unions, varying widely in amount.
Electrical Workers’ Local No. 98 reports an assessment amounting to 10
per cent of the first four days’ earnings and 50 per cent of all earn
ings for time worked in excess of four days. Newspaper Pressmen’s
Local No. 16 placed its assessment at one day’s earnings out of six.
Twelve unions are listed as giving fixed benefits. Of this number,
8 pay sums ranging between $4 and $10 weekly, 1 sees that the unem
ployed person has one day’s work weekly, 1 supplies coal and groceries,
and 2 do not state the nature of benefit supplied. In addition to
paying cash benefits the American Federation of Full Fashioned
Hosiery Workers supplies coal, gas, and other items.
Other aid furnished is classified as “ loans” or “ relief.” Loans of
dues are made by two local unions and in money by two others, the
amounts of cash loans allowed being $25 and $150, respectively.
1A merican Federationist, June, 1932, pp. 640-51:
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Relief in the form of dues is reported for 6 locals; when the
need arises, for 7; to cover insurance, for 2; for carfare, 1; and at
Christmas, 2.
Balances in treasuries are reported in only five cases, the amounts
ranging from $400 to $7,000. The expenditures reported exceed
$215,000, but not all unions have stated what sums have been spent.
C om p an y L oan P lan s for U n em p loyed W orkers
RECENT report by the industrial relations section of Princeton
University covers the relief measures which have been developed
among various companies to meet the need for assistance among
workers created by the depression.1
Notwithstanding the fact that unemployment is an increasing prob
lem in nearly all American industries, the experience gained since the
beginning of the depression has resulted in the development of relief
programs which are great improvements over the emergency measures
adopted early in the depression. Many companies are now taking
steps to prevent distress among laid-off or part-time employees, and
the experience already obtained affords an opportunity to make plans
for a balanced program adapted to the degree of unemployment which
may occur. In spite of the increasing use of measures for spreading
work, such as reductions in working hours, however, it is probable
that the winter slump in many industries will throw a more serious
burden than ever before on public, private, and company relief, and
the relatively small amount of public funds available for relief will
probably result in renewed appeals to responsible employers to take
care of their regular employees during the coming winter. During
the past two years many companies have developed plans to meet
this need for temporary assistance to regular employees by granting
loans or credits to such men, to be repaid when earnings again
approximate the normal.
Among the formal plans adopted in which funds have been set
aside for making the loans there are certain general points of simi
larity, although there are differences resulting from the pressure of
local conditions. In general the funds are furnished by the com
panies, but in some cases a joint fund is formed by contributions by
officers and by employees of the company who are still on the pay roll
and an equal contribution by the company. The relief loan fund of
the Southern Pacific Co., for example, was raised by pay-roll deduc
tions of 1 per cent of actual earnings of officers and employees for a
period of from four to five months, supplemented by an equal amount
paid by the company, while a fund consisting of half of an extra divi
dend was set aside in 1931 by the General Tire & Rubber Co. for use
in stabilizing employment and furnishing loans to unemployed workers.
The operation of the loan funds is generally in the hands of the com
pany, being administered by the personnel manager or other officers,
but in some instances the employees are represented in the manage
ment. Examples of joint management are found in the International
Harvester Co., where representatives of the works council are mem
bers of the committee in charge of the relief and loan fund at each
plant of the company, and in the General Electric Co. The unem1Princeton U niversity. In d u strial R elations Section. Com pany loans to unem ployed workers.
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ployment benefit plan of the latter company contains a provision
for loans to employees, the loan plan being administered at each works
by a board composed of representatives of the employees and of the
company. In still other cases the plans are handled in cooperation
with the mutual benefit association. Kegardless of whether the plans
are administered by the employer alone or jointly by employer and
employees, it is essential in this as in other types of money lending,
that careful investigation of requests for loans should be made. As
the loans are granted on the basis of need, as well as of the ability to
repay, there has been a tendency to adopt something of the technique
of the social worker in determining the family needs.
Orders for groceries and other necessaries may take the place of
money loans, in which case their cost is considered the amount of the
loan. If the company has a store, such amounts may be charged to
the employee’s store account, but one company was of the opinion
that it was better to deal with local merchants in such cases even
though a considerable saving could be made with the company doing
its own purchasing. One company, the Studebaker Corporation,
makes grocery loans through the manager of the factory cafeteria.
Medical aid and medicines are also among the items of assistance
furnished on credit or without charge through the medical department.
Usually there is a limit to the amounts which may be lent to an
individual, the maximum ranging, in general, from $50 to $200. It
is not thought well that too large loans should be made, since they
leave employees too seriously involved when normal conditions re
turn. Companies having unemployment benefit plans make loans
only to workers who for some reason, such as lack of service, are not
eligible for unemployment benefits or who have exhausted their right
to such benefit. After the maximum loan has been allowed, the only
recourse left is to secure assistance from company or public relief funds.
Usually no interest is charged on company loans, but in the few
cases in which it is charged, provision is made that the interest shall
be paid through a salary reduction after the loan itself has been en
tirely repaid. Loans are repaid by deductions from the pay only
after the worker is receiving a sufficient amount of work to be able
to afford it, the usual rate of deduction being 5 to 10 per cent of pay.
In summing up the study, the report states that although emergency
loans have their limitations they are of very great value in helping the
class of employees it is hardest to reach, that is, the usually independ
ent workers who are unaccustomed to charity. Such employees
are the mainstay of an organization and the ones whom it is most
desirable to protect from the demoralizing effects of a long period of
unemployment, so that everything which can be done to uphold their
morale and help them keep their independence is well worth while.
Although many plans provide for repayment it is a question
whether a large proportion of the loans can be repaid. In many
cases it is evident that repayment will be practically impossible and
that the loans will have to be written off. However, in these cases it
is probable that the same amounts would have been advanced as
relief. In some instances employees may have relocated elsewhere
and it may be useless for the company to attempt to collect, while in
other cases a long period of unemployment will have piled up a
heavy burden of obligations which will have to be met when earnings
start again, so that even with the best intentions employees may be
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
unable to repay the loan for some time. On the other hand, the almost
inevitable loss of morale through unemployment may lead to more or
less indifference toward the obligation. A number of companies
having such plans, however, have found a general disposition among
those who could do so to meet their loan obligations, while some
companies state that the loan privilege has been abused in a few
cases, and suggest that the remedy lies in more careful investiga
tion and, if necessary, in withdrawal of further help. Several plans
have service requirements of approximately one year or more, which
somewhat limits the number eligible to loans, but if the requirement
is not too high it seems reasonable for companies to feel that their
greatest responsibility is to workers who have been with them long
enough to become a permanent part of the organization.
In conclusion it is said, “ It remains to be seen how long companies
will feel that it is possible for them to continue to make loans to
laid-off employees. As time passes, the problem of relief becomes
more insistent and the difficulties in the way of loan repayment,
greater. Where possible, employees will make more or less per
manent adjustments to changed conditions. In case they find
other employment in which they are able to support themselves,
the company’s problem of either loans or relief is at an end, so far as
they are concerned. As the depression produces permanent changes
in business activity and employment, and new industries develop
and some old ones decline, individual adjustments are bound to
follow. During the interval before this becomes possible, assistance
of some kind is a compelling necessity in easing the burden of un
employment.”
P lan for P rovid in g W ork for U n em p loyed in V entu ra, C alif.
N ACCOUNT is given in The American City, July, 1932 (pp. 71,
72) of the plan for self-help adopted by a group of unemployed
citizens of Ventura. Because of the restrictions governing the relief
agencies of the city many of the worthy unemployed could not
receive assistance, and a group of such persons, recognizing the pos
sibilities available for relief, developed a plan by which many of the
necessaries of life were provided.
The members of the group first obtained the use of some vacant
store buildings and a partly furnished vacant restaurant. The
places were cleaned and the restaurant became the headquarters for
the community center. The climate and soil in Ventura being favor
able for growing crops all the year round, the use of vacant lots was
solicited and the center agreed to clear away weeds and plant and
cultivate vegetable gardens on the lots. The city furnishes water for
use on all the garden lots and the center furnishes the worker with
free seed providing he cooperates with the center and does not use
his crop as a commercial venture. Each man given a lot to farm
must keep it neatly cultivated throughout the agreed farming period.
At the time the article was written 142 lots had been donated and 125
of them were already planted to vegetables.
There are rich oil fields in the neighborhood of Ventura which once
employed many workers who made their homes in the city, but
during the past two years employment at the wells has been much
reduced and there are now many vacant houses. Needy families
have been housed in these places upon their agreement to keep them
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up. Single persons are given their meals at the community kitchen
and those with families are given food to take home. In return for
assistance given, the center requires some form of service from those
aided. During the first six weeks of operation 4,033 meals were
served by the community kitchen at a total cost of $96.65, and in
addition food was given to destitute families. The low cost of the
food, averaging less than 2% cents a meal, is in part the result of the
collection and salvaging of unsalable foods from merchants and
ranchers. Very few donations of cash have been received by the
center, the entire amount being only about $20. If the members
secure any outside work, they accept anything of value in return for
their labor, and if it is something they can not use they exchange it
for service tickets at the center, which are redeemable only at the
center and for the necessaries of life. If a worker receives cash for
outside work, however, the money belongs to himself, although
usually, it is said, it is shared with the center. The articles which
members have received in exchange for labor include poultry and
livestock, trees, and plants of various kinds. The center has given
emergency relief to many destitute families, and the needy have been
supplied with donated clothing and shoes which have been cleaned
and mended by the woman workers.
As the community center is not licensed it can not lawfully hold
property and whatever service tickets are on hand, therefore, at the
end of the week must be divided among the workers so that over the
week-end the center does not own anything. This weekly division
will have to be continued until the center becomes an official organ
ization. However, business men and city officials are now studying
the best ways in which to arrange the future of this organization.
Plans are also being made for the establishment of a cooperative
market where produce can be sold or exchanged, but for the present
the country merchants will provide for the marketing of the surplus
products. It is estimated that 50 tons of foodstuffs will be produced
on the lots under cultivation this year.
B a rterin g of Services A m on g th e U n em p loyed in Los A n geles
N ACCOUNT by Pauline G. Schindler of an experiment in the
l cooperative exchange of services which is being tried in Los
Angeles is given in The Survey, July 15 (p. 329).
The Cooperative Exchange, which has been operating some
months, is the medium through which this exchange of the services
of skilled and unskilled workers and members of the professional
classes may be arranged. “ When the unemployed carpenter needs
a dentist,” the writer says, “ and the unemployed dentist needs a
truckman, and the unemployed truckman needs a plumber, and
the unemployed plumber closes the circle by needing a carpenter,
and none of them has the money to pay the other, bartering of
services seems to be a logical resort.” The exchange has demon
strated that, given a sufficient number of applicants and a sufficient
variety of services, a clearing house for the abilities and energy of
such persons may be very valuable both to the individuals benefiting
by it and to the community.
The exchange is a nonprofit enterprise but so far has found it
necessary to charge 10 per cent of each accomplished exchange to
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meet operating expenses. This charge is in terms of service. Appli
cants are supposed also to pay a registration fee of 50 cents but there
are many exceptions to this rule and payment is frequently post
poned, waived, or paid for in service. Under less experimental con
ditions or with a greater volume of interchange, it is said these
amounts could be materially reduced. The staff of the exchange is
also paid in exchange credits. Each applicant upon registering
states the service he has to give and the service he wishes in return,
and a filing system, cross indexed by names and by services, shows
at once what opportunities for the exchange are available. A system
of accounting somewhat similar to that of a bank is used and credits
are issued each member, the debits and credits being entered in
individual books, but instead of dollars the entries represent hours
of work computed at the prevailing scale.
One of the most important activities which has been developed is
said to be that in relation to housing. As a result of the application
of the principle of the exchange of services, landlords have been willing
in some instances to accept various types of exchange credits instead
of dispossessing tenants who were unable to pay rent. It is said that
empty houses and apartments, and even hotel accommodations have
been made available in return for the work of carpenters, painters,
and plumbers, and in a number of cases the loss of property by fore
closure has been averted by this means. Finance and realty com
panies, faced with a dead weight of taxed but untenanted property,
have been glad to take advantage of such an arrangement.
The exchange also deals in a limited but increasing extent in com
modities. Fruit growers, unable to sell their produce except at a loss,
are offering quantities of it where it stands, the exchange providing
pickers, packers, and trucks for the collection of the fruit and its
distribution to the members.
Although it is not claimed for the Los Angeles experiment that it
reaches very deeply into unemployment distress, it is believed to
have been of considerable benefit to those cooperating in it. While
it started without the experience of similar ventures as a guide and
has met some difficulties, it has now reached a point, the writer says,
“ where it offers a pattern which other communities might profitably
study either for a new section of a going nonprofit-making exchange,
or as a new activity promoted by a chamber of commerce or by a
council of social agencies.”
New H am p sh ire P lan for R e em p lo y m en t
PLAN for the spreading of available work through the combining
of a shortened working week with a flexible arrangement which
A would
allow the absorption of the unemployed without placing an
added burden upon industry was advocated at a conference held in
Boston, July 20.1 The plan, called the “ New Hampshire plan for
reemployment,” was presented to a representative group of officials,
including the governors of five New England States, industrialists
and other business men, educators, economists and social workers, and
labor executives. The joint conference was held under the sponsor
ship of the Massachusetts Commission on the Stabilization of Employ1
The New England Council.
Building, Boston.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New England News Letter, Special supplem ent, Aug. 1, 1932.
Statler
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS----UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
503
ment and the New Hampshire Unemployment Relief Committee,
and under the direction of a committee on arrangements of which
Gov. John G. Winant of New Hampshire was chairman.
The chief differences between the proposed plan and ordinary plans
for spreading work lie in the temporary nature of the usual spreadwork plans and the fact that they place the entire burden upon labor
while under the proposed plan a flexible method of putting men back
to work permanently is provided which is supported by ownership
and management as well as labor. The flexibility of the plan is
particularly stressed as a necessary part of such an attempt to put men
back to work, as the conditions in no two organizations are exactly
alike and it is highly important that the plan should be adjustable
according to the varying circumstances of the business or industry.
In a paper presented to the conference by Harold M. Davis, in
which the plan is analyzed, it is said that the labor surplus resulting
from occupational obsolescence is estimated at 3,000,000 persons.
This surplus is increased whenever the major part of such jobs as the
frontier settling and railroad building of the last century is finished,
or the automobile and highway building of this century, and is still
further increased through machine and methods developments. The
surplus can be decreased, on the other hand, only by discovering new
jobs or by shortening hours. With not enough new jobs being devel
oped and productivity progressing steadily, it appears that the only
sensible move is to shorten hours. Mr. Davis states also that while it
is regarded as important to put the workers back at work it is con
sidered even more important to create a*sense of job security by show
ing all the workers of the country that our industrial machine does not
ruthlessly discard millions of workers. In an age of mass production
and mass consumption it is said to be doubtful if business confidence
is possible without a feeling of job security, and once this sense of
security is created there is greater opportunity for an upturn in
business which will take care of the balance of the unemployed.
_The statement of Governor Winant in opening the conference, which
gives an outline of the proposed plan, is as follows:
T he New H am pshire p lan would resto re to in d u strial, com m ercial, a n d o th e r
em ploym ent a n y desired n u m b er of those a t p resen t unem ployed.
T he principle of th e flexible w ork d ay a n d w ork week is effective because of
its very flexibility. If applied in a n y w idespread m an n er it w ould be possible
im m ediately to increase th e n u m b er of w orkers on p ay rolls. T his would be
done as follows:
F irst, by co n tributions from those still em ployed in a specific business, inclu d
ing w age earners, salaried executives, a n d stockholders, th e la tte r b y a c o n tri
b u tio n from dividends if th e business can p ay dividends.
Second, w ith o u t increasing th e cost of ru n n in g a business.
T hird, w ith o u t necessitating increased floor space o r a d d itio n a l m ach in ery o r
equipm ent.
F o u rth , w ith o u t increasing production.
F ifth, w itli com pensation to wage earn ers of sh o rter hours m ore th a n eq u iv alen t
to th e co n trib u tio n from th e ir wages.
T he principle is flexible as applied th ro u g h p lan s for each ty p e of business.
T echnicians have proved th e principle applicable to all varieties of conditions in
individual businesses.
T h e principle w ould n o t a p p ly to businesses w here hours alre a d y h av e been
considerably shortened u n til th ese businesses are resto red to g reater p ro d u ctiv ity .
As p resen t em ployees have th e ir hours lengthened th e p lan w ould a p p ly a fte r a
certain m axim um has been reached, beyond w hich new em ployees w ould be hired
ra th e r th a n p resen t em ployees stepped up to still longer hours.
T he p lan would rem ain o p erativ e u n til unem p lo y m en t is elim inated, a n d could
again becom e o p erativ e by degrees if unem p lo y m en t reoccurred.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
504
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
B enjam in F ra n k lin to ld th e A m erican people in a tim e of n a tio n a l crisis th a t
th e ir salv atio n lay n o t in g o v ern m en t b u t in them selves. T h e N ew H am pshire
principle show s th e people, from w age earners th ro u g h executives to stockholders,
how to pro v id e th e ir ow n salv atio n in th e p re se n t crisis. T h e principle will w ork
w ith o u t d isad v a n ta g e to th o se businesses w hich a p p ly it w h eth er th e y be few or
m any, a n d no m a tte r w here th e y m ay be located.
A study was made of the offices in several different types of busi
ness^—insurance, textile, paper, soap, rubber, and optical goods—
and on the basis of the seven offices studied it was found that contri
butions of 4 to 5 per cent of salaries of over $5,000, 3 to 4 per cent on
salaries of $1,500 to $5,000, and 2 to 3 per cent on salaries under
$1,500 would provide salaries of $780 to $1,000 per year for 10 per
cent more people, while if a 5 per cent contribution from profits or
dividends was available the contributions from salaries could be
reduced and the salaries of the new employees increased. The hours
of the extra people would be used to shorten the hours of the regular
force and a 2-shift system of 5 hours each is advocated as it would
secure the maximum use of the floor space and equipment. Under
this plan no work need be done on Saturdays. Other variations of
the flexible plan are: A single shift in normal hours and a 5-day week,
and uniform shortening of hours for everyone on either a 5 or a 5%
day week. In general it is considered that the 2-shift plan is the eco
nomical practical plan for nation-wide adoption at the present time.
There were several resolutions passed either by the conference as a
whole or by the different committees. A general resolution adopted
unanimously states that—
T he New E n g lan d Jo in t Conference on R eem p lo y m en t respectfully req u ests th e
P resid en t of th e U n ited S ta te s to consider th e w isdom of calling a n a tio n a l con
ference im m ediately, a t w hich th e re can be effected a n o rganization w hich will
help m ake o p erativ e th ro u g h o u t th e S ta te s a sh o rte r a n d m ore flexible w ork d ay
an d week, b y w hich new em p lo y m en t m ay be offered to some m illions of people,
app ro x im atin g it is hoped a n ad d itio n al 10 p e r cen t to th e n u m b er of people
now u n d er em ploym ent, th is p lan to be p u t in to effect w ith o u t increasing o p e ra t
ing costs of business, w ith o u t necessarily increasing p la n t in v estm en ts, a n d w ith
o u t increasing inventories, by, fo r illu stra tio n , sm all co n trib u tio n s to be d ed u cte d
from p ay rolls of w age earn ers still em ployed a t le a st tw o -th ird s of th e ir n orm al
hours a n d by th e necessary rem aining c o n trib u tio n s from salaried executives an d
ow ners of th e business.
The governors of the several States agreed to present the plan to
conferences within their several States and urged the governors of the
other 42 States to call similar conferences at which all groups in indus
try should be represented. The plan was also indorsed by the com
mittees representing business and industry, labor, and social agencies,
and the agricultural committee, stating that it heartily approved of
the plan for a more equal distribution of employment of labor in
industry, also pointed out that, while there is no reasonable objection
to a natural farmward movement among persons who have had experi
ence in farming and who have capital to establish themselves, it
would be very unwise to promote such a movement among those not
so equipped, as it would only serve to transfer the present unemploy
ment difficulties of industry to an already overburdened agriculture.
U n e m p lo y m e n t in F oreign C ou n tries
HE following table gives detailed monthly statistics of unem
ployment in foreign countries, as shown in official reports, from
July, 1930, to the latest available date:
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
505
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS----UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
S T A T E M E N T O P U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S
A ustralia
A ustria
Belgium
Trade-unionists
unemployed
C om pul
sory in
surance,
num ber
unem
ployed
in receipt
of benefit
U nem ploym ent insurance societies
N um ber
Per cent
N um ber
153,188
156,145
163,894
192, 778
237,745
294,845
15, 302
17, 747
23, 693
27, 322
38,973
63, 585
2.4
3.8
4.3
6. i
9.3
48, 580
51,649
61,623
54, 804
76,043
117, 167
331, 239
334, 041
304, 084
246, 845
208, 852
191,150
194, 364
196, 321
202,130
228, 101
273, 658
329, 627
77,181
81, 750
81, 305
70, 377
56, 250
62, 642
64, 644
70, 893
74, 175
82,811
93, 487
128, 884
358,114
361, 948
352,444
303, 888
271, 481
265, 040
266,145
153, 920
168, 204
155, 653
152, 530
160, 700
153, 659
D ate (end of m onth)
N um ber
J u l y .. ..
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber.
1930
(>)
(>)
0)
(>)
104, 951
90, 379
23.4
(>)
J a n u a r y ...
F eb ru ary . _
M arch____
A pril_____
M ay ______
Ju n e .........
J u ly ______
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
0
113,614
25.
118, 424
(>)
27.6
120, 694
(>)
'28." 3
(>)
(>)
(•)
(')
118, 732
1932
(0
120, 366
0 )
0
)
124, 068
C anada
D ate (end of m onth)
28.0
(>)
J a n u a ry ..
F ebruary.
M arch___
A pril____
M ay .........
Ju n e ____
J u ly _____
N um ber
of unem
ployed
on live
register
9.2
9.3
9.4
N ot reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10.8
13.8
17.0
16.0
15. 6
15.5
14. 9
16. 2
16.3
16. 2
15.8
18. 1
18.3
18.6
2 1 .1
22.0
20.6
20.4
23.0
22 . 1
21. 9
W holly unem
ployed
2 .8
11. 1
11.7
11.3
10.0
7.9
8.9
9. 1
9.9
10.3
11.3
13.3
17.0
20.0
21. 3
19.4
18.8
18. 9
18.7
Danzig
(Free
C ity of)
Czechoslovakia
Per cent
of tradeunionists
unem
ployed
1930
J u ly ____________________
A ugust_____
_ ...
Septem ber___
. ____
O ctober____
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber. __ ___________
1931
Ja n u a ry ____
F eb ru ary _________ _____
M arch_______ _________
A p r il...______________
M ay ______ __ ____ ____
Ju n e ______ ____ _________
J u ly ____________________
A u g u st.. . . . ______ _ __
Septem ber. _ . . .
_ ..
O ctober__ _
.
N ovem ber..
D e c e m b e r... . . . . . .
1932
J a n u a ry ______ _ ______
F eb ru ary ___
M arch__________ _
._ _
A pril______________ ____
M ay ____ _____ _______
Ju n e ____
J u ly ____________________
1
Per cent
Trade-union insur
ance funds—u n
em ployed in re
ceipt of benefit
N um ber
of unem
ployed
registered
P artially unem
ployed
Per cent
7.7
8 .2
9.9
8.5
12 .0
17.0
112, 734
121, 906
125, 972
110,139
97, 755
101 , 616
116, 747
120, 669
119, 433
122, 733
134, 799
159, 941
16.2
19.4
17.7
15.6
13.8
14.4
16.3
16.8
16.6
16.8
19.2
2 1 .1
179, 560
180, 079
185, 267
183, 668
191, 084
23.2
22.8
23.0
22 .6
22. 5
D enm ark
Trade-union unem
ploym ent funds—
unem ployed
N um ber
Per cent
77, 309
88,005
104, 534
122, 379
155, 203
239, 564
46, 800
52, 694
57,542
61, 213
65, 904
93,476
4. 1
4.7
5.3
5.5
5.9
8.3
15, 330
15,687
16,073
17, 307
20, 272
24, 429
26, 200
26, 232
27,700
32,880
44,200
71,100
313, 511
343, 972
339, 505
296, 756
249, 686
220, 038
209, 233
214, 520
228, 383
253, 518
336, 874
480, 775
104, 580
117,450
119, 350
107, 238
93, 941
82, 534
82, 759
86, 261
84, 660
88, 600
106, 015
146, 325
9.5
11.3
27,081
28,192
27,070
24,186
20, 686
19,855
20,420
21, 509
22,922
24,932
28, 966
32, 956
70,961
73,427
67,725
45,698
37, 856
34,030
36,369
35,060
35,871
47,196
66,526
91,216
16.0
22.3
30. 4
583,138
631, 736
633, 907
555,832
487, 228
466, 948
457', 207
186, 308
197,612
195, 076
180, 456
171, 389
14.0
14.8
14.6
13.3
12 . 7
34, 912
36, 258
36,481
33,418
31,847
31, 004
106,464
112, 346
113, 378
90, 704
79, 931
SO 044
92,732
35. 1
37.3
37.5
29.9
26.1
25 0
29.5
10 .0
10.0
8.9
7.6
6 .6
6 .6
6.9
6.7
6.9
8 .2
N um ber
Per cent
9.3
9. 0
9.0
11. 4
15.3
24.6
24.2
26.0
22 . 1
15.3
12. 3
11.3
1 1 .8
1 1 .8
12 . 1
506
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S —C ontinued
D ate (end of m onth)
N um ber
unem N um ber
ployed of unem
rem ain ployed
ing on registered
live
register
G erm any
France
Finland
Estonia
.T rade-union ists
N um ber
of unem
ployed
in receipt
of benefit
N um ber
of unem
ployed
registered
P er cent Per cent
wholly partially
unem
unem
ployed
ployed
N u m b er
unem
ployed in
receipt of
benefit
1930
J u ly _____________________
August _ - - --Septem ber_____ _____ _ O ctober--- ----------------- N ovem ber-------------D ecem ber------- -- --------- --
762
1,039
1,414
3, 282
5,675
6,163
4,026
5,288
7,157
10, 279
10, 740
9,336
856
964
988
1,663
4,893
11,952
2, 765, 258
2, 883, 000
3, 004, 000
3, 252,000
3, 683, 000
4,384, 000
20.5
21.7
22.5
23.6
26.0
31.7
13.9
14.8
15. 1
15.4
16.1
16.9
1, 900, 961
1,947,811
1,965, 348
2, 071, 730
2, 353, 980
2, 822, 598
1931
Ja n u a ry — ---------- - - -F eb ru ary -----M arch___ _
- ------A p ril______M ay ___________ Ju n e ___ - - - - Ju ly _____________________
A ugust ______ - ----------Septem ber--------- --- --- October ----------------- N ovem ber___ --- -D ecem ber.-----
5,364
4,070
2,765
2,424
1,368
931
634
933
2,096
5,425
7, 554
9,055
11, 706
11,557
11, 491
12, 663
7, 342
6 , 320
6 , 790
9,160
12,176
14,824
18,095
17, 223
28,536
40,766
50,815
49,958
41, 339
36, 237
35,916
37, 673
38, 524
51,654
92,157
147,009
4, 887, 000
4,972, 000
4, 756, 000
4, 358, 000
4,053, 000
3,954, 000
3,976, 000
4, 215, 000
4, 355, 000
4,623, 480
5,059,773
5, 668,187
34. 2
34. 5
33.6
31.2
29.9
29.7
31.0
33.6
35.0
36.6
38.9
42. 2
19. 2
19.5
18.9
18.0
17.4
17.7
19.1
21.4
3, 364, 770
3, 496, 979
3, 240, 523
2, 789, 627
2, 507, 732
2, 353, 657
2, 231, 513
2,376, 589
2, 483, 364
2, 534,952
2,771, 985
3,147,867
1932
J a n u a ry ----------------F eb ru ary _________ _____
M arch____ - --------- - - A pril------ --------------------M ay _________ --- --Ju n e______
Ju ly
_ ________________
9,318
9,096
8 , 395
6,029
4, 853
5, 384
20,944
18,856
17, 699
16, 885
13,189
12, 709
241, 487
293,198
303, 218
282, 013
262, 184
232, 371
262, 642
6 , 041, 910
6 , 128, 429
6 , 034,100
43.6
44. 1
44.6
43.9
43.3
43. 1
22.6
22 .6
22 .6
22 . 1
5, 934, 202
5, 582, 620
5,475, 778
5,393, 392
Com pulsory insurance
N um ber
of persons
registered
w ith em
ploym ent
exchanges
Christian
(B uda
pest)
N um ber
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.9
20.4
Great
B ritain
W holly unem
ployed
J u ly ...........................................
22.3
G reat B ritain and N orthern Ireland
D ate (end of m onth)
1930
J u ly _____________________
A u g u st------------------- -------Septem ber--. _- October
- - ---- -N ovem ber
- D ecem ber.
- - --1931
Jan u a ry
- ------F eb ru ary _____
M a r c h _______
. -----A p ril_______ M a y —. ----------- -- --------- -Ju n e __________ - --J u ly _____________________
A ugust_____- - - - - - --Septem ber___
.. October _ ----- N ovem ber
Decem ber- .
--------1932
J a n u a ry --------------------------F eb ru ary .
---- _ -----M arch ___________________
A p ril______
- . _
M ay _______________
2 2.2
22.0
2 1.8
Tem porary stop
pages
P ercen t N um ber Per cent
3, 481, 418
3, 525, 486
3, 323,109
2, 906, 890
2, 658, 042
2,484, 944
H ungary
Trade-unionists u n
employed
SocialDemo
cratic
1,405, 981
1,500,990
1,579, 708
1,725, 731
1, 836, 280
1,853, 575
12.4
13.1
13.9
14.8
14.9
664,107
618, 658
608, 692
593, 223
532, 518
646, 205
5.5
5.1
5.0
4.8
4.3
5.3
2,011,467
2, 039, 702
1,114,955
2, 200, 413
2, 274, 338
2, 392, 738
920
847
874
999
975
935
19, 081
21,013
22, 252
22,914
23, 333
24, 648
2, 044, 209
2, 073, 578
2, 052, 826
2, 027, 896
2, 019, 533
2, 037, 480
2, 073, 892
2,142, 821
2, 217, 080
2, 305, 388
2, 294, 902
2, 262, 700
16, 5
16.7
16.5
16.3
16.3
16.4
16.7
17.3
17.9
18. 1
18.0
17.7
618, 633
623, 844
612, 821
564, 884
558, 383
669, 315
732, 583
670, 342
663, 466
487, 591
439, 952
408, 117
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.5
5.4
5.9
5.4
5.3
3.8
3.4
3.2
2, 613, 749
2, 627, 559
2, 581, 030
2, 531, 674
2, 596, 431
2, 629, 215
2, 662, 765
2, 732, 434
2,879, 466
2, 755, 559
2, 656, 088
2, 569, 949
953
965
996
1,042
843
751
876
941
932
1,169
1, 240
26, 191
27, 089
27, 092
27,129
26,131
23, 680
26, 329
28, 471
28, 716
28,998
29,907
31,906
2, 354, 044
2, 317, 784
2, 233, 425
2, 204, 740
2,183, 683
2,145,157
18. 4
18.2
17.5
17.3
17. 1
16.8
500, 746
491, 319
426, 989
521, 705
638,157
697, 639
4.0
3.8
3.3
4. 1
5.0
5.5
2, 728,411
2, 701, 173
2, 567, 332
2, 652, 181
2, 741,306
2, 747, 343
2, 811, 782
1,182
1,083
1,024
961
922
32,711
32, 645
31, 340
30, 057
28,835
1 1 .6
1,0 2 0
507
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS----UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S -C o n tin u e d
Date (end of m onth)
1930
J u ly _________________________
A ugust________
_____
Septem ber ________ .
-----O ctober..
N ovem ber. . . . _______ . . . .
D ecem ber____________________
1931
J a n u a ry _____
F e b ru a ry . _____
___
M arch__________________ ____
A pril______________ ________
M a y _________ . . -------------June . . .
...
------Ju ly _________________________
A ugust_______ . . _________
Septem ber
.
____
O ctober___________ . . . --------N ovem ber.. ___ ________ . .
D ecem ber___
___________
1932
J a n u a ry ._. ------- ---------. .
F e b r u a r y __________ _______
M arch____
_______ . . . .
A pril_____________
________
M a y ... ___. ________________
____
. .
June
. . .
July
Irish Free
State
Italy
Latvia
Compul
sory insur
ance—
num ber
unem
ployed
N um ber of unem
ployed registered
N um ber .
unem
ployed
remaining
on live
register
W holly
unem
ployed
i930
J u ly _________________________
A ugust _
_______
Septem ber____ ______ ________
October_____ N ovem ber___
D ecem ber.-- ____ . .
______
1931
Ja n u a ry ___ - ___ __________
February ___ ___
M arch ___________ __________
A pril___
_ __ _
- .
M a y __ . . . .
_ _
J u n e ___
J u ly .. ______________________
A ugust _ ____ ____
- September _ _____
October
______
N ovem ber__________ _ __
D ecem ber__________________ .
1932
J a n u a ry _________ _______ ...
F e b ru a ry ___ _________________
M arch . .
. . ________
A pril_______ ___________ ____
M a y ___________________ J u n e ..
____ _
Ju ly _____ ___
__
_ __
U nem ploym ent in
surance societies—
unemployed
N um ber
(>)
o
20, 775
22,990
25, 022
26,167
342, 061
375, 548
394, 630
446, 496
534, 356
642,169
24, 209
24, 056
22, 734
19, 081
22,125
21, 788
607
573
1,470
6, 058
8, 608
10 , 022
29, 075
32, 755
35, 532
41, 088
46, 807
81, 204
28, 681
26, 825
25,413
23, 970
23.016
21, 427
21, 647
21, 897
23, 427
26, 353
30, 865
30, 918
722, 612
765, 325
707, 486
670, 353
635, 183
573, 593
637, 531
693, 273
747, 764
799, 744
878, 267
982, 321
27, 924
27, 110
27, 545
28, 780
26, 059
24, 206
25, 821
30, 636
29, 822
32, 828
30,967
32, 949
9, 207
8, 303
8, 450
6 , 390
1, 871
1,584
2,169
4, 827
7, 470
13, 605
18, 377
21, 935
100, 340
109, 235
102, 743
68, 860
60,189
59, 573
69, 026
70, 479
72, 733
84, 548
107, 372
147,107
31, 958
31,162
30,866
32, 252
35, 874
1,051, 321
1, 147, 945
1, 053, 016
1, 000, 025
968, 456
905, 097
931,291
33, 277
26, 321
31, 636
32, 720
35, 528
31, 710
26, 335
22 , 222
22, 912
14, 607
7, 599
145,124
139, 956
119, 423
121, 378
112, 325
113. 978
123, 947
New
Zealand
D ate (end of m onth)
Partially
unem
ployed
N etherlands
Tradeunionists,
num ber
unem
ployed
07,197
)
(0
08), 119
0
0(!)
2 38, 028
36, 981
40j 507
45, 264
47' 772
50, 033
5b 375
50, 266
47, 535
45, 140
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
245, 677
244,107
245, 383
248, 601
252, 451
2 1.8
14.3
12 . 2
11.7
13.3
15.3
15.7
18.0
18.5
27.8
27.0
25. 4
2 1 .6
21. 7
22.5
22.8
24.6
10.8
11,997
12, 923
17, 053
20, 363
24, 544
27,157
193, 687
173, 627
170, 467
165, 154
209, 912
299, 797
23, 236
24, 209
39, 110
36, 147
42, 689
36, 212
26.3
28, 596
29,107
29', 095
28, 477
25, 206
22, 736
20, 869
22, 431
27| 012
29, 340
32, 078
34, 789
340, 718
358, 925
372^ 536
351, 679
313,104
274j 942
255; 179
246; 380
246, 426
255; 622
266, 027
312, 487
38, 804
43 970
48; 226
41 fi1Q
33’ 434
93’ OQ3
90 950
99 703
99* QOQ
28; 800
43, 917
49, 393
35, 034
38,135
38, 952
37, 703
32, 127
28, 429
338, 434
350, 145
360, 031
339, 773
306, 801
252, 900
219, 900
51, 612
57, 606
55, 306
47, 206
39, 654
33, 679
Per cent
24.9
219.6
22.8
27.2
30.4
30.6
32. 5
30.8
28.3
1 N ot reported.
2 N ew series of statistics showing unemployed registered by the em ploym ent exchanges.
only workers wholly unem ployed b u t also those in term itten tly employed.
3 Strike ended.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23.2
23.5
N um ber
unem
ployed
rem aining
on live
register
11,692
(!)
11,213
14, 160
14, 354
15, 342
14, 629
13, 465
18.2
N um ber
unem
ployed
registered
w ith em
ploym ent
offices
13.4
15.7
18.0
21.4
25.5
10, 577
12, 633
8 .2
9.6
1 1 .8
N um ber
unem
ployed
remaining
on live
register
4, 723
5, 897
7,010
8,031
9, 396
11, 265
29, 048
7.6
R um ania
Trade-unionists (10
u n io n s ) u n e m
ployed
0
6. 7
Poland
Norway
N um ber
Per cent
Includes n o t
508
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
S T A T E M E N T O P U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S —C ontinued
Saar T e r
ritory
Sweden
Yugo
slavia
Switzerland
U nem ploym ent funds
D ate (ena of m onth)
N um ber
unem
ployed
registered
Trade-unionists
unemployed
N um ber
1930
Ju ly ___________________
August,__
_ _ _ _ ___
Septem ber . . . . . . . . . .
October.._ _____ . . . . .
N ovem ber__ . . .
. _
D ecem ber______ . ____
7,095
7,099
7,527
9,013
Per
cent
W holly unem
ployed
N um ber
15, 245
27,170
28, 539
34, 963
43, 927
57, 070
86, 042
9.8
12 . 2
15.3
22.9
1931
J a n u a r y ______________
F e b ru a ry ______________
M arch .
. . . .
A p ril________________
M a y --------------------------June ___ _ _ __ _ ____
Ju ly ----------------------------A ugust_____ ____ ____
Septem ber__
October
N ovem ber . .
D ecem b er... ______ . . .
18, 921
20, 139
18, 292
18, 102
14, 886
15, 413
17, 685
20, 205
21, 741
24, 685
28, 659
35, 045
69, 437
66 , 923
72, 944
64, 534
49, 807
45, 839
46, 180
48, 590
54, 405
65, 469
79, 484
110,149
19.8
18.4
19.3
17.5
13. 2
12 . 1
12. 4
12.7
13. 7
16. 4
19.9
27. 2
18, 991
10, 389
9, 174
12, 577
12 , 200
9, 754
15, 188
18, 000
25, 200
41,611
1932
Jan u a ry ___________ ____
F eb ru ary ____ _________
M arch __ _
A pril__________________
M a y _______ _______ ___
Ju n e .......... ......... _
38, 790
42, 394
44, 883
42,993
42, 881
40, 188
93, 272
93, 900
98, 772
82, 500
75,650
79, 338
24.5
23.0
24.4
21. 0
18. 9
19,5
44, 600
48, 600
40, 423
35, 400
35, 200
33, 742
1 2 ,110
7.8
8 .1
Per
cent
4, 751
5, 703
7, 792
7, 399
1 1 , 666
21, 400
1.9
2.3
2.5
3.0
4.7
6 .6
20, 551
8.3
7.9
5.4
4.0
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.8
20, 081
6 .6
1 0 .1
10 .6
11.3
9.0
7.7
7.6
7.1
P artially unem
ployed
N um ber
15,112
19, 441
26, 111
23, 309
25, 793
33, 483
30, 977
30, 879
41, 880
27, 726
26, 058
34, 266
39, 000
33, 346
42, 998
47, 200
51, 900
61, 256
67, 600
70, 100
62, 659
58, 900
54, 500
N um ber
of unem
ployed
registered
Per
cent
6 .2
7.9
8.3
9. 4
10. 5
10.4
12. 5
12 . 2
12.4
10 .6
9.9
9. 7
11. 3
12. 4
11. 2
13. 2
14.4
14.9
14.8
15.0
14.0
12 .6
11. 5
7, 236
6 , 111
5’ 973
6 , 609
7, 219
9,989
11, 903
14' 424
12' 029
11, 391
6 , 929
4,431
6, 672
7, 466
7, 753
10, 070
10, 349
14, 502
19, 665
21, 435
23, 251
18, 532
A 568
11,418
i w o E n glish P lan s for U tilizin g U n em p lo y m e n t
long-continued depression in England is leading to a number
of attempts, entirely outside of the national measures, for meeting
THE
the needs of certains groups or classes who are unable to find employ
ment, in such a way that the present relief methods will have a future
value. Recent issues of the Manchester Guardian give some details
as to two of these, each small in extent, dealing with widely different
classes, and planned to meet wholly dissimilar circumstances.
Self-Help Among Architects
O w i n g to various economy measures many architects and drafts
men, especially from the London County Council and other public
offices, have found themselves unemployed. For six months past the
Royal Institute of British Architects and the London Society have
been cooperating in a scheme to find and finance work for these within
their own profession. The more fortunate architects are contrib
uting to a fund, which now amounts to about £100 a week, and this is
spent m employing^ architects several days a week on preparing plans
and maps of the built-up area of London, and also on making drawings
and records of seventeenth and eighteenth century houses not formerly
r e c o r d e d A n exhibition of the work done was recently held, and in
the opening speech Lord Crawford pointed out that this is a unique
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
509
attempt on the part of the profession to help its members. The
kind and purpose of the work exhibited is discussed by the Manchester
Guardian:1
One of th e chief th in g s is a big surface u tilizatio n m ap of L ondon, b eau tifu lly
done in colors, w hich show s a t a glance th e d istrib u tio n of open spaces a n d th e
facto ry a n d resid en tial areas.
_
.
.
.
.
T here are m an y d etailed m aps of th e sam e kind, a n d all th is w ork is th e beginning of doing for C en tra l L ondon w h at th e G re a te r L ondon survey is doing for
th e areas on th e fringe. M uch of th is v aluable m a te ria l has n ev er been collected
before, a n d th e general aim , as L ord C raw ford p u t it, is “ to find o u t w h a t L ondon
is to -d ay before we m ake u p o u r m inds w h a t th e L ondon of th e fu tu re o u g h t to
b e.” T here are now 50 m en a t w ork e ith e r on zoning or p lan n in g fo r th e fu tu re
L ondon, a n d one im p o rta n t piece of w ork is th e p re p a ra tio n of a p la n for th e
redevelopm ent of N o rth K ensington a t th e req u est of th e K ensington H ousing
A ssociation
^ ^ ^
T he plans of L ondon th a t are now being p rep ared will be of th e g re a te st value
w hen, if ever, g reat schem es of reco n stru ctio n are u n d e rta k e n . H e boldly
looked forw ard to a tim e w hen th e com m u n ity w ould decide t h a t th e sensible
th in g to do w ith th e g rea t m ass of w orkless m en in th e b uilding a n d p ublic w orks
in d u stry will be to m obilize th e m for th e d estru ctio n a n d rebuilding of th e E a st
E nds of th e cities. T he arch itects, he suggested, h a d show n a w ay to w ard s such
a fu tu re by u n d e rtak in g p re p a ra to ry w ork w hich bad ly needs doing, a n d w hich
could never be done in b u sy tim es.
Three-Year Training Program for Homeless Unemployed
A t Blackpool the authorities responsible for the relief of the
“ casual poor/’ i. e., the homeless wanderers, are planning a campaign
for the reclamation and training of young people of this type. The
intention is to work in close cooperation with a private agency which
plans to take over a considerable estate with a large house and home
farm, and to use this in giving wayfarers a three years’ training in
farming and domestic and gardening work. The capital outlay for
this plan was estimated at £5,000.
U n e m p lo y m e n t R elief M easures in New Z ealand 2
March 23, 1932, J. G. Coates, the New Zealand minister
responsible for the handling of unemployment, presented to the
ONHouse
of Representatives a statement of the work of the unemploy
ment board, showing the measures in use and proposed for dealing
with the unemployed. Under the New Zealand law wide powers are
given to an unemployment board, which is financed by a levy made
on all employed males, and by a special income tax, originally fixed
at 3d. (6 cents) in the pound ($4.87), levied on all earned income,
except wages earned by girls and women in domestic service, and
wages paid to men on relief work or from the unemployment fund.
This tax also applied, with certain modifications, to income derived
from sources other than wages and salaries. (See Labor Review,
December, 1931, p. 88.)
In his statement Mr. Coates pointed out that there was ground for
congratulation in that the board had at least met the most extreme
need, and that the increase of unemployment had been checked.
In review ing th e p a s t few m o n th s we are able to see som e cause fo r satisfaction.
T he ra te of increase in th e n u m b er of registered unem ployed h as a t least been
2 D a ta are'from^New ’Zealand U nem ploym ent Board, Statem ents b y m inister in charge of unem ploy
m ent, 1931 and 1932. W ellington.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
510
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
arrested in th e m eantim e. T h e to ta l stood a t 51,408 on O ctober 5; it h as been
reduced by 7,000, a n d h as now been fairly c o n sta n t a t a b o u t 45,000 fo r several
weeks. T he figure on M arch 14 w as 44,399. A t th is period a y ear ago th e
steeply rising figures of un em p lo y m en t show ed no slackening w h atev er; th e
registrations, in fact, increased from 6,000 in O ctober to 31,000 in M arch la st
year.
Employment Plans in Use
T he board is bound to furnish relief in work, wherever that is
possible, and in endeavoring to meet this requirement, it has adopted
several schemes, some of which are in use in the United States, while
others have not yet been tried here. Camps for the unemployed have
been established, and up to the time of the report about 1,000 single
men had been transferred from the congested districts and employed
on highway construction. These camps had proved so successful
that the principle was to be extended and applied to other forms of
employment. A beginning had already been made in establishing
camps for married men “ to enable them to engage in more useful
work than they could be offered in the cities.”
Gold mining is another form of industry into which the unemployed
had been drafted by the unemployment board acting in cooperation
with the mines department.
W ith gold over £ 6 3 p er ounce as com pared w ith £ 3 17s. lOd. a y ear ago,
m an y w orkings w hich were n o t w o rth while h av e now becom e so. M ost of th e
m en o u t prospectin g a n d fossicking are now able to e arn a living w ith o u t assis
tance, an d som e h av e done q u ite well. Some h u n d red s of th ese m en in neces
sitous circum stances have been given a s ta rt from u n e m p lo y m en t funds. T he
u n em ploym ent fu n d will be recouped to th e e x te n t of 10 p er cen t of all gold
won.
Assistance to Agricultural Schemes
Two plans were adopted with the direct purpose of making un
employment relief helpful to the farmer. Under the first, farmers
might obtain subsidized workers, preferably for developmental work,
but not necessarily so. If not developmental, the work must be pro
ductive, and proof was required that the labor furnished would be
additional to that which would otherwise be employed, and that it
would not operate to displace men already at work. Under such
circumstances the board furnished 10s. a week for single and £1
per week for married men, the farmer providing food and lodging.
This plan is to be continued and extended, the board now undertaking
to furnish huts, or the material for them, if the farmer is unable to
provide lodging. Under the second plan, the board undertook to pay
one-third of the wages of men engaged on contract to develop farm
land, the farmer providing food and lodging; apparently, however,
this plan proved less satisfactory than the first, for Mr. Coates makes
no reference to continuing it.
Rural Allotments for Families
T he drop in unem ploym ent, it is pointed out, has n o t been uniform
th ro u g h o u t th e different classes of the workless, th e decrease having
been g reatest am ong those whom it is easiest to handle.
A lthough th e to ta l of registered unem ployed has fallen in th e p a st five m o n th s
th ere is one group in w hich th e n um bers have n o t fallen, a n d th a t is th e m arried
3
Pound a t par=$4.87; exchange rate for June, 1932=$3.65.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF
511
m en in cities. W hile th e to ta l of single m en registered as unem ployed in th e four
m ain cities has fallen from 9,000 to 7,000— a drop of 23 p e r cent— th e n u m b er of
unem ployed m arried m en in th e cities was 11,500 in O ctober, a n d is still 11,200
in M arch— a negligible d rop of 2 p er cent.
To meet this situation, it is proposed to move as many as possible
of such families to the country under a scheme of rural allotments,
with precautions against the difficulties which usually arise when an
attempt is made to set up city workers on farms.
Sections of from 5 to 10 acres will be acq u ired by a n y form of te n u re w hich is
m o st su itab le to th e case, a n d a co ttag e of th e public-w orks ty p e will be erected
th ereon. T h e allo tm en ts will be d is trib u te d th ro u g h o u t ru ra l d istricts. T h e
o ccu p an t of th e section will w ork som e of th e tim e for him self on his place in p ro
viding his ow n sustenance, a n d p a rt of th e tim e fo r a n ear-b y farm e r o r anyone
in th e lo cality who can em ploy him . I t is recognized t h a t relief w orkers who are
th u s m oved o u t will n o t im m ediately be able to e arn a n in d ep en d e n t livelihood.
Some p a r t of th e p resen t relief allow ance m u st th erefo re be continued. A gain,
th e re are m an y cases w here a landow ner could m ak e av ailab le to a w orker a p o r
tio n of his lan d , a n d th e o c cu p an t w ould w ork in th e sam e w ay— th a t is to say,
p a r t of th e tim e on his allo tm en t, a n d p a r t for farm ers in th e d istric t. * * *
T his m a tte r of placing unem ployed on ru ra l allo tm en ts has been carefully con
sidered. W e are well aw are of its difficulties a n d of its lim ita tio n s; i t is n o t w holly
a lan d -se ttle m e n t schem e, b u t ra th e r a n em ergency m easure to m ove some
th o u san d s of persons in to a n en v iro n m en t w ith o p p o rtu n ities for th e individual.
A t th e very least it will provide a shelter u n til th e sto rm has passed over, a n d is
certain ly preferable to keeping fam ilies in congested areas w ith little hope or
o p p o rtu n ity .
Other Lines of Work
M r . C o a t e s mentions several other contemplated plans for employ
ing men usefully, but gives no details as to the amount of work which
they may be expected to provide. Among them are land drainage,
the reclamation of tidal flats, the reclamation of virgin land, and road
work, particularly in districts where good roads are scarce. Gold
prospecting and gold mining especially are to be pushed.
Cost and Financing of Unemployment Relief
T h e income of the unemployment fund, Mr. Coates stated, was at
that time £2,500,000 a year, and its expenditures were practically the
same amount. More revenue would be needed for the coming year.
Carrying out the plans for transferring the unemployed from the cities
to the country, while profitable in the long run, would require a higher
initial cost than caring for them where they were; a considerable pro
portion of the men employed on public works and paid from capital
funds would have to be taken over by the unemployment board, and so
likewise would certain classes of the unemployed now helped by other
public agencies. An increase in the tax rate seemed inevitable, and
Parliament would be asked to raise the special tax to Is. in the pound.
The New Zealand unemployment plan has been criticized on the
ground that while women are taxed for its support it makes no provi
sion for helping them if unemployed. In the present statement Mr.
Coates makes no mention of unemployed women, and if any work for
their relief is being undertaken, he does not refer to it.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LAND SETTLEMENT FOR UNEMPLOYED
M igration to and from F arm s in 1931 1
HE farm population was 31,260,000 persons on January 1, 1932,
as compared with 30,612,000 on January 1, 1931, a gain of
648,000, according to an estimate of the United States Department
of Agriculture. The increase in 1931 was the largest and most sig
nificant recorded by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the 10
years in which the bureau has been estimating changes in population.
For seven years of this period annual decreases were reported and
only during 1930 and 1931 were appreciable gains indicated.
The bureau estimates that 1,472,000 persons left farms for towns
and cities last year, and that 1,679,000 persons moved farmward.
For the year 1930 it was estimated that 1,766,000 persons moved
from cities to farms and 1,727,000 persons moved from farms to
cities—these two movements almost balancing each other. There
was a slight decrease in the number of persons going to farms in 1931,
and a considerable decrease in the number going to cities.
In the movement from cities to farms for'both 1930 and 1931, and
continuing into 1932, were many farmers’ sons and daughters who
had previously migrated to towns and cities. Many of these upon
losing their city jobs have returned to the home farm, many bringing
families with them. Some city families have found refuge on the
farms of other relatives.
These figures do not take into account another change that has been
widely heralded as a “ back-to-the-farm ” movement, a change that
has been under way since 1930. Many city and town families are
now planting subsistence gardens of / to 2 acres where formerly
they purchased all of their foods. Some of these families have moved
to abandoned farms as a means of lowering their house rents, in addi
tion to raising some of their foods; others have obtained small plots
of ground close enough to their present homes to avoid moving.
Relief agencies in several cities have aided by furnishing seeds, fer
tilizer, some gardening equipment, and the use of plots of ground.
In a lesser number of_cases these agencies have moved families to
houses where some cultivable plots of ground would be more accessible.
The bureau points out that this movement is not a genuine “ backto-the-farm’’movement, since very few of the people are engaging in
farming as a business, but is almost wholly an attempt to obtain
low-cost housing and partial subsistence. For the relief agencies,
it is a means of reducing somewhat the cash cost of meeting the mini
mum^ subsistence needs of persons for whom they are caring. In
addition, it gives the unemployed something to do and for some of
the children it means an opportunity to benefit by an abundance of
fresh air and sunshine.
T
1
Press release of U. S. D ep artm en t of Agriculture, dated J u ly 15, 1932.
512
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
513
LAND SETTLEM ENT FOR UNEMPLOYED
The number of persons leaving farms exceeded the number arriving
at farms in 1931 only in the New England and South Atlantic States.
In each of the remaining seven geographic divisions, the movement
countryward exceeded the movement cityward, being most pro
nounced in the East North Central States, West North Central
States, and West South Central States.
These population estimates are based upon information supplied
to the bureau by thousands of farm families all over the country.
They are not, however, strictly comparable with figures published in
previous years by the bureau, because this report has been revised
on the basis of the 1930 census. The statistics concerning popula
tion movements to and from farms for the period 1920 to 1930 are
being revised so as to take into account the 1930 census as well as
the trends indicated by sampling reports obtained annually from
farmers by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
The following figures show the estimated number of persons mov
ing to and from farms in 1931, and the estimated farm population on
January 1, 1931 and 1932, as given by the Bureau of Agricultural
Economics:
E S T IM A T E D N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S M O V IN G TO A N D F R O M F A R M S IN 1931, A N D
E S T IM A T E D F A R M P O P U L A T IO N ON JA N U A R Y 1, 1931 A N D 1932
N um ber of persons mov
ing, 1931—
F arm population
Geographic division
From farms
Jan. 1, 1932
46, 000
92, 000
265, 000
356, 000
156, 000
134, 000
381, 000
105, 000
144, 000
48.000
90.000
217, 000
288, 000
184.000
119.000
300, 000
92.000
134, 000
572, 000
1, 741, 000
4,614, 000
5,166, 000
6,032, 000
5, 276,000
5, 531, 000
1,163,000
1,165, 000
571, 000
1,724, 000
4, 530, 000
5,047,000
5, 942, 000
5,157, 000
5, 364, 000
1,132, 000
1,145, 000
1, 679,000
1, 472, 000
31, 260, 000
30, 612, 000
To farms
N ew E n g l a n d .____ _ _ __________ _
M iddle A tlan tic____ _ _ ________ __________
E ast N orth C en tral_______________________
W est N o rth C entral_______________ _
South A tlantic . _ . _ ______________________
E ast South C entral __ _ _ __________
W est South C en tral.-- ___________ .
M ountain.
______
________
Pacific____________________________
Total
___
_ __________
Jan. 1, 1931
S e ttle m e n t of U n em p loyed on Land in New B ru nsw ick
HE New Brunswick Government is taking initial steps for estab
lishing new settlements for the unemployed on the Crown lands
of the Province, according to a report from Frederick C. Johnson, the
American vice consul at Fredericton, New Brunswick, under date of
June 8, 1932. Surveys of the agricultural potentialities of these
public lands are being made by the officials of the New Brunswick
Department of Lands and Mines. The new settlements are to be
located in the central and southern St. John River Valley, and the
settlers will be recruited mainly from the cities of Fredericton and
St. John, where numerous families are undergoing hardships as a
result of unemployment. Fredericton will probably furnish 80 fam
ilies for settlement on these lands.
The scheme under which the relief money will be disbursed to the
families is participated in by the Dominion, the provincial, and the
municipal governments. Each family will be allotted $600 and 100
acres of land and will be obliged to reside on the land and cultivate a
T
136143°— 32------ 4
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minimum of 10 acres. The settlers from Fredericton will be granted
acreages in the St. John River Valley approximately 25 miles south
of that city, where the main trunk highway cuts through the Crown
lands. Wherever it is practicable the new settlements will be located
within a short distance of a city or town, so that neighboring markets
will be available, as this is highly important in the placement of
settlers.
Every municipality in New Brunswick has been circularized for the
purpose of ascertaining how many prospective settlers these cities and
towns will contribute. It is intended to select settlers who have had
more or less experience in farming and persons who are physically
fitted to be pioneers. Baek-to-the-land schemes are being recom
mended not only in New Brunswick but in other Canadian Provinces
“ as one of the most effective means to relieve unemployment.” It is
believed that, undoubtedly, the settlers will be able to raise enough
vegetables to meet their requirements for next winter, and will
probably produce a surplus which may be sold in the near-by markets.
Farm S e ttle m e n ts in Q uebec
present economic depression has stimulated the promotion of
land settlement in the Province of Quebec through the return to
T HE
abandoned farms in sections which have long been cultivated and also
through the colonization of hitherto uncultivated regions. The settlers
are French Canadians who have been living in New England cities
and factory towns and French-Canadian families or individuals from
the cities and factory towns of the Province of Quebec. A report on
this movement, which is sponsored by the provincial government of
Quebec and the Catholic Church, has been prepared by Wesley Frost,
American consul general at Montreal, under date of May 30, 1932,
and is here summarized.
Racial Constitution of Rural Population
I n 1931 the population of the Province of Quebec was 2,870,000,
French Canadians constituting 80 per cent of the people. Twothirds of the remaining 20 per cent were English, Scotch, and Irish
stock and one-third were immigrants from continental Europe and
their immediate descendants. At present the rural population is
only 37 per cent of the total, while in 1891 the proportion was 77
per cent. In recent decades the Anglo-Saxon farmers have deserted
the soil of Quebec, possibly because their relatively small families and
their insistence upon certain living standards have placed them at a
disadvantage as compared with the French Canadians.
Population distribution and migration.—The French Canadians have
such large families that they have been able to take over agriculture
completely and also to maintain their full share in the exceedingly
rapid expansion of the urban population. In 1928 the Quebec birth
rate was 31.6 per 1,000 and would be considerably higher for the
French-speaking population alone.1
So great has been the pressure of population that many young
French Canadians have emigrated to New England. According to
1 T he b irth rate of the U nited States for th a t year was 19.8 per 1,000 in the registration areas (including
95 per cent of the population).
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the United States census, there were in 1930 no less than 264,241
French Canadians born in the Dominion residing in the six New Eng
land States. In recent years, however, immigration has been de
clining and had dwindled to small dimensions even before the adoption
of the present immigration policy by the United States.
Effects of the industrial depression.—As employment decreased in
1929 and 1930 in the lumber and pulp and paper industries of the
factory villages and towns along the Ottawa Valley and in the hinter
land to the north of the Montreal-Quebec section of the St. Lawrence
River, substantial numbers of workingmen, chiefly French Canadians,
flocked to Montreal and other large cities to look for jobs. As the
depression^ deepened the industries in Montreal were compelled to
reduce their personnel and the unemployment situation became criti
cal. ^ It is estimated that 80,000 people were unemployed in that city,
the island of Montreal having a population of just over 1,000,000. As
there are relatively fewer women employed in Montreal industries
than in New England industries, the proportion of heads of families
out of work was higher in the Canadian city. Never before in the
history of the Province has the unemployment problem been so
severe. Public works begun in 1930 and 1931 with the view of fur
nishing employment have to a great extent been terminated, and it is
doubtful whether governmental borrowing to extend such projects in
1932 and 1933 will be practicable.
Resettling Abandoned Farms
Desertion offarms in long-settled sections.—In 1931 there were 136,061
farms under cultivation in Quebec, according to the Canadian
census for that year. This was a decrease of 1.1 per cent as com
pared with the number in 1921, the 1921 figure in turn representing a
decline of 8.7 per cent as compared with that of 1911.
In ad d itio n , th e census shows 2,746 farm s as v a c a n t in Quebec. T h e n e t
decrease, m oreover, is due to th e ab a n d o n m e n t of farm s in th e 40 lo ng-settled
counties. (T he 26 counties co ntaining new settlem en ts show ed slightly increased
num bers of activ e farm s, alth o u g h large n um bers of new -land farm s even in th ese
counties h av e been ab an d o n ed while still in th e process of being cleared.)
A griculture here has been fa r from prosperous; a n d q u ite in d ep en d e n tly of
th e depression, th e re has existed for several years p a st a serious problem of farm
discontent.
Since 1926 the prices of all kinds of farm products have decreased.
The prevailing cost of land has declined somewhat in recent years, so
that the French Canadians living in the cities who contemplate going
back to the land have the impression that they can obtain farms on
desirable terms.
Recent back-to-the-land movement.—A considerable number of FrenchCanadian factory workers who have had no jobs for the last two years
have thus been able to consider returning to their own farm lands or
purchasing comparatively low-priced abandoned farms.
Up to the present nothing has been done by the provincial govern
ment to regulate this movement. “ It is only the industrial crisis in
the manufacturing areas that has induced French-Canadian workingclass people themselves to contemplate resuming rural life; and this
crisis is, of course, very recent.” In many instances city residents have
merely returned to their parents or relatives living on farms. In
other instances the bargains in farm lands in the section of the Province
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from which the urban workers came have been an incentive for such
workers to return to their native districts. While there are no sta
tistics on this movement, it is known that it has reached considerable
proportions. In view of the probable increasingly critical situation
resulting from unemployment and the exhaustion of funds for public
works, it is suggested that many families, rather than apply for
direct relief, will go of their own accord to the rural regions where
they can at least get some kind of an independent living. “ It would
not be surprising to see the establishment of a system of subsidies
and premiums devoted particularly to the rehabilitation of the longsettled farming counties by transferring back to them from the cities
those unemployed elements which are best suited to the resumption
of agricultural pursuits. ”
Repatriation of French Canadians from New England
I n 1930 the Quebec movement to repatriate French Canadians in
the United States gained momentum, and a permanent office of the
Quebec Ministry of Colonization, Game, and Fisheries was established
in New Hampshire. In that year 347 families, including 1,708 per
sons, were placed for the most part upon abandoned farms in the
south central section of the province and are reported in most cases as
having readapted themselves easily to farm life. In 1931 no fewer
than 455 families (2,173 persons) were recruited and distributed
mainly in the long-settled farming areas between the border of the
United States and the St. Lawrence River. _In the summer of 1931 it
was reported that 95 per cent of the families who_ had gone back in
1930 were still on the farms. These returned families are those who
have been least successful in the United States or who are not willing
to adapt themselves to American customs.
Apart from the repatriation induced by governmental activities and
subventions, there has been a constant flow of French Canadians
voluntarily returning from the United States as a result of the reduc
tion of employment in the textile and other industries in New England
since the war.
In view of the employment situation, however, it is probable that
in securing settlers for farms in the long-cultivated sections less effort
will hereafter be made to get French Canadians from the New England
States and the colonization movement is likely to be more and more
restricted to its local and intraprovincial aspects.
Colonization of New Lands
Uncultivated regions adaptable for settlement.-—The area of the
Province of Quebec is 594,000 square miles, excluding Ungava or New
Quebec. The rigorous climate in the northern districts has resulted
in leaving both the private and public domains chiefly for lumbering
(including wood pulp for newsprint paper), mining, and hydroelectric
developments. In certain sections south of the forty-ninth parallel
of latitude large areas are considered by many persons as being sus
ceptible of settlement. These areas are generally well wooded.
Thus the first task of the settler is to clear the land, and this has in
some regions been facilitated through forest fires. A few years ago
the provincial government undertook to clear some parts of each
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homestead before its purchase by the settler. This procedure, how
ever, was found too expensive and was abandoned.
Each county of Quebec has its provincial agricultural expert, and in
the colonization regions these salaried agronomists are more numerous.
They are instrumental in obtaining free livestock, lime, etc., for the
homesteaders who are most needy and deserving.
The provincial government has always been willing to allow pros
pective settlers to take up grants from Crown lands, but until recently
the only outstanding encouragement in this connection was the con
struction of roads. “ Schools and chapels have also been built by the
Province in such regions, the latter only recently with unemployment
relief funds.”
On June 30, 1930, the completely surveyed provincial lands avail
able for immediate purchase by prospective settlers totaled 8,463,816
acres. The total areas, however, disposed of in recent years have
averaged about 165,000 acres per annum. Admittedly, a very large
percentage of the sales are not permanent, as the would-be colonists
become discouraged and go back to the more cultivated regions of the
Province. In 1930, for instance, the Province sold 164,696 acres,
and 121,461 acres were returned by previous purchasers.
Conditions oj sale to homesteaders.—Practically ever since Canadian
confederation in 1867 settlers have been able to buy uncleared lands
from the Province of Quebec for 60 cents an acre. The first payment
has varied from $10 to $20 and at present stands at the first-mentioned
figure.
The remaining payments are now spread over five years, although
formerly they were made in three annual installments. As a rule
each pioneer settler is restricted to tracts of 100 acres, but if he has
four or more children under 16 years of age he may be granted a
second tract of the same size.
Within ayear and a half after he has received his location ticket, each
settler is required to build a house 16 by 20 feet on his homestead, and
he must reside there continuously until he secures his letters patent.
Within five years after first occupancy each settler is also required to
construct a barn at least 20 by 25 feet and a stable at least 15 by 20
feet. _ The barn and stable, however, may be under the same roof and
constitute one building.
Settlers may use the timber on their homesteads freely for their own
buildings and fences, and they may also cut and sell their timber
commercially, provided they comply with the same regulations which
govern timber companies relative to payment of stumpage fees,
precautions against fire, etc. Homesteaders may also earn bonuses
of $12 per acre up to 20 acres for clearing their land and $12 per acre
up to 10 acres for first plowing.
Reduced transportation rates.—A prospective settler on public land is
granted a reduction in railroad fare when he visits regions to select
land for settlement. He also has the advantage of reduced rates for
himself, his family, and his possessions to the selected locality.
Governmental employment and direct relief.—With a view to aiding
homesteaders in their first two or three seasons, the settlers are ordi
narily furnished employment on public construction works. The
building of barracks, schools, and chapels also provides temporary
work. During the last two seasons, besides the regular colonization
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road projects, some special employment-relief bridge and road build
ing has been done, but this has apparently been given up.
According to a reliable private estimate, $416,000 was expended by
the Province during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1932, for direct
relief to settlers, including food, household necessities, and clothing.
The number of families assisted was 4,285. A moderate proportion
of the funds was furnished by the Dominion Government.
Supplemental indirect relief costing $613,400 was also provided,
benefiting 5,000 families. The Dominion Government contributed
$98,600 of the amount.
Sales of wood— Local jobs.—The depression has greatly affected the
newsprint-paper mills in the remote regions of Quebec, so that the
revenue which colonists secured from the extraction and sale of pulpwood has been reduced, pulpwood selling at $7 per cord only two or
three years ago, while now the price is $3.50, with limited purchases.
T he sam e is tru e w ith resp ect to th e c u ttin g of wood for lum ber, as th e lum ber
business is w orse th a n sta g n a n t an d its m a rk e t p ractically dead. I t is said th a t
th e lum ber dealers were rapacious in dealing w ith th e hom esteaders, ravishing
th eir tra c ts of all th e finest tim b e r and p aying ridiculously low prices. T his
has p a rtly accounted for th e extensive a b a n d o n m e n t of h om esteads, an d m an y
settlers have m erely ta k e n u p lan d s for th e p urpose of realizing quick gains by
selling th e ir tim b er to lu m b er dealers of dubious ch aracter.
Free land for returned soldiers.—In the fiscal year ending March 31,
1932, under the Quebec soldier settlement act, 24 grants of land totaling
2,400 acres were made by the ministry of colonization to returned
soldiers.2
Results of colonization work.—According to the statistics of the pro
vincial colonization and propaganda agency at Quebec, 25,482 settlers’
certificates were issued by that office during the seven years closing
June 30, 1931. In addition it is estimated that during the same period
11,666 certificates have been issued in various towns, making a total
in round numbers of 37,000 certificates, which, the report states,
should be increased by approximately 50 per cent to ascertain the
number of persons involved. “ According to the reports of individual
colonization missionaries, however, the estimate which would thus
be reached—about 55,500 persons—would be well below the actual
total of persons migrating onto homesteads.”
There is considerable variation in the estimates as to the number of
persons who actually took up residence in the colonization areas of
Quebec in 1931. The American consul general at Montreal considers
that 20,000 is probably the best estimate, although one of the most
zealous colonizing propagandists declares that not over 1,900 new
homesteads were opened during that year, which would represent ap
proximately 10,000 persons.
Even the most ardent promoters of colonization acknowledge that
the settlers face a life of hardship and strenuous labor—quite compar
able to pioneer settlers in the United States 100 years or more ago,
except that the weather is not so favorable and there is much less hope
of becoming prosperous.
It is not surprising, the report states, that a large percentage of the
prospective colonists give up their projects after one or two seasons
and return to the localities from which they came.
2
T h e D om inion G o vernm ent’s soldiers’ lan d settlem en t scheme has cost C anada $54,000,000 and is
still piling up losses of $1,000,000 per year.
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The following figures show the acreages of lands purchased from the
Province and of lands returned to it after revocation of sales from
1925 to 1930:
T able 1.—A C R E S SOLD TO A N D R E T U R N E D B Y C O L O N IST S IN Q U E B E C , 1926-26
TO 1929-30
Year
1925-26____________________
1926-27____________________
1927-28 ___________________
1928-29
________________
1929-30 _ . ____________
Acres sold
Acres returned
100, 360
49, 812
97, 278
107, 130
121,461
175,511
167,864
156,897
145, 371
162, 814
The population of specified colonization areas in the Province of
Quebec in 1921 and 1931 was as follows:
T able 2 .—P O P U L A T IO N OF S P E C IF IE D D IS T R IC T S OF Q U E B E C , 1921 A N D 1931
Population
D istrict
A b itib i____ ____
_____
Temiskaming_
..........
Lake St. John__ ...............
Saguenay. _______________
Chicoutim i
_______ . . .
Gaspe . .
____
. . .
Tem iscouata _ .
. . . .
Rimouski
.
_.
1921
1931
13,647
11, 764
35, 539
14, 705
37, 578
40, 375
44,310
27, 520
20, 801
22,113
50, 539
19, 577
55, 724
45,375
50, 163
33, 151
According to the American consul, “ the census results can not be
regarded as encouraging to the advocates of the colonization move
ment ” when consideration is given to the fact that much of the expan
sion in population may be accounted for by the progress in industry
and mineral developments in some of these districts and by the
exceedingly high birth rate of the French Canadians.
Attitude of governmental authorities.—It is doubtful whether the
provincial government of Quebec will continue its expenditures for
settlers. “ The minister of roads is said to have stated openly that
road making will not be carried on in 1932; and the minister of
agriculture has taken the position that the regular agriculture of the
Province must be restored to some slight measure of prosperity before
it is expanded by the addition of farmsteads in regions not favorable
to farming.” The treasury of the Province has been affected severely
by the depression.
Undoubtedly, the unemployment relief construction work carried
on in the past two years has substantially aided colonization by provid
ing labor for settlers in need of cash for food in the early period of
their homesteading. These projects were conducted under an agree
ment that one-third of the cost thereof was to be met by the Dominion
Government, one-third by the Province, and one-third by local govern
ments. The Dominion Government has stated that it is not willing
to go on with this scheme for the current year; and the financial
situation of the local governments will not permit them to continue
under such arrangement. The Premier of Quebec has announced
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that the provincial government will extend an undetermined amount
of assistance for colonization, but that its program has not yet been
fully formulated.
The municipal government of Montreal has more than once ex
pressed its willingness to furnish a certain amount of aid to deport
unemployed families with rural backgrounds either to forsaken farms
or to pioneer colonization regions. The city officials insist, however,
that comparatively few persons who are without jobs in that munic
ipality have either the experience or the physique necessary to make
a success on the land.
The acting minister of labor and immigration for the Dominion
has reiterated that the Federal Government will not finance this year
any general plan for farm settlement, but it does propose “ to estab
lish a fund on the basis of what would presumably be required to
furnish direct relief to those people who will go on the land. These
amounts would be capitalized up to a certain period in the future.
The fund would be administered by the Provinces and it would be
stipulated that the Crowm lands be utilized for providing farms.”
(Montreal Gazette, April 29, 1932.) Such arrangement would depend
upon the agreement of the Provinces and municipalities to participate
in the relief system.
Progress of L a n d -S e ttle m e n t P rogram in G erm an y 1
HE land-settlement movement in Germany, which dates back to
1887, has been given a new impetus by the depression and the
decrease in the price of farm land, so much so that the number of new
homesteads doubled between 1928 and 1931. From 1887 to 1918 the
number of homesteads created wTas 45,000, and since that time 48,375.
In addition 86,000 small farms have been enlarged by giving the
farmers more land. Farm laborers to the number of 29,000 have been
given a house and small lot. In the 45 years of its existence the move
ment, therefore, has resulted in the creation of 122,375 individual
farms, averaging about 25 acres each.
The purpose of the land-settlement movement is to relieve the un
employment situation, to check the farm-to-city movement, to break
up large estates into small farms, and to foster the growth of a stable
class of small and independent landowners.
The settlement movement has developed in three directions:
(1) d he purchase, by the State and by other public and semipublic
organizations, of large bankrupt or semibankrupt estates, which are
to be cut up into small tracts and turned over to settlers; (2) the pro
vision of houses with small plots of ground for farm laborers; and (3)
the enlargement of such plots into self-supporting farms by the addi
tion of more land.
T
Settlement on Large Estates
T h e present land-settlement movement is based on the Federal
settlements law of 1919, which provided that land for settlement
should be preferably taken from large bankrupt estates. It has been
estimated that by breaking up such estates the number of people
afforded a livelihood is doubled. During the period 1919 to 1931 ap
proximately 49,000 farms were created in this manner.
1D ata are from report b y C. W . Gray, A merican vice consul a t Berlin, Ju ly 12, 1932.
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In 1931 approximately 9,000 “ self-maintaining ” farms were created,
as compared with 7,441 in 1930 and 5,545 in 1929. In 1928 there were
4,253 farms created, while the average during the years 1919 to 1928 was
2,643. The comparison becomes still more striking if the area actually
distributed in the form of agricultural settlements is taken under
consideration. The average area distributed annuallyfrom 1919 to 1928
amounted to 64,220 acres, in 1929 it amounted to 150,670 acres, in
1930 to 212,420 acres, and in 1931 to 239,590 acres. From the passage
of the Federal settlements law of 1929 until the end of 1931, approxi
mately 48,375 self-maintaining agricultural units were created in
Germany, covering something like 1,235,000 acres.
The greater part of the post-war land settlement has taken place
east of the Elbe River, where a majority of the large farms are.
These eastern Provinces, especially East Prussia, which are largely
agricultural, have been particularly hard hit by the depression and
have been the object of special attention on the part of the Govern
ment through the eastern relief law. It is, therefore, natural that the
land-settlement movement has been stressed in those sections, and as
a result most of the new settlements of the last three years have been
created there.
The Prussian Minister of Agriculture in 1929 ordered that in the
future a larger number of unemployed farm laborers should be given
consideration in the distribution of land derived from the division of
large farms in Prussia, and that those farm laborers who had been in
the employ of the former landowner should be given preference over
other applicants. Since that time about one-half of the settlers in
Prussia have been farm hands who formerly worked on the estate,
and the other half have been free-lance farm laborers, former inde
pendent farmers who have lost their property, and other persons in
some way or other connected with the soil.
Houses and Lots for Farm Laborers
T h e idea of providing German farm laborers with small farms of
their own, consisting of a small dwelling house, a barn, and a small
piece of land usually not larger than 2 acres, was inaugurated some
years ago. Such small plots do not furnish a livelihood for their own
ers ; the latter earn their living by working as farm laborers on near-by
agricultural enterprises. The main purpose of this movement has
been to provide German agriculture with a sufficient supply of farm
hands to replace those foreign farm laborers taken on for seasonal
work from neighboring countries.
Up to 1931 approximately 29,000 of these small farms were created
in the State of Prussia alone. A large number of these settlers, how
ever, have lost their regular jobs and have therefore been forced to
maintain themselves on their small plots. This development has
necessitated the enlargement of these small holdings in order to place
the inhabitants on an independent financial basis. Land for this
purpose has been taken from State farms or cleared State forest land.
Provision of Additional Land
D u r i n g the past three years the enlargement of farm laborers’
holdings has made great progress. In 1929, 25,935 acres were distrib
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uted in this way; in 1930 the figure jumped to 39,273 acres, and in 1931
to 54,340 acres.
This movement has been extended also to cover farms considered
too small or too poor to afford the owner a reasonable prospect of live
lihood. Since 1919 additional land has been distributed to 86,000
farms, the total land so given amounting to 291,340 acres, an average
of 3% acres per farm.
Financing of Land Settlement in Prussia
A n u m b e r of State institutions, both for the financing of new
settlements and the enlargement of small settlements, have been
formed in Prussia and in the other German States.
In Prussia a number of semigovernmental land-settlement societies
have been formed, the membership of which is made up of counties,
cities, Provinces, and agricultural societies. These societies are the
backbone of the whole movement for farm settlement.
An instance may be given of how the land-settlement plan is carried
out: Thus, a bankrupt estate is bought up by one of the land-settle
ment societies. It is broken up into small farms and distributed to
persons considered by the society to be responsible and capable.
The individual settler receives from the German Settlement Bank a
short-term loan—usually for six months—for the purpose of buying
seed, implements, and other things necessary to put the farm on a
producing basis. The funds for this loan come from the Prussian
State Bank or the Bent and Credit Bank. As soon as the farm is in
operation the settler receives another loan from the Prussian Mortgage
Bank with which he pays off his two creditors, the settlement society
and the German Settlement Bank; this loan is secured by a mortgage
on the settler’s farm running usually 40 to 50 years. As before
mentioned, the Prussian Mortgage Bank obtains its funds from the
sale of mortgage bonds and from incoming payments of settlers.
Effect on Unemployment
S e t t l e m e n t of the German type affords very little relief for the
unemployment situation, except that, to a certain extent, it imposes
a check on the farm-to-city movement. It is not believed that
unemployed industrial workers will be taken into consideration for
land settlement to any great extent during the next 5 or 10 years, even
if the number of settlements distributed per year is doubled, as is
intended by the government authorities. As 9,000 farms were
distributed during 1931 (8,000 in Prussia alone), this would mean
that about 18,000 homesteads per year are considered the standard
which is to be reached either in this year or the next. At the very
utmost it might be possible to distribute as many as 25,000 or 30,000
farms per year. This would mean that 12,000 to 15,000 families per
year would find a new means of livelihood, the other 12,000 or 15,000
farms being given to former farm hands. In other words, in the
course of, say, 10 years it might be possible to provide 120,000 to
150,000 families with sufficient land to offer them a means of existence
and to keep them from burdening the labor market.
The above number is not impressive, as in 10 years the total number
of persons kept from being unemployed in this manner would not
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LAND SETTLEMENT FOR UNEMPLOYED
523
amount to more than 300,000, assuming that there are two persons to
a f amily who may be considered laborers in the usual sense of the word.
On the other hand, it must not be forgotten that unemployment
relief in this manner is of a permanent nature, whereas all other
plans are generally temporary expedients, involving work for not
more than six months or a year. The present practice of giving a
very small number of the agricultural settlements to industrial workers
who at one time or another have already done farming work may be
continued, but even in that case the number of industrial workers to
which this practice would apply would amount to no more than a few
thousand.
At the present rate of land settlement and considering the amount of
land available, the movement could be continued for a period of
something like 66 years. Within this period approximately 1,000,000
families could be placed on an independent financial basis in addition
to the million families whose heads are now occupied as farm hands.
This would mean that in the course of 66 years the entire land now in
the hands of large landowners would be divided up into small farms
and distributed among the former farm hands and others, which
development is not very likely, at least under present political con
ditions in Germany.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INSURANCE, PENSION, AND THRIFT
PLANS
E ffect of th e D ep ression on 20 S tock -O w n ersh ip P lan s 1
industrial relations section of Princeton University has fol
lowed the course of the stock-ownership movement for several
THE
years and has compiled statistics from time to time indicating the
current situation as to the movement. The extent of employee
ownership of company stock was analyzed in the earlier summaries,
but on account of the shift in interest to the effects of the depression
the statistics collected since 1929 have dealt mainly with the financial
elements of the plans. For this purpose a group of 20 companies was
selected late in 1929, which is regarded as fairly representative of the
movement as a whole.
The group selected contains some of the largest companies in the
country and includes 4 oil companies, 2 railroads, 2 public utilities,
and 2 steel companies, in addition to a number of manufacturing
companies and 1 large chain-store system. In normal times these
companies employ approximately 1,500,000 workers.
The net effect of changing market prices on the present gain or loss
to the employee purchasing stock at various times is so much affected
by bonuses, interest charges or credits, dividends, and stock rights
that it was impossible to make any summary of the plans, but the
essentia] data for each company are published separately in the report.
However, the following brief statement indicates the extent of the effect
of present business conditions on the plans. Of the 20 plans, 5 are
now definitely discontinued and 5 others have made no recent offering
of stock for employee purchase, while in the case of two companies
steps have been taken to distribute stock under altered arrangements.
Dividends have not been paid by two of the companies for two or
more years, one stopped paying in 1931, and four others have passed
dividends in 1932.
C h an ges in P u b lic U tility E m p lo y ees’ R e tirem en t S y stem in
B razil
is no general old-age pension or insurance system in
Brazil. The railway employees, however, have for some years
had a retirement system, which by successive decrees has been
extended to cover port workers and all employees of all types of
public utility companies. This system was described in some
detail in Bulletin No. 561 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
According to a report from Theodore A. Xanthaky, American vice
consul at Rio de Janeiro, soon after the issuance of the decree of
T
here
1
Princeton U niversity. In d u strial relations section.
1925-1932, b y H elen Baker. Princeton, 1932.
524
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Statistical analysis of 20 stock-purchase plans,
INSURANCE, PENSION, AND THRIFT PLANS
525
October 1 , 1931 (by which the extension of coverage to all public
utility employees was made), it developed that the terms of the
decree were causing hardship to the small-wage earners covered by
the system. The decree also had failed to take into consideration
certain foreign employees who were already making contributions
to funds in their native country.
Changes designed to meet these objections are made in the law by
a decree (No. 21081) issued February 24, 1932. The most important
of these changes are noted below.
Contributions
T he contributions from the employees will consist of (a ) an entrance
contribution amounting to one month’s wage or salary, payable in
60 (formerly 24) monthly installments; (6) a percentage of the
monthly pay, varying from 3 to 5 (formerly 3 to 6) per cent, according
to the proportion that the expenditures from the fund to which the
employee belongs form of the revenue; and (c) the first month’s
increase in wages, payable in a lump sum.
Foreign technical employees whose salaries are determined in
foreign currency and who have been hired for a definite period are
not required to contribute. They may, however, elect to come
under the law, in which case their contributions will be computed
at the rate of foreign exchange obtaining the day before the contribu
tion becomes due.
Benefits
T he rate of benefit remains the same as before in most respects,
the ordinary retirement allowance being calculated at the rate of
85 per cent of the average monthly wages received during the past
three years’ service. The minimum monthly benefit for ordinary
retirement remains 200 milreis,1 but the maximum benefit is reduced
from 3,000 milreis to 2,000 milreis. The new decree also provides
that in case the employee’s earnings are less than 200 milreis per
month the retirement allowance shall be equal to the amount of the
earnings. As before, that part of the retirement allowance which
exceeds 600 milreis per month is subject to a reduction or discount
ranging from 3 per cent on allowances of 601 to 700 milreis to 15 per
cent on those of over 1,000 milreis.
To obtain the full benefit for ordinary retirement the employee
must have had at least 30 years’ service, have attained the age of 50
years, and have made 5 years’ contributions.
The new decree provides that an employee who is over 55 years of
age and has had more than 20 years’ service 2 may retire, receiving
one-thirtieth of the average annual wage for each year of service,
subject to a maximum of 85 per cent of wages.
A company may require the retirement of an employee who has
reached 50 years (formerly 55) but whose period of service is insuffi
cient to qualify him for ordinary retirement and who is shown by
medical examination to be incapable of performing his normal duties;
in such cases, however, the company must pay both its own and the
employee’s contributions for the remainder of the period of service
required for ordinary retirement.
1 M ilreis a t p a r= 11.96
2 Form erly 50 years of
cents; exchange rate for June, 1932=7.5 cents.
age w ith more th a n 30 years’ service, or 60 years and more th a n 20 years’ service.
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526
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
A benefit is also paid, on medical certificate, in case of total disabil
ity after 5 years’ service, amounting to one-thirtieth of the average
pay for the last 3 years of service, subject (in the new decree) to a
maximum of 30 years’ service. The provision of the former decree,
that in case of disability retirement the minimum monthly allowance
shall be 200 milreis, is omitted in the new decree.
Survivors’ benefits.—In case of the death of an insured having
more than five years’ service, the following are eligible for benefit
(in the order indicated), provided they were totally dependent on
the deceased: (1) The surviving wife, invalid husband, and children
(legitimate, legitimated, or legally adopted); (2) invalid_father or
widowed mother; and (3) single sisters. The former provision, that
on the death of a widower or widow their share shall revert to the
minor children and unmarried daughters, is omitted in the new
decree.
The decree of February 24, 1932, however, adds the provision that
survivors’ pensions begin on the day of the death of the insured.
Medical, etc., benefits.—The funds are directed, as heretofore, to
maintain medical, hospital, and pharmaceutical services, but the
former limit on expenditures for this purpose, 8 per cent of the total
annual revenue, is raised to 10 per cent. The new decree specifies
that the “ pharmaceutical service” shall consist of medicines at the
lowest possible price, but not below cost.
O peration of O ld-A ge and H ea lth In su ran ce S y stem for W age
Earners in C hile
SHORT account of the operation of the wage earners’ old-age
and health insurance system in Chile during 1931 is given in a
report from Thomas D. Bowman, American consul general at Sant
iago, dated July 20, 1932.
Old-age and health insurance is compulsory for all wage earners
whose yearly earnings do not exceed 8,000 pesos.1 Such persons are
obliged to make contributions amounting to 2 per cent of their wages,
their employers must contribute 3 per cent of their pay roll, and an
additional 1 per cent is given by the Government.
The benefits paid are calculated on an actuarial basis, taking into
consideration the age of the insured, the period of insurance, the
amount of contributions paid, etc. The benefits include not only the
regular retirement annuity but also medical treatment, special
maternity benefits, and 300 pesos for funeral expenses.
According to the report, 527 old-age or invalidity pensions have
been granted. Of these, 58 have ceased because of the death of the
pensioner. There were, therefore, at the end of 1931 pensioners
numbering 469.
The following table shows the receipts and expenditures of the
Fund for Compulsory Insurance (Caja de Seguros Obligatorios), which
administers the system, from the time of the establishment of the
system to the end of 1931.
It is seen that more than 79 per cent of the total expenditures went
for medical aid and that less than one-half of 1 per cent went for
A
1 There is also a system of insurance for salaried employees, b u t no benefits have as yet been paid under it.
For an account of b o th system s see B ulletin N o. 561 of this bureau (pp. 158-161).
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527
INSURANCE, PENSION, AND THRIFT PLANS
pensions. The consul remarks, in this connection, that, owing to the
short time that the system has been in operation, “ the demand for
old-age pensions has not yet developed to anything like the extent
that may be anticipated.”
He also points out that “ the medical benefits that have been
available, more particularly since the recent acute economic depres
sion when unemployment has been so widespread, have proven of
inestimable benefit to the lower classes of Chile.”
R E C E IP T S A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S O P W A G E E A R N E R S ’ O LD -A G E P E N S IO N SY ST E M
IN C H IL E , A P R IL , 1925, TO D E C E M B E R 31, 1931
Receipts
A m ount
Expenditures
C ontributions from—
Pesos 1
Benefits paid:
M edical a id .________________
Pensions_____ -- ---- -Social protection ------------
169,450,194. 66
Em ployees_______ - --------- -- 122,858, 062.95
77, 336, 228. 22
G overnm ent----------------- -- -T o ta l_____________________
In te re s t... __________________ -Tax (1 per c e n t)..
----------Proceeds from bonds. ---------. . .
Fines___________________________
G rand to ta l----------------' ----i
P e so = 12.17 cents.
A m ount
Pesos 1
149,118, 684. 82
745, 282. 78
281, 648. 18
150,145, 649. 78
369,644, 485. 83
T o tal_________ _____ ______
47, 211, 747. 38
20, 167, 869. 08
1, 227, 840. 88
625, 248.94
O perating expenses:
General ad m in istration.. . . .
To N ational Savings B ank---Commissions on sale of stam ps.
23, 471, 791. 18
14, 098, 736. 65
209, 641. 42
438, 877,192. 11
G rand to ta l________________
187,925, 819. 03
2 N ot
2
th e exact sum of th e items, b u t as given in report.
R ed u ctio n of S ocial In su ran ce B en efits in G erm an y 1
present depression has threatened the stability of all six
branches of the German social insurance system, namely, in
THE
validity and old-age insurance for wage earners, invalidity and oldage insurance for salaried employees, sickness insurance, accident
insurance, miners’ insurance, and unemployment insurance.
The Federal budget contains appropriations of 1,364,000,000
marks ($324,632,000) for public purposes, of which 867,000,000
marks ($206,346,000) are for unemployment relief, 402,000,000 marks
($95,676,000) for a subsidy to the invalidity and old-age insurance
for wage earners, and a subsidy of 95,000,000 marks ($22,610,000) for
the miners’ insurance. This represents about one-sixth of the esti
mated receipts of the Government for the current fiscal year. Never
before has such an amount been expended for this purpose, and the
Government has announced that the present rate of subsidy to the
social insurance system is of an entirely temporary nature and can
not be kept up for any length of time.
The system as a whole has been rolling up a steady deficit, and late
in 1931 a special committee of the Reichstag, after careful study of
the situation, reported that measures would have to be taken to
avoid the necessity for the various branches of the system to sell
their property at such an unfavorable time. The influence of this
report was seen in a number of provisions of the emergency decree
of December 8, 1931, tending toward the reduction of expenditures.
Further measures, having as their aim the establishment of a sound
financial basis for the social insurance system, are contained in certain
provisions of the latest emergency decree of June 14, 1932. Jhese
measures have in all cases taken the form of a reduction in the amount
of benefits paid.
1
R eport from C. W . G ray, A merican vice consul a t Berlin, Ju ly 7, 1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
528
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Invalidity and Old-Age Insurance
Wage earners’ insurance.—Formerly the average old-age or invalid
ity benefit amounted to 36 marks ($8.57)2 monthly, but effective
July 1, 1932, it was decreased to about 29 marks ($6.90), a reduction
of 19 per cent. The old average benefit was made up of the basic
rate amounting to 14 marks ($3.32), the average supplement amount
ing to 16 marks ($3.81) and depending on the number of contributions
paid in, and a Federal allowance of 6 marks ($1.43). The reduction
was brought about by lowering the basis rate from 14 to 7 marks
($3.32 to $1.67). Allowances for each child under 15 were reduced
from 10 to 7.50 marks ($2.38 to $1.79) monthly, a 25 per cent decrease.
The average monthly benefit of widows and widowers, which amount
ed to six-tenths of the above-mentioned basic and additional rates,
or 18 marks (.$4.28), plus the Federal allowance of 6 marks ($1.43),
making a total of 24 marks ($5.71), was reduced to five-tenths of the
rates plus the Federal allowance of 6 marks ($1.43), which brings
the benefit down to 21 marks ($5), a reduction of 12% per cent.
Average monthly benefits of orphans, which formerly amounted to
18 marks ($4.28)—five-tenths of the above basic and additional
rates plus Federal allowance of 3 marks ($0.71)—were reduced to
15 marks ($3.57)—four-tenths of the above rates plus the Federal
allowance of 3 marks ($0.71); this is a reduction of 16% per cent.
Salaried employees’ insurance.—The annual report of the Federal
Insurance Bureau showed that the average monthly benefits of the
invalidity and old-age insurance for salaried employees amounted to
80 marks ($19.04) during 1931. This was made up of the basic rate
of 40 marks ($9.52) paid by the bureau to all beneficiaries alike regard
less of the amount of contributions made by them, an average sup
plement of 20 marks ($4.76), the actual amount depending on the
total contributions, and a further additional rate of 20 marks ($4.76)
paid by the State insurance bureaus. Various reductions took place
on July 1. Persons not considered invalids under the regulations
or who have not reached the age of 65 will after August 1 not receive
the additional rate heretofore paid by the State bureaus. The
average rate of benefits paid such persons will, therefore, in the
future amount to 53 marks ($12.61), consisting of the basic rate,
which has been reduced to 33 marks ($7.85), and the average sup
plement, which remains unchanged at 20 marks ($4.76). This will
mean a reduction of 33.6 per cent from the old monthly rate of 80
marks ($19.04). If the beneficiary is an invalid or above the age
of 65, he will receive the reduced basic rate of 33 marks ($7.85) plus
an average additional rate paid by the Federal Insurance Bureau
amounting to 20 marks ($4.76), and a further average additional
rate paid by the wage earners’ insurance system, 15 marks ($3.57),
formerly 20 marks ($4.76). The average monthly pension paid to
such persons will in the future amount to 68 marks ($16.18), a reduc
tion of 15 per cent from the former rate. Allowances for children
under 15 will on August 1 be reduced from 10 to 7.50 marks ($2.38
to $1.79) monthly, a decrease of 25 per cent. Benefits paid to widows
or widowers of insurants were reduced from sixth-tenths to five-tenths
of the benefit formerly received by the insured husband or wife.
2
Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of m ark = 23.8 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INSURANCE, PENSION, AND THRIFT PLANS
529
The invalidity and old-age insurance for salaried employees has
been the strongest of all the types of social insurance, and although
receipts showed a considerable decline in 1931 and expenditures an
increase, the year closed with a surplus of 260,000,000 marks
($61,880,000). However, it was deemed necessary to lower the rates
of benefits in this branch for the sake of treating both wage earners
and salaried employees in a like manner.
Miners’ Insurance
T he reduction bro ught about in the invalidity and old-age insurance
of b o th wage earners and salaried em ployees applies equally to the
two branches of th e m iners’ insurance, nam ely, those for wage earners
an d salaried employees, and the benefits paid by th e m iners’ in su r
ance will be th e sam e as in the two general insurance system s m en
tioned above.
Accident Insurance
I n t h e accident insurance system an average reduction of 13 per
cent was put into effect July 1. Benefits for accidents sustained
prior to Jauuary 1 , 1932, were reduced by 15 per cent and those for
accidents after that date by 7 per cent. The reason for the smaller
reduction of the latter is that wages on which such benefits are based
were considerably lower than those which form the basis of the benefits
before the first of the year.
C h an ges in N a tio n al H ealth In su ran ce S y stem in G reat B ritain
N ITS session ending July 13, 1931, the British Parliament passed
an act making certain changes in the national health insurance
scheme, of which one of the most important relates to the sickness
and disablement benefits payable to women. For unmarried women
the rate of sick benefit was left unchanged at 12s.1 a week, but the
rate of disablement benefit is to be reduced from 7s.6d. to 6s. a week.
In the case of married women the rate of sick benefit is to be 10s.
and the rate of disablement benefit 5s. a week. The new rates are to
become effective January 1, 1933. In a memorandum explaining the
bill, issued by the Minister of Health, it is pointed out that for some
years past the amount paid in sickness and disablement benefits to
women has been considerably in excess of the actuarial provision for
this purpose, and that the discrepancy is steadily increasing.
I
In a re p o rt b y th e G o vernm ent a c tu a ry , p resen ted to P a rlia m e n t in 1930, it
was show n th a t in a large re p resen tativ e group of ap p ro v ed societies th e sickness
benefit claim s of u nm arrie d women (tak in g all ages together) h a d risen by 29 per
cent an d those of m arried w om en by 42 p e r cen t betw een 1923 a n d 1927, while
in th e case of disablem ent benefit th e respective increases were 54 p er cen t an d
87 p er cent.
Loss of Contribution Income
U p to 1928 insured persons who had fallen behind with their con
tributions to the health insurance scheme were required to make up
the deficiency by a cash payment, failing which they could draw
only a reduced benefit during the following benefit year. In 1928
i Shilling at par=24.3 cents; exchange rate for June, 1932=18.2 cents.
136143°-—32------ 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
530
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
legislation was passed under which all arrears, if due to genuine
unemployment, were excused without any reduction in benefit. In
the memorandum just referred to it is pointed out that this imposes
upon the scheme a heavier loss than it can carry.
W ith u nem ploy m en t a t its p resen t figure, th is concession of com plete excusal
of arrears is placing on ap p ro v ed societies a b u rd en of over £2,000,000 a year,
w hich is alto g eth e r b eyond th e ir capacity. I t is proposed t h a t in fu tu re arrears
due to u nem ploym en t should only be excused to th e e x te n t of one-half. * * *
F ull benefits will be p a id to insured persons fo r 50 c o n trib u tio n s a year. C red it
will be given for one-half th e w eeks of unem ploym ent, a n d a n y shortage of con
trib u tio n s, a fte r giving t h a t cred it a n d allow ing for weeks of sickness, if n o t
redeem ed b y p a y m e n t of th e a p p ro p ria te sum w ith in th e tim e allowed, will
involve a corresponding red u ctio n in th e ra te of benefit for th e ensuing year,
beginning w ith th e y ear 1934.
Continuance of Pension Rights During Unemployment
U nder the provisions of the widows’, orphans’, and old-age con
tributory pension act, pension provisions are interlocked with the
health insurance scheme, those who retain their rights under the latter
plan being automatically retained in insurance for pensions also.
As unemployment continued, legislation was passed several times to
prevent the loss of pension rights of those who by reason of unem
ployment could not pay their contributions. (See Monthly Labor
Review, March, 1931, p. 83.) The last of these extension periods
was to end December 31, 1932. The new bill provides for the exten
sion of insurance to December 31, 1933, of persons who would other
wise, by reason of prolonged unemployment, cease to be insured
before that date. The pension rights of such persons will be fully
protected, and under the health insurance plan they will be entitled
to medical benefits.
T he bill fu rth e r provides t h a t a n y persons who are k e p t in insurance u n til
D ecem ber 31, 1933, as explained above, a n d who are still unem ployed up to th a t
d ate, shall rem ain insured du rin g th e y ear 1934 for pension purposes, b u t w ith no
title to an y h e a lth insurance benefits, a n d sim ilarly if u n em p lo y m en t continues
th ro u g h o u t 1934 insurance for pensions only is extended to D ecem ber 31, 1935.
W idow s’, O rp h an s’, and O ld-A ge P en sio n s in S co tla n d , 1931
third annual report of the Department of Health for Scotland
gives some details concerning expenditures on contributory pen
T HE
sions for widows, orphans, and the old up to December 31, 1931.
At that date the approximate number of persons insured for pensions
purposes was 1,963,510, including 1,302,800 men and 660,710 women.
The number receiving pensions and allowances was 261,149, grouped
as follows:
N U M B E R O F B E N E F IC IA R IE S U N D E R P E N S IO N A C T S IN SC O T L A N D , D E C E M B E R
31, 1931
Class of beneficiary
Widows and orphans—
____________________ Pensions—
65-70 years of age
Over 70 years of age. _____________________ _____
T o tal-
_______
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
________ - -
M en
Women72,475
44, 072
45, 647
24, 563
33, 365
89, 719
130, 403
Children
41, 027
Total
113, 502
68, 635
79, 012
41,027
261,149
INSURANCE, PENSION, AND THRIFT PLANS
531
In addition there were 759 pensioners receiving pensions elsewhere
in the British Dominions.
Receipts and Expenditures
F rom January 4, 1926, when the contributory pensions act became
effective, to December 31, 1931, the receipts of the scheme amounted
to £17,585,674 ($85,580,683).1 • The amount paid out in widows’
pensions was £7,662,055 ($37,287,391); in orphans’ pensions, £302,253
($1,470,914) and in old-age pensions (at ages 65 to 70), £6,303,435
($30,675,666), making a total of £14,267,743 ($69,433,971). Ex
penses of administration had amounted to £712,839 ($3,469,031),
and £2,092 ($10,181) had gone in irrecoverable overpayments, leaving
a balance on account of £2,603,000 ($12,667,500).
Noncontributory Pensions
T he nu m b er of n o n co n trib u to ry old age pensions p a y ab le in Scotland on
D ecem ber 31, 1931, w as 83,109, com prising 20,886 to m en an d 62,223 to women.
Of these, 81,245, or 97.8 p e r cent, were p ay ab le a t th e m axim um ra te of 10s. per
week. T hese num bers include 3,234 pensions to blind persons. T h e corres
ponding figures for 1930 w ere: T o ta l pensions p ay ab le, 87,477, com prising 21,763
to m en and 65,714 to w om en; th e n u m b er p ay ab le a t th e m axim um ra te , 85,593,
or 97.8 p er cen t; th e n u m b er of blind p erso n s’ pensions, 3,231.
S u sp en sio n o f O ld-A ge P en sio n s in U rugu ay
RUGUAY has five separate systems of old-age pensions and
insurance.2 One is a general pension system covering all
persons, while the other four are contributory insurance systems
covering special classes of workers.
The general old-age pension system, established in 1919, provides
benefits for persons 60 years of age or over who are totally incapaci
tated and in dire poverty.
A recent report from Leslie E. Reed, American consul general at
Montevideo, states that the funds in the system have been rapidly
decreasing since early in 1931. In February and March, 1932, the
receipts of the fund were 280,000 pesos,3while the disbursements were
about 700,000 pesos. There are 36,000 pensioners, of whom 25,800
are Uruguayans and 10,200 are foreigners. The Uruguayans receive
10 pesos per month and the foreigners 8 pesos. Administrative
expenses amount to about 10 per cent of the total expenditures.
On April 18, 1932, the Government Insurance Bank announced
that, in view of the situation, pension payments would have to be
suspended until June, as the March payments had exhausted the
funds.
It was expected that the receipts of the fund in August (when the
proceeds of the tax levied on real estate for pension purposes become
available) would permit resumption of pension payments until about
December when another stringency is expected.
Additional sources of revenue are stated to be necessary if the fund
is to continue payments at the scale of benefits now provided. Cer-
U
1 Conversions on basis of p o u n d =$4.8665.
2 These were described in detail in B ulletin
3 Peso a t par=$1.03; exchange rate for June,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No. 561 of this bureau (pp. 349-358).
1932=47.2 cents.
532
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
tain organizations are quoted as being of the opinion that the allow
ances are too liberal. It is also pointed out that the laws permit a
person covered by one of the special old-age insurance systems and
drawing benefits from it, also to receive the general old-age pension.
The number of beneficiaries has also been increased to a considerable
extent due to the employment situation, as some persons entitled to
pension but not having availed themselves of it have been forced to
make application therefor.
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INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
V aca tio n P ractices and P olicies in New York C ity in 1932
survey covering the present vacation policies and the
effect of recent business conditions on past established policies
A ofRECENT
New York City business concerns has been made by the industrial
bureau of the Merchants’ Association of New York. The study cov
ered 273 employing members of the association, and the data relate
to approximately 200,000 employees and workers and cover 11 clas
sified business groups and a small group of miscellaneous industries.
The principal business groups are manufacturing; wholesale trade;
retail trade; printing and publishing; construction trades; transporta
tion, warehousing, and forwarding companies; importers and export
ers; banking and investment houses; insurance companies and agen
cies; professional offices; and chambers of commerce, trade associa
tions, education and research agencies.
The policies with regard to vacations have been revised since 1929
by 74 of these companies, and in all but two cases the revisions are
said to be the direct result of the efforts of the employers to effect
economies or otherwise relieve the pressure of current business condi
tions. Although the character of the revision varies according to the
conditions in the individual establishments, in 32 cases these revisions
are in the nature of direct reductions in pay-roll expense. The most
frequent methods by which this result is accomplished are: Requiring
employees to accept vacations at a fraction of their scheduled salary
rates, imposing additional vacations without pay, or requiring that
regular vacations be taken without pay. In order to conserve time
because of the heavy burdens on present personnel as the result of
reductions in force, 20 companies had found it necessary to take such
measures as the shortening or the entire elimination of vacations or
the substitution of Saturday holidays for regular vacations.
Of the 273 companies responding to the inquiry, 265 reported that
salaried employees would receive a vacation this year, and of 115
reporting in regard to hourly employees, 65 reported that some part
of the hourly workers would be given vacations. The usual vacation
allowance is two weeks for salaried employees and one week for hourly
employees. Of 271 employers reporting on the question of the length
of the vacation to be given to salaried employees, 8 reported they were
giving no vacation; 11, less than two weeks; 176, two_ weeks; 6, each
three and four weeks; and 64 were giving somewhat indefinite vaca
tions varying from one to two weeks to four to six weeks. Among
the companies reporting regarding hourly employees, 53 were giving
no vacation, while 20 gave one week, 31, two weeks, and the remainder
different periods varying from ten days to four weeks.
Reports regarding the amount of salary payments during the vaca
tion period were made by 262 companies. Of this number, 218 were
paying full salaries during vacations; 4, two-thirds; 22, one-half; and
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533
534
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
1, one-third salary. In one case the pay was graduated, half pay
being given for service of from six months to two years and full pay
for two years or more, and another company paid half the salary to
employees entitled to two weeks’ vacation, while 15 of these com
panies gave vacations without pay. Among the hourly rated em
ployees of 59 reporting companies, 36 stated that full wages would be
paid; 1, two-thirds wages; 11, one-half wages; and 1, half pay to
employees entitled to two weeks’ vacation. Ten companies gave
vacations without pay. In 16 of the companies paying a fraction of
wages, either to salaried or hourly rated employees, this fractional
basis was reached by requiring employees to extend vacations at their
own expense. One hundred and fifteen companies reported that
extra leave without pay would be allowed, 19 said this would be
allowed in special cases only, and 111 stated that it would not be
granted. The amount of extra leave allowed by those reporting
ranged from one to five weeks, while in a number of cases it was
indefinite or optional with the employee. One hundred and fifty-six
companies reported that vacations must be taken for continuous
periods, but the majority of those reporting on this point did not
allow extra time for Sundays or holidays falling within an employee’s
vacation period.
A d ju stm e n t of C laim s and C o m p la in ts by P h ilip p in e B ureau
o f Labor, 1926 to 1930
of the most important functions of the Philippine Bureau of
Labor is in connection with the settlement of claims and com
ONE
plaints with reference to unpaid wages, claims for one month’s pay in
the case of dismissal without the notice required by law, claims for
the recovery of personal effects, and for reemployment. Through the
activity of this agency laborers and employees are aided in the settle
ment of claims against masters and employers, which would entail a
good deal of expense on the complainants if they employed lawyers
and brought these cases to courts of justice.
The following statistical summary of the work of the bureau along
this line for the 5-year period 1926 to 1930 is taken from the annual
report (p. 279) of the Governor General of the islands for the lastmentioned year:
A D JU S T M E N T O P C L A IM S A N D C O M P L A IN T S B Y P H IL IP P IN E B U R E A U OF LA B O R ,
1926-1930
[P eso=about 50 cents in U nited States currency]
A djustm ents
Year
um ber
N um ber ofN claim
of cases
ants
Favor
able
Unfavor-'
able
A m ount
collected
Pesos
1926_________________________________________
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________________
Total-
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766
728
923
956
1, 125
1, 697
1, 418
2, 146
1, 630
2, 172
447
493
511
560
575
319
235
412
396
550
23, 575. 26
18,171. 91
22, 912. 21
22, 611. 79
18, 967. 94
4,498
9,063
2,586
1,912
106,239.11
INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS
535
Labor A d m in istra tio n in C h ina
A
MONG the more important items on the program of the Chinese
Department of Labor are the following, according to a recent
an nouncement made by the Ministry of Industry of the Republic : 1
\1) In v estig atio n of lab o r conditions; (2) co n tin u atio n of th e reorganization
a n d reg istratio n of trad e-u n io n s; (3) estab lish m en t of m ach in ery for th e se ttle
m e n t of lab o r d isp u tes; (4) p rom otion of th e a d o p tio n of th e fa c to ry council
system ; (5) division of fa c to ry inspection areas; (6) en co u rag em en t of w orkers’
education; (7) d raftin g of regu latio n s fo r w orkers’ savings b an k s; (8) ap p licatio n
of th e law relatin g to collective ag reem ents; (9) p a rtic ip a tio n in th e in te rn a tio n a l
lab o r conference; (10) revision of lab o r law s; (11) stu d y of th e problem of in d u s
tria l efficiency; (12) com pilation of lab o r sta tistic s; (13) p u b licatio n of a m o n th ly
lab o r review.
On December 18, 1931, the Chinese Ministry of Industry issued
regulations concerning factory registration, which provide that all
factories employing 30 or more workers shall make application for
registration. New factories must apply before beginning operation;
factories already in existence must make application within six months
from the date the regulations were issued. Such applications must be
accompanied by filled-out forms, one giving the following items:
Number of staff; number of male, female, and child workers; minimum
and maximum wages of such workers (data to be reported separately
for each of the three groups); fixed regular working hours and over
time; hiring methods, contract or otherwise; rules relating to workers’
rewards and penalties; details of welfare work, health and safety
provisions; and general remarks.
When there is any change in the details reported on the forms after
the factory has been registered, such change must be reported and
explained to the proper authorities.
The purpose of the regulations is apparently the facilitation of the
enforcement of the factory act.
Survey of Labor C o n d itio n s in E gypt
THE fall of 1931 the Prime Minister of Egypt invited the director
of the International Labor Office to send an advisory mission to
INEgypt,
“ to study on the spot the actual conditions of the industry
of the country, and to prepare for the Egyptian Government a
report on the best means of organizing its labor department.” The
mission was undertaken by the then deputy director of the office,
and the results of his study have recently appeared in the form of a
report on the general situation, with suggestions for its improvement.
The report points out certain important respects in which the
labor situation in Egypt differs from that in Europe and some other
countries. Egypt is predominantly an agricultural country, 60.3
per cent of its occupied population gaining their living from the land.
The standard of living of the agricultural workers is low, and this
naturally tends to keep down the wages of unskilled labor in the towns
and cities. Illiteracy is prevalent, and as a consequence it has become
customary to fill posts of responsibility and supervision with Euro
peans, and to intrust only unskilled labor to Egyptians. Children
1
International Labor Office. In d u strial and Labor Inform ation, Geneva, Ju ly 11, 1932, p. 51.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
are numerously employed in industry, at low wages and with very little
protection against exploitation. Women, on the other hand, form
rather a small element in the problem, owing to the prevailing custom
of marriage between 15 and 20, and withdrawal from industry as soon
as married; as in the case of children, there is little legal protection for
those working in industry. Egypt has no workmen’s compensation
laws, and though workers may secure compensation under the common
law, their rights are undefined and they can not obtain damages
without the expense and trouble of litigation. From the employers’
side, also, the situation is unsatisfactory, as judicial practice in regard
to awarding compensation differs widely, and employers have no
means of estimating their liability. In matters of health and safety,
regulation of working hours, measures for relieving unemployment,
the legal position of trade-unions, and the like, little has been done
so far.
Recommendations
W it h regard to children it is recommended that the age of em
ployment be raised to 12, employment between 9 and 12 being permis
sible only in cases where compulsory education is not effective and in
occupations which are a real preparation for a handicraft. It is also
advised that the exemption allowing juveniles to work 11 hours on
certain days should be reconsidered, that rest periods should be re
quired after five hours of work instead of six, and that night work and
employment on dangerous processes should be prohibited.
With regard to women it is proposed that night work should be
forbidden, that a weekly rest period should be prescribed, that weekly
hours in industry should be limited to 50, and that in commercial
occupations local or municipal authorities should have power to
regulate hours, after suitable inquiry.
Concerning industry in general, it is advised that a workmen’s
compensation act should be passed following carefully specified lines;
that certain regulations for health and safety should be adopted;
that several measures should be taken to meet the unemployment
situation, that trade-unions should receive legal recognition and
registration, that legislation should be passed to insure one day’s
rest in seven, both in industry and commerce, and that an inquiry
should be undertaken as to hours worked at present with a view to
subsequent limitation. Other recommendations deal with the con
tract of employment, termination of employment, and conciliation and
arbitration.
Such a program, it is pointed out, can be carried through only by
Government initiative and support, and in this work an advisory
labor council would prove of advantage. Its appointment should be
the first step taken, and it should be carefully selected to include
officials of the departments concerned, representatives of employers
and workers, and a certain number of qualified persons of inde
pendent standing.
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WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY
New C hild Labor L egislation in G reat B ritain
Ministry of Labor Gazette, in its issue for July, 1932, states
that the children and young persons act, 1932, passed at the
THE
recent session of Parliament, received the royal assent on July 12, and
is to be brought into operation at a date to be fixed by the Secre
tary of State. The Gazette gives the following summary of its most
important provisions:
Section 49 provides th a t no child shall be em ployed u n d er th e age of 12 years;
b u t th is is qualified b y th e proviso th a t local au th o ritie s m ay au th o rize by by-law
th e em ploym ent of children u n d er 12 by th e ir p a re n ts or g u ard ian s in lig h t ag ri
cu ltu ral or h o rtic u ltu ra l w ork. T h e corresponding provision in th e existing law
does n o t lim it th is concession to th ese form s of em ploym ent. Section 49 also
provides t h a t no child u n d er 14 shall be em ployed before th e close of school hours
on a n y day w hen he is req u ired to a tte n d school; b u t th is is also qualified by a
proviso enabling th e local a u th o ritie s to au th o rize b y by-law th e em plo y m en t of
a child before school hours on a school d ay fo r n o t m ore th a n one hour. N o child
(w ith th e exception of children licensed u n d er section 56 to ta k e p a r t in e n te rta in
m ents) m ay be em ployed before 6 a. m . o r a fte r 8 p. m. on a n y day , o r for m ore
th a n tw o hours on an y d ay w hen he is req u ired to a tte n d school; n o r is a n y child
to be em ployed on Sund ay fo r m ore th a n tw o hours. N o child is to be em ployed
to lift, carry, or m ove a n y th in g so h eav y as to be likely to cause in ju ry to him .
U nder th e existing law th e corresponding em plo y m en t provisions cease to ap p ly
to children as soon as th e y becom e 14. B y a new definition in section 60 th is
p ro tectio n is now to be continued, fo r children a tte n d in g p ublic elem en tary
schools, u p to th e end of th e school te rm during w hich th e child becom es 14.
Section 50 p erm its local au th o ritie s to m ak e by-law s im posing restrictio n s on
th e em ploym ent of children ad d itio n al to th e restrictio n s im posed b y section 49;
an d section 51 p erm its local au th o ritie s to m ak e by-law s w ith resp ect to th e em
p lo y m en t of young persons betw een 14 a n d 18 in c e rta in o ccupations n o t a t
p resen t reg u lated by sta tu te . T h is section, w hich w ould confer en tirely new
pow ers on local au th o rities, is n o t to com e in to o p eratio n u n til a resolution to th a t
effect has been passed b y b o th houses of P arliam en t.
Section 52 deals w ith 's tre e t trad in g . In general, no person u n d er th e age of
16 is to engage or be em ployed in s tre e t trad in g , except th a t th e em p lo y m en t of
persons betw een 14 a n d 16 by th e ir p a re n ts m ay be p e rm itte d u n d er by-law s
m ade by a local au th o rity . Local a u th o ritie s a re fu rth e r a u th o rized to m ake
bv-law s regulating or p ro h ib itin g stre e t tra d in g b y persons betw een 16 a n d 18.
(U nder th e existing law stre e t tra d in g is p ro h ib ited by s ta tu te up to 14, a n d regu
la te d by by-law betw een 14 a n d 16.)
Sections 55 a n d 56 deal w ith restrictio n s on children ta k in g p a rt in e n te rta in
m ents, a n d sections 57 a n d 58 w ith restrictio n s on juveniles ta k in g p a rt in, or
being tra in e d for, dangerous perform ances.
T w o -S h ift S y stem for W om en and Y ou n g Persons in G reat
B ritain
P TO the outbreak of the World War, British laws regulating the
employment of women and young persons in factory occupations
provided that such employees should not begin work before 6 a. m.
nor continue it after 8 p. m., their working time falling within a period
U
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
537
538
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
of 12 hours, beginning at 6, 7, or 8 in the morning and ending at the
corresponding hour of the evening. During the war these regulations
were relaxed to permit employment in shifts, and after the war, in
1920, an act was passed designed to retain the advantages of the shift
system while guarding against its abuse. Under its terms special per
missions or orders might be obtained for individual factories or parts
of factories, authorizing the employment of women and young per
sons at any time between 6 a. m. and 10 p. m., in shifts averaging not
more than 8 hours per day. The act was at first limited to a period
of five years, but was found sufficiently useful to warrant extension,
and has been continued to the present. The chief inspector of fac
tories and workshops gives in his report for 1931 1some account of its
working.
During the six years preceding 1931 the number of special orders
granted under the act rose from 86 in 1925 to 129 in 1930, averaging
rather more than 100 a year. But in 1931 there was a sudden increase
in the desire for orders, which was especially marked after the aban
donment of the gold standard in September. The number issued during
the year was 227, or more than twice the average for the preceding sixyear period, and of these 107 were granted between October 1 and
December 31.
T his sudden increase m u st be directly ascribed to th e ab an d o n m e n t of th e gold
sta n d a rd a n d th e consequent depreciation of sterlin g w hich resu lted in a decrease
of im p o rts a n d a ru sh of orders in c e rta in hom e industries. M an u factu rers,
w orsted spinners, a n d hosiery m a n u factu rers in p a rtic u la r, fo u n d it necessary
rap id ly to increase p ro d u ctio n in order to deliver orders a lread y in h a n d a n d to
secure new c o n tra c ts for goods previously im p o rted , for w hich early delivery w as
essential. O ut of th e 120 orders g ra n te d a fte r th e ab a n d o n m e n t of th e gold s ta n d
a rd 99 w ere required for one or o th e r of these reasons.
The orders are sought for temporary use in a number of cases to
meet such emergencies as a sudden rush of orders, or to tide over a
temporary dislocation of plant due to installation of new machinery
or to some accidental breakdown, or to make up for delay in receiving
required material, or (in one case) to make up the time lost through
a trade dispute. Temporary orders are useful also in the case of
seasonal trades. In other cases the orders are desired to meet standing
conditions.
B u t th e re are o th e r cases w here th is system is a d o p te d as a p e rm a n e n t fe a tu re
a n d th e facto ry is designed fo r p e rm a n e n t sh ift w ork e ith e r w ith a view to o b ta in
ing a n econom ic o u tp u t, to m e e t foreign com p etitio n , or on a c c o u n t of th e con
tin u o u s n a tu re of th e process. In th e la tte r cases th e sy stem allows th e em p lo y
m e n t of w om en or young persons on shifts a n d so m a in ta in s th e b alan ce b etw een
th e processes on w hich th e y a re em ployed a n d th o se on w hich m en m ay a lread y
be w orking on a tw o o r th re e sh ift system . T his h as been p a rtic u la rly th e case
in th e m an u factu re of artificial silk, an in d u stry w hich u n d o u b te d ly h as bene
fited g reatly b y th e e lasticity of a system w hich h a s fa c ilita te d c o n tin u ity of
w orking an d coordination of o u tp u t betw een d e p a rtm e n ts. F o r th e sam e reasons
th e sh ift system h as p ro v ed beneficial in th e m ak in g of tin p lates, yeast, a n d
carbon paper.
Increase of Employment Due to System
No a c c u r a t e d a t a a re a v a ila b le a s to t h e e x tr a n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s
w h o h a v e fo u n d e m p lo y m e n t th r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h is s y s t e m , b u t
p r a c tic a lly e v e r y o r d e r is s u e d m e a n s e it h e r a n in c r e a s e in t h e n u m b e r
1 Great B ritain.
(C m d. 4098.)
H om e Office.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F acto ry D ep artm en t.
R eport for th e year 1931.
London, 1932.
WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDUSTRY
539
of persons employed or full-time employment for those previously on
short time.
D uring th e p a st y ear in p a rtic u la r th e g ran tin g of orders h as led to su b s ta n tia l
increase of em ploym ent. In five cases m ore th a n 100 new w orkers w ere ta k e n
on for a tim e, a n d in one case te m p o ra ry e m p lo y m en t w as p ro v id ed fo r 250
w orkers. T h e increased o u tp u t of th e d e p a rtm e n ts in w hich sh ifts a re w orked
often provides e x tra w ork in o th e r d ep a rtm e n ts, so t h a t th e re is an in d irect, as
well as a direct, increase of em ploym ent.
Effect of Orders on Health and Working Conditions
No o r d e r is granted until the authorities are satisfied that arrange
ments have been made for the health and comfort of the workers
affected. In shifts of eight hours an interval of half an hour for a
meal is invariably required, and since the workers can rarely get home
and back within that time a mess room must be provided, properly
furnished, and with means for heating water and warming food.
There must be means of transportaion for workers who live at incon
venient distances and in general it must be evident that the system
will not result in hardship. As a further step in this direction an
order will not be granted unless it is requested by the workers as
well as the employers.
The objections brought against the plan when it was adopted in
1920, that it would lead to evasions of the night-work provisions for
women, that it would upset family life, that it would militate against
the health of the workers, that it might be used to substitute women
for men, that it might expose the women and young people to physical
and even to moral dangers, do not seem to have been supported by
the facts. Younger workers sometimes object on the ground that
when they are working on the late shift their amusements and outings
are curtailed while their domestic duties may be increased. On the
other hand the older workers sometimes find they can use their time
at home more advantageously under this arrangement. Since the
orders will not be granted unless the workers join in the request, it
would seem that on the whole they are in favor of the plan, but there
is much difference of opinion on the matter.
In th e sam e factory, w orkers em ployed on neighboring m achines h av e ex
pressed opposing views; indeed, th e system is so linked up w ith dom estic a rra n g e
m en ts w hich v a ry from house to house t h a t th is d iv ersity of opinion is n o t
surprising.
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HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
D eclin e in M ortality from P ellagra A m on g W age Earners
HE Statistical Bulletin, June, 1932, published by the Metropol
itan Life Insurance Co., contains a report of the death rates from
pellagra in the United States in 1930 and 1931. From the available
data it appears that there was a decline in mortality from this cause
during these years, at any rate for the wage-earning populations of
the cities in those States in which pellagra is an important cause of
death. The mortality rate from this cause has dropped also among
the general population in three Southern States where pellagra has
been an important cause of death.
It is considered very remarkable that the mortality rate for the
disease did not rise, in view of the unfavorable business conditions
which prevailed during the two years and especially in 1931. Pellagra
is a disease caused by a diet deficient in the vitamins normally found
in fresh, lean meat, milk, and yeast, and the reduced incomes result
ing from widespread unemployment which would make these foods
less readily obtainable would be expected to have the effect of making
sickness and death from pellagra more common.
No continuous trend is shown for the death rate from pellagra
among the industrial policyholders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance
Co. for the 21-year period 1911 to 1931, but the highest death rates,
4.7 and 5.9 per 100,000 for ages 1 to 74, occurred in the years 1914 and
1915, respectively, which were years of below-average business con
ditions. Since that time, however, the higher mortality rates have
not coincided with periods of reduced employment. The death rate
from pellagra began to decline during the World War when employ
ment was general and wages were high, and this downward tendency
continued to 1924 when the rate was 1.3 per 100,000. After that
there was an upward trend to a rate of 2.5 in 1928 and 1929, but a
decrease to 2.2 in 1930 and 1.9 in 1931—a decline which was in line
with the decline in the general death rate.
There is a pronounced sex and color incidence shown in the mortality
figures, the mortality among females exceeding that among males in
both the white and colored, but with a very much greater excess
among the colored. The mortality rate for colored persons of both
sexes is very much greater also than of white persons, running from
two to five times that of the white groups. The heaviest death toll
from pellagra is exacted in the South, and particularly among that
section of the Negro population which lives largely on an unbalanced
diet. It is said that it is probable that the reason the death rate did
not increase during 1930 and 1931 is partly, at least, the result of the
consumption of brewers’ yeast distributed by health departments.
T
540
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
541
A p p o in tm en t of O ccu p ation al H ealth C ou n cil in M a ssa c h u setts 1
N ADVISORY body to be known as the Occupational Health
L Council has been recently established in the Massachusetts De
partment of Labor and Industries. The council will be concerned with
the occupational health problems of the State, the study of which has
recently been inaugurated with the appointment of an occupational
hygienist. The members of the council include prominent represen
tatives of public health and industrial medical services, labor unions,
employers’ organizations, social and welfare organizations, and insur
ance companies.
In commenting upon the purpose of the council, the commissioner
of the department said:
A
W e propose to give ourselves th e benefit of th e b est advice o b tain ab le from
individuals a n d in stitu tio n s concerned w ith th e h e a lth of th e w orking p o p u
latio n , a n d we believe it no less im p o rta n t th a t these in te re sts be k e p t inform ed of
th e w ork w hich we are doing. I do n o t a n tic ip a te th e need fo r fre q u e n t m eetings
of th e group as a w hole, b u t hope ra th e r for th e counsel of its m em bers as it is
needed, th e ir criticism as i t is called for, a n d th e ir su p p o rt as i t is m erited.
W ith all regard for th e pressing necessity of ex trem e econom y in g overnm ent,
I am confident th a t th is new u n d ertak in g of th e d e p a rtm e n t will m ore th a n ju stify
itself in th e red u ctio n of disease arising from in ad eq u a tely p ro te c te d in d u stria l
occupations in th e com m onw ealth.
R ecen t S tu d ies of P u lm on ary A sb estosis in G erm any
N ARTICLE in The Lancet (London), July 9, 1932 (pp. 92, 93),
L gives a brief account of recent German reports on the occurrence
of pulmonary asbestosis among factory workers. It is stated in the
article that although before the war German physicians had noted
that there was something unusual in pneumonoconiosis as seen in
asbestos workers no extensive studies of such cases had been made
until quite recently. In 1931, however, 8 cases occurring in 2 fac
tories in the vicinity of Dresden were described, and shortly after 52
cases occurring in and around the same city were reported.
The writers describing the first group of cases noted that the radio
graphs in the early stages of the disease showed definite small patches
of the size of a small seed in the lower lobes of the lungs and that these
patches tended to run together as the disease progressed. The
physical signs which developed later were those of a basal bronchitis,
sometimes with dry pleurisy, and it was difficult to rule out the
possibility of tuberculosis. The writers reporting these cases con
sidered that the individual characteristics of asbestosis are due almost
entirely to the chemical composition of asbestos and to the shape of
dust particles, and suggest that the different types of asbestos may
show different harmful effects as is the case in silicosis.
In the second series of cases, affecting 18 males and 34 females, 30
showed definite changes in the lungs. The longest exposure to dust
among this group of workers was 31 years, in a worker aged 60.
Dyspnea was the most usual initial complaint and in 43 cases there
was cough; night sweats were present in 12 cases; and rheumatic pains,
headaches, and general nervous symptoms in 15. Conjunctivitis, a
symptom which has not attracted much attention up to this time,
A
1
Indu stry , Boston, M ass., Ju ly 16, 1932, p. 5.
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542
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
was noted in 16 cases; and among other new observations it was
found there was a fall in the hemoglobin count. The typical asbestosis
bodies were found in 8 out of 28 specimens of sputum examined.
The radiographs were divided into three stages. In the first there
was an increase in the normal lung markings, with the appearance
of a fine not very clearly defined network; in the second stage there
was a, thicker network with delicate, sharply defined opaque spots;
and in the third stage this network was intensified to form a shadowy
veil covering the lung. The records indicate that it takes about five
years for moderately severe asbestosis to develop, while none of the
workers examined who had been exposed for 10 years or more was
free from signs of the disease. The most serious cases were found in
the spinning sections of the factories.
The results of examination of 33 asbestos workers in a factory in
Berlin are reported by two other writers. In these cases nearly all
complained of cough and sputum associated with difficult breathing,
particularly on exertion or in foggy weather. In 16 cases there was
loss of appetite; in 10, loss of weight; in 5 each, pain in breathing and
palpitation of the heart; while others complained of faintness and of
increasing pallor. Among these persons there was a previous history
of pulmonary catarrh in 4 cases, pleurisy in 2, and peritoneal tubercu
losis in 1. The authors were unable to trace any close connection
between asbestosis and tuberculosis. The findings in these cases
agreed with the others reported, the authors noting that the severity
of the disease depended rather upon the severity of exposure, that is,
the amount of dust inhaled in the different processes, than upon the
number of years of employment in the industry. In all cases, how
ever, asbestosis could be demonstrated radiologically when the
patients had been employed for more than 10 years.
In regard to the asbestosis bodies these writers agreed with two
others who reported the results of two post-mortem examinations on
bodies of workers employed in a factory in Munster engaged in crush
ing, cleaning, and spinning asbestos. It is the theory of these inves
tigators that the asbestosis bodies arise through the deposit, due to
the solution of the asbestos, of a colloidal form of liberated silicic acid
in the central core of the asbestos fiber. They consider that the
disagreement between the chemical appearances, on the one hand,
and the X-ray picture, on the other, is a characteristic peculiar to
asbestosis. Even the most severe cases of the disease do not give
as pronounced a radiological picture as that of silicosis, as the third
stage of asbestosis shows a degree of shadowing which would have
little clinical significance in silicosis. It is believed by these authori
ties that the silicic acid acts as a chemical irritant which leads to
fibrosis. Connective tissue is considered as particularly sensitive to
the action of this acid, and it is suggested that when the silicates of the
asbestos are dissolved in the lung tissue, silicic acid is liberated, is
taken up by the connective tissue and stimulates increased growth.
There are two main types of asbestosis body—the “ handle form,”
with a knob at both ends, and the “ carrot form,” which tapers at
one end. It is suggested by one writer that the shape of the asbestos
body depends upon the surrounding tissue, the handle form being
produced in places where there is no movement and the carrot form
where the tissue fluid is in motion.
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HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
S ilico sis A m on g G ran ite W orkers in G reat B r ita in 1
STUDY of the occurrence of silicosis in the quarrying and
dressing of sandstone and granite was begun in Great Britain in
1926, at which time a preliminary survey of the processes was made.
The sandstone section was first dealt with and a report2of that branch
of the industry was published in 1929. The medical inquiry in the
granite section was undertaken in 1929, and was carried out in five
districts which are important centers of the industry.
The medical inquiry covered 494 workers in nine occupations who
were employed at quarries, crushing plants, building masons’ yards,
and monumental masons’ yards. In addition to the clinical exam
inations given all these workers, 211 were X-rayed.
Clinical evidence of fibrosis of the lungs was found in 260 cases, or
52.6 per cent of the total number of workers examined, and 36, or 17
per cent, of the 211 workers selected for radiological examination were
found to have silicosis. Twenty-five of these cases were found among
granite masons. The use of pneumatic tools in masons’ work is
generally considered to produce more dust than ordinary hand
tools, but the dust produced by either type of tools frequently con
tains at the breathing level over 90 per cent of the very fine particles
which are most dangerous. The next most important occupation
from the standpoint of the production of silicosis was that of crushermen, in which 8 cases were found, while the remaining 3 cases were
found in the groups of getters, drillers, and settmakers
Comparing the results of the medical examinations in the granite
and the sandstone industries it was found that 59 per cent of the
sandstone workers and 52.6 per cent of the granite workers had
fibrosis, while the proportion of those examined radiologically who
showed evidence of silicosis was 42 and 17 per cent, respectively. The
higher proportion of actual and suspected cases among the sandstone
workers is explained by the higher proportion of free silica in the dust
to which the latter workers were exposed. In 18 of the 25 cases
among granite masons the silicosis was in the first stage while in the
sandstone masons 17 out of 57 cases were in this stage and the re
mainder in the more advanced stages.
The following table shows the number of workers examined and the
number of cases of fibrosis and of silicosis, by occupations:
A
N U M B E R OP W O R K E R S E X A M IN E D IN V A RIO U S O C C U PA T IO N S IN T H E G R A N IT E
IN D U S T R Y A N D N U M B E R O F C A SES OF F IB R O S IS A N D SILIC O SIS
Clinical examinations
Radiological exami
nations
Occupation
N um ber
G etters _____
D rillers.....................
S ettm ak ers-- -. .
_ ..
- -------------------------- - ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
52
66
88
C rusherm en ____
. . _ -----------------------------------Building m asons___________________________________
M onum ent m asons., -------------------------------------------
30
105
85
54
7
7
T o ta l________________________________________
494
Cases of
fibrosis
Cases of
silicosis
N um ber
28
56
13
46
50
41
4
17
25
41
13
36
45
29
3
260
2 11
22
1
1
1
8
16
9
2
36
1 Great B ritain. Home Office. Report on th e occurrence of silicosis amongst granite workers, b y D r.
C. L. Sutherland, D r. S. Bryson, and D r. N . K eating. London, 1930.
2 See Labor Review, Septem ber, 1929, p. 64.
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N ew Jersey A n tiu n io n C on tract Law
N ARTICLE on anti-injunction laws in labor disputes, containing
l the text of the laws relating to antiunion contracts, was given
in the July, 1932, issue of the Labor Review (pp. 66-88). The text
of New Jersey antiunion contract law (Acts of 1932, ch. 244) approved
June 14, 1932, was not received in time to be included in that article.
In order, therefore, to make complete the list of States in which anti
union contract laws have been enacted, the full text of the New Jersey
law is reproduced below.
A
A cts o p
1932 ( C h a p t e r 244)
1. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a c t .— In th e in te rp re ta tio n of th is a c t a n d in
determ ining th e ju risd ictio n a n d a u th o rity of th e co u rts of th e S ta te of New
Jersey, as such ju risd ictio n a n d a u th o rity are herein defined a n d lim ited, th e
public policy of th e S ta te of N ew Jersey is hereby declared as follows:
W hereas every h u m a n being h as u n d er th e th irte e n th a m e n d m e n t to th e C on
stitu tio n of th e U n ited S ta te s a n inalienable rig h t to th e disposal of his la b o r free
from interference, re s tra in t, o r coercion b y or in behalf of em ployers of labor,
including th e rig h t to associate w ith o th e r h u m a n beings fo r th e p ro te c tio n a n d
ad v an cem en t of th e ir com m on in te re sts as w orkers, a n d in such association to
n e g o tiate th ro u g h rep rese n ta tiv e s of th e ir ow n choosing concerning th e te rm s of
em p lo y m en t a n d cond itio n s of labor, a n d to ta k e concerted a ctio n fo r th e ir ow n
p ro tectio n in lab o r d isp u tes; a n d
W hereas u n d er prev ailin g econom ic conditions, developed w ith th e a id of
g o v ernm ental a u th o rity i t is possible fo r ow ners of p ro p e rty to organize in th e
co rp o rate a n d o th e r form s of ow nership association, a n d th e u norganized w orkers
are generally helpless to exercise a c tu a l lib e rty of c o n tra c t a n d to p ro te c t th e ir
freedom of labor, a n d th e re b y to o b ta in accep tab le te rm s of em p lo y m en t a n d
conditions of labor, w herefore i t is necessary t h a t th e y h av e full freedom of tra d e u n ion o rganizatio n association, a n d th e d esignation of th e ir rep rese n ta tiv e s to
n eg o tiate te rm s of em p lo y m en t a n d conditions of labor, a n d t h a t th e y be free
from th e interference, re s tra in t, o r coercion of em ployers of labor, o r th e ir agents,
in th e designation of such rep rese n ta tiv e s o r in o rg an izatio n o r in o th e r concerted
a c tiv ities fo r th e p u rpose of collective barg ain in g or o th e r m u tu a l a id o r p ro tec
tio n ; therefore, th e follow ing definitions of, a n d lim ita tio n s upon, th e ju risd ictio n
a n d a u th o rity of th e co u rts of th e S ta te of N ew Jersey are h ereb y enacted.
S ec . 2. N a t u r e o f c o n t r a c t s .— E v e ry c o n tra c t, agreem ent, prom ise, or u n d er
tak in g , w h eth er w ritte n o r oral, express o r im plied, betw een a n y individual, firm,
com pany, p artn ersh ip , association, or co rp o ratio n , a n d a n y em ployee o r em ployees
or p rospective em ployee or em ployees of such individual, firm, com pany, p a rtn e r
ship, association, o r co rp o ratio n , w hereby—
(a) E ith e r p a rty or p a rtie s to such c o n tra c t, agreem ent, prom ise, or u n d er
tak in g , prom ises, u n d ertak es, o r agrees n o t to join, become, or rem ain a m em ber
of an y lab o r organ izatio n o r co m b in atio n of em ployees or of a n y o rg an izatio n or
com bination of em ployers, or
(6) E ith e r p a rty or p a rtie s to such c o n tra c t, agreem ent, prom ise, o r u n d er
tak in g , prom ises, u n d ertak es, or agrees t h a t he, it, o r th e y will w ith d raw from an
em ploym ent re latio n or rela tio n of m a ste r a n d se rv a n t or of em ployer a n d
em ployee in th e e v e n t t h a t he, it, or th e y join, become, o r rem ain a m em b er of
a n y lab o r o rganizatio n or co m b in atio n of em ployees or of a n y o rg an izatio n or
com bination of em ployers,
Is hereby declared to be c o n tra ry to th e p ublic policy of th e S ta te of New
Jersey an d w holly void a n d unenforceable a n d shall n o t p rovide o r afford a n y
544
S e c t io n
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545
basis for th e g ran tin g of an y legal or eq u itab le relief by a n y c o u rt of th e S ta te of
N ew Jersey.
S e c . 3 . C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f a c t .— If a n y p o rtio n or provision of th is a c t is
u n co n stitu tio n al or is held or declared u n co n stitu tio n al, th e v a lid ity of th e
rem ainder of th is a c t shall n o t be affected th ereb y .
Laws for P ro tectio n of W ages of E m p loyees of C on tractors on
P u b lic W orks
N ADDITION to the various liens provided to insure to employees
payment for labor performed, a number of States provide protec
tion of the wages due to employees of contractors, and also of amounts
owing to persons supplying materials, etc., to such contractors. The
laws in the various States are quite uniform in their provisions. In
general such measures relate most frequently to public works and re
quire that contractors, prior to entering upon the prosecution of any
work, shall give a bond to the companies with which the contract is
made. The bond runs to the contracting company or official or even
to the State, as the law may specify, and is for the use of persons mak
ing claim as laborers or material men to whom the contractor is
indebted.
I
Law of District of Columbia
A b il l (Public Act No. 267) was approved July 7, 1932, requiring a
contractor to whom any contract for public buildings or other public
works is awarded for the District of Columbia, to give a bond for the
faithful performance of the contract and for the protection of persons
furnishing labor and materials. The bill covers not only the construc
tion but also the alteration, repair, and painting and decorating of
any public building.
The provisions of the law are as follows:
A ny person or persons en terin g in to a form al c o n tra c t w ith th e D istric t of
C olum bia for th e co n stru ctio n of a n y public building, or th e pro secu tio n a n d com
pletion of a n y public w ork, o r fo r a lte ra tio n a n d /o r rep airs, including p a in tin g
an d decorating, upon a n y p ublic building o r p ublic w ork, shall be required, before
com m encing such w ork, to execute th e u su al p en al b ond in a n a m o u n t n o t less th a n
th e c o n tra c t price, w ith good a n d sufficient sureties, w ith th e a d d itio n a l obliga
tio n t h a t such c o n tra c to r o r c o n tra c to rs shall p ro m p tly m a k e p a y m e n ts to all
persons supplying him o r th e m w ith la b o r a n d m a te ria ls in th e pro secu tio n of th e
w ork p rovided for in such c o n tra c t; a n d a n y person, com pany, o r co rp o ratio n
who h as fu rn ish ed lab o r o r m aterials used in th e c o n stru ctio n o r re p a ir of a n y
public building o r public w ork, a n d p a y m e n t fo r w hich h as n o t been m ade, shall
have th e rig h t to in terv e n e a n d be m ad e a p a rty to a n y a ctio n in s titu te d b y th e
D istric t of C olum bia on th e b ond of th e co n tra c to r, a n d to h a v e th e ir rig h ts a n d
claim s ad ju d ic a te d in such actio n a n d ju d g m e n t ren d ered thereo n , su b ject, how
ever, to th e p rio rity of th e claim a n d ju d g m e n t of th e D istric t of C olum bia.
If th e full am o u n t of th e liab ility of th e su re ty on said b ond is insufficient to
p ay th e full a m o u n t of said claim s a n d d em ands, th e n , a fte r p a y in g th e full
am o u n t due th e D istric t of C olum bia, th e rem ain d er shall be d istrib u te d p ro r a ta
am ong said interveners. If no su it should be b ro u g h t by th e D istric t of C olum bia
w ithin six m o n th s from th e com pletion a n d final se ttle m e n t of said c o n tra c t, th e n
th e person or persons supplying th e c o n tra c to r w ith lab o r a n d m a te ria ls shall,
upon ap p licatio n therefo r, a n d furnishing affid av it to th e D istric t of C olum bia
th a t lab o r o r m aterials for th e prosecution of such w ork h as been supplied b y him
or th em , a n d p a y m e n t fo r w hich h as n o t been m ade, be fu rn ish ed w ith a certified
copy of said c o n tra c t a n d bond, u pon w hich he or th e y shall h av e a rig h t of actio n ,
a n d shall be, a n d are hereby, a u th o rized to b ring su it in th e n am e of th e D istric t
of C olum bia in th e Suprem e C o u rt in th e D istric t of C olum bia, irresp ectiv e of
136143°— 3 2 —
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
th e a m o u n t in con tro v ersy in such suit, a n d n o t elsew here fo r his or th e ir use an d
benefit, ag ain st said c o n tra c to r a n d his sureties, a n d to p ro secu te th e sam e to final
ju d g m e n t a n d execution: P r o v i d e d , T h a t w here s u it is in s titu te d b y a n y of such
'cre d ito rs on th e b o n d of th e c o n tra c to r i t shall n o t be com m enced u n til a fte r th e
com plete perform an ce of said c o n tra c t a n d final se ttle m e n t th ereo f, a n d sh all be
com m enced w ith in one y e a r a fte r th e perfo rm an ce a n d final s e ttle m e n t of said
c o n tract, a n d n o t la t e r : P r o v i d e d f u r t h e r , T h a t w here a su it is in s titu te d b y a credi
to r o r b y creditors, o nly one a c tio n shall be b ro u g h t, a n d a n y c re d ito r m a y file
his claim in such a ctio n a n d be m ad e p a rty th e re to w ith in one y e a r fro m th e com
pletion of th e w ork u n d e r said c o n tra c t, a n d n o t la te r. If th e reco v ery on th e
bond should be in a d e q u a te to p a y th e a m o u n ts fo u n d due to all of said cred ito rs,
ju d g m e n t shall be given to each cred ito r p ro r a t a of th e a m o u n t of th e recovery.
T he su re ty on said b o n d m ay p a y in to th e re g istry of said co u rt, fo r d istrib u tio n
am ong said claim an ts a n d cred ito rs, th e fu ll a m o u n t of th e su re tie s’ lia b ility , to
w it, th e p e n a lty n a m e d in th e b ond, less a n y a m o u n t w hich said su re ty m a y h a v e
h a d to p a y to th e D istric t of C olum bia b y reaso n of th e execution of said bond,
a n d u pon so doing th e su re ty will be relieved from fu rth e r lia b ility : A n d 'p r o v id e d ,
f u r t h e r , T h a t in a ll su its in s titu te d u n d e r th e provisions of th is a c t su c h perso n al
notice of th e pend en cy of such su its, in form ing th e m of th e ir rig h t to in te rv e n e
as th e c o u rt m a y order, shall be given to all k now n cred ito rs, a n d in a d d itio n
th ereto notice of p u b licatio n in som e n ew spaper of general circulation, p ublished
in th e D istric t of C olum bia, fo r a t le a st th re e successive weeks, th e la s t p u b lica
tion to be a t least th re e m o n th s before th e tim e lim ited therefor.
Laws of Other States
T h e following list shows for each of the various States the citation
and the type of work to which the law applies.
A l a b a m a . — Public w orks (A cts of 1927, Nos. 39 a n d 347).
A r i z o n a . — S tre e t im p ro v em en ts (R ev. Code, 1928, sec. 523).
A r k a n s a s . - —P ublic w orks, churches, etc. (C raw ford & M oses
D igest, 1921, secs.
6912-6916; C astle ’s A nnot. Supp., 1931, sec. 6848a).
C a l i f o r n i a . — Public w orks (D eering’s Consol. C ode, 1923, A ct No. 6423 (as
am ended b y A cts of 1925, p. 538, A cts of 1927, p. 282, a n d A cts of 1929, p.
1712)); highw ays (D eering’s Consol. Code, A ct No. 3276 (as am ended by A cts
of 1925, p. 729, a n d A cts of 1927, p. 1396)).
C o l o r a d o . — P ublic w orks (C om p. Laws, 1921, sec. 9514; A cts of 1923, ch. 155);
railroad, reserv o ir or irrig a tio n c o n stru ctio n b y p riv a te com panies o r corpora
tions (C om p. Law s, 1921, secs. 6481-6483).
C o n n e c t i c u t . — R ailro ad co n stru ctio n (R ev. G en. S ta t., 1930, sec. 3660); public
stru c tu re s (R ev. G en. S ta t., 1930, sec. 5109).
D e l a w a r e . — P ublic w orks (A cts of 1917, ch. 224).
F l o r i d a . — P ublic w orks (C om p. Gen. Laws, 1927, sec. 5397).
G e o r g i a .— Public buildings a n d w orks (A cts of 1916, p. 94).
H a w a i i . — P ublic buildings a n d w orks (R ev. Laws, 1925, sec. 1478 (as am ended by
A cts of 1931, No. 163); sec. 2679 (as am ended b y A cts of 1931, No. 163)).
I d a h o . — P ublic w orks, a m o u n t o ver $200 (Com p. S ta t., 1919, sec. 7341 (as
am ended b y A cts of 1929, ch. 254)).
I l l i n o i s . — P ublic w orks (S m ith -H u rd R ev. S ta t., 1931, ch. 29, secs. 15, 16).
I n d i a n a . — P ublic w orks a n d im p ro v em en ts (B u rn s’ A nnot. S ta t., 1926, secs.
6116, 6118, 6121 (as am en d ed by A cts of 1931, ch. 168); sec. 6122 (as am ended
by A cts of 1931, ch. 168)).
I o w a . — P ublic w orks (Code, 1931, secs. 10299-10323).
K a n s a s — P ublic w orks (R ev. S ta t., 1923, sec. 60-1413 (as am ended b y A cts of
1925, ch. 198, a n d A cts of 1931, ch. 227), sec. 60-1414)); p riv a te c o n tracts
(R ev. S ta t., 1923, sec. 60-1412).
L o u i s i a n a . — A ny u n d e rta k in g involving $500 or over (A cts of 1912, No. 167 (as
am ended b y A cts of 1916, No. 262)); drilling oil, gas, etc., wells (A cts of 1916,
N o. 232); public w orks (A cts of 1918, No. 224 (as am en d ed by A cts of 1926,
N o. 271)); buildings generally (Acts of 1922, No. 139 (as am en d ed by A cts of
1924, No. 230)).
M a i n e . — R ailro ad c o n stru ctio n (Rev. S ta t., 1930, ch. 63, sec. 47).
M a r y l a n d . — P ublic w orks (A nnot. Code, 1924, a rt. 90, sec. 14).
M a s s a c h u s e t t s . — P ublic w orks (Gen. Law s 1921, ch. 30, sec. 39 (as am ended by
A cts of 1922, ch. 416); ch. 149, sec. 29 (as am ended by A cts of 1929, ch. 110)).
M i c h i g a n . — Public w orks (Com p. Laws, 1929, secs. 13132-13135); ra ilro a d con
stru c tio n a n d re p a ir (Com p. Laws, 1929, sec. 11394).
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547
M i n n e s o t a . — P ublic
w orks (Gen. S ta t., 1923, sec. 9700 (as am ended by A cts of
1929, ch. 369; A cts of 1931, ch. 229); secs. 9702-9704, 9705 (as am en d ed by
A cts of 1929, ch. 369); ra ilro a d co n stru ctio n a n d re p a ir (Gen. S ta t., 1923, secs.
7528, 7529).
M i s s i s s i p p i . — P ublic w orks (Code 1930, secs. 5971-5976).
M i s s o u r i . — P ublic w orks (R ev. S ta t., 1929, secs. 2890, 2891, 7948).
M o n t a n a . — P ublic w orks a u th o ritie s to w ith h o ld 20 p e r c e n t to m e e t lab o r, etc.,
claim s (R ev. Codes, 1921, sec. 1686; c o n tra c to r’s bond required, Laws, 1931,
ch. 20).
N e b r a s k a . — P ublic w orks (Com p. S tat., 1929, sec. 52-118).
N e v a d a . — Public buildings or stru c tu re s w hen c o n tra c t price is over $500 (Com p.
Laws, 1929 (H illyer), secs. 3760-3771; A cts of 1931, ch. 208).
N e w H a m p s h i r e . — Public w orks (Public A cts of 1927, ch. 88).
N e w J e r s e y . — Public w orks (Supp. to C om p. S ta t., 1911-1924, secs. 107-149C
(1), (2), (3) (as am ende d b y A cts of 1931, ch. 318), (4)).
N e w M e x ic o .- — Public w orks (S tat., 1929, secs. 17-201— 17-204).
N e w Y o r k . — C anal co nstru ctio n (C ahill’s Consol. Laws, 1930, ch. 6, sec. 145;
ch. 60, sec. 71).
N o r t h C a r o l i n a . — Public w orks (Consol. Laws, 1919, sec. 2445 (as am ended by
A cts of 1923, ch. 100, a n d A cts of 1927, ch. 151)).
N o r t h D a k o t a . — P ublic w orks (Comp. Laws, 1913, sec. 6832 (as am ended by A cts
of 1915, ch. 67, a n d A cts of 1931, ch. 100), secs. 6833-6835).
O h i o . — P ublic w orks (Gen. Code, 1932, secs. 2365—1— 2365-4, 3298-15h, 6947).
O k l a h o m a . — P ublic w orks (Com p. S ta t., 1931, secs. 10983, 10984).
O r e g o n . — P ublic w orks (Code, 1930, secs. 49-701, secs. 67-1101 (as am en d ed by
A cts of 1931, ch. 280)).
P e n n s y l v a n i a . - —P ublic w orks (S tat., 1920, sec. 15854 (as am en d ed b y A cts of
1925, No. 292, a n d A cts of 1929, No. 114), sec. 15855, sec. 19207 (as am ended
b y A cts of 1921, No. 277; A cts of 1929, No. 490, a n d A cts of 1931, N os. 130
a n d 353); A cts of 1929, No. 446, sec. 564 (as am ended by A cts of 1931, No. 146)
a n d No. 175, sec. 2408h (as am en d ed by A cts of 1931, No. 144); A cts of 1931,
No. 294; No. 317, sec. 1905; No. 321; a n d No. 331, sec. 1804); w ork on borough
co n tra c ts (A cts of 1927, No. 336 (as am ended by A cts of 1931, Nos. 145 a n d
293)).
P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s . — P ublic w orks (Pub. Laws, 1931, No. 3688).
S o u t h D a k o t a . — P ublic w orks (Comp. Law s 1929, secs. 5885, 8215, 8215A).
T e n n e s s e e . — Public w orks (Code, 1932, secs. 7955-7958).
T e x a s .- —Public buildings or w orks, (R ev. Civ. S ta t., 1925, a rt. 5160 (as am ended
by A cts of E x tra Sess., 1927, ch. 39, a n d A cts of 1929, ch. 226), secs. 5161-5164).
U t a h . — Public buildings or w orks (Comp. Laws, 1917, secs. 3753-3755).
V e r m o n t . — R ailroad co n stru ctio n (Gen. Laws, 1917, sec. 5153).
V i r g i n i a . - —P ublic w orks (A cts of 1932, ch. 275).
W a s h i n g t o n . — P ublic w orks (Codes a n d S ta ts., 1910, secs. 1159, 1160, 1161 (as
am ended b y A cts of 1915, ch. 28); A cts of 1915, ch. 167; A cts of 1921, ch. 166;
A cts of 1927, ch. 220).
W e s t V i r g i n i a . — Public w orks (Code, 1931, ch. 38, a rt. 2, sec. 39).
W i s c o n s i n . — P ublic w orks (S ta t., 1931, secs. 289.16, 289.53).
W y o m i n g . — P ublic w orks (R ev. S ta t., >1931, secs. 95-201—4)5-204); irrig atio n
w ork (R ev. S ta t., 1931, sec. 122-601 (as am ended b y A cts of 1931, ch. 73),
sec. 122-602 (as am ended b y A cts of 1931, ch. 73), sec. 122-603).
U n i t e d S t a t e s . — P ublic w orks (U. S. Com p. S ta t., 1916, sec. 6923).
T exas P revailin g W age Law D eclared U n c o n stitu tio n a l
District Court of the United States for the Western
District of Texas, Austin Division, has held illegal the Texas
T HE
current wage rate statute (Penal Code, arts. 1580 and 1581) in a
recent case brought before it (Christy-Dolph et al. v. Gragg, Com
missioner of Labor Statistics of Texas; Opinion of Judges).
Several contractors engaged upon construction work on buildings
of the University of Texas applied to the court for an inj unction to
restrain the State labor commissioner from enforcing the prevailing
wage law. The contractors alleged that they were under a binding
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written contract entered into by the board of regents of the Uni
versity of Texas to construct six buildings on the grounds of the
campus of the university at a total contract price aggregating more
than a million dollars. The plaintiff in the case alleged that while
carrying out contracts the contractors were employing certain skilled
and unskilled laborers at various rates of pay which they had as
certained and determined on investigation prior to the submitting
of the bids and entering upon the contracts with the board of regents.
The contractors claimed that at the rates they were paying they were
able to secure more workmen than really needed. In addition they
alleged that the State commissioner of labor, after a public hearing
to determine the current rate of wages in the city of Austin, arbi
trarily fixed a much higher wage scale than the contractors were
paying. The commissioner of labor called upon the contractors to
inaugurate the scale of wages fixed by him, and, upon their refusal
to do so, threatened to institute suits against them under the statu
tory law of Texas. As a basis for their suit, the contractors alleged
that the current wage statute as applied to them was void and that
the enforcement of the law would cause irreparable damage and
deprive them of their liberty without due process of law.
Article 1580 of the Penal Code of Texas deals with contracts made
by or on behalf of the State or any political subdivision thereof with
any corporation, etc., for the performance of any work. The law,
in addition to stating that eight hours shall constitute a day’s work,
provides also, in part, that not less than the current rate of wages
for like work in the locality where the work is being performed shall
be paid to the laborers, etc., so employed for any political body,
and every contract hereafter made must comply with the require
ments of the statute. Article 1581 of the code refers mainly to the
penalties for violations of the act.
The contractors assailed the provisions of article 1580 on the
ground that the term “ not less than the current rate of per hour
wages for like work” and the term “ in the locality where the work
is being performed” are vague, indefinite, and uncertain and no
definite criterion is furnished by which they can be guided. They
state that the enforcement of such a statute would deprive them of
their liberty and property without due process of law and also that
the statutes provide no ascertainable standard of guilt.
The district court of the United States, in an opinion by District
Judge McMillan, said that there was no doubt that the present case
was ruled by a decision of the United States Supreme Court in an
Oklahoma case (Connally v. General Construction Co., 269 U. S.
385) in which the decision was adverse to the law.1 That case was
practically identical with the one under consideration and was
challenged on substantially the same grounds. It is perfectly obvious
in the present case, he said, that—
F rom th e findings of fa c t w hich h av e h ereto fo ie been m ad e t h a t th e wages
paid for lab o r such as t h a t involved here, even ad o p tin g th e city of A ustin as
th e locality in ten d ed , varied to a g re a t e x te n t. T h e te rm “ c u rre n t ra te of
w ages,” as used in th e s ta tu te a n d as th e sam e m u s t be applied to th e plaintiffs
in th is p a rtic u la r case, furnishes ab so lu tely no definite criterio n b y w hich th e
p a rtie s concerned can be guided in d eterm in in g w h e th e r th e y a re or are n o t
com plying w ith th e law . F u rth e rm o re , i t is equally obvious t h a t th e te rm
“ locality w here th e w ork is being p erfo rm ed ,” as used in th e s ta tu te , fixes no
1See U. S. B ureau of L abor Statistics Bui. No. 417, p. 139,
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definite area of w hich all p a rtie s m ay be apprised, n o r does th e evidence here
aid th e m a tte r any, as th e testim o n y leaves th e q u estio n of th e 'lo c a lity as vague
and indefinite as th e s ta tu te itself.
The commissioner of labor, however, relied upon the decision in
the case of Kuark v. International Union of Operating Engineers
(146 Atl. 797). This case arose in the Supreme Court of Maryland,
and that court refused to follow the reasoning of the Supreme Court
of the United States with regard either to the “ current rate of per
diem wages” or “ the locality where the work is performed.” In
regard to this, Judge McMillan pointed out the expressions in the
Kuark case were merely dicta and were so recognized even by the
Maryland court delivering the opinion. He cited several cases in
which the Connally case was referred to with approval, and in none
of these cases was it shown that the United States Supreme Court
had indicated the slightest intention of receding in any particular
from the doctrines announced in the Connally case.
The commissioner of labor relied on two other sections of the
Texas statutes to substantiate his contention in the case. Articles
5150 and 5179, he contended, gave him the power to hold a hearing
and to determine the current wage rate in the particular locality.
The court, however, was of the opinion that the statutes last men
tioned neither accomplished nor attempted to accomplish any such
result as that alleged by the commissioner. They were merely
intended, the court said, to relate to the supervision of sanitary and
health conditions in designated places.
The court, in concluding the opinion, stated that there was nothing
in articles 1580 and 1581 of the Criminal Code which says that the
current rate of wages shall be the rate fixed by the commissioner of
labor after a hearing. The employee, it was stated, would be in no
way protected under the statutes by following the judgment of the
commissioner as to what constituted the proper rate and—
H e w ould be ju s t as safe in following his own opinion, as in th e la s t analysis,
u n d er th e sta tu te s a tta c k e d , th e question as to w h a t is th e c u rre n t ra te in th e
locality w ould h av e to be d eterm in ed by a c o u rt or ju ry in each case as i t cam e
up. H is only p ro tectio n in following th e decision of th e com m issioner w ould lie
in th e fa c t t h a t th e com m issioner him self m ig h t n o t elect to in s titu te th e prose
cution. T he rig h ts of th e p arties can n o t be p e rm itte d to h an g on such an
a rb itra ry a n d slender th re a d as this.
It was pointed out in the Connally case that the commissioner of
labor of Oklahoma attempted to make an investigation concerning
the wages paid, just as the commissioner of labor of Texas did in this
case. The Oklahoma commissioner in the Connally case claimed to
be acting under a statute of the State which imposed on him the duty
of carrying into effect all labor laws. As in the Connally case, so
also in this case, after the wage scale had been fixed, the commissioner
threatened a prosecution. The Supreme Court of the United States
in the Connally case brushed aside the contentions of the commis
sioner of labor in Oklahoma, holding that the statute on its face was
unconstitutional.
Judge McMillan was of the opinion that his court was bound by
that decision, and therefore held that the Texas prevailing wage rate
law was also unconstitutional.
The commissioner of labor statistics of Texas, in a communication
to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, states that the case
will be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States,
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R epeal of N a tio n a l T ra d es-U n io n A ct
HE national trades-union law was repealed by an act of Congress
(Public Act No. 306) on July 22, 1932. The original law was
passed on June 29, 1886 (24 U. S. Stat. L. 86), and permitted the
incorporation of associations of working people in the following
terms:
T
F o r th e purpose of aiding its m em bers to becom e m ore skillful a n d efficient
w orkers, th e p rom o tio n of th e ir general intelligence, th e elev atio n of th e ir c h a r
acter, th e regulatio n of th e ir w ages a n d th e ir h o u rs a n d cond itio n s of lab o r, th e
p ro tectio n of th e ir in d iv id u al rig h ts in th e pro secu tio n of th e ir tra d e or tra d e s,
th e raising of fun d s fo r th e benefit of sick, disabled, or unem ployed m em bers, or
th e fam ilies of deceased m em bers, o r fo r such o th e r o b je c t or o b jects fo r w hich
w orking people m ay law fully com bine, h av in g in view th e ir m u tu a l p ro tectio n or
benefit.
According to statements made in Congress, no trade-union has
ever incorporated under the law and no actual benefit has accrued to
the trade-unions. Instead, private corporations fraudulently seek
ing to do business under a Federal statute have sprung up in places
outside the jurisdiction of the law, which was the District of Colum
bia. These companies were never intended to be authorized by this
law, and much harm was thought to have been done from the enact
ment of the original law. The effect of repealing the act, therefore,
is to prevent the continuance of such fraudulent practices.
E x ten sion of A ppropriation for Federal V ocation al
R e h a b ilita tio n
HE Seventy-second Congress passed a bill (Public Act No. 222),
approved June 30, 1932, which amended an act of June 2,
1920 (41 U. S. Stat. L. 735), as subsequently amended, entitled
“ An act to provide for the promotion of vocational rehabilitation of
persons disabled in industry or otherwise and their return to civil
employment.”
The new act is merely an extension of the original vocational
rehabilitation law of 1920 and provides appropriations for the use of
the States to June 30, 1937. This act does not become effective,
however, until July 1, 1933, when an appropriation of $1,000,000 is
provided for each of the fiscal years ending June 30, 1934, 1935,
1936, and 1937. The appropriations for the use of tbe States for
vocational rehabilitation of persons injured in industry, for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1933, was provided for under the provisions of
chapter 414 of an act of June 9, 1930 (46 U. S. Stat. L. 524). The sums
are to be allotted to the States as heretofore, namely, in the proportion
which their populations bear to the total population of the United
States according to the last preceding United States census.
Section 3 of the act as approved amends section 5 of the act of
June 2, 1920, as amended (U. S. C., title 29, sec. 34), by providing
that the Secretary of the Treasury shall hereafter pay to the States
the allotted amount of money in equal semiannual payments on the
1st day of July and January of each year instead of quarterly as
formerly.
T
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Federal H om e Loan B ank Law
HE home loan bank law approved on July 22, 1932 (Public Act
No. 304), provides in general for a method of financing home
building and home loans. Activity in home building and a conse
quent increase in employment are expected to result from the law.
A Federal Home Loan Bank Board is provided for, composed of
five members appointed by the President. The persons chosen to
serve are: Franklin W. Fort, New Jersey, chairman; William E.
Best, Pennsylvania; Dr. John M. Giles, Ohio; Nathan Adams,
Texas; and H. Morton Bodfish, Illinois.
The act provides that the board shall divide the United States into
from 8 to 12 districts, in each of which a Federal home loan bank
shall be established.
„
Membership in these district banks is open, upon subscription^ of a
certain amount of the bank’s stock, to building and loan associations,
savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, homestead asso
ciations, insurance companies, or savings banks.
Any institution eligible to membership may borrow from the home
loan bank on notes secured by home mortgage collateral. The
resources of the home loan banks, on the other hand, are secured
by the issuance of notes and debentures, which are backed by the
obligations of members, mortgages pledged as securities, and the
capital of the home loan banks.
The management of each of the home loan banks is vested m a
board of 11 directors, all of whom must be citizens of the United
States and residents of the district in which the bank is located.
Two of these directors are to be appointed by the Federal board;
the remaining 9 are (after 1932) to be elected by the member insti
tutions, and each director so elected must be a director of a member
institution.
T
Analysis of Act
T i t l e o f a c t . — Federal hom e loan
C r e a t i o n o f F e d e r a l b o a r d . — T he
b an k a c t.
_
b o ard is to consist of five m em bers ap p o in ted
by th e P resid en t, a t a salary of $10,000 each.
D u t i e s a n d p o w e r s . — T h e b o ard is d irected to supervise th e hom e loan banks;
m ak e rules governing th e m ; levy a sem iannual assessm ent to cover its expenses,
require re p o rts (a t least sem ianually) of th e condition of th e hom e loan banks,
an d issue periodic sta te m e n ts regarding th e m ; a n d issue a n n u a l re p o rts to R ongress. O th er d u ties of th e b o ard include th e periodic ex am in atio n of b ta te
law s governing conditions u n d er w hich bank in g in stitu tio n s a re p e rm itte d to be
form ed; th e prom u lg atio n of rules re la tiv e to assignm ents, etc., of th e obligations
of borrow ing in stitu tio n s to th e b a n k ; an d th e ap p ro v a l an d d ete rm in a tio n of
in te re st ra te s to be paid by th e hom e loan ban k s.
. .
E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f h o m e l o a n b a n k s . — N o t less th a n 8 n or m ore th a n 12 d istricts
to be form ed, in each of w hich a hom e loan b an k shall be established.
M e m b e r s h i p . — A ny building a n d lo an association, savings a n d lo an asso
ciation, cooperative b an k , h o m estead association, in su ran ce com pany, o r savings
b an k m ay apply for m em bership, pro v id ed it is organized u n d e r a b ta te or
F ed eral law , or is su b jec t to S ta te inspection an d reg u latio n , a n d m ak es long-term
hom e m o rtgage loans. A ny hom e ow ner u n ab le to o b ta in m o rtg ag e m oney rom
an y o th er source m ay o b ta in i t from a n y hom e loan b a n k organized u n d e r th e ac ,
as long as th e F ed eral G o v ern m en t holds sto ck in th e b an k . A ny building a n d
loan association n o t su b je c t to reg u latio n m ay becom e eligible to m em bership by
su b m ittin g to such reg u latio n a n d inspection. N a tio n a l b an k s, tr u s t com panies,
o r o th er b anking organizatio n s are n o t p e rm itte d to subscribe fo r sto ck or an y
F ed eral hom e loan bank .
. .
..„ î
C a p i t a l s t o c k , e tc . — E ach d istric t hom e lo an b a n k shall h av e a m i n i m u m c a p ita l
of $5,000,000, w ith shares of $100 p a r value. T he original sto ck su b scrip tio n to r
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
m em bership m u st be a n a m o u n t eq u al to 1 per cen t of th e aggregate u n p aid prin ci
pal of th e subscrib er’s hom e m ortgage loans, w ith a m inim um su b scrip tio n of $1,500.
A ny p a rt of th e m inim um c a p ita l n o t subscribed for b y m em bers w ith in 30 days
afte r th e books have been opened for su b scrip tio n m u st be ta k e n b y th e S ecretary
of th e T reasu ry ; fo r th is purpose th e su m of $125,000,000 is m ad e av ailab le from
funds of th e R eco n stru ctio n F inance C orp o ratio n . S tock su b scrip tio n s m ay be
p aid for eith e r in cash, a t th e tim e of ap p licatio n , or in in stallm en ts, o n e-fo u rth
a t tim e of filing of a p p licatio n a n d on e-fo u rth e v ery fo u r m o n th s. W hen th e
am o u n t of cap ita l of a hom e loan b a n k p aid in b y m em bers equals th e am o u n t
p aid in b y th e S ecretary of th e T reasu ry , th e b a n k m u st a p p ly to w a rd th e p a y
m en t a n d retire m e n t of th e shares held by th e G o v ern m en t 50 per cent of all sum s
p aid in as ca p ita l u n til all of the cap ital sto ck held by th e U n ited S tates is re tire d
a t par.
A m em ber m ay w ith d raw six m o n th s a fte r filing in te n tio n to do so. T he b o ard
m ay also rem ove a n y m em ber b an k for cause.
In th e d istrib u tio n of dividends, all stock of a n y hom e loan b an k shall share, a n d
no preference is allowed, except t h a t stock subscribed for by th e U n ited S tates is
e n titled to dividends a t th e ra te of 2 per cent an n u ally , c u m u lativ e fro m th e in v e st
m en t d ate.
A d v a n c e s b y h o m e l o a n b a n k s . — Any in s titu tio n eligible for m em bership h a s th e
rig h t to a p p ly for advances. T h e hom e lo an b an k s a re a u th o rized to m ake
advances upon th e secu rity of hom e m ortgages, w ith in c e rta in restrictio n s.
L i m i t a t i o n s o n a d v a n c e s . — If th e loan is secured by a n am o rtized hom e m o rt
gage, or shares of sto ck are pledged as secu rity , b o th of w hich ru n for eig h t years
or m ore, 60 per cen t of th e u n p a id principal, b u t n o t to exceed 40 p er c en t of th e
value of th e real e sta te , m ay be adv an ced . If th e loan, how ever, is secured b y a
m ortgage given in resp ect to a n y o th e r hom e m ortgage loan, th e a m o u n t of th e
ad vance is lim ited to 50 p e r c en t of th e u n p aid p rin cip al or n o t to exceed 30 p er
cent of th e re al-e sta te value. T h e value of th e re a l e sta te is of th e tim e th e a d
vance is m ade. A dvances are to be m ade upo n th e secured n o te or obligation
of th e borrow ing in stitu tio n , w hich is to b ear in te re st a t a ra te fixed b y th e board.
An in s titu tio n ap p ly in g for a n ad v an ce m u st agree to p a y off all advances, w ith
in te re st a n d costs according to th e te rm s of th e ag reem ent.
A d d i t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s . — A hom e m ortgage shall n o t be accep ted as collateral
for an ad v an ce if th e m ortgage has m ore th a n 15 y ears to ru n , or if th e real-e sta te
value exceeds $20,000, or if th e m ortgage is overdue m ore th a n six m o n th s w hen
presented.
P o w e r s , e t c ., o f b a n k s . — F ed eral hom e lo an b an k s are em pow ered to borrow
m oney a n d to issue bonds a n d d eb en tu res, e tc ., a n d are jo in tly a n d severally
liable for th e ir p a y m en t. All su ch obligations a re ex em p t from ta x a tio n , b o th
as to p rin cip al a n d in te re st, b u t are n o t obligations of th e U n ited S ta te s a n d are
n o t g u aran teed b y th e F ed eral G ov ern m en t. E ach hom e loan b a n k m u st c arry
to a reserve acco u n t, sem iannually, 20 p er c en t of the n e t earnings u n til th e reserve
equals th e paid-in c ap ital, a fte r w hich only 5 p er c en t is re q u ired to be added.
A F ederal hom e loan b a n k is n o t p e rm itte d to tra n sa c t a general b an k in g business
or an y business n o t expressly au th o riz e d b y th e a c t.
V i o l a t i o n s . — F o r v iolations of th e a c t, pen alties are p ro v id ed b y fine or im
prisonm ent, according to th e degree a n d k in d of guilt.
E xten sion of B ritish C oal-M in e L egislation
Ministry of Labor Gazette, in its issue for June, 1932 (p. 208),
states that the coal mines bill, 1932, had passed its third reading
THE
in the House of Commons and had gone to the House of Lords. The
principal purpose of the bill is to continue two earlier laws which
would otherwise have lapsed this year. It first prolongs until Decem
ber 31, 1937, Part I of the coal mines act, 1930, which would normally
expire at the end of this year. This regulates the production, supply,
and sale of coal in Great Britain by means of a central coordinating
scheme, with district schemes operating in the several coal fields.1
1For an account of the organization and effectiveness of schemes formed under this legislation, see Labor
Review, N ovem ber, 1931, p. 81.
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553
The second part provides that the 7%-hour day shall continue in
effect until the coming into operation of an act to ratify the Geneva
convention. This convention would have the effect of limiting the
hours of underground workers in coal mines to 7% hours, “ bank to
bank,” which is equivalent to 7% hours under the methods of calcula
tion used in Great Britain. The act of 1931, which is modified by
this section, had provided that the hours of underground work should
be 7y2 a day until July 7, 1932, or until the coming into effect of an
act to give force to the Geneva convention, whichever period should
prove to be the shorter.
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INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
A ccid en ts in C em en t M a n u fa ctu r in g in 1931
TATISTICS of accidents occurring in the cement manufacturing
industry in 1931, compiled by the Portland Cement Association
and published in its Accident Prevention Magazine for the second
quarter of 1932, show a reduction in frequency rates but an increase
in severity rates in 1931 as compared with 1930.
The following table covers the 5-year period 1927 to 1931, converted
to conform to the standard measurement of 1,000,000 man-hours’
exposure for frequency rates and 1,000 man-hours’ exposure for
severity rates:
S
TABLE 1 .—N U M B E R OF A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T
F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y
R A T E S IN C E M E N T M A N U F A C T U R IN G , 1927 TO 1931, B Y Y E A R S
[Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure; severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure]
Year
F a ta l cases
N onfatal cases
T otal cases
N um
ber of
estab N um ber of
Fre Sever
F re
lish
Fre
N u m quen Sever N um quen Sever
ments man-hours N u m quen
ity
ity
ity
ber
ber
ber
report
cy
cy
cy
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
ing
136
136
138
128
1927.................. .
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931____________
100
93, 871, 081
85, 796, 645
75, 739, 429
69, 727, 954
38, 099, 084
30
33
37
18
17
0. 32
.39
.49
.26
.45
1. 92
2. 31
2. 93
1.55
. 68
1, 436
985
778
486
237
2
15. 30
11. 48
10. 27
. 97
. 22
6
6
1.07
1.41
. 28
.92
.63
1
1,466
1,018
815
504
254
15. 62
11.87
10. 76
7. 23
. 67
6
2. 99
3. 72
4. 21
2. 47
3.31
The table shows a continuous yearly decline in frequency rates for
all cases for the period, but severity^ rates increased in the years 1928
and 1929, dropped during 1930, and increased again during 1931 above
the 1927 figure.
Table 2 shows the relation of accidents to length of service for the
several years and affords a study of the liability of inexperienced
workers (i. e., with less than six months’ service). The improvement
during the year 1931 over previous years may be attributed to the
fact that a relatively larger number of more experienced workers were
employed.
T able 2 . — F A T A L
A N D N O N F A T A L A C C ID E N T S IN C E M E N T M A N U F A C T U R IN G ,
A C C O R D IN G TO L E N G T H OF S E R V IC E , 1927 TO 1931
Length of service
Less th a n 6 m o n th s____________________
1927
______ _
6m onths to 1 y ear----------------------------------------------1year to 2 years------ -----------------------------------------
2 years to 5 years__________ __________________ . . .
5 years to 10 years----- . .
---------------------- - . - years a n d over_____ . . .
_________ ________ _
10
T o tal______________________________________
i T aken from 199 reports out of 214.
554
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1928
1929
1930
1931 i
347
139
170
250
151
273
97
119
208
153
97
205
69
87
130
no
100
92
38
52
76
56
57
56
43
59
1,143
947
701
371
199
86
26
5
10
555
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
The following table shows the cause of injury and the nature of
injury for the 214 accidents which occurred in 1931 :
T able
3 — D IS T R IB U T IO N
O F A C C ID E N T S IN C E M E N T M A N U F A C T U R IN G ,
N A T U R E O F IN JU R Y A N D C A U SES O F A C C ID E N T S , 1931
N um
ber of
cases
Item
N ature of injury:
F atalities___________________
P erm an en t p artial disabilities..
F ractu res___________________
Severe cuts, bruises, burns, etc.
Infections___________________
E ye injuries, tem porary______
M inor cuts, bruises, burns, etc.
T o tal_____________________
Causes of accidents:
C aught betw een objects______
C em ent d u st.......................... —
17
23
49
60
20
•
14
31
214
Item
Causes of accidents—C ontinued.
___ ________________
Explosions
Falling objects ___________________
Falls “ . __________________ _____ Flying m aterial ___ __ __ _______
H eat . . . .
.
_________ ______
H o t substances__________ _______ - M achinery ______________________
Objftp.ts ha,nrllp,rl
Strains from lifting____ _________ O ther causes
10
1
Total
____________________
_
______________ - __
BY
N um
ber of
cases
11
41
37
12
1
18
21
32
8
12
10
214
The data show an increase in the average days lost per accident
from 40.7 in 1930 to 42.7 in 1931, while the average number of accidents
per plant declined from 3.43 in 1930 to 2.14 in 1931.
In fected In ju ries in M aine, 1931
of every 13 injuries reported in 1931 involved infections,
according to the May, 1932, issue of the Industrial Safety Bulletin,
ONE
published by the Department of Labor and Industry of Maine.
Figures taken from a study of the 13,912 injuries, reported to the
industrial commission during 1931, show that the highest percentage
in the 25 industries listed occurred in the canning industry, 22.6 per
cent of all injuries developing infection. The shoe industry ranked
second, with 18 per cent, and the laundry industry third, with 15.3 per
cent. The lowest percentage was found in woods operations, 1.57 per
cent. Bridge construction, with 2.42 per cent, and boat and canoe
building, with 2.78 per cent, were the next lowest. Nine of the
industries were above the average for all industries, which was 7.82
per cent, while the other 16 industries showed lower percentages.
Attention is called to the facts that the “ trivial” scratches and
punctures of one month are sometimes the amputations of the next
month, and that freedom from infection is had only when the highest
plant authority establishes a plant first-aid policy and demands
compliance therewith.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
556
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The following table shows the percentages of infections following
injury in the various industries:
P R O P O R T IO N O F IN D U S T R IA L IN J U R IE S IN F E C T E D IN M A IN E , 1931, BY IN D U S T R Y
Per cent
of injuries
infected
In d u stry
C anning___ - _________ __________ _
S hoes.. _______ _____________ .
Laundries____ _______________ __ . .
M ercantile- .
___
H otel-restaurant . . .
. . .
..
C o tto n ..
.
. ._ . . . __________ .
Woolen _ . . ___ . . . _________ _
Miscellaneous _. ___________________
Woodworking_____________ . _____
Garage_____ _________ _ _____ _ . __
Shipbuilding________ ____ . . ________
F o u n d ry an d m achine shops_________
Lime—cem ent __
___
L um ber_____ __________ ____ _______
22 . 60
18.00
15. 30
1 1 . 68
11.14
9. 70
8. 96
8. 90
8. 10
7. 60
7. 57
6 . 34
6.03
5. 75
In d u stry
Per cent
of injuries
infected
Public employees
P u lp and paper
Printers
Building construction
Q uarrying—finishing *
Road construction
Public utilities
S tru ctu ral steel
Boats and canoes
Bridge eonst.rnetion
Woods operations
5. 32
4. 98
4. 77
4. 52
4.37
3. 27
3.10
2 . 82
2. 78
2.42
1. 57
All industries, average__________
7. 82
A ccid en tal D ea th s in N ew York, 1929-30
175, prepared by the division of industrial hygiene,
New York Department of Labor, presents a summary of fatali
B ULLETIN
ties and their causes for the year ending June 30, 1930.
The total accident cases closed during the year numbered 109,848,
of which 1,348, or 1.2 per cent, were fatal and permanent total dis
ability cases.
Table 1 shows the proportion of injuries which resulted in death
or permanent disability and the industry groups in which these
occurred, while Table 2 shows the causes of the 1,348 fatal and
permanent total disability cases.
T a ble 1 .— C O M P E N S A T E D D E A T H A N D P E R M A N E N T T O T A L D IS A B IL IT Y CASES IN
N E W Y O R K , 1929-30, A N D R E L A T IO N TO T O T A L CA SES, B Y IN D U S T R Y G R O U P S
In d u stry group
N um ber of
cases—all
types
D eath and perm a
nent total disabil
ity cases
N um ber
M anufacturing__________________
C onstruction___________________
T ran sp o rtatio n and public utilities.
C lerical'and personal service_____
T rad e......................... ...........................
O th er....... .............................................
Total.
1
Includes 40 perm anent total disabilities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per cent
of total
cases
40, 823
24, 576
16,941
14,124
11,172
296
404
298
227
68
.6
2,212
55
2.3
109,848
i -, 348
1. 2
0.7
1 .7
1 .8
1.6
557
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
T a ble 2 .— C O M P E N S A T E D F A T A L A N D P E R M A N E N T T O T A L D IS A B IL IT Y C A SES IN
N E W Y O R K , 1929-30, B Y C A U SE O F IN JU R Y
N um ber
of cases
Cause of in ju ry
"FTn n HI in g objects pnfi to o ls
Falls of w o r k e r s
M echanical appliances
Vehicles
Falling objects
D angerous and harm ful substances
Slipping on and striking o b je c ts
O ther or indefinite
-
_ _____________________________ —
__ _______________________________ —
________ ______________ — -- ___________ -- — — ---------- - - - - -------------------------- - -
______ _______ ______ _
_ __________ ____
45
8. 31
24.78
16. 62
24.63
9. 49
12 . 16
.67
3. 34
1, 348
100. 00
112
334
224
332
128
164
9
__________ —
____________________________ _______
Total
____________ _________ -
-
—
-----
Per cent
of total
A special study has been made of 100 selected fatalities reported
from plants employing 48,114 workers, or an average of 481 workers
per fatality. Among the various possible factors investigated was
the size of the plant in relation to fatality. Table 3 shows that the
relative number of deaths in small plants was very high, but it
is felt that this can not be considered conclusive without further
investigation.
T a ble 3 . —D IS T R IB U T IO N O F 100 F A T A L IT IE S IN N E W Y O R K , 1929-30, BY SIZE O F P L A N T
Per cent
F atalities T otal w ork fatalities
in plants
are of
ers
em
of specified
workers
ployed
size
exposed
N um ber of employees
1 to 25 employees
________________________
26 to 50 employees _ _______________________ ____
51 to 160 employees
______ _____________
101 to 250 employees
___ _ _ _ _ _
_ ___ _ _____________________
251 to 500 employees
501 to 1 000 employees
__________ _________ -1 001 employees or over
__________________________
T otal
-
_________
Average
num ber of
employees
per
fatality
13
2, 546
3, 150
8,025
32, 668
8.99
2.81
1.33
.59
.29
. 14
.04
36
75
170
350
730
2,513
100
48,114
.2 1
481
31
5
16
15
9
11
345
178
1,2 0 2
11
All of the persons involved in this special study were men, and their
ages ranged from 15 to 79 years, with an average of 42, which is con
siderably over the average age of workers in the manufacturing
industry as a whole. Seven were under 20 years, 40 were between 20
and 40 years, 35 were between 40 and 60 years, and 18 were over 60
years.
The data disclose a relatively high rate of accidents among the
older employees, and also the surprising fact that 10 of the 100
killed were foremen, an occupation that ordinarily would demand
consideration for safety.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
C o m p en sa tio n D en ied for In ju ries R eceived in E m p lo y m en t N ot
In cid en ta l to Office
unusual angle of workmen’s compensation oc
curred in New Jersey in the case of Van Devander West Side
A M.SOMEWHAT
E. Church (160 Atl. 763).
v.
A claim for workmen’s compensation was made by a minister who
was pastor of the West Side Methodist Episcopal Church in Jersey
City. The Workmen’s Compensation Bureau of New Jersey
awarded compensation for injuries alleged to have been sustained as
the result of an accident arising out of and in the course of his employ
ment.
An appeal from the bureau’s decision was made to the Supreme
Court of New Jersey. It appeared that the minister was injured on
November 11, 1930, while removing a heavy barrel from the cellar
of the parsonage. The question presented to the supreme court was
whether or not the accident was one arising out of and in the course
of the employment. The court reviewed the contract of employ
ment and the method by which the minister was to carry on his work
in the parsonage. He was granted a stated salary, and out of this
amount the sum of $700 was deducted, presumably for rent, etc. As
no janitor service was specified in the contract, he was required to do
all work about the house, including the care of the furnace, himself.
According to his own testimony, he was required to keep the house in
condition for use by the members of his parish, as the house was used
for various parish meetings.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey set aside the award of the com
pensation bureau and held that it was an error to hold that the acci
dent arose out of the employment. The court reasoned that the
claimant was performing a household duty for his own benefit, which
he would have been required to perform if he lived in a house owned
by hiniself. The court cited the case of Bryant v. Fissell (86 Atl.
458), in which the workmen’s compensation act was said to cover only
risks which are within the ordinary scope of the particular employment
in which the workman is employed. The court was of the opinion
that the duty which the claimant was performing when injured was
not incidental to his office. The court also cited a case in New York
State (Lauterbach v. Jarett, 178 N. Y. S. 480), in which a janitress
was injured by the falling of plaster while in her own apartment,
which was furnished to her. The court in that case held that in no
sense could it be said that she was jani tress of her own apartment
merely because the accident happened in the building in which she
was acting as jani tress; that she was acting in a dual capacity; and
that her personal relations to her family who were living in one of the
apartments were distinct and separate from her relations to her em
ployers.
558
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
559
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
The New Jersey Supreme Court was of the opinion that the reason
ing in the New York case was sound and that the minister in the case
under consideration was at the time of the accident performing an
act personal to himself and not connected with his employment. _It
therefore set aside the judgment of the Workmen’s Compensation
Bureau of New Jersey awarding compensation.
R eport of W ork m en ’s C o m p en sa tio n Board of B ritish C olu m b ia
report of the Workmen’s Compensation Board of the Province
of British Columbia for the calendar year 1931 shows a reduction
THE
of 22 per cent in the number of accidents causing a time loss of more
than three days. A total of 25,877 claims was filed in 1931, as com
pared with 33,285 in 1930. Fatal accidents, however, show a decrease
for the year of 55 per cent, with a total of 125 in 1931, as against 219
in 1927, 251 in 1928, 253 in 1929, and 277 in 1930.
The report also shows that about 2,500 first-aid cases were reported
in 1931, for which no claims were filed, as the time loss involved did
not exceed three working-days.
A distribution of lost-time accidents for 1931 places 30 per cent of
them in the lumber industry; construction and general manufacturing
were next, each charged with 11 per cent of the total. The average
cost of all temporary disability cases is given as $95.62.
The following table summarizes the number of cases closed in 1931,
with amount of compensation awarded, by industry group, and the
extent of disability:
D IS A B IL IT Y
E x ten t of disability
P erm an ent p a r
tial
F atal
In d u stry group
Logging 1 number, and paper
____ _ - -Floal m ining
______ _ ____ —
M etal im ping, quarrying, stone and clay prodPIpfis
_ _ ________________________
Iron and steel products __________ ______
General m anniant.il ring - ________________
C onstruction and shipbuilding-_ __________
Public- utilities
________ ___________
Navigation and stevedoring _
_ _
C anadian Pacific sy,stern
G rand T ru n k Pacific a n d C anadian N ational
R ailw ays
______________________
Provincial employees __________ _______
M unicipal employees
__________________
Pishing and products
_________________
Explosives and chemicals
G reat N orthern system
____
piominion employees
_______________
N orthern A lberta R ailw ay s...................... ...........
Total
_____________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T em porary total
N u m Com pen N u m C om pen
sation
sation
ber of
ber of
aw ards
cases
awards
cases
N um
ber of
cases
C om pen
sation
aw ards
293 $337, 877. 41
45, 485. 02
37
3,806
709
$426,632. 41
64,166. 73
66,954.98
40, 860. 25
83, 821.92
147,162. 43
40, 380.37
85, 219. 40
81, 703.91
46
4
$82, 792. 73
33, 024. 61
10
2
34, 644. 62
5, 455. 46
11,403. 13
34, 570. 71
17,425. 70
30, 681.13
74, 403. 79
44
35
64
78
29
39
42
50,153. 91
26, 265. 83
64, 028.15
92, 350. 88
38,377. 86
51, 741. 23
40, 028. 37
551
516
1,385
1, 377
322
664
11,169.15
20, 095. 75
16, 586.17
100 . 00
13
31
28
23,968. 57
34, 646. 05
34, 263. 63
25, 517. 98
245
863
954
249
7
3
4
5
5
16
4
7
1
1
0
0
1
0
109
100.00
372, 452. 95
21
0
1
1
0
756
807. 54
568. 27
866 , 080.
70
1,0 0 1
10
37
9
22, 575.17
60, 881. 77
59, 822.40
29,617. 57
747. 22
986. 14
3, 043. 00
292. 47
12, 705 1, 214,868.14
COOPERATION
D ev elo p m en t of C ooperative C redit S o cietie s in 1931
are given the results of an inquiry by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics as to the 1931 operations of credit societies in the
B ELOW
United States. The data were in all cases obtained from the State
office to which the credit union law requires the societies to report.
Inquiries were directed to 32 States. Data were received from 20
States, and, with the exception of Alabama, Indiana, and North
Carolina, include all of the States which are the most important in
credit-union development.
As is seen, data are lacking on important points in several of the
States. This is because the law does not require the societies to report
on these points.
Table 1 shows that the credit unions in the 18 States which reported
as to number of members had a combined membership of nearly
270,000. The combined share capital in 19 States was over $15,000,000
and the total resources amounted to more than $33,000,000.
Massachusetts still remains the leading credit-union State; but
while New York still holds second place in point of number of socie
ties, Illinois is rapidly gaining and as regards aggregate share capital
exceeded New York at the end of 1931.
T able 1 . — M E M B E R S H IP A N D R E S O U R C E S O F C R E D IT U N IO N S , 1931, B Y ST A T E S
N um
ber of N um ber of Share capi G uaranty
credit members
tal
fund
unions
State
California------ ------------- _ - ----------- ---------
37
8, 521
6
Georgia--------------- -----------------------------------Illinois--- ----------------------------------------------Iow a, ---- ---------------------Kansas^ - ------ ----------------------- ------------M assachusetts--. . ------------------------- --------M ichigan____ _ --- -------------------- M in n eso ta...
-------------------- --- -M issouri__ __ .
----------------- --M o n ta n a ___ _____ - - _____ _______ ______
N ebraska---- ---------- --------------------- N ew H a m p sh ire 2
__________
.
------N ew Jersey------------------------------------- --------N ew Y ork------------ ------ --------------------R hode Islan d ------------------ ------ ------ ------ -----Texas_____________________________________
V irginia. ________________________________
W est V irginia, --------------------------------------W isconsin_________________________________
44
92
62
13
302
37
75
82
3
23
5
18
113
15
35
33
854
7,838
19, 423
5, 558
1, 728
109, 592
6,254
15, 147
9,825
140
3, 214
(»)
3, 658
58, 585
10 , 011
3, 401
T o ta l,. _____________ _____ _________
i N o t reported.
560
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 For
52
2, 302
2, 330
$449, 071
99, 887
456, 884
1,079,155
265, 843
46, 647
8, 363, 664
507, 415
648, 758
0)
1,298
103, 639
97, 259
237, 570
1, 051, 035
577, 694
144, 481
451, 084
124, 403
611, 655
1,057
268, 381
15, 317, 442
(0
10
year ending Ju n e 30, 1931.
3 Surplus
$16, 886
30,808
52, 539
8, 608
334
838, 743
19, 249
29, 547
(>)
Total re
sources
$624, 957
107, 792
627| 072
1, 198,173
295, 796
58, 329
13,874, 270
631, 413
1,042,177
(0
3, 823
36, 424
3 17, 468
871,127
74, 680
894
16, 341
7,191
25,161
1,348
182,066
1, 921, 860
265, 770
9, 251, 835
1, 949, 154
214, 902
583, 372
145, 873
669,184
2, 049, 823
33, 645, 343
and guaranty fund.
561
COOPERATION
Table 2 shows th a t the loans made during 1931 in the 11 States
reporting on this point amounted to over $19,000,000, while the loans
outstanding at the end of the year in 19 States aggregated more than
$26,000,000.
Considerably over half a million dollars was returned in dividends
in 13 States for which data were obtained.
T able 2.—LO A N S OF C R E D IT U N IO N S D U R IN G 1931, A N D D IV ID E N D S P A ID , B Y ST A T E S
Loans
California _ ____ _ _ _ __________________
I lorida _
_____
_
Georgia _ _ _ _
_________
_ _ _
__ _
Illinois__
Iow a___
K ansas _ _ _
________
__ ______
M assachusetts.- ______
______ _
M ichigan.
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____
M innesota____ ___
_ _ ______ _
M issouri_______ _ ______
_ ______
M o n tan a___ _
_______
N ebraska.
___ _ ______ __ _
___ ___ _
N ew H a m p sh ire 3 __
_______
N e w J e rs e y ... _
_ _ _ _ _ ___
N ew Y ork.
___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__ _
R hode Islan d___
___ _ _
Texas_____ _
__
______
____
V irginia___ _ _ _ _ _________
W est V irginia__ ______
W isconsin_______________ ______
Total
_____
1
D ividends paid
N um ber of
borrowers M ade d u r O utstand
ing year
ing a t end
of year
State
N o t reported.
2 Average.
(>)
(0
(0
0)
10, 912
2,916
749
55, 970
3,315
6,811
$161,137
(>)
1, 701,108
368, 312
84, 979
14, 526, 730
699, 041
(0
(0
(0
(0
16
1,828
$553, 833
94, 520
495, 334
1, 004, 590
225, 551
52, 083
11,043,189
525, 727
830,400
0 )
1,442
1,372
493, 884
947
151, 347
1,487,103
62, 688
6 , 880, 491
1, 791, 786
164, 936
505, 811
124, 667
552, 888
93, 420
19, 329, 371
26, 547, 891
300, 506
259, 014
149,134
(>)
2,414
(>)
0 )
3,690
1,985
585, 526
(>)
0 )
(')
(0
3
A m ount
$17, 620
5,919
34, 532
57, 789
11, 920
811
442, 469
3, 799
0 )
(i)
(0
4,143
(>)
9,908
0 )
0 )
1,427
(>)
5, 614
29, 398
R ate
(per
cent)
O
)
2 9. 3
2 7.5
2 5.4
2 5.0
2 6. 4
2 6. 2
2 6. 2
6. 0-7. 0
2 6. 5
(0
3. 0-6. 0
(i)
3. 0-8. 0
(')
0 )
0 )
0 )
2 4.0
(')
625, 349
For year ending June 30, 1931.
Development Since 1929
T h e bureau’s previous study of credit unions (for 1929) showed a
total, in all States in which credit cooperation has taken root, of 974
societies, 785 of which were in the States for which the bureau has
obtained 1931 data. During the two years 1929-1931 the number of
societies in these States increased 34.6 per cent. The average mem
bership per society, however, fell from 345 to 263.
The greatest progress as regards number of societies took place in
Illinois, where 51 new societies were formed. Gains of 26, 32, 38,
and 39 societies were made in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
Missouri, respectively. New York was the only State reporting in
which there were fewer credit unions in 1931 than in 1929.
Increases in aggregate membership were registered in every State
except Montana and New York; in these the membership fell.
136143° — 32—
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 3 .—D E V E L O P M E N T O F C R E D IT U N IO N S AS R E G A R D S N U M B E R O P S O C IE T IE S ,
M E M B E R S H IP , A N D S H A R E C A P IT A L , 1929-1931
M em bership
Total
num ber of
societies
1929
Average per
society
1931.
Share cap
ital per
member 1
State
1929
C a lifo rn ia _______- _______
Florida. _______ __________
G eorgia.. _ _______ . _ . .
Illinois . . _______ . .
Io w a .. _____
K ansas___ . . . _________
M assachusetts__ ___ _ .
M ichigan. . .
. . . ---- .
M innesota___ _ ________ .
M isso u ri.. . _ . ______
M o n tan a___ __________
N e b ra s k a ... _ __________ .
New H am pshire . . . .
N ew Jersey____________
New Y o rk .. . _______ ____
R hode Is la n d .__
____
___ . . .
Texas_______ .
Virginia_______________
W est Virginia_____
W isconsin____ ____________
Total
U nited S tates________
1
19
N um
ber of
1931 societies
report
ing
1
6
1
39
41
36
44
92
62
13
302
37
75
82
3
23
5
18
113
15
35
33
39
32
27
9
299
10
6
52
9
3, 079
226
7, 029
8, 230
2,723
537
107,044
3, 963
8,943
7, 470
150
737
4, 042
2i 937
70, 598
9,062
247
5,984
1, 591
1, 697
785 1,057
974
714
828
246, 289
264, 908
10
299
29
43
43
1
7
3
11
125
13
12
30
9
14
37
N um
ber of
M em societies
bers
report
ing
16
20
43
42
1
5
2
7
125
9
4
18
37
6
44
92
62
13
302
37
75
82
3
23
18
113
15
35
M em
bers
8, 521
854
7, 838
19, 423
6 , 558
1, 728
109, 592
6 , 254
15,147
9, 825
140
3, 214
(2)
3, 658
58, 585
10 ,0 11
52
3,401
(2)
2, 302
2, 330
1, 019
268, 381
10
Based on societies reporting as to both mem bership and capital.
1929
1931
1929
192
226
180
257
230
142
178
$36
144
47
52
40
101
60
358
198
208
178
150
147
2 , 021
2 11
90
133
363
169
202
120
47
140
'420
565
1,007
62
332
265
189
203
518
667
97
345
320
263
2 N ot
230
45
12
96
60
37
(2)
20
21
11
34
143
63
19
35
36
98
1931
$53
117
58
56
48
27
76
81
43
(2)
9
32
(2)
65
18
58
42
(2)
54
263
57
92
reported.
Table 4 shows the total and average loans granted in 1929 and 1931.
In 1929 data as to total amount of loans granted during the year
were obtained for 720 societies, whose combined loans were $24,548,353d Of these societies, 309 (43 per cent) were in the States
for which data have been obtained for 1931; their loans in 1929 totaled
$22,482,601. The 625 societies for which 1931 data were secured
made loans during that year amounting to $19,329,371.
In most States the average business (i. e., loans made) per society
declined. Of the 10 States for which data on this point were obtained
for both years, only 2 (Kansas and Michigan) showed an increase.
For the whole group, average loans per society declined 55 per cent.
1
Excluding M assachusetts, d ata for w hich as to loans granted were only estim ated.
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COOPERATION
T able 4 .—T O T A L LO A N S G R A N T E D , A N D A V E R A G E A M O U N T P E R LO A N , 1929 A N D 1931
T otal loans granted
1929
Average
Average loans per am ount of
society
loan per
borrower l
1931
State
N um
ber of
socie
ties re
porting
California_ _
____
F lorida__ ______ - .
Georgia__________________
_
Illinois____________________
Iow a_________ __________
K a n s a s ____ _______ ____
M assachusetts___ _______ . . .
M ichigan_______________
M o n tan a. . . _
_____ ____
N e b ra sk a .. . ________ ____
N ew H am p sh ire__________ _
N ew Jersey____ _ _______ .
N ew Y o rk __ _______
R hode Isla n d _____ _ _. . . . .
Texas______________________
V irg in ia... _______________
W est Virginia ___________
W isconsin____ ____________
T o tal. . .
___
16
1
21
32
27
8
A m ount
$208, 520
40, 000
537,109
863, 306
170, 755
7,659
0
7
125
9
4
17
5
9
372, 392
7, 5C0
66, 252
144, 612
130,194
18, 365, 000
679, 936
5, 257
510, 348
107, 442
266, 319
309
22,482, 601
20
1
5
2
N um
ber of
socie
ties re
porting
6
92
62
13
302
37
23
5
18
15
A m ount
1929
»$161,137
(2>
«
1, 701,108
368, 312
84, 979
14, 526, 730
699, 041
$13, 033
40, 000
25, 577
26, 978
6,324
957
0
300, 506
259, 014
149,134
(2)
585, 526
0
0
0
52
493, 884
625
19, 329, 371
1 On basis of societies reporting both num ber of borrowers
2 N ot reported.
3 M assachusetts d ata excluded because only estim ated.
18, 620
7,500
13, 250
72, 306
18, 599
146. 920
75, 548
1,314
30, 020
21, 488
29, 591
6 8 ,10 1
1931
1929
0
$118
172
124
155
133
61
$26, 856
18,490
5,941
6,537
48, 102
18,893
13,065
51, 803
8,285
39, 035
9,498
30,927
1931
0
$156
126
113
260
2 11
326
143
36
119
439
233
57
93
139
303
164
62
159
360
227
and am ount of loans granted.
C redit Pool for C ooperative S o cieties
HE establishment of a central credit fund from which cooperative
societies may borrow was decided upon at a meeting of the
Eastern States Cooperative League held in Fitchburg, Mass., Mav 21
and 22, 1932.1
It was pointed out at this meeting that certain cooperative societies
are in difficulty “ not because of want of assets but because these
assets are not liquid/’ and they find it difficult to obtain loans from
banks under the present policies of the latter. In order to help these
societies and keep them from being forced to suspend business, it was
suggested that a “ credit pool” be formed among the members of the
league.
Under the plan the funds for the pool will be raised by subscriptions
by cooperative societies and other interested nonprofit organizations
and by individuals. The fund will be managed by a board of trustees
appointed by the board of directors of the Eastern States Cooperative
League.
Loans will be made only to societies which are members of the
league and only on unanimous vote of the trustees, and all must be
secured by “ tangible assets.” ^The rate of interest will be the lowest
obtainable, but a small commission will be charged by the trustees,
to cover administration costs, including bookkeeping.
The terms and conditions of repayment of loans will be specified by
the trustees on the basis of sound banking practice.
T
1
D ata are from Cooperation (New Y ork), Ju ly , 1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The deposits made by individuals will be given priority in claim over
those of organizations, in case of any losses through bad loans.
It is pointed out that the plan will be successful only to the extent
that societies and individual cooperators are willing to deposit some
part of their surplus in the fund. In this connection it is of interest
to note a report that Consumers’ Cooperative Services, one of the
largest members of the league, at its annual meeting gave^ unanimous
approval to the plan. It backed this up by empowering its board of
directors to deposit up to $5,000 in the fund and by obtaining, from a
number of the individual cooperators present, subscriptions of $10
each.
Profit S h a rin g and C op artn ersh ip in G reat B ritain in 1931
N ACCOUNT of the various types of profit-sharing and copart
nership schemes in Great Britain in 1931 is given in the June,
1932, issue of the Ministry of Labor Gazette.
The total number of establishments known to have profit-sharing
schemes in operation at the end of 1931 was 485. These had 493
schemes in operation, in which 233,000 (49 per cent) of the 477,000
employees participated. Bonuses in the amount of £10 0s. lOd. per
person were distributed by 419 schemes.
Of the schemes in operation at the end of the year, 169 were those
of cooperative societies and 324 those of other enterprises.
A
Schemes in Cooperative Societies
T he 169 cooperative societies with profit-sharing plans employ
nearly 36,000 persons, approximately 34,000 of whom participated
in the schemes.
Table 1 shows the bonuses paid in 1931 and preceding years.
In the case of the agricultural societies the bonuses consist of a
fixed proportion of the net profits, paid in cash.
Most of the industrial productive societies provide that a speci
fied proportion of the profits shall be set aside for bonuses. In a
number of cases the rate varies with the rate of dividend paid to
customers on their purchases. Ten plans provide that the bonus
must be invested in shares of the society, and 25 others that this must
be done until the sum so invested reaches a specified amount. In
four cases some part of the bonus must be invested in shares, and in
three cases all or part of the bonus goes for provident or welfare
purposes. In only eight cases is the bonus paid in cash. Of the
50 productive societies, 49 are workers’ productive associations—5
in the textile industry, 15 in the shoe industry, 3 manufacturing
other clothing, 16 printing establishments, and 10 in other industries—
and 1 society is a bakery society (employing 2,000 workers) owned by
a federation of consumers’ cooperative societies.
In the case of the distributive societies the bonus is paid at the
same rate as is paid to the customers on purchases. In some cases
a bonus of varying rate is paid out of such profits as are left after
specified fixed charges have been met; in such cases that part of the
bonus which amounts really to a deferred commission on sales was
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Co
565
o p e r a t io n
excluded and only that part included “ which is regulated by the
amount of profits.”
T able 1.—R E S U L T S OF P R O F IT -S H A R IN G P L A N S O F C O O P E R A T IV E S O C IE T IE S IN
G R E A T B R IT A IN , 1925 TO 1931
[Conversions in to U nited States currency on basis of p o u n d =$4.8665]
Bonuses reported
T y p e of society and year
1931:
A gricultural societies________________________ _
Industrial productive societies________________
R etail d istrib u tiv e societies............................ ...........
Total, 1931_________________ ___________ _
1930____ ____________________________
1929_________________________________
1928_________________________________
1927_________________________________
1926___ ____ ________________________
1925_________________________________
N um ber
of em
N u m b er
of plans ployees
in oper partici N um ber
pating
ation
of plans
A m ount paid
Average
per em
ployee
Average
addition
to earn
ings
P er cent
800
10, 500
22, 700
i 66
2 50
52
$12.61
28. 53
26. 97
169
34, 000
168
27.13
4.7
172
176
178
177
176
175
33,000
30, 800
29, 500
26, 500
25, 500
24, 200
170
165
164
157
158
157
27. 96
26. 83
26. 46
23.54
23. 33
22. 56
4.6
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.0
3.8
66
50
53
2.3
5.3
4.5
1 21 of these societies reported b u t paid no bonus.
19 of these societies reported b u t paid no bonus.
2
Schemes of Other Enterprises
I n e n t e r p r i s e s other than cooperative societies, 651 schemes are
known to have been started, of which only 324 were still in opera
tion at the end of 1931.
The report points out that profit sharing has been tried in a wide
variety of industries. In nearly every industry, however, the num
ber of schemes known to have been started is very small in compari
son with the total number of firms engaged in the industry, and in
all industries taken together about one-half of the schemes started
have come to an end. The most conspicuous exception is the gas
industry, in which a large proportion of the principal companyowned undertakings have introduced profit-sharing plans; compara
tively few of these have been discontinued, and a number have been
in operation for 20 years or more.
The small proportion of the total force which is covered by the
profit-sharing plans is due partly to the fact that participation in the
plan often depends upon certain factors, such as length of service.
In a considerable number of cases, to be eligible to the plan the em
ployees must be depositors in the company’s savings or employee
stock-purchase departments.
Table 2 shows the extent and operation of these company profitsharing plans in 1931 and certain preceding years.
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566
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 . —R E S U L T S O F P R O F IT -S H A R IN G PL A N S O F IN D U S T R IA L E N T E R P R IS E S IN
G R E A T B R IT A IN , 1910 TO 1931
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of p o u n d = $4.8665]
Firm s w ith
plans in
operation
N um ber of em
ployees
Bonuses reported
A m ount paid
In d u stry
N um
T o ber of T otal
tal plans
1931:
Agriculture
_ ____ ___ _____
Glass, chemical, soap, oil, p ain t, e tc ..
M etal, engineering, and shipbuilding.
Textile
_________ Eoori a n d drink m anufacture__ .
Paper, printing, publishing, book_________
binding, etc
O-as wator, electricity su p p ly . _ Insurance, banking, a n d other financ»ial
________ - ___ —
Per cent
$2. 09
66 . 51
17.48
6 . 43
27. 58
0.4
8.9
2.9
46, 700
31.92
47.35
4. 1
5. 1
14, 600
8 , 500
16, 800
213. 88
71. 15
28. 12
12 .6
28
30
251
161, 400
53. 43
5.4
205, 000 3 255
158
136, 000
76
57, 000
175, 500
(2)
52. 07
48. 24
(2)
(2)
5.9
6. 4
5. 0
19, 400
18, 700
27, 900
5
13
29
23
27
14,000
14, 300
12, 700
27, 500
16, 400
55, 900
8, 600
47, 900
22
66
12 , 800
22, 700
IS, 900
199, 100
6
6
16
44
27
29
16
47
27
31
700
61, 400
72, 500
41, 200
40, 500
200
22 , 000
29
71
30
71
12
12
O ther___________ -1-----------------------
39
43
40
44
44, 500
30, 700
77, 500
Total, 1931______________________
316
324
441, 300
1930
- _____________ 321
1920
______________ - - - (2)
1910______________________ (2)
329
270
123
(2)
i Approximate*
Em
E ntitled N u m ployees
Aver
to par ber partici Aver age ad
per dition
ticipate 1
pating age
em
earn
ployee toings
2 No
d ata,
(2)
(2)
34
8
200
6 ,100
1 .0
3. 7
9. 1
3. 3
of these paid no bonus.
Of the 324 schemes, the bonus in 68 cases (with 34,200 partici
pants) consisted in the issuance of shares of the company’s stock
either free or on terms especially favorable as to price or dividend;
28 (with 11,800 participants) were “ deposit schemes” allowing
interest, at rates varying with the profits, on deposits made by the
employees; in 125 plans (with 74,300 participating employees) the
bonus was paid in cash or credited to the employees savings account,
in 13 plans (with 7,700 participants) the bonus was put into a provi
dent, retirement, etc., fund; in 34 plans (with 24,000 participants)
the bonus was paid in shares or invested in shares of the company,
and in 56 plans (with 47,100 participants) it was paid in other ways.
The total amount paid or credited in bonuses under the various
schemes in 1931 was $8,624,411 ; the corresponding figure for 1930 was
$9,136,367.
_
O rg an ization of C ooperative S o cietie s in M exico
EGAL authorization for the formation of cooperative associations
j Was one of the points included in the agrarian program resultmg
from the revolutionary changes of 1913, and the cooperative movement
of Mexico may be said to date from about 1920. An account of the
development of cooperation in that country is given in the April, 1932,
Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Sociology (Rome) .
The so-called agricultural credit law of March 2, 1929, contained
certain provisions relating to the financing of cooperative organiza
tions. The advantages of the law, however, were limited to the
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COOPERATION
567
members of the agrarian communities known as “ ejidos” and made
no provision for the great mass of small farmers.
In order to remedy this situation a new general cooperative law
was passed February 10, 1927, and another on January 21, 1931.
These laws authorize the formation, by _agriculturists ^of Mexican
nationality, of agricultural cooperative societies of unlimited liability,
undertaking one or more of such activities as production, labor, in
surance, building, transportation, joint sale, joint purchase, and the
provision of credit.
If the society is formed by small farmers, 10 persons are necessary
for incorporation; if by members of an ejido, a majority of the mem
bers is required.
Credit for financing the society may be obtained from the regional
agricultural bank, but only for purposes approved by the bank.
These usually include such purposes as purchase of seeds, animals,
implements, etc.; land drainage or improvement projects; establish
ment of warehouses or factories, or of general stores, etc.
The functions permitted under the law allow the societies to per
form services of nearly every kind for their members. Among the
principal functions contemplated by the law is “ the encouragement
of the economic organization and of the moral and social progress of
the members, as well as the raising of the standard of living in the
rural household.”
The administrative machinery of these societies, as provided in the
law, is peculiar in that, besides the management committee, there is a
committee of supervision representing “ the minority party in the
society” and consisting of three members elected lay the minority at
the time of nomination of the management committee. The duty of
the committee of supervision is “ to seethat the society observes its
commitments, that its operations are in accordance with the pro
visions of the law and with the rules of the society; that the funds are
properly invested; in short, its function is to see that the society is
properly managed.”
Although every society has a manager, the final authority with
regard to the funds and securities of the organization and its credit
operations is vested in the district treasurer appointed by the Na
tional Bank of Agricultural Credit.
The law provides that 25 per cent of any profits of the society shall
be placed in a provident fund and another 25 per cent in a reserve
fund. The remainder of the profits must be deposited in the Depart
ment of Peasant Savings, which will credit to each member the share
due him in proportion to his business with the society.
It is reported that the cooperative movement has prospered when
credit has been obtainable under the law, but “ when the attempt has
been to rely on internal resources only, success has not followed
except within very narrow limits.”
I t is, how ever, noticeable t h a t in th e p resen t situ a tio n of Mexico as affected
by th e w orld econom ic crisis th e farm e r is im pelled to seek refuge in cooperation,
th e proof of th is being th e ra p id increase in th e n u m b e r of re q u e sts from th e
different regions for official in stru c tio n s in resp ect of co o p erativ e organization.
Some 125 societies have been organized, a large proportion of which
are in the Provinces of Puebla (24) and Vera Cruz (33). Most of
these are agricultural production societies, but a few carry on joint
purchase or sale activities or are credit organizations. There is one
cooperative labor society.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
S trik es and L ock ou ts in th e U n ited S ta te s in J u ly , 1932
ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for
July, 1932, with comparable data for preceding months, are
presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and
lasting less than one day have been omitted.
Table 1 shows the number of disputes beginning in 1927, 1928,
1929, 1930, and 1931, the number of workers involved and man-days
lost for these years and for each of the months January, 1930, to
July, 1932, inclusive, as well as the number of disputes in effect at
the end of each month and the number of workers involved. The
number of man-days lost as given in the last column of the table
refers to the estimated number of working-days lost by workers
involved in disputes which were in progress during the month or year
specified.
D
T able 1.—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D O F E A C H
M O N T H , JA N U A R Y , 1930, TO JU L Y , 1932, A N D T O T A L N U M B E R O F D IS P U T E S , W O R K
E R S, A N D M A N -D A Y S LO ST IN T H E Y E A R S , 1927 T O 1931
N u m b er of disputes
M o n th and year
Total:
1927.
1928
1929.
1930
1931.
Beginning
in m onth
or year
In effect
a t end of
m onth
1931
Ja n u a ry --------------------F eb ru ary _____________
M arch______ ____ ____
A p ril------------------------M ay _________________
Ju n e _________________
J u ly _________________
A ugust_______________
Septem ber___________
O ctober-------- ------------N ovem ber____________
D ecem ber........................
568
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
52
49
64
66
59
78
51
72
47
44
26
57
52
49
73
115
90
73
79
117
77
63
50
37, 799, 394
31, 556, 947
9,975,213
2, 730, 368
6,386,183
349,434
357,145
230,463
158,114
279,299
734
629
903
653
894
1930
Ja n u a ry --------------------F eb ru ary _____________
M arch_______________
A p ril----------- --------M ay -------------------------Ju n e_________________
J u ly -------------------------A ugust---------------------Septem ber----- -----------O ctober______________
N ovem ber____________
D ecem ber.......... ..............
N um ber of workers in N um ber of
volved in disputes
man-days
lost in dis
putes exist
ing in
Beginning In effect
m onth or
a t end of
in m onth
m onth
year
or year
40
38
41
29
34
30
33
44
36
29
7
9,240
37,480
15,017
6 ,379
9,329
14, Oil
14, 308
15,902
16, 337
10, 858
4,390
4,863
5,316
6,683
5,957
5,840
4,386
8,311
4, 815
7,131
13,778
16,007
7,759
5,144
184, 730
438, 570
291,127
189, 828
185,448
144,117
141,647
142, 738
208,184
335,916
273,608
194,455
19
29
26
39
46
47
51
36
65
45
39
21
10,150
20,473
26, 453
27,135
28, 000
18, 795
49, 434
11,019
36, 092
34, 384
13,219
4,145
2,905
10, 677
28,012
22, 687
15, 603
15,223
56, 683
14, 759
37,427
29, 380
13,690
1,318
181,169
223,660
476,904
770, 512
400, 509
511,926
612, 864
1,157,013
493, 649
1,052,095
355,818
150,064
21
56Ô
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
T able 1.—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF E A C H
M O N T H , JA N U A R Y , 1930, TO JU L Y , 1932, A N D T O T A L N U M B E R O F D IS P U T E S , W O R K
E R S , A N D M A N -D A Y S L O S T IN T H E Y E A R S , 1927 TO 1931—C ontinued
N um ber of workers in N um ber of
volved in disputes
man-days
lost in disputes exist
Beginning
In effect
ing in
in m onth
m onth or
at end of
or year
m onth
year
N um ber of disputes
M o n th and year
Beginning
in m onth
or year
In effect
a t end of
m onth
79
50
51
73
79
55
46
37
30
28
34
43
40
49
1932
F ebruary ____________________________
_______________________
M arch
A pril.
______
___
M ay
___________________________ .
June 1 _________________________________
Ju ly i__________________________________
1
11,105
31,140
31,966
17, 707
43; 403
13,344
10,289
4, 648
28,691
11,660
20,066
49, 232
21, 603
28, 784
117,298
417,966
685,949
572,121
1 , 220, 202
927,602
630, 083
Prelim inary figures subject to change.
Occurrence o f Industrial Disputes, by Industries
T a b l e 2 gives, by industry, the number of strikes beginning in
May, June, and July, 1932, and the number of workers directly
involved.
T able 3 . — IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN M A Y , JU N E , A N D JU L Y , 1932
N um ber of disputes begin
ning in—
N um ber of workers involved
in disputes beginning in—
Industrial group
M ay
Bakers-__________ _______ B arb ers.,
.
_
______ _______
Brewery and soft d rin k workers
Broom and brush workers __
Building trad es__ __ . .
. ______
_____ . . .
Chauffeurs and te a m ste rs..
Clerks, sale sm e n ... ________ _____ . ._
C lothing.
.
.
... _
F arm labor .
_
....
Fire fighters and policemen___ ________ .
Food w orkers__ __________________
F u rn itu re .
____ ___________
H otel and restau ran t w orkers. ______ . .
Iron and steel _ _________ ______ _____
Light, heat, power, and w ater
_____ _
Longshoremen and freight handlers__
Lum ber, tim ber, an d m ill work __
M etal tra d e s..
_______ __ . .
M iners
_______
M otion-picture operators, actors, and th e
atrical workers.
. _____ _
P aper and paper-goods w orkers___
Printing and publishing ______
S h i p b u i l d i n g ~ __________ . . .
Stone__ _ _ ........ ..........................................
M unicipal workers________________
Textiles____________________________
O ther occupations____________________ .
T o t a l ................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
July
12
1
1
3
18
11
6
4
11
1
6
1
3
M ay
2
1
1
11
1
10
1,129
2,000
10
850
31,055
398
928
404
30
348
15
4,433
800
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
July
29
600
17
719
70
587
10
20
1
1
1
June
50
60
15
300
300
70
150
100
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
40
9
223
705
33
743
1
300
1
1
2
8
6
4
79
55
46
650
7
783
19
42
30
1,016
35
6,870
43, 403
13,344
10, 289
88
7
5, 300
25
3,000
783
528
1
6
3
200
210
570
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Size and Duration of Industrial Disputes, by Industries
T a b l e 3 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in July,
1932, classified by number of workers and by industries.
T a ble 3 .—N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN JU L Y , 1932, C L A S S IF IE D
B Y N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S A N D BY IN D U S T R IA L G R O U PS
N um ber of disputes beginning in July, 1932,
involving—
In d u strial group
6 and
under
Bakers
_____________________
Barbers
_ _ __- ___________ ______________
Broom and b ru sh workers
_____________
B uilding trades _____ ______ ___ _ _ _ ___
Chauffeurs and team sters
_________ _ _____
Clothing
__ _________________ ___ ______
Fire fighters and policemen
._
F u rn itu re
- __
_ _ _ ___ ___
H otel and restau ran t workers
____
Iro n and steel
__ ______ _____ - - __ M iners
_
___
M otion-picture operators, actors, and theatrical
workers
_ _ __ ______ ______ _
P rin tin g and publishing
____
M unicipal workers
_____ _ _
Textiles . . ____________________________________
O ther occupations
_
______________
T o tal_____________________ _________ _____
and
under
500
workers
and
under
500 and
under
100
20
20
100
workers
workers
1
1
1
0
4
5,000 and
under
1,000
10,000
workers
workers
1
1
1
3
7
1
1
1
1
Ï
1
1
10
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
24
7
4
1
In Table 4 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in
July, 1932, by industries and classified duration.
T a ble 4 .—N U M B E R O F IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN JU L Y , 1932, BY IN D U S T R IA L
G R O U P S A N D C L A S S IF IE D D U R A T IO N
•
One-half Over onehalf and
m onth or less
th a n
less
1 m onth
In d u strial group
B akers
- ___________ ___________ Broom and b ru sh workers
__ _ ____
______ - -- - __
Building trades
Chauffeurs and team sters _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______
Clerks, salesmen
___ ________ _
Clothing
_ _ _
__ _______ _____ ______
H otel and re stau ran t workers
__ _
M iners
M otion-picture operators, actors, and th eatrical
workers
__
_ _____
P ap er and paper-goods workers
____
P rin tin g and publishing
_
_ _ __
M unicipal w orkers
_____
Textiles
_ __ _____ _____
O ther occupations
_
_____
T o tal____________________ ____ _______
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Classified duration of strikes ending in July, 1932
---
m onth
and less
th a n 2
m onths
1
and less 3 and less
th a n 3
th a n 4
m onths m onths
2
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
4
1
i
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
22
6
5
3
1
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
571
C o n cilia tio n W ork of th e D e p a r tm en t of Labor in J u ly , 1932
By H
ugh
L. K
e r w in
, D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n
HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer
cised his good offices in connection with 70 labor disputes during
July, 1932. These disputes affected a known total of 82,558 em
ployees. The table following shows the name and location of the
establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature
of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having
reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the
cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the
date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly
and indirectly involved.
There were 19 cases involving the law on the prevailing rate of
wages. In these cases it is not always possible to show the number
involved, due to lack of information as to total number required before
completion of construction.
On August 1, 1932, there were 26 strikes before the department for
settlement and, in addition, 26 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. The total number of cases pending was 56.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cn
LA B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G T H E M O N T H OF JU L Y , 1932
to
W orkers in
volved
D uration
C om pany or in d u stry and location
N atu re of
controversy
T h e a te r w orkers___
Sto n ecu tters. ___
Cause of dispute
Present status and term s of settle
m ent
A djusted. Accepted wage cut
and agreement concluded.
W ages and union agreem ent___ . P ending______ ____ ____________
Wages and conditions- ________
Wage scale reduced_____________ A djusted. A rbitration accepted.
Reduced scale maintained.
G arm ent m akers___ R einstatem ent
of discharged A djusted. M an reinstated as
asked.
presser.
M attress w orkers__ One discharged; asked recognition. A djusted. Discharged m an was
not reemployed. Others re
turned.
Dee & Eff Sportw ear, N ew York ____do_____ K n itte rs __________ Proposed 20 to 25 per cent cut in A djusted. Accepted cut of 12 to 15
per cent on some piecework and
C ity.
piecework.
5 to 10 on other items.
A djusted. D rivers reinstated.......
Luddecke Express Co., N ewark, ____do____ _ D riv ers________
Tw o discharged_____________
N . J.
Pending....... ................................... .
F ran k lin Shoe Co., Brooklyn, ____ do____
Shoe w orkers
Proposed wage c u t___ _______
N . Y.
B lind w orkers, W ilkes-Barre, P a .. Controversy B lind w orkers____ ____do_____ _______________ _
A djusted. Accepted cut to $15
per week.
H ow ard C lothes (Inc.), Brooklyn, Strike. . .
C lothing m ak ers___ Alleged violation of agreem ent in A djusted. C o m p r o m i s e agree
N . Y.
sending work to outside shops.
m ent. All returned.
Eagle Clothes (Inc.), N ew York ___ do____
do____________ Wages. D iscontinuance of inside ____ do........... ............ ...........................
C ity.
shops.
Shell Oil Refinery, W ood River, Threatened
B oilerm akers . . .
Wages cut 10 per c e n t_______ ... A djusted. Boilermakers cut to
111.
strike.
80 cents, helpers to 62 cents per
hour.
M ayfair C ravats (Inc.), New York S trike_____ N eckw ear w o rk e rs.. Asked reem ploym ent of 3 dis- P ending....... ............................. .........
C ity.
charged workers.
B latz Brewing Co., M ilwaukee, T h reaten ed M a c h in is ts .___ . . .
A dditional 10 cents per hour c u t . . . A djusted. Accepted cut; addi
Wis.
tional union men employed.
strike.
School building, M cK eesport, P a . Controversy L aborers______ . . Wage dispute and nonunion con- A djusted. Satisfactorily settled ...
ditions.
Printers, San B ernardino, C a lif.. . Lockout___ P rin ters___________ Wages cut b y reducing num ber of P ending___ __________ _________
working hours.
P ainters, G reater N ew Y o rk _____ Strike_____ P ain ters___________ Wages cut from $13 to $10 per ___ do_________________________
day; new agreement.
M . & C. Cloak & Dress Co., the Strike_____
Bronx, N ew Y ork C ity.
F ulto n M attress Co., Brooklyn, ____do.........
N . Y.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cigar m akers
Begin
ning
Ending
1932
Ju ly 5
1932
July 14
M ar.
1
Ju ly
D i In d i
rectly rectly
92
502
75
6
Ju ly
9
225
June 23
Ju ly
1
30
9
June 18
Ju ly
5
10
2
June
1 - ..d o ___
30
5
Ju ly
6
Ju ly
42
7
40
June 15
June 23
Ju ly 21
June
Ju ly
7
600
Ju ly
8
300
Ju ly 13
10
1
__do__
Ju ly 12
Ju ly 11
Ju ly 26
Ju ly 14
Ju ly 16
Ju ly 10
15
1,018
40
June 20
__do .
7
10
8
20
45
5,000
5,000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Poli T heaters, M assachusetts and Controversy
C onnecticut.
B rier H ill Stone Co., Glenm ont, Strike_____
Ohio.
Cigar makers, C incinnati, O h io --. Controversy
Craftsm en concerned
H osiery mills, H igh Point, N . C . _ ____do_____ I Hosiery workers.
Wage cut 33 per cent in addition
to former cuts.
T in workers____
A sked w ritten agreem ent-----------
N . & G. T aylor T in Co., C um ------ do_____
berland, M d .
Ladies’ garm ent w orkers, N ew T h reaten ed
York C ity.
strike.
Moos F u r Dyeing, N ew Y ork C ity. Strike_____
J. Friedm an & Co. (Inc.), New
York C ity.
T ed Lewis C lothing (Inc.), New
York C ity.
B. Axel & Co., N ew Y ork C ity .—
.do
-do
.do
do.
G arm ent w orkers__ Wages and w orking conditions___ A djusted. Strike averted b y com
promise; accepted lOper cent cut.
F u r w orkers_______ Proposed cuts___________ ______ - A djusted. Increase of $2 per week,
shorter hours, a nd com pany to
make arrangem ents for unem
ploym ent insurance.
C utters and opera Violation of union agreem ent____ A djusted. W ork resum ed...............
tors.
Clothing w orkers. „ W age d isp u te ___________________ A djusted. R eturned and w ork re
sumed.
Wages a nd w orking conditions----- A djusted. Increase of 5 to 10 per
F u r workers.
cent on certain styles.
Alleged violation of agreem ent------ Pending_________________ ____ _
Em ployees...
Shoe workers.
W ages and recognition
do.
R ight to organize_______________ ___ d o .................................... ..............
W age cut 10 per cent as of Ju ly l._ A djusted. Accepted 10 per cent
cut.
P ending_____ __________________
Strike_____ Building w orkers__ U nion or nonunion m en______ _
C ontroversy P ain ters---------------- D ispute relative painters’ strike in ___ do_________________________
New Y ork C ity.
A sked “ 4-men gang instead of 3 ’’.. ___ do.......... ... .....................................
Boilermakers.
do.
Controversy Team sters..
___ do_____ M achinists.
Discussion. . All employees_____
Federal aid road, Lockport, 111___ Strike_____
Commercial and Financial C hron ___ do_____
icle, N ew Y ork C ity.
Laborers, engineers,
and chauffeurs.
P rin ters__________
A nnual conferences to fix wage
scales and term s of em ploym ent.
W orking conditions.......................
W age rates, overtime, and holi
days.
2, 700
1,800
June 28
175
250
Ju ly 19
Ju ly 23 27, 000
Ju ly 17
July 19
Ju ly 18
Ju ly 28
650
Ju ly 16
Ju ly 11
Ju ly
60
Ju ly
18
1 --_do........
25
12
16
Ju ly 21
30
Ju ly 29
52
56
16
65
126
250
60
1,500
Ju ly
Ju ly
6
1
Ju ly 19
Ju ly 21
Ju ly 18
Ju ly 23
___ do__________________________ Ju ly
1
A djusted. U nion sent m en back Ju ly 15
to w ork.
A djusted. Satisfactory agreement- Ju ly 9
20
30
4
2, 200
30,000
Ju ly 29
40
Ju ly 28
45
26
IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S
P hillips Oil Co., E a st St. Louis,
111.
Five S tar Shoe Co. (Inc.), Long
Island C ity , N . Y .
Shell Oil Co., O akland, Calif____
M atson N avigation & Steam ship
Co., San Francisco, Calif.
Building crafts, P ittsb u rg h , P a ---H ouse Office B uilding, W ashing
ton, D . C.
O il-tank construction, B ayonne,
N . J.
Shell Oil Co., California_________
.do
A djusted. C ut of 33 per cent re
stored; 4 per cent increase to
boarders.
Pending_______________________
G overnm ent construction work
Post-office building, N anticoke, P a. C ontroversy
Im m igration station, San Ysidro, ___ do _____
Calif.
M arine hospital, Seattle, W ash ___ ____ do.........
Post-office building, C hattanooga, ____do_____
Tenn.
Post-office building, Knoxville, ____do_____
Tenn.
Post-office building, M acon, G a _ .. ____do_____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Building crafts_____ Prevailing-wage discussion
B ricklayers------------------- do----------------------------Painters and deco
rators.
Building w orkers__
Laborers.
Building w orkers__
Asked rotation of m e n .....................
Alleged skilled mechanics em
ployed a t common-labor rates.
.do.
Alleged laborers not being paid
prevailing wage.
Pending.
___ d o „ .
A djusted. G ranted as asked w ith
exception of 4 “ key-men. ”
A djusted. L aborers allowed 22%
cents, carpenters 80 to 90 cents
per hour.
A djusted. Allowed 22% cents
per hour.
A djusted. W ages for crafts fixed
and w ill be paid.
35
June 23
June 15
June 28
Ju ly
1
Ju ly
Ju ly
2 __.do........
June 27
7
Ju ly 20
10
20
60
155
50
50
35
15
Cu
-I
co
LA B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G T H E M O N T H OF JU L Y , 1932—C ontinued
D uration
C om pany or in d u stry and location
N atu re of
controversy
C raftsm en concerned
Cause of dispute
Oi
W orkers in
volved
Present status and term s of settle
m ent
Begin
ning
E nding
1932
June 29
1932
June 11
June 22
D i In d i
rectly rectly
Government construction w ork— Con.
B uilding w o rk e rs ... Prevailing-wage discussion.
P ending_______________________
___ d o ................. .
A djusted. Prevailing wage fixed
and w ill be paid.
P ending......... ............................... ......
----- do..................................................
P lu m b ers_______
B uilding w orkers.
L aborers.
___ do___________________
-do.
_do.
Prevailing w ages.
-do_
B uilding workers__
.do.
-do.
C arpenters and iron Jurisdiction of bronze-door w ork.
A djusted. W ork aw arded to iron
workers.
workers.
Post-office building, Kenosha, Wis. ___ do.
B uilding workers__ Prevailing-wage discussion______ Pending____ _________ _________
Post-office building, Pittsburgh, Strike..
O perating engineers. M aterial from nonunion firms be ----- do................................. ................
Pa.
ing used.
Soldiers’ H ome, Chelsea, M ass___ ___ d o .......... Plasterers_________ Jurisdiction of certain w ork_____ A djusted. C om prom ised_______
Post-office
building,
N iagara C ontroversy Bricklayers and car Prevailing-wage discussion______ A djusted. Com prom ised. Pre
Falls, N . Y .
penters.
vailing wage to be paid to brick
layers; carpenters allowed $1 per
hour.
N aval warehouse, M are Island,
B uilding w orkers.
.d o .
P ending___ ___________________
.do.
Calif.
P o s t-o ffic e b u ild in g , B a to n
.d o .
___ do___________
.d o .
.do.
Rouge, La.
Post-office building, Ludington,
.d o .
.do.
B ricklayers________
Adjusted. B ricklayers allowed
M ich.
$1.25 per hour.
M arine hospital, D etroit, M ic h ...
.d o .
C arpenters and pile W age-rate a d justm ent____
P ending........................... .
drivers.
Federal building, Sioux C ity,
.d o .
B uilding w orkers__ Prevailing-wage discussion.
A djusted. Allowed 40 cents per
Iowa.
hour on excavation w ork; 45
cents on all other common labor.
Post-office building, M iddleboro, ___ do_____ C arpenters________ P aid 40 cents per hour; alleged 85 P ending_______________________
Mass.
cents prevailing rate.
Post-office building, Glens Falls, ___ do_____ B ricklayers and car Protest em ploym ent of nonresi A djusted. All local m en em
N . Y.
dents of city.
penters.
ployed except 4 or 5.
V eterans’ hospital, F o rt Snelling, S trike_____ Building laborers__ Prevailing-wage ra te ____________ A djusted. Allowed 65 cents per
M inn.
hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 17
45
10
Ju ly 24
20
(>)
Ju ly 12
Ju ly 16
Ju ly 13
Ju ly 18
Ju ly 13
Ju ly 27
1
14
Ju ly 17
120
Ju ly
Ju ly
7
Ju ly
1
Ju ly 21
0)
100
0)
(')
Ju ly 1
June 28
Ju ly 3
Ju ly 15
0
Ju ly 20
31
10
155
July 26
60
175
14
July
1
July 14
18
76
5
June
3 ...d o .......
14
36
Ju ly 18
M O N T H L Y L A B O E R E V IE W
Post-office building, L ynchburg, C ontroversy
Va.
Post-office building, C um berland, ___ do_____
M d.
Post-office building,M iam i, F la ...
_do.
_do_
Post-office building, W estm inster,
M d.
Post-office building, Lawrence,
.d o .
M ass.
Q uarantine station, M iam i, F la ...
_do.
.d o .
M arine hospital, Seattle, W ash__
Post-office
building, Topeka,
Kans.
Post-office
building, Topeka,
Kans.
Post-office
building, Topeka,
K ans.
V eterans’ hospital, Sawtelle, CalifPost-office building, Quincy, M ass.
Post-office building, H artford,
Conn.
Post-office building, H am ilton,
Ohio.
___ do.........
C arpenters.
Overtim e w ork...
A djusted.
5
14
Controversy
Electricians.
Status of helpers.
___ do___ ----------------------- -------------do___
Ju ly 14
7
___ do_____
Bricklayers.
R otation of work.
A djusted.
Ju ly
Satisfactorily s e ttle d ... June 24
R otation allowed................ do.......
Total.
1
N o t reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ju ly 21
Ju ly
Ju ly 29
22
50
65
2
Ju ly 2
Ju ly 23
Ju ly 26
50
10
0
)
20
2
50
Ju ly 20
Ju ly 28
Aug.
Aug.
2
1
16
40
Ju ly 15
Ju ly 30
20
50
Ju ly 19 . .. d o .......
10
50
16
25
41, 019 41, 539
IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S
.- - ..d o ........... C em ent finishers___ Prevailing w age________________ A djusted. Agreed on $10 per day.
___ do_____ B uilding laborers__ Prevailing-wage discussion______ P ending....... ......................... ..............
Strike______ B ricklayers________ Alleged discrim ination against lo ___ d o .______ __________________
cal labor.
C ontroversy Electricians.......... .
Prevailing-wage discussion______ A djusted.
G eneral contractor
w ithdrew ; satisfactory settle
m ent.
V eterans’ hospital, Sawtelle, Calif_____ do_____ Plasterers.
___ do__________________________ A djusted. Scale fixed a t $9 per day.
Post-office building, M iam i, F la —..........d o ........ . Laborers..
Paid a t rate of 20 cents per h o u r ... A djusted. Allowed 30 cents per
hour.
M arine hospital, Evansville, In d _____ do.
Bricklayers.
Local labor.
A djusted. Local m en to be em
ployed.
Post-office b u i l d i n g , Lafayette, ____do.
Painters
do.
A djusted. O utside m en and local
Ind.
workers equally employed.
Ju ly
Cn
-d
Cn
576
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Labor D isp u tes in P h ilip p in e Islan d s, 1926 to 1930
TATISTICS on strikes and other industrial disputes in the
Philippines in 1926 to 1930, taken from the 1930 report of the
Governor General, are given in the accompanying table.
S
IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S , 1926 TO 1930
Year
1926______________________________________
1927______________________________________
1928___________________________ _____ _____
1929.
________________________________
1930.
.
_ _______ ________________
u m ber of
N um ber of Nw
orkers
disputes
involved
C ause of dis
p ute
D ispute settled
in favor of—
W ork E m
ers
ployers
Wages
O ther
18
33
20
16
39
21
10
11
14
17
16
25
97
83
27
53
38
26
36
7,279
8, 567
4, 729
4, 939
6,069
21
22
17
13
14
180
31, 583
107
73
13
9
11
A b o litio n of C om p u lsory A rb itration in New Z ealand
APRIL 8, 1932, New Zealand passed an act amending the in
dustrial conciliation and arbitration act of 1925 in such a
ONmanner
as to do away with practically all the compulsory features of
arbitration in industrial disputes. The argument against the com
pulsory plan was that it had, in the opinion of the Government,
become an obstacle in the way of national recovery by reason of the
rigid fixing of wages, hours, and other industrial conditions. The
only important respect in which compulsion is retained is that any
organization of female workers is entitled to approach the arbitration
court for an award fixing the basic wage in its industry. The arbi
tration court is retained, but submission of a dispute to it must be
voluntary, after the failure of conciliation. An explanation of the
plan embodied in the new act is given in the July 25, 1932, issue of
Industrial and Labor Information (Geneva).
Under the old legislation an industrial dispute had to be submitted
to councils of conciliation, composed of assessors chosen by each side,
and if these failed to reach an agreement, the question automatically
went to the arbitration court for settlement. Under the new law, the
councils of conciliation are retained, but a difference is made in the
number of assessors allowable, the maximum being four for each side
in a dispute involving only one industrial district, and seven for each
side in a dispute extending over two or more districts. If, in a given
dispute, the council is able to reach an agreement, its terms are at
once filed as an agreement. For a month thereafter, however, any
employer, trade-union, industrial union, or industrial association
bound by the agreement may apply to the arbitration court for partial
or total exemption, and the court in its discretion may grant or refuse
the plea.
If th e council of conciliation is n o t successful in reaching a n agreem ent th e dis
p u te m ay go on to th e c o u rt only if th e follow ing conditions are com plied w ith :
1. In th e case of a d isp u te confined to one d is tric t:
(a) W here th e re are fo u r assessors on each side, a t le a st th re e of th e assessors
on each side m u st v ote in fa v o r of a p roposal to refer th e d isp u te to th e court.
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IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S
577
(b ) W here th e re are less th a n fo u r assessors on each side, all th e assessors m u st
v ote to refer th e d isp u te to th e co u rt.
2. In th e case of a d isp u te ex ten d in g o ver tw o or m ore d istric ts:
( a ) W here th e re a re six or seven assessors on each side, five assessors on each
side m u s t v ote to re fe r th e d isp u te to th e court.
(b ) W here th e re a re less th a n six assessors on each side all the assessors m u st
v o te to refer th e d isp u te to th e court.
If th e re q u ired m a jo rity — or u n a n im ity as th e case m ay be-—is secured, th e
case goes to th e co u rt. If n o t, o p p o rtu n ity is afforded fo r fu rth e r consideration
p ro v id ed a m a jo rity of th e council th in k s som e good m a y resu lt. _ T h e council of
conciliation m ay decide b y a m a jo rity v ote to a d jo u rn th e proceedings for a period
of 14 days. On its reassem bling th e p rocedure is th e sam e as a t th e original
sittin g .
If th ere is no m a jo rity in fa v o r of a d jo u rn m e n t, or if a fte r a d jo u rn m e n t th e
necessary m a jo rity to refer th e d isp u te to th e c o u rt is n o t o b tain ed , th e clerk of
aw ard s is notified accordingly, a n d on th e ex p iratio n of one m o n th from th e d a te
of such notification every a w a rd or in d u stria l ag reem en t th eretofore b inding on th e
p a rtie s to th e d isp u te in connection w ith th e in d u s try to w hich th e d isp u te relates
shall be deem ed to be canceled.
Provision is made in the new act to prevent any deliberate delay in
bringing a dispute before a council of conciliation, and the operation
of the act itself is not confined to new disputes.
A ny cases before th e a rb itra tio n c o u rt a t th e tim e of its passing m u st be re
ferred b ack to th e com m issioner to be d e a lt w ith by th e conciliation council in
accordance w ith th e new a c t. N o tw ith sta n d in g a n y provision in a n existing
aw ard , eith e r of th e p a rtie s m ay m ak e a p p licatio n fo r its review , provided th e
aw ard h as been in force fo r n o t less th a n six m o n th s a n d h as a t th e tim e of th e a p
p licatio n a n unexpired te rm of n o t less th a n th re e m onths.
Among other provsions of interest is one dealing with piecework.
In many of the existing awards payment of workers at piece rates is
prohibited. The new law provides that hereafter payment by piece
rates may be established, and also declares void and of no effect any
provision in an existing award restricting or prohibiting such pay
ments. I t contains, however, a stipulation that if a worker is em
ployed at piece rates he must receive not less remuneration for any
period than he would be entitled to if his remuneration were computed
at the time rate. “ All agreements in regard to piecework must be
made in writing, signed by the parties, and a copy must be lodged with
the local inspector of awards.”
136143°— 32—
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8
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS
AND DECISIONS
n
A g reem en t to S ta b ilize E m p lo y m en t for P rin tin g P ressm en in
C oncord, N. H.
HE Concord Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union No. 276
and the Pumford Printing Co. recently entered into an agreement
supplemental to their existing contract, the provisions of which are
in part as follows:
T
1. T he R um fo rd P rin tin g Co. be p e rm itte d a re b a te on all w ages earned by
pressroom w orkeis to th e a m o u n t of 10 p e r c e n t of th e existing scale of wages.
2. P r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , T h a t said pressroom w orkers h av e w orked in excess of
th re e full d ay s o r th re e full n ig h ts p e r w eek. All o v ertim e, a fte r th ie e full
w orking d ay s or n ig h ts shall be su b je c t to 10 p e r c e n t re b a te , p rovided t h a t such
o vertim e exceeds tw o hours.
3.
In th e e v e n t t h a t only th re e full d a y s o r n ig h ts o r less h av e been w orked, no
re b a te w ill be p e rm itte d .
In consideration of th is re b a te th e R um ford P rin tin g Co. agrees to m a in ta in ,
as fa r as possible, th e p re se n t w orking force of pressroom w orkers.
Awards an d D ecisio n s
Photo-Engravers—New York City
REDUCTION of 12 per cent in the wages of photo-engravers
employed by the Publishers’ Association of New York City was
awarded on June 30, 1932, by a board of arbitration which had con
sidered the demand of the publishers for a 20 per cent reduction.
The board was composed of Judge Peter J. Schmuck, _of the State
supreme court; Judge John Clark Knox, of the Federal district court;
and George J. Ryan, president of the board of education.
Pointing out that the cost of living has declined from 12 to 15 per
cent during the past year, the board determined upon a 12 per cent
reduction in the wage scale and therefore ordered that “ for the coming
year” night workers should receive $70 a week and the day workers
$62.50.
A
Men’s Clothing Industry—Philadelphia
F a i l u r e of negotiations between the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers of America and manufacturers having contracts with the
union, relative to a change in wage levels in Philadelphia, led to the
question being submitted to arbitration.
A hearing was held by the impartial chairman on June 18, 1932.
I t was argued on behalf of the manufacturers that reductions had
been made in the fall of 1931 and in 1932 in the Chicago and Rochester
markets exceeding the reductions allowed in Philadelphia during that
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L A B O R A G R E E M E N T S , A W A R D S A N D D E C IS IO N S
579
period, and that unless some equalization was made the Philadelphia
market would not be able to compete with other cities. It was also
contended that because of the reduction in the cost of living a smaller
wage to-day was equivalent to a much larger one a year or two years
ago. It was argued that the manufacturers would be driven out of
business and the industry in Philadelphia destroyed unless a reduction
was allowed; if a reduction was allowed more business would be
secured for the Philadelphia market and enough more work would be
given the employees to compensate for the reduction in rate.
The employees contended that the wage rate had been higher in
Chicago and Rochester than in Philadelphia, and therefore an exact
comparison could not be made in regard to recent reductions of wages
as between Philadelphia and other cities. It was further contended
that there had been a marked falling off in the price of materials, and
that the cost of labor on a garment was only a fractional item in the
general cost of production. Because of the falling off in production
the actual earnings of the employees were so much less than two years
ago that this factor more than offset the present increased purchasing
power of the dollar.
The arbitrator summed up the situation in the following terms:
All of th e arg u m en ts p resen ted by th e tw o sides an d th e facts upo n w hich th e y
are based h av e been given d u e consideration. On th e w hole, how ever, p resen t
conditions a re so ab n o rm al t h a t circum stances w hich otherw ise m ig h t be of g re a t
or even controlling im p o rtan ce m u s t give w ay to th e p ra c tic a l necessities of th e
situ atio n . T o use a tr ite ph rase, i t is a co ndition t h a t co n fro n ts u s a n d n o t a
th eo ry . T h e ch airm an is fully co g n izan t of th e sacrifices w hich lab o r h as been
called u pon to m ak e d u rin g th e p re se n t period of depression, a n d n o th in g b u t
u rg e n t considerations wmuld in his opinion ju stify ad d in g th e re to . O n th e o th e r
hand, th e chairm an is im pressed by th e fa c t— as to w hich he h as satisfied him self—
t h a t th e in d u s try in P hilad elp h ia can n o t su rv iv e unless i t m a in ta in s a pro p er
p a rity as to w age levels w ith o th e r cities w ith w hich i t is obliged to com pete,
an d fu rth erm o re t h a t th e losses faced in th e in d u stry a re su ch t h a t i t could n o t
long endure unless th e relief asked for is g ran ted to som e su b s ta n tia l degree. I t
is hoped t h a t if tim es g e t som ew hat b e tte r, o r a t le a st no w orse, such relief will
bring sufficiently m ore business to th e P h ilad elp h ia m a rk e t t h a t th e g re a te r p ro
du ctio n will enable th e em ployees to m a in ta in th e ir p re se n t am o u n ts of earnings
n o tw ith stan d in g w age reductions.
T h e a rb itra to r realizes t h a t th e re are som e em ployees w ho b y reaso n of th e ir
p resen t sm all earnings should n o t be obliged to b ear th e full b ru n t of a reduction,
and t h a t th erefo re som e k in d of provision should be m ad e fo r such cases, a n d also
t h a t special provision should be m ad e for th o se in th e c u ttin g room s who h av e n o t
been receiving th e full or sta n d a rd w ages estab lish ed for such occupation.
His decision was as follows:
E ffective on Ju n e 27, 1932, a n d th e re a fte r for a period of one y ear unless sooner
changed b y ag reem en t b etw een th e p a rtie s o r b y th e im p a rtia l ch airm an in
pu rsu an ce of a rb itra tio n proceedings b ro u g h t by e ith e r p a rty , th e w ages of m em
bers of A m algam ated C lo th in g W orkers of A m erica em ployed by th e said five
concerns shall be, an d th e sam e h ereb y are, reduced 10 p e r cent:
P r o v i d e d , h o w e v e r , T h a t a n allow ance eq u al to 3 cen ts p e r su it (consisting of
coat, vest, a n d p a n ts , or of c o at a n d v est only) a n d 3 cen ts p e r o v erco at, produced
by each of said concerns, shall be m ad e b y th e said concerns, th e said allow ance
to be applied to a d d itio n a l w ages in such sections a n d in such p ro p o rtio n s w ithin
th e sections as A m algam ated C lo th in g W oik ers of A m erica m a y d eterm in e; and
P r o v i d e d f u r t h e r , T h a t no re d u ctio n shall be m a d e in th e c u ttin g room s w hich
will re su lt in w ages of less th a n $30 p e r w eek being p aid to in d iv id u al w orkm en in
such room s, n o r shall an y re d u ctio n be m ad e in said c u ttin g room s in th e case of
a n y w orkm an now receiving less th a n $30 p er week.
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580
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
C ollective A greem en ts in F rance in 1931
N ANALYSIS of the collective labor agreements reported to the
L French Labor Bureau in 1931 is given in the Bulletin du Minis
tère du Travail for January-March, 1932 (pp. 52, 53). The agree
ments, of which there were 17, were divided among the different
industries as follows: Food, 6; polygraphic industries, 1; metal
works and mechanical construction, 3 ; stonecutting, 1 ; textiles and
clothing, 4; transportation and warehousing, 2.
The information furnished the labor office in regard to the circum
stances giving rise to the agreements was incomplete, but in four
cases it was stated the agreements were concluded as the result of a
strike. The intervention of a third party was required in four cases,
in 3 cases the intervention of labor inspectors being required and in
one instance that of a prefect.
Eleven of the agreements were between trade-unions and employers’
associations, 5 between union workers and employers or groups of
employers not belonging to an association, and one required the
mediation of a mixed commission. The majority of the agreements
were to be effective for an unlimited time, with a provision fixing the
length of time required for notice of withdrawal of either party.
Six of the agreements, however, were to have a limited duration,
ranging from 6 to 10 months.
In five cases the agreements specified the method of application of
the 8-hour day; 10 established a minimum wage; 4, amount of travel
ing expenses; 3, piecework rates and production bonuses; 3, notifica
tion of dismissal; 2, bonuses for dangerous and unhealthful work;
7, overtime rates; and 1 each, regulation of vacations and leave,
organization of weekly rest, recognition of workers’ representatives,
and apprenticeship.
One agreement fixed the amount of the cost-of-living bonus in
relation to the cost-of-living reports of a mixed commission, and 3
agreements established joint commissions for the settlement of
future differences.
A
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HOUSING
B u ild in g P er m its in P rin cip al C ities o f th e U n ited S ta te s,
Ju ly, 1932
HERE was a decrease of 30.5 per cent in indicated expenditures
for total building operations in July, 1932, as compared with
June, 1932, according to reports received from 351 identical cities by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Indicated expenditures for total
building operations in July, 1932, were $35,247,658.
Estimated expenditures for new residential building decreased 29.0
per cent. Estimated cost of new nonresidential building decreased
34.6 per cent, and for repairs the decrease Was 19.7 per cent.
During July, 1932, 1,944 family dwelling units were provided for
in new buildings. This is a decrease of 22.3 per cent as compared
with June, 1932.
The cost figures as shown in the following tables apply to the cost
of the buildings as estimated by the prospective builder on applying
for his permit to build. No land costs are included. Only building
projects within the corporate limits of the cities enumerated are
shown. The States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, through their departments of labor, are
cooperating with the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in the
collection of these data.
T
Comparisons, June and July
T able 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of
new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs,
and of total building operations in 351 identical cities of the United
States, by geographic divisions.
T able 1.—E S T IM A T E D C O ST O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , O F A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S ,
A N D R E P A IR S , A N D O F T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 351 ID E N T IC A L
C IT IE S , AS SH O W N B Y P E R M IT S IS SU E D IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S
N ew residential buildings
(estimated cost)
Geographic division
N ew nonresidential buildings
(estimated cost)
June, 1932
Ju ly , 1932
Per cent
of
change
June, 1932
P er
July, 1932 cent o f
change
N ew E n g la n d ___ . . . . . . . .
. . . . $1,048, 605
M iddle A tlan tic__ _____________ 3,129, 415
1, 315, 795
E a st N o rth C en tral. ________ . .
W est N o rth C entral. ----------817, 445
South A tla n tic ... ________ __ . . . 1,192, 427
436, 234
South C entral..
.
----...M ountain and Pacific___________ _ 1,612,410
$894, 607
1, 701, 723
1,000, 874
570, 880
882, 886
517, 573
1, 216, 540
-1 4 .7
-4 5 .6
-2 3 .9
-3 0 .2
-2 6 .0
+18.6
-2 4 .6
$2,408, 634
8,987, 748
2, 758, 284
2, 225, 574
11, 024, 460
1,218, 027
2,149,170
$3, 703, 687
5, 587, 939
2, 549, 543
2, 844, 736
3, 013, 338
1, 310, 407
1,128, 914
+53.8
-3 7 .8
- 7 .6
+27.8
-7 2 .7
+ 7.6
-47. 5
6 , 785,
-2 9 .0
30, 771, 897
20,138, 564
-3 4 .6
T o ta l____ __________________
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9, 552, 331
083
581
582
M O N T H L Y L A B O E K E V IE W
T able 1.—E S T IM A T E D C O ST O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S ,
A N D R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 351 ID E N T IC A L
C IT IE S , AS SH O W N BY P E R M IT S IS S U E D IN JU N E A N D J U L Y ,1932, BY G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S —C ontinued
Additions, alterations, and repairs
(estim ated cost)
T otal construction
(estim ated cost)
Geographic division
N um
ber
Percent of
cities
July, 1932
of
change
June, 1932
July, 1932
Per cent
of
change
June, 1932
N ew E n g lan d ______________ $1,116, 990
M iddle A tlan tic____________ 3, 607, 984
E ast N o rth C entral_________ 1, 510, 943
W est N o rth C en tral________
782, 911
South A tla n tic ___ _________ 1, 385, 054
South Central - --- _______
591, 416
1, 371, 609
M ountain and Pacific______
$1,132,429
2,334, 876
1, 509, 253
683, 518
1,105, 551
420, 931
1,137, 453
+ 1 .4
-3 5 .3
- 0. 1
-1 2 .7
- 20.2
-2 8 .8
-1 7 .1
$4, 574, 229
15, 725,147
5, 585, 022
3, 825, 930
13, 601, 941
2, 245, 677
5,133, 189
$5, 730,723
9, 624, 538
5, 059, 670
4, 099, 134
5, 001, 775
2, 248, 911
3,482, 907
+25.3
-3 8 .8
- 9 .4
+7. 1
-6 3 .2
+ 0 .1
-3 2 . 1
94
25
40
32
38
-1 9 .7
50, 691,135
35, 247, 658
-3 0 .5
351
T o tal____
_____
8, 324,
10, 366, 907
011
54
68
Indicated expenditures for residential buildings decreased 29.0
per cent, comparing July permits with June permits. Decreases
were shown in this class of building in six of the seven geographic
divisions. In the South Central States there was an increase in
indicated expenditures for new residential buildings.
Four of the seven geographic divisions showed decreases in the
estimated costs of new nonresidential buildings. The decreases
ranged from 7.6 per cent in the East North Central States to 72.7
per cent in the South Atlantic States. Increases were shown in the
other three geographic divisions. The largest increase, 53.8 per cent,
was registered in the New England States.
The New England, the West North Central, and the South Central
States all showed increases in expenditures for total building opera
tions.
Table 2 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new
nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of
total building operations, in 351 identical cities of the United States,
by geographic divisions.
T able 3 .—N U M B E R O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D R E
P A IR S, A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 351 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , AS
SH O W N BY P E R M IT S IS S U E D IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, BY G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S
N ew nonresi
New residential dential
build
buildings
ings
A dditions, al
terations, and
repairs
Total construc
tion
June,
1932
July,
1932
June,
1932
June,
1932
709
1, 447
1, 451
679
562
410
1,059
491
1, 195
1, 196
568
439
311
832
1,999
4, 530
2,339
945
2,320
1,299
2,890
3,135
6,778
4,572
1,952
3, 637
2,016
4, 709
2,666
4, 943
2,865
1,064
2,812
1, 403
3, 194
6,317
5, 032
-2 0 .3
18, 491
16, 322
-1 1 .7
26, 799
23, 059
-1 4 .0
Geographic division
New E ngland--- - . . . .
M iddle A tlan tic --- __________
E ast N orth C en tral________________
W est N o rth C en tral__ _____
South A tlantic- . . .
__________
South C entral- _ ________________
M ountain and Pacific_____ ____ ___
216
388
256
209
263
203
456
T o tal_____ -- _______ _____
Per cent of change_________________
1,991,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ju ly ,
1932
176
324
219
186
220
201
379
1,705
-1 4 .4
June,
1932
2 ,2 10
July,
1932
July,
1932
6,049
3, 754
1,699
2,979
1,811
4,101
583
HOUSING
Comparing permits issued in July with those issued in June, there
was a decrease of 14.0 per cent in the number of permits issued for
all classes of building construction. Decreases were also shown in
the number of new residential building, of new.nonresidential build
ing, and of additions, alterations, and repairs.
Table 3 shows the number of families provided for in the different
kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost
of such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 351 identical
cities, during June and July, 1932, by geographic divisions.
T able 3 .— E S T IM A T E D CO ST A N D N U M B E R OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R IN T H E
D IF F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U S E K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E
IS SU E D IN 351 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S
2-family dwellings
l-fam ily dwellings
Geographic division
N ew E ngland__________
M iddle A tla n tic . _ . .
E ast N o rth C entral ____
W est N o rth C en tral.
South A tlan tic_________
South C entral__________
M ountain and Pacific___
T o ta l.. .
______
Per cent of change
Fam ilies pro
vided for
E stim ated cost
E stim ated cost
June, 1932 Ju ly , 1932
June,
1932
$847,105
1, 407, 603
1,161, 595
782,195
1, 057, 727
403,184
1, 281, 960
$790, 607
1,268, 764
837, 384
552,080
833,436
417, 711
952, 690
188
315
239
203
246
193
426
162
278
206
183
209
176
343
$156, 500
396, 512
130, 200
25, 750
6, 941, 369
5, 652, 672
-1 8 .6
1,810
1,557
-1 4 .0
836, 497
Julv,
1932
Families pro
vided for
E stim ated cost
June, 1932 July, 1932
$45,000
N ew E ngland.
. ___
M iddle A tlan tic__ _ .. 1, 325, 300
24, 000
E ast N o rth C e n t r a l____
9, 500
W est N o rth C entral___
128, 000
South A tla n tic ________
, 465
South C en tra l... _______
199, 500
M ountain and Pacific___
$14, 000
176, 500
, 000
T o ta l.. . . .
Per cent of change
402,300
-7 6 .9
8
___ 1, 739, 765
101
0
30,450
21,150
59, 200
June,
1932
19
261
3
4
63
6
88
444
2,000
24, 585
100,950
June,
1932
Julv,
1932
$90, 000
256,459
62,490
18, 800
19, 000
78, 712
144, 650
46
104
30
25
70
15
3
15
40
37
55
670. I l l
-1 9 .9
248
219
-1 1 .7
10
6
11
Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwell
ings
M ultifam ily dwellings
Geographic division
June, 1932 July, 1932
Families pro
vided for
July,
1932
E stim ated cost
June, 1932 J u l y , 1932
4 $1,048, 605
53 3,129, 415
42 1,315, 795
817, 445
13 1,187, 727
25
436, 234
31 1, 582,410
0
168
-6 2 .2
9, 517, 631
Families pro
vided for
June,
1932
July,
1932
$894, 607
1, 701, 723
1, 000, 874
570, 880
882, 886
517, 573
1,156, 540
253
680
272
217
312
214
554
191
401
263
189
233
238
429
6, 725,083
2, 502
1,944
-2 2 .3
-2 9 .3
Permits issued in July, 1932, showed decreases in expenditures for
all classes of housekeeping dwellings and decreases in the number of
families provided in each class of housekeeping dwelling.
The South Central was the only geographic division in which more
family dwelling units were provided in new buildings during July
than during June.
Table 4 shows the index number of families provided for and the
index numbers of indicated expenditures for new residential buildings,
for new nonresidential buildings, for additions, alterations, and
repairs, and for total building operations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T a ble 4 .— IN D E X N U M B E R S O F F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R A N D O F T H E E S T IM A T E D
C O ST O F B U IL D IN G O P E R A T IO N S AS SH O W N BY P E R M IT S IS S U E D IN P R IN C IP A L
C IT IE S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S
[M onthly average, 1929=100]
E stim ated cost of—
Families
provided
for
M onth
N ew resi
dential
buildings
N ew nonresidential
buildings
A dditions,
alterations,
and repairs
Total
building
operations
1930
Ju ly _____________________ _______ _
49.9
44.1
86. 7
77.4
64.8
1931
Ju ly ________________________________
35.8
27. 6
53.7
57.8
41. 7
1932
Jan u ary _______ _________________
F e b ru a ry ... .
. . . __________ _
M arch . . . __
A p ril_____ __________ _ _ _
M ay _
_______ . . .
______ _
Ju n e. .
. . . . .
J u ly ________________________________
14.4
13.0
15. 4
13. 4
11. 3
.0
.2
10. 2
25. 0
16. 5
18. 1
25. 0
39. 3
24. 6
16. 1
25.8
26. 7
27. 0
32. 0
27.3
28.2
.6
18.2
14.3
15.7
18.8
23.3
17.3
10
8
9. 1
10. 7
9. 7
7.9
7.9
5.6
22
12.0
The index numbers of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total
building operations were all lower during July, 1932, than during
either June, 1932, or July, 1931.
Comparisons of Indicated Expenditures for Public Buildings
T a b l e 5 shows the value of contracts awarded for public buildings
by the different agencies of the United States Government and by
the various State governments during the months of July, 1931,
and June and July, 1932.
T a ble 5 .—V A LU E OF C O N T R A C T S F O R P U B L IC B U IL D IN G S L E T B Y T H E U N IT E D
ST A T E S G O V E R N M E N T A N D BY S T A T E G O V E R N M E N T S , JU L Y , 1931, A N D JU N E A N D
JU L Y , 1932, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S
July, 1931
June, 1932 1
July, 1932 i
Geographic division
N ew E ngland. ______
_ . . . __
M iddle A tlantic
.......................__
E a st N o rth C entral
____. . .
W est N o rth C en tral__ . . .
South A tlan tic___________
South C entral___
_____
M o u n tain and Pacific_________ _
T o tal___ _____ . . . ____ _
Federal
State
Federal
State
Federal
State
$337, 228
659, 826
569, 083
254, 238
2,128, 246
3. 242, 303
1,984, 100
9,175, 024
$3, 598, 023
4, 542, 542
167, Oil
484, 900
177, 661
1,854, 684
341, 372
11,166,193
$685,114
4,113, 617
1,112, 653
1, 779, 413
10, 212, 342
250, 632
1, 365, 477
19, 519, 248
$703, 926
536, 687
363,105
107, 773
261, 211
232,977
555, 013
2, 760, 692
$760, 460
1,054, 946
633, 138
2,671,151
2, 488, 728
1, 048,442
1,176, 269
9, 833,134
$797, 071
1, 071, 507
276, 981
331, 764
278,811
, 655
73, 510
3, 696, 299
866
1 Subject to revision.
Contracts were awarded during July, 1932, by the various agencies
of the Federal Government for buildings to cost $9,833,134. This is
less than the value of contracts awarded for Federal buildings during
June, but slightly greater than for indicated expenditures for Federal
buildings during July, 1931.
The value of contracts awarded for State buildings during July,
1932, was $3,696,299. This was more than 30 per cent greater than
indicated expenditures for State buildings during June, but much less
than the value of contracts awarded during July, 1931.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
585
HOUSING
Comparisons, July, 1932, with July, 1931
T able 6 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of
new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and
of total building operations in 341 identical cities of the United States
having a population of 25,000 or over, for the months of July, 1931,
and July, 1932, by geographic divisions.
T able 6 .— E S T IM A T E D CO ST O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , O F A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D
R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , AS
SH O W N BY P E R M IT S IS S U E D IN JU L Y , 1931, A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S
N ew nonresidential buildings
(estim ated cost)
New residential buildings
(estim ated cost)
Geographic division
New E nglan d________
M iddle A tlan tic_____
E ast N o rth C en tra l-..
W est N o rth C entral...
South A tlan tic______
South C entral_______
M ountain and Pacific.
Total
July, 1931
Ju ly , 1932
$3, 644, 085
13, 342, 355
4,923, 839
2, 032,320
2,845, 762
2, 253,816
5,133, 083
$797, 507
1, 683,423
999,374
570,880
875,969
517, 573
1, 204, 370
34,175, 260
6, 649, 096
Per
cent of
change
Additions, alterations, and repairs
(estim ated cost)
Geographic division
Per
cent of
change
July, 1931
July, 1932
-78. 1
-8 7 .4
-79. 7
-7 1 .9
-6 9 . 2
-7 7 .0
-7 6 . 5
$7,977, 913
21,901,198
6,157,847
2,476,433
6, 276, 208
5.167,125
6, 664, 437
$3, 692, 997
5,433, 208
2, 548,953
2,844, 736
3,013, 338
1,307, 657
1,117,644
-8 0 .5
56, 621,161
19,958, 533
Per
cent of
change
-5 3 .7
-75. 2
-5 8 .6
+14.9
-5 2 .0
-7 4 .7
-8 3 .2
T otal construction (estim ated
cost)
July, 1931
N um
ber of
Per
cities
July, 1932 cent of
change
July, 1931
July, 1932
$2, 810, 731
~
New E n g l a n d ___ _
M iddle A tla n tic .. ------ - 7, 572, 477
. 2, 896, 701
E ast N o rth C entral_____
W est N o rth C entral---------- . 1,180, 909
South A tlan tic----- ------ -------- 1, 891, 568
871, 498
South C entral-------- ---------M ountain and Pacific _____ 2,410, 225
$1,107,139
2, 301, 223
1, 508, 943
683, 518
1,100,806
420,911
1, 121,463
-6 0 .6 $14,432, 729
-69. 6 42,816, 030
-4 7 .9 13, 978,387
-42. 1 5, 689, 662
-4 1 .8 11,013,538
-51. 7 8, 292, 439
-53. 5 14, 207, 745
$5, 597, 643
9,417, 854
5, 057, 270
4, 099,134
4, 990,113
2, 246,141
3,443, 477
-6 1 . 2
-7 8 .0
-6 3 .8
-2 8 .0
-5 4 . 7
-7 2 . 9
-7 5 .8
51
66
93
25
39
31
36
19, 634,109
8, 244, 003
-5 8 .0 110, 430, 530
34, 851, 632
-6 8 .4
341
T o tal---------------- -- . . .
Indicated expenditures for new residential building decreased 80.5
per cent, comparing July, 1932, permits with those issued in July,
1931. There was a decrease of 64.8 per cent in the estimated cost of
new nonresidential buildings; a decrease of 58.0 per cent in the esti
mated cost of additions, alterations, and repairs; and a decrease of
68.4 per cent in the estimated cost of total building operations, com
paring July, 1932, with the same month of the previous year.
Table 7 shows the number of new residential buildings, _of new
nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and
of total building operations in 341 identical cities having a population
of 25,000 or over, for July, 1932, and July, 1931, by geographic
divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
586
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 7 . - N U M B E R O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , O F A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D
R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S ,
AS SH O W N BY P E R M IT S IS S U E D IN JU L Y , 1931, A N D JU L Y , 1932, BY G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S
New
residential
buildings
New
nonresidential
buildings
Additions,
alterations, and
repairs
T otal
construction
Geographic division
July,
1931
July,
1932
July,
1932
July,
1931
July,
1931
July,
1932
July,
1931
July,
1932
N ew E n g la n d ___- _________. . __
M id d le A tlan tic. _ ________________
E ast N o rth C en tra l.- ___________ W est N o rth C en tral. ______ ___
South A tlantic ____
South C entral ________ _ ___ ___
M o u n tain and Pacific__________ ___
472
1,273
826
453
466
576
1,103
161
320
218
186
218
201
369
980
2,211
2, 230
956
773
546
1,483
475
1,180
1,191
568
439
306
810
2,444
4,915
3,734
1,274
2,755
1,708
3,823
1,971
4, 500
2,335
945
2,298
1,298
2,856
3,896
8,399
6,790
2,683
3,994
2,830
6,409
2,607
6,000
3,744
1,699
2,955
1,805
4,035
Total _ __ ___ _________ __
Per cent of change.
______ _____
5,169
1,673
-6 7 .6
9,179
4,969
-4 5 .9
20,653
16,203
-2 1 . 5
35,001
22,845
-3 4 .7
Decreases were shown in the number of new residential buildings,
of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs,
and of total building operations in each geographic division, comparing
permits issued in July, 1932, wdth those issued in July, 1931.
Table 8 shows the number of families provided for in the different
kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the cost of such dwell
ings, for which permits were issued in 341 identical cities during July,
1931, and July, 1932, by geographic divisions.
T able 8 .—E S T IM A T E D COST A N D N U M B E R OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R IN T H E
D IF F E R E N T K IN D S O F H O U S E K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E
IS SU E D IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S IN JU L Y , 1931, A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y G E O G R A P H IC
D IV IS IO N S
1-family dwellings
Geographic division
E stim ated cost
July, 1931 July, 1932
2-family dwellings
Families p ro
vided for
July,
1931
July,
1932
E stim ated cost
July, 1931 July, 1932
Families pro
vided for
July,
1931
July,
1932
N ew E ngland_____ ____
M iddle A tla n tic .- .------E a st N o rth C en tral_____
W est N o rth C e n t r a l ___
South A tla n tic ... ------South C entral. _
---M o u n tain and Pacific___
$2, 655,285
5, 960, 672
3, 995, 489
1, 826,120
1, 992, 662
1, 769, 933
3, 919, 963
$693, 507
1, 250, 464
835, 884
552,080
826, 519
417, 711
940, 520
408
992
750
419
404
516
999
147
274
205
183
207
176
333
$413, 800
1,618, 683
492, 300
148,200
55, 700
226, 683
361,050
$90,000
256, 459
62, 490
18, 800
19,000
78, 712
144, 650
103
419
118
57
22
88
124
25
70
15
6
11
37
55
T otal ____ . _
?p,r cent of change. _.
22,120,124
5,516,685
-7 5 . 1
4, 488
1,525
-6 6 .0
3,316,416
670, 111
-7 9 . 8
931
219
-7 6 .5
Total, all kinds of housekeeping
dwellings
M ultifam ily dwellings
Geographic division
Estim ated cost
J u ly ,1931 July, 1932
Families pro
vided for
July,
1931
July,
1932
E stim ated cost
July, 1931 July, 1932
Fam ilies pro
vided for
July,
1931
July,
1932
$307,000
New E n g la n d ---------M id d le A tlan tic - - - - - - 5,278,000
E a st N o rth C en tral_____
276, 050
West N o rth C entral
.
53,000
797, 400
South A tlan tic-------------172, 200
South C entral—. -.- —
M o u n tain and Pacific----686, 450
$14,000
176, 500
101,000
0
30, 450
21,150
59,200
101
1,481
58
32
282
77
363
4 $3,376,085
53 12,857, 355
42 4, 763, 839
0 2,027,320
13 2, 845, 762
25 2,168, 816
31 4, 967, 463
$797, 507
1, 683, 423
999, 374
570, 880
875, 969
517, 573
1,144, 370
612
2,892
926
508
708
681
1,486
176
397
262
189
231
238
419
7, 570,100
402,300
-9 4 .7
2, 394
168 33,006, 640
-9 3 .0
6,589, 096
-8 0 .0
7, 813
1,912
-7 5 .5
T o tal ___________
P er cent of change______
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
587
HOUSING
Decreases were shown in the estimated cost and in the number of
family dwelling units provided in each of the different classes of
housekeeping dwellings, comparing permits issued in July, 1932, with
those issued in July, 1931.
Details by Cities
T able 9 shows the number and estimated cost of new residential
buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of total building operations,
together with the number of family dwelling units provided in new
buildings, for each of the 351 cities from which reports were received
for July, 1932.
No reports were received from Bangor, Me.; Clifton and Irvington,
N. J.; Chester and Reading, Pa.; Anderson, Ind.; Newark, Ohio;
University City, Mo.; Pensacola, Fla.; Ashland, Louisville, and New
port, Ky.; Baton Rouge, La.; Muskogee and Okmulgee, Okla.;
Galveston and Laredo, Tex.; and Everett, Wash.
Permits were issued for the following important building projects
during the month of July, 1932: In New Haven for a dormitory at
Yale University to cost $900,000; in Boston for a pathological building
at the City Hospital to cost $650,000, and for a high school for girls
to cost $920,000; in Buffalo for an armory to cost nearly $900,000; in
the Borough of the Bronx for a school building to cost $602,000; in
Rochester for an office building to cost $400,000; in Union City,
N. J., for a store building to cost $300,000; in Milwaukee for a school
building to cost $1,000,000.
Contracts were awarded by the Supervising Architect of the United
States Treasury Department for a post-office building in Bridgeport,
Conn., to cost $465,000; for a post office in Minneapolis to cost nearly
$2,300,000; and for a central heating plant for public buildings in
Washington, D. C., to cost over $1,000,000.
T a ble 9 .— E S T IM A T E D C O ST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS SU E D
I N P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , JU L Y , 1932
N e w E n g la n d S ta te s
C ity and State
ew non T otal (in
New resi Nresiden
dential
cluding
tial
repairs)
buildings buildings
Connecticut:
B ridgeport____
B ristol_______
Greenwich____
Hartford
M eriden
N ew B ritain _.
N ew H aven___
N orw alk_____
Stamford
T 'o r rin g to n
W aterbnry
W est H artfo rd .
M aine:
Lewiston
Portland
M assachusetts:
Arlington
Beverly
Boston 1
B rockton___ _
$19, 300
3, 000
56,500
14, 882
4,500
18, 000
43, 700
62, 650
37, 000
3,000
3, 900
41, 500
$471,250
420
45, 650
885
2, 375
2,990
915, 355
5,480
2,325
3,000
18, 075
2,065
$509, 514
5,001
117, 950
101, 292
12, 890
28, 630
979, 710
72, 785
54, 265
8| 725
34,125
53, 265
6, 250
24, 675
500
7,410
6,750
39,470
20,600
7,175
10, 425
7, 300
40.500 1, 662, 200
10, 475
10.500
42, 365
20, 950
2,109, 599
42,275
1 Applications filed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C ity and State
M a s s a c h u s e tts —
Continued.
B ro o k lin e ____
Cambridge
C helsea.. . .
Chicopee . . .
E v e re tt_____
Pali R i v e r . __
Fitchburg
H averhill____
H olyoke_____
Law rence_____
L o w e ll______
L y n n ________
M a ld e n _____
M edford _____
New Bedford. _
Newton . . .
P ittsfield_____
Q uincy_______
R evere...............
ew non T otal (in
New resi Nresiden
cluding
dential
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
$38, 500
5,500
0
3, 500
3, 500
0
0
5, 500
10,500
0
2,000
7,000
7, 500
32, 200
4,200
20, 000
78, 500
25, 200
4,000
$650
154, 360
0
7, 350
0
7, 837
4, 560
1, 250
3, 300
5, 150
2,200
7, 920
1, 050
650
5, 675
17, 225
9, 200
6, 740
2,300
$81, 500
217,100
15, 210
12, 650
5, 900
26, 637
8,320
14, 055
16, 050
15, 625
9,470
33, 285
13, 095
44, 650
19, 350
54, 050
102, 900
44, 592
12, 760
588
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 9 .— E S T IM A T E D C O ST O P B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS S U E D
IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , JU L Y , 1932—Continued
N e w E n g l a n d S t a t e s — C o n tin u ed
C ity and State
M a s s a c h u s e tts —
C ontinued.
Salem . _. .
Somerville___
S p rin g fie ld ___
T aunton
W alth am _____
W atertow n___
W orcester.. . . .
N ew H am pshire:
C oncord______
M anchester___
N ew resi N ew non- T otal (in
dential residencluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
$13, 000
0
18, 350
4, 400
15, 000
5,000
38,100
$194,150
0
7,250
725
1,710
3, 350
2,600
$229, 910
13,105
41, 375
10, 354
19, 248
11, 275
62, 875
3, 000
15, 500
2,700
1, 760
5, 700
27, 976
C ity and State
ew non- Total (in
N ew resi Nresidendential
cluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
Rhode Island:
C entral F a lls...
$50
0
Cranston
$25,500
2,375
E a s t P ro v idence
5,300
24, 350
N e w p o r t____
11, 200
2,050
o
Paw tucket
6,180
Providence . ..
34, 500
45, 925
Woonsocket __
5,400
1, 590
Verm ont:
B u rlin g to n ... _ 35,000
1, 450
T o ta l___ _ _ 894, 607 3, 703, 687
$1, 700
31,010
34, 440
25, 070
7, 150
175, 770
9,555
37, 450
5, 730, 723
M id d le A tla n tic S ta te s
New Jersey:
A tlantic C ity ..
0
$19,114
$1,150
B a y o n n e ..___
$9, 000
11,950
30, 964
B elleville... . .
8, 500
22,155
11, 555
Bloomfield . . .
5,000
12, 700
4,200
Cam den
5. 000
0
10, 693
E ast Orange___
0
225
11,715
Elizabeth ._ .
8,000
7,000
15,000
G arfield______
7,300
55, 375
64,150
H ackensack___
3,600
171, 951
151, 866
Hoboken ______
0
27, 700
13, 500
Jersey C i t y . .
49,000
19, 324
88, 374
K earny_______
10, 000
65,100
75' 880
M o n tclair.. . .
71, 000
3, 655
81,428
N ewark
22, 500
48, 050
99, 500
N ew
Brunswick _
0
800
9, 475
Orange___ .
0
300
14,881
Passaic . . . __
16, 300
37,125
72. 461
P aterson___
14, 766
7', 300
53,166
P erth A m b o y ..
0
500
6, 363
Plainfield____
4, 750
2,972
14, 989
T ren to n . ______
10,000
9, 274
39', 282
U nion C ity
0
300,000
315, 088
W est N ew
ork.
0
0
650
W est O range.. .
14,700
2,865
34, 733
N ew Y ork:
A lbany _. _ .
47, 700
73,100
137, 528
A m sterdam ___
11, 500
4, 925
16, 825
A u b u rn ______
5, 500
3, 475
11, 910
B in g h a m to n ...
12, 900
3,146
41, 766
Buffalo____ ._
41, 000 1, 800, 520 1, 916, 905
E lm ira. . .
10,000
16, 057
49, 763
Jam estow n _. .
3,000
1, 575
7,584
K ingston_____
6,500
2,225
15, 414
Lockport.. . .
0
0
0
M t. Vernon___
12,000
26, 750
52, 210
N e w b u rg h .. . .
0
1,950
5, 300
N ew Rochelle
12, 500
9,600
31,645
N ew
Y o rk
C ity—
T he Bronx 1 139,130
675, 850 1,091, 305
Brooklyn L 319,150
650, 435 1,193,871
N ew Y ork—Con.
N ew Y o r k
C ity—C on.
M a n h a tta n 1____
0
Q ueens1__ $233, 900
Richm ond 1 54, 820
N iagara F ails.
15, 400
19, 650
Poughkeepsie..
R ochester.. . . .
27,100
S c h e n ec ta d y ...
5, 500
Syracuse
22, 200
T r o y ...
4, 000
Utica
4, 000
W atertow n.
2,101
W hite Plains .
112, 500
Yonkers
106, 200
Pennsylvania:
Allentown
4, 900
0
Altoona
B ethlehem ..
2,500
Butler
0
Easton
7, 300
Erie
6, 800
H arrisburg____
4,500
Hazleton
22, 653
Jo h n sto w n .. .
0
Lancaster. . . .
0
M cK eesport .
0
N anticoke
3,000
N ew Castle . .
4,500
Norristow n
0
P hiladelphia. .
45, 800
P ittsburgh . . .
59,800
Scranton______
20,800
W ilkes-Barre...
3,000
W ilkinsburg. _.
0
W illiam sport...
0
Y ork_________
28,500
$33,720
174,126
80. 405
2, 215
850
470, 855
5, 615
52 OS5
64’ 400
3’ 700
1,7 7 5
70, 800
53, 375
92 400
2 711
’675
250
9 811
8, 585
43, 725
$543, 930
605, 794
159, 998
45, 266
26, 080
543, 431
16, 814
141 523
73 850
12 950
32! 598
186,150
180, 475
50 500
7 445
5, 625
2 455
13^ 225
6, 650
85, 953
0
36, 405
3,150
257, 535
33, 345
9,595
5,680
1,900
322
2,600
1R 297
37! 843
84, 515
55 176
15 ! 325
9,150
91,208
5, 050
41, 535
6,586
457, 280
189,140
50,144
14, 402
4,000
6,871
37, 674
T o tal_______ 1, 701, 723 5, 587, 939
9,624, 538
5 807
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s
Illinois:
A lto n________
A urora_______
Belleville_____
B e r w y n _____
B loom ington...
Chicago______
Cicero................
1Applications filed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$3,000
2,500
13, 500
0
15,000
71,900
0
$1,950
2,225
950
2, 200
89, 000
195, 491
1,385
$10, 521
12, 520
14, 575
7,800
104,000
461,119
3,070
Illinois—C ontd.
D anville_____
D ecatur_____
E ast St. L ouis..
E lg in ________
E v a n s to n .. . . .
G ranite C ity ...
Jo liet..................
$2,247
11,500
0
0
16,000
0
3,000
0
$575
7, 200
3, 775
3,000
200
200
$4, 747
13, 250
14, 350
16,159
51, 500
200
24,696
589
HOUSING
T able 9 .— E S T IM A T E D C O ST O F B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS SU E D
IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , JU L Y , 1932—Continued
E a s t N o r t h C e n t r a l S t a t e s — C ontinued
C ity and State
Illinois—Contd.
M ayw ood____
M oline_______
Oak P a rk _____
Peoria________
Q uincy_______
R ockford_____
Rock Islan d___
S p rin g fie ld -....
W aukegan____
Indiana:
E ast C hicago...
E lk h a rt______
E vansville____
F o rt W ayne___
G ary_________
H am m o n d -----In d ia n a p o lis.. .
K okom o........ .
L afayette------M ario n _______
M ichigan C ity .
M ishaw ak a___
M uncie______
R ichm ond____
South B en d ___
Terre H a u te ... .
M ichigan:
Ann A rbor____
B attle C reek .. .
B ay C ity -------D earbo rn------D e tro it_______
F lin t_________
G rand R ap id s..
H am tram ck —
H ighland P a rk .
Jackson______
Kalam azoo___
Lansing______
M uskegon-----P o n tiac______
Port H u ro n ___
Royal O ak____
Saginaw . . . . . . .
W y an d o tte ___
New resi N ew non- T otal (in
dential residencluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
$3, 000
8, 900
0
6,700
0
0
3, 500
15, 300
2,000
$1,050
315
0
4, 475
2,560
2, 500
525
3,904
143,450
$4, 050
12,138
2, 300
15,950
7, 340
11, 590
27, 809
29, 544
151,075
0
1,500
0
8, 300
0
2,000
10,100
0
0
2,475
0
0
0
10, 500
0
5,800
0
1,700
13, 348
4, 620
5, 575
3,843
27, 085
2, 500
0
50
4,050
300
1,220
0
9, 300
2, 760
2,825
4, 749
20, 50J
18,179
5, 575
10,020
72, 851
3,080
0
3, 705
5,110
550
9, 298
12,500
19, 380
12,050
1,500
0
2, 400
7,100
69, 440
6, 500
7, 500
0
0
0
17, 000
0
0
2,000
0
1, 500
12, 600
2,500
26, 710
4, 845
1,075
850
53, 670
6, 354
9, 575
1,525
2, 000
1, 442
1,345
2, 465
3,125
5,370
400
590
2,130
2,675
42, 224
6, 568
16,727
78, 550
340, 078
22, 777
25, 660
3,805
4,353
3,910
34,717
7,430
37, 525
12,120
1,100
2,400
20,155
5, 375
C ity a n d State
Ohio:
A k ro n________
A sh tab u la____
C an to n _______
C incinnati .
Cleveland____
C le v e la n d
H eig h ts____
C olum bus____
D a y to n ______
E ast Cleveland.
E ly ria ________
H am ilto n ___
Lakew ood___
L im a. ........ .
L o rain_______
M ansfield_____
M ario n _____ _
M assillon_____
M id d le to w n ...
N orw ood_____
P ortsm outh___
Springfield____
Steubenville__
Toledo_____ .
W arren
Y o u n g sto w n .._
W isconsin:
A ppleton ----E au Claire. . . .
Fond d u L a c ...
Green B ay ____
Kenosha ____
M adison. . .
M ilw aukee...
Oshkosh __ ---Racine.
Sheboygan.
Superior______
W est A llis .. . .
New resi N ew non- T otal (in
dential residen- cluding
tia l
buildings buildings
repairs)
$36, 600
0
1,200
156, 650
82,100
$12,971
2,455
490
191, 785
120,425
$61, 216
3, 205
5,040
410,445
360,800
27, 500
12, 000
650
0
0
0
81,000
0
2,000
12, 800
4, 200
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
17, 500
0
0
1,475
164, 250
21,004
3,835
360
1,093
11, 250
200
530
130,170
1,015
125
750
135
0
1,750
3,025
13, 988
2,850
2, 360
42, 025
331, 500
27,707
6, 720
960
4,403
94, 970
735
3,410
144,295
6,005
1,400
1,837
1, 585
0
3,170
3,275
59, 948
24,005
12, 570
32,100
1,625
9,962
1,000
5, 000
1,850
8, 550
5, 630
0
1,000
53,300
14,683
80,100 1,136,692
13, 000
345
0
20, 665
9,000
5,585
0
2,420
5,900
330
42,400
15, 362
6, 940
22, 705
5, 390
84, 078
1,321, 294
17, 045
22,655
29,401
4, 636
10, 380
T o ta l_______ 1,000, 874 2, 549, 543
5,059, 670
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l S ta te s
Iowa:
B u rlin g to n ... .
Cedar R ap id s..
Council Bluffs.
D avenport .
Des M oines___
D u b u q u e _____
O ttum w a
Sioux C ity ____
W aterloo_____
Kansas:
H utchinson . . .
K ansas C i t y .. .
W ichita______
M innesota:
D u luth ______
M inneapolis__
St. P a u l______
0
$9, 675
4,810
10,900
63, 600
6, 650
4, 000
9.000
5.000
$2, 000
10, 354
1,625
2,085
46, 709
3,200
2.150
29,600
975
$2, 250
28, 342
15, 614
24, 400
131, 299
13, 543
10, 800
44,925
11,495
0
1,050
8, 800
7,750
4.150
16, 850
2,830
17, 515
5,045
21,975
18,620
43, 589
4,640
3, 500
92, 860 2, 349, 800
35,094
86,160
39, 053
2, 675, 485
207, 893
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M issouri:
J o p lin ... ____
Kansas C ity __
Springfield____
St. Joseph____
St. Louis____
N ebraska:
L in co ln ..
O m aha___ . . .
N o rth D akota:
F a rg o .._ _____
South D akota:
Sioux Falls____
T o tal_______
0
$27, 500
5,350
8, 500
145, 100
$550
26, 000
1,150
570
237, 029
$4, 500
112, 700
10, 790
10, 270
498, 237
19,500
35,900
2,760
40,375
26, 660
110,575
5,900
1,100
14,949
9, 375
5,625
16,125
570, 880 2,844, 736
4,099,134
59Û
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 9 .—E S T IM A T E D C O ST O F B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS S U E D
IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , JU L Y , 1932—C ontinued
S o u th A tla n tic S ta te s
C ity and State
Delaware:
W ilm ington___
D istrict of Columbia:
W ashington___
Florida:
Jacksonville___
M ia m i... .
O rlando______
St. Petersburg.
T am p a______
West Palm
Beach...........
Georgia:
A tla n ta _______
A ugusta______
C olum bus.„ ..
Macon
_ _
Savannah___
M aryland:
Baltim ore.- . . .
C u m b e rla n d .. .
H agerstow n___
N o rth Carolina:
A sheville..
D u rh a m ____
Greensboro___
ew non- T otal (in
N ew resi Nresidendential
cluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
$10, 000
$3, 940
$101, 503
306, 900 2, 579, 678
3, 064, 626
31, 550
16, 575
6, 500
8, 500
5,600
12, 960
20, 710
0
2,100
3, 740
94,699
82, 208
15, 760
26, 000
27,827
6, 917
0
11,662
42, 800
13, 550
2, 500
2,000
0
9, 333
16, 055
1, 120
850
1,150
103, 640
34i 356
11, 510
5, 609
19, 368
208, 000
3, 500
1, 650
194,000
100
2,475
856,969
8,710
4, 635
0
o
26,450
2,900
1,485
7,970
fins
4,000
'396
41, 050
C ity a n d State
N ew resi N ew n o n - Total (in
dential residencluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
N o rth Carolina—
Continued.
High P o in t___
Raleigh_______
W ilm ington___
W inston-Salem.
South Carolina:
C harleston _
C olum bia_____
Greenville . _.
S p artan b u rg -. .
Virginia:
Lvnehhnrg
N ew port News.
Norfolk
P e te rs b u rg ___
P ortsm outh _
R ic h m o n d .. _
Roanoke
W est Virginia:
Charlestown. .
C larksburg___
H u n tington.
Parkersburg__
Wheeling
a
9,694
Total
$3,150
2, 294
2, 700
4,000
$1, 500
3,225
200
2,490
$5,800
8,169
5,950
11,250
3, 000
22, 750
5,000
0
20, 222
2,500
185
0
30, 617
30, 600
12, 575
1,177
18 750
2, 800
85,000
0
0
19, 750
3,500
92 180
'638
5 225
50
150
22, 730
1,941
115 075
9' 925
101 200
6, 292
5,290
77,198
7, 821
3,800
0
0
2,000
8, 500
1, 600
225
1, 360
1,180
825
14, 281
5,240
2, 890
4, 330
13,094
882,886 3, 013,338
5, 001,775
S o u th C e n tr a l S ta te s
A labam a:
B irm ingham . . .
M obile_______
M o n tgom ery...
Arkansas:
L ittle R ock___
K entucky:
C ovington____
Lexington. _ . .
P ad u cah ______
Louisiana:
M onroe______
New O rleans-..
S h rev ep o rt...
M ississippi:
Jackson______
Oklahoma:
E n id _________
Oklahoma City.
T u lsa ________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
$8,975
16, 200
$4, 035
1, 500
1,885
$22, 638
15, 385
29,410
2,150
806
11,516
6,000
2,000
3,500
1,975
1, 575
4,600
11,885
13,894
9, 000
11, 500
6i; 391
2,950
0
92,125
710
204; 995
3,468
0
11,778
0
30,000
1, 700
5, 200
694, 600
15,485
7, 900
733, 197
23, 095
14,800
17,457
Tennessee:
C hattanooga
Johnson C ity _
K noxville-. . .
M em phis. . . . .
N ashville_____
Texas:
A m arillo____
A ustin
B eaum ont
Brownsville___
Dallas
E l P a s o ______
F o rt W orth
H ouston______
P o rt A rth u r__
San Angelo___
San Antonio
W aco____ . _.
W ichita Falls. _
Total _____
$1, 500
4,000
43, 440
19,500
18,550
0
$150
9, 408
39, 000
5,030
$18, 625
4,150
52; 848
115, 700
52, 529
6,480
45, 034
1,400
23,460
2,115
2,750
94, 825
4,928
122, 350
22,878
549
0
152, 865
4,125
78
9, 052
99,154
9, 361
2, 770
192, 528
18,991
169! 395
114, 018
4, 876
3; 840
224, 716
11,955
17,453
517, 573 1,310, 407
2,248,911
0
0
63, 350
2, 850
22, 000
77,265
0
0
45, 070
6, 200
12, 500
591
HOUSING
T a ble 9 — E S T IM A T E D CO ST O F B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS S U E D
IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , JU L Y , 1932—Continued
M o u n ta in a n d P a c if ic S ta te s
C ity and State
Arizona:
Phoenix______
Tucson_____ .
California:
A lam eda______
A lham bra_____
Bakersfield____
B erkeley______
Fresno_______
Glendale______
Huntington
P a rk _______
Long Beach___
Los Angeles___
O akland,
.
P asadena_____
R iverside__ -.
Sacram ento___
San Bernardino
San Diego____
San Francisco.San Jose______
Santa A n a____
Santa BarbaraSanta M onica. .
ew non- T otal (in
New resi Nresidencluding
dential
tial
repairs)
buildings buildings
0
$2,100
$778
3,610
$10, 501
13, 427
6, 595
13, 500
7,600
21, 500
2,900
17, 500
2,852
4,375
300
2, 560
13, 980
270,665
15, 121
27, 300
16,160
42,146
16, 880
293, 450
2,550
64, 050
428, 270
64, 050
25, 360
0
35,150
14,150
39, 400
207,150
2,000
4, 875
9, 620
32, 600
5, 950
70, 545
306, 390
14, 639
5,600
910
7,735
25
18, 530
224, 722
57, 750
0
5,320
1,925
11, 370
178, 755
1,011,811
128, 409
81, 441
14, 419
63, 001
16,125
101, 581
602, 472
74, 600
12,410
28, 060
62,205
C ity and State
New resi New n on- T otal (in
dential residen
cluding
tial
buildings buildings
repairs)
California—Con.
Stockton _ _
$700
$3, 335
655
6, 600
Vallejo___ - Colorado:
Colorado
2,000
Springs_____
822
D enver_______
91, 500
28, 550
0
2,145
Pueblo_______
M ontana:
0
B u tte ________
50
0
665
Great Falls___
N ew Mexico:
11, 000
A lbuquerque--6,200
Oregon:
Portland48, 000
23, 595
Salem________
15,445
4,650
U tah:
Ogden_______
3, 500
670
3, 250
Salt Lake C ity8,000
W ashington:
B ellingham ___
900
0
18, 625
9,080
Seattle_______
Spokane______
6, 800
11,801
7,000
Tacom a______
3, 475
T o tal............ 1, 216, 540 1,128, 914
$8, 935
10, 845
10, 522
161, 515
4,172
985
6,095
29,523
232, 335
27, 832
7,170
21, 350
2,710
81,613
28,191
27, 440
3, 482, 907
B u ild in g P erm its in P rin cip al C ities, F irst H alf of 1932, by
T ypes of B u ild in g s
ARTICLE in the August issue of the Labor Review gave a
summary, by cities, of building expenditures and fami
A Nliesgeneral
provided for in the first half of 1932. The present article gives
for the same 6-month period details for all cities combined by types
of building. It is to be remembered that the figures here cited refer
to the cost of the buildings only and do not include land costs.
Table 1 shows the total number of new buildings and the esti
mated cost of the different kinds of new buildings for which permits
were issued in the 94 cities from which reports were received for the
first six months of 1932, the per cent that each kind forms of the
total number, the per cent that the cost of each kind forms of the
total cost, and the average cost per building.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
592
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 1 —N U M B E R A N D C O ST O F N E W B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E
IS S U E D IN 94 C IT IE S , JA N U A R Y 1 TO J U N E 30, 1932, BY K IN D OF B U IL D IN G
Buildings for w hich perm its were issued
E stim ated cost
K in d of building
N um ber
P er
cent
R esidential buildings:
1-family dw ellings___ ______________________ ____
2-family dw ellings____. . . . __________ ________
1-family and 2-family dw ellings w ith s t o r e s ______
M ultifam ily dw ellings-______
___
_______
M ultifam ily dw ellings w ith sto res_
______
H o tels.. __________________ _________________
Lodging houses______________________________ . .
All o th e r______________________________________
9, 024
874
100
253
13
0
2
8
26.4
2. 6
.3
.7
T otal residential buildings_________ ____ _______
N onresidential buildings:
A m usem ent buildings_________________________
C hurches____— ____ . . . ____________________ _
Factories and w orkshops_ . . . . _ ___ _______
Public garages..
- ------------------------ . . .
P riv ate garages------------------ ------------ . - ______
Service stations________ - - ---... ...
In stitu tio n s_____ - ___
- - - - - - - - - - ..
Office buildings______
-- - - - - - _ — ... .
P u b lic b u ild in g s _______ . .
. . ---------------P ublic works and u tilities______
___
Schools a n d libraries------------------------ -------Sheds______________ -- - - - - - -----. Stables a n d barns — - - . ____ --Stores an d w a re h o u se s.___ ______ _
_
A llo th e r. __ _______ ___________ __________
A m ount
P er
cent
Average
per
building
.0
0)
(>)
$36, 964,472
5, 586, 511
776, 588
10, 351, 211
237, 500
0
3,000
1, 076, 525
18.6
2.8
.4
5.2
.1
.0
0)
.5
$4,096
6, 392
7,326
40, 914
18, 269
0
1,500
134, 566
10, 280
30.0
54, 995, 807
27.6
5, 350
107
89
344
149
15, 547
1,157
32
07
83
128
92
3,299
96
1,989
700
.5
.3
1.0
.4
45.4
3.4
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
9.6
.3
5.8
2.0
9,178,192
4, 836, 440
7, 791, 765
1, 416, 570
4, 302, 359
2,458, 532
6, 622, 485
6, 033, 096
56, 616, 440
10, 722, 416
21, 241, 660
872, 186
66, 757
11,145, 926
645,066
4. 6
2.4
3.9
.7
2.2
1.2
3.3
3.0
28. 5
5.4
10.7
.4
0)
5. 6
.3
54, 959
54, 342
22, 650
9,507
277
2,125
206, 953
90, 046
682,126
83, 769
230, 888
264
695
5, 604
922
T o tal nonresidential buildings_________ ________
23, 939
70.0
143, 949,890
72.4
6,013
G rand total, new b u ild in g s..-
34,219
100.0
198, 945, 697
100.0
5,814
______ .
...
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent.
Permits were issued during the first half of 1932, in these 94 cities,
for 34,219 new buildings, to cost $198,945,697. Of the total number
of buildings, 30 per cent were residential buildings and 70 per cent
were nonresidential buildings. Of the residential buildings, nearly
90 per cent were 1-family dwellings. Of the nonresidential buildings,
private garages were by far the most numerous ; sheds, and stores and
warehouses follow in the order named.
Only 27.6 per cent of the indicated expenditures for all new build
ings in this period was for residential buildings, and 72.4 per cent
was for nonresidential buildings. More money was spent for 1-family
dwellings than for any other class of residential buildings. More
than three times as much was spent for 1-family dwellings as for
apartment houses. Of the nonresidential group, public buildings
accounted for the largest expenditure, 28.5 per cent, of all indicated
expenditures for new buildings in the first half of 1932 in these 94
cities. Schools and libraries (which are largely erected from public
funds) accounted for 10.7 per cent of all expenditures.
The average cost of all new buildings for which permits were issued
in the first half of 1932 was $5,814. The average cost of all residential
buildings was $5,350, the range of average cost being from $1,500 in
the case of lodging houses to $134,566 in the case of “All other resi
dential buildings.” The group “ All other residential” includes such
buildings as dormitories, Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., and other
association buildings.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
593
HOUSING
The average cost of nonresidential buildings is $6,013. If, how
ever, the cost of private garages, sheds, and stables and barns is
excluded, the average cost of the remaining nonresidential buildings
is $27,758. The average cost of the public buildings for which con
tracts were awarded during this period was $682,126; schools and
libraries averaged over $230,000 and institutional buildings over
$206,000. No other class of nonresidential building averaged as much
as $100,000.
Building Trend, First Half of 1931 and of 1932
T able 2 shows th e num ber and cost of th e different kinds of
buildings for which perm its were issued in 94 identical cities in the
first half of 1932, as com pared w ith th e first half of 1931.
T able 2 .—N U M B E R A N D CO ST O F N E W B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E
IS SU E D IN 94 C IT IE S , F IR S T H A L F OF 1931 A N D OF 1932, B Y K IN D OF B U IL D IN G
New buildings for which perm its were
issued during first half of—
K ind of building
Residential buildings:
1-family d w e llin g s_____ ____ _____ __
2-family dwellings____ ______ _____ _ .
1-family and 2-family dwellings w ith
stores
. _ _ _
______________
M ultifam ily dwellings___ _ ________
M ultifam ily dwellings w ith stores_____
Hotels
__________________________
Lodging houses____________ _____ ____
All other
___ _____________________
T otal residential b u ild in g s.. _______
N onresidential buildings:
Amusem ent b u ild in g s ________________
C hurches.
____
. ______________
Factories and workshops______________
Public garages__________ ___________
P rivate garages_____________________
Service stations _____________________
Institutions
______________________
Office buildings
________________
Public buildings
. . ____________
Public works and utilities _________ .
Schools and libraries _______________ _
Sheds . . __________________________
Stables and b a rn s.
________________
Stores and warehouses
_________ _
All other________ __________________
1931
1932
Per cent of
change, 1932,
as compared
w ith 1931
N um
ber
Cost
23,175
2, 886
112,202,366
20, 357, 973
9,024
874
203
1,208
49
8
5
34
1, 734, 624
84, 322, 020
6, 289, 500
871, 000
185,000
3, 250, 900
106
253
13
0
2
8
27, 568
229, 213, 383
10,280
54, 995, 807 -62. 7
-7 6 .0
208
187
613
440
29, 575
1,483
83
131
159
149
211
3,146
41
2, 757
831
12, 397, 057
8,176, 026
29, 721, 355
6, 444, 602
9, 752, 247
4, 041. 307
17, 400, 936
80, 333, 975
42. 251, 082
15, 369,163
44, 979, 789
1, 018, 678
104, 460
30, 690, 946
1, 220, 858
167
89
344
149
15, 547
1,157
32
67
83
128
92
3,299
96
1,989
700
9,178,192
4,836, 440
7, 791, 765
1, 416, 570
4,302. 359
2,458, 532
6,622, 485
6, 033. 096
56, 616, 440
10, 722, 416
21, 241, 660
872,186
66, 757
11,145, 926
645, 066
-19. 7
-52. 4
-43. 9
-66. 1
-47. 4
-22. 0
-61. 4
-48. 9
-4 7 . 8
-14. 1
-56. 4
+4. 9
+134.1
-27. 9
-15. 8
—26. 0
—40. 8
—73. 8
-78. 0
—55. 9
-39. 2
—61. 9
—92. 5
+34.0
-30. 2
-52. 8
-1 4 . 4
-3 6 . 1
-63. 7
-47. 2
N um
ber
Cost
N u m Cost
ber
36,964, 472 —61. 1
5, 586, 511 -69. 7
776, 588
10, 351, 211
237, 500
0
3,000
1,076, 525
-6 7 . 1
—72. 6
—47. 8 —55. 2
-79. 1 —87. 7
-73. 5 -96. 2
-100.0 —100. 0
-60. 0 —98. 4
-76. 5 -6 6 .9
Total, nonresidential buildings______
40,014
303,902, 481
23, 939
143, 949,890 -40. 2
-52. 6
Total new buildings
________ _
Additions, alterations, and repairs_____ ___
67, 582
85, 110
533,115,864
89,348, 956
34, 219
71, 542
198, 945, 697 -49. 4
46, 521, 706 -15. 9
-62. 7
-4 7 .9
152, 692
622, 464, 820
105, 761
245, 467, 403 -30. 7
-6 0 .6
G rand total, all building___________
During the first half of 1932 there was an estimated expenditure of
$245,467,403 for building operations of all kinds. This is 60.6 per
cent less than the estimated cost of buildings for which permits were
issued during the first half of 1931 in the 94 cities from which reports
were received. The number of building operations, however, fell off
only 30.7 per cent.
Comparing permits issued in the first half of 1932 with those issued
in the first half of 1931, there was a decrease of 62.7 per cent in the
136143°— 32----- 9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
594
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
number and a decrease of 76 per cent in the cost of new residential
buildings, and a decrease of 40.2 per cent in the number and a decrease
of 52.6 per cent in the cost of new nonresidential buildings. New
buildings, as a whole, decreased 49.4 per cent in the number and 62.7
per cent in the estimated cost. Additions, alterations, and repairs
decreased 15.9 per cent in number and 47.9 per cent in indicated
expenditures comparing the two periods under discussion.
All classes of residential buildings showed decreases in both number
and cost. No permits were issued for hotel buildings during the first
half of 1932, while during the first half of 1931 permits were issued
for eight hotels to cost nearly $900,000.
In the nonresidential group, sheds and stables and barns were the
only classes of buildings showing increases in number. The decreases
in number of nonresidential buildings ranged from 14.1 per cent in
the case of public works and utilities to 66.1 per cent in the case of
public garages.
The estimated expenditures for public buildings increased 34 per
cent. Expenditures for all other types of nonresidential buildings
showed a decrease, the lowest decrease, 14.4 per cent, being for sheds,
and the highest decrease, 92.5 per cent, for office buildings. Expend
itures during the first half of 1932 for factory buildings, public ga
rages, private garages, institutional buildings, office buildings, schools
and libraries, and stores and warehouses were all less than one-half
the expenditures for the same class of buildings during the first half of
1931.
Families Provided For First Half of 1931 and of 1932
T a b l e 3 s h o w s th e n u m b e r a n d p e r c e n t o f fa m ilie s p r o v id e d fo r
b y e a c h o f th e d iffe r e n t k in d s o f d w e llin g s fo r w h ic h p e r m its w e r e
is s u e d in 94 id e n t ic a l c it ie s d u r in g t h e fir st h a lf o f 1931 a n d th e fir st
h a lf o f 1932.
T able 3 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OF F A M IL IE S TO B E H O U S E D IN N E W D W E L L IN G S
FO R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E IS SU E D IN 94 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , F IR S T H A L F OF 1931
A N D OF 1932, B Y K IN D OF D W E L L IN G
N um ber of
dwellings for
which perm its
were issued
Fam ilies provided for
N um ber
Per cent
K in d of dwelling
First
half
1931
First
half
1932
First
half
1931
First
half
1932
1-family dwellings . . . . _________________________ . 23,175
2-family dw ellings____________ ___ . ___________ . 2,886
203
1-family and 2-family dwellings w ith stores__________
1,208
M ultifam ily dwellings
. . .
. . ____________
49
M ultifam ily dwellings w ith s to re s _________________
9,024
874
106
253
13
23,175
5, 772
309
23, 132
1,399
9, 024
1,748
157
3,245
55
43. 1
10. 7
.6
43. 0
2.6
63.4
12.3
1.1
22.8
.4
. . _____________________________ _ 27, 521
10, 270
53, 787
14,229
100.0
100.0
T o t a l..
F irst
half
1931
First
half
1932
During the first half of 1932 permits were issued for 10,270 new
dwellings, to provide for 14,229 families. Of the families provided
for, 63.4 per cent were to be housed in 1-family dwellings and only
23.2 per cent in apartment houses. This represented a great increase
over 1931 in the case of the 1-family dwellings, but a considerable
decrease in the case of the apartment houses.
Table 4 shows the number and percentage distribution of families
provided for in the different kinds of dwellings in the 65 identical
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
595
HOUSING
cities from which reports were received for the first six months of
each year, 1922 to 1932. For convenience, 1-family and 2-family
dwellings with stores are grouped with 2-family dwellings, and multi
family dwellings with stores are grouped with multifamily dwellings.
T a ble 4 .—N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R IN 10 S P E C IF IE D
K IN D S OF D W E L L IN G S IN 65 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , F IR S T H A L F O F E A C H Y E A R , 1922
TO 1932
N um ber of families provided for
in—
Period
l-family 2-family
dwell
dwell
ings
ings 1
First half of—
1922______________ ________________
1923______________________________
1924______________________________
1925______________________________
1926______________________________
1927______________________________
1928______________________________
1929______________________________
1930______________________________
1931______________________________
1932______________________________
63, 892
77, 875
82, 514
87, 783
71,818
57,899
50, 724
36, 237
20, 410
20, 334
7,884
32, 321
39, 314
50, 904
39, 320
26, 727
24, 204
19, 261
12,815
6, 101
5, 268
1, 732
Per cent of families
provided for in—
All
M u lti
2-family
family classes l-family
dwell
dwell of dwell dwell
ings 1
ings
ings
ings 2
51,006
77,826
69, 619
80, 291
100, 201
95, 448
111, 268
81, 205
19, 930
23,870
3, 203
147,249
195, 015
203, 037
207, 394
198, 746
177, 551
181, 252
130, 257
46, 441
49, 472
12, 819
43.4
39.9
40.6
42.3
36. 1
32.6
28. 0
27.8
43. 9
41. 1
61. 5
22.0
20. 2
25.1
19.0
13.4
13.6
10.6
9.8
13. 1
10. 6
13. 5
M u lti
family
dwell
ings 2
34.6
39.9
34.3
38.7
50.4
53.8
61. 2
62. 3
42.9
48. 2
25.0
1 Includes l-fam ily and 2-family dwellings w ith stores.
2 Includes m ultifam ily dwellings w ith stores.
In these 65 cities, 12,819 family dwelling units were provided for
in new buildings during the first half of 1932. This is but slightly
more than one-fourth as many as were provided for during the first
half of 1931 and only a little over 6 per cent of the number provided
in the first half of 1925, the peak building year. During the first
half of 1932, 61.5 per cent of the dwelling units provided were in 1family dwellings—the first time since 1922 that single-family dwellings
have supplied more than one-half of the dwelling accommodations.
During the first half of 1929, only 27.8 per cent of the family dwelling
units for which permits were issued were in l-family dwellings.
Building Operations, 1922 to 1932
T a b l e 5 shows the total number and estimated cost of all buildings
for which permits were issued in the 65 identical cities from which
reports were received for the first half of each year, 1922 to 1932.
Ta b l e 5 .—N U M B E R A N D E S T IM A T E D C O ST OF A L L B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S
W E R E IS S U E D IN 65 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , F IR S T H A L F OF E A C H Y E A R , 1922 TO 1932
Buildings
for which
perm its were
issued
E stim ated cost
E stim ated cost
In
N u m dex
num
ber
ber
A m ount
Period
Period
In
N u m dex
ber
num
ber
First half of—
1922 _ .
1923 .
1924
1925 .
. „
1926
1927______
Buildings
for which
perm its were
issued
243, 479
283, 289
299, 769
289,014
254, 564
237,853
A m ount
In
dex
num
ber
100.0 $1,062,464, 771 100.0
116.4 1,418,779, 382 133.5
123.1 1, 518,088,421 142.9
118. 7 1, 620, 413,012 152.5
104. 6 1, 539,207,242 144.9
97.7 1,443,232, 520 135.8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
First half of—
1928______
1929______
1930______
1931______
1932______
216, 509
182, 379
146, 410
130,127
89, 477
In
dex
num
ber
88.9 $1,462,560, 722 137.7
74.9 1,479,460, 210 139.2
60.1
679,064,355 63.9
53.4
577,931, 724 54.4
36.7
222, 953, 519 21.0
596
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Figures are available throughout the entire 11 years for only 65
cities. The first half of 1922 equaling 100, the index number of
buildings for which permits were issued stood at 36.7 for the first
half of 1932, as compared with 118.7 for the peak year 1925.
Indicated expenditures, for building operation reached a low of 21
for the first half of 1932, as compared with a high of 152.5 reached
during 1925.
The following cities were the leading builders of homes during the
first half of 1931 and of 1932 upon the basis of families provided for
per 10,000 of population:
F irst half of 1931:
W ash in g to n ___
Long B each ___
H o u sto n ______
O klahom a C ity
New Y o r k - ___
45.
42.
38.
34.
33.
3
2
8
7
8
F irst half of 1932:
W ashington __
Los A n g eles..
Long B e a c h ..
San D ieg o __
San Francisco
15. 7
11. 2
11. 1
11. 1
10. 7
Table 6 shows the five cities which led in total expenditures for all
classes of building for the first half of each year, 1922 to 1932, in
clusive.
T able 6 —C IT IE S L E A D IN G IN T O T A L E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R A L L C LA SSES O F B U IL D
IN G S D U R IN G F IR S T H A L F O F E A C H Y E A R , 1922 TO 1932
C ity and year
Expenditure
C ity and year
E xpenditure
$557, 561,891
184, 650, 200
65,175, 361
63,195, 840
52, 002,570
$339,143,976
108, 699, 025
59, 459, 250
52, 429,145
40,650,143
New York City.
Chicago_______
D etro it_______
P hiladelphia___
Los Angeles___
427, 633, 386
189,914,112
93, 889,185
75, 217,095
61,616,302
N ew Y ork C ity
C hicago.______
Philadelphia. __
D etro it_______
Los Angeles___
694,118, 064
118,898, 940
58, 533, 385
55,855, 545
54, 071, 599
New York City.
Chicago_______
D etro it________
Los Angeles___
Philadelphia__
548,161, 458
166, 436, 214
87,195,800
78,828,738
72, 573,485
New York City.
Chicago_______
Los Angeles___
P hiladelphia__
W ashington___
202,975, 234
41,953,917
39, 712,901
34, 569, 340
30, 522,416
New York City.
Chicago_______
D etroit________
Philadelphia__
Los Angeles___
461, 513, 809
204, 239, 810
89, 562, 885
85, 884, 680
83,175,457
N ew York City.
Chicago_______
W ashington___
Los Angeles___
B oston................
234, 253, 030
37, 651, 195
24,421, 984
23,096,177
17,583, 794
510, 263, 696
183, 577, 891
96, 204, 092
70, 379,825
63, 161,395
New Y ork City.
W ashington___
Los Angeles___
P h ilad elphia__
B altim ore_____
52, 658, 671
44, 037, 364
11,307,409
7,884, 358
7, 521,309
N ew York City.
Chicago_______
Los Angeles___
P hiladelphia__
D etro it................
1929
New Y ork C ity ____
Chicago___________
Los A n g e le s-...____
Philadelphia______
D etro it____________
192i
1926
New York City.
Chicago_______
D etro it________
P hiladelphia__
Los Angeles___
1927
New York City.
Chicago_______
D etro it________
P h ilad elp h ia__
Los Angeles___
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
490,119, 588
210, 210, 475
78, 742, 327
61, 683, 600
58,192,977
597
HOUSING
Table 7 shows the cost of new buildings for which contracts were
awarded by the different agencies of the Federal Government and by
the different State governments during the first half of 1931 and of
1932, by geographic divisions.
T a ble 7 —F E D E R A L A N D S T A T E C O N T R A C T S F O R P U B L IC B U IL D IN G S , F IR S T H A L F
OF 1931 A N D O F 1932, BY G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S
Contracts let b y Federal
Governm ent
C ontracts let b y State
governments
Geographic division
1931
N ew E ngland.
__________________________
M iddle A tlan tic______ ____________________
E a st N o rth C en tral_____________________ _
W est N o rth C entral______ _______________ .
South A tlantic__________________________ .
South C en tral.. . . __________ _____ _ .
M ountain and Pacific______ _____ __________
T o tal_____________
. _______ _
1932
1931
1932
$8,166, 532
10,087, 594
3,985, 002
4,185, 516
12,174, 354
7,850,163
8, 966,954
$2, 442,968
9, 301,076
9,339,976
4, 352,098
44,631, 6J83
8, 703,133
7,008, 543
$2, 771,827
18, 231, 338
2,754, 796
1,450, 510
2,370, 555
322, 357
2, 583, 555
$1, 237,447
7,539,486
3,087, 354
1,095,010
2, 432,217
5,923,087
2, 982,149
55,416,115
85, 779,477
30, 484, 938
24,296, 750
Contracts awarded by the different agencies of the United States
Government for public buildings during the first half of 1932 totaled
$85,779,477. This is over 50 per cent greater than the amount of
contracts awarded by the Federal Government during the first half
of 1931.
The value of contracts awarded by the various State governments
during the first half of 1932 was nearly $25,000,000, which was some
$6,000,000 less than the value of contracts awarded by the State
governments during the first six months of 1931.
H o u sin g by E m p loyers in France
TUDIES of the extent to which housing is provided for their
employees by industrial and commercial establishments employ
S
ing more than 500 workers, by mining enterprises employing over 500
persons, and by the principal railroad systems of the country were
made early in 1930 in France by the inspection service of the Ministry
of Labor; later in the year a further study of the housing measures
undertaken by companies employing from 200 to 500 workers was
made. A summary of the findings of these studies is published in
the Bulletin du Ministère du Travail for January-March, 1932
(pp. 20-23).
A total of 2,822 industrial undertakings, including 90 mining enter
prises and 7 railroad systems, were covered by the inquiry. Of this
number, 1,860 establishments with 2,106,415 employees had either
provided^ houses for their employees or had contributed to societies
engaged in the construction of workingmen’s dwellings.
The following table shows the number of establishments covered,
number of employees, the type of assistance given, and the number of
employees provided with housing accommodations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
598
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T Y P E A N D E X T E N T OP H O U S IN G A SSIST A N C E G IV E N B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S OP
S P E C IF IE D CLASS IN F R A N C E , A N D N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S H O U SE D
[Conversions in to U nited States currency on basis of frane=3.92 cents]
E stablishm ents providing financial aid b u t
not houses
Class of establishm ent
Total
num ber Total num ber
of estab of employees
um ber
lishments
N u m Nof
em
ber
ployees
A m ount of aid
French
currency
U nited States
currency
In d u strial and commercial estab
lishm ents:
Over 500 employees_______
200-500 employees________
M ining (over 500 employees)---G reat railroad system s-----
944
1,781
90
7
1,259, 550
546,294
342,417
487,075
119
143
179,301
45,192
43,115,124
10,404,030
$1, 690,113
407,838
T o ta l_____________
2,822
2,635,336
262
224,493
53,519,154
2,097, 951
Francs
E stablishm ents pro
viding houses b u t
not financial aid
Establishm ents providing both houses and
financial aid
A m ount of aid
Class of establishm ent
N um ber Em Em N um play
ploy- N um ber of
N u m ber of
ees
ber employ
ees
ber em ploy
housed
housed
ees
ees
In d u strial and commercial
establishm ents:
Over 500 em ployees____ _
200-500 employees-_ _ - . .
M ining (over 500 employees)
G reat railroad system s- --------
French
currency
U nited
States
currency
Francs
288
683
49
T o tal------ -------------------- 1,020
345, 746
203,474
142,532
88, 694
52, 542
77, 782
691, 752 219,018
406,196 83,847
97,014 20,645
199,885 121,182
487,075 69,448
234,696,539 $9,200,104
24,430,731
957,685
53,180, 706 2,084,684
132,512, 720 5,194,498
578 1,190,170 295,122
444,820,696 17,436, 971
241
289
41
7
The table shows that a total of 1,598 establishments, or 57 per cent
of the companies interviewed, provided houses alone or both houses
and financial assistance for their employees, while 262 other companies
gave financial assistance to housing operations. The total number of
workers employed by companies providing houses was 1,881,922, and
of this number 514,140, or about 27 per cent, were provided with
housing accommodations. The lowest percentage of workers so pro
vided for, 14 per cent, was found in the railroad systems and the
highest, 58 per cent, in the mining enterprises.
The report also shows that the housing facilities provided included
461,038 family dwellings and 53,102 single rooms._ The total amount
spent for industrial housing, including contributions to the housing
societies and direct financial aid to employees in addition to the erec
tion of homes, was 498,339,850 francs ($19,534,922), of which amount
industrial and commercial establishments employing more than 500
workers spent 55.8 per cent; industrial establishments employing
from 200 to 500 workers, 7 per cent; mining enterprises, 10.8 per cent;
and the railroad systems, 26.6 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HOUSING
599
T h e R en t Tax and H ou sin g C o n stru ctio n in G erm an y 1
ETWEEN 1914 and 1924 there was very little housing construc
tion in Germany, and the result was an acute housing shortage,
with which private institutions and individuals were not able to cope.
In order to remedy this situation the German Government instituted
a rent tax in 1924, to be paid by the owners of buildings constructed
prior to July 1, 1918, and the proceeds to be lent to contractors at low
rates of interest on favorable terms.
The method of computation of this tax is quite complicated, and the
amount varies in the different States of Germany. However, in
Prussia, which forms about two-thirds of all Germany in both popula
tion and area, the rent tax at present amounts to approximately 38
per cent of the present rent or appraised rental value.
By a Government order of October 1, 1931, the rent tax was reduced
20 per cent. The emergency decree of December 8, 1931, provided
for a further reduction of 25 per cent effective April 1, 1935, a still
further reduction of 25 per cent on April 1, 1937, and the final abolition
of the tax after April 1, 1940. These reductions are figured on the
amount of the tax being paid at the time of the decree, and not on the
amount left over after each successive reduction. Thus, an owner
paying 100 marks per month on April 1, 1932, would pay only 75
marks after April 1, 1935, and 50 marks after April 1, 1937, until the
abolition of the tax in 1940.
In order to raise immediate funds, the emergency decree of Decem
ber 8, 1931, gave the house owner the right to rid himself of the rent
tax forever by making a single payment. This he could do before
March 31, 1932 (later extended to September 30, 1932), by making a
cash payment equal to three times (between September 30, 1932, and
March 31, 1934, three and one-half times) the amount of the present
annual rent tax. A house owner wishing to take advantage of this
provision but lacking the money to do so, could borrow it from either
public or private institutions. Mortgages covering such loans, by
the terms of the decree, automatically take precedence over all other
mortgages on the property, i. e., become first mortgages, but lose this
character after 10 years.
Every year since 1924 the rent tax has produced revenue amounting
to from $300,000,000 to $400,000,000 annually. In the seven years,
1926 to 1932, the rent tax produced a little over $2,500,000,000 of
which about 46 per cent went to finance new housing construction.
In the fiscal year ending March 31, 1928, the amount of the proceeds
from the rent tax used for housing construction was 50 per cent. In1928-29, however, only 49 per cent was so used; in 1929-30, 48 per
cent; and in 1930-31, 47 percent. In the year ending March 31, 1932,
it was only 28 per cent, because the various State and municipal gov
ernments were almost continuously in financial distress due to de
clining receipts from other sources and mounting expenditures for the
ever-increasing army of the unemployed, with the result that they used
more and more of the rent tax receipts for fiscal purposes.
There has been no improvement in the financial condition of the
States and communes. On the contrary, conditions have grown stead
ily worse, and reliable persons who are considered well-informed state
that no part of the rent tax will be available for construction purposes
in 1932.
B
1 R eport from O. W. G ray and H . Rochell of th e A merican consulate general, Berlin.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
600
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Of the approximately $4,300,000,000 spent for housing construction
in Germany during the period 1924-1931, the rent tax furnished 29
per cent, while public money from all sources financed an even 50 per
cent. The most important source of public money was the rent tax
(57 per cent of the total). Were it not for 1931, when the tax was
largely diverted into other channels, these percentages would be even
higher. It is, therefore, apparent that the German rent tax has been
of predominant importance in the financing of housing since the post
war inflation period.
Volume of Housing Construction
T h e n u m b e r o f n e w d w e llin g s c o n s t r u c te d in t h e v a r io u s y e a r s h a s
b e e n a s fo llo w s :
T a ble 1 . — N E W D W E L L IN G S C O N S T R U C T E D IN G E R M A N Y , IN E A C H Y E A R ,
1924 TO 1931
N ew dwellings con
structed, as shown
by—
Y ear
Unofficial
Official
statistics 1 statistics 1
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
_____________________
___________________________
___________________ - - ______________
________________
______________________
____________________
- ________________
106, 502
178,930
205, 793
288, 635
309, 762
317, 682
310, 971
240, 000
164,437
199, 084
284,444
316, 825
315, 703
307, 933
i T he m inor discrepancies are due to th e fact th a t the official figures cover only new constructions, while
the unofficial figures (of th e D eutsche B au u n d Boden B ank) represent the net num ber of dwellings after
taking into consideration additions through remodeling, new construction, etc., and losses through fire,
razing, etc.
In 1929 the number of new dwellings built with public money, of
which the rent tax contributed two-thirds, was 247,979, and in 1930
it decreased to 242,378.
Construction in 96 large cities.—The report of the Deutsche Bau und
Boden Bank of Berlin shows that the number of building permits in
96 large Germany cities for the last three years was as follows:
T able 2 .— N U M B E R
OF
B U IL D IN G P E R M IT S IS S U E D
G E R M A N Y , 1929-1931
IN
96 ;L A R G E
C IT IE S
OP
N um ber of building perm its issued
M onth
1929 i
1930
1931
Jan u a ry ---------- --------------------------- --------------------F e b ru a ry _______________ ________ - ------------- --M arch, . _____ _ _____ _ - ---------- - ---------------A pril, _ _ _ - ____________
-- - ------- -- --------M ay ___--------------------- -- _ . -------------- -Ju n e. ------- -- ------------ -- .- ---------- -
7, 865
7, 560
8, 502
14, 039
14, 908
14, 586
5, 720
6,265
6,411
9,731
9, 963
12, 381
5, 933
6, 748
4, 712
5,190
5, 347
8, 837
J u ly ______________________________________________
A ugust___ - - - - - - ------- ---------------September -.
- - . --- - - ---- --------- October. - -----------------------------------N ovem ber.. - . ------- -------- -- .
D ecem ber___ _ ______- ----------------------- -------------
17, 938
15, 026
16, 749
13,117
10, 980
6, 976
14,103
13, 612
14,121
12, 959
12, 273
8,163
7, 580
3, 368
3,060
2, 878
2, 283
1,885
148, 246
125, 702
57, 821
Total
i 92 cities only.
___________________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
601
HOUSING
A comparison month by month between 1930 and 1931 shows that
conditions steadily became worse, and by the end they had assumed
catastrophic proportions.
Much the same story is told by the figures of constructions started
during the same three years; these fell from 132,686 in 1929 to 125,281
in 1930 and to 50,130 in 1931. In the case of dwellings completed
there is naturally a lag, so that the figures for 1931 do not make such
a bad impression; the figures for the three years were 134,218, 161,752,
and 119,902 respectively.
The trend in the 96 cities is clearly toward smaller dwellings, as
can be seen from Table 3.
T a ble 3 —P E R C E N T A G E
D IS T R IB U T IO N O F N E W D W E L L IN G S
A C C O R D IN G TO SIZE, 1927 TO 1931
rIN
GERM ANY,
Per cent dwellings of specified size formed of
total new housing
Size of dwelling
1927
Dwellings w ith 1 to 3 living rooms___________
Dwellings w ith 4 to 6 living rooms_________ . _
Large-sized dwellings
______________________
34. 2
62. 6
3.2
1928
35.6
60.4
4.0
1929
43.0
53.8
3.2
1930
49. 4
48.2
2.4
1931
57.0
41.1
1.9
Future Housing Prospects
C onsidering the building industry as a whole, it was only 15.4
per cent occupied at the end of April, 1932, and it is estimated that
in the present year only 2,000,000,000 marks ($476,400,000), which
is exactly one-half of what was spent in 1931, will be spent on new
construction. The proceeds of the rent tax, once such a potent factor
in housing, are being almost entirely diverted into other channels.
There is no housing shortage of consequence in Germany to-day,
but there is a decided demand for cheaper dwellings. These, however,
can not be built for a figure permitting them to be rented on a profit
able basis. The result will probably be that housing construction
will be definitely halted for some time to come.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Average W orking H ours per W eek in A m erican In d u stry, M ay,
1932
ACH month the Bureau of Labor Statistics by correspondence
collects data relating to employment and pay rolls from repre
sentative establishments throughout the United States.1 The bureau
also asks for a statement of the total man-hours worked by all em
ployees during the pay period. In May, 1932, reports concerning
man-hours were received from 25,525 establishments having 2,441,089
employees.
From the total man-hours worked and the number of employees,
the average man-hours per week were computed for each establish
ment. A count was then made of the number of plants having each
separate number of hours of work and a total was made of the em
ployees in such plants. These figures were then tabulated, and indi
vidual and cumulative percentages were computed. Such figures in
detail are herein given for 89 manufacturing industries combined, for
9 representative manufacturing industries, and for 14 nonmanufac
turing industrial groups.
Table 1 shows the number of plants reporting, the number of their
employees in May, 1932, and the average hours of employment per
week in each industrial group.
E
T a ble 1 .—IN D U S T R IE S
F O R W H IC H M A N -H O U R F IG U R E S IN
S E N T E D IN T H IS A R T IC L E
In d u stry
89 m anufacturing industries_______
Plants
__________ __________
D E T A IL A R E
Em ployees
PRE
Average
hours
w orked
per
employee
per week
9, 200
1, 500,855
R epresentative m anufacturing industries:
C otton goods________ _
____________________ ____ _
Sawmills __________
Hosiery and k n it goods . . __________ _______________
Autom obiles______ ____
_ _ ______ ____________
Foundries and machine s h o p s ___ ___________________
Iron and steel_____ _ _ _________
______ ______
Boots and shoes_____ ____ _______ _
_______ . . .
Steam railroad repair shops_________ . . . _____________
Brick, tile, and terra c o tta ________ . . . ________________
368
329
178
157
646
153
98
397
302
122, 034
32, 327
48, 773
206, 876
63,151
160, 013
26, 021
42, 368
9, 660
39.9
37.2
38.8
37.4
31. L
26.3
36.7
36.5
33.6
N onm anufacturing industries:
A nthracite coal__________________ _ _. ._
________
B itum inous c o a l... . . .
. . . . . _____ . . . ______
M etalliferous m ining. . . .
. . . . . . . ____ . .
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining. __________________
Production of crude petroleum _____________
_______
Wholesale tra d e ____ _________________________________
R etail tra d e . ____
_ _ _
__________ . . ___
Telephone and telegraph . . .
. . . . ____
Pow er and light . . . ._
__ _______ _ _ . . . ________
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance.
H otels______________________
___ . . . _ . . .
____
L aundries_________________________ _________ _____
D yeing and cleaning.
. . . _______ _ .
. . ____
Canning a n d preserving. _________ _________ . . .
133
706
214
463
145
1,089
3,047
6, 305
1, 955
364
825
457
204
418
84,138
103,395
21, 714
17, 714
12, 620
26,887
113,153
242, 420
144, 249
88, 972
38, 555
26, 770
6,084
13, 563
31.0
24.7
39.9
39.0
52.5
47.8
44.3
40.0
45.9
49.5
51.6
43.8
46.8
43.6
25, 525
2, 441, 089
41.1
G rand total, m anufacturing and nonm anufacturing___
i For such data, see p. 687 of this issue.
602
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37.3
603
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 2 gives the detailed hour-by-hour figures for each industrial
group named in Table 1. Space does not permit the inclusion of
similar figures for the other manufacturing industries reporting to
the bureau.
That the table may be fully understood, reference is made to the
first line, showing all manufacturing industries combined. This shows
that reports came from 5 plants whose 112 employees had an average
of only 4 hours of employment in the week in May for which report
was made. The number of employees in this group formed too small a
part of the total employees covered (1,500,855) to permit a percentage
statement.
Glancing down the table it is seen that 262 plants had an average
of 36 hours of work per week for their employees. _ These 262 plants
had 56,469 employees, and these employees constituted 3.8 per cent
of the total number of employees. Opposite this figure in the last
column it is seen that 49.7 per cent of all the employees in the 9,200
establishments had work for 36 or fewer hours per week. At the end
of this section of the table it is seen that in all manufacturing indus
tries combined there was an average of 37.3 hours of work provided
in the week.
The report from the establishment gives only total man-hours
worked by all employees, and does not show the number of employees
in each plant working each specified number of hours. Hence the
average hours per employee per plant is the unit of the nresent
tabulation.
T a ble 3 .— M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C L A S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E
M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u stries
A ll in d u s tr ie s
Em ployees
N urnher
of
Average man-hours
Average man-hours estab
Per C um u worked per week
w orked per week lish
lative
cent
per
of
m ents N um ber
total cent
4 hours
__
5 hours _______
6 hours
- ____
7 hours
8 hours _______ .
9 hours
- _____
10 hours
. _ __
11 hours
_ _ __
12 hours
_ _ 13 hours
- 14 hours
_______
15 hours _______
16 hours _____
17 hours
______
18 hours
. .
19 hours .. . _ .
20 hours ... - . . .
21 hours
_ _____
22 hours
____
23 hours . . ____
24 hours
_____
25 hours ___26 hours ____ .
27 hours ______ _
28 hours . ____
29 hours . .
...
30 hours
31 hours
5
2
4
13
16
23
22
22
39
29
33
50
52
75
85
94
103
123
120
189
155
147
173
215
193
237
216
112
269
11
113
1, 238
785
2,133
2,129
1,332
1,754
4,486
6, 583
7,119
8, 971
29, 393
17, 450
26, 438
26, 095
33, 962
15,867
37, 579
32,421
52, 786
31, 767
28, 314
40, 666
53,796
46. 792
i Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(i)
(>)
(i)
(i)
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
.5
2.0
1.2
1.8
1. 7
2.3
1. 1
2.5
2. 2
3.5
2. 1
1.9
2. 7
3.6
3. 1
(9
(0
(0
(0
0.1
.2
.3
.5
.5
.7
1.0
1.4
1.9
2. 5
4.4
5.6
7.4
9. 1
11.4
12.4
14.9
17.1
20.6
22. 7
24.6
27.3
30.9
34.0
32 h o u rs_________
33 h o u rs_________
34 h o u rs_________
35 ho u rs_________
36 ho u rs_________
37 hours. ______
38 h o u rs___ _ . . .
39 ho u rs----- ------40 ho u rs_________
41 ho u rs______
42 h o u rs_________
43 h o u rs_________
44 h o u rs________
45 ho u rs_____ .
46 hours. . . . .
47 h o u rs______ ..
48 ho u rs............
49 h o u rs. _____
50 h o u rs .. . -------51 h o u rs .. ---------52 hours . . 53 h o u rs_____
54 h o u rs______ . .
55 hours __ ------- -56 h o u rs_________
57 h o u rs_________
58 h o u rs______ ..
59 h o u r s ............ .
E m ployee
N um
ber of
Per C um u
estab
lish
cent lative
per
ments N um ber
of
total cent
246
240
260
262
262
263
343
261
329
266
296
302
331
363
263
248
376
210
247
192
133
130
193
132
100
89
55
41
46, 411
47, 434
40, 520
44, 659
56, 469
50,102
48, 008
108, 481
46, 629
39, 451
45, 163
44, 713
43, 458
52, 665
37,414
34,157
40, 305
24, 288
26, 924
16,315
15,113
11,205
17,177
13, 864
15, 216
4,027
2,478
2,099
3.1
3.2
2. 7
3.0
3.8
3.3
3. 2
7.2
3. 1
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.5
2.5
2.3
2. 7
1.6
1.8
1.1
1.0
.7
1. 1
.9
1.0
.3
.2
.1
37.1
40.3
43.0
45.9
49.7
53.0
56.2
63.5
66.6
69.2
72.2
75.2
78.1
81.6
84.1
86.4
89.0
90.7
92.5
93.5
94.6
95. 3
96.4
97. 4
98.4
98.7
98.9
99.0
604
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 .— M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—C ontinued
A l l i n d u s t r i e s — C o n tin u ed
Employees
N um
ber
of
Average m an-hours estab
man-hours
Per C um u Average
worked per week lish
worked per week
cent lative
N
um
ber
ments
of
per
total cent
60 hours __ ____ _
61 hours . 62 hours .
_ _
63 hours ___ . . . .
64 hours. ... . ___
65 hours
66 h o u r s _____
67 h o u rs.. .
.
68 hours______
70 hours.
_____
71 h o u rs .. _____ .
72 h o u rs ... _____
73 hours .
97
22
25
27
19
23
17
18
11
21
6
6
8
2
3, 095
1,520
2, 010
2,189
L 264
700
457
1,161
' 414
1 079
26
53
303
396
0. 2
.1
.i
.i
.i
co
p)
.i
(!)
1
i1)
(>)
(1)
(>)
99. 2
99. 3
99. 4
99. 6
99. 7
99. 7
99. 7
99. 8
99. 8
QQ Q
99.9
99.9
99. 9
100.0
75 hours
76 hours
77 hours
78 hours
79 hours
81 hours
82 hours
84 hours
90 hours
____
T otal
and
average
(37.3 hours)
Em ployees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
ments N um ber
of
per
total cent
6
6
2
1
3
1
4
1
1
124
88
46
4
83
59
41
6
8
(l)
0)
(1)
0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0)
0)
inn n
inn n
inn n
inn n
mn n
inn n
inn n
inn n
100. 0
3.4
4. 5
2. 5
3. 5
2. 2
2.9
3.9
1.4
.7
3.5
3.4
1. 4
1.0
4. 1
3.4
.3
.6
.3
(>)
(>)
.1
60.0
64.5
67.0
70.5
72.7
75.6
79.4
80.8
81.6
85.0
88.4
89.8
90.8
94.9
98. 7
98.9
99.5
99.8
99.9
100.0
100.0
3. 4
2.8
4. 6
3. 6
3. 2
2. 5
4. 6
11. 6
3. 1
.4
6. 2
3. 5
.3
2. 3
.2
4.9
2. 7
.6
.8
.1
34.6
37.4
42.0
45. 7
48.9
51. 4
56. 0
67. 5
70. 7
71. 1
77.3
80. 8
81. 1
83. 4
83. 6
88. 5
91. 1
91.8
92.6
92.7
9,200 1, 500, 855
C o tto n g o o d s
12 hours________
15 hours-------------18 hours-------------19 hours________
20 h o u rs .-. . . .
21 h o u rs ._______ _
22 hours_________
23 h o u rs .______ _
24 hours _____
25 hours _______
26 hours ____
27 hours______ . .
28 h o u rs .._ ______
29 h o u rs ._________
30 hours. . . _____
31 hours________
32 h o u rs .. . _____
33 hours_________
34 hours
_____
35 hours _______
36 hours _ _ _ _ _ _
37 hours. _______
38 h o u rs .. . ___ .
39 hours _ _____
40 hours______ _.
2
2
2
1
9
2
3
1
2
7
2
9
4
14
19
17
12
6
9
12
9
19
14
5
23
188
330
1,117
589
1,390
437
817
136
504
1,821
428
1,837
1,697
4, 951
2,939
6, 563
6, 062
2,421
2,498
4, 688
3, 051
10,845
4, 443
1,975
7, 329
0.2
.3
.9
.5
1. 1
.4
.7
.1
.4
1.5
.4
1.5
1.4
4. 1
2.4
5.4
5.0
2.0
2.0
3.8
2. 5
8.9
3.6
1.6
6.0
0.2
.4
1.3
2.0
3.0
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.5
6.0
6.4
7.9
9.3
13.3
15.7
21.1
26.1
28.0
30.1
33.9
36.4
45.3
49.0
50.6
56.6
41 hours _______
42 h o u rs .. ______
43 h o u rs .. ______
44 hours _______
45 hours ______
46 hours
. ...
47 hours. ___
48 h o u rs ._________
49 hours ________
50 hours _______
51 hours
______
52 hours
______
53 hours ______
54 hours
_. __
55 hours
_ ..
56 hours ___ ____
57 hours. _____
60 hours ______
67 h o u rs .. . . ____
70 hours __
72 hours_________
10
17
11
14
8
5
10
7
3
18
8
4
3
16
19
2
3
2
1
1
1
4,148
5, 489
3,058
4, 266
2, 681
3,549
4,699
1,686
909
4, 221
4,119
1,705
1,248
4, 973
4, 601
333
729
370
16
8
170
T o tal and
average
(39.9 h rs .)..
368
122,034
32 hours .
...
33 ho u rs__ ______
34 hours _______
35 h o u rs_________
36 h o u rs .. ______
37 hours . . _____
38 hours _______
39 hours _______
40 h o u rs. ______
41 hours
____ _
42 hours . ______
43 hours _______
44hours
... . .
45 hours ________
46h o u rs .. . _____
47 h o u rs .. . _____
48 h o u rs .. . . . . . .
49 h o u rs. . . . . .
50 hours ________
51 hours...... ..........
12
13
21
7
10
8
12
19
14
4
12
10
5
8
3
14
10
5
4
I
1,097
913
1,502
1,176
1,047
793
1,494
3, 738
1,016
144
2,001
1,131
97
728
70
1,580
864
208
268
30
S a w m ills
4 hours__________
9 hours___ _______
11 h o u rs .. ______
13 hours _. _____
15 hours ______
16 hours _______
17 h o u rs .. ______
18 hours - . _____
19 hours.
21 hours. _______
22 hours____ ____
23 hours_________
24 hours. _ ______
25 hours
.. ...
26 hours _______
27 hours _______
28 hours ____. . .
29 hours
______
30 hours _ _____ .
31 hours_________
1 Less th a n one-tenth
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
1
2
14
4
48
64
4
325
3
73
1
5
2
177
5
178
4
142
9
709
86
7
16
2,106
9
294
2
129
6
272
4
369
7
609
17
3, 381
8
1,099
of 1 per cent.
(i)
(>)
0. 2
.2
1.0
.2
(>)
.5
.6
.4
2.2
.3
6.5
.9
.4
.8
1. 1
1.9
10. 5
3.4
(>)
0.1
.2
.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.7
3.2
5.4
5.6
12.2
13. 1
13. 5
14.3
15.5
17.3
27.8
31.2
605
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a ble 2 .— M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C L A S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—Continued
S a w m i l l s —C o n tin u e d
Employees
N um
ber
of
Average man-hours estab
m an-hours
Per C um u Average
worked per week lish
worked per week
cent lative
N
um
ber
m ents
per
of
total cent
52 hours . _ __
53 hours ______ -54 hours .
55 hours .
_ __ _
59 hours __ ______
60 hours __ ______
62 hours_________
2
3
6
2
8
i
i
i
368
95
505
47
743
1 .1
.3
202
1. 6
.1
2 3
.6
15
116
(>)
.4
93. 9
94. 1
95. 7
95. 9
Qg 2
98. 8
98. 8
99.2
64 hours____
65 hours
73 hours .
78 h o u rs .. . .
_ _
T o tal and
a v erag e
(37.2hrs.). .
Employees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
m ents N um ber
of
per
total cent
1
1
1
1
115
54
82
4
329
32, 327
6
2
1
1
1
1,853
l ‘ 017
1,397
513
3,281
3,707
1,251
' 691
617
2,798
530
1,684
1,164
1,263
1,719
' 175
245
95
250
89
160
178
48,773
4
4
4
8 ,021
0. 4
.2
.3
(>)
99. 5
99. 7
100 0
100. 0
H o s ie r y a n d k n it goods
4 hours. _ .
10 hours___
. ...
1 1 h o u rs ..
1 2 hours .
.. .
16 h o u rs .. _____
17 hours . .
. .
19 hours_____ ..
20 h o u rs .. . . .
21 h o u rs ..
23 h o u rs .. .
24 h o u rs ..
. .
25 h o u rs ..
. .
26 hours__ . .
27 hours..............
28 h o u rs .-.
29 hours___ ____
30 hours______
31 h o u rs..
32 hours__
33 hours. _ ____
34 hours. . . .
36 hours........ .
._
37 h o u rs ..................
38 h o u rs ..
_____
39 hours___ ______
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
6
i
4
4
2
1
5
3
1
10
8
3
6
7
4
4
87
375
5
121
3,852
61
352
173
1,209
111
706
8
409
685
328
57
1,987
2,396
37
1,965
2 , 143
1,375
3,776
494
958
0. 2
.8
(i)
.2
7. 7
.1
.7
.4
2. 5
.2
1. 4
(l)
.8
1. 4
.7
.1
4. 1
4. 9
.1
4. 0
4. 4
2. 8
7. 7
1. 0
2. 0
0. 2
.9
1. 0
1. 2
9. 1
9. 2
10 . 0
10 3
12 . 8
13. 0
14. 5
14. 5
15. 3
16. 7
17. 4
17. 5
21 . 6
26. 5
26. 6
30. 6
35. 0
40 h o u rs ..
41 h o u rs ..
42 h o u rs .. ..
43 h o u rs____
44 h o u rs____
46 h o u rs ..
47 h o u rs .. .
48 h o u rs ..
49 hours
50 h o u r s _____ .
51 hours.
52 h o u rs ..
53 hours
54 h o u rs ..
55 hours _________
56 hours _______
57 hours. _ ___
58 hours
60 hours
67 hours
68 hours.
39. 1
46. 8
47. 8
49. 8
T o ta l and
a v erag e
(38.8 hrs.)..
4
7
4
14
3
6
4
4
8
2
4
3
8
8
1
3
3. 8
2. 1
2. 9
1. 1
6. 7
7. 6
2. 6
1. 4
1. 3
5. 7
1 1
3. 5
2. 4
2. 6
3. 5
.4
.5
.2
.5
.2
.3
53. 6
55. 7
58. 5
59. 6
66. 3
73. 9
76. 5
77. 9
79. 1
84. 9
86 n
89 4
91 8
94 4
97. 9
98. 3
98. 8
99 0
99. 5
99. 7
100. 0
A u to m o b ile s
13 hours____ _____
17 hours_________
19 hours_________
20 hours______ . . .
21 hours________ _
22 h o u rs .. .
. _.
23 h o u rs .. .
24 hours______ __
25 hours_________
26 hours______ . _
27 hours____ _
.
28 hours________
29 hours___ ______
30 hours_______ __
31 hours_________
32 hours_________
33 hours________
34 hours_________
35 hours________
36 hours .
37 h o u r s . . . _____
38 hours_____ . . .
39 h o u rs ................ .
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
5
5
4
3
4
6
2
8
5
8
2
7
10
5
8
12
72
73
3,263
1,847
1,335
7,321
443
7,679
3,287
7,476
2,074
2,423
2,684
564
3,492
1,711
6,351
3,137
2,465
20,659
909
9,686
80,666
* Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0)
0)
1. 6
.9
.6
3. 5
.2
3. 7
1 .6
3.6
1. 0
1. 2
1. 3
.3
1. 7
.8
3. 1
1. 5
1. 2
10 .0
.4
4. 7
39. 0
(>)
0. 1
1. 6
2. 5
3. 2
6.7
6.9
10. 7
12 . 2
15. 9
16. 9
18.0
19. 3
19. 6
21. 3
22 . 1
25. 2
26. 7
27. 9
37.9
38. 3
43. 0
82. 0
40 ho u rs_______
41 hours__ ______
42 h ours___ . . .
43 h o u rs .____ ____
44 h o u rs .. . . . .
45 ho u rs___ _
46 h o u rs ..
47 h o u rs .. .
__
48 h o u rs__
. _.
49 h o u rs___
50 h o u rs__ . .
51 h o u rs___ _____
53 h o u rs .. . ____
__
5 4 h o u rs .. .
55 h o u rs___
56 hours__
63 h o u rs_____ _ .
64 h o u rs ................
67 h o u r s .................
T o ta l and
av erag e
(37.4 hrs.)..
4,268
1,208
1
1
1
49
1,378
2,144
3,170
1,089
520
834
223
875
67
18
1,872
11,322
90
3
108
157
206,876
2
4
4
4
3
6
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2. 1
.6
3. 9
0)
.7
1. 0
1. 5
.5
.3
.4
.1
.4
(>)
(•)
.9
5. 5
0)
(■)
.1
84. 1
84. 6
88. 5
88. 5
89. 2
90. 2
91. 8
92. 3
92. 6
93. 0
93.1
93. 5
93. 5
93. 5
94. 4
99. 9
99. 9
99. 9
100.0
606
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 — M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C L A S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—C ontinued
F o u n d r ie s a n d m a c h in e s h o p s
Em ployees
N um
ber
of
Average m an-hours estab
man-hours
Per C um u Average
w orked per week lish
w orked per week
cent lative
m ents N um ber
of
per
total cent
6 h o u r s ___
_ .
7 hours
hours
9 hours
_ _
10 hours
1 1 hours
..
12 hours._ .
. _
13 h o u rs ..
. .
14 hours.
15 hours
16 hours . . .
17 hours
__
18 hours .
19 hours
20 hours
2 1 hours
22 h o u rs...................
23 hours.
24 hours . . . . .
25 hours
26 hours . .
27 h o u rs .. _. . . . .
28 hours___ _ . .
29 hours. .
. .
30 hours .
31 hours
32 h o u rs .______ _
33 hours
34 h o u rs .. .
. ..
35 hours____ . . _
36 h o u r s ... _. . . .
8
1
1
1
4
71
742
3
5
3
3
200
8
6
3
7
13
9
17
16
11
23
18
35
22
15
30
35
23
28
18
23
26
18
29
16
274
68
203
485
586
113
459
1 ,0 1 2
1, 387
1,597
2,170
1,142
1,806
2,128
2, 279
1, 553
1,452
4,230
2, 663
2, 366
3,564
2,294
5,201
4,193
900
3,577
764
(i)
0. 1
1 .2
.3
.4
.1
.3
.8
.9
.2
.7
1. 6
2. 2
2. 5
3. 4
1. 8
2.9
3. 4
3. 6
2. 5
2. 3
6. 7
4. 2
3. 7
5. 6
3. 6
8. 2
6 6
1.4
5. 7
1 .2
(i)
0. 1
1. 3
1. 6
2 .0
2 .2
2. 5
3.2
4. 2
4.3
5. 1
6. 7
8.9
11. 4
14. 8
16. 6
19. 5
22.9
26. 5
28.9
31. 2
37.9
42. 2
45.9
51.5
55. 2
63. 4
70 1
71.5
77. 1
78.4
37 hours
38 hours.
39 h o u rs ..
40 ho u rs. .
41 hours
42 hours
...
43 h o u r s ___
44 hours . .
45 hours .
46 hours
47 hours
48 hours.
49 hours.
50 hours.
51 hours.
52 h o u rs .. .
53 hours .
54 h o u rs .. .
55 hours .
57 hours . .
59 hours. _
60 h o u rs .. ____
62 hours .
63 hours
65 h o u rs .. . .
67 hours. _
69 hours ____
T o ta l and
a v erag e
(31.1 hrs.)._
Employees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
m ents N um ber
of
per
total cent
21
25
9
20
16
13
13
7
9
6
3
10
2
7
2
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 610
l ’ 697
’ 891
1 703
’ g£4
1 , 082
353
85
614
440
246
485
25
1 367
23
74
106
541
159
158
36
6
558
18
7
495
5
646
63,151
3
3, 277
5,400
851
2,824
7,047
55
646
4, 683
15
85
4,705
2 5
7
1 4
2 7
14
17
80 Q
2
83 6
8^ Q
87 7
89 1
90 8
_6
1
1 0
91 4
91 5
92 ^
93 2
J7
^4 .
93 6
_8
94
94
96
96
96
96
97
98
98
98
98
99
99
99
O)
2 2
_2
_9
_3
i
(0
_9
v/
(0
^8
(0
3
4
5
6
7
9
7
0
2
3
3
2
2
2
100 0
100.0
I r o n a n d s te e l
hours_________
hours______. . .
13 h o u r s ... _ . . . .
14 hours_____ . . .
15 hours____ _ . . .
16 h o u rs .. . .
17 hours_________
18 hours_________
19 hours____ . . .
20 hours_______
2 1 ho u rs_______ _
22 hours_____ _ ._
23 hours____
24 hours........ ... . . .
25 hours_________
26 hours_______
27 hours___ . . . .
28 hours__ . . . .
29 hours_____ _
30 hours_______ _
31 hours_____ _ _
32 hours_______
10
12
8
2
194
85
19
1, 371
4,148
65
5,133
18, 901
7,484
4
1,022
8
13, 839
11,362
5, 853
6,884
4,271
21,472
4,482
6 , 920
7, 664
477
6 , 088
2,132
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
9
7
5
3
14
5
8
6
2
11
6
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0 .1
.1
C1)
.9
2 .6
(>)
3.2
1 1 .8
4.7
.6
8 .6
7.1
3.7
4.3
2.7
13.4
2 .8
4.3
4.8
.3
3.8
1.3
0 .1
.2
.2
1 .0
3.6
3.7
6.9
18.7
23.4
24.0
32. 7
39.8
43.4
47.7
50.4
63.8
66.6
70.9
75.7
76.0
79.8
81.2
33 h o u rs_________
34 hours_________
35 h o u r s . . . _____
36 h o u rs__ ______
37 h o u rs_________
38 h o u r s . . . ___
39 h o u rs_______
40 ho u rs________
41 hours_____ _ _
42 hours_____
43 h o u rs_________
44 hours___ _____
45 h o u rs ._________
46 h o u rs_______ .
48 h o u rs .. _ _ __
51 hours_________
55 hours_________
59 hours_____
62 h o u rs ..
. .. ..
T otal and
a v erag e
(26.3 hrs.)—
11
4
3
2
2
1
4
1
1
4
1
10
3
140
1
1
1
1
1
1
18
250
153
160,013
8
3
30
100
2 .0
83.2
3.4
.5
86.6
.2
100.0
87.1
1 .8
88.9
4.4
93.3
93.3
(O
.4
93.7
2.9
96. 6
96.7
0)
. 1 - 96.7
2.9
99.7
99.7
«
.1
99.7
99.7
(>)
99.8
0)
99.8
(>)
.1
99.8
99.8
(')
607
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b l e 2 .—M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—C ontinued
B o o ts a n d sh o e s
Employees
N um
ber of
Average man-hours estab
Per C um u Average man-hours
w orked per week lish
w orked per week
cent lative
m ents N u m b er
of per
total cent
11 hours_________
12 hours_________
13 hours_________
15 h o u rs-. _____
16 hours______
18 h o u r s - - - _____
19 hours ______
23 hours________
24 hours____
25 hours__ _______
26 hours__ ____
27 h o u r s - - . _____
28 hours_______
29 hours ______
30 hours_______ ..
31 hours_________
33 hours, 34 hours________
35 hours_______
36 hours. ...............
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
4
4
4
2
3
5
3
1
1
6
2
1
60
30
12
558
394
1,492
299
48
1,254
177
1,897
'487
763
820
659
70
124
2,091
1,841
16
0. 2
.1
(i)
2.2
1. 5
5.7
1.1
.2
4.8
.7
7.3
1. 9
2.9
3.2
2. 5
.3
5
8.0
7.1
.1
0.2
.3
.4
2. 6
4.1
9.8
10.9
11.1
15.9
16. 6
23. 9
25.8
28. 7
31.9
34.4
34. 7
35 9
43.2
50.3
50.3
37 hours
38 hours
39 hours
40 hours
41 hours
42 hours
43 hours.
45 hours
46 hours
47 hours
48 hours
49 hours
50 hours
52 hours
54 hours
55 hours
T otal and
av erag e
(36.7 hrs.) —
Employees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
m ents N um ber
of per
total cent
1
2
1
5
3
2
8
10
1
2
2
74
645
1Q4
810
202
3
4
3
i
372
2 549
3 294
124
73
325
570
1 243
838
1 342
’ 184
98
26, 021
26
29
18
46
1 584
2 074
1’ 059
9, 247
’ 672
325
1 628
l ’ 424
93
784
44
202
161
129
16
9,
1
0 3
2 5
7
3 1
1 1
14
9 8
12 7
J5
J3
12
2 2
4 8
3 2
5 2
.7
50 0
53 1
53 8
56 0
58 0
59 5
69 3
81 Q
82 4
82 7
83 9
86 1
Q0 9
94 1
QQ 3
m o
3 7
4 9
2 5
5 2
16
^8
2 8
2 4
74 1
79 n
81 5
80 8
S te a m r a ilr o a d r e p a ir sh o p s
11 hours__ _
-_
18 ho u rs-, _ _ _
20 hours___ - -_
21 hours, - ___ - _
22 hours, 23 hours__ _____
24 h o u rs .. - _ .
25 hours_________
26 hours_____
27 hours_____ _
28 hours___ _
29 hours___ __
30 hours___ ____ _
31 hours__ _
.
32 hours___ - .
33 h o u rs .-. . . .
34 h o u rs .______ _
35 h o u r s .._ . _
36 h o u rs .. _______
37 h o u rs ... . . . .
38hours._ . . . __
39 hours
40 hours________
41 hours_______ .
2
3
1
2
2
1
5
3
4
6
2
10
2
6
2
5
7
5
20
16
28
15
35
11
349
393
779
1,490
341
102
762
123
3, 397
1, 702
103
3,180
51
1, 275
1,032
735
1, 435
522
2, 601
873
2,453
2 575
2, 442
1,084
0.8
.9
1.8
3. 5
.8
.2
1. 8
.3
8.0
4.0
.2
7.5
.1
3.0
2. 4
1. 7
3.4
1.2
6.1
2.1
5. 8
6 1
5 .8
2 .6
0 .8
1 .8
3 .6
7 .1
7 .9
8. 2
10. 0
10. 2
18. 3
22. 3
22. 5
30.0
30.1
33. 2
35. 5
37. 3
40. 7
41. 9
48. 1
50.1
55. 9
67! 8
70.3
42 hours
43 hours
44 hours
45 hours
46 hours
47 hours
48 hours
49 hours
50 hours
51 hours
'52 hours
53 hours
54 hours
55 hours
56 hours
57 hours
59 hours
60 hours
65 hours
66 hours
67 hours
T otal and
av erag e
(36.5 h rs .)._
7
2
16
14
3
11
2
5
8
5
2
9
2
3
1
1
J2
19
^5
^4 .
(l)
5
22
25
9
1
53
2
397
42, 368
9
2
7
3
5
2
8
4
7
15
5
6
410
113
258
122
84
7
153
106
124
847
388
57
(Í)
1
1
w
88 4
89
92
96
96
98
98
99
1
0
3
5
4
5
0
QQ 4
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
QQ
7
7
7
8
8
Q
inn n
100! 0
B r ic k , tile , a n d te r r a c o tta
5 hours______ _ __
8 h o u r s . . _____ _
9 hours. ____ _ .
10 hours___ . . .
11 h o u rs .. ___. . .
12 hours____ _ -_
13 hours____ _____
14 hours____ ____
i5 h o u rs ...
___
16 hours___ ______
17 hours__ _____
18 hours_________
2
1
3
2
3
2
12
4
2
4
5
3
25
3
82
17
65
17
364
167
29
225
377
75
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.3
(')
.8
.2
.7
.2
3.8
1.7
.3
2.3
3.9
.8
0.3
.3
1.1
1.3
2.0
2. 2
5.9
7. 7
8.0
10.3
14.2
15.0
19 hours____ ____
20h o u rs ..
.
21 h o u rs.. _____ _
22hours___ _ . . .
23 h o u rs .. ______
21 hours____ _
25 hours______ .
26 hours____ _
_
27h o u rs .. . . . _ _
28 hours_________
29 hours______. . .
30 hours_________
4.6
1. 2
2.7
1.3
.9
.1
1.6
1.1
1.3
8.8
4.0
.6
19.5
20.7
23.4
24.6
25.5
25.6
27.2
28.3
29.5
38.3
42.3
42.9
608
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 —M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s —C ontinued
B r i c k , t i l e , a n d t e r r a c o tta — C o n tin u ed
Em ployees
N um
ber
of
man-hours
Average m an-hours estab
Per C um u Average
w orked per week
worked per week lish
cent lative
N
um
ber
per
of
m ents
total cent
31 hours
32 hours
33 hours
34 hours
35 hours
36 hours
37 hours
38 hours
39 hours
40 hours
41 hours
42 hours
43 hours
44 h o u is-----— _
45 hours__ -- ----46 hours__ - - _ _
47 hours-- ----------
Employees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish N um ber cent lative
per
of
m ents
total cent
7
10
7
4
16
8
13
7
4
3
5
5
7
87
166
77
138
530
907
253
162
34
323
80
158
181
.9
1. 7
.8
1. 4
5. 5
9. 4
2. 6
1. 7
.4
3. 3
.8
1. 6
1.9
43.8
45. 5
46. 3
47.8
53. 2
62.6
65. 2
66. 9
67. 3
70. 6
71.4
73. 1
75.0
48 hours_____ -49 h o u rs .. . . __ _
50 hours_______
51 h o urs-- .
52 hours. -_ - .
53 hours_______ .
54 hours__ _
55 hours.
..........
57 hours - - .- - -_
60 hours___ _ . .
61 hours . .
63 hours. _ ______
64 hours. _________
5
5
9
8
1
2
6
3
3
4
1
1
2
103
202
41
214
34
102
40
164
172
28
12
4
71
19
7
7
431
407
213
4.5
4.2
2.5
81.0
85. 2
87.7
T o tal and
a v erag e
(33.6 hrs.)._
302
9, 660
1.1
2.1
.4
2. 2
.4
1.1
.4
1.7
1.8
.3
.1
(>)
.7
88.8
90.9
91.3
93.5
93.9
94.9
95.3
97.0
98.8
99.1
99.2
99.3
100.0
0.9
14.4
3.9
.6
1.8
.8
4.6
73.9
88.3
92.2
92.8
94.6
95.4
100.0
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.5
.8
2.4
3.0
1.0
.3
.5
1.0
.5
1.9
1.2
1.0
.1
.1
1.1
.4
.4
P)
0)
«
.1
79.9
81.3
82.8
84.3
85.1
87.4
90.5
91.5
91.8
92.3
93.2
93.7
95.6
96.8
97.8
97.9
98.0
99.0
99.4
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100.0
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u stries
A n th r a c ite co a l
1Ft hours
17 hours
1Qhours
2Q hours
24 hours
2Ft hours
27 hours
28 hours-------------32hours______
33 h o u rs .. ---------35 hours
18
6
4
8
265
2, 492
2,058
20, 608
1, 678
1,881
6,036
0. 3
3.0
2. 4
24.5
2.0
2. 2
7.2
0. 3
3.3
5.7
30.2
32.2
34.4
41.6
39 h o u rs .. .
40 hours________
44 hours____ _____
46 ho u rs_________
48 hours_________
49 hours__ _ . __
52 h o u rs .. . . .
1
28
6
1
3
1
9
759
12,120
3,298
490
1, 504
694
3, 860
24
1
9
18,363
505
7,107
2L8
.6
8. 4
63.9
64.5
73.0
T o tal and
average (31
h rs.)_____
133
84,138
32 h o u rs_______ .
33 h o u rs______ -.
34 h o u rs .. . ___
35 h o u rs .-. _____
36 h o u rs_______
37 h o u r s ... . ____
38 ho u rs____ . . _
39 h o u rs_____ . .
40 h o u r s ... _ _.41 ho u rs____. . . .
42 h o u rs ... ___
44 hours___ _ . . .
45 hours_________
47 hours_________
48 hours______ . .
49 h ours_________
50 h o u rs______ . .
51 hours__
___
52 hours________
54 hours______. . .
56 hours_______ .
57 hours_________
58 hours_______ .
69 hours____ . . .
20
9
12
10
10
13
18
6
4
5
3
5
8
4
8
1
3
6
2
6
1
1
1
1
1,791
1,538
1,487
1,539
809
2,461
3,150
1,004
332
505
993
530
1,962
1,197
10,042
80
90
1,101
418
450
13
6
29
90
T o ta l a n d
a v erag e
(24.7 h rs.)..
706
103,395
1
7
4
B itu m in o u s co a l
4 hours----- ------5 hours__________
6 hours___
-7 hours___ -■.-----___
8 hours___
9 hours______ --10 hours______ --11 ho u rs_____ _ 12 hours___
13 hours___ _____
14 hours. 15 hours_________
16 hours_________
17 hours_________
18 hours- ------- -19 hours. _____ -20 hours. ____ _ .
21 hours
22 hours. ----23 hours_________
24 hours.
------25 hours______ _
26 hours_________
27 hours_________
28 hours_________
29 h o u rs .. _____
30 h o u rs .. ______
31 h o u rs .. .
. .
6
1
9
9
29
14
11
8
29
18
19
18
32
18
38
25
49
17
17
30
27
19
13
4
19
17
47
6
442
12
771
599
2,860
1,407
1,798
613
3,459
1,835
2,760
2,836
4,268
3,013
5,695
2,324
7,237
2,064
4,485
4,516
3,575
3,102
2,352
730
3,854
2, 753
10,506
912
i Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.4
0)
.7
.6
2.8
1.4
1.7
.6
3.3
1.8
2.7
2. 7
4. 1
2.9
5.5
2.2
7.0
2.0
4.3
4.4
3.5
3.0
2.3
.7
3.7
2.7
10.2
.9
0.4
.4
1.2
1.8
4.5
5.9
7.6
8.2
11.6
13.3
16.0
18.8
22.9
25.8
31.3
33.6
40.6
42.5
46.9
51.3
54.7
57.7
60.0
60.7
64.4
67.1
77.2
78.1
609
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able 2 —M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u str ie s—C ontinued
M e ta llife r o u s m in in g
Employees
N um
ber
of
Average man-hours estab
man-hours
Per C um u Average
worked per week lish
worked per week
cent lative
N
um
ber
ments
per
of
total cent
6 hours, _ _______
9 hours, . _____
10 hours_________
19 hours_______
20 hours______ ,
21 hours,
. .
22 h o u rs ,. ______
23 h ours,
24 hours
25 hours ___
___
26 hours__
28 hours , . ____
29 hours..........
30 hours ,
31 hours ,,
32 hours, ,
...
33 hours , , . .
34 h o u rs ,, ,
...
35 hours. .
. . .
36 hours. . . .
37 h o u rs .. . _
3
1
2
1
1
2
8
5
5
4
27
1
11
4
3
1
3
6
2
3
7
24
132
227
83
56
457
471
862
330
192
2,208
44
56
489
691
5
819
355
14
2,002
1, 202
40 hours________
41 hours______ _
42 hours___
43 hours_________
2
3
3
4
347
921
86
160
0.1
.6
1.0
.4
.3
2.1
2.2
4.0
1.5
.9
10. 2
.2
.3
2.3
3.2
(i)
3.8
1.6
.1
9.2
5.5
m
1.6
4.2
.4
.7
0.1
.7
1.8
2.1
2.4
4. 5
6.7
10.6
12.2
13.1
23.2
23.4
23.7
25.9
29.1
29.1
32.9
34.5
34.6
43.8
49.4
Employees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
ments N um ber
of
per
total cent
44 ho u rs_________
45 ho u rs___ _
46 h o u rs________
47 hours
48 h o u rs_________
49 ho u rs.................
50 ho u rs.
. . .
52 ho u rs_________
53 h o u rs_________
54 h o u rs___ _____
55 hours
56 hours
57 h o u rs_________
5 9 hours . . . _____
60 hours . . . . . .
62 ho u rs. .
64 hours
68 hours
80 ho u rs_________
81 h o u rs .________
84 hours__ .
2
8
6
11
17
7
4
10
1
6
3
3
6
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
5
215
490
780
808
691
1,029
2,135
' 926
9
1,235
' 138
91
543
37
3
107
89
9
131
2
10
T o ta l a n d
a v erag e
(39.9 h rs.)..
214
21, 714
20
10
16
8
5
10
4
9
5
14
11
6
10
1
22
9
14
5
6
10
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
2
1
2
1
2, 648
'202
665
221
144
516
113
98
172
269
557
199
288
214
433
172
444
64
203
236
18
8
64
9
10
52
82
97
251
4
3
463
17, 714
4Q 4
5L0
55.2
55.6
56.4
1.0
2.3
3.6
3. 7
3.2
4. 7
9.8
4.3
(0
5.7
.6
.4
2.5
.2
(i)
.5
.4
(i)
.6
(!)
Ó)
57.3
59.6
63.2
66.9
70.1
74.8
84.7
88.9
89.0
94.7
95.3
95. 7
98.2
98.4
98.4
98.9
99.3
99.3
99. 9
100.0
100.0
14.9
1.1
3.8
1.2
.8
2.9
.6
.6
1.0
1.5
3.1
1.1
1. 6
1.2
2.4
1.0
2.5
.4
1. 1
1.3
.1
(0
.4
.1
.1
.3
.5
.5
1.4
(0
0)
67.2
68.4
72.1
73.4
74.2
77.1
77. 7
78. 3
79.2
80.8
83.9
85.0
86. 7
87.9
90.3
91.3
93.8
94.1
95.3
96.6
96.7
96.8
97.1
97.2
97.2
97.5
98.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g
6 hours________
8 hours______
9 hours_________
lO h o u rs ... . . . .
11 h o u r s . ___ _ _
12 hours .
13 h o u r s .._ .
14 h o u rs .. . .
15 h ours_________
16 h o u rs .. . . .
17 h ours. . . .
18 h o u rs .. . . . .
19 ho u rs__ .
20 h o u rs.................
21 hours ____ .
22 ho u rs____ _ .
23 ho u rs__ ______
24h o u rs .. ._ . .
25 hours
.
. .
26 hours
27 h o u rs_______ .
28 h o u rs__ ____
29 h o u rs .. . . .
30 h o u r s ___ .
31 h o u rs.
32 h o u rs. . . .
33 hours
...
34 hours . . .
35 hours _ _ .
36 hours . . . .
37 hours . . . .
oo nou.is_. . . . . . . . . .
39 h o u rs_________
40 hours_________
41 hours...............
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
6
2
4
5
3
1
10
7
2
5
5
5
13
13
6
7
12
12
8
15
16
13
13
9
7
20
152
40
39
55
14
250
112
273
382
66
2
264
215
24
91
90
639
199
730
116
181
379
169
380
247
1,171
'328
600
203
(!)
0. 1
.9
.2
.2
.3
.1
1.4
.6
1.5
2.2
.4
(l)
1.5
1.2
.1
.5
.5
3.6
1. 1
4.1
.7
1.0
2. 1
1.0
2.1
1.4
6.6
1.9
3.4
1.1
(0
0.2
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
1.8
3.3
3.9
5.4
7.6
8.0
8.0
9.5
10.7
10.8
11.3
11.8
15.4
16. 6
20.7
21.3
22.4
24.5
25.5
27.6
29.0
35.6
37.5
40.8
42.0
8
14
14
622
501
422
3. 5
2.8
2.4
47. 1
50.0
52.3
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 p er cent.
1 3 6 1 4 3 °— 32------- 10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42 h o u rs. . .
43 hours . . ..
44 h o u rs. . . .
45 h o u rs. .
...
46 h o u rs_______
47 hours .
48 hours . . . .
49 hours .
50 h o u rs__ .
51 h o u rs. .
52h o u rs. ___
53 h o u rs........
54 h o u rs .. ..
55 h o u rs. .
56 h o u rs____
57 hours__ . ____
58 hours _______
59 h o u rs________
60 hours ___
61 hours
63 hours . _ ___
64 h o u rs___ _ ..
65 hours . . __ _
66 h o u rs___ . . _
67hours . .
...
68 h o u rs__ ___ _
___
69 hours _
72 hours ___ . .
74 hours
75 h o u rs .. .
77 h o u rs. . .
T otal and
a v erag e
(39 h rs .) ...
610
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 3 —M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—C ontinued
P r o d u c t i o n o f c r u d e 'p e tr o le u m ,
Employees
N um
ber
of
m an-hours
Average man-hours estab
Per C um u Average
w orked per week
worked per week lish
cent lative
of
per
m ents N um ber
total cent
14 hours
17 hours
IX hours
20 hours
21 hours
23 hours
24 hours
2/i hint's
26 hours
27 hours
2X hours
2Q hours
30 hours
31 hours
32 hours
32 hours
34 horjrs
35 hours
26 hoiirs
37 hoiirs
3Q hours
4Q hours
41 hours
42 hours
44 hours
45 h o u rs .. ------ -46 hours . --------47 hours__ _ . .
1
i
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
1
4
4
4
6
5
3
9
5
3
13
9
6
31
29
12
17
16
20
12
49
2
31
26
60
8
49
123
3
34
60
89
948
67
11
398
(i)
(i)
0.1
.1
C1)
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.4
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.2
.2
.5
.1
.4
1. 0
(1)
.3
.5
.7
7. 5
.5
.1
3. 2
(i)
0.1
.2
.2
.3
.5
.7
.8
1.0
1. 1
1. 3
1. 4
1.7
1.8
2.0
2. 2
2. 7
2. 7
3. 1
4. 1
4. 1
4. 4
4. 9
5. 6
13. 1
13. 6
13. 7
16.9
Em ployees
N um
ber of
estab
Per C um u
lish
cent lative
per
m ents N um ber
of
total cent
0.5
64
47
.4
5,336 42.3
4.8
611
1. 7
215
.2
21
4. 2
531
103
.8
487
3.9
8. 5
1,077
1. 8
231
.4
51
179
1. 4
1.0
120
168
1. 3
203
1. 6
.1
12
383
3.0
1.2
149
.1
12
.7
85
157
1. 2
8
.1
111
.9
1.0
128
48 h o u r s _____
49 hours________
50 h o u r s __ ____
51 hours___ _
52 h o u r s .._ . .
53hours._ . . . . .
54 hours__ . . .
55 hours. _
56 hours.
57 hours. .
58 hours__ _
59 hours___ ___
60 hours_____ _ .
61 hours------------6 2 hours. . . . . .
63 hours___ . . . .
64 hours . .
65 hours___ . . .
66 hours__
...
67hours. . . . . .
68 hours__ . . .
69 hours
. .
74 hours . . . .
76 hours . . . -----83 hours. . . . .
2
2
2
2
5
1
10
6
3
3
5
4
3
1
6
4
4
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
T o ta l and
a v erag e
(52.5 h rs.)..
145
12, 620
47
81
65
72
44
38
42
64
39
54
18
17
34
32
8
8
1
8
6
2
2
1
1
6
1
1
3, 461
1, 605
1,414
1,601
933
995
827
1,225
649
456
305
430
448
655
204
134
64
85
90
58
49
10
7
21
7
4
T o ta l and
a v erag e
(47.8 hrs.)_, 1,089
26,887
17.4
17. 7
60.0
64.9
66. 6
66. 7
71. 0
71.8
75. 6
84. 2
86.0
86.4
87.8
88.8
90.8
91. 7
91.8
94.8
96.0
96. 1
96.8
98.0
98. 1
99.0
100.0
W h o le s a le tr a d e
13 hours,
14 hours.
16 hours,
18 hours.
20 hours.
21 hours.
22 hours.
23 hours.
24 hours.
25 hours.
26 hours.
28 hours.
29 hours.
30 hours.
31 hours.
32 hours.
33 hours.
34 hours.
35 hours.
36 hours.
37 hours.
38 hours.
39 hours.
40 hours.
41 hours.
42 hours.
43 hours.
44 hours.
45 hours.
46 hours.
1
2
1
1
1
5
3
4
2
4
2
1
3
4
7
2
5
6
6
7
8
12
16
27
21
20
40
73
73
40
18
88
1
39
2
50
65
52
125
41
90
15
31
44
65
18
58
755
117
241
96
439
385
361
245
965
614
1,522
2, 744
1,864
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0. 1
.3
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.1
(D
.2
.2
.2
.5
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
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2.8
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.4
1.6
1. 4
1.3
.9
3.6
2.3
5. 7
10. 2
6.9
0. 1
.4
.4
.5
.6
.7
1.0
1. 2
1.6
1.8
2. 1
2.2
2. 3
2. 5
2. 7
2.8
3.0
5.8
6.2
7. 1
7.5
9. 1
10. 5
11. 9
12.8
16.4
18.7
24.3
34. 5
41.5
47 hours
48 hours _ _
49 hours
50 hours.
51 h o u r s ------- ,,
52hours , , , , ___
53 hours _______
54 hours.
55 hours______ _ ,
56 hours ________
57 hours, ,
58 hours , ------59 hours___
60 h o u r s -----61 h o u r s ---------- ,
62 hours------,,
63 h o u r s ------ -- ,
65 h o u rs ,, ,
66 hours, ,
,, ,
6 7 hours , , , , , ,
68 hours , _ , , ,
70 h o u r s ------- -- ,
71 h o u r s ----- , , ,
72 hours , , ____ ,
73 h o u r s ------ -----75 hours_____ ____
12.9
6.0
5.3
6.0
3.5
3. 7
3. 1
4. 6
2.4
1. 7
1. 1
1. 6
1. 7
2.4
.8
.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
(■)
W
.1
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54.3
60. 3
65. 6
71. 5
75.0
78.7
81.8
86.3
88.7
90.4
91. 6
93. 2
94.8
97.3
98.0
98.5
98.8
99. 1
99.4
99.6
99.8
99. 9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
611
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR
T a b l e 2.—M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C LA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s—C ontinued
R e ta il tr a d e
Employees
N um
ber of
man-hours
Average man-hours estab
Per C um u Average
w orked p er week
w orked p er week lish
cent lative
N
u
m
b
er
per
of
m ents
total cent
19 hours
19 Jinnrs
90 hours
91 hours
99 hours
93 hours
94 hours
25 hours
26 hours _
27 hours
2 ft hnnrs
2Q hours
90 hours
31 hours
32 hours
33 hours
34 h o u rs ..
35 hours
36 hours
37 hours
3ft hours
39h o u rs-. _ -_- -40 hours______ -41 hours
42 hours
43 hours
44 hours------------ _
45 h o u rs-. 46 h o u rs.- _____ _
47 hours
48 hours. _ . .
(i)
(!)
1
5
3
120
1
2
1
6
2
10
3
8
25
26
39
18
14
27
41
22
14
73
90
37
45
168
52
76
54
26
27
152
18
153
26
123
225
1,108
'482
885
2, 037
2, 525
2, 848
1 , 992
1, 298
4 746
3, 644
2,230
11,822
2, 984
9, 896
3' 436
(i)
(!)
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.1
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.2
1. 0
.4
.8
1. 8
2. 2
2. 5
1. 8
1. 1
4. 2
3. 2
2.0
10. 4
2. 6
8. 7
3. 0
.3
.4
.5
.5
.6
.8
1. 8
2. 2
3. 0
4. 8
7. 0
9. 6
11. 3
12. 5
16. 7
19. 9
21. 9
32. 3
34. 9
43. 7
46. 7
152
68
63
172
9, 868
10, 950
9,150
12 ; 128
8. 7
9. 7
8. 1
10. 7
57. 3
67. 0
75. 1
85.8
0 .1
0 .1
.2
.2
.2
Em ployees
N um
ber of
Per C um u
estab
cent lative
lish
m ents N um ber
per
of
total cent
48
62
254
41
117
249
32
65
46
125
9
163
39
40
169
10
23
11
1
35
66
41
26
15
2
2
1,720
1,215
2,900
1,571
900
1,829
534
445
344
1,412
78
665
287
341
868
41
154
50
11
131
268
111
100
41
24
19
T o ta l an d
a v erag e
(44.3hrs.)_- 3,047
113,153
49 hours _ _____
50 h o u rs__ _
51 hours_______
52 hours ________
53 hours__ ______
54 hours _ _____
55 h o u rs--. 56 h o u rs .. ______
57 hours______
58 hours
. _
59 hours__ _ . .
60 hours __ . 61 hours. .
- .
62 h o u rs__ _
. .
63 hours.
64 hours. ..
65 h o u rs-. . . 66 h o u rs___
68 hours 69 hours. . .
70 hours .
71 hours----------- 72 h o u rs .. ______
73 hours . . . . .
74 h o u rs ..
79 hours.
1. 5
.5
.4
.3
1. 2
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87.3
88.4
91.0
92.4
93. 1
94.8
95.2
95.6
95.9
97. 2
97.3
97.8
98. 1
98.4
99. 2
99. 2
99.3
99.4
99.4
99. 5
99. 7
99.8
99. 9
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
0.3
.3
.1
(»)
.1
.1
.1
(i)
(i)
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.1
.2
98.9
99. 2
99. 3
99.4
99. 5
99.6
99.6
99.7
99. 7
99. 7
99.8
100.0
0.5
.8
.9
2.8
1. 1
.6
10.7
3.5
11.7
14.0
1.3
2. 1
3.0
5.8
6.9
7.5
18.1
21.6
33.3
47.2
1. 1
2 .6
1.4
.8
1. 6
T e le p h o n e a n d te le g r a p h
1
28 h o u rs -.. .
132
33 hours-------------1
34 hours___
-. .
104
36 hours.
. _. 898
37 hours. ____ 540
38 hours
. . .
1.051
39 hours
705
40 hours
458
41 h o u rs ..- - -652
42h o u rs .. ---------375
43 hours
386
44 h o u rs ... - ._ -97
45 hours. .
76
46hom s _
214
47 hours.
. .
147
48 hours .
107
2,215
225
8,413
48, 439
20, 704
36, 409
19, 823
48,105
14, 797
17,328
11, 191
5, 567
1,862
2,294
1,761
(i)
0. 9
.1
3. 5
20.0
8. 5
15.0
8. 2
19.8
6. 1
7. 1
4. 6
2.3
.8
.9
•7
(•)
1.0
1. 1
4. 5
24. 5
33.0
48. 1
56. 2
76. 1
82. 2
89. 3
94.0
96. 2
97.0
98.0
98.7
P ow er and
14 hours
17 hours
18 hours
23 hours
24 hours
26 hours
28 hours
30 hours
32 hours
33 hours
1 Less th a n one-tenth
1
1
1
5
2
4
3
3
5
5
42
4
10
60
27
38
23
479
60
380
of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(!)
(!)
0)
(0
0)
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23
77
22
19
35
31
28
12
4
4
62
151
626
634
320
119
180
241
166
47
84
12
311
440
T o ta l and
a v erag e
(40 h o u rs). 6, 305
242, 420
4 9 h o u rs ... . . . . .
50 hours_________
51 hours-------------52 hours-------------53 hours_____ . _
54 hours_________
55 h o u rs .. . . . . . . .
56 hours______. . .
59 hours_________
66 hours_______ .
67 hours__ _ . .
68 h o u rs .. . . . . .
li g h t
34 h o u r s . . . -----3 5 h o u rs.._ __ ___
36 h o u rs .. . .
37 h o u rs--------- __
38 h o u rs-------------3 9 h o u rs ... . . . . .
40 ho u rs----------- .
41 h o u rs_________
42 h o u rs_________
43 hours_________
11
21
6
23
49
13
52
52
66
171
784
1,123
1,290
4, 066
1,531
850
15, 394
4,992
16, 822
20,158
612
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2 .—M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S CLA S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g I n d u str ie s—C ontinued
P o w e r a n d l i g h t — C o n tinu ed
Employees
N um
ber
of
Average man-hours estab
man-hours
Per C u m u Average
w orked p er week
worked per week
lish N um ber cent lative
per
m ents
of
total cent
44 hours _
45 hours. _ .
46 h o u rs ..
47 h o u rs ..
48 hours .
...
49 h o u rs.
. . .
50 hours .
51 hours . _______
52 hours . . ____
53 hours .
___
____
54 h o u rs ..
55 hours ____
170
153
175
80
91
32
59
43
29
120
34
23
14, 414
8, 079
12, 571
9, 498
6, 032
4, 982
4, 566
2,906
1,020
3,817
1,174
907
10. 0
5. 5
8. 7
6. 6
4. 2
3. 5
3. 2
2. 0
.7
2.6
.8
.6
57. 2
62.8
71. 5
78. 1
82. 3
85.8
88. 9
90. 9
91. 6
94. 3
95. 1
95. 7
57 h o u rs_____ . . .
58 ho u rs------ -------59 hours .
. . .
60 hours________
14
6
197
10
334
115
1, 652
92
.2
.1
1. 1
.1
97.3
97.3
98. 5
98.6
Employees
N um
ber of
Per C um u
estab
cent lative
lish
per
ments N um ber
of
total cent
8
5
1
8
63
3
62
1
5
7
7
1
57
68
21
132
814
9
183
7
459
78
251
7
Total a n d
av erag e
(45.9 hrs.) — 1,955
144, 249
61 h o u rs__ _______
62 hours . _____
63 h o u rs_____ ___
64 hours ______ _
65 hours _______
66 hours . _____
67 hours . . . .
68 ho u rs. . .
70 h o u r s ___
73 hours
__
75 h o u rs .. __ . __
78 h o u r s ............... .
(')
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98.6
98. 6
98. 7
98. 7
99. 3
99. 3
99.4
99. 4
99. 8
99. 8
100.0
100.0
4. 9
3.4
1. 2
3.0
.7
.2
.2
2.3
1.0
5.0
.1
(')
0)
.4
.2
.1
(0
82. 2
85.6
86.9
89. 8
90. 5
90. 7
90. 9
93. 2
94. 2
99. 1
99. 2
99. 2
99. 3
99.7
99.8
100.0
100.0
0. 4
2. 8
2. 5
1. 3
2. 8
2. 2
3. 0
3. 1
9. 2
3. 7
4. 5
2. 7
3. 1
4. 5
7. 1
13. 5
5. 2
3.8
10. 7
13. 5
15. 9
17. 2
20. 0
22. 2
25. 1
28. 3
37. 5
41. 3
45. 7
48. 4
51. 5
56. 0
63. 1
76. 6
81.8
85. 6
E le c tr ic - r a ilr o a d a n d m o to r -b u s o p e r a tio n a n d m a in te n a n c e
12 hours____ _____
18 hours________
22 hours_________
25 h o u r s ___ _ . . .
29 hours____ _ . . .
32 hours . _ _____
36 hours . _____
37 h o u r s ... . ____
40 ho u rs____ _____
42 hours .
43 h o u rs. .
44 hours
45 hours _______
46 hours. _______
47 hours____ _____
48 ho u rs_______
49 ho u rs_________
50 hours--------------51 hours_________
52 hours_________
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
4
8
4
6
8
18
42
19
16
53
34
13
16
176
6
276
87
86
127
412
6, 377
1,222
684
901
870
6, 738
3,812
5, 767
13, 857
10, 571
10,511
1, 166
4,189
0.2
(i)
.3
.1
.1
.1
.5
7.2
1.4
.8
1.0
1.0
7. 6
4.3
6.5
15.6
11.9
11.8
2.4
4.7
0.2
.2
.5
.6
.7
.9
1.3
8.5
9.9
10.6
11.6
12.6
20. 2
24. 5
31. 0
46.5
58.4
70. 2
72. 7
77.4
53 hours _ ___
54 ho u rs-- ___ . -_
55 h o u r s ...
- 56 h o u rs-------------57 h o u rs-------------58 h o u rs____ _____
59 h o u r s ___ _
60 h o u rs-------------61 h o u rs_______
62 h o u rs_________
63 h o u rs___ - ____
64 h o u rs--65 h o u rs_________
66 h o u rs____
67 h o u rs .- .- ____
69 h o u r s - . . ____ _
71 h o u rs_________
26
20
10
10
6
3
3
7
7
3
1
2
1
7
3
2
1
4, 342
3, 004
1,097
2, 656
584
138
177
2,059
876
4,419
73
33
33
337
171
102
36
T otal a n d
a v erag e
(49.5 h rs.)„
364
88,972
40 h o u rs_______
41 hours - .- . . .
42 h o u rs__ ____
43 h o u rs ... . ____
44hours-._ . ___ _
45 h o u r s .............
46 h o u rs .-. . - . _
47 h o u rs .-_
_ _
48 h o u rs .. -_49 hours. ________
50 hours ______ .
51 hours _ ______
52 h o u rs_____
.
53 hours. ______ _
54 ho u rs_________
55 ho u rs_________
56 ho u rs________
57 ho u rs____ _____
5
9
12
18
17
16
22
24
39
32
32
24
28
30
32
92
41
30
155
1, 076
951
495
1,063
847
1, 143
1, 211
3, 566
1,436
1,724
1, 024
1, 184
1,734
2,748
5, 223
1,999
1,462
H o te ls
17 hours ________
22 hours - - - - 23 hours - _______
24 hours. _
25 h o u rs__ . 26 hours
27 hours . _ _ . _
28 h o u rs .. _
29 h o u r s ________
31 hours _______
32 hours_________
33 hours .
___
34 hours__ _____
35 hours. _
36 hours________
37 h o u rs .-. ______
38 hours__
39 hours_________
1
2
4
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
6
4
5
1
2
4
7
5
30
95
113
46
4
60
191
5
131
11
136
472
87
26
15
43
1, 746
' 755
i Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.2
.3
.1
0)
.2
.5
(0
.3
(')
.4
1. 2
.2
.1
(>)
.1
4. 5
2.0
0. 1
.3
.6
.7
.7
.9
1. 4
1. 4
1. 8
1. 8
2. 1
3. 4
3. 6
3. 6
3. 7
3. 8
8. 3
10.3
613
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a b l e 2 .—M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C L A S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g In d u stries—C ontinued
H o t e l s — C ontinued
Employees
N um
Average m an-hours ber of
Per C um u Average m an-hours
w orked per week estab
w orked per week
lish
cent lative
m ents N u m b er
of
per
total cent
58 hours_________
59 hours_________
60 hours- _______
61 hours ......... _
62 h ours_________
63 h ours_________
64 h ours_________
65 h ours______
66 h ours_________
67 h ours______ _
68 hours_________
69 hours___ ______
70 hours_________
71 hours_________
72 hours___ _ _ -
25
14
24
21
21
18
14
15
14
9
12
14
12
5
8
402
333
760
538
790
435
198
469
155
120
147
283
112
65
216
1.0
.9
2. 0
1. 4
2. 0
1. 1
.5
1. 2
.4
.3
.4
.7
.3
.2
.6
86. 7
87. 5
89. 5
90.9
92. 9
94. 1
94. 6
95. 8
96.2
96.5
96.9
97.6
97.9
98. 1
98.6
Employees
N um ber of
estab
P er C um u
lish
cent lative
ments N um ber
of
per
total cent
73 hours_________
74 hours_________
75 hours______
76 h o u rs_________
77 h o u rs_________
78 hours______
79 h o u rs ..- _ _ __
81 h o u rs --. _
82hours__
_ __
83 h o u rs_________
84 h o u rs_________
8
3
3
3
2
5
4
3
2
7
3
68
15
18
31
12
117
18
53
31
151
11
T otal a n d
a v erag e
(51.6 hrs.)_-
825
38, 555
40 h o u rs___ _
41 hours_________
42 h o rn s_________
43 h o u rs______ _
44 hours
45 hours
- 46 h o u r s - - . ____
47 hours - __ ______
48 h o u rs_________
49 hours
50 hours _____
51 h o u rs_________
52 h o u rs .. .
- -.
54 hours.
55 h o u r s . _______
56 h o u rs______ 57 hours. . _____
59 hours____
60 hours. -_ _____
65 h o u rs_________
26
16
25
24
33
43
21
21
18
14
11
9
11
17
3
1
1
1
3
1
1, 637
1, 223
1,223
1, 572
2,539
2,864
1,912
1,234
1,146
1,687
1,180
430
1,002
971
206
34
69
79
121
6
T otal a n d
a v erag e
(43.8 hrs.)..
457
26, 770
16
17
19
10
4
3
18
3
2
3
1
3
7
682
460
646
619
155
37
358
32
65
121
31
155
223
204
6,084
0. 2
(>)
(')
.I
(>)
.3
(>)
.1
.1
.4
(>)
98.8
98.9
98.9
99.0
99.0
99.3
99.4
99. 5
99.6
100.0
100.0
6. 1
4.6
4. 6
5.9
9. 5
10. 7
7. 1
4. 6
4. 3
6. 3
4.4
1. 6
3. 7
3.6
.8
.1
.3
.3
.5
(>)
27. 2
31. 7
36. 3
42. 2
51. 7
62. 4
69. 5
74. 1
78. 4
84. 7
89. 1
90. 7
94.4
98. 1
98.8
99.0
99. 2
99. 5
100.0
100.0
11. 2
7. 6
10.6
10. 2
2. 5
.6
5.9
.5
52. 3
59. 9
70. 5
80. 7
83. 2
83.8
89. 7
90. 2
91. 3
93. 3
93.8
96. 3
L a u n d r ie s
U hours.
13 hours
16 hours
17 hours
21 hours
22 hours
23 hours
24 hours
25 hours
26 hours
27 hours
28 hours
29 hours
30 hours
31 hours
32 hours
33 hours
34 hours
35 hours
36 hours
37 hours
38 hours
39 hours
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
6
3
5
5
1
7
8
10
17
12
10
9
11
15
11
14
48
29
68
15
8
64
106
314
31
84
125
34
185
126
314
471
304
326
473
313
599
557
1,041
0. 2
.1
.3
.1
0)
.2
.4
1. 2
.1
.3
.5
.1
.7
.5
1. 2
1.8
1. 1
1. 2
1. 8
1. 2
2. 2
2. 1
3.9
0.2
.3
.5
.6
.6
.9
1.3
2.4
2.6
2.9
3. 3
3. 5
4. 2
4. 6
5.8
7.6
8. 7
9.9
11. 7
12. 8
15. 1
17. 2
21.0
D y e in g a n d c le a n in g
19 hours.
24 hours.
29 hours.
32 hours.
33 hours.
34 hours.
35 hours.
36 hours.
37 hours
38 hours.
39 hours.
40 hours
41 hours.
42 hours.
43 hours.
44 hours.
45 hours.
1
1
1
4
4
1
3
5
3
9
7
13
4
5
9
13
15
15
4
5
20
67
6
60
65
60
324
102
504
40
236
145
226
621
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0. 2
. 1
. 1
.3
1. 1
.1
1. 0
1. 1
1. 0
5. 3
1. 7
8. 3
.7
3. 9
2.4
3. 7
10. 2
0. 2
.3
.4
.7
1.8
1. 9
2. 9
4. 0
5. 0
10.3
12. 0
20. 2
20. 9
24. 8
27. 2
30. 9
41. 1
46 hours_________
47 h o u rs_________
48 h o u rs_________
49 ho u rs------- ---50 h o u rs--- _____
52 h o u rs--- - - . 54 h o u rs--- . --55 h o u rs-.- - - 56 h o u r s - . - _____
57 ho u rs---------- -58 h o u rs,- - ____
59 h o u rs--- --60 h o u rs___ ______
Total a n d
a v erag e
(46.8 h rs.)-_
—
1. 1
2. 0
.5
2. 5
3. 7
100. 0
614
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 3.—M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S C L A S
S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO A V E R A G E W E E K L Y M A N -H O U R S P E R E M P L O Y E E —Con.
N o n n ia n u fa ctu rin g In d u stries—C ontinued
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g
Em ployet s
N um
ber
of
Average man-hours
m an-hours
P er C um u Average
worked per week estab
worked p er week
lish N um ber cent lative
m ents
per
of
total cent
4 hours . . . . . .
6 hours_______. __
7 hours.
8 hours___ _______
9 ho u rs____ ____
10 hours_______ .
llh o u r s ... . .. . .
12 hours___ ____
14 ho u rs------ -----15 h o u rs .. .
16 hours_________
17 hours.
18 ho u rs. __ _____
19 hours_________
20 hours . . . . . .
21 hours. _____ __
22 hours ______ .
23 ho u rs_________
24 hours___ _ _
25 hours ._ . . .
.
26 ho u rs_________
27 hours____ ___
28 ho u rs_________
2 9 h o u rs ... . . . . . .
30 hours____ . . ..
31 hours-------------32 hours . . . . . . .
33 hours_________
34 h o u r s ________
35 hours_________
36 h o u rs ... _ . .
37 hours_________
38 h o u rs .-. ____
39 hours____ ___
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
4
3
2
2
7
3
1
3
2
4
1
7
6
10
2
3
7
6
9
9
9
11
2
21
42
76
19
85
40
394
32
27
18
3
40
27
61
10
85
26
18
167
37
38
17
317
116
658
29
27
109
142
108
122
126
227
53
0. 2
.3
.6
.1
.6
.3
2. 9
.2
.2
.1
(*)
.3
.2
.4
.1
.6
.2
.1
1. 2
.3
.3
.1
2.3
.9
4. 9
.2
.2
.8
1.0
.8
.9
.9
1. 7
.4
0. 2
.5
1. 0
1. 2
1. 8
2. 1
5.0
5. 2
5. 4
5. 6
5.6
5.9
6. 1
6.5
6. 6
7. 2
7.4
7.5
8. 8
9. 1
9. 3
9. 5
11. 8
12. 7
17. 5
17. 7
17. 9
18 7
19. 8
20. 6
21. 5
22, 4
24. 1
24. 5
40 h o u rs .-. _____
41 h o u rs_________
42 h o u rs .. . . . . .
43 hours___
. _
44 hours . . .
45 hours ___
46 hours . . .
47 hours . . . .
48 hours. ___ . . .
49 hours. ____ __
50 ho u rs_________
51 h o u rs_________
52 h o u rs .. .
. _
53 ho u rs____
54 ho u rs___
___
55 h o u rs ...
56 h o u rs ._____
57 h o u rs ..
58 hours___
59 h o u rs ..
. .
60 h o u rs .. . . ___
61 hours. . . . ___
62 h ours______. . .
64 h o u rs ... .
_ _
65 h o u rs ...
67 ho u rs_________
68 h o u rs .._ . . . _
70 ho u rs___ ____
72 hours_____ . . .
T otal a n d
a v erag e
(43.6 h rs .)..
Employees
N um ber of
Per C um u
estab
lish
cent lative
m ents N um ber
per
of
total cent
10
11
9
9
9
17
4
14
22
11
16
15
27
15
16
21
11
9
3
9
8
2
8
2
1
1
2
1
1
1,464
156
304
138
1,632
450
78
413
661
671
433
333
473
304
353
538
230
329
77
318
433
83
252
21
25
27
43
4
3
418
13,563
10. 8
1. 2
2. 2
1. 0
12. 0
3. 3
.6
3. 0
4. 9
4. 9
3. 2
2. 5
3. 5
2. 2
2.6
4. 0
1. 7
2. 4
.6
2. 3
3. 2
.6
1.9
.2
.2
.2
.3
(')
0)
35. 3
36. 4
38.7
39.7
51.7
55.0
55. 6
58. 6
63. 5
68.5
71. 6
74. 1
77. 6
79.8
82.4
86. 4
88. 1
90.5
91. 1
93. 4
96. 6
97. 2
99. 1
99. 2
99. 4
99.6
99. 9
100.0
100. 0
1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Table 3 shows the average man-hours worked per employee per
week, in May, 1932, for each of the industries reporting to the
bureau.
T able 3 .—A V E R A G E M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K IN E A C H IN D U S T R Y , M A Y , 1932
in d u stry
A ver
age
manhours
worked
per
week
M anufacturing
Food and kindred products:
Slaughtering and m eat packing.
Confectionery_______________
Ice cream ___________________
F lo u r_______________________
Baking______________________
Sugar refining, cane_____ ____
Beet sugar___________________
Beverages___________________
B u tte r................................ ............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In dustry
Aver
age
m an
hours
worked
per
week
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C ontinued
47.2
41.3
53. 7
48.4
47.0
53.3
49.6
43.9
55.7
Textiles and their products:
C otton goods______________
Hosiery a nd k n it goods_____
Silk goods_________________
Woolen and worsted goods. _.
C arpets and rugs__________
D yeing and finishing textiles.
Clothing, m en’s____________
Shirts and collars__________
Clothing, w omen’s . . ...............
39.9
38.8
35.2
37.0
28. 2
38.0
37.4
36.9
40.0
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE
615
T a ble 3 . —A V E R A G E M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K IN E A C H IN D U S T R Y , M A Y ,
1932—C ontinued
In d u stry
A ver
age
m an
hours
worked
per
week
In d u stry
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C ontinued
M anufacturin g —C ontinued
Textiles and their products—Continued.
Millinery________________________
Corsets and allied garments_________
Cotton small wares_____________
Hats, fur-felt_____________________
M en’s furnishings_________________
Iron and steel and their products, not in
cluding machinery:
Iron and steel___________ _________
Cast-iron pipe____________________
Structural-iron work_______________
Hardware________________________
Steam fitting and steam and hot-water
heating apparatus_______________
Stoves_________ _________________
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_____
Cutlery (not including silver and
plated cutlery) and edge tools_____
Forgings, iron and steel____________
Plumbers’ supplies__ _____________
Tin cans and other tinware_________
Tools (not including edge tools, ma
chine tools, files, or saws)..................
Wirework_________________ _____
Lumber and allied products:
Lumber, sawmills______ l__________
Lumber, millwork________________
Furniture________________________
Turpentine and rosin______________
Leather and its manufactures:
Leather__________________________
Boots and shoes.._____ ___________
Paper and printing:
Paper and pulp___________________
Paper boxes_______ _______________
Printing, book and job_____________
Printing, newspapers and periodicals..
Chemicals and allied products:
Chemicals____ __________ _____ . . . .
Fertilizers________________________
Petroleum refining.________________
Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal______
Druggists’ preparations____________
Explosives_______________________
Paints and varnishes______________
Rayon__________________________
Soap__________ _________________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Cement_________ _______________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta__________
Pottery__________________________
Glass.____ ______ ____ ___________
Marble, granite, slate, and other stone
products_______________________
Nonferrous metals and their products:
Stamped and enameled ware________
Brass, bronze, and copper products__
Aluminum manufactures..... ............. .
Clocks, time-recording devices, and
clock movements___________ _____
Gas and electric fixtures, lamps, lan
terns, and reflectors______________
Nonferrous metals and their products—
Continued.
Plated ware__________________ ,___
Smelting and refining—copper, lead,
and zinc_______________________
Jewelry_______________ ________
Tobacco manufactures:
Chewing and smoking tobacco and
snuff__________________________
Cigars and cigarettes______________
Transportation equipment:
Automobiles_____________________
Aircraft_________________________
Cars, electric and steam railroad____
Locomotives_____________________
Shipbuilding_____________________
Rubber products:
Rubber tires and inner tubes_______
Rubber boots and shoes____________
Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes,
tires, and inner tubes____________
Machinery, not including transportation
equipment:
Agricultural implements___________
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
supplies_______________________
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water
wheels_________________________
Cash registers, adding machines, and
calculating machines_____________
Foundry and machine-shop products-.
Machine tools____________________
Textile machinery and parts________
Typewriters and supplies__________
Radio___________________________
Railroad repair shops:
Electric railroad repair shops_______
Steam railroad repair shops_________
36.8
41.5
37. 7
26.4
28.7
26.3
33.2
32.5
29.8
31.6
33.4
31.3
40.3
28. 1
32.5
44.4
28.3
38.5
37.2
35.2
31. 2
56.4
39.7
36.7
42. 5
40.6
38.8
43.1
43.1
41. 1
45. 1
61. 1
40.6
36.0
44.8
40. 2
45.0
Average (89 industries)__________
A ver
age
m an
hours
worked
per
week
34.6
35.0
27.9
41.9
3S.0
37.4
43.0
33.7
29.5
34.3
33.3
36.5
36.6
32.9
30.6
33.0
29.6
31.1
30.4
24.4
23. 7
38.5
45.3
36.5
137.3
N onm anu fa ctu rin g
39.5
31. 1
38.5
Anthracite mining___________________
Bituminous coal mining_______________
Metalliferous mining__________________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining______
Production of crude petroleum_________
Telephone and telegraph______________
Power and light______________________
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation
and maintenance___________________
Wholesale trade______________________
Retail trade________ ________________
Hotels______________________________
Canning and preserving_______________
Laundries___________________ ____ ___
Dyeing and cleaning__________________
49.5
47.8
44.3
51.6
43.6
43.8
46.8
30.3
Grand average, all industries______
i 41.1
42.7
33.6
32.3
38.7
36.4
31.0
24.7
39.9
39.0
52.5
40.0
45.9
32.9
1 W eighted average m an-hours, in which th e separate industries are weighted according to their im por
tance in th e com bined total.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H ours and E arnings in th e B oot and S hoe In d u stry, 1932
AGE earners in the boot and shoe industry in the United
States earned an average of 41.2 cents per hour in 1932, or
19.2 per cent less than the average of 51 cents in 1930. Their aver
age full-time hours per week were 48.9 in 1930 and 1932 and average
full-time earnings per week were $24.94 in 1930 and $20.15 in 1932.
These averages are the results of studies of hours and earnings in the
industry in those years by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The 1932 averages were computed from individual hours and earn
ings of 28,046 males and 21,620 females in 164 representative boot and
shoe factories in the 16 States in which the industry is of importance
in quantity of production and number of wage earners employed.
According to the 1929 Census of Manufactures, approximately 97
per cent of the wage earners in the industry are employed in the 16
States, and the number included in the study in 1932 is approxi
mately 25 per cent of the wage earners in those States. The individual
hours and earnings, except for a few factories, were collected directly
from the records of the factories included in the study for a repre
sentative pay-roll period in January and February and, therefore, are
fairly representative of conditions in those months.
Studies of the industry were also made by the bureau in each of the
years from 1910 to 1914 and in the even numbered years from 1914
to 1930. Summaries of average hours and earnings for each year
studied and index numbers of such averages, with the- 1913 average
as the base or 100 per cent, are presented in Table 1. The 1932
figures will be published later in more detail in bulletin form. In
making studies from year to year it is the policy of the bureau to
cover as nearly as possible in the current study the same factories as
were covered in the preceding year. When for any reason a factory
is lost, one or more factories in the same general locality are substi
tuted for it, to keep the figures representative and comparable one
year with another.
The factories included were engaged mainly in the manufacture of
shoes for men, women, misses and girls, boys and youths, and chil
dren, by the Goodyear welt, McKay, turn, or cement method. No
data were taken from any establishment of which the principal
product was nailed, pegged or stitchdown shoes, or specialties such as
slippers, leggings, felt or rubber footwear, tennis or other athletic
shoes, nor were data included for company officials, the office force,
superintendents, nonworking foremen, power-house employees, watch
men, guards, teamsters, or chauffeurs.
W
Trend of Hours and Earnings, 1910 to 1932
T he averages in the table for the years 1910 to 1914 are for wage
earners in selected occupations only and are directly comparable one
year with another. Those for the even years 1914 to 1932 are for
wage earners in all occupations in the industry and are also com
parable one year with another. Averages for wage earners in
selected occupations are not comparable with those for wage earners
in all occupations. .
616
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
617
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Index numbers are given in the table for the purpose of furnishing
comparable figures, one year with another, over the entire period
from 1910 to 1932. The index for any year 1910 to 1914 for selected
occupations is the per cent that the average for that year is of the
average for 1913. The index for any year from 1914 to 1932 for all
occupations in the industry was computed by increasing or decreasing
the 1914 index for the wage earners in the selected occupations in
proportion to the increase or decrease in the average for each year as
compared with the average for all occupations in 1914.
Average full-time hours per week decreased from an index of 102.7
in 1910 to 88.2 in 1920, increased to 88.4 in 1922, to 88.9 in 1924 and
1926, and to 89.2 in 1928, and decreased to 88.8 in 1930 and 1932.
The peak of earnings came in 1920 when the index of earnings per
hour was 232.0 and the index of full-time earnings per week was
203.7. The indexes of full-time earnings per week did not increase
or decrease in the same proportion as did the indexes for earnings per
hour, because of the change from year to year in the full-time hours
per week.
T a ble
1
.—
A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S , W IT H IN D E X N U M B E R S , IN T H E B O OT
A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y , 1910 TO 1932
Index num bers
(1913=100)
Average
Item
Selected occupations only:
1910______________________ ____
1911__________________________
1912__________________________
1913__________________________
19141_________________________
All occupations:
1914 i_________________________
1916___________________________
1918__________________________
1920__________________________
1922__________________________
1924__________________________
1926__________________________
1928__________________________
1930__________________________
1932__________________________
Num- N u m
ber of
of
estab ber
wage
lish earners
m ents
F ull
Full
F ull
Full
E a rn tim e
E a rn tim e
tim e
tim e
hours ings per earn hours ings per earn
per
hour ings per per
hour ings per
week
week
week
week
60
81
81
88
91
10, 581
15,028
19,405
19,911
18,567
56. 5
56.3
55. 5
55. 0
54. 6
$0. 286
.292
.288
.311
.314
$16. 07
16. 37
15. 91
17.08
17.11
102.7
102.4
100. 9
100. 0
99.3
92.0
93. 9
92. 6
100. 0
101.0
94.1
95.8
93. 2
100.0
100.2
91
136
143
117
104
106
154
157
161
164
49, 376
60. 692
58,321
51,247
47,361
45, 460
52, 697
48, 658
55,187
49, 666
54. 7
54. 6
52.3
48. 6
48. 7
49. 0
49.0
49. 1
48. 9
48. 9
. 243
.259
.336
. 559
. 501
. 516
.528
.530
.510
.412
13. 26
14. 11
17. 54
26. 97
24. 45
25. 28
25. 87
26. 02
24. 94
20. 15
99. 1
94. 9
88. 2
88. 4
88. 9
88.9
89.2
88. 8
88. 8
107. 5
139. 7
232. 0
207. 9
214. 1
219.1
220.3
212. 0
171.2
106.6
132. 5
203. 7
184. 7
190. 9
195.4
196.6
188. 5
152.3
1 2 sets of averages are shown for this year—1 for selected occupations and the other for all occupations
in the industry. T he 1910 to 1914 averages for selected occupations are comparable 1 year w ith another,
as are those for all occupations 1 year w ith another from 1914 to 1932.
Hours and Earnings, 1930 and 1932, by Occupation and Sex
T a b l e 2 s h o w s 1930 a n d 1932 a v e r a g e d a y s , f u ll- t im e a n d a c tu a l
h o u r s a n d e a r n in g s in o n e w e e k , t h e p e r c e n t o f fu ll t im e a c tu a lly
w o r k e d in t h e w e e k , a n d a v e r a g e e a r n in g s p e r h o u r , b y d e p a r tm e n ts ,
fo r t h e w a g e e a r n e r s o f e a c h s e x in e a c h o f t h e im p o r t a n t o c c u p a tio n s
fo u n d in t h e s t u d y o f t h e in d u s t r y ; fo r a g r o u p o f “ o th e r e m p l o y e e s ”
w h ic h in c lu d e s a n u m b e r o f o c c u p a tio n s , e a c h to o f e w in n u m b e r o f
w a g e e a r n e r s t o w a r r a n t o c c u p a tio n a l ta b u la t io n ; a n d fo r a c o m b in a
tio n o f a ll o c c u p a tio n s in t h e in d u s tr y .
The figures in the table cover 82 occupations and the group of other
employees, including 37 in which data are shown for males only, 7
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618
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
for females only, and 38 in which data are shown for each sex. Figures
are also shown for each sex separately in the group of other employees.
Males and females in all occupations combined, as shown at the
end of the table, for the industry as a whole, worked an average of
5.4 days in the week covered in the study in 1930 and 5.3 days in
the week covered in 1932. In computing these averages each full
day or part of a day that a wage earner did any work in the week
was counted as a day. Their full-time hours per week averaged 48.9
in 1930 and 1932. They actually worked an average of 42.4 hours
in one week in 1930 and 40.4 in 1932—86.7 per cent of full time in
1930 and 82.6 per cent in 1932; thus, the hours actually worked in
the week were 13.3 per cent less than full time in 1930 and 17.4 per
cent less than full time in 1932. These workers earned an average of
51.0 cents per hour in 1930 and 41.2 cents in 1932. Actual earnings
in one week averaged $21.62 in 1930 and $16.62 in 1932, a decrease
of $5 or 23.1 per cent.
The average hours actually worked in one week by males ranged
in 1930 from 39.1 for shoe cleaners to 47.2 for hand heel builders, and
folders, and in 1932 from 32.3 for machine cutters of top and heel
lifts, to 49 for folders. Those worked by females in 1930 ranged from
35.4 for machine cutters of vamps and whole shoes, to 45.1 for assem
blers for pulling-over machine, and in 1932 from 31.3 for hand cutters
of linings to 48.9 for roughers for cement.
The average earnings per hour of males ranged in 1930 from 35.2
cents for stampers to $1,058 for turn sewers and in 1932 from 28.7
to 75.0 cents for the same occupations, respectively; those of females
ranged in 1930 from 30 cents for shoe cleaners to 46.5 cents for
vampers and in 1932 from 23.5 cents for roughers for cement to 44.8
cents for machine cutters of vamps and whole shoes.
The average amount actually earned in one week by males ranged
in 1930 from $15.63 for stampers to $48.83 for folders and in 1932
from $12.70 for table workers to $33.42 for folders; by females in
1930 from $11.85 for shoe cleaners to $20.37 for assemblers for pullingover machine and in 1932 from $9.27 for hand cutters of linings to
$19.01 for machine cutters of vamps and whole shoes.
T a ble 3 .— A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y
1930 A N D 1932, B Y O C C U P A T IO N A N D SE X
D epartm ent, occupation, and
sex
A ver
N u m N u m nage
um
ber of ber of ber
of
Year estab wage
days
lish
earn
worked
ments
ers
in 1
week
n o u rs
actually
A v er worked
in 1 week
age
fulltim e
hours A ver Per
per
age cent
week num
of
full
ber tim
e
A ver
age
mgs
per
hour
Aver
age
full
tim e
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$33. 46
25.59
C utting departm ent
C utters, vam p and whole shoe,
hand, m ale_________
1930
1932
127
125
2, 226
2, 032
5.3
5.3
48. 7
48.9
42.0
40.3
86.2 $0. 796 $38. 77
82.4
.634 31.00
1930
1932
58
69
958
861
5. 2
4.9
49.4
49. 2
42.5
37.8
86.0
76.8
.663
.563
32. 75
27. 70
28.19
21.29
1930
1932
C utters, trim m ings, hand, m ale. 1930
1932
8
8
101
100
30
39
671
531
4.8
5.3
5.3
5.2
49.9
49.9
48.9
49.4
35.4
42. 5
41. 2
39.8
70.9
85. 2
84.3
80.6
.506
.448
. 509
.420
25. 25
22. 36
24. 89
20.75
17.92
19. 01
20. 99
16.74
C utters, vam p and whole shoe,
m achine, m ale. ________
Cutters, vam p and whole shoe,
machine, female___ ____
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619
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T a ble 3 .— A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, BY O C C U P A T IO N A N D S E X —C ontinued
D epartm ent, occupation, and
sex
Aver
N u m N um nage
um
ber of ber of ber of
Year estab wage
days
lish earn worked
ers
m ent
in 1
week
Hours
actually
A v er worked
in 1 week
age
fulltime
hours A ver Per
cent
per
of
week nage
u m full
ber tim e
Aver
age
ings
per
hour
Aver
age
full
tim e
earn
ings
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
C utting departm ent —C ontinued
C utters, trim m ings, hand, fe
- 1930
male
_
_______
1932
C utters, trim m ings, m achine,
m ale_______________________ 1930
1932
C utters, trim m ings, m achine,
female.
_______________ - 1930
1932
1930
Skivers, upper, m ale. ______
1932
Skivers, upper, fem ale... ___ .. 1930
1932
C utters, linings, hand, m ale___ 1930
1932
C utters, linings, hand, fem ale--- 1932
1930
C utters, linings, m achine, male
1932
C utters, linings, machine, female 1930
1932
10
6
22
12
5.3
5.8
49.0
49.9
40. 7
37.9
83.1 $0. 405 $19. 85
76.0
.291 14. 52
$16. 49
11.04
50
68
225
235
5.4
5.0
50.3
48.6
44. 2
38.6
87.9
79.4
.467
.407
23. 49
19. 78
20.62
15.70
21
12
36
36
121
129
101
101
5
57
71
6
6
87
41
104
63
664
672
466
469
16
350
322
21
16
4.8
5. 1
5.4
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.3
5. 2
4.9
5.4
49.0
49. 7
48.3
48. 4
48.8
48.9
48. 6
48.5
49. 5
49.2
49.3
49. 7
49.9
37. 5
40.8
44. 1
41. 5
40.8
39. 7
40. 7
40. 1
31.3
44. 7
41. 3
39. 1
44. 3
76.5
82.1
91.3
85. 7
83. 6
81. 2
83. 7
82. 7
63.2
90.9
83.8
78.7
88.8
.411
.316
.651
.537
.447
.354
.630
.514
.297
.481
.423
.394
.329
20. 14
15. 71
31. 44
25. 99
21.81
17.31
30. 62
24. 93
14. 70
23. 67
20. 85
19. 58
16. 32
15. 43
12. 88
28. 73
22. 31
18. 22
14. 06
25. 62
20. 63
9. 27
21. 50
17. 45
15. 39
14. 48
48
47
49
46
293
218
353
293
5.5
4. 8
5.5
4.9
48.6
48. 8
49.0
49.0
44.6 91.8
36. 2 74. 2
45.4 92.7
36. 1 73.7
.744
. 668
.608
.571
36.16
32. 60
29. 79
27. 98
33. 16
24. 17
27. 57
20. 60
96
102
187
171
5.4
5.3
49.3
49.5
42.9
41. 3
87.0
83.4
.622
.509
30.66
25. 20
26. 65
21.01
98
95
198
164
5.5
5.3
49.3
49. 3
42.6
39.8
86.4
80. 7
.686
.550
33. 82
27. 12
29. 22
21.89
25
30
8
5
9
7
26
19
16
15
211
189
29
8
44
14
66
69
138
75
5.0
4.0
5.9
5.4
5.0
5. 1
5.2
3.9
4.9
4.2
48. 8
48.5
48.3
50.6
48. 8
49.3
50.0
49. 2
48. 8
48.6
40.6
32.3
47. 2
42.4
40. 7
39. 5
43. 8
33.0
40. 4
33.0
83. 2
66.6
97. 7
83.8
83.4
80. 1
87.6
67. 1
82.8
67.9
.554
.494
. 541
.321
. 424
.348
.483
.469
.418
.393
27.04
23. 96
26. 13
16. 24
20.69
17. 16
24. 15
23. 07
20. 40
19. 10
22. 52
15. 97
25. 53
13. 61
17. 26
13. 73
21. 16
15.51
16. 87
12.90
18
8
32
17
5. 5
5.6
50.4
50.2
44.4
46.2
88. 1
92.0
.352
. 287
17.74
14.41
15. 63
13.23
129
140
728
703
5.4
5.3
48.8
48. 7
41. 5
41.0
85.0
84.2
.382
.314
18. 64
15.29
15. 83
12.88
21
8
58
26
5.8
5.6
47. 7
46.0
46.5
45.9
97.5
99.8
.537
.440
25. 61
20. 24
24. 93
20. 20
130
140
1,636
1.638
5.3
5.3
48.9
48.9
41. 7
41. 6
85.3
85.1
.335
. 247
16. 38
12. 08
13. 96
10. 26
10
7
70
74
5. 7
5.9
44. 7
44.3
47. 2 105.6
49.0 110.6
1. 036
.683
46. 31
30.26
48. 83
33. 42
130
138
18
43
99
112
5
58
62
1, 208
1,135
41
100
272
346
5
300
245
5.4
5.3
5. 7
5.4
5.2
5.3
5. 6
5.4
5. 1
48.6
48.8
47.8
48.5
49. 1
48.9
49. 2
48.7
48.6
41.8
41.3
46. 2
42.9
40.3
41. 1
43. 9
43.0
37.1
.388
.313
.616
.469
.430
.343
. 442
.432
.356
18. 86
15. 27
29. 44
22. 75
21.11
16. 77
21. 75
21.04
17. 30
16. 20
12. 91
28. 45
20. 11
17. 36
14. 10
19. 39
18. 60
13.20
Sole-leather departm ent
1930
1932
C utters, insole, m ale________ - 1930
1932
Rounders, outsole and insole,
1930
male
1932
Channelers, outsole and insole,
1930
m ale___
1932
C utters, top and heel lifts, m a
1930
chine, male ....
1932
Heel builders, hand, m ale_____ 1930
1932
Heel builders, hand, female____ 1930
1932
Heel builders, m achine, m ale__ 1930
1932
Heel builders, machine, fem ale.. 1930
1932
C utters, outsole, m ale_____
Fitting and stitching departm ent
Stam pers, linings or uppers,
1930
m ale____ . ------------- .
1932
Stampers, linings or uppers, fe
m a le .. ___ .
. . . ___ 1930
1932
Cem enters and doublers, hand
and machine, m ale_____ .... 1930
1932
Cem enters and doublers, hand
and machine, female________ 1930
1932
Folders, hand and machine,
1930
m a le .. . ____________
1932
Folders, han d and machine, fe
1930
m a le ..
....
1932
Perforators, m a le ...
----------- 1930
1932
Perforators, female . . ___ _
1930
1932
1932
T ip stitchers, male
T ip stitchers, female _ ______ 1930
1932
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86.0
84.6
96. 7
88.5
82. 1
84.0
89.2
88.3
76.3
620
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 .—A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, BY O C C U P A T IO N A N D S E X —C ontinued
D epartm ent, occupation, and
sex
Aver
N u m N u m nage
um
ber of ber of ber
of
Year estab wage
days
lish earn
worked
ments
ers
in 1
week
H ours
actually
A v e r worked
age
in 1 week
full
tim e
hours
Per
per A v e r cent
week age
of
num full
ber time
A ver
A ver age
age
full
earn tim e
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$19. 62
16. 84
13. 58
Fitting and stitching departm ent —
C ontinued
1932
Closers and seamers, m ale____
Closers and seamers, fe m a le ... _ 1930
1932
Seam rubbers, hand and machine, m ale_____________ __ 1930
1932
Seam rubbers, hand and machine, female_______________ 1930
1932
1930
Lining makers, m a le ............
1932
1930
Lining makers, female.
1932
Closers on, female ________ . . . 1930
1932
T op stitchers, male . _____
1930
1932
Top stitchers, female . . . _____ 1930
1932
Binders, m a l e _____________
1930
1932
Binders, fem ale____
1930
1932
B uttonhole m akers, female____ 1930
1932
B u tto n fasteners, female_______ 1930
1932
Eyeleters, m ale. _____________ 1930
1932
Eyeleters, fem ale.. . _________ 1930
1932
Vampers, m ale___
1930
1932
Vampers, fem ale______. . . . . .
1930
1932
Barrers, female_______________ 1930
1932
Tongue stitchers, female
_ _ _ 1930
1932
Fancy stitchers, m ale. . .
1930
1932
Fancy stitchers, female__ .
1930
1932
Back-stay stitchers, fe m a le ____ 1930
1932
Table workers, m ale. ________ 1932
Table workers, f e m a le ..___. . .
1930
1932
Lacers, before lasting, m ale____ 1932
Lacers, before lasting, female___ 1930
1932
9
122
129
13
398
321
5.9
5.3
5.3
46. 7
49.0
48.8
37.2
41. 7
41. 1
79: 7 $0. 527 $24. 61
85.1
. 404 19. 80
84. 2
.331 16.15
11
10
18
12
5.6
5.8
47.4
47.9
44. 1
41. 7
93.0
87. 1
.409
.370
19. 39
17.72
18. 05
15. 45
75
78
6
7
137
143
25
10
32
34
132
137
11
15
105
97
34
11
50
60
46
42
71
87
64
67
125
131
36
46
78
77
32
34
133
139
82
77
6
113
128
13
87
96
159
163
12
20
1, 075
1, 004
57
13
113
115
1,648
1, 449
38
31
615
496
42
12
117
105
79
70
135
133
347
283
1,164
1,097
66
75
267
247
165
176
3,265
3,486
317
223
8
972
1,007
17
152
143
5. 4
5.5
6.0
5.9
5 3
5. 2
5. 2
5. 5
5.6
5. 6
5.3
5. 2
5.8
5.8
5.4
5. 5
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5. 2
5.4
5.2
5.5
5.5
5.3
5. 1
5.5
5.2
5.3
5. 1
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.2
5.1
49.4
48.8
47. 5
47.3
48. 8
48.9
49.9
49. 8
47. 2
47. 2
49. 1
49. 0
46.9
46.4
48.9
49. 0
49. 4
50. 2
48. 7
48. 5
48.7
48.8
49.4
49. 1
48. 2
48.2
49. 1
49.0
49. 5
49. 4
49.0
49.0
46.7
46.9
49. 1
48.9
49.1
49.0
47.3
48.4
48.4
48.0
49.1
49.1
43. 1
42. 1
44.9
43. 1
40. 4
39. 1
41. 6
41.0
44. 2
41. 3
41. 5
40. 5
44.6
43.7
42.5
43.3
43.7
45. 5
43. 2
42.7
44.3
39.2
41.9
39.9
42.1
41. 6
41. 7
39.2
43.6
40. 1
41. 2
38.4
45.3
42.7
41. 5
41. 8
41. 6
38.8
39. 2
41. 2
41. 5
43.1
42.1
39.5
87.2
86.3
94. 5
91. 1
82. 8
80.0
83.4
82.3
93. 6
87. 5
84.5
82. 7
95. 1
94. 2
86.9
88.4
88.5
90.6
88.7
88.0
91.0
80.3
84.8
81.3
87. 3
86.3
84.9
80.0
88.1
81.2
84.1
78.4
97.0
91. 0
84. 5
85.5
84. 7
79.2
82.9
85. 1
85.7
89.8
85.7
80.4
.333
. 284
.716
.436
14. 37
11. 97
32. 16
18. 76
.310
.366
. 340
.787
. 603
. 419
.338
.895
.670
.439
.358
. 390
.331
.334
.325
.503
.451
.408
.333
.672
.569
.465
.355
.395
.326
.371
.297
.834
.592
.400
.301
.393
.326
.324
.314
.248
.351
.355
.291
16.45
13. 86
34. 01
20. 62
19 28
15. 16
18.26
16. 93
37. 15
28. 46
20. 57
16. 56
41.98
31.09
21.49
17. 54
19.27
16. 62
16. 27
15. 76
24. 50
22. 01
20.16
16. 35
32. 39
27. 43
22.83
17. 40
19. 55
16.10
18.18
14. 55
38. 95
27. 76
19. 64
14. 72
19. 30
15.97
15. 33
15.20
12. 00
16. 85
17.43
14.29
12. 11
15.23
13. 94
34. 80
24. 87
17.41
13.68
39. 97
29. 29
18. 67
15.50
17.03
15. 06
14.43
13.89
22.28
17.69
17.10
13. 30
28.28
23. 68
19. 42
13.91
17. 22
13.06
15. 26
11. 38
37.84
25. 30
16. 62
12. 59
16. 34
12.64
12.70
12.94
10.29
15.10
14.96
11. 52
112
117
308
248
5. 5
5.4
49.0
49.0
43.5
42.6
88.8
86.9
.465
.403
22. 79
19. 75
20.19
17.16
125
138
624
574
5.3
5.3
49.0
49.1
39.8
38.4
81.2
78.2
.568
.471
27.83
23.13
22.61
18.09
5.6
5.3
5.7
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.0
49.4
48.9
49.3
49. 7
49.1
49. 1
49.3
46.1
45.1
41.4
39.3
41. 6
41. 0
39.5
39.6
36.9
91.3
84.7
79.7
83.7
83.5
80. 4
80.3
80.0
.452
.339
.683
.570
.715
.576
.637
.559
22. 33
16. 58
33. 67
28. 33
35.11
28.28
31.40
25. 77
20. 37
14.05
26.83
23.71
29. 30
22. 77
25.23
20.66
L a stin g departm ent
Last pickers and sorters, m ale.. 1930
1932
Assemblers for pulling-over machine, m ale_________________ 1930
1932
Assemblers for pulling-over machine, female__________
1930
1932
Pullers over, hand, m ale___
1930
1932
Pullers over, machine, m ale____ 1930
1932
Side lasters, hand, m ale_______ 1930
1 1932 |
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
32
16
43
9
23
8
. 22
130
603
140
598
23
148
17 1 105 1
621
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able 2 — A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, B Y O C C U P A T IO N A N D S E X —C ontinued
D epartm ent, occupation, and
sex
Aver
age
N u m N um num
ber of ber of
of
Year estab wage ber
days
lish
earn worked
ers
ments
in 1
week
L asting departm ent— Contd.
Side lasters, m achine, male . . _ 1930
1932
Bed-machine operators, m ale___ 1930
1932
H and-m ethod lasting m achine
operators, m ale_____ - __ - - 1930
1932
T u rn lasters, hand, m ale. _____ 1930
1932
T u rn lasters, machine, m ale___ 1932
T u rn sewers, m ale____ _ ____ 1930
1932
T ack pullers, m ale______ ____ 1930
1932
T ack pullers, female__________ 1932
Hours
actually
Aver
A v e r worked
age
age
in 1 week Aver
age
full
fullcai ii- time
time
ings earn
hours A ver Per
per
ings
per
cent hour
age
per
week num of
week
full
ber tim e
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
117
124
130
132
736
757
1, 478
1, 355
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.3
49.0
48.6
49. 1
49. 1
41.9
40.4
42.1
40.4
85.5 $0. 663 $32. 49
83.1
.529 25.71
85.7
.657 32.26
82.3
.515 25.29
19
18
24
18
3
15
16
103
114
7
74
90
789
541
7
38
35
315
317
12
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.2
4.4
5.6
4.7
5.3
5.3
5.3
49.4
50. 1
46. 5
46.4
47. 5
48.0
46.8
49.0
49. 2
49.2
40.0
41. 9
46.0
43. 5
34. 3
44.8
34. 6
41.0
38.6
36.7
81.0
83.6
98.9
93.8
72. 2
93.3
73.9
83.7
78.5
74.6
.673
.546
.780
. 546
.684
1.058
.750
.415
.352
.286
33.25
27. 35
36. 27
25. 33
32. 49
50. 78
35. 10
20. 34
17. 32
14. 07
26.93
22.89
35. 90
23.79
23. 46
47. 39
25. 94
17.05
13. 57
10. 52
92
92
72
82
377
336
152
134
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.2
49.0 40. 1
48.9 35.7
49. 1 40.6
49.1 36.6
81.8
73.0
82. 7
74.5
.820
.668
.524
.404
40.18
32. 67
25. 73
19.84
32.88
23. 87
21. 27
14.76
95
103
198
181
5.4
5.3
49.3
49. 4
41.7
40.5
84.6
82.0
.445
.356
21. 94
17. 59
18. 56
14. 45
7
(')
35
0)
4
14
0
92
0
6
5.6
0
5.4
0
5.7
49.5
0
49.7
0
48.8
36.2 73.1
0
0
44. 2 88.9
0
0
48.9 100.2
.280
0
.400
0
.235
13. 86
0
19. 88
0
11. 47
10.14
0)
17. 66
0
11.49
76
89
176
184
5.3
5.3
49. 2
49.3
42. 1 85.6
39.7 80.5
.425
. 321
20. 91
15.83
17. 90
12. 75
17
40
51
121
5.3
5.5
49.1
49.0
42. 2
42.1
85.9
85.9
.368
.276
18.07
13. 52
15.55
11. 60
114
117
88
90
280
250
278
228
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.2
49. 2 41.0
49. 1 37.3
49. 1 40. 2
49.2 35.7
83.3
76.0
81.9
72.6
.594
. 492
.751
.602
29.22
24.16
36. 87
29. 62
24. 38
18. 35
30.16
21. 51
98
95
336
240
5.4
5.3
48.9
49. 2
41.8
38.2
85.5
77.6
.506
.369
24.74
18.15
21.14
14.11
28
30
100
95
54
46
C1)
39
68
48
124
128
99
105
87
85
101
103
68
64
140
146
39
43
1 Included w ith “ other employees” in 1930.
65
58
576
486
151
128
0)
88
168
110
390
337
262
258
891
786
232
195
’ 132
95
895
813
60
54
5.3
5.1
5.3
5. 2
5. 5
5. 5
0
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.4
48.9
48.8
49. 1
49. 0
49. 6
49. 4
0
49. 6
49. 1
48.9
49. 1
49.2
49.2
49. 2
48. 4
48.5
49.2
49.3
48.2
49.6
49.1
49.1
48.8
49.0
41. 5
36. 2
41. 2
36. 6
42. 8
43.6
0
46.8
42.2
36.7
42.3
40.3
41.5
38.1
41.7
41.5
42.8
38.0
41.7
39.0
41.7
39.3
41.9
38.9
84.9
74. 2
83.9
74. 7
86.3
88.3
0
94.4
85.9
75. 1
86.2
81.9
84.3
77.4
86.2
85.6
87.0
77.1
86.5
78.6
84.9
80.0
85.9
79.4
.417
.374
.727
.585
.684
. 550
0
.495
.491
.413
.586
.466
.689
.570
.746
.524
.670
.556
.586
.449
.722
.572
.550
.408
20. 39
18.25
35. 70
28. 67
33.93
27.17
0
24. 55
24.11
20.20
28. 77
22. 93
33. 90
28. 04
36. 11
25.41
32.96
27. 42
28. 25
22. 27
35. 45
28. 09
26. 84
19,99
17.29
13. 53
29.99
21.43
29. 28
23. 94
0)
23.16
20. 73
15.18
24. 77
18. 78
28.62
21.69
31.11
21.77
28. 70
21.11
24. 44
17.54
30.11
22. 47
23.07
15.89
$27. 78
21.35
27.71
20. 78
B ottom ing departm ent
Goodyear w elters, m ale. _ _ ___ 1930
1932
W elt beaters and slashers, m ale. 1930
1932
B ottom fillers, h an d and m a
chine, m ale_______________
1930
1932
B ottom fillers, hand and m a
chine, female. .
1932
Roughers for cement, m ale_____ 1930
1932
R oughers for cem ent, female___ 1930
1932
Sole cementers, hand and m a
chine, m ale_____________
1930
1932
Sole cementers, hand and m a
chine, female____________ .. 1930
1932
Sole layers, h an d and machine,
m ale________ _______________ 1930
1932
Rough rounders, m ale..... .......... 1930
1932
Channel openers and closers,
m ale___________________ . . . 1930
1932
C hannel openers and closers,
female_____________________ 1930
1932
G oodyear stitchers, m ale______ 1930
1932
M cK ay sewers, m ale__________ 1930
1932
Sole attachers, cement, m ale___ 1930
1932
S titch separators, m ale___
1930
1932
Levelers, m ale___________
1930
1932
Heelers, leather, m ale_________ 1930
1932
Heelers, wood, m ale________
1930
1932
Heel trim m ers or shavers, m ale.. 1930
1932
Heel breasters, m ale___________ 1930
1932
Edge trim m ers, m ale____ _
1930
1932
Sluggers, m ale. _____ _______ 1930
1932
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
622
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2 — A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, BY O C C U P A T IO N A N D S E X —C ontinued
D epartm ent, occupation, and
sex
Year
A ver
N u m N u m nage
um
ber of ber of ber of
estab wage
days
lish earn worked
ments
ers
in 1
week
H ours
actually
A ver
A v e r worked
ver age
in 1 week Aage
age
full
fullearn tim e
time
ings
earn
hours A v e r Per
per
ings
per
cent hour
per
week nage
of
week
u m full
ber tim e
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
F inishing departm ent
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
126
134
71
83
140
145
101
106
104
100
0
66
0
73
123
133
13
3
69
74
22
21
47
48
47
52
127
131
125
132
42
41
50
40
123
131
18
88
98
11
10
124
133
95
103
26
14
132
138
161
164
151
152
364
295
122
141
794
744
352
288
308
233
(0
153
0
250
491
387
60
8
175
185
42
49
153
105
145
157
276
236
1,210
1, 056
280
249
142
65
863
590
26
392
402
18
14
363
308
214
199
71
29
457
409
9,073
7, 853
5,032
3,806
5. 5
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.2
0
5.4
0
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.1
5.0
5.4
5.0
5.4
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.6
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.2
49.1
49.3
48.8
48.7
49.0
49.0
49.2
50.0
49.3
49.2
0
48.7
0
48.9
48.8
49.0
49.5
49. 1
48.9
49.2
49. 1
48.6
48.7
48.0
49.0
48.4
49.2
49.2
49. 1
49.3
48.6
48.7
48.2
48.2
49.2
48.8
49.2
48.9
49.1
48.4
49.8
48.8
48.7
49.3
48.9
48.8
49.1
48.8
48.8
48.8
48.9
48.9
48.9
42.4
39.6
41.1
40.7
41.6
39.3
42.3
38.2
41. 1
38.6
0
38.6
0
41.6
41.0
40.4
43.2
43.5
42.6
39.8
44. 7
37.6
39. 1
40.2
39. 5
42.5
42.3
40.5
43.0
42.5
43.2
39.3
44.5
39.5
43.1
43.3
46.7
43.5
40.7
43.6
45.1
41.7
41.2
42.6
40.9
46.4
41.3
43.0
42.3
44.0
40.5
42.9
40.3
86.4 $0. 620 30.44 $26.29
.474 23.37
80.3
18. 77
84.2
.695 33.92
28. 55
22. 37
.549 26.74
83.6
84.9
29. 35
.706 34.59
80.2
.551 27. 00
21.66
86.0
.567 27. 90
23.95
76.4
.463 23.15
17. 68
83.4
.527 25. 98
21.66
78.5
.416 20. 47
16.04
0
0
0
0
.392 19. 09
79.3
15.16
I1)
0
0
0
.291 14. 23
85.1
12.08
84.0
23.59
.576 28.11
82.4
.437 21.41
17.64
87.3
.375 18. 56
16.20
.326 16.01
14. 21
88.6
87.1
.436 21. 32
18.58
.382 18. 79
80.9
15. 21
.342 16. 79
15. 28
91.0
.269 13.07
77.4
10.12
.441 21.48
80.3
17. 25
83.8
.356 17.09
14.32
.300 14.70
80.6
11.85
.247 11.95
87.8
10.52
.501 24. 65
86.0
21.18
82.3
.396 19.48
16.04
87.6
.563 27. 64
24.23
86.2- .433 21.35
18.43
88.9
.380 18. 47
16. 42
.305 14. 85
80.7
12.00
.606 29.21
92.3
27.01
.524 25.26
82.0
20.70
87.6
.383 18.84
16.50
88.7
.333 16. 25
14.44
.390 19.19
94.9
18.25
.355 17. 36
89.0
15.45
82.9
.308 15.12
12. 55
90.1
.463 22.41
20. 21
.333 16.58
90.6
15.02
.374 18. 25
85.5
15. 60
.314 15. 29
84.6
12.93
86.4
.331 16. 32
14.09
.266 13. 01
83.6
10. 87
95.1
.441 21. 52
20.46
84.1
.459 22. 54
18. 96
88.1
.379 18.50
16.31
86.7
.315 15. 37
13.31
90.2
.500 24.40
21.97
82.8
.437 21.37
17.73
87.7
.351 17. 16
15.04
82.4
.306 14. 96
12.34
All occupations, m ale_______ __ 1930
1932
_____ 1930
1932
All occupations, male and fem ale— ___________ .
1930
1932
161
164
152
155
31, 549
28. 046
23, 609
21,620
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.3
48.8
48.9
48.9
48.9
42.7
40.0
42.0
40.8
87.5
81.8
85.9
83.4
.604
.493
.382
.308
29. 48
24. 11
18. 68
15. 06
25.79
19. 73
16.04
12.58
161
164
55,158
49, 666
5.4
5.3
48.9
48.9
42.4
40.4
86.7
82.6
.510
.412
24.94
20.15
21.62
16. 62
Buffers, m ale____ __________
N aum keag operators, m ale_____
__________
Edge setters, male
Heel scourers, m ale-----------------Heel burnishers, m ale_____
...
B ottom stainers, m ale— ____
B ottom stainers, female . . .
...
B ottom finishers, m ale.
-
B ottom finishers, female
___ _
B rushers, m ale. _ ______Brushers, female____
______
Shoe cleaners, male —
___
Shoe cleaners, female . . . .
L ast pullers, male
___
_____ _____
Treers, m ale__________________
Treers, female_________
____
Repairers, m ale------------------ —
Repairers, female--------------Dressers, m ale— ______
Dressers, female.__________
Sock liners, m ale______________
Sock liners, female____________
Lacers before packing, female—
Packers, m ale__________
Packers, female______ _ . . . .
O ther employees, male _
_
O ther employees, female_______
All occupations, female
1 Included w ith “ other employees
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in 1930
623
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Hours and Earnings, 1930 and 1932, by Sex and State
T a b l e 3 shows for the males and females separately and for both
sexes combined, by States, the average days, full time and actual
hours and earnings in one week, the per cent of full time actually
worked in the week, and average earnings per hour in 1930 and 1932.
Average earnings per hour of males ranged, by States, from 43.4
to 71.1 cents in 1930, and from 34.5 to 63.1 cents in 1932; those of
females ranged from 26.8 to 48.3 cents in 1930 and from 21.6 to 42.1
cents in 1932. Earnings per hour of males in all States averaged
60.4 cents in 1930 and 49.3 cents in 1932, and those of females aver
aged 38.2 cents per hour in 1930 and 30.8 cents in 1932.
Average actual earnings of males in one week ranged from $17.84
to $30.26 in 1930, and from $14.61 to $22.96 in 1932; and those of
females ranged from $11.93 to $20.22 in 1930, and from $8.85 to
$14.51 in 1932. Males in all States combined earned an average of
$25.79 in one week in 1930, and $19.73 in 1932, while females in all
States earned an average of $16.04 in 1930, and $12.58 in 1932.
T a ble 3 . — A V ER A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D ST A T E
N um N um
ber of ber of
Y ear estab wage
lish earn
m ents
ers
Sex and State
Males:
Illinois__________ _____
K entucky _
____
M aine____________ ____ _
M aryland and V irg in ia.. _.
M a s s a c h u s e tts ...___
M ic h ig a n ...
__ ______
M innesota____ ___________
M issouri _ . . . __________
New H am pshire____ _
...
New Jersey_______________
N ew Y ork______
Ohio___
. . .
_____
Pennsylvania__________
_
Tennessee . . ___________
W isconsin______________ .
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
T o tal_________________ _ 1930
1932
Females:
Illinois______ ____ _______
K entucky ................. ...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1930
1932
1930
1932
6
6
3
3
7
8
7
7
56
Aver
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
w orked
in 1
week
H ours
actually
A v er w orked in
1 week
age
fulltim e
hours A ver Per
per
cent
week n age
of
u m full
ber tim
e
Aver
age
ings
per
hour
A ver Aver
age
age
full
ac
tim e
tu al
earn earn
ings
ings
per
in 1
week week
4
4
4
4
11
11
9
8
3
3
19
19
7
7
12
12
4
4
9
9
1,808
1,450
386
343
1,277
1,223
946
848
8, 725
7,663
346
337
347
246
3,730
3, 282
1,718
1,151
327
277
6, 210
5, 548
1,677
1,617
1,873
2,180
503
481
1,676
1,400
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.8
5.9
4.8
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.3
4.8
5.5
5.4
5.6
4.7
5.4
5.0
5.6
4.8
5.5
5.0
4.7
5.1
5.6
5.2
5.4
5.0
5.4
5.5
48.8
49.0
52.4
53.0
52.9
52.9
48.8
48.9
48.2
48.3
49. 6
49. 5
50. 0
49.9
49.0
49.0
49.0
48.4
45.9
46.0
47.6
47.6
48. 2
48. 1
51. 1
51.3
51. 8
49.4
49.7
49.9
42.8
47.1
49.5
47.4
48. 2
46. 3
36.4
43.4
41.0
41. 2
45.6
37.3
45.0
44. 1
45.7
38.7
40.5
37.4
42. 5
32.2
43.9
37.6
35.3
40.2
43.9
37.8
47.0
37.9
44.4
36.8
87.7 $0.624 $30.45
96.1
.427 20.92
94.5
.434 22.74
89.4
.345 18. 29
91.1
.511 27. 03
87.5
.447 23.65
74.6
.490 23. 91
88.8
.358 17. 51
85.1
.671 32. 34
85.3
.557 26. 90
91.9
.554 27.48
75.4
.501 24. 80
90.0
.498 24.90
88.4
.417 20.81
89.1
.548 26.85
79.0
.473 23.18
82.7
.505 24. 75
.439 21. 25
77.3
92.6
.711 32. 63
70.0
.631 29.03
92.2
.666 31.70
79.0
.536 25.51
70.2
.590 28.44
83.6
.485 23.33
85.9
.512 26.16
73. 7 .408 20.93
90.7
.440 22. 79
.385 19.02
76.7
89.3
.602 29. 92
73.7
.481 24. 00
161
164
31, 549
28, 046
5.4
5.2
48.8
48.9
42.7
40.0
87.5
81.8
.604
.493
29.48
24.11
25. 79
19.73
6
6
3
3
1,785
1,716
379
323
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.4
49.1
49.3
52.2
52.7
44.4
47.9
50.6
47.1
90.4
97.2
96.9
89.4
.376
.272
.273
.216
18. 46
13.41
14. 25
11.38
16. 70
13. 01
13.80
10.16
59
$26.73
20.11
21.46
16. 32
24.65
20. 69
17.84
15. 52
27.48
22. 96
25.25
18. 68
22.40
18.37
25.03
18. 29
20.47
16.43
30.26
20.35
29.26
20.13
20. 85
19.48
22.47
15. 44
20. 68
14. 61
26. 72
17. 72
624
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 3 .— A V ER A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y ,
1930 A N D 1932, B Y SE X A N D S T A T E —C ontinued
Sex and State
A ver
age
days
N um N um
on
ber of ber of w hich
Year estab wage
wage
lish earn earners
m ents
ers
w orked
in 1
week
Fem ales—C ontinued.
M aine_________ - ----------
Hours
actually
ver Aver
A ver w orked in Aver Aage
age
1 week
age
age
full
ac
fullearn
tim
e
tual
tim e
ings
earn
earn
hours A ver Per
per
ings
ings
per
cent hour
per
in 1
week n age
of
u m full
week week
ber tim e
1930
1932
1930
M aryland and V irginia____
1932
M assachusetts------------- 1930
1932
M ichigan________----- -_ 1930
1932
1930
M innesota_______- _ 1932
1930
M issouri.- . - . 1932
1930
New H am pshire______
1932
1930
New Jersey______________
1932
New Y o rk ______________ _ 1930
1932
1930
Ohio________________ 1932
1930
P ennsylvania_________
1932
1930
Tennessee. - ___________
1932
W isco n sin _______________ 1930
1932
7
8
7
7
48
51
4
4
4
4
11
11
9
8
3
3
19
19
7
7
11
11
4
4
9
9
1,130
1,004
605
580
6,197
5,710
257
207
285
198
2,824
2, 524
1,437
971
189
151
3,864
3,655
1,597
1,550
1,146
1,260
456
437
1,458
1,334
5.5
5.7
4.7
5.6
5.4
5.5
5.1
4.9
5.2
5.4
5.4
4.9
5.2
4.9
5.6
4.8
5.4
5.0
4.8
5.2
5.5
5.2
5.4
4.8
5.2
5.4
53.1
53.1
48.8
48.9
47.9
47.9
49.6
49.5
49.9
49.8
49.2
49.2
49.1
48.4
46.5
46.5
48.4
48.4
48.0
47.9
50.0
50.6
51.4
48.9
49.1
49.2
46.0
46.2
38.3
46. 9
39.6
41.0
43.9
36.3
41.6
45.2
45.0
40.2
38.0
36.7
41.8
31.1
43. 1
38.1
36.3
41.3
43.8
41.8
45.7
35.6
43.2
35.6
86.6 $0.360 $19.12
87.0
.299 15. 88
78.5
.311 15.18
95.9
.218 10. 66
82.7
.446 21.36
85.6
.354 16. 96
88.5
.318 15. 77
73.3
.299 14. 80
83.4
.321 16.02
90.8
.279 13.89
91.5
.321 15. 79
81.7
.273 13.43
77.4
.349 17.14
.291 14.08
75.8
89.9
.483 22. 46
66.9
.421 19.58
89.0
.411 19.89
78.7
.340 16. 46
75.6
.361 17. 33
86.2
.292 13.99
87.6
.331 16. 55
82.6
.248 12. 55
88.9
.268 13. 78
72.8
.249 12.18
88.0
.409 20.08
72.4
.336 16. 53
T o tal___________________ 1930
1932
152
155
23, 609
21, 620
5.3
5.3
48.9
48.9
42.0
40.8
85.9
83.4
.382
.308
18. 68
15.06
16.04
12.58
M ales and females:
Illinois____ . _________ . 1930
1932
K e n tu c k y _______________ 1930
1932
M ain e_______ . . _ _____ 1930
1932
1930
M aryland and V irg in ia..
1932
M assachusetts_____ _______ 1930
1932
1930
M ichigan___ _
. ...
1932
1930
M innesota _
1932
M issouri_________________ 1930
1932
New H am pshire__________ 1930
1932
1930
New Jersey___ ______ _ 1932
1930
New Y o rk ____ . . . . .
1932
1930
Ohio________ ________
1932
Pennsylvania_____________ 1930
1932
Tennessee____________ . .. 1930
1932
1930
W isconsin_______ _____ _
1932
6
6
3
3
7
8
7
7
56
59
4
4
4
4
11
11
9
8
3
3
19
19
7
7
12
12
4
4
9
9
3, 593
3,166
765
666
2,407
2, 227
1,551
1,428
14,992
13, 373
603
544
632
444
6, 554
5,806
3,155
2,122
516
428
10,074
9,203
3,274
3,167
3,019
3,440
959
918
3,134
2,734
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.6
5.8
4.8
5.6
5.4
5.5
5.2
4.8
5.3
5.4
5.5
4.8
5.3
5.0
5.6
4.8
5.5
5.0
4.8
5.1
5.6
5.2
5.4
4.9
5.3
5.4
49.0
49.2
52.3
52.8
53.0
53.0
48.8
48.9
48.1
48.1
49.6
49.5
49.9
49.9
49.1
49.1
49.0
48.4
46. 1
46. 2
47.9
47.9
48.1
48.0
50. 7
51.0
51.6
49.2
49.4
49.5
43.6
47.5
50.0
47.2
47.2
46.3
37.1
44.8
40.4
41.1
44. 9
36.9
43.4
44.6
45.4
39.3
39.4
37. 1
42.3
31.8
43.6
37.8
35.8
40.7
43.9
39.2
46.4
36.8
43.8
36.2
89.0
96.5
95.6
89.4
89.1
87.4
76.0
91.6
84.0
85.4
90.5
74. 5
87.0
89.4
92.5
80.0
80.4
76.7
91.8
68.8
91.0
78.9
74.4
84.8
86.6
76.9
89.9
74.8
88.7
73.1
.499
.342
.353
.282
.442
.380
.418
.298
.579
.470
.456
.426
.422
.354
.451
.384
.437
.372
.628
.559
.569
.457
.477
.389
.443
.346
.359
.322
.513
.412
24.45
16. 83
18. 46
14.89
23. 43
20.14
20. 40
14. 57
27.85
22.61
22. 62
21.09
21.06
17.66
22.14
18.85
21.41
18.00
28.95
25.83
27. 26
21.89
22.94
18. 67
22.46
17. 65
18. 52
15.84
25.34
20.39
21.75
16. 26
17. 66
13. 33
20.85
17. 59
15.54
13.36
23.40
19. 35
20.44
15.70
18.32
15. 79
20. 47
15.12
17. 19
13.81
26.58
17. 79
24.83
17.28
17.08
15.85
19.44
13. 57
16. 67
11.87
22.51
14.91
T o tal_________ _________ 1930
1932
161
164
55,158
49.666
5.4
5.3
48.9
48.9
42.4
40.4
86.7
82.6
.510
.412
24.94
20.15
21.62
16.62
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$16. 56
13.80
11.93
10.20
17. 66
14. 51
13.95
10. 86
13. 35
12. 59
14.44
10.99
13. 27
10. 70
20. 22
13. 07
17. 71
12. 95
13.12
12.06
14. 50
10. 35
12.24
8.85
17.66
11.96
W AGES AND
625
H O URS OF LABOR
Hours and Earnings in Selected Occupations in 1932
T a b l e 4 presents for males in four and for females in four other
representative occupations in each State in 1932, data showing aver
age days, full-time and actual hours and earnings in one week, per cent
of full time actually worked in the week, and average earnings per
hour. The wage earners in these occupations represent 20 per cent of
the total of 49,666 covered in the study of the industry in that year.
Average hours actually worked in one week in 1932 by hand cutters
of vamps and whole shoes, male, the first occupation in the table,
ranged, by States, from a low of 21.2 to a high of 51.7, or 47.4 and 98.3
per cent of full time, respectively. Average earnings per hour ranged,
by States, from 46.2 to 79.9 cents; for all States combined the average
was 63.4 cents. Average actual earnings in one week ranged from
$16.35 to $28.55, and for all States combined the average was $25.59;
in the State in which actual earnings averaged only $16.35 the wage
earners worked only 21.2 hours during the week, or 47.4 per cent of
full time.
T a ble 4 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S IN E IG H T O C C U P A T IO N S IN
T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y , 1932, BY SE X A N D S T A T E
A ver
age
days on
which
wage
earners
w orked
in 1
week
H ours ac
tually
A ver
A v er worked
ver age
in 1 week Aage
age
full
fullearn tim e
tim e
ings
earn
h o u rs A v er P er
per
ings
per
cent hour
per
week nage
of
week
u m full
ber tim e
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
N um
ber of
estab
lish
m ents
N um
ber of
wage
earn
ers
4
3
7
4
42
2
3
8
6
3
19
5
9
2
8
128
25
110
61
709
12
19
116
56
25
415
118
129
4
105
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.4
5.3
5.3
4.5
4.9
4.1
4.8
5.4
5.2
5.8
5.4
48.7
52. 6
53.0
48.9
48.5
50.0
48.4
48.1
48.5
44.7
47.8
49.7
51.1
50.0
49.8
49.5
51.7
48.4
50.8
40.5
44.8
42.8
35.7
35.6
21. 2
34.4
44.2
43.7
44.3
36.7
...................
125
2, 032
5.3
48.9
40.3
82. 4
.634
31.00
25. 59
Cem enters and doublers, hand and
m achine, female:
Illinois -- --------------- - ----------K e n tu ck y ------ ------ ___ _ -------- __
M aine__________________________
M arylan d and V irginia._ ------M assachusetts _ _____ ______ _
M ichigan M innesota
------- -- - - ---------M issouri ______________________
N ew H am pshire___ - New Jersey_______________ --- N ew Y ork------------------------Ohio------ ------- ------------- ------P ennsylvania.-- - - - - -------------Tennessee.- ---------W isconsin--. ------------------------
5
3
7
5
48
2
4
9
7
3
19
7
9
4
8
138
35
69
46
384
5
11
190
52
21
373
100
118
33
63
5.4
5.4
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.1
5.3
5.2
4.6
5.1
5.1
5.3
5.1
5.6
49.6
53.8
52. 7
48.6
47.9
49.5
49.5
49.5
48.3
44.8
48.2
47.8
50.5
48.2
49.5
47.9 96.6
48.0 89.2
45.5 86.3
50.0 102.9
40.9 85.4
41.3 83.4
42.6 86.1
42.8 86.5
39.9 82.6
25.6 57.1
39.2 81.3
40.5 84.7
44.2 87.5
36.8 76.3
34.8 70.3
.179
.178
.261
.148
.287
.265
.242
.23,1
.230
.358
.269
.255
.209
.206
.288
8.88
9. 58
13. 75
7.19
13. 75
13.12
11.98
11.43
11.11
16.04
12.97
12.19
10.55
9.93
14. 26
8.59
8. 56
11.91
7. 38
11.73
10. 95
10. 32
9.88
9.19
9.18
10. 54
10. 32
9. 24
7. 59
10. 02
T o tal_________ --- -------------- ■--
140
1,638
5.3
48.9
41.6
.247
12.08
10.26
O ccupation, sex, and State
C utters, vam p and whole shoe, hand,
male:
Illinois------ --------------------- ------ .
K e n tu ck y __
- - _ _
M aine__________________________
M arylan d and V irginia____ _
M assachusetts-M ichigan________________________
M innesota___ ____ _
M issouri________________________
N ew H am pshire - _______ - - -N ew Jersey -.. -----------------N ew Y ork-Ohio ------- ---------------------------Pennsylvania--- -----------------Tennessee -- -- --------- ------Wisconsin _________ T otal---
---
136143°— 32
-
11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101.6 $0. 553 $26. 93
98.3
.462 24. 30
.533 28. 25
91.3
103.9
.477 23. 33
.695 33. 71
83.5
.508 25. 40
89.6
88.4
.470 22.75
74.2
.799 38. 43
73.4
.508 24. 64
.772 34. 51
47.4
72.0
.713 34.08
88.9
.549 27. 29
85.5
.526 26. 88
.543 27.15
88.6
.549 27. 34
73.7
85.1
$27. 35
23.88
25. 79
24. 24
28.18
22. 78
20.13
28.55
18.08
16. 35
24. 53
24.28
22. 95
24. 02
20. 16
626
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
T a ble 4 . —A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S IN E IG H T
O C C U P A T IO N S IN
T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y , 1932, BY SE X A N D S T A T E —Continued
O ccupation, sex, and State
Lining m akers,1 female:
_____________________
Illinois
K e n tu ck y _________ _________
_______
M aine
M aryland and VirginiaM assachusetts ____
M ichigan
M innesota ______ - - __
M issouri
N ew H am pshire
N ew Jersey __- - ____ _____
N ew Y ork . __ __
Ohio
..................................
Pennsylvania
__- _ _____
Tennessee.
. - ____ ___
_______________
W isconsin
Total
- - _________
T op stitchers,2 female:
____ ________________
Illinois
K en tu ck y . _ _ _ ______
M aine
_
__________
M aryland and V irginia. ____
M assachusetts
_ ____ ____
M ichigan
..
- _ _ _ _
M innesota
_____ - . . _
M issouri
__
_____ _
N ew H am pshire
N ew Jersey - - - _______________
N ew Y ork . - ______ _ _____
Ohio _ _
_____ _____ ____ _
Pennsylvania _______ ____ _
Tennesee . ____________ . .
W isconsin. ______________
_
Total
_________________
Vampers, female:
Illinois ____________________
K en tu ck y . _
__________
M aine
.
____ . .
M aryland and Virginia _ . . .
M assachusetts . __________
M ichigan
M innesota . . . . .
_____
M issouri .
.
____
N ew H am pshire
New Jersey
_______ __________
N ew York .
____. . . . .
Ohio
. . ____________________
Pennsylvania . . . . . .
....
Tennessee __
__ ____ . . .
W isconsin____________________
Total
N um
ber of
estab
lish
m ents
N um
ber of
wage
earn
ers
5
3
8
5
49
4
3
9
7
3
19
7
9
4
8
65
13
42
28
288
9
10
124
49
8
170
58
77
23
40
5. 5
4.9
5. 7
5.5
5.7
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.7
5. 5
48.9
52. 7
53. 0
49. 3
47. 9
49. 4
49. 5
49. 6
48. 6
47. 2
48.4
47.7
50. 5
48. 7
49.1
45.1 92. 2 $0. 295 $14. 43
. 223 11. 75
41. 3 78. 4
42. 4 80. 0
. 287 15. 21
45. 2 91.7
.237 11. 68
41.1 85.8
.355 17. 00
39.0 78.9
. 264 13. 04
47.1 95. 2 .258 12. 77
38. 6 77.8
. 260 12. 90
31.9 65.6
.275 13. 37
27. 3 57.8
.400 18. 88
34.4 71.1
.345 16. 70
40. 7 85.3
.288 13. 74
40. 0 79.2
.245 12. 37
33.1 68.0
.284 13.83
36.0 73. 3
.361 17. 73
143
1,004
5. 2
48.9
39.1
80.0
.310
15.16
12.11
5
3
8
5
47
4
3
9
7
3
14
7
9
4
9
96
24
70
36
379
22
14
188
90
6
241
101
78
26
78
5. 6
5. 5
5. 6
5. 5
5. 6
4. 4
5.0
4.8
4. 5
4.8
4.8
5.2
5. 5
5. 1
5.3
49. 3
52. 5
53.1
48. 8
47. 9
49. 7
50.1
49. 4
48. 5
46. 8
48. 6
47. 7
50. 9
48. 8
49.2
50. 4 102. 2
48. 5 92. 4
44. 7 84. 2
47. 3 96. 9
41. 6 86. 8
33. 6 67. 6
41. 8 83. 4
38. 5 77. 9
33. 0 68.0
34. 8 74. 4
36. 4 74. 9
41. 9 87. 8
44. 9 88.2
37. 2 76.2
37. 2 75. 6
.324
.231
.329
.219
.382
.327
.258
.294
.327
.464
.373
.305
.308
. 261
.378
15. 97
12.13
17. 47
10. 69
18. 30
16. 25
12. 93
14. 52
15. 86
21. 72
18.13
14.55
15. 68
12. 74
18.60
16. 32
11. 22
14. 71
10. 34
15. 87
11. 00
10. 80
11. 29
10. 81
16.15
13. 57
12. 76
13. 81
9. 69
14. 08
137
1,449
5. 2
49.0
40. 5
82.7
.338
16.56
13. 68
¡5
3
8
5
40
4
4
9
7
3
15
7
8
4
9
97
22
39
24
179
20
13
124
72
13
201
91
78
36
88
5. 7
5.5
5. 6
5. 5
5. 4
5.0
5. 4
4. 8
5.1
4.9
4. 8
4. 8
5.2
4. 8
5.3
49.1 49. 3 100. 4
53.0 48.1 90. 8
51. 8 41.4 79. 9
48. 6 46. 3 95. 3
47. 9 39. 7 82. 9
49. 6 35. 3 71. 2
49. 2 43. 4 88. 2
49. 7 37. 9 76.3
48. 5 37. 6 77. 5
47. 3 31. 1 ■65. 8
48. 7 35. 2 72. 3
47.3 38.0 80.3
51. 0 44. 4 87.1
47. 9 33. 1 69.1
49.3 34. 4 69. 8
.313
.236
.444
.264
. 447
.329
.339
.326
.345
.488
.376
.328
.269
.270
.393
15. 37
12. 51
23. 00
12. 83
21. 41
16. 32
16. 68
16. 20
16. 73
23. 08
18. 31
15. 51
13. 72
12. 93
19. 37
15. 42
11.32
18. 39
12. 22
17. 77
11. 61
14. 72
12. 37
12. 98
15.17
13. 23
12. 47
11. 97
8. 92
13. 51
131
1,097
5. 1
49.0
39.2
80.0
.355
17.40
13. 91
49. 1
53. 5
52. 4
48. 7
48. 2
49. 5
50. 0
49. 5
48. 4
44.0
48. 6
47. 5
49.2 100. 2
48.0 89. 7
44. 9 85. 7
39. 8 81. 7
41. 2 85. 5
35. 1 70. 9
45. 2 90. 4
40. 0 80. 8
37. 8 78. 1
34. 2 77. 7
37. 4 77.0
39.2 82.5
. 438
.344
. 492
. 370
. 596
. 448
. 497
. 472
.439
. 734
. 567
.523
21. 51
18. 40
25. 78
18. 02
28 73
22. 18
24. 85
23. 56
21, 25
32. 30
27. 56
24. 84
21. 53
16. 52
22 06
14 72
24. 56
15. 71
22. 47
18. 88
16. 62
25. 10
21.22
20. 49
Bed-machine operators, male:
5
Illinois _ ______
. . ______
5. 8
106
K en tu ck y ___
. . __________
3
18
5. 3
M aine
.
.
....
8
5. 8
58
M aryland and Virginia ____ _
6
5. 6
51
M assachusetts _ _ _______ _
372
5. 7
40
4
M ichigan. . . .
____ ____ __
25
4. 6
M innesota
.
_ . _ _.
3
13
5. 6
144
4. 9
8
M issouri
_______ _
74
7
5.1
N ew H am pshire . . . .
2
9
4.8
N ew Jersey _____________
212
4. 9
17
N ew Y ork _ __ ______
75
5.1
7
Ohio _ ___ ________
1 Including lining closers and side and top facing stitchers,
2 Including under trim m ers and barber trim m ers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H ours ac
tually
Aver
A ver worked
ver age Aver
age
in 1 week Aage
age
full
fulltim e actual
tim e
earn
earn ings
hours
Per ings
ings
per
per A v e r cent
in 1
per
hour
age
week n u m of
week week
full
ber
tim e
Aver
age
days on
which
wage
earners
w orked
in 1
week
$13. 32
9.19
12.15
10. 69
14. 58
10. 30
12.16
10. 04
8. 78
10. 90
11.85
11. 70
9.81
9.39
12. 99
627
W A G ES A N D H O U R S OF LABO R
T a ble 4 .—A V E R A G E DA Y S, H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S IN E IG H T O C C U P A T IO N S IN
T H E B O O T A N D SH O E IN D U S T R Y , 1932, BY SE X A N D S T A T E —Continued
Occupation, sex, and State
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
N um
ber of
wage
earn
ers
A ver
age
days on
which
wage
earners
w orkeu
in 1
week
Average
fulltim e
hours
per
week
Hou rs actin üly
WOI ked
in 1 week
A v er
age
num
ber
Per
cent
of
full
tim e
A ver
Aver age
age
full
earn tim e
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
A ver
age
actual
earn
ings
in 1
week
$17.19
15. 64
18.79
Bed-m achine operators, male—Contd.
Pennsylvania___________________
Tennessee______________________
W isconsin______________________
9
4
9
66
33
99
4.9
5.1
5.4
52.3
49.4
49.9
39.7
39.0
35. 7
75.9 $0. 433 $22. 65
78.9
.401 19. 81
71.5
.526 26. 25
T o tal_________________________
132
1, 355
5.3
49.1
40.4
82.3
.515
25. 29
20. 78
3
1
5
5.8 48.3 41.1
5.0 53.0 <*4. 5
5.9 51.0 40.0
5.8 48.6 43.3
5.6 48.0 39. 1
4.9 49.4 37.7
5.5 49. 6 45.5
4.4 49.8 33. 2
5.0 48. 5 37.2
4.8 46.8 34.3
4.5 48.6 30.9
4.8 47.3 35.0
5.3 52.4 39.2
5. 1 49. 1 37.8
5.6 50.1 35. 2
85.1
84.0
78.4
89.1
81.5
76.3
91.7
66.7
76.7
73.3
63.6
74.0
74.8
77.0
70.3
.706
.665
.517
.421
.633
.639
.588
.459
.534
.714
.645
.618
.502
.503
.556
34.10
35. 25
26. 37
20. 46
30. 38
31. 57
29.16
22. 86
25.90
33. 42
31.35
29. 23
26. 30
24. 70
27.86
28 99
29. 61
20. 66
18.24
24.74
24.07
26. 75
15. 27
19. 89
24. 48
19. 92
21. 63
19. 67
19.00
19.53
Goodyear stitchers, male:
Illinois_________________________
K en tu ck y ______________________
M aine__________________________
M aryland and V irginia__________
M assachusetts__________ ________
M ichigan_______________________
M innesota______________________
M issouri_______________________
N ew H am pshire________________
N ew Jersey_____________________
N ew Y ork______________________
Ohio__ ________________________
Pennsylvania___________________
T e n n e sse e..____________________
W isconsin______________________
22
4
3
3
6
3
15
6
9
4
6
24
3
13
18
118
8
4
33
32
6
99
28
46
17
37
T o tal_________________________
95
486
5.2
49.0
36.6
74.7
.585
28. 67
21. 43
Treers, hand and m achine, male:
Illinois_________________________
K e n tu ck y ______________________
M aine__________________________
M aryland and V irginia__________
M assachusetts__________________
M ichigan_______________________
M innesota______________________
M issouri_______________________
N ew H am pshire________________
N ew Jersey_____________________
N ew Y ork______________________
Ohio___________________________
Pennsylvania___ 1______________
Tennessee______________________
W isconsin______________________
3
3
8
6
47
4
3
9
7
3
15
4
9
4
7
44
14
70
35
397
14
8
115
50
9
161
40
50
11
38
5.6
5.4
5.9
5.5
5.6
4.8
5.8
5.3
5.2
4.9
5. 2
5.5
5.5
4.8
5.4
49.6
53.4
53. 1
48.9
48. 5
49.5
48. 5
49.5
48.2
44.9
48. 2
49.9
52. 1
50.9
50. 2
47.9
48. 2
46.1
43.6
42.2
38.5
44. 0
45. 0
41. 9
30.3
39.1
45.4
43. 0
39. 1
39. 4
96.6
90.3
86.8
89. 2
87.0
77.8
90.7
90.9
86.9
67.5
81.1
91.0
82. 5
76.8
78.5
.259
.330
.361
.307
. 512
.477
.327
.404
.401
.626
.419
.405
.348
.308
.505
12. 85
17. 62
19.17
15. 01
24.83
23. 61
15. 86
20.00
19. 33
28.11
20. 20
20.21
18.13
15. 68
25. 35
12. 40
15.88
16.63
13.37
21. 60
18. 39
14. 40
18. 21
16. 79
18. 98
16.38
18.38
14. 95
12.06
19.86
132
1,056
5.5
49.3
42.5
86. 2
.433
21.35
18.43
T o tal________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
W ages and H ours of Labor in th e M a n u fa ctu re of W oolen and
W orsted G oods, 1932
1932 figures in this article are the results of a recent study
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of hours and earnings, by
T HE
occupations, of wage earners in the woolen and worsted goods industry
in the United States. The figures cover a representative pay-roll
period in January, February, March, or April, and include 38,509
wage earners of 91 representative woolen and worsted mills in 14
States in which the industry is of material importance in quantity
of goods manufactured and in number of wage earners employed,
according to the United States Census of Manufactures.
Similar studies were made by the bureau in each of the years from
1910 to 1914 and in the even-numbered years from 1914 to 1930.
Summaries of average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour,
and of full-time earnings per Week for each year studied are pre
sented in Table 1. Index numbers of the averages, with the 1913
average taken as the base or 100 per cent, are also shown in the table.
The 1932 figures will be published later in more detail in bulletin form.
The 38,509 wage earners covered in 1932, as shown in the table,
earned an average of 39.4 cents per hour, and their average full-time
hours per week and earnings per week were 50.3 and $19.82 respec
tively. The 41,400 wage earners covered in 1930 earned an average
of 46 cents per hour, and their full-time hours and earnings per week,
were 49.6 and $22.82, respectively. Average earnings per hour in
1932 were 6.6 cents less than in 1930.
The table shows averages for the wage earners in certain selected
occupations only in the industry for each of the years from 1910 to
1914; for wage earners in all occupations in the industry for each of
the even-numbered years from 1914 to 1930, exclusive of certain
southern mills which were not included in any study prior to 1930;
and for wage earners in all occupations in the industry, including the
southern mills, for 1930 and 1932. It will be observed that two sets
of averages are shown for 1914, one for selected occupations and the
other for all occupations, and that two sets are also shown for 1930,
one for the wage earners in all mills except certain southern mills in
all occupations and the other for all occupations in all mills covered,
including the southern mills.
The averages for the years 1910 to 1914 for selected occupations
are comparable one year with another, but are not comparable with
the averages for any of the years from 1914 to 1932 for all occupations.
The averages for the years from 1914 to 1930 for the wage earners in
all occupations in all mills except those in the southern mills are
comparable one year with another, but are not comparable with the
averages for selected occupations from 1910 to 1914 nor with the
averages for the wage earners in all occupations in all mills, including
the southern mills, for 1930 and 1932.
The index numbers are for the purpose of furnishing comparable
figures one year with another over the entire period from 1910
to 1932. The index for any year from 1910 to 1914 for selected
628
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
629
W AG ES AND H O URS OF LABOR
occupations is the per cent that the average for the year is of the 1913
average. The index for any year from 1914 to 1930 for the wage
earners in all occupations in all mills except the southern mills was
computed by increasing or decreasing the 1914 index for selected
occupations in proportion to the increase or decrease in the average
for each year, 1916 to 1930, as compared with the 1914 average for
all occupations. The 1932 index was computed by increasing or de
creasing the 1930 index for all mills except the southern mills by the
per cent that the 1932 average for all mills is more or less than the
1930 average for all mills, including the southern mills.
T able 1 — A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E O F W O O L E N
A N D W O R S T E D G O ODS, 1910 TO 1932, W IT H IN D E X N U M B E R S
Year
Index num bers of—
Average
Average
N um
fullAverage
full
ber of N um ber
earn
F u ll
tim e
tim e
F ull
estab of wage hours
ings per earn
E a rn tim e
tim e
lish
earners
per
hour ings per hours ings per earn
m ents
per
week
hour ings per
week
week
week
Selected occupations . . .
1910
1911
1912
1913
1 1914
19
27
46
47
48
11,912
16, 342
17, 517
15,653
18, 333
56.6
56.8
55.9
55.9
54.9
$0. 178
. 179
.201
. 197
.202
$10. 05
10. 18
11. 23
11. 02
11.06
101. 3
101.6
100.0
100.0
98.2
90.4
90.9
102.0
100.0
102.5
91.2
92.4
101.9
100.0
100.4
All occupations______
1 1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
2 1930
3 1930
3 1932
48
61
63
67
67
72
112
92
93
105
91
40,061
49,954
51,928
38,164
39, 430
41, 622
39, 970
38, 850
38, 417
41, 400
38, 509
55. 0
54.8
54. 3
48. 3
48. 8
49. 1
49. 3
49. 3
49. 3
49. 6
50.3
. 182
.225
.342
.628
.474
.533
.491
.514
.473
.460
.394
10.03
12. 34
18. 57
30. 33
23. 13
26. 17
24. 21
25. 34
23. 32
22. 82
19. 82
97.8
97. 0
86. 2
87. 1
87. 7
88.0
88. 0
88. 0
126. 7
192. 6
353. 7
267. 0
300. 2
276. 5
289. 5
266.4
123.5
185.9
303.6
231.5
262. 0
242.3
253. 7
233.4
89.2
228. 2
202. 7
1 Tw o sets of averages are shown for 1914 for the in dustry, one for selected occupations and the other for
all occupations in th e in d u stry . T he 1910 to 1914 averages for selected occupations only are comparable
one year w ith another, as are those for all occupations one year w ith another from 1914 to 1932.
2 N ot including southern mills.
3 Including southern mills.
Hours and Earnings, 1930 and 1932, by Occupation and Sex
T a b l e 2 s h o w s a v e r a g e d a y s , f u ll-t im e a n d a c tu a l h o u r s a n d
e a r n in g s in o n e w e e k , p e r c e n t o f fu ll t im e a c t u a lly w o r k e d in th e
w e e k , a n d a v e r a g e e a r n in g s p e r h o u r in 1 9 3 0 a n d in 1 9 3 2 fo r t h e w a g e
e a r n e r s o f e a c h s e x in e a c h o f t h e 31 im p o r t a n t o c c u p a t io n s in th e
w o o le n a n d w o r s te d g o o d s in d u s tr y ; fo r a g r o u p o f “ o th e r e m p lo y e e s ,”
w h ic h in c lu d e s a n u m b e r o f o c c u p a tio n s , e a c h t o o fe w in n u m b e r o f
w a g e e a r n e r s to w a r r a n t o c c u p a tio n a l t a b u la t io n ; a n d fo r a ll o c c u p a
t io n s c o m b in e d .
The figures in the table are for males only in 10 occupations,
for females only in 2 (burlers and menders), and for males and females
in 19 occupations and in the group of other employees.
A comparison of the averages of the wage earners of each sex in
each occupation in 1932 may be made with those for 1930, and a com
parison of the averages for 1932 or 1930 for any occupation may also
be made with the averages for any other occupation in either year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
630
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Males and females in all occupations combined or for the industry,
as shown at the end of the table, worked an average of 4.8 days in
1930 and in 1932. In arriving at the average per day for the 41,400
covered in 1930 and for the 38,509 covered in 1932, each full day or
any part of a day that an employee did any work was counted as a
day. Their full-time hours per week averaged 49.6 in 1930 and 50.3 in
1932, and they actually worked an average of 40.7 hours in one week
in 1930 and 40.9 hours in 1932. They actually worked 82.1 per cent
of full time in 1930 and 81.3 per cent in 1932, thus showing that the
hours worked in the week were 17.9 per cent less than full time in
1930 and 18.7 per cent less than full time in 1932. They earned an
average of 46 cents per hour in 1930 and 39.4 cents in 1932, a decrease
of 6.6 cents per hour, or 14.3 per cent. Had each employee worked
full time and at the same average per hour as was earned in the hours
actually worked in the week, the average full-time earnings per week
would have been $22.82 in 1930 and $19.82 in 1932. They actually
earned an average of $18.73 in 1930 and $16.13 in 1932, a decrease of
$2.60 per week, or 13.9 per cent from 1930 to 1932.
Average earnings per hour of males ranged in 1930 from 23.7 cents
for doffers to 78.7 cents for hand drawers-in, and in 1932 from 24.3
cents for doffers to 67.6 cents for loom fixers; those of females ranged
from 26.9 cents for doffers to 54.4 cents for weavers in 1930 and
from 19.7 cents for truckers to 47.8 cents for hand tiers-in in 1932.
Average actual earnings of males in one week ranged in 1930 from
$7.11 for spooler tenders to $34.23 for loom fixers, and in 1932 from
$8.43 to $30.72 for the same occupations; those of females ranged
from $9.81 for doffers to $20.96 for weavers in 1930 and from $9.03
for doffers to $22.85 for mule spinners in 1932.
Average hours actually worked in one week by males ranged in
1930 from 25.1 for frame spinners to 49.9 for card grinders, and in
1932 from 25.5 for spooler tenders to 57.3 for winders; those of females
ranged in 1930 from 32.5 for card tenders to 47.3 for hand tiers-in,
and in 1932 from 27 for wool sorters to 49 for truckers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
631
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R
T able 2 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E
OF
W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GOODS, 1930 A N D 1932, BY O C C U P A T IO N A N D SE X
O ccupation and sex
A ver
age
num
ber
N um
days
ber
N u m of on
ber of which
of
Year estab
wage
em
lish earn ployees
ments
ers
worked
in 1
week
-- 1930
1932
- 1930
1932
1930
Wool-washer tenders, male.
1932
Picker tenders, m ale_____ - _ - 1930
1932
C ard tenders, m ale____ ------ 1930
1932
1930
C ard tenders, f e m a le ..------1932
C ard strippers, m ale. --------- - 1930
1932
1930
C ard grinders, m ale--- ---------1932
Gill-box tenders, m a le ________ 1930
1932
Gill-box tenders, female. --------- 1930
1932
Comber tenders, m ale_____ _ . 1930
1932
Comber tenders, female ______ 1930
1932
Drawing-frame tenders, m ale__ 1930
1932
Drawing-frame tenders, female.- 1930
1932
i930
Spinners, mule, male -- - 1932
Spinners, mule, fe m a le ---- ------ 1930
1932
1930
Spinners, frame, m a l e -----1932
1930
Spinners, frame, female------ . . .
1932
Doffers, m ale--------- -- 1930
1932
Doflers, fem ale--.
------- 1930
1932
W inders, m ale----------------------- 1930
1932
W inders, female
----_ - - 1930
1932
Tw ister tenders, m ale_________ 1930
1932
Tw ister tenders, female________ 1930
1932
1930
Spooler tenders, male - ---1932
Spooler tenders, female------------ 1930
1932
1930
Creelers, male
------- -1932
Creelers, fe m a le ____________ - 1930
1932
Dresser tenders, m ale--------- -. 1930
1932
Dresser tenders, fe m a le ---- ------ 1930
1932
Tiers-in, hand, male --------- -- 1930
1932
Tiers-in, hand, female . . . - .. 1930
1932
1930
Tiers-in, machine, male __
1932
Drawers-in, hand, male
. 1930
1932
Drawers-in, hand, female
---- 1930
1932
Loom fixers, m ale_____________ 1930
1932
Wool sorters, m ale-------------
Wool sorters, female________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
25
3
7
30
25
64
47
76
59
9
14
74
56
13
12
10
13
26
22
14
14
18
15
9
10
29
27
71
53
3
3
4
10
34
25
4
6
24
21
13
16
63
63
12
19
69
59
2
3
87
69
5
4
7
6
90
74
3
6
8
2
4
3
6
7
5
10
89
74
91
79
503
442
63
92
151
150
368
219
652
503
105
83
352
282
34
33
451
494
525
527
284
321
139
151
209
139
1,983
1, 858
1, 223
1, 098
9
24
73
144
1,301
1,145
21
36
698
572
28
110
2, 115
2, 117
37
91
1,487
1,384
13
11
1,147
1, 218
77
57
46
62
621
517
10
70
23
9
18
7
8
9
17
24
666
608
701
594
4. 1
3.4
4.0
3.3
4.9
4.5
4.9
4.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
5.4
4.8
4.6
5.3
5. 1
4. 1
3.7
4.8
4.7
4.0
3.4
4.9
4.9
4.7
4.4
4. 5
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.3
5.6
3.1
5. 1
4.4
4.9
5.0
5.0
4.3
4.4
3.6
5. 1
4.6
4.9
4. 1
5. 1
4.8
4.8
3.0
3.0
4.3
4.3
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.3
4.8
4.6
5.3
5. 5
4.4
5.9
5.8
4. 1
5. 1
5.0
5.4
4.5
4.6
4.8
5. 1
5.0
Aver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week
49.3
50.2
49.3
50.1
50.6
50.4
49.9
51.5
50.8
51.4
48.0
49.3
49.5
50.9
48. 7
49.6
50.8
51.4
50. 2
50. 1
50.4
49.3
49.9
50.4
50.5
49. 3
49.4
49. 6
50.0
51.3
52. 6
49.3
43.5
52. 8
49.4
49. 4
51.7
51. 9
49. 7
50.2
52.3
57.4
49.0
49.5
53.0
55.7
49.8
49.8
51. 5
48.0
48. 9
49. 8
48. 6
48.9
49. 5
48. 5
49. 3
50. 2
53. 0
49. 5
48. 9
50. 1
48. 6
49. 7
49. 5
49.3
53.9
51.0
49. 5
49.8
49.8
51.6
Ho urs
actc ally
wor ked
in 1 week
Aver
age
num
ber
34. 6
28.7
33.1
27.0
47.5
40.2
44. 7
40.9
45. 7
42.3
32.5
42.9
44. 7
43.3
49.9
44.8
36.3
32.4
41.3
38. 6
36. 5
23.9
42. 2
39.6
37. 2
39. 1
37. 7
38. 5
40.8
40.7
35.8
47.9
25. 1
52. 5
37.7
40.6
43. 7
45.4
33.5
36.5
31.8
57.3
38. 7
40. 1
38. 1
53.6
40.8
38.9
26.8
25. 5
34.8
34.6
39.9
41. 5
40. 5
35.0
41. 9
40.9
44. 4
47.6
41. 5
48.0
47.3
35.7
42.4
46. 3
44. 2
38.4
37. 1
38.0
44. 1
45.5
Per
cent
of
full
tim e
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn tim e
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
70.2 $0. 742 $36. 58
.632 31.73
57. 2
67.1
.507 25.00
.362 18.14
53.9
.462 23.38
93.9
79.8
.438 22. 08
.409 20.41
89.6
.359 18. 49
79.4
.409 20. 78
90.0
.357 18.35
82.3
67.7
.374 17.95
.312 15. 38
87.0
.452 22.37
90.3
85. 1 .398 20. 26
.489 23.81
102. 5
90.3
.437 21.68
71.5
.391 19. 86
.348 17. 89
63.0
82.3
.326 16. 37
77.0
.289 14. 48
72.4
.469 23. 64
58.6
.404 19.92
84.6
.375 18.71
78.6
.317 15. 98
73.7
.390 19. 70
79.3
.349 17.21
70.3
.358 17. 69
77.6
.308 15. 28
81.6
.620 31. 00
.515 26. 42
79.3
.359 18.88
68.1
97.2
.477 23. 52
.365 17. 70
51. 8
99.4
.327 17. 27
76.3
.380 18. 77
82.2
.340 16. 80
84.5
.237 12. 25
87.5
.243 12. 61
73.4
.269 13. 37
72.7
.248 12. 45
.322 16. 84
60.8
99.8
.292 16. 76
.379 18. 57
79.0
81.0
.310 15. 35
71.9
. 426 22. 58
96.2
.329 18. 33
81.9
.365 18.18
78. 1
.305 15.19
52. 0
.265 13. 65
53. 1
.331 15. 89
71. 2
.383 18. 73
.304 15. 14
69. 5
82. 1
.346 16. 82
84.9
.309 15.11
81. 8
.331 16. 38
72. 2
.297 14. 40
85.0
.650 32.05
81. 5
. 562 28. 21
83.8
.355 18. 82
96. 2
.456 22. 57
84.9
.597 29. 19
. 541 27. 10
95.8
97.3
.295 14. 34
71.8
.478 23. 76
85. 7
.581 28. 76
93.9
.483 23.81
82. 0
.787 42. 42
75.3
.580 29. 58
.489 24. 21
74.9
76. 3
.423 21.07
88.6
.775 38. 60
.676 34.88
88. 2
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
$25. 72
18. 16
16. 80
9. 80
21.94
17. 60
18. 25
14. 69
18. 71
15. 09
12. 15
13. 38
20. 23
17.21
24. 39
19. 56
14. 20
11.28
13.47
11. 14
17.12
11. 69
15. 83
12. 56
14. 52
13. 65
13. 51
11.85
25.31
20. 97
12. 84
22. 85
9.17
17.17
14. 30
13. 80
10. 38
11. 05
9. 81
9. 03
10.24
16. 71
14. 66
12. 44
16. 22
17. 62
14. 87
11.88
7.11
8. 43
13. 33
10. 52
13. 79
12. 80
13. 37
10. 39
27. 26
22. 97
15. 76
21.73
24. 82
25. 96
13.98
17. 05
24. 66
22. 36
34. 76
22. 29
18. 11
16.06
34. 23
30. 72
632
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a ble 2 — A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S , A N D
E A R N IN G S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E OF
W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GO O D S, 1930 A N D 1932, B Y O C C U P A T IO N A N D SE X —Con.
A ver
age
num
ber
N um
of
days
N um
ber
on
ber of w hich
of
Year estab
wage
em
lish earn ployees
ments
ers
worked
in 1
week
Occupation and sex
A ver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week
Hours
actually
worked
in 1 week
Aver
age
num
ber
Per
cent
of
full
time
Aver
Aver age
full
age
earn tim e
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
A ver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
C loth inspectors, male
1932
C loth inspectors, female - ___ 1930
1932
1930
Burlers, female . 1932
M enders, female ___ ________ 1930
1932
1930
Perchers, m ale___________ -1932
Perchers, fem ale. ____________ 1930
1932
1930
Fullers, m ale. . _____
1932
W asher tenders, cloth, m ale.. _ 1930
1932
D ryer tenders, cloth, m a l e ____ 1930
1932
1930
Truckers, male ______
. 1932
1930
Truckers, female_______
1932
1930
Dye-house laborers, m ale.
1932
O ther employees, m ale. _
1930
1932
1930
Other employees, female___
1932
93
80
81
58
27
55
18
18
92
77
89
76
86
68
19
17
81
68
82
72
83
72
103
85
11
4
82
67
105
91
93
80
4,187
3, 291
2, 012
1,082
241
318
144
86
2,258
2, 455
2, 511
2,093
570
367
138
158
270
212
405
332
237
209
1, 655
1,597
113
38
944
745
7, 238
8, 053
2,317
2, 272
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.7
4.9
4.6
5.0
4.7
4.7
5.0
4.4
5.2
5.1
5. 1
4.9
4. 7
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
5.0
4.9
4.8
4. 1
5.5
4.7
4.2
5.0
5.1
4.7
4.8
49.8
51. 4
49.6
52.4
49. 0
49.7
49.0
51.0
49.4
50.2
49.3
49.8
49.0
49.9
49.3
50. 6
49.6
50. 1
49. 6
50. 3
50.2
51. 2
48. 9
49. 9
49. 9
53. 8
49. 8
50. 2
49. 7
50. 2
49. 8
49. 8
40.7
43.0
38.6
43.4
39. 6
39.4
38.7
43.7
38.6
36. 8
40.9
36.6
43.4
41.2
42.0
40.3
43. 4
47.4
45.1
46.6
45. 1
48. 7
41. 4
41.3
35. 7
49. 0
44. 9
40. 4
44. 6
45. 6
39. 7
39.4
81.7 $0. 611 $30. 43 $24. 85
.497 25. 55
21. 38
83. 7
.544 26. 98
77.8
20. 96
82.8
. 440 23. 06
19. 12
.538 26. 36
80.8
21.31
.470 23. 36
18. 52
79.3
.364 17. 84
14.11
79.0
14. 55
.333 16. 98
85.7
78.1
.339 16. 75
13.09
.294 14.76
73.3
10. 82
.459 22.63
83.0
18. 77
.371 18. 48
73.5
13. 57
.539 26. 41
88. 6
23. 38
82. 6
.460 22. 95
18. 96
.394 19. 42
85.2
16. 55
.336 17. 00
79.6
13. 56
.451 22. 37
19. 56
87. 5
.395 19. 79
18. 73
94.6
.455 22. 57
20. 54
90.9
.397 19. 97
92.6
18. 49
89.8
.433 21.74
19. 54
95. 1 .373 19. 10
18.16
.396 19. 36
84.7
16. 39
.351 17. 51
14. 51
82.8
.292 14. 57
71. 5
10. 44
91.1
. 197 10. 60
9. 65
90.2
.436 21.71
19. 55
80. 5 .379 19. 03
15. 31
21.34
.479 23. 81
89.7
.441 22. 14
90.8
20. 11
13.41
79.7
.337 16. 78
79. 1 .308 15. 34
12. 13
All employees, m ale____ . .
105
91
105
90
105
91
21, 591
20, 407
19, 809
18, 102
41, 400
38, 509
4.8
4.8
4.7
4. 7
4.8
4.8
49.7
50. 6
49. 5
50. 0
49. 6
50. 3
42.6
43. 1
38. 8
38. 5
40. 7
40. 9
85.7
86. 2
78.4
77.0
82. 1
81.3
W eavers, m ale. . . . .
W eavers, female
-- - - - - - - -
1930
1932
1930
1932
All employees, male and female. 1930
1932
All employees, fem ale.. -
-
-
.516
.447
.392
.327
.460
.394
25. 65
22. 62
19. 40
16. 35
22. 82
19. 82
21. 97
19. 26
15. 19
12. 59
18. 73
16.13
Hours and Earnings, 1930 and 1932, by Sex and State
T a b l e 3 shows, for the males and females separately and for both
sexes combined, the average days worked, average full-time and actual
hours and earnings in one week, the per cent of full time worked in
the week, and average earnings per hour. The “ Southern district”
shown in the table included Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, South
Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia in 1930, and all of these States
except Maryland in 1932. The mill covered in Maryland in 1930
was closed in 1932.
The most significant fact revealed by this table is that average
earnings per hour and per week for each sex in each State were less
in 1932 than in 1930. In the 2-year period the average hourly earn
ings of males decreased from 51.6 to 44.7 cents and those of females
decreased from 39.2 to 32.7 cents. In the various States or districts
in 1930 the average hourly earnings of males ranged from 34.8 to 63
cents, those of females ranged from 25 to 50.3 cents, and those of both
sexes combined ranged from 30.8 to 56.7 cents. In 1932 the averages
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W AGES AND
633
H O URS OF LABOR
of males ranged from 25.5 to 52.3 cents, those of females ranged from
21.1 to 40.9 cents, and those of both sexes ranged from 23.4 to 46.5
cents.
In 1930 the average actual earnings per week of males ranged, by
States, from $16.22 to $27.84, those of females from $10.76 to $19.85,
and those of both sexes combined from $13.91 to $23.66. In 1932
the average earnings per week of males ranged from $11.71 to $26.68,
those of females from $9.22 to $18.43, and those of both sexes from
$10.50 to $22.20. The actual weekly earnings of males in all States
combined declined from $21.97 in 1930 to $19.26 in 1932, and those
of females fell from $15.19 to $12.59.
T a b l e 3 —A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S , A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E
OF
W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GOODS, 1930 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E
A ver
age
num
N u m N um ber of
ber of
of days on
Year estab ber
wage which
lish earners
em
m ents
ployees
workec
in 1
week
Sex and State
Aver
age
full
tim e
hours
per
week
Hours
actually
worked
in 1 week
Aver
age
num
ber
A ver
Aver age
age
full
earn tim e
ings earn
per
ings
hour
per
week
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
81.0 $0. 554 $27. 09
77.0
.480 23.76
77.9
.526 26. 88
83.7
.438 23. 70
80.4
.515 24.98
80.4
.450 22. 10
94.0
.490 25.14
85.6
.407 21.53
91.3
.630 30. 49
102.8
.523 25. 94
82. 7
.523 26. 57
77.3
.452 23.14
87.3
.543 29. 05
85.3
.472 25.11
97.1
.531 25. 86
86.7
.474 22. 80
92.2
.545 26. 65
102.5
.364 20. 27
87.3
.348 18. 62
82.1
.255 14.28
$21. 93
18. 30
20. 94
19.85
20. 11
17.81
23. 65
18.44
27.84
26.68
21.93
17. 92
25. 39
21.45
25. 14
19. 77
24. 58
20. 77
16.22
11. 71
Per
cent
of
full
tim e
M a le s
C onnecticut___ ________
___
1930
1932
1930
1932
M assachusetts. _ ________
1930
1932
New H am pshire __________ _ 1930
1932
N ew Jersey _ ______
1930
1932
New York
1930
1932
P ennsylvan ia_________________ 1930
1932
R hode Island
____________
1930
1932
Verm ont
..
________
1930
1932
Southern d istric t._____________ 1930
1932
12
9
12
12
16
14
4
4
4
4
6
4
22
18
14
15
3
3
12
8
1,385
928
1,664
1,613
8, 096
7,817
976
1,104
1,411
1,869
1,035
794
1,417
1,496
3.313
3,033
571
868
1, 723
885
4.5
4.1
4.4
4.8
4.6
4.6
5.4
5.0
5.1
5.5
4.6
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.4
4.9
5.2
5.6
4.9
4.7
48.9
49.5
51.1
54.1
48.5
49. 1
51.3
52.9
48.4
49.6
50.8
51.2
53.5
53.2
48.7
48.1
48.9
55.7
53.5
56.0
39.6
38.1
39.8
45.3
39.0
39.5
48.2
45.3
44.2
51.0
42.0
39.6
46.7
45.4
47.3
41.7
45. 1
57. 1
46.7
46.0
T o ta l__________________
1930
1932
105
91
21, 591
20, 407
4.8
4.8
49.7
50.6
42.6
43.1
85. 7
85.2
. 516
.447
25. 65
22. 62
21.97
19. 26
1930
1932
1930
1932
M assachusetts____ ____ _______ 1930
1932
N ew H am pshire ________
1930
1932
New Jersey__ ______________ 1930
1932
N ew Y o rk _______
1930
1932
P ennsylvan ia_________ _______ 1930
1932
R hode Isla n d ___ _
. . . .
1930
1932
V erm ont
... .
_ _____ 1930
1932
Southern d istrict_____________ 1930
1932
12
8
12
12
16
14
4
4
4
4
6
4
22
18
14
15
3
3
12
8
664
404
933
835
6, 734
6,382
971
1,212
1,578
2, 222
1,097
934
2, 583
1,897
3,531
2, 672
458
700
1,260
844
4.3
3.4
4.0
4.3
4.4
4.6
5. 1
4.4
4.8
5.5
3.9
4.0
4.6
4.9
5.2
4.7
5.3
5.8
4.8
4.8
48.9
49. 7
50.9
53.8
48.0
48.0
50.0
53.5
48.4
48.7
49. 1
49.6
53.2
53.4
48.2
48.0
48.6
54. 0
53.8
55.5
35.7
29.3
32. 7
36.4
34.8
35.6
42.9
37.1
39.5
45. 1
34.3
32.6
42.1
41. 2
43.7
37.5
43.8
53.1
43. 1
43.8
73.0
59.0
64.2
67.7
72.5
74.2
85.8
69.3
81.6
92. 6
69.9
65.7
79.1
77.2
90.7
78. 1
90. 1
98.3
80. 1
78.9
.397
.316
.415
.336
.409
.332
.348
.289
.503
.409
.393
.319
.363
.278
.402
.354
.364
.263
.250
.211
19.41
15.71
21.12
18.08
19. 63
15. 94
17.40
15. 46
24. 35
19. 92
19. 30
15. 82
19.31
14.85
19.38
16.99
17. 69
14.20
13.45
11.71
14. 20
9. 27
13. 56
12. 23
14.24
11.83
14.94
10.74
19.85
18. 43
13.48
10. 40
15.29
11.47
17. 56
13. 27
15.98
13. 99
10. 76
9.22
T o ta l___________________ 1930
1932
105
90
19, 809
18,102
4.7
4.7
49.5
50.0
38.8
38.5
78.4
77.0
.392
.327
19. 40
16. 35
15.19
12. 59
M ain e -. _ _
_____.
Females
C onnecticut__________________
M ain e____ . . . . . . __________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
634
T
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
3 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S , A N D E A R N IN G S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E O F
W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O O D S, 1930 A N D 1932, BY S E X A N D S T A T E —C ontinued
able
Sex and State
Aver
age
num
N um - N u m ber of
ber of days on
Year estab- wage w hich
em
lish- earners
ployees
m ents
worked
in 1
week
H ours
actually
A ver
worked
A ver
age
in 1 week Aver
age
full
age
fullearn tim e
tim e
ings earn
hours Aver Per
ings
per
cent hour
per
per
of
week nage
week
u m full
ber tim e
A ver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
M ales and fem ales
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
1930
1932
12
9
12
12
16
14
4
4
4
4
6
4
22
18
14
15
3
3
12
8
2,049
1,332
2,597
2,448
14,830
14,199
1,947
2,316
2,989
4,091
2,132
1,728
4,000
3, 393
6,844
5,705
1,029
1,568
2, 983
1,729
4.4
3.9
4.3
4.7
4.5
4.6
5.2
4.7
5.0
5.5
4.3
4.2
4.7
4.9
5.3
4.8
5.3
5.7
4.9
4.7
48.9
49.6
51.0
54.0
48.3
48.6
50.7
53.2
48.4
49.1
50.0
50.4
53.3
53.3
48. 5
48.0
48.8
54.9
53.6
55.7
38.3
35.4
37.3
42.3
37.1
37.8
45.6
41.0
41.7
47.8
38.0
35.8
43. 7
43.1
45.5
39.7
44.6
55.3
45.2
44.9
T o ta l- .- _______________ 1930
1932
105
91
41,400
38, 509
4.8
4.8
49. 6
50.3
40. 7
40. 9
C onnecticut________ _____ ____
M ain e .-
__________________
M assachusetts. . _________ ___
New H am p sh ire-------------------New Jersey_________________ New Y ork
_________________
Pennsylvania ------------------ --R hode Island
V erm ont
---------------------
___________________
Southern district............ .............. -
78.3 $0.507 $24. 79 $19. 43
15. 56
71.4
.439 21.77
18. 29
73.1
.491 25.04
17. 25
78.3
.408 22.03
17.44
76.8
.470 22.70
15.12
77.8
.400 19.44
19. 30
.424 21.50
89.9
14. 41
. 35i 18.67
77.1
23. 66
.567 27.44
86.2
22.20
22.83
97.4
.465
17.59
76.0
.463 23.15
13.86
71.0
.387 19. 50
18.86
.432 23.03
82.0
15. 87
.368 19.61
80.9
21.23
93.8
.467 22.65
16. 73
82.7
.421 20.21
20. 75
91.4
.466 22.74
17.74
.321 17. 62
100.7
13. 91
84.3
.308 16.51
10. 50
80.6
.234 13. 03
82.1
81.3
.460
.394
22. 82
19.82
18.73
16.13
Hours and Earnings, 1930 and 1932, in Selected Occupations
T able 4 shows average days, hours, and earnings and the per cent
of full time actually worked in certain important and representative
occupations which are believed fairly to illustrate the variations in
hours and earnings of the wage earners in this industry in the different
occupations and States covered in this report.
T a b l e 4 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S , A N D
E A R N IN G S F O R 9 S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA
T IO N S IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E O F W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O ODS, 1932, B Y OC
C U P A T IO N , SE X , A N D ST A T E
Occupation, sex, and State
C ard tenders, male:
C onnecticut_____
M aine--------------M assachusetts___
New H am pshire N ew Jersey—----New Y ork______
Pennsylvania___
Rhode Islan d ___
V erm ont________
Southern districtT o tal.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aver
age
num ber
N u m N um - of days
on
ber of ber of
estab wage which
employ
lish
ees
m ents earners
w orked
in 1
week
31
50
138
35
48
23
49
49
23
57
503
3.9
4.3
3.6
5.2
5.7
4.3
5. 2
4.5
4. 7
4. 5
H ours actual
ly worked in
A ver
1 week
Aver
Aver age
age
full
age
full
earn tim e
tim e
earn
ings
hours Aver Per
per
ings
cent hour
age
per
per
week num of full
week
tim e
ber
49. 4
54. 6
49.3
51.9
47. 1
53.6
54. 0
48.0
57. 1
55. 4
35.4
41. 5
35. 4
54. 5
52. 7
42.8
49. 0
35. 7
50.4
43. 8
51.4
42. 3
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
71. 7 $0. 361 $17. 83 $12. 77
13. 65
. 329 17. 96
76.0
12.79
.362 17. 85
71.8
18.71
105. 0 .343 17. 80
25. 01
111.9
.475 22.37
16. 68
.390 20.90
79.9
18.78
.383 20. 68
90.7
12.69
.356 17.09
74.4
16. 31
. 324 18. 50
88.3
10.40
79. 1 . 238 13. 19
82.3
.357
18. 35
15.09
635
W AG ES AND H O URS OF LABOR
T a ble 4 .— A V E R A G E DA Y S, H O U R S, A N D
E A R N IN G S FO R 9 S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A
T IO N S , IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E OF W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D GOODS, 1932, BY OC
C U P A T IO N , SE X , A N D S T A T E —C ontinued
Occupation, sex, a n d State
Drawing-frame tenders, female:
M aine___________________
M assachusetts____________
New H am pshire__________
New Jersey______________
N ew Y ork_______________
P e n n sy lv an ia._____ ______
Rhode Islan d____________
V erm on t_________________
Southern d is tric t..................
T o tal_______ _______ ___
Spinners, mule, male:
C onnecticut_____ _____ _
M aine___________________
M assachusetts____________
N ew H am pshire_____ ____
N ew Jersey______________
New Y ork_______________
Pennsylvania____________
Rhode Islan d _____________
V erm on t_________________
Southern d istric t...................
T o tal__________________
Spinners, frame, female:
M aine___________________
M assachusetts____________
N ew H am pshire__________
N ew Jersey______________
New Y ork_______________
Pennsylvania____________
R hode Islan d _____________
V erm on t_________________
Southern d is tr ic t.................
T o tal.................................
Spooler tenders, female:
C onnecticut______________
M aine___________________
M assachusetts.. . . ________
N ew H am pshire__________
N ew Jersey______________
N ew Y ork_______________
P ennsy lv an ia.................. .......
R hode Isla n d .____________
V erm ont____ ____________
Southern d is tric t............. .
N um - N u m
ber of
of
estab ber
wage
lish earners
ments
1
A ver
age
num ber
of days
on
which
em ploy
ees
worked
in 1
week
1
2
(>>
858
(>)
252
84
257
132
(>)
82
0)
4.4
(')
5.6
4. 4
5. 1
4.7
0)
5.3
27
1,858
100
H ours actual
ly worked in
A ver
Aver
1 week
Aver- age
age
full
age
full
earn tim e
tim e
earn
ings
Aver
hours
Per
per
ings
per
age
cent
per
week n u m of full hour
week
ber
tim e
Aver
age
actual
earn
ings
per
week
0)
48.0
(>)
46.8
49. 7
54. 0
48. 0
(')
54. 0
51. 4
(>)
(>)
72.1 $0. 333 $15. 98
(')
(>)
(>)
89. 1 .361 16.89
75. 7
.253 12.57
81. 5
. 260 14. 04
76. 5
. 314 15. 07
(>)
(')
«
95. 2
. 200 10.80
4. 7
49.
6
38. 5
77.6
. 308
15.28
11.85
3.8
4.8
4.5
5. 1
5.8
3.8
5. 0
3. 3
5. 3
4. 1
48.8
54. 1
49. 0
52. 7
47. 1
52. 1
54. 1
48. 0
54. 2
56.6
32. 5
44.9
38. 2
51. 0
46.8
36. 1
44. 4
27. 3
51.8
40. 1
66.6
4
3
5
167
352
56
55
67
103
55
71
72
83. 0
78.0
96.8
99.4
69. 3
82. 1
56.9
95. 6
70.8
. 498
. 502
.557
. 584
.676
.506
.508
. 548
.463
. 234
24.30
27. 16
27.29
30. 78
31. 84
26. 30
27. 48
26. 30
25. 09
13. 24
16. 21
22. 54
21. 24
29. 81
31. 60
18. 27
22. 57
14. 97
23. 99
9. 39
53
1,098
4.5
51.3
40. 7
79.3
. 515
26. 42
20.97
1
6
1
1
2
(>)
541
0)
113
55
127
131
0)
51
(’)
4.9
0)
5. 1
4.4
5. 2
5.0
0)
5. 5
(>)
48.0
(')
46. 1
50. 1
54.0
48.0
0)
54.3
(')
38.9
(>)
40. 0
37.9
45. 2
39. 1
0)
49.8
(>)
81.0
«
86. 8
75. 6
83.7
81. 5
0)
91. 7
0)
.388
0)
.389
.261
.248
. 330
(‘)
. 249
0)
18. 62
(>)
17. 93
13. 08
13. 39
15. 84
(>)
13. 52
0)
15. 10
(')
15. 54
9. 87
1 1 . 22
12. 90
0)
12. 40
25
1,145
4.9
49.4
40. 6
82.
2
.340
16. 80
13. 80
71
49. 7
53.8
48. 0
54. 1
48.3
49. 2
51. 7
48. 0
53.9
56.2
29.4
30.9
35. 1
27.6
38.2
26.3
38. 3
31. 1
50.4
37. 6
59.2
57.4
73. 1
51. 0
79. 1
53.5
74. 1
64.8
93.5
66.9
.272
.348
.304
.335
.380
.285
.325
.304
.251
. 181
13. 52
18. 72
14. 59
18.12
18.35
14. 02
16. 80
14. 59
13. 53
10.17
8. 01
10. 76
10. 69
9. 26
14. 53
7. 48
12.47
9. 47
12. 67
6 . 79
5
1
3
3
6
5
6
11
9
3
2
2
8
3
2
4
5
7
(>)
34.6
0)
41.7
37.6
44. 0
36. 7
(0
0)
$11. 49
0)
15. 02
9. 53
11. 46
11. 55
0)
10 . 28
0
40
3.4
3.9
4.5
3.5
4.8
3.3
4.8
3.9
5.6
4.3
T o ta l.....................................
69
1,218
4.3
49.8
34.
6
69. 5
.304
15. 14
10. 52
Loom fixers, male:
C onnecticut..................... .......
M aine_________ ____ _____
M assachusetts_______ ____
N ew H am pshire__________
N ew Jersey_________ _____
N ew Y ork...................... .
P ennsy lv an ia.........................
R hode Is la n d ...__________
V erm on t_____ _____ ______
Southern d istric t_________
8
12
26
58
14
4
4
4
212
49.4
54. 0
49. 9
53. 2
58. 7
50. 9
52. 2
48. 5
55.2
56. 7
40. 5
47.3
44.4
47.9
56.8
35.0
49.9
42.0
53.7
47. 9
82.0
87.6
89.0
90. 0
96. 8
68 . 8
95. 6
97.3
84. 5
.641
.634
.714
. 560
.827
.586
.768
.709
.575
.329
31.67
34. 24
35. 63
29. 79
48. 54
29. 83
40. 09
34. 39
31. 74
18. 65
25. 96
30. 03
31.69
26. 82
46.94
20. 53
38.35
29. 73
30. 90
15. 73
T o ta l._________________
51.6
45.5
8 8 .2
.676
34. 88
30. 72
1
D ata included in total.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
13
4
4
3
101
493
79
86
8
10
31
42
189
3
86
11
12
37
45
38
32
98
3
7
26
4.4
5.3
5.0
5.2
5.3
4.0
5.3
4. 9
5.5
4.9
79
594
5.0
22
86.6
636
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
T A B L E 4 —A V E R A G E D A Y S, H O U R S , A N D E A R N IN G S F O R 9 S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA
T IO N S , IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R E OP W O O L E N A N D W O R S T E D G O O D S, 1932, BY OC
C U P A T IO N , SE X , A N D S T A T E —C ontinued
Num- N u m
her of
ol
estab ber
wage
lish earners
ments
Occupation, sex, and State
Weavers, male:
C onnecticut_____________ ____
M aine___ . . . . . . ------------M assachusetts _______ _
.. .
N ew H am pshire. . . .
___
N ew Jersey .. ________ . . .
N ew Y ork
_____
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Islan d ___ ______ ____
V erm o n t____
Southern d istric t____ .
T o ta l... _______
.. _ . .
W eavers, female:
C o n n e c tic u t______ . . . . .. _
M aine . . . . ____
. ...
M assachusetts . . ______ _
New H am pshire..
N ew Jersey___________ _
N ew Y ork____ ._ __________
Pennsylvania ______' ___
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . .
V erm o n t_____ _
. . ..
Southern d istric t____ ._ _ _
T o tal_____ . . . . ______
...
Burlers, female:
C onnecticut_________________
M aine________ . ______ ____
M assachusetts____
.
New H am pshire__________ . . .
N ew Jersey____.
.. ..
N ew York . . .
...
___ __
Pennsylvania ______ . . .
Rhode Island________ ______
V erm ont_______ __ _ _ ____
Southern d is tric t......... .......... . .
T o tal_____ ____ ___________
M enders, female:
C o n n e c tic u t.._______________
M aine______ ______ ______
M assachusetts____ __________
New H am pshire. ._
. _____
N ew Jersey .. ______________
New Y ork. . . .
_ .
_
Pennsylvania___ _______ . . .
R hode Island. ________
V erm ont. ___ ____ _ _______
Southern d istric t__________ .
T o tal____ ________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aver
age
num ber
of days
on
which
employ
ees
w orked
in 1
week
Hours actually
w orked in 1
Aver
week
Aver
A ver age Aver
age
age
age
full
full
earn tim e actual
earn
tim e
ings earn ings
hours Aver Per
ings
per
per
cent hour
age
per
per
week num of full
week week
ber
tim e
13
3
7
262
364
875
141
300
93
269
641
176
170
4.0
4.8
4.8
5.0
5.0
4.3
5. 1
4.7
5.2
4. 5
49.3
54. 1
50. 9
50.9
53. 1
50.6
52.4
48. 2
53.8
57. 0
38.0
42.0
42. 7
42. 7
48. 5
38.6
47.3
40.6
48. 2
44.4
77.1 $0. 522 $25. 73
. 474 25. 64
77.6
83.9
.472 24. 02
83. 9
.510 25. 96
91. 3
.536 28. 46
76.3
.457 23. 12
90.3
.547 28. 66
84.2
. 586 28. 25
89.6
.418 22. 49
77.9
. 269 15. 33
80
3,291
4.8
51. 4
43.0
83. 7
.497
25. 55
21. 38
22
50. 2
54. 0
48.0
52.2
58.3
49.8
50.2
48. 1
54.6
56.6
30.8
33.9
43. 0
44. 8
54. 0
37. 2
42.2
44. 0
45. 0
40.6
61. 4
62. 8
89.6
85. 8
92.6
74. 7
84.1
91. 5
82.4
71. 7
.413
.417
.419
.395
.535
.431
.441
.532
.368
.240
20.73
22. 52
31. 19
21. 46
22 . 14
25. 59
20. 09
13. 58
12. 72
14. 14
18. 03
17.69
28. 88
16. 05
18. 60
23. 42
16. 53
9. 76
19. 12
8
12
14
4
4
4
11
6
81
191
50
209
153
42
142
3
7
124
3. 5
3.8
5.4
5.1
5.5
4. 5
4.7
5.5
5.1
4.3
58
1 , 082
4.9
52.4
43.4
82.8
. 440
23.06
8
11
118
149
689
276
278
148
178
380
129
3.3
4.3
4.9
3.6
5.8
4.0
4.7
4.6
26.9
35.2
37. 0
27.6
44.6
31. 7
35. 7
37. 0
57. 2
37.0
54. 6
65. 3
77. 1
51. 1
92.0
63.9
68.3
77. 1
106. 1
65.6
.303
.342
.278
.270
.394
.257
.262
.326
.234
. 153
14. 94
18. 43
13. 34
14. 58
19. 11
12. 75
13. 70
15. 65
12 . 61
8 . 63
5
8
12
3
4
3
7
68
2 0 .1 1
20 . 62
$19. 83
19. 91
20. 15
21. 74
26. 00
17. 65
25. 85
23. 81
20 . 11
11. 92
8. 15
12. 03
110
4.3
49.3
53.9
48. 0
54.0
48. 5
49.6
52.3
48. 0
53.9
56.4
77
2,455
4.7
50. 2
36.8
73.3
.294
14. 76
10.82
7
14
3
4
78
171
730
49
124
154
132
427
130
98
3.8
4.8
4. 1
5.3
5. 7
3.3
4. 7
4.4
5.8
4.6
49.9
53.9
48. 0
51.8
48. 8
49.6
52.0
48.0
53.9
56.6
34.3
42. 0
31. 0
48. 1
51. 8
26. 2
36. 1
35.8
54.5
41.7
68.7
77.9
64.6
92.9
106. 1
52.8
69.4
74.6
10 1 . 1
73. 7
.338
.344
.388
.367
. 450
.380
.449
.415
.243
.180
16.87
18. 54
18. 62
19. 01
21. 96
18. 85
23. 35
19. 92
13. 10
10. 19
11.56
14. 47
12 . 06
17. 68
23. 35
9. 96
16. 21
14. 85
13. 21
7. 52
76
2,093
4.4
49.8
36.6
73.5
.371
18. 48
13. 57
13
3
4
4
11
13
3
7
11
14
4
4
4
11
6 .1
10 . 28
7. 44
17. 58
8. 14
9. 35
12. 04
13. 39
5. 65
U n io n S cales of W ages and H ours of Labor in 1932
Part 1. Preliminary Report for Selected Cities
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected, as of May 15, 1932,
information concerning the union scales of wages and hours of
labor in the principal time-work trades in 67 of the leading cities of
the United States. In some instances the matter of agreement as to
the rate in effect on May 15 was in such a chaotic state, due to revision
of scales and arbitration proceedings, that the information is shown
for a slightly later date, when a definite rate was established. A full
compilation of the figures is now in progress and will be published as
a bulletin of the bureau.
In this article an abridged compilation is made of the 1932 data for
20 important trade groups in 40 localities, with comparative figures
for all but seven of the preceding years back to 1913, in so far as effec
tive scales were found for the earlier years. Data for 1914, 1915,
1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, and 1923 are omitted for lack of space, but
figures for those years may be obtained by referring to the September,
1925, issue of the Labor Review.
The trades here covered are:
T
B ricklayers.
B uilding laborers.
C arpenters.
C em ent finishers.
C om positors: Book an d job.
C om positors, d ay w ork: N ew spaper.
E lectro ty p ers: Finishers.
E lectro ty p ers: M olders.
G ran ite cu tters, inside.
H od carriers.
Inside w irem en.
P ainters.
Plasterers.
P laste re rs’ laborers.
P lum bers.
S h eet-m etal w orkers.
S ton ecu tters.
S tru ctu ral-iro n w orkers.
T y p esettin g -m ach in e o p erato rs: Book
a n d job.
T y p esettin g -m ach in e operators, day
w ork: N ew spaper.
The union scale represents the minimum rate and the maximum
hours agreed upon between the unions and the employers. However,
a higher rate was paid to some or perhaps all of the members of a
union in some cities.
The union scale generally represents the prevailing rate for the
trade in the locality, even though all persons in the trade may not
be members of the union.
Two or more quotations of rates and hours are shown for some occu
pations in some cities. Such quotations indicate that there were two
or more agreements with different employers and possibly made also
by different unions, or for subclassifications of a specific occupation,
such as building laborers.
The report affords 684 comparisons of wage rates per hour as
between 1931 and 1932. There are 14 cases of increase, 337 cases of
decrease, and 333 cases of no change in rates. There are 684 com
parisons of full-time hours per week. Of this number 7 are increases,
58 are decreases, and 619 instances of no change.
637
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
638
U N IO N SC A LES OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT IE S
B r ic k la y e r s
R ates per hour (cents)
1913
1919
A tla n ta ____ 45.0
1920
70.0 112.5
1922
1924
B altim ore. __
B irm ingham
Boston .
Buffalo . . .
62.5
70.0
65.0
65.0
100.0
125.0
87.5
80. 0
85.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
Charleston,
S. C _____
Chicago . . .
C in c in n ati..
C lev elan d .._
D allas____
40.0
75.0
65.0
65.0
87.5
75.0 100.0
87.5 125.0
90.0 125.0
90.0 125.0
100.0 112.5
D en v er____
D e tro it.. .
Fall R iv e r ..
Indianapolis.
Jacksonville-
75.0
65.0
55.0
75.0
62.5
100.0
K ansas C ity,
M o___
L ittle Rock _
Los Angeles.
L ouisville.. .
M anchester-
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
55.0
100.0
100.0
M em p h is. . .
M ilw aukee..
M inneapolis.
N ewark, N .J.
N ew H av en .
75.0
67.5
65.0
65.0
60.0
87.5
90.0
87.5
87.5
82.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
New Orleans
New Y ork. _
O m aha____
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
62.5
70.0
70.0
62.5
70.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
80.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
125. 0
130.0
1112.5
125.0
1926
1927
112.5 }l40. 0
125.0
150.0 162.5
137.5 150.0
125.0 140.0
137.5 137.5
140.0
140.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
53
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
162.5
150.0
140.0
150.0
162.5
150.0
140.0
150.0
162.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
175.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
175.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
i 45
1 45
44
44
i 45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
2 44
4 44
i 45
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
100.0
44
48 4 44
53
44
45
48
44
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
162.5
150.0
162.5
162. 5
162.5
150.0
162.5
100.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
125.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
110 .0
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
170.0
162.5
162.5
175.0
170.0
162.5
162. 5
175.0
137.5
137.5
137.5
100.0
125.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
157.5
125.0
162.5
150.0
150.0
157.5
125. 0
162.5
125.0
150.0
157.5
125.0
162.5
125.0
150.0
157.5
125.0
162.5
125.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
162.5
125.0
131.3
125.0
125.0
130.0
125.0
44
44
5 48 «44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
132.5
125.0
100.0
44
r 44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
8 24
40
95.0
115.0
87.5
100.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
87.5 125.0
85.0 115.0
90.0 112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
150.0
137.5
125.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
162.5
125.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
150.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
162.5
125.0
125.0
162. 5
137.5
162.5
140.0
125.0
175.0
137.5
162.5
140.0
137.5
175.0
143.8
162.5
140.0
137.5
175.0
150.0
162.5
140.0
137.5
193.8
150.0
162.5
140.0
137.5
193.8
165.0
125.0
168.8
140.0
125.0
150.0
125. 0
150.0
140.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
155.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
162.5
162.5
125. 0
175.0
137.5
162.5
162.5
150.0
175.0
137.5
162.5
170.0
150.0
187.5
125.0
162.5
170.0
150.0
192.5
125.0
175.0
175.0
100.0
100.0
192.5
125.0
175.0
175.0
165.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
344
130.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
115.0
125.0
87.5
90.0
85.0
85.0
75.0
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
130.0
110 .0
150.0
137.5
100.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
(112. 5
(125. 0
125.0 150.0
100.0
125.0
100. 0
125. 0
100.0
125.0
100.0
1925
Hours per week
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg__Providence..
R ich m o n d ,
V a______
St. Louis___
St. P a u l___
65.0
70.0
65.0
125.0
80.0 115.0
112.5
115.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
125.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
1 2 0 .0
125.0
44
44
87.5 100.0
125.0
87.5 125.0
100.0
125.0
175.0
112.5
150.0
175.0
112.5
150.0
175.0
125.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
45 « 45 « 45
44
44
44
44
44
48
45 »45
44 44
44 44
45
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
2 44 10 44
40
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
75.0 100. 0 125.0
112.5
137.5
137.5
137. 5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
137.5
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
87.5 112.5 125.0
60.0 75.0 112. 5
75. 0 112. 5 125.0
62.5 87.5 100.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
137.5
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
162.5
137.5
150.0
137.5
162.5
137.5
150.0
145.0
162.5
137.5
150. 0
150. 0
162.5
137.5
150.0
150.0
162.5
137.5
150.0
150.0
175.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
175.0
44
137.5
150.0 li 4 4
1 2 0 .0
44
175.0 13 4 5
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
12 40
44
44
44
12 4o
44
44
44
12 40
44
40
44
12 40
40
40
44
12 40
40
48
44
44
48
48
48
40
40
1 44
60
40
40
42 40
40
B u i l d i n g la b o r e r s
B altim ore _
B oston_____ 35.0
75.0 75.0
f67. 5
40.0 170.0
62. 5
67.5 } 65.0
0
65.0
74.0
Chicago____ 40.0
57.5
100.0
72.'5
72.5
82.5
74.0
f 90.0
87.5 {105. 0
1120.0
12 0 .0
12 0 .0
C in cin n ati.C leveland..
D enver
D etro it____
40.0
57. 5
50. 0
65.0
45.0
87. 5
50.0
75.0
40.0
57.5
52. 5
87.5
60.0
87.5
60.0
87.5
60.0
58.0
87.5
81. 3
60.0
60.0
87.5
50.0
55.0
87.5
81. 3
60.0
80.0
97.5
112.5
127. 5
60.0
87.5
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
57.5
50.0
75.0
62.5
65.0
70.0
62.5
55. 0
55.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
55.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
55.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
55.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
6^. 5
75.0 /\ 75.0
} 62.5
75.0
75.0
75.0
0
55.0 /l 55.
55.0
65.0 }
100.0
112.5
20.0
—
K ansas C ity,
M o ______ 27.5
Los Angeles. 34.4
M ilw aukee
M inneapolis
N ew ark, N .
J _______
New H aven
N ew O r
leans _
44 70.
112. 5
75.0
74.0
90.0
105. 0
80.0
90.0
105.0
112.5
75.0
112.5
75.0
50.0
1 44 J/2 hours per week, N ovem ber to M arch, inclusive.
4 48 hours per week,
2 40 hours per week, June to A ugust, inclusive.
5 44 hours per week,
3 48 hours per week, October to D ecember, inclusive.
6 48 hours per week,
40 40 hours per week, Ju n e to September, inclusive.
11 48 hours per week, Septem ber to April, inclusive.
42 44 hours per week, Septem ber to April, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80.0
97.5
112.5
127.5
60.0
87.5
62. 5
65.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
82.5
75.0
65.0
125.0
75.0
125.0
70.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
50
44
44
44
50
44
44
44
50
44
50
44
50
44
50
44
50
40
49K
50
44
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
45
N ovem ber 16 to M arch 15.
7 48 hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
October to A pril, inclusive.
8 W ork 3 days per week.
December to F ebruary, inclusive. 8 44J^ hours per w eek, December to F ebruary, inclusive.
13 44J^ hours per week, October to A pril, inclusive.
44 Old scale; strike pending a t tim e of report.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Salt Lake
C ity _____
San Francisco_____
Scranton __
Seattle. ___
W ashington.
75.0
65.0
54
05
00
CO
G>
o
U N IO N SC A LE S OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S, 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT I E S -C o n tin u e d
B u i l d i n g la b o r e r s — C o n tin u ed
R ates per hour (cents)
H ours per week
C ity
1913
1919
N ew Y o rk .. 22.5 .40.5
45.0
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
( 60.0
81.3
75.0 1 81.3 Ì1100.
0
1 87.5
81.3
100.0
90.6
105.0 •ji 115.
117.5 1125. 00
93.8
115. 0
125.0
93. 8
120.0 |l0 3 .1
130.0
103.1 n 103.1
70.0 /( 80.0
50.0 } 70.0
70.0
5
80.0 l1112.
80.0
60. 0
112.5
80.0
60. 0
112. 5
80.0
50. 0
112.5
80.0
50. 0
112.5
80.0
8
67.5
r 6i.5
/
75.0
75.0
75.0 ( 87.5 11 87.5
t 92.5
55.0
55.0
55.0
68.8
75.0
n 61. 5 1
n 75. 0 [ 87.5
u 87. 5
14 92. 5 J
/ 55. 0 } 55.0
\ 65. 0
75.0
60.0
48
44
44
44
87.5
78.8
44
44
44
44
55.0
55.0
68.8 | 68.8
75. 0
70. 0
70. 0
70.0
70. 0
50. 0
68.8
70.0
59.4
54
54
44
48
48
48
40
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
50
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
48
44
44^
44
44
48
44
44^
44
44
(44
(48
44
44y2 44
44
44
44
44
j-44
44
44^
44
44
48
44
4 4^
44
44
(48
(44
44
44^
44
44
j-44
44
44M
44
44
62.5
75.0
67.5
67.5
67.5
140.3
St. Louis___ 25.0 (45.0
54. 0
67.5
54.0
57.5 } 75.0
75.0
St. P au l___
S a lt L ak e
C ity ------San F ra n j-27. 8
cisco. __ __
Scranton___ 25.0
Seattle____ 37.5
61.3
55.0
55.0
68.8
75.0
58. 5
75.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
68. 8
62.5
60. 0
62. 5
55.0
62.5
70.0
62.5
62.5
70. 0
62.5
67. 5
62. 5
70.0
62. 5
68.8 lf 68.8
75.0
70. 0
70.0
62. 5
70.0
68.8
75. 0
70. 0
70.0
1930
1931
1932
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
48
48
48
144
J 48
j-44
44
44
44
44
44
50.0
112. 5 J 54
80.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
4 9 ^ 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
40
48
44
44
40
48
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44H
40
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
49Hi 49^
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
C a r p e n te r s
A tlan ta___
B altim o re,..
B irm ingham
Boston _
Buffalo____
40. 0
43.8
52.5
50.0
50.0
C harleston,
S. C _____
Chicago____
C incinnati-C leveland..,
D allas..........
J-33. 3
65.0
50.0
50.0
55.0
60. 0 80. 0
80.0 90.0
65. 0 75.0
75. 0 100. 0
70.0 100.0
70. 0
80.0
75.0
100. 0
87.5
80. 0
90. 0
87.5
110. 0
112.5
80. 0
100.0
87.5
110. 0
112. 5
80.0
110. 0
95.0
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112.5
80.0
110. 0
100. 0
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112.5
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100.0
125.0
112.5
80.0
110.0
100. 0
137. 5
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80.0
110.0
100. 0
137.5
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90.0
110.0
100.0
137.5
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90.0
100.0
100.0
117. 5
100.0
70.0
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70.0
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87.5
70.0
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100.0
80.0
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125.0
100.0
70.0
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125.0 137. 5
125. 0 131. 3
125. 0 125.0
100. 0 112. 5
70.0
75.0
150.0
135.0
137.5
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137. 5
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137. 5
137. 5
112. 5
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137.5
125.0
60.0 }53
75. 0
131.3 44
120.0 44LS
112. 5 48
100.0 44
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80.0
125. 0
100.0
125.0
100.0
48
44
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Philadelp h ia _____
P ittsb u rg h __ 25.0
Portland,
37.5
O reg ..
1920
1 3 6 1 4 3 ° — 32 -
D enver____
D etroit ___
Fall R iv e r. _
Indianapolis
Jacksonville
K a n s a s
City, M o .
L ittle R o ck .
Los Angeles.
L ouisville.. .
M anchester.
60.0
50.0
42.0
50.0
31.3
87. 5 112.5
80.0 100.0
75.0 100.0
75.0 100.0
65.0 80.0
55.0
50. 0
50. 0
45.0
40.0
85.0
80. 0
75.0
60. 0
60.0
100.0
85.0
85.0
92.5
80.0
112.5
115.0
95.0
97.5
90.0
112.5
115. 0
95.0
112.5
115.0
125.0
115. 0
100. 0
125.0
115.0
125.0
115.0
125.0
115.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110 .0
100.0
110 .0
110 .0
90.0
100.0
100.0
122. 5 122.5
0
80.0 lf 80.
70. 0
100.0
92. 5
87.5
80.0
112.5
90.0
112. 5
112.5
90.0
126.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
80.0
90.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100. 0
112.5
125.0
M em p h is__
M ilw aukee—
M inneapolis
N ewark,
N. J _____
New H av en .
50.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
85.0
80.0
87.5
100. 0
90.0
50.0
47.5
80.0
65.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
90.0
131.3
137. 5
140.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
N ew Orleans
New Y o rk ..
O m aha_____
P hiladelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
40.0
62. 5
50.0
50.0
55.0
60.0 75.0
75.0 112.5
75.0 112.5
80.0 112. 5
80.0 90.0
112. 5
90.0
90.0
90.0
131.3
90.0
150.0
90.0
150.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
137.5
100.0
100.0
90.0
131.3
100. 0
112.5
137.5
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
125. 0
150.0
125.0
150.0
Portland,
Oreg__ . . .
Providence—
St. Louis___
St. P au l. . . .
Salt L ake
C ity ...........
50.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
8 6.0
70.0
82. 5
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110 .0
100.0
110 .0
112.5
110 .0
80.0
150.0
90.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
112.5
117.5
150.0
100.0
112.5
117. 5
150.0
100. 0
62.5
100.0
112.5
90.0
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
106.3
San Francisco_____
Scranton___
Seattle___
W ashington
62.5
42.5
56. 3
50.0
87. 5 106.3
70.0 87. 5
93.8 100. 0
87.5 95.0
104.4
87.5
87. 5
105.0
104.4
112.5
104.4
112.5
112. 5
112. 5
112.5
112.5
112. 5
112. 5
112.5
125.0
112.5
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112. 5
125.0
112. 5
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100.0
100.0
112. 5
109.4
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122. 5 122.5
80. 0 } 80.0
70 0
100.0
85.0
80.0
125.0
100. 0
137. 5
80.0
112. 5
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
80.0
80.0
44
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48
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110 .0
100.0
110 .0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
110 .0
100.0
100. 0
44
44
44
44
44
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44
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40
44
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40
44
44
40
40
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140.0
112. 5
150.0
112.5
150.0
125.0
150. 0
125.0
165.0
125.0
140.0
106.3
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
90.0
150.0
90.0
150.0
100. 0
90.0
165.0
100. 0
125.0
150.0
90.0
165.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
125.0
80.0
105. 0
125.0
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
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44
44
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44
44
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44
44
44
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44
48
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44
44
44
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44
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44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
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12 40
12 40
1240
44
12 40
44
40
40
110 .0
125. 0
150.0
87.5
44
48
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48
110 .0
112. 5
117.5
150.0
100.0
112.5
117. 5
150.0
100. 0
100.0
90.0
100. 0
125.0
100. 0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
90.0
112.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
112. 5
118. 8
112. 5
137.5
112.5
125.0
112. 5
137. 5
90.0
112.5
90.0
137.5
44
44
244
244
40
40
44
40
44
244
40
44
40
44
40
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40
44
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44
40
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44
44
44
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40
44
40
40
1240
40
44
44
44
44
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
2 40 hours per week, June to A ugust, inclusive.
I2 44 hours per week, September to A pril, inclusive.
14 O ld scale; strik e pending a t tim e of report.
1« 40 hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OS
642
U N IO N SC A LE S O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF I E D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 T O 1932, B Y C IT IE S —C o n tin u ed
C e m e n t f in is h e r s
Hours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
75. 0 100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
125. 0
100. 0
125. 0
100. 0
125. 0
100.0
125.0
100.0
85.0
m o
112.5
110.0
112. 5
137. 5
112. 5
137. 5
112. 5
100. 00
125.0
125 0
137. 5
112. 5
100.0
137.5
125 0
137.5
112.5
100.0
137.5
75.0 100. 0
65.0 100.0
100. 0
125.0
125 0
137. 5
112. 5
137. 5
112.5
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
125.0
112.5
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
65.0 80.0 125.0
50. 0 60. 0 90.0
/60.0 j-80. 0 90.0
50. 0 87. 5 100.0
68.8 87.5 100.0
110.0
87.5
104.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
107. 5
125.0
125.0
112. 5
125. 0
117. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
137. 5
123.8
125.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
127. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
130.0
137.5
125. 0
125.0
150.0
130.0
137. 5
125.0
125.0
162. 5
132.5
137. 5
137. 5
125. 0
162.5
132.5
137.5
125. 0
125.0
131.3
102. 5
112.5
125.0
109.4
44
50
48
48
44
44
50
44
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44
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44
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44
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44
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44
44
48
48
44
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80.0 125.0
85. 0 115. 0
70.0 90.0
100.0
95. 0
90.0
150.0
110.0
105.0
112. 5
125. 0
105.0
112. 5
125.0
105.0
137. 5
125. 0
110.0
137. 5
125.0
112. 5
112. 5
125. 0
117. 5
112. 5
125.0
117.5
112.5
125.0
117.5
112. 5
125.0
94.0
54
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
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87.5 107. 5
87. 5 100.0
100.0
112. 5
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125. 0
125.0
125.0 125. 0 125. 0
125.0 125.0 125.0
f 125. 0 }l25. 0
125.0 \137.
5
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
125.0
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
44
54
48
44
44
44
44
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44
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44
44
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125.0
137. 5
112. 5
100 . 0
100 . 0
125. 0
137. 5
112. 5
100. 0
100.0
60
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
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44
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44
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44
44
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44
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150.0
112. 5
100.0
100. 0
125. 0
150.0
112. 5
100. 0
100.0
125.0
150.0
112. 5
100. 0
125.0
40
44
44
44
175.0
137. 5
112. 5
150.0
112.5
175.0
143.8
112. 5
150.0
112.5
175.0
150. 0
112. 5
150. 0
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Baltimore
B oston____
Buffalo-----Chicago___
C in c in n ati..
C leveland...
D allas ___
D e n v e r ___
D etro it____
Fall R iv er. _
Indianapolis
Kansas C ity,
M o ______
L ittle Rock.
Los Angeles.
62. 5
50.0
50.0
50.0
62.5
55.6
62.5
—
Louisville . . 45.0
M em phis__ 50. 0
M ilwaukee . 45.0
N ewark,
N. J _____
N ew H aven
62.5
N ew York
62. 5
O m ah a... . .
Philadelphia 45.0
P ittsb u rg h ..
Portland,
Oreg_____ 62.5
Providence .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
70.0 80.0
90.0 112. 5
87. 5
70.0 85.0
75.0 100. 0
87.5 125.0
82. 5 100.0
75. 0 112. 5
75.0 112. 5
90.0
112. 5
100.0
100 . 0
100. 0
125.0
100.0
100 0
112. 5
100 . 0
110 .0
110 .0
150. 0
112. 5
137. 5
112. 5
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
125. 0
137. 5
112. 5
100 . 0
100 . 0
150.0
125.0
150. 0
125.0
100. 0
131. 3
112. 5
162. 5
137. 5
112. 5
150.0
112. 5
100 0
131. 3
112.5
125.0
150. 0
112. 5
72.5
75.0
100.0
100.0
82. 5
87. 5
112.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
135.0
125.0
135.0
125.0
135.0
125.0
135.0
87.5
80.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
87. 5
102. 5
115.0
112. 5
125.0
112. 5
115.0
112.5
115.0
112. 5
115. 0
112. 5
115.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50
54
48
16 44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
44
44
44^è
40
48
44
40
40
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40
40
40
48
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44
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40
44
40
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40
44
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40
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
193. 8
150.0
193.8
165.0
168.8
140.0
100 . 0
100.0
100.0
165.0
112. 5
165. 0
112. 5
100.0
44
40
44
44
40
44
125.0
135.0
125.0
140.0
105.0
140.0
491/2
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
112. 5
115. 0
112. 5
125.0
90.0
115.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
44
140.0
44
44
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
1920
1919
1913
Richm ond .
St. Louis___ 60.0
St. P a u l___ 50.0
Salt Lake
C ity _____ 62.5
82.5 125.0
75.0 100.0
87.5
100.0
80.0
87. 5 112.5
San Francisco___
75.0 100.0 112.5 104.4
Scranton.. .
Seattle .
62.5
. 0 112.5 100.0
W ashington.
87.5 90.0 100.0
100
125.0
150.0
100.0
150.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
112.5
150. 0
112. 5112. 5
112. 5
150. 0
112. 5
112. 5
150.0
100.0
112. 5
150. 0
112.5
112.5
100.0
150.0
100.0
112.5
150. 0
112. 5
112. 5
100. 0 100. 0
125. 0
150.0
125.0
150.0
125. 0
157.5
125.0
157. 5
100.0
125 0
131.3
100.0
44
48
44
44
44
44
150. 0
112. 5
112. 5
100. 0
100.0
48
48
48
112.5
150. 0
112.5
112. 5
112. 5
150. 0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
150. 0
112. 5
125.0
112.5
150 0
112. 5
125.0
112.5
150 0
90.0
125.0
44
44
44
44
48
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
44
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44
44
40
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44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
B o o k a n d jo b
A tla n ta ____
B altim ore-.Birmingham
B oston_____
Buffalo____
34. 4 43.8
37. 5 54.2
40. 6 44.8
41. 7 55.2
30. 6 59.4
57.5
81.3
76.0
72.9
71.9
80.0
83.3
80.0
87.0
90.9
80.0
90.9
80.0
92.0
90.9
80.0
90.9
80.0
92.0
90.9
80.0
90.9
92.5
92.0
100.0
100.0
90.9
92.5
96.0
100.0
100.0
90.9
92.5
96.0
100.0
100.0
90.9
92.5
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.5
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.5
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.5
96.0
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
C harleston,
S. C _____
Chicago-----C in cin n ati. _
C lev elan d ...
D a lla s _____
33.3
46.9
40.6
39.6
52.1
37.5
75.0
51.0
62.5
70.8
37.5
95.8
75.0
87.5
88. 5
98.9
106.0
104.5
93.8
93.2
84.1
115.9
109.1
100.0
93.2
90.9
115.9
109. 1
104.5
93.2
84.1
115.9
109. 1
106.8
93.2
84.1
122.7
113.6
109.1
93.2
84.1
122. 7
113.6
109. 1
100.0
84.1
122. 7
115.9
111.4
100.0
84.1
129.5
118.2
111.4
100.0
90.9
129.5
118.2
lli:4
100.0
90.9
129.5
118.2
104.5
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
D e n v e r____
D etro it____
Fall R iv e r ._
Indianapolis
Jacksonville-
54. 2
38.5
33.3
43.8
37.5
65.6
72.9
41.7
54.2
52.1
81.3
92.7
62.5
75.0
75.0
95.5
105.0
72.7
92.7
81.8
95.5
105.0
81.8
95.5
81.8
102. 3
105.0
81.8
98.0
81.8
102.3
110.0
81.8
100. 0
98.9
102.3
115.0
81.8
102. 3
98.9
102.3
120.0
81.8
104.5
98.9
102.3
122.0
81.8
106.8
98.9
102.3
125.0
81.8
111.4
98.9
102.3
125.0
81.8
111.4
98.9
102.3
125.0
81.8
111.4
98.9
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Kansas C ity,
M o ______
L ittle R ock.
Los Angeles.
L ouisville...
M an ch ester.
41.7
37.5
46.9
37.5
35.4
54.2
43.8
58.3
45.8
41.7
72.9
72.9
75.0
45.8
66.7
84.4
70.0
95.5
79.0
79.5
92.0
70.0
102.3
79.0
79.5
94.3
85.2
102.3
96.6
96.6
102.3
102.3
92.0
103.8
86.4
79.5
102.3
94.3
106.8
86.4
79.5
102.3
94.3
106.8
86.4
79.5
95.0
94. 3
106. 8
86.4
79.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
79.5
100.0
92.0
108.8
79.0
79.5
44
44
44
79.5
98.9
96.6
106.8
79.0
79.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40.0
41.7
43.8
55.4
54.2
54.0
93.8
72.9
87.5
82.3
93.2
95.5
82.3
93.2
95.5
80.0
93.2
95.5
80.0
95.5
95.5
81.8
100.0
95.5
81.8
102.3
95.5
81.8
102.3
95.5
81.8
104.5
95.5
81.8
106. 8
95.5
81.8
96.3
95.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
47.9
40.6
72.9
45.8
91.7
58.3
102.3
86.4
115.9
£6.4
115.9
86.4
118.2
86.4
120.5
86.4
122.7
86.4
125.0
86.4
127. 3
86.4
129.5
86.4
129.5
86.4
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
M em p h is__
M ilw aukee .
M inneapolis
N ewark,
N . J _____
N ew H aven.
16 48 hours p er week, O ctober to M arch, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
44
44
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
C o m p o s ito r s :
44
44
44
44
05
CO
U N IO N SC A LES OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT IE S —Continued
C o m p o s ito r s : B o o k
05
a n d j o b — C o n tin u ed
^
Hours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1931
1932
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1923 1927 1923 1929 1930 1931 1932
78.4
127.3
78.4
129. 5
78.4
131.8
78.4
134.1
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
90.0
104.5
90.0
104.5
90.0
104.5
95.5
106.8
95.5
113.6
78.4
136.4
93.8
95. 5
113.6
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
43
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
105. 7
90.9
103.0
105.7
90. 9
103.0
95.5
105.7
90.9
103. 0
95.5
105.7
90.9
103.0
95. 5
105.7
90.9
103.0
95.5
95. 1
90.9
103.0
95.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
93.2
48
48
48
48
48
46
46
115.9
102.3
115.9
104.5
115.9
104.5
118.2
104. 5
118.2
104.5
100.0
100.0
100 .0
100 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.3
104. 5
104.5
118.2
104.5
100 . 0
104.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
» 48 U 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
1842
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
43.8
50.0
37.5
39.6
39.6
50.0
75.0
78.4
113. 6
93.2
89. 6
78.4
120.5
93.2
89.6
78.4
120. 5
93.2
90.0
78.4
122.7
93.2
90.0
78.4
125.0
60.4
60.4
71.9
93.8
87.5
89.6
81.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 .0
75.0
50.0
52.7
54.0
85.4
72.9
79.2
83. 3
95.8
79.5
92.8
95. 5
90.9
90.9
98.0
95. 5
102.3
90.9
98.0
95.5
102.3
90.9
98.0
95.5
fi2 5
71 9
87 5
Qfi 9
96. 9
104. 3
104. 3
50.0
43.8
53.1
40.0
62.5 81.3
52. 1 71.9
75.0 87.5
62.5 83.3
104.5
85.2
93.8
90. 9
104.5
90.9
93.8
90.9
115.9
115.9
100.0
100 .0
93.8
90.9
93.8
90.9
Portland,
53.1
Oreg___.
37.5
Providence
St. Louis - _ 43.8
43.8
Salt Lake
City
San F ran
cisco___ _
Scranton
Seattle. . _
W ashington.
1930
1919
68.8
1928
C o m p o s ito r s , d a y w o r k :
44
N ew spaper
4 3 .8
50. 0
52. 5
63. 0
5 0 .0
6 0 .6
6 5 .5
6 7 .5
8 3 .0
6 5 .6
6 3 .8
9 3 .3
6 7 .5
9 5 .0
7 1 .9
8 6 .5
9 5 .5
8 2 .5
107. 0
8 7 .5
9 3 .8
9 3 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .8
8 2 .5
8 2 .5
112 . 0 117. 0
9 5 .8 ' 9 5 .8
100. 0
110 . 2
9 2 .5
117. 0
102 . 1
100.0
1 1 0 .2
9 5 .0
125. 0
102 . 1
100.0
110 . 2
9 7 .5
1 2 5 .0
102 . 1
1 0 3 .1
1 1 4 .8
100.0
125. 0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 3 .1
1 1 4 .8
102. 5
125. 0
1 0 8 .3
103. 1
1 1 4 .8
102. 5
1 2 5 .0
1 0 8 .3
103. 1 48
1 1 4 .8
42
9 5 .0 i*42
125. 0 1942
1 0 8 .3
48
48
42
18 42
19 42
48
48
45
is 42
19 42
48
48
44
18 42
19 44
48
48
44
is 42
is 44
48
48
44
is 42
19 44
48
48
44
18 42
19 44
48
48
44
is 42
19 44
48
48
44
is 42
19 44
48
48
44
is 42
19 44
48
48
44
« 42
19 44
48
48
44
« 42
19 44
48
Charleston,
S. C _____ 33.3
Chicago------ 6 2 .0
C incinnati . 52. 1
5 3 .8
Cleveland.
D allas.......... 5 5 .0
42. 9
7 9 .0
8 7 .5
68.8
7 6 .0
42. 9
8 9 .0
1 0 7 .3
8 7 .5
8 8 .5
9 0 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 0 7 .3
9 6 .9
9 0 .6
8 3 .3
1 2 9 .0
113. 3
1 0 7 .3
100.0
83. 3
129. 0
1 1 3 .8
116. 7
106. 3
8 3 .3
1 3 5 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 0 6 .3
9 2 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 0 5 .3
9 2 .7
1 4 0 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 0 6 .3
92. 7
1 4 0 .0
12 2 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 0 8 .3
9 4 .0
1 4 0 .0
12 2 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 0 3 .3
9 4 .0
1 4 0 .0
12 2 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 0 6 .3
18 42
18 45
48
48
48
is 42
is 45
45
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
45
45
45
48
48
45
45
45
48
48
45
45
45
48
48
45
45
45
48
48
45
45
45
48
48
45
45
45
48
A tlan ta__
B altim ore.Birm ingham
Boston.
Buffalo-------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 3 .3
129. 0
1 1 3 .8
107. 3
100.0
48
2045
47%
48
48
48
1944
48
48
45
37%
55
48
MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
N ew Orleans
N ew Y ork- O m a h a .___
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
1929
1913
63.3
55. 0
37.5
50.0
37.5
72.7
74.5
49. 0
60.4
65.6
97.8 1 93.3
87.0
97. 0
75.0
79. 2
81.3
89.6
83.3
83.3
103.3
113. 0
87. 5
100 . 0
83.3
K ansas City,
M o ______
L ittle R ock.
Los Angeles.
Louisville__
M anchester.
59.5
47.9
62.5
49.0
35.4
6 8.8
62.5
75. 6
62. 5
41.7
90.6
72. 9
86.7
87.5
66.7
10 1 . 1
87.5
72.9
90.6
83.3
107.8
93.8
80.2
M em p h is__
M ilw aukee..
M inneapolis
N ewark, N.J.
New Haven..
57.8
45.8
54.0
60. 9
46.9
66.7
56.3
62. 5
76. 1
50.0
86.7
77. 1
87. 5
89. 1
72.9
88.9
93.8
88.5
110.9
79.2
New Y o rk ..
O m ah a____
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg_____
66.7
50.0
41.7
55.0
96.7
12 2 .2
122 . 2
68.8
66.7
77.0
87.5
81.3
87.5
87.5
79.2
1 1 1 .8
68.3
100.0
106.-7
106.7
Providence..
R ich m o n d ,
V a______
St. Louis___
St. P a u l___
S a lt L a k e
C ity --------
47.9
66.7
87.5
95.8
33.3
58.7
54.5
45.8
63.4
63.0
58.3
91. 3
87.5
87.5
91.3
87.5
10 2 .2
88.8
62.5
71.9
87.5
San Francisco.__ __
Scranton___
S eattle. ___
W ashington.
64.4
47.9
75.0
60.7
93.3
81.3
114.3
92.9 104.0
75. 6
60.4
100. 0
100.0
103. 3
120. 0
87.5
104.2
103.3
125.0
87.5
106.3
110 . 6
125. 0
87.5
105.3
114. 8
130. 0
87.5
110.9
89.6
119.9
131.0
95.8
110. 9
119.9
131. 0
95.8
110. 9
119.9
126.0
95.8
110.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.8
84.4
102 . 1
93.8
82.3
93.8
83.3
104.2
84.4
114.0
93.8
83.3
104.2
87.5
117.8
93.8
83.3
108.3
91.3
117. 8
93.8
83.3
108.3
95.5
117. 8
93.8
88.9
93.3
97.9
97.9
110. 9
85.4
83.3
102.5
98.0
119. 6
85.4
93.3
102.5
98.0
121.7
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.3
97. 9
130.4
89.6
106.3
121.4
132.6
89.6
110.4
121.4
134.8
91.7
100.0
117. 8
128.9
90.6
87.5
12 1 . 1
133.3
90.6
87.5
12 1 . 1
133.3
90.6
87.5
125. 6
140.0
96.9
91.3
126.7
142.2
97.9
91. 3
126.7
144.4
99.0
91.3
126.7
106. 7
106. 7
106. 7
106. 7
106. 7
104.2
104.2
104.2
108.3
108.3
93.8
87.5
106. 5
101.3
94.8
110.9
101.3
94.8
110.9
101.3
94.8
114. 1
101.3
96.9
96.9
104.3
104.3
104.3
107.8
87.5
114.3
104.0
107. 8
95.8
121.4
115.6
104.2
121.4
110 .0
110 .0
115.6
110.4
121.4
128.6
115. 6
112.5
123. 2
128.6
90.6
83.3
84.4
121. 4
134.8
93.8
144.4
100 . 0
45
45
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
108.3
95.5
117. 8
93.8
88.9
108.3
94.0
117. 8
93.8
88.9
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
100.0
93.0
117.8
123. 8
134.8
95.8
45
48
48
46
48
48 45
is 45
48
48
46
48
144.4
93.8
91.3
45
48
48
48
117.8
123.8
134.8
95.8
144.4
100.0
45
2248
22 48 22 48
is 4 5
is 4 5
45
45
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
48
48
45
48
46
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
45
48
45
48
44
45
48
45
48
42
45
48
45
48
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
42
46
48
45
48
42
46
48
45
45
42
46
48
45
45
42
46
48
45
45
42
46
48
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
44
48
46
45
24 32
23 4 8
48
48
48
48
48
46
48
48
48
46
48
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
45
48
48
48
45
48
48
46 ¡4
45
48
48
45
45
48
48
45
45
48
48
45
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
48
46
91. 3
128.9
91. 3
128.9
1 2 1 .1
113 3
113 3
113 3
106 7
108.3
112.5
116.7
118.8
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
94.8
114. 1
101.3
94.8
120.7
101.3
94.8
120.7
101.3
87.5
120.7
101.3
48
46
48
48
46
48
46
48
48
46
48
46
48
48
46
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
45
46
48
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.3
48
48
48
48
48
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
120.0
120.0
120.0
114. 9
123.2
128.6
120.0
120.0
114. 9
123. 2
128. 6
114.9
123. 2
128.6
114.9
123.2
128. 6
114.9
123.2
128.6
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
17 44 hours p er week for 3 of th e m onths betw een June and Sept. 30.
18 M inim um ; maxim um , 8 hours per day.
19 A ctual hours worked; m inim um , 6 ; m axim um , 8 hours per day.
20 A ctual hours worked; m inim um , 7; m axim um , 8 hours per day.
is 4 5
23 4 8
23
23 4 8
23 4 8
46
23 4 8
22 M axim um ; m inim um ,
23 M axim um ; m inim um ,
24 W ork 4 days per week.
23 4 8
7 hours per day.
45 hours per week.
645
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103. 3
113.0
87.5
W AG ES AND H O URS OF LABOR
D enver____
D etroit
Fall R iv e r .,
Indianapolis
Jacksonville.
U N IO N SC A LE S O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S, 1913 TO 1932, BY C IT IE S —Continued
E le c tr o ty p e r s :
05
R ates per hour (cents)
Hours per week
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
45.8
41. 7
50.0
50.0
43.8
49.0
43.8
41.7
37. 5
43.8
37.5
43.8
57.3 88.5
50.0 81. 3
50.0 72.9
52.5 78. 1
56.3 72.9
77. 1 104. 2
52. 1 66.7
58.3 83.3
65.6 72.9
54. 2 62.5
56.3 93.8
63.6 63.6
93.2
96.6
96.6
96.6
96.6
96.6
99.0
81.3
134. 1
89.6
93.8
75.0
102.3
85.2
90.9
113.6
95.5
102.3
87.5
102.3
99.0
87.5
140.9
91.7
93.8
113. 6
90.9
113.6
95.5
102.3
89.8
90.6
77.1
108.0
95. 5
75.0
102.3
87. 5
96.6
99.0
87. 5
138.6
91. 7
93.8
113. 6
90.9
113.6
95.5
43.8
50.0
62.5
70.8
90.6
86.4
89.6
86.4
100.0
45. 8 62. 5
43.8 56.3
36. 1 59.4
75.0
37. 4 46. 7
55.0
62.5 75.0
43.8 66.7
41.7 70.0
43.8 45.8
62. 5
75.0
81. 3
109. 1
62. 5
88.9
109.1
113.6
103.1
85.4
81.3
91.7
134. 1
75.0
90.9
134.1
102.3
113.6
79.2
140.9
102.3
125.0
91.7
104. 5
102.3
73. 9
100 . 0
93.8
95. 8
140. 9
79. 5
90.9
140.9
102.3
114.6
91.7
104.5
102.3
102. 3
102. 3
93.8
95. 8
140.9
79. 5
102.3
140.9
102.3
114.6
91.7
45.8
43.8
90.9 104. 5
60.4 78.1
55.0 85.4
59.4 81.3
104.5
93.8
89.6
91.7
111. 4
104.2
102 . 2
95.8
114.8
104. 2
109.1
95.8
114.8
104. 2
111.4
95. 8
56.3
41.7
52.1
50.0
62.5 79.2
50.0 75.0
77.8 104. 5
58.3 93.8
113.6
90.9
104.5
90.9
113.6
97.7
113.6
102.3
125.0
97.7
118.2
102.3
125.0
102. 3
118. 2
113.6
50.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102.3
93.8
95.8
140.9
79. 5
1931
1932
102.3
102.3
90. 3
108.0
104.2
104.5
109.1
150.0
113.6
113.6
113.6
90.9
131.8
f 90.3
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
98.7
104.2
79.5
113.6
113.6
104.3
150.0
84. 2
83. 3
150.0
102.3
134. 1
113.6
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
54
48
48
48
44
53 ^
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
45
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
100 .0
105.7 105.7
/104. 2
99.0 \105. 7
93.8
97. 9
145.5 150.0
97.9 100.0
104.3 111.4
113. 6 113. 6
90.9
90.9
125.0 127.3
104.5
100.0
I 96. 8
108.0
104.2
104.5
109. 1
150.0
116.7
113.6
113. 6
90.9
131. 8
106.8
104. 5
113.6
102. 3
113. 6
93.8
97.9
140. 9
104.5
113.6
96. 6
113. 6
93.8
97.9
145. 5
109.1
104.2
102. 3
113. 6
102.3
109.1
104.2
90. 9
113 6
113.6
100.0
100.0
145. 5
150. 0
84. 2
102.3
140.9
102.3
118.8
93.8
140.9
102.3
118.8
93.8
145.5
102.3
118.8
93.8
145.5
102.3
131.8
93.8
150.0
102.3
134. 1
104.2
119.3
119. 3
119.3
119.3
113.6
97.9
113.6
97.9
115.9
97.9
118. 2
100 .0
119.3
104. 2
118. 2
100.0
107.4
104. 2
118.2
104.3
125.0
102.3
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119. 3
118.2
125.0
106.8
118. 2
122.7
113.6
106.8
118.2
122.7
102.3
99.0
91.7
140.9
95.8
97. 9
113. 6
90.9
125.0
95. 5
104. 5
113.6
102. 3
113.6
93.8
97.9
140. 9
102.3
99.0
93.8
140.9
97.9
10 0 .0
113. 6
90.9
125.0
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
100.0
48
48
48
00
1913
54
1845
1845
44
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
4S
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
46H
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
46
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
48 /\ 48
44
48 2M8
44
44
48
48
44
46
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
46}^
44
48
44
26 4 4
44
46H
44
48
44
2744
44
42
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
47}/2
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
46
44
47a
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
46
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
A tlan ta____
BaltimoreBirmingham
B oston____
Buffalo____
C h ic ag o ___
C incinnati- _
Cleveland.-Dallas - _
D enver___
D etroit____
Indianapolis
Kansas C ity,
M o______
Los Angeles
Louisville
M em phis__
M ilw aukee _
M inneapolis
N ew ark,N J_
New H aven
New Orleans
New York__
Omaha
Philadelphia
P itts b u rg h P o r tla n d ,
Oreg_____
Richmond - _
St. Louis___
St. Paul-. __
San Francisco_____
Scranton___
Seattle_____
W ashington.
Oi
F in is h e r s
E le c tr o ty p e r s :
45.8
43.8
50.0
50.0
43.8
54. 2
C in cin n ati. .
C leveland. __
D allas_____
D en v er.........
D e tro it_____
47.9 52.1
43.8 60.4
43. 8 65. 6
52. 1 60.4
37.5 56.3
Indianapolis
K a n sa s
C ity , Mo_.
Los Angeles.
Louisville . .
M em phis__
45.8
65.9
65.9
85.2
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
43.8
50.0
62.5
70.8
90.6
86.4
95.8
86.4
100.0
102.3
45.8
104. 5
102.3
73. 9
62.5
62.5
100.0
104.5
102.3
102. 3
102.3
104.5
113.6
102. 3
113.6
43.8
36.1
56.3
59.4
75.0
81.3
81.3
91.7
93.8
95.8
93.8
95.8
93.8
95.8
93.8
97.9
75.0
46.7
55.0
75.0
66.7
70.0
53.1
109.1
62.5
88.9
109.0
113.6
113.1
87.5
134.1
75.0
90. 9
134.1
102.3
113.6
79.2
140.9
79.5
140.9
79.5
90.9
140.9
102.3
114.6
91.7
140.9
79.5
102.3
140.9
102.3
114.6
91.7
140.9
90.9 104. 5
60.4 78.1
57.3 85.4
59.4 81.3
104. 5
93.8
89.6
91.7
111.4
104.2
95.8
114. 8
104. 2
109.1
95.8
56.3 62.5 79.2
47.9 56.3 75.0
52. 1 77.8 104. 5
50. 0 58.3 93.8
113.6
90.9
104. 5
90.9
113.6
97. 7
313. 6
102. 3
125.0
97.7
118. 2
102.3
M ilw aukee..
M inneapolis
N e w a rk ,
N . J _____
N ew H a v en .
N ew Orleans
N ew Y o r k ..
O m aha____
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg__ _
R ic h m o n d ..
St. Louis___
St. P a u l____
San F ran cisco_____
S c ra n to n ...
Seattle. _
W ashington.
37.4
62.5
43.8
45.8
50.0
50.0
47.9
50.0
57.3 88.5
54.2 83.3
50.0 72.9
52.5 78.1
56. 3 72.9
77.1 104.2
70.8
83.3
72. 9
69.8
93.8
90.9
96.6
89.8
90.6
77.1
108.0
96.6
99.0
81. 3
134.1
95.5
75.0
89.6
93.8
79.5
102.3
98.9
113.6
140.9
102.3
125.0
91.7
10 2 .2
96.6
87.5
96.6
99.0
87. 5
138.6
102.3
87. 5
102.3
99.0
87.5
140.9
102.3
96.6
102.3
99.0
91. 7
140.9
102.3
99.0
93. 8
140.9
105.7 105.7
2
99.0 /104.
\105. 7
93.8
97. 9
145.5 150.0
91.7
93.8
113. 6
90.9
113.6
91.7
93.8
113. 6
90.9
113.6
95.8
97. 0
113. 6
90.9
125.0
97.9
100. 0
113. 6
90.9
125.0
97.9
104.3
113. 6
90.9
125.0
111.4
113. 6
90.9
127.3
100.0
100.0
104.5
125.0
102. 3
113.6
104.5
113.6
96. 6
113.6
93.8
97.9
93.8
97.9
140.9
145.5
96.6
102.3
/ 90.3
\ 96. 8 }
108.0
104. 2
104.5
109.1
150.0
102.3
48
90.3
48
108.0
48
104. 2
104. 5 } 48
109. 1 48
48
150.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48 /\ 48
44
48 25 48
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
46
44
44
44
44
44
44
113.6
113.6
113. 6
90.9
131.8
104.5
106.8
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
109.1
104. 2
102. 3
113.6
113.6
104.2
90. 9
113. 6
98. 7
104.2
90. 9
113.6
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
46
44
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
102.3
113.6
100.0
100 .0
113.6
104.3
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
46
145.5
150. 0
84.2
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
47M 4 7 ^
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
46^
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
140.9
102.3
118.8
93.8
145.5
102.3
118.8
93.8
145.5
102.3
131.8
93.8
Ì50.Ò
102.3
134.1
104.2
114.8
104.2
111.4
95.8
119.3
119.3
119.3
119.3
113.6
97.9
113.6
97.9
115.9
97.9
118.2
119. 3
104.2
118.2
100.0
125.0
102.3
118. 2
113.6
125.0
102.3
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119. 3
113.6
125.0
106.8
119.3
118.2
150. 0
84. 2
83. 3
150.0
102.3
134. 1
113.6
54
44
48
48
48
44
5 3^
1845
44
48
48
48
100.0
107.4
104.2
118.2
104.3
48
48
48
48
48
48
125.0
106.8
118. 2
122. 7
113.6
106.8
118. 2
122. 7
48
48
48
44
48
48
45
48
27 48 hours
26 48 hours
48
18 45
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
46M 463.-2
44
44
48
48
44
44
2«44 2744
44
44
116.7
113.6
113.6
90.9
131.8
100.0
140. 9
102.3
118.8
93.8
18 M inim um ; maxim um , 8 hours per day.
25 44 hours per week, June to Septem ber, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96.6
42
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
46
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
and same p ay per week, N ovem ber to F ebruary, inclusive.
and sam e p ay per week, N ovem ber to A pril, inclusive.
W AGES AND HOURS
A tla n ta ____
B altim ore__
B irm ingham
Boston_____
Buffalo____
Chicago____
M o ld e r s
O
>
O
to)
OS
648
U N IO N SCA LES OP W A G E S A N D H O U R S O P L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT IE S —C ontinued
G r a n ite c u tte r s , in s id e
R ates p er hour (cents)
Hours per week
C ity
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
50.0
45.6
43.8
75.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
118.8
100 .0
1 1 0 .0
106.3
106.3
118.8
112. 5
112.5
118.8
112. 5
112.5
118.8
118.0
118.8
118.8
124.0
118.8
118.8
124.0
118.8
100.0
100.0
100 .0
45.0
50.0
50.0
69.0 87.5
76.3 86.3
81.3 100.0
81. 3 100.0
85.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10 0 .0
100 .0
112.5
100.0
100.0
106.3
112.5
106.3
100.0
106.3
105.0
105.0
105.0
115.6
106. 3
106.3
115.6
106. 3
112.5
115.6
106. 3
112.5
115.6
106. 3
112.5
118.8
112. 5
112.5
125.0
125. 0
112.5
105.0
150.0
125.0
Los Angeles. 62.5
M anchester. 40.6
M inneapolis.
87.5 100.0
72.5 100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
N ew H av en .
N ew Orleans
N ew Y o rk ..
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
72. 5 87.5
75.0 80.0
79.0 100.0
80.0 100.0
81.3 100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
112. 5
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
137. 5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
137.5
112. 5
125.0
112.5
112.5
137. 5
125.0
125.0
112.5
112. 5
137.5
125.0
125.0
70.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
112.5
110.0
112. 5
115.0
70.0 82.5
75.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
112. 5
100.0
100.0
62.5
81.3 100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
62.5
87.5 100.0
112. 5
112. 5
112.5
118.8
62. 5
45.0
87. 5
. 0
87.5 100.0
112. 5
100.0
112. 5
112. 5
112. 5
112.5
112. 5
125.0
B altim o re-..
B oston........
Buffalo . . .
C h arleston,
S. C _____
Chicago____
C lev elan d ...
D allas____
D en v er____
57.0
41.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Por 11a n d,
Oreg____
Providence.. 40.6
R ic h m o n d ,
V a______ 43.8
St. Louis___ 50.0
S t. P a u l,
M in n ____
Salt L a k e
C ity _____
San Francisco_____
Scranton___
S eattle_____
W ashington.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
112.5
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
105.0
132. 5
118.8
112. 5
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
294 4
44
44
44
44
44
44
106. 3
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
115.0
118.8
44
44
29 4 4
44
44
29
44
44
44
44
44
29 4 4
40
44
44
44
40
28 4 4
44
44
30 4 4
30 4 4
31 4 4
31 4 4
44
28 4 4
40
44
44
100
112.5
112.5
150.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
150.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
112.5
115.0
112.5
115.0
112.5
115.0
112. 5
100.0
44
44
44
44
3544
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
3644
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
44
44
44
44
118. 8
112. 5
125. 0
112. 5
125.0
106. 3
112. 5
112. 5
125.0
44
44
112.5
125.0
112. 5
125. 0
112. 5
125.0
44
112. 5
125.0
112.5
125. 0
112.5
125.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
. 0
29
44
2944
44
30
44
44
29 4 4
29
31 4 4
30 4 4 -
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
32 4 4
40
32 4 4
33 4 4
33 4 4
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
30 4 4
44
40
31 4 4
44
44
44
44
44
44
30 4 4
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
28 4 4
40
2944
112. 5
112.5
100.0
44
44
44
29 4 4
44
44
30
34
44
33
44
44
40
2 4 4
44
34 4 4
33
44
44
40
44
40
40
24 4
2 44
44
34 4 4
44
31 4 4
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
30 4 4
44
30 4 4
40
44
30 4 4
40
28
44
40
44
30 4 4
40
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
1913
H o d c a r r ie r s
75.0
50.0
57. 5
/65. 0
\57. 5
57.5
1-65. 6
J
65.0
j-55.0
N ew ark,N .J- 35.0
N ew H av en . 28.0
N ew Y o rk .. 37.5
100.0
|85. 0
87.5
175. 0
\78. 1
100.0
172. 5
\75.0
100.0
70.0
72.5
90.0
87.5
81.3
84.4
75. 0
82.5 }
87.5
70.0
82.5
92.5
87.5
81.3
84. 4
75. 0
82.5
100.0
100.0
79.0
79.0
90.0
87.5
97.5
95.0
87.5
87.5
81.3
81.3
84.4
84.4
75. 0
87.5
82.5 l1 92.5
100.9
79.0
90.0
97.5
87.5
81.3
84.4
100.0
85.0
90.0
97.5
87.5
81.3
84.4
87.5 } 92.5
100.0
75. 0
70.0
82.5
70.0
100.0
72.0
87.5
81.3 } 75.0
84.4
60.0
65.0
76.0
82.5
*85.5" ~85."0
97. 5
97.5
100.0
87.5
81.3
84. 4
95.0
37 45
44
44
45
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
49 L
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
40
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
45
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
44
40
40
40
48
40
62. 5
j-53.1
90.0
75.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
112.5
99.0
80.0
87.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
j-50. 0
50.0
55.0
75.0
80.0
62. 5
85.0
75.0
90.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
65.0
62.5
48
44
50
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
50.0
87.5
75.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
112. 5
125.0
125.0
50.0
50.0
85. 0
95.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
75.0
123.8
65.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
112.5
115.0
___ ___
87.5
70.0
100.0
p Cn
OO
50.0
}eo.o 90.0
P ittsb u rg h -.
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg_____ 50.0 75.0 93.8
/42. 5 62.5
St. Louis___ \45.0 65.0 j70. 0
80.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
75.0
85.0
75.0
/112. 5
112.5 \118.8 }l23. 8
flOO. 0 100.0 } 85.0
100.0
85.0
\ 85.0
112.5 112.5 112. 5 112.5
90.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.0
115.0
115.0
115.0
115.0
115.0
115.0
—
—
85.0
65.0
70.0
100.0
67.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.0
112. 5
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
77 2
70.0
87. 5
70.0
87. 5
70.0
87. 5
70.0
87. 5
70.0
87. 5
87.5
70.0
87.5
87.5
70.0
87.5
87.5
70.0
87.5
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
68.8
75.0
50.0
75.0
5
93.8
58.5
75.0
75.0
71 3
60.0
75.0
2 40 hours per week, Ju n e to A ugust, inclusive.
12 44 hours per week, Septem ber to A pril, inclusive.
13 44Jti hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
28 40 hours per week, Ju ly to M arch, inclusive.
29 40 hours per week, N ovem ber to M arch, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75.0
112.5
85.0
85.0
75.0
75. 0 }l 00. 0
81.3
Jo>2.
65.0
100.0
80.0
87.5
93.8
60.0
62.5
/37. 5
\50.0
50.0
30. 0
43.8
123.1
\28. 1
100.0
44
Philadelphia 35.0
St. P a u l___
S a lt L a k e
C ity _____
San Francisco_____
Scranton
Seattle. - .
W ashington.
75.0
70.0
72. 5
72.5
60. 0
75.0
78. 1
75.0
67.5
70.0
87.5
70. 0
44
44
44
44
112.5 \f 44
49 } 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
__
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
46
44
46
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
12 40 12 40 12 40
1240
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
85.0
81.3
44
44
87.5
48
70.0
44
70.0
75.0 w 45
13 4 5
39 40 hours per week, October to M arch, inclusive.
31 40 hours per week, June to February, inclusive.
32 40 hours per week, N ov. 16 to M ar. 15.
33 40 hours per week, N ovem ber to February, in
clusive.
*
40
44
3i 40 hours per week, January, February, June to
A ugust, inclusive, a nd D ecem ber.
33 40 hours per week, N ovem ber to A pril, inclusive.
33 40 hours p er week, N ov. 16 to A pr. 15.
37 44 hours per week, N ovem ber to M arch, inclusive.
W AG ES AND H O URS OF LABOR
B altim ore--- 31.3
Boston - _ 35.0
Chicago, -. 40.0
C incinnati. _ 42.5
Cleveland - 31.3
/37. 5
D enver
\ 10. 6
35. 0
D etroit
0
Indianapolis /40.
\42. 5
Kansas C ity,
M o______ 37.5
f30. 4
Los Angeles. \40.
6
J35. 0
L ouisville,-- \38. 0
M em phis__ 30. 0
40
12 40
40
05
650
U N IO N SC A LE S OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, BY C IT IE S —Continued
I n s i d e w ir e m e n
Hours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
43.8
62. 5
55.0
45.0
75.0 90.0
70.0 92. 5
80.0 100. 0
77.5 100.0
70.0 90.0
90.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
120.0
112.5
110.0
112. 5
90.0
131.3
112.5
110.0
112.5
90.0
131.3
112. 5
120. 0
125.0
90.0
143.8
125.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
143.8
125.0
125.0
137.5
112. 5
150.0
125.0
137. 5
137.5
112.5
165.0
125.0
150.0
137.5
112.5
112.5
0
165.0 /1 100.
165.0 )48
125.0
125.0 44
150.0
150.0 44
130.0 48
150.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
162.5
140.0
150.0
137. 5
137.5
162. 5
140.0
150.0
137.5
137. 5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44 ^
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
150.0
125. 0
150.0
100.0
137.5
44
44 VS
48
44
44
C hicago
C incinnati.
Cleveland
Dallas
D en v er____
75. 0
50. 0
57. 5
56. 3
56.3
87.5
71.9
90. 0
87.5
82. 5
125. 0
100.0
125. 0
100. 0
100.0
110.0
95.0
110.0
112. 5
100.0
125.0
115.0
137.5
112. 5
112.5
150.0
125.0
143. 8
125. 0
125.0
150.0
131.3
150. 0
125.0
137.5
156.3
135.0
150. 0
125. 0
137.5
162.5
137.5
150. 0
125.0
137. 5
162.5
137.5
150.0
137.5
137. 5
D etro it___
Fall RiverIndianapolis.
JacksonvilleKansas C ity,
M o___
46.9
37. 5
47.5
45.0
93.8 125.0
70. 0 85.0
72. 0 100.0
85.0 100.0
100. 0
85.0
100.0
85.0
125.0
95.0
115.0
85.0
130.0
95.0
125.0
100. 0
140.0
95.0
125.0
125. 0
150.0
95. 0
137.5
125.0
150.0
100.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
100.0
150.0
125.0
155.0
100.0
150.0
125.0
140.0 48
155.0
90.0 48
100.0
125. 0 2548
125.0
/
110.
125. 0 l 100. 00 |l8
62.5
87.5 100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125. 0
125. 0
125.0
137.5
150.0
150. 0
48
44
44
87. 5
112. 5
115.0
100.0
100.0
87. 5
100.0
125.0
100.0
112. 5
87. 5
100.0
131. 3
100.0
112. 5
87.5
100.0
131. 3
100.0
125. 0
87.5
100.0
131.3
100. 0 •
125.0
87.5
100. 0
100.0
85.0
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
3848
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
U Vi 441/2 441/2 441/S
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
44
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
44
44
44
L ittle Rock.
Los Angeles.
Louisville M anchester
M em phis__
50.0
50.0
40. 0
31. 3
45.0
75.0 87.5
80.0 100.0
75.0 75.0
75.0 100.0
75.0 100.0
87. 5
100.0
90.0
80.0
87.5
87.5
112. 5
100.0
100.0
87.5
87.5
112. 5
106.3
100.0
100.0
M ilwaukee
M inneapolis
N e w a rk ,
N . J _____
New H aven
New Orleans-
45. 0
50.0
75.0
68.8
85.0
81.3
100.0
87.5
112.5
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112.5
100.0
112. 5
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112. 5
100.0
120.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
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112.5
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112.5
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44
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56.3
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112.5
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131.3
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156.3
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125.0
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44
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56. 3
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44
44
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44
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244
244
244
44
44
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40
44
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90.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
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125.0
100.0
44
44
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44
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40
40
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Digitized for
56.3 80.0 100.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
40
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40
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4414 4414 441/2 44 Yo 44 Hi
44
87.5
112. 5
106. 3
100. 0
100.0
N ew Y ork,
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PhiladelphiaP ittsburgh- _
P o rtla n d ,
FRASER
Oreg-------
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
A tla n ta ___
B altim ore.-.
BirminghamBoston __
Buffalo____
1932
1913
Providence..
R ich m o n d ,
Vfl
St. I,ouis . . .
St. P a u l___
S a lt L a k e
C ity
43.8
70.0
85.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
43 8
65.0
46.9
75 0
87.5
75. 0
100.0
75. 0
150.0
68.8
81.3
75.0
125.0
80.0
75. 0
150.0
87.5
56.3
87.5 112.5
90.0
San F ra n cisco_____
Scranton
S eattle___
W ashington.
62.5
46.9
62.5
55.0
87.5 112.5
75.0 95.0
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
106.3
112.5
112. 5
125.0
112.5
112.5
137.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110 .0
110 .0
110 .0
110 .0
110 .0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
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87.5
165.0
112. 5
80. 0
167. 5
112.5
48
44
44
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150.0
150. 0
150. 0
87. 5
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100.0
100.0
100.0
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87. 5
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112.5
112. 5
112. 5
112.5
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44
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112.5
112.5
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137. 5
112. 5
112. 5
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112. 5
112. 5
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112.5
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112. 5
112.5
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44
48
44
44
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106.3
112. 5
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44
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40
40
44
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A tla n ta ____
B altim o re .,.
B irm ingham
B oston_____
Buffalo.........
33. 3
37.5
45.0
50. 0
43.8
C harleston,
S. C _____
Chicago____
C in c in n ati.C leveland.D allas_____
}25.0
65. 0
50.0
50.0
50.0
D e n v e r.. _
D e tro it. . .
Fall R iver _
Indianapolis
Jacksonville.
50.0
45.0
37.5
47.5
37.5
60.0
60. 0
90. 0
75.0 87. 5
82. 5 100. 0
62.5 87. 5
68.8
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87.5 125. 0
62.5 87. 5
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85.0
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100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
87. 5
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75.0
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87.5
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87.5
87.5
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110 .0
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87.5 107.5
100.0
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87.5 100.0
100.0
90.0
75.0
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112.5
112.5
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105.0
75.0
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85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
110 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
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100.0
110 .0
100.0
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112. 5
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112.5
137.5
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55.0
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133.8
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112. 5
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44
44
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53
44
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48
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40
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48 39 48 39 48 39 48
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40
40
44
44
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40
40
44
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40
40
40
44
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40
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109.4
125.0
75.0
44
44
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55.0
150.0
131.3
125. 0
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100.0
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125.0 125.0
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122. 5 122. 5
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75.0
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125.0
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
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112.5
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112.5
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112.5
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117.5
112.5
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100.0
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1 75.0
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137.5
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112.5
55.0
55.0
150.0 150.0
117.5 125.0
125.0 14125. 0
100.0
112.5
Kansas City,
M o______ 60.0 82.5 100. 0 100.0 112.5 125.0 125.0
87.5
87.5 100.0 100.0
L ittle R o ck . 50.0 80.0 100. 0
Los Angeles. 43.8 75.0 87. 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
87.5 112. 5 112.5 112.5
Louisville.-. 45.0 62.5 75. 0
90.0
90.0
90.0
70.0
62.5 80. 0
M anchester.
2 40 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
14 Old scale; strike pending a t tim e of report.
25 44 hours per week, Ju n e to September, inclusive.
M44 hours per week, Ju ly to September, inclusive.
28 44 hours per week, Ju ly to M arch, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112. 5
125.0
112.5
137.5
87.5
100.0
112.5
90.0
100.0
75.0
112.5
87. 5
100 . 0
90.0
80.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
P a in te r s
CT>
Ox
C5
Cu
to
U N IO N SC A LE S OF W A G ES A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, BY C IT IE S —C ontinued
P a i n t e r s — C ontinued
H ours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1927
1928
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
50.0
50.0
50.0
75.0
70.0
70.0
100.0
87.5
85.0
80.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
90.0
44. 0
40.9
75.0
62.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
150.0
87.5
100.0
100.0
100 .0
100.0
100.0
New Orleans 40.0
65.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
85.0
M em p h is__
M ilw au k ee
M inneapolis
Newark,
N . J _____
New H av en .
N ew Y o rk .. 50.0
O m aha____ 50.0
Philadelphia 42.5
P ittsb u rg h .. 55.0
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg_____
Providence .
R ich m o n d ,
V a______
St. Louis___
St. P a u l___
85.0
75.0 112.5
75.0 100.0
75.0 100.0
87.5 112.5
112.5
90.0
131.3
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
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44
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44
44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
40
150.0
150. 0
100.0
100.0
150.0
112.5
131.3
106.3
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
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40
40
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2 44
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150.0 (150.
0
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0
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90.0
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90.0 48
140.0
165.0 {f 125.0
150.0 L 100.0 J-44
100.0
80.0 44
44
112.5
100.0
150.0
127.5 44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
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100.0
100.0
100.0
137.5
105.0
150.0
105.0
150.0
105.0
150.0
90.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
112.5
106.3
112. 5
106.3
105. 0
106.3
105. 0
106.3
110 .0
110 .0
88.0
112.5
112.5
90.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
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80.0
130.0
90.0
80.0
135.0
95.0
80.0
143.8
95.0
80.0
143.8
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80.0
143.8
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150.0
80.0
150.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
125.0
90.0
48
44
44
48
44
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44
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44
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40
44
44
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44
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
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40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
65.0
67.5
100.0
80.0
80.0
130.0
90.0
S a lt L a k e
C ity _____ 56.3
90.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.5
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5 106.3
65. 0 87.5
90. 0 100. 0
75.0 90.0
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
105. 0
150.0
60.0
75.0
70.0
W 3
'40.0
56. 3
50.0
1932
100 .0
37.5
57.0
50.0
S an F r a n
cisco_____
Scranton___
Seattle
W ashington.
1931
13100.0
150.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
62.5
90.0
1930
100.0
100.0
143. 8
90.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
45. 5
100.0
131.3
100 .0
1929
100.0
104.4
87.5
93.8
100.0
100.0
105. 0
112. 5
1100 . 0
104.4 (104. 4 }ll2. 5
112. 5 112. 5 112.5
112.5 112. 5 112. 5
118.8 118.8 118.8
112.5
112.5
112. 5
121.9
112.5
112. 5
112.5
125.0
112.5
112.5
112. 5
137.5
112.5
112.5
112. 5 U112. 5
112.5
95.6
137.5
137.5
44
48
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
1913
P la s te r e r s
100.0
100.0
100.0
125. 0
175.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
150.0
150.0
125. 0
175. 0
125. 0
150.0
150.0
100.0
45.0
62. 5
62. 5
65.0
60.0
60.0 100.0
87.5 112.5
75.0 75.0
80.0 100.0
85.0 100.0
100.0
Charleston,
S. C _____
Chicago____
C incinnati __
C leveland...
D allas_____
75.0 100.0
87.5 125.0
87. 5 100.0
62.5 90.0 125. 0
75.0 112. 5 112. 5
112. 5
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137.5
87. 5 125.0
68.8
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55.0 85.0 115.0
62. 5 87. 5 100.0
56.3 75.0 87.5
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112. 5
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112. 5
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62. 5 87.5 112.5
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87.5 100.0
87. 5 87. 5
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100.0
65.0
60.0
87.5 125.0
82.5 100.0
100.0
62.5
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93.8 110 .8
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125. 0
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40
40
40
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150. 0
150.0
125. 0
162.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0 14150. 0
150.0 150.0
158.3 162. 5
162.5 162.5
.0
162.5
150.0
162. 5
162.5
100.0
11 0 .0
162.5
150.0
162.5
162.5
162.5
150. 0
162. 5
162.5
170.0
150.0
162.5
162.5
170.0
162. 5
162.5
162.5
137.5
137. 5
137. 5
125.0
150.0
156.3
150.0
125. 0
150.0
156. 3
125. 0
150. 0
125.0
150.0
156. 3
125.0
150.0
175.0
150.0
162. 5
125. 0
155.0
175.0
150.0
162. 5
125.0
157.5
125.0
150.0
162. 5
125. 0
157. 5
125.0
150.0
162. 5
125.0
157. 5
150.0
137.5
125.0
157. 5
131. 3
137. 5
125. 0
132. 5
100 .0
100 .0
100.0
44
44
48
44y
48
112. 5
112. 5
125.0
112. 5
112. 5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150. 0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150. 0
150.0
137.5
150. 0
150.0
150. 0
162. 5
137.5
150. 0
150.0
150. 0
162. 5
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
162.5
137.5
150.0
150.0
150. 0
162. 5
150.0
150.0
150. 0
150. 0
162. 5
150.0
162. 5
125.0
150. 0
162. 5
150.0
132.5
125. 0
112. 5
143. 8
150.0
44
48
44
44
48
112. 5
112. 5
137.5
125.0
125.0
156. 3
137. 5
125.0
156.3
137.5
137.5
156.3
143.8
137.5
156.3
150.0
150.0
156.3
150. 0
150.0
156.3
150. 0
150.0
156.3
150.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
44
150.0
125.0
150.0
125. 0
162.5
137.5
175.0
137.5
175.0
143.8
175.0
150.0
193.8
150.0
193.8
165.0
168.8
140.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
325.0
150.0
137.5
125.0
150.0
137.5
125.0
175.0
137.5
125.0
175.0
137.5
125.0
175. 0
137.5
125.0
175.0
137.5
125.0
192.5
125.0
192.5
100.0
100. 0
150.0
48
44
44
45
44
44
45
44
44
45
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
45
40
44
44
40
44
45
40
44
45
40
44
45
40
45
40
45
40
44
62.5 80.0 125.0 125. 0 150.0 150.0
62.5 85.0 115.0 112. 5 156.3 156. 3
2 40 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
8 W ork 3 days p er week.
14 Old scale; strike pending a t tim e of report.
16 48 hours per week, October to M arch, inclusive.
4044 hours per week, N ov. 14 to M ay 14.
41W ork 53 hours; paid for 54.
175.0
166. 3
175.0
166.3
175.0
166.3
150.0
166.3
162.5
166.3
162.5
166.3
162. 5
166.3
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
824
40
D enver . D etroit
Fall River__Indianapolis,
Jacksonville.
Kansas City,
Mo -_ __
L ittle R ock.
Los Angeles.
L ouisville-..
M anchester.
M em phis__
M ilw aukee..
MinneapolisNewark,
N. J _____
N ew H aven.
N ew O rleans_____
N ew Y o rk ..
Omaha .. .
Philadelp h ia _____
P ittsb u rg h ..
40.0
75.0
100. 0
68.8
75.0
100
68.8
75.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125.0
100.0
11 0 .0
100.0
44
441/
1644
44V2 4 4 /2 441A 44/2
44
44
44
40
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
A tla n ta ____
Baltim ore. __
B irm ingham
Boston_____
Buffalo____
o>
CJi
CO
U N IO N SC A LES O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S, 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT IE S —C ontinued
Or
P l a s t e r e r s — C ontinued
^
Hours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
112.5
115.0
112.5
105.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
120.0
62.5 75.0
125.0
90.0 112.5
87.5
137.5
125. 0
175.0
125.0
125.0
175.0
125. 0
125.0
175.0
125.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
125.0
175. 0
125.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
125.0
175.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
175.0
125.0
Portland,
Oreg------Providence..
R ich m o n d ,
V a______
St. Louis___
St. P au l___
75.0
62.5
110 .0
100.0
37.5
75.0
62.5
100.0
S a l t Lake,
C ity _____
San F r a n
cisco_____
Scranton___
Seattle_____
W ashington.
75.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
87.5 112. 5 125.0
55.0 80.0 100.0
75.0 112. 5 125.0
62.5 87.5 100.0
127.5
125.0
112. 5
125.0
127. 5
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
137.5
162.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
162.5
150.0
150.0
137. 5
162.5
150.0
150. 0
150.0
162.5
137.5
150.0
150.0
162. 5
137.5
150.0
150.0
162.5
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
150.0
125.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
125.0
125.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
137.5
150.0
150.0
175.0
110 .0
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
131.3
150.0
120.0
175.0
P l a s t e r e r s ’ la b o r e r s
B oston_____
Chicago____
C in c in n ati..
Cleveland.
D enver____
(40.0
\41. 5 }60.0 80.0
48. 0 62.5 106.3
45.0 65.0 85.0
35.0 57.5 87.5
43.8 68.8 81.3
D e tro it......... 37.5
Indianapolis____
K an sas
City, M o. 37.5
L o uisville... 38.0
M ilwaukee . 32.5
M i n n e apolis........ 40.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80.0
78.8
72.5
60.0
81.3
95.0
78.8
90.0
87.5
87.5
105.0
96.8
97.5
87.5
87.5
105.0
96.8
97.5
87.5
87.5
110 .0
110 .0
110 .0
95.0
96.8
97. 5
87. 5
87.5
103.8
103.8
88.8
92.5
87.5
87.5
95.0
93.8
95.0
87.5
87.5
100.0
100.0
70.0
87. 5
87.5
87.5
87.5
100.0
75.0
44
44
45
48
44
87.5
87.5
87.5
90.0
90.0
90.0
75.0
44
82. 5
80.0
95.0
88.8
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
75.0
48
«44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
85.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
75.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
87.5
55.0
75.0
70. 0
87. 5
87.5
68.8
55.0
90.0
55.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
85.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
99.0
65.0
80.0
60.0
55.0
70.0
75.0
85.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
60.0
85.0
75.0
85.0
85.0
90. 0
90.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
1913
N e w a rk ,
N. J _____
50.0
New H av en .
N e w O r 22.5 /35.0
leans..........
\45.0
N ew Y o rk . _ 40.6 62.5
43.8
40.0
75.0
100.0
50.0
65.0 } 50.0
87.5
93.8
106.3
75.0
75.0
75.0
106.3 /121.9
1125.0
112. 5
85.0
75.0
121.9
125.0
112. 5
85.0
75.0
121.9
125.0
112.5
85.0
75.0
121.9
125.0
125.0 125.0
85.0
85.0
65.0
50.0
134.0 }l34. 0
137.5
100.0
112.5
44
95.0
75.0
40.0 48
106.3
109.4 J-44
44
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
44
44
44
45
44
44
45
44
44
45
44
44
45
40
44
45
40
40
45
40
40
45
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
62.5 110.0
60.0 90.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
106.3
112. 5
106.3
112.5
106.3
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
93.8
87.5
90.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
112. 5
125.0
112.5
125.0
112. 5
125.0
112.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
85.0
90.0
106.3
85.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
44
40
40
44
56.3
75.0 100.0
87.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
81.3
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
San Fran
cisco_____ 62.5
Scranton___
Seattle____ 50.0
Washington. 31.3
87. 5 106. 3
50. 0 58. 5
87. 5 87.5
50.0 75.0
95.0
60. 0
87.5
75.0
83.2
70.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
70.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
75.0
93.8
70.0
80.0
75.0
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
464A
44
44
44
40
44
46K>
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
40 12 4o 12 4o 12 40 12 4o
40
40
40
44
12 40
40
50.0
«56.3
75.0
75.0
P lu m b e r s
A tla n ta ____
B altim ore-..
B irm in g
ham ____
B oston..
Buffalo____
44.4
50.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
100.0
93.8
112. 5
118.8
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
131.3
125.0
137.5
125.0
137.5
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
53
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
68.8 112.5 150.0
60.0 80.0 100.0
56.3 75.0 100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
112.5
112.5
150.0
110.0
118.8
150.0
125.0
137.5
150.0
125.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
137.5
150.0
137.5
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
150.0
137.5
100.0
125.0
125.0
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
Charleston,
S. C...........
Chicago____
C in c in n a ti..
C leveland-.D allas.........
75. Ö
61.8
62.5
68.8
75.0
84.4
75.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
110.0
100.0
110.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
100.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
100.0
150.0
135.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
150.0
137. 5
150.0
150.0
100.0
162.5
137.5
150. 0
150.0
100.0
162.5
137.5
150. 0
150.0
100.0
162.5
140.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
170.0
140.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
137.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
44
44^
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
10
44
44
44
40
40
44
D en v er____
D etro it___
F all R iv e r-.
Indianapolis
Jacksonville.
62.5
56.3
43.8
62.5
62.5
87.5
90.0
67.5
87. 5
80.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
93.8
106.3
100.0
85.0
115.0
100.0
118.8
130.0
100.0
130.0
125.0
125.0
130.0
100.0
135.0
125.0
137.5
140.0
100.0
135.0
150.0
137.5
150.0
100.0
142.5
162.5
137.5
150.0
100.0
142. 5
137.5
137.5
150.0
100.0
150.0
137.5
137.5
150.0
100.0
150.0
100.0
137. 5
150.0
100.0
150.0
100.0
118.8
125.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
655
12 44 hours per week, September to April, inclusive.
42 48 hours per week, N ovem ber to April, inclusive.
43 For helpers.
W AGES AND H OURS OF LABOR
P h ila d e l
phia_____
Pittsburgh..
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg------St. Louis___
St. Paul___
Salt Lake
City_____
87.5
656
U N IO N SC A LE S O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 T O 1932, BY C IT IE S —C ontinued
P l u m b e r s — C o n tin u ed
R ates p er hour (cents)
Hours per week
C ity
1913
Kansas City
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
62.5 100.0 100.0
56.3 87.5 125.0
81.3 112.5
70.0 80.0
70.0 100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
80.0
137.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
137.5
112.5
112. 5
137.5
100.0
137.5
112.5
112. 5
137.5
100.0
137.5
112. 5
112. 5
137. 5
100.0
137.5
112.5
112. 5
137. 5
105.0
137.5 137.5
112. 5 112.5
112.5 112.5
137. 5 137.5
105.0 112.5
150.0
112.5
112.5
137.5
112.5
48
125.0
100. 0 2548
48
112. 5
112. 5
44
48
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
112.5
90.0
125.0
112.5
131.3
112.5
135.0
118.8
142.0
118.8
142.0
118.8
150.0
118.8
150.0
118.8
150.0
118.8
125.0
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
M em phis... 62.5
Milwaukee.. 62.5
M inneapo
lis______ 56.3
Newark, N.
93.8 125.0
75.0 87.5
87.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
87.5 112.5
75.0 87.5
112.5
87.5
131.3
106.3
137. 5
106.3
150.0
112.5
150.0
112.5
150.0
112.5
165.0
112. 5
165.0
125.0
165.0
125.0
150.0
106.3
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
New
Or
leans____
New York..
Omaha____
P h ila d e l
phia_____
Pittsburgh..
80.0 90.0
75.0 112.5
87.5 125.0
90.0
93.8 106.3
90.0
112.5
100.0
90.0
112.5
105.0
137.5
125.0
115.0
137.5
112.5 125.0 125.0
5
137.5 /137.
\150.0 |l5 0 .0
125.0 125.0 125.0
115.0 115.0 115.0
143.8 150.0 150.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
115.0
156.3
105.0
150.0
125.0
115.0
156.3
105.0
165.0
125.0
125.0
162.5
105.0
165.0
125.0
125.0
171.9
105.0
140.0
100.0
104.0
171.9
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
40
75.0 100.0 112.5
56.3 75.0 100.0
50.0 75.0 75.0
66.3 100.0 125.0
62.5 75.0 87.5
106.3
100.0
75.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
150.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
150.0
100.0
137.5
135.0
100.0
162.5
125.0
110.0
120.0
100.0
162.5
125.0
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
4044
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
40
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
44
40
40
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg.........
Providence..
Richm ond..
St. Louis__
St. Paul___
56.3
68.8
68.3
/43. 8
\50.0
62.5
o
Ö
_oo_
75.0 100.0
62.5
New Haven. 50.0
J ________
125.0
125.0
137.5
127.5
137.5
127.5
137.5
127.5
137.5
127.5
150.0
112.5
150.0
112.5
150.0
112.5
162.5
112.5
162.5
125.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
125.0
137.5
137.5
125.0
125.0
137.5
143.7
125.0
125. 0
137.5
150.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
150.0
125.0
112.5
110.0
150.0
48
48
44
48
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
S alt Lake
C ity .......... 75.0 100.0 112.5
100.0
112.5
120.0
120.0
75.0 75.0 81.3
50.0 75.0 87. 5
81.3 100.0 112. 5
50.0 87.5 100.0
100.0
87. 5
100.0
106.3
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
125. 0
131.3
125.0
118.8
125. 0
137.5
San Francis
co_______
Scranton___
Seattle____
Washington.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125.0
137.5
137.5
44
40
44
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Los Angeles. 56.3
Louisville.-. 60.0
Manchester. 31.3
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk e r s
136143'
33.3
40.0
55.0
55.0
45.0
65.0
60.0
80.0
75.0
80.0
62.5
75.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
125.0
90.0
85.0
100.0
87.5
110.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
110.0
125.0
120.0
100.0
110.0
110.0
137.5
120.0
112.5
125.0
110.0
137.5
131.3
112.5
125.0
110.0
150.0
131.3
112.5
125.0
115.0
150.0
131.3
115.0
137.5
115.0
150.0
137.5
115.0
137.5
125.0
156.3
137.5
115.0
137.5
130.0
170.0
90.0
112.5
100.0
117.5
110.0
137.5
53
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
40
C incinnati. _
C le v ela n d D allas_____
D en v er___
D etro it____
45.0
45.0
50.0
56.3
40.0
56.0
85.0
87.5
87.5
80.0
70.0
,4125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
80.0
104.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
115.6
112.5
112.5
110.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
116.3
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
120.0
137.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
122. 5
137.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
122.5
137.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
125.0
125.0
107.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
44
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
Indianapolis
K ansas C ity,
M o ______
Los Angeles _
Louisville. - -
47.5
60.0
100.0
92.5
105.0
105.0
107.5
115.0
122.5
122.5
127.5
115.0
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
57.5
56.3
40.0
70.0
68.5
65.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
112.5
80.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
112.5
110.0
137.5
112.5
110.0
137.5
112.5
85.0
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
M anchester.
M em phis.
M ilw aukee .
M inneapolis
N ew ark, N .
J ______
34.4
45.0
42.5
50.0
44.3
75.0
60.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
67.5
100.0
80.0
87.5
85.0
90.0
90.0
105.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
90.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0 \flOO.0
90.0
112.5 125. 0
100.0 105.0
100.0 106.3
100.0
90.0
137.5
105.0
112.5
100.0
90.0
125.0
105.0
112.5
90.0 } 48
44
80.0
48
44
110.0
48 44 48
92. 5
48
44
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
40
60.0
87.5
100.0
112.5
131.3
137.5
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
165.0
165.0
165.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
N ew H aven.
N ew Y ork.
Om aha. _
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
47.7
59.4
42.5
50.0
55.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
80.0
87.5
112.5
112.5
110.0
90.0
87.5
112. 5
100.0
90.0
100.0
106.3
131.3
100.0
112.5
131.3
106.3
131.3
100.0
112.5
143.8
112.5
150.0
100.0
112.5
150.0
112.5
150.0
100.0
118.8
150.0
112.5
150.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
150.0
100.0
125. 0
150.0
125.0
165.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
137. 5
165.0
100.0
130.0
156.3
118.8
140.0
87.5
130.0
131.3
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
40
P o r tla n d ,
Oreg-------Providence.
St. Louis___
St. P a u l___
56.3
46.0
60.0
50.0
86.0
65.0
75.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
90. 0
87.5
100.0
90.0
106.3
100.0
137.5
90.0
110.0
137.5
90.0
110.0
137.5
100.0
112.5
110.0
150.0
100.0
118.8
110.0
150.0
100.0
118.8
110.0
150.0
106.3
118.8
135.0
150.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
100.0
110.0
125.0
112.5
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
San Francisco____
Scranton___
Seattle_____
W ashington.
68.8 100.0
43.8 75.0
56. 3 90.0
50.0 75.0
112.5
87.5
100. 0
92.5
106.3
87.5
93.8
100.0
106.3
112.5
106.3
120.0
106.3
112.5
106.3
118.8
112.5
125.0
125.0
137.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
150.0
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
131.3
112.5
125.0
125.0
137.5
44
44
125.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
137.5
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
40
14 Old scale; strike pending a t tim e of report.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25 44 hours per week, June to Septem ber, inclusive.
44 44 hours per week, June to A ugust, inclusive.
W AG ES AND H O U E S OF LABOR
A tla n ta ____
B altim ore.-B irm ingham
B oston_____
Buffalo__ _
Chicago____
Oi
Or
U N IO N SC A LE S OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S, 1913 TO 1932, B Y C IT IE S —C ontinued
05
Or
00
S to n e c u tte r s
H ours per week
R ates per hour (cents)
C ity
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1330
1931
1932
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Baltim ore .
Boston __
Buffalo____
Chicago___-
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
75. 0 100.0
70.0 100. 0
75.0 100. 0
81. 3 125.0
90.0
100. 0
112.5
110. 0
125.0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
137. 5
150.0
125.0
137. 5
137. 5
150.0
125. 0
137. 5
137. 5
150.0
125.0
137.5
137.5
150.0
117. 5
137. 5
102.5
125.0
137. 5
125.0
125.0
135. 0
150.0
44H
12 0 .0
125.0
125. 0
125. 0
150.0
100.0
11 0 .0
100.0
120.0
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
4-4
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
C incinnati .
Cleveland _
Dallas __
D enver _
D e tro it.. .
Indianapolis
56.3
60. 0
62. 5
62.5
62.5
56.3
77. 5
80.0
87. 5
87. 5
80.0
75.0
125.0
110. 0
125. 0
125. 0
125.0
125. 0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
135.0
137. 5
125.0
137. 5
112. 5
132. 5
135.0
137. 5
125. 0
137. 5
125.0
150.0
137. 5
137. 5
125. 0
137. 5
125.0
150.0
137. 5
137.5
125. 0
137.5
125.0
150.0
137.5
137.5
125. 0
137. 5
125.0
150. 0
137.5
137.5
125. 0
137. 5
125. 0
150. 0
150. 0
137. 5
125. 0
137. 5
125. 0
137. 5
125. 0
125. 0
125.0
112. 5
125.0
443-6
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
40
44
44
Kansas City,
M o ______
L ittle R o ck .
Louisville .
M ilw aukee
56.3
55. 0
56. 3
50. 0
75.0 100.0
65. 0 100. 0
75.0 100.0
100. 0
125.0
125. 0
100. 0
100. 0
90.0
87. 5
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
M inneapolis 56. 3
N ewark, N. J 6 8.8
New Orleans
New Y o rk . 6 8.8
P hiladelphia 50. 0
Pittsb u rg h
75.0 87. 5
84.4 112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
14
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
R ic h m o n d ,
V a ______
St. L ouis.. .
St. P a u l___
S an F ran cisco
Scranton___
W ashington.
115.0
112. 5
100. 0
100. 0
125. 0
100.0
84.4 100.0
82.5 135.0
54.5
56.3
56.3
75.0
85.0
75.0
50.0
54.0
60.0
87.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.5
100.0
87.5
90.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112. 5
112.5
112. 5
80.0
112.5
112. 5
112. 5
125.0
125. 0
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
115.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
115. 0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
115.0
125. 0
100 .0
112. 5
131. 3
125. 0
131.3
125. 0
125.0
137.5
125. 0
137.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
125. 0
150. 0
131.3
137.5
150.0
125. 0
150.0
131.3
131.3
150.0
125. 0
150.0
131.3
131.3
168.8
125. 0
168.8
131.3
131.3
168.8
125.0
168.8
131.3
112.5
131. 3
168.8 « 168. 8
112.5
100 .0
168.8 M168. 8
131. 3
131.3
125.0
125. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
125.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
125. 0
125. 0
131. 3
137.5
125.0
131. 3
137. 5
125.0
131.3
137.5
125.0
131.3
125.0
100. 0
112. 5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
100.0
112. 5
112. 5
112. 5
125.0
112. 5
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
112. 5
125. 0
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
125. 0
112,5
112'. 5
125.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100. 0
80.0
100.0
90. 0
100.0
112.5
125 0
112. 5
112. 5
L A B O R R E V IE W
1913
S tr u c tu r a l-ir o n w o rk e rs
62. 5
56.3
62. 5
62. 5
60.0
C h ic a g o ___
C in c in n ati..
C leveland. _
D allas_____
D en v er____
62. 5
65. 0
62. 5
56.3
6 8 .0
80.0
100 . 0
125. 0
112. 5
112. 5
137.5
112. 5
100 .0
100.0
1 1 0 .0
110 .0
112.5
105.0
95.0
125.0
115.0
150. 0
95.0
100.0 125.0
80. 0 100 . 0
80.0 100.0
S5.0 100.0
112.5
87.5 125. 0
75.0 100.0
125.0
75.0 100.0
87.5 100.0
100.0
00.0 125.0
85.0 125.0
D etroit-- .-Indianapolis
Jacksonville,
Kansas City,
M o ______
L ittle R o ck .
Los Angeles.
60.0
65.0
50.0
90.0
87. 5
75.0
Louisville- - _
M e m p h is...
M ilw aukee..
M inneapolis
N ew ark.N . J.
125.0
150. 0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
125. 0
150. 0
125. 0
125.0
131.3
125. 0
150.0
125. 0
137. 5
137.5
125. 0
165.0
125. 0
137.5
137.5
125. 0
165.0
125. 0
137. 5
137.5
125.0
137.5
125. 0
125.0
125.0
137.5
112. 5
125.0
125.0
137.5
131.3
150.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
135.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
137. 5
150.0
125. 0
125.0
150.0
137. 5
150. 0
125.0
125.0
162.5
140.0
150.0
125. 0
125.0
162.5
140.0
150.0
125. 0
125.0
135. 0
125. 0
125.0
112. 5
109.4
137.5
135.0
137.5
140.0
137.5
145. 0
125.0
150.0
145.0
125.0
150.0
145.0
125.0
103.1
115.6
125.0
125. 0
150.0
125. 0
125.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
110 .0
100.0
112.5
100.0
110 .0
100 . 0
107.5
75. 0
125. 0
112. 5
125.0
112. 5
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
112. 5
112.5
50.0
62. 5
56.3
56.3
62.5
80.0 100.0
87. 5 100.0
80.0 100.0
87. 5 87.5
87.5 112.5
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
90.0
112. 5
125.0
112.5
112. 5
N ew H a v en .
N ew Orleans
N ew Y o rk . _
O m aha. . _ Philadelphia
62.5
62.5
62. 5
58.8
60.0
92.5
75.0
87. 5
90.0
92.5
112. 5
115.0
112. 5
112. 5
P ittsb u rg h ..
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg
_
Providence .
R ic h m o n d ,
V a ______
St. Louis___
62.5
100.0
62. 5
56.3
62.5
56. 3
65.0
St. P a u l___ 56.3
Salt Lake
C ity _____ 62.5
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44)4
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
150. 0
145.0
125.0
125.0 2548
116.0 44
12 0 .0
137.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
40
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
2 44
40
44
40
44
40
40
44
40
44
40
744
44
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
137.5
125. 0
112. 5
112.5
100 . 0
112.5
125.0
112.5
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
120.0
44
48
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
125. 0
175.0
125. 0
175.0
125. 0
187. 5
125. 0
112.5
125. 0
175.0
125.0
100 . 0
105.0
125. 0
200.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
150.0
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125. 0
150.0
112. 5
150.0
137.5
125. 0
175.0
112. 5
150.0
137.5
125.0
175.0
112.5
150.0
137. 5
125.0
175. 0
112. 5
150.0
150.0
125.0
192. 5
112. 5
150.0
165.0
125.0
192.5
112. 5
165.0
137.5
125. 0
150. 0
100.0
100.0
125.0
106.3
150.0
112. 5
125.0
100.0
100.0
137.5
143.8
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
137. 5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
112. 5
112.5
112. 5
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
125.0
137.5
125.0
110 .0
92.5
101.3
92.5
125.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
92.5 100.0
92.5 125.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
150.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
125.0
150.0
137. 5
150.0
137.5
150.0
137.5
175.0
150.0
175.0
125.0
147.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
40
44
40
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
106.3
100.0
100.0
112.5
90.0
112.5
112.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
137.5
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
659
2 40 hours per w eek, Ju n e to A ugust, inclusive.
7 48 hours per week, October to A pril, inclusive.
25 44 hours p er week, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive.
2 48 hours per week, N ovem ber to A pril, inclusive.
46 Old scale; lockout pending.
112.5
100.0
48
44
4244
W AGES AN D HO URS OF LABOR
A tla n ta ..
B altim o re....
B irm ingham
B oston___ _
Buffalo____
U N IO N SC A L E S O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, BY C IT IE S —C ontinued
Cl
Cl
S tr u c tu r a l-ir o n
o
w o r k e r s — C o n tin u ed
R ates per hour (cents)
H ours per week
C ity
1919
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
75.0
56.3
62. 5
56.3
100.0
112. 5
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
112. 5
112. 5
150.0
125.0
112. 5
112.5
150.0
125.0
137.5
112. 5
150.0
137.5
137.5
112.5
150.0
137.5
137.5
125.0
150.0
137.5
137.5
125.0
165.0
137.5
150.0
125. 0
165.0
137. 5
150.0
125.0
165.0
120.0
87.5
112. 5
92.5 98.0
100.0
125.0
T y p e s e ttin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s :
A tla n ta -..
B altim ore--.
Birmingham.
B oston____
Buffalo____
C harleston,
S. C.
Chicago____
C incinnati .
C leveland-..
D allas_____
43. 8
46. 9
52. 5
45. 8
50. 0
46.
60.
57.
59.
59.
9 57. 5
4 81. 3
3 78. 1
4 77. 1
4 71. 9
80. 0
83. 3
80. 0
91. 5
95. 5
80. 0
90. 9
80. 0
96. 5
104. 5
80. 0
90. 9
85. 2
96. 5
109. 1
80. 0
90. 9
92. 5
96. 5
111. 4
100. 0
90. 9
92. 5
100. 0
115.9
88. 6
50. 0 50. 0 «103.4
88. 6 «95. 5
88. 6
50. 0 77. 9 98.8 109. 2 119. 1 119. 1 119. 1 125. 9
49. 0 58. 3 81. 3 104. 5 109. 1 109. 1 109. 1 113. 6
53. 8 68 . 8 87. 5 93. 8 100. 0 109. 1 111. 4 113. 6
«12.5 « 12.0 «15.0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0
D e n v er____
D e tro it____
Fall R iver- Indianapolis.
Jacksonville.
54. 2
55. 0
65. 6 81. 3
85. 0 100. 0
46. 9 62. 5
60. 4 81. 3
58. 3 75. 0
95. 5
100. 0
72. 7
92. 7
102. 3
95. 5 102. 3
105. 0 105. 0
81. 8
81. 8
95. 5
98. 0
81.8 « 88.6
50. 0
43.8
K ansas City,
M o ______
L ittle Rock
Los Angeles.
Louisville
M anchester.
55. 2 69. 8
50 0 50. 0
58. 3 70. 8
49. 0 54. 2
35. 4 41. 7
78. 1
72. 9
81. 3
54 2
66 . 7
89. 6
70. 0
104. 5
79. 0
79. 5
110 . 2
79. 0
79. 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97. 2
165.0
44
48
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
40
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
88. 6
88. 6
88. 6
125. 9 125.9 132. 7
113. 6 115. 9 118. 2
113. 6 115. 9 115. 9
104. 5 « 15. 3 « 15. 5
90. 9
132. 7
118. 2
115. 9
120. 0
90. 9
132. 7
118. 2
109. 1
120. 0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44 . 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
104. 0
96. 6
116.6
79. 0
79.5
105. 1
92. 0
120. 5
79. 0
79.5
107. 4
92. 0
120. 5
86. 4
79. 5
107. 4
94. 3
120. 5
107. 4
94. 3
120. 5
86. 4
79. 5
100. 0
94. 3
120. 5
86. 4
79.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
79.5
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
3
9
79. 5
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
101. 7
96. 6
116. 6
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
100.0
102.3
126. 0
81. 8
111. 4
98.9
1 1 0 .2
44
44
44
44
100. 0
82.5
100. 0
118.2
100.0
102.3
131. 0
81. 8
111.4
98.9
8
44
44
44
44
100. 0
100. 0
92. 5
100. 0
118.2
100. 0
90. 9
92. 5
100. 0
115. 9
102. 3
131. 0
81. 8
111. 4
98.9
3
0
44
44
44
44
100. 0
92. 5
100. 0
118. 2
100. 0
90. 9
92. 5
100. 0
115. 9
102.3
130. 0
81. 8
106. 8
98. 9
102.
125.
81.
102.
98.
44
44
44
44
B o o k a n d j ob
102. 3
125. 0
81. 8
104. 5
98.9
102. 3
120 . 0
81. 8
100. 0
98. 9
99. 4
85. 2
150.0
110 .0
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
79.5
48
48
44
44
2 44
40
44
44
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
San Franc isc o ... __
Scranton___
Seattle____
W ashington.
1913
M em phis__
M ilw aukee—
M inneapolis.
Newark, N.J_
New H av en .
62. 5
47.9
50. 0
47. 9
45.8
68 . 8
60. 4
61. 5
72. 9
45.8
93. 8
75. 0
87.5
91. 7
58.3
109. 1
95. 5
95. 5
102. 3
86.4
109. 1
95. 5
95. 5
115.9
86.4
80 0
95. 5
95. 5
115. 9
86.4
95. 5
95. 5
118. 2
86.4
95. 5
120. 5
86.4
N ew Orleans
New Y o rk ..
O m aha___
Philadelphia.
P ittsb u rg h ..
54. 2
50. 0
43.8
47. 9
53. 3
75. 0
68 . 8
64.6
68 . 8
76. 7
93.8
87. 5
93. 8
87. 5
78. 4
113.6
93. 2
94. 1
106. 8
78. 4
120. 5
93. 2
94. 1
106. 8
78.4
120. 5
93. 2
94. 1
106. 8
78. 4
122. 7
93. 2
94. 1
106. 8
78. 4
125. 0
100. 0
94. 1
111. 4
P o rtla n d ,
Oreg_____
Providence..
St. Louis___
St. P a u l.. _.
65.6
47. 9
50. 0
50.0
100.0
100. 0
54. 2
63. 8
61.5
72.9
87. 5
83.3
110 . 0
86. 4
10 1.0
95.5
104. 5
97. 7
106. 0
95. 5
111. 4
97. 7
106. 0
95. 5
111. 4
97. 7
106. 0
95.5
114.8
97.7
111. 0
95.5
C ity _____ 56.3
64.6
75.0
75.0
93.2
68 . 8
54.2
81. 3
81.3
104.5
85.2
104.5
90.9
75. 0
87.5
95.5
95. 5
115.9
115.9
110 .0
100.0
93. 8
95.5
2 40 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
17 44 hours per week for 3 m onths, betw een June
46 T end own machines.
47 Per 1,000 ems nonpareil.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95.5
115.9
102. 3
123. 2
102.3
1 and Sept. 30.
81. 8
96. 3
95.5
129. 5
86.4
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
78. 4
136.4
93.8
100. 0
113.6
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
95.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
93. 2
48
48
48
48
44
115.9 118. 2 118.2
118.2
104.5 104.5 104.5
104.5
123. 2 46133.9 <6133.9 <s 133. 9
104.5 106.8 106.8
106.8
45
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
102. 3
95. 5
122.7
86.4
102.3
95. 5
125. 0
86.4
104. 5
95. 5
127. 3
86.4
106. 8
95. 5
129. 5
86.4
78. 4
127.3
78.4
129. 5
100. 0
94. 1
111.4
78. 4
131. 8
100. 0
78. 4
134. 1
100. 0
100 . 0
94. 1
111.4
114.8
97. 7
1 1 1 .0
95.5
115.9
104.5
123. 2
102.3
lit 8
97.7
111. 0
95.5
100 .0
100.0
113.6
113.6
114.8
97. 7
111. 0
95. 5
114. 8
97. 7
103. 3
97. 7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .0
95.5
48 1748
17 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
42
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
42
44
44
42
44
>*
i2j
ö
H O URS OF LABOR
San Francisco.......... 64.4
Scranton___ 45.8
S e a ttle .. . . .
W ashington. 50.0
100. 0
Ci
o
662
U N IO N SC A LES OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1932, BY C IT IE S —C ontinued
T y p e s e ttin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s , d a y w o r k :
N ew spaper
H ours per week
R ates per h o u r (cents)
C ity
1913
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1930
1931
1932
1913 1919 1920 1922 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48 22 48 22 48 22 48
« 8.5 « 8 .5 « 9. 0 « 10. 0 « 10. 5 « 12. 0 « 12. 0 <8 12. 0 « 12. 0 « 12. 0 « 12. 0 « 12. 0 « 12.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
42
42
44
44
45
44
53. 6 65. 5 93. 3
95. 5 106. 8 106. 8 110. 2 110. 2 110. 2 114.8 114. 8 114. 8 114.8
is
42
1
8
42
is
42
is
42
is
42
is
42
is
42
is
42
is
42
1
8
42
1842 18 42
I« 42
95.0
92. 5
82 5
82. 5 « 12. 0
95.0
97. 5 100.0 102. 5 102. 5
52. 5 67 5 67 5
44
44
44 19 44 18 44 is 44 is 44 is 44 18 44 is 44
63.0 83.0 95. 0 107. 0 112 . 0 117. 0 117.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125. 0 125.0 125.0 19 42 1942 is 42
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
87. 5
95. 8
95. 8 102 . 1 102. 1 102 . 1 106.3 108.3 108. 3 108.3
50.0 65.6 71. 9
48
48
48
48
48
48
92. 7
94.0
48
48
48
92. 7
94.0 18 39 1S39 is 42
48
87. 5
87. 5
87.5
87.5
92.7
57. 1 94. 8
/ 45
48 } 45
138.0 140. 0 140. 0 140.0 140.0
129. 0 129.0 129.0
0
45
45
45
45
45
1*45 18 45
48 (2545 25 45
45
5072. 0 /115.
(5196 0 52113.0 52113.0 52113.0 1-135. öj 52113.0 52113.0 52113.0 52113.0 52113.0
45
45
45
37J
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
107.3 107. 3 113. 3 113. 8 113. 8 113. 8 118. 3 118.3 122 . 8 12 2 .8 122.8 2i47| 48
45
45
45
45
45
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
45
96. 9 107. 3 107. 3 1 1 1 . 6 116. 7 119. 0 119. 0 119. 0 119.0 119.0
87. 5
is
36
is
36
is
36
1
8
36
1
8
36
is
36
is
36
53
3
9
1
8
36
is
36
53 39
is 36
39
«15.0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0 « 15. 0 « 16. 3 « 16. 3 «16. 3 « 16. 3 « 16. 3 « 16. 3 « 16.3
00
Charleston,
S. C .......... « 9.0 « 9.0
Chicago____ « 50. 0 5064. 0
C incinnati. _ 52. 1 87. 5
C leveland... 53. 8 68. 8
D allas_____ «12.5 « 12.0
D en v er____ 63. 3
D e tro it____ 55. 0
Fall R iv er. _ 45. 8
Indianapolis. 50. 0
Jaeksonville. « 9.0
72. 7
74. 5
50. 0
60. 4
58. 3
97. 8
87.0
75. 0
81. 3
83. 3
93. 3
97. 0
79. 2
89. 6
83. 3
103. 3
113. 0
87. 5
100. 0
83. 3
103. 3
113. 0
87. 5
100. 0
89.6
103. 3
120 . 0
87. 5
104. 2
100. 0
103. 3
125. 0
87. 5
106. 3
100. 0
125. 0
87. 5
106. 3
100. 0
Kansas City,
M o ______
L ittle Rock.
Los Angeles.
L o u isv ille...
IVi anchester.
59.4
« 9. 5
62. 2
49.0
35.4
68. 8
78. 6
75.6
62. 5
41. 7
90.6
90.5
86. 7
90. 6
102 . 4
10 1 . 1
90.6
102.4
107. 8
93. 8
80. 2
95.8
107. 1
107. 8
93. 8
82.3
102 . 1
103. 6
114.0
93. 8
83. 3
104. 2
103.6
114. 0
93. 8
83. 3
104. 2
107. 1
117.8
93. 8
83. 3
M em phis__
M ilw aukee..
Aiinneapolis.
N ew ark, N .J
N ew H aven.
« 9. 5 « 9.5 « 12.0
45.8 56.3 77. 1
« 10.0 « 10.0 « 11.0
60. 9 76. 1 89. 1
46.9 50.0 72. 9
N ew Y o rk ..
O m aha____
Philadelphia
P ittsb u rg h ..
Porti a n d ,
FRASER
Oreg-------
1929
66 . 7
50. 0
45. 8
55. 0
96. 7
68. 8
66 . 7
77.0
119. 9
131.0
95.8
110. 9
119.9
126.0
95.8
110.9
100.0
119.9
131.0
95.8
110.9
100. 0
100.0
100.0
108.3
102. 3
117.8
93.8
83.3
108. 3
102. 3
117. 8
93. 8
88.9
108. 3
102. 3
117.8
93. 8
88.9
117.8
93.8
88.9
114.8
130.0
87. 5
110. 9
45
45
48 2248
48
48
48
48
45
48
45
2248
48
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
22
45
48
48
48
48
22
45
45
48 22 48
48
48
48
48
48
48
22
45
48
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
44
45
48
46
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
48
44
45
48
48
48
44
45
48
45
48
44
45
48
45
48
42
45
48
45
« 12 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 12. 5 « 11.3 18 45 1845 is 45 is 45 18 45
48
48
48
48
8
97. 9 102. 5 102. 5 106. 3 106.3 110.4 117.8 117.8 117.8
48
4712 5 « 12. 5 « 12 0 « 12 . 0 « 12 . 0 121. 4 121.4 121.4 /123.8 123.8 } 48
48
48 » 36 is 36
(138. 9 107.5
46
46
no. 9 110. 9 119. 6 121. 7 130.4 132. 6 134. 8 134. 8 '134. 8 134.8
46
46
46
95.8
85.4
85.4
95.8
48
79. 2
89.6
93.8
48
48
48
48
87. 5
89.6
91. 7
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
42
46
48
45
48
42
46
48
45
45
45
45
42
42 1( 36
46
46
48
48
45
45
87. 5
72. 9
108.3
101.0
48
42
45
48
48
48
42
45
48
48
CO
OS
87. 5
7
66.
110 .6
122 . 2
122 . 2
87. 5
81. 3
87.5
87. 5
79. 2
111. 8
128. 9
90. 6
87. 5
12 1 . 1
133. 3
90. 6
87. 5
12 1 . 1
133. 3
90. 6
87. 5
125.6
140.0
96. 9
91. 3
126. 7
142. 2
97. 9
91. 3
126. 7
144.4
99. 0
91.3
126. 7
144.4
100. 0
91. 3
128. 9
144.4
100.0
91. 3
128.9
Digitized for
68.3 100. 0 106. 7 106. 7 106. 7 106. 7 106. 7 106. 7 106. 7 113. 3 113. 3 113. 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
144.4
93.8
91.3
12 1.1
45
48
48
48
106.7
45
45
48
48
45
48
48
48
45
48
48
46 2
45
48
48
45
45
48
48
45
45
48
48
45
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
45
48
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
1845
46è
46
48
37è
48
46
45
45
45
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
A tla n ta ____
B altim ore.-B irm ingham
B oston_____
Buffalo____
1919
Providence. .
Kichmond,
V a______
St. Louis___
St. P a u l___
Salt L a k e
C ity _____
San Francisco-------Scranton___
Seattle_____
W ashington.
104. 2
108. 3
108. 3
108. 3
112. 5
48
48
41. 7 56. 3 56. 3
87. 5
87. 5
87. 5
94.8
4711.0 4711.5 4715.0 4715.0 47 17. 0 47 17.5 47 18. 2
54. 5 63. 0 94. 0
89.8
93. 8 101. 3 101. 3
94 8
110 9
101. 3
94. 8
114. 1
101. 3
94.8
114. 1
101. 3
94. 8 94. 8
87.5
48
120. 7 47 18. 2 47 18.2 84 39
101. 3 101. 3 101.3
48
48
47. 9
66.7
87.5
95.8
104. 2
111. 1
116. 7
118.8
4710.0 4711.0 5611.0 83 13. 5 47 13. 5 47 15. 0 47 15. 0 47 15. 0 47 15. 0 47 15. 0 47 17. 5 47 17. 5 47 17.5
64.4 75.6 93. 8
47. 9 60. 4 81. 3
75. 0 100. 0 114 3
60. 7 92. 9 104. 0
107.8
87. 5
114. 3
104. 0
107.8
95. 8
121. 4
110. 0
115.6
104. 2
121. 4
110. 0
115. 6
110. 4
121. 4
128.6
115.6
112. 5
123. 2
128. 6
120.0
114. 9
123. 2
128.6
120. 0
114. 9
123. 2
128. 6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120. 0
114. 9
123. 2
128. 6
120.0
114.9
123.2
128.6
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
54 4 ?.
4d 46
46
46
55 48 55 48 88 48 55 48 55 48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
46
48
48
44
48
48
44
48
48 87 48 87 461 58 46} 88 46} 22 43} 22 43} 22 43} 22 43}
43}
43}
43}
43}
45
48
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
47
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
47
42
42
51 For 4,000 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, $1.08 and 1 cent bonus for each addi
tional 100 ems per hour.
62 For 4,500 ems per hour; 1 cent bonus for each additional 100 ems per hour.
83 M axim um; m inim um , 5% hours per day.
84 M inim um ; m axim um , 7% hours per day.
85 M axim um ; m inim um , 7} hours per day.
86 Per 1,000 ems nonpareil and $1 per day bonus.
87 M axim um ; m inim um , 6% hours per day.
88 M axim um; m inim um , 40% hours per week.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
is M inim um ; maxim um , 8 hours per day.
19 A ctual hours worked; m inim um , 6; maxim um , 8 hours per day.
21 W ork 47% hours, paid for 48.
22 M axim um ; m inim um , 7 hours per day.
25 44 hours per week, June to September, inclusive.
47 Per 1,000 ems nonpareil.
48 Per 1,000 ems minion.
49 F o r 3,500 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, 55 cents and 1 cent bonus for each
additional 100 ems per hour.
50 F o r 3,500 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, 70 cents and 1 cent bonus for each
additional 100 ems per hour.
120. 0
114. 9
123. 2
128.6
48
Oi
Ci
CO
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
664
W age-R ate C h an ges in A m erican In d u stries
Manufacturing Industries
ATA concerning wage-rate changes occurring between June 15
and July 15 in 89 manufacturing industries included in the
monthly trend of employment survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
are presented in the following table.
Of the 17,873 manufacturing establishments furnishing employ
ment data in July, 17,095 establishments, or 95.6 per centpf the total,
reported no change in wage rates during the month ending July 15,
1932. The employees whose wage rates were reported unchanged
over the month interval totaled 2,363,981, comprising 95.5 per cent
of the total number of employees included in this survey of manu
facturing industries.
Decreases in rates of wages were reported by 776 establishments,
or 4.3 per cent of the total number of establishments reporting.
These decreases, averaging 10.5 per cent, affected 110,113 employees,
or 4.5 per cent of all employees in the establishments reporting.
Two establishments reported increases in wage rates in July aver
aging 16.2 per cent and affecting 47 people.
D
T able
1.—W A G E
C H A N G E S IN
In d u stry
M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N T H
E N D IN G JU L Y 15, 1932
E stab
T otal
lish
ber
m ents num
of
em
report ployees
ing
All m anufacturing industries____ 17, 873 2,474,141
100.0
Per cent of to tal............. ....... 100.0
Slaughtering and m eat p acking.
Confectionery........ ................ ... . . .
Ice cream _ _
___________
Flour
____ ______________
Baking
Sugar refining, cane
Beet sugar
_ _ _____________
Beyerages
B utter
Cotton goods
Hosiery and k n it g o o d s __
Silk goods
_________
Woolen and w orsted goods
C arpets and rugs
D yeing and finishing textiles
Clothing, m en’s
Shirts and collars______________
Clothing, women’s
M illinery
Corsets and allied garments
Cotton sm all wares
H ats, fur felt
M en ’s furnishings
Iron and steel
Cast-iron pipe
Structural and ornam ental ironwork
H ardw are
Steam fittings and steam and hotw ater heating apparatus
Stoves
Bolts nu ts washers and rivets
C utlery (not including silver and
p lated cutlery) and edge to o ls...
"Forgings, iron and steel
Plum bers’ supplies......... ...........
i Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N um ber of employees
having—
N um ber of establish
m ents reporting—
No
Wage Wage
de
in
wage
changes creases creases
17,095
95.6
2
0
No
wage
changes
776 2, 363,981
4.3
95. 5
Wage Wage
in
de
creases creases
47
«
110,113
4.5
16
3
72, 645
24', 507
13,408
15, 348
62,043
7, 468
1,390
11, 151
6,192
152, 268
84,229
28,071
36, 876
ÿ 080
26,381
47,048
12,164
17, 274
6,180
5,165
7,600
4,653
4,176
157,187
5,056
168
101
12
6
14,835
19,252
899
329
15,410
12; 959
8i 037
109
153
62
2
7
2
14,947
11,994
8,019
463
965
18
8,625
5, 370
4,438
121
58
61
6
3
2
8,413
5,301
4,434
212
69
4
227
326
381
427
935
15
46
341
315
684
452
255
260
32
149
357
105
385
136
32
112
38
72
212
38
81, 257
24; 885
13, 660
15; 817
62| 518
8’, 052
2; 966
ll', 151
6j 293
168; 757
86; 734
30; 187
44; 784
9,062
27; 524
48; 224
12 ', 183
17, 289
6; 258
5; 165
8,230
4; 839
4,176
169; 618
5; 907
204
318
374
412
918
14
24
341
303
627
435
236
233
29
139
348
103
384
134
32
104
34
72
196
35
180
107
15, 734
19; 581
111
160
64
127
61
63
1
23
7
7
15
17
1
22
12
57
17
19
27
3
10
9
2
1
2
8
4
29
8,612
349
252
469
475
584
1,576
101
16,489
2,505
2,116
7,908
'982
1,143
1,176
19
15
78
630
186
12,431
851
665
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able
1.—WAGE CHANGES IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M ONTH
E N D IN G JULY 15, 1932—Continued
In d u stry
T in cans and other tin w are_____
Tools (not including edge tools,
m achine tools, flies, or saw s)___
W ¡rework_________ ____ _
Lum ber, saw m ills______________
Lum ber, m illw ork___________
F u rn itu re _________________
T urpentine a n d rosin ________
L eather___________ __ _ _ _____
Boots a nd shoes........................ .......
P aper and p u l p . .. ___ ____ _
Paper boxes_______ __________
Printing, book an d jo b_________
P rin tin g , new spapers a n d periodicals________________ ____ ___
Chem icals_____________________
Fertilizers________ ____ - ._ .........
Petroleum refin in g .. .
___
Cottonseed oil, cake, a n d m e a l.. .
D ruggists’ preparations_________
Explosives__________ __________
P ain ts an d v a rn is h e s .................. .
R ay o n _______________ ______ _
Soap.............................................. .
C em ent_____________ ________
Brick, tile, an d terra co tta.............
P o ttery ___________ _______ ____
Glass_________________________
M arble, granite, slate, a n d other
stone products______________ _
Stam ped a n d enam eled w are____
Brass, bronze, a n d copper products_________________________
A lum inum m anufactures_______
Clocks, time-recording devices,
and clock m o v e m e n ts........... .
Gas a nd electric fixtures, lamps,
lanterns, an d reflecto rs.......... .
P lated w are____ _____________
Sm elting a n d refining—copper,
lead, a nd zinc........ .......................
Jew elry_______________________
Chewing a n d sm oking tobacco
and snuff______ ____ _________
Cigars and cigarettes.......................
Autom obiles____________ _____ _
A ircraft_______________________
Cars, electric a n d steam railro ad ..
Locomotives__________________
Shipbuilding.. _ _______________
R ubber tires a n d inner tu b es____
R ubber boots and shoes________
R ubber goods, o th er th a n boots,
shoes, tires, and inner tubes . . .
A gricultural im plem ents_______
Electrical m achinery, apparatus,
a nd supplies_________________
Engines, turbines, tractors, and
w ater wheels.
_____________
Cash registers, adding machines,
a nd calculating m achines_____
F oundry and machine-shop products_____ ____ - .........- .............. .
M achine tools____
_________
Textile m achinery and p a rts ____
Typew riters an d supplies_______
R adio________________ _______
Electric-railroad repair shops____
Steam-railroad repair shops..........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E sta b
T otal
lish
m ents num ber
report of em
ployees
ing
N u m b er of establish
m ents reporting—
No
Wage Wage
wage
in
de
changes creases creases
N um ber of employees
having—
No
wage
changes
Wage Wage
in
de
creases creases
58
8,570
57
1
8,564
6
132
70
605
450
483
19
165
333
401
312
750
5,349
4,951
54j 792
16; 431
38,883
i; 019
22,078
99; 412
74', 673
19; 105
51,' 630
129
67
571
428
466
18
160
318
377
297
712
3
3
216
15
24
15
5,133
4 704
50 901
15 ; 431
36, 820
1 , 008
21 869
96; 743
70, 106
18 397
37
49,595
447
114
203
114
51
39
21
352
22
91
123
657
121
188
66, 042
19, 787
4; 268
47; 152
1,575
6,844
2,550
14 ; 887
18; 035
12 ; 229
13 ; 768
19 ; 098
11,755
3i; 604
427
no
196
110
50
39
19
331
18
86
121
639
114
176
20
4
7
4
1
7
12
63 463
19 078
4,164
46, 406
1,565
6,844
2, 534
13, 577
15 635
11, 637
13 586
18, 019
l l ' 482
30,431
220
92
5,425
12,183
209
86
n
6
4,843
11,568
582
615
199
26
25, 925
4, 608
185
26
14
25 005
4,608
920
22
3,046
21
1
2,099
947
52
51
3,416
6,242
48
50
4
1
3, 281
6; 204
135
38
26
151
7,645
6Ì 589
24
151
2
6, 976
6,589
66
36
215
244
34
33
35
211
241
34
33
11
90
37
9
2
1
1
9 902
44; 472
232, 934
6, 056
4, 576
2, 506
28,181
35, 942
8; 934
60
260
72
92
38
10
9, 962
44; 732
233, 006
6; 055
4,576
2,506
28; 312
36,517
9,650
131
575
716
96
74
13, 397
4,360
92
73
4
1
113, 234
A 322
163
38
281
115,563
267
14
13, 203
2, 360
74
12, 820
68
6
12, 246
574
44
14, 774
40
4
14, 555
219
1,074
149
28
16
42
395
522
102, 616
10, 399
4,314
5,771
16,182
2i; 035
70, 338
1,025
' 143
28
15
42
361
522
49
94, 651
9; 738
4,314
5,751
16; 182
19, 265
70; 338
2 965
’ 661
11
34
22
17
1
5
1
2
21
4
5
2
18
1
4
3
a
1
34
247
3 831
1 *000
9 063
11
200
2 669
4 567
1708
18
2,017
9, 570
70Q
104
746
10
16
1 310
9 400
’ 509!
18S>
1 079
273
1,173
20
1, 770
666
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
Nonmanufacturing Industries
I n t h e following table are presented data concerning wage-rate
changes occurring between June 15 and July 15, 1932, reported by 14
nonmanufacturing groups included in the bureau’s monthly employ
ment survey.
No increase in wage rates from June to July were reported by
establishments in the 14 nonmanufacturing groups of industries
shown in the accompanying table, and the anthracite mining group
alone reported no decreases in wage rates over the month interval.
A number of establishments in each of the remaining 13 groups
reported decreases in wage rates during the month ending July 15;
the adjustments in 10 of these 13 industrial groups averaging approxi
mately 10 per cent. The wage-rate decreases reported by establish
ments in the power and light group averaged 12.4 per cent, while
the decreases in rates reported by establishments in the bituminous
coal mining and the canning and preserving industries averaged 15
per cent and 16.9 per cent, respectively.
T a b l e 2 .—W A G E C H A N G E S IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N T H
E N D IN G JU L Y 15, 1932
In d u stry
E sta b
Total
lish
ber
m ents num
of
em
report ployees
ing
A nthracite m in in g -..................... .
160
Per cent of to ta l....................... 100. 0
1,109
B itum inous coal m ining_____ . ..
100.0
P er cen t of to ta l..................
239
M etalliferous m in in g ._____ _____
100.0
P er cent of to ta l----------------Q uarrying an d nonm etallic m in
593
in g --------------- ------ ------- ------P e r cen t of to ta l____________ 100.0
240
C rude petroleum producing____
P er c en t of to ta l____________ 100.0
8, 042
Telephone a n d teleg rap h_______
100.0
Per cen t of to ta l.................... .
3, 446
Power a n d lig h t________ _____ _
100.0
P er cent of to ta l................. ......
Electric-railroad an d motor-bus
492
operation a n d m aintenance___
Per cen t of to ta l____________ 100.0
Wholesale tra d e _________ ______ 2, 604
100. 0
P er cen t of to ta l_____ ____
R etail tra d e _______ _____ ______ 13, 381
100. 0
P er cen t of t o t a l . .. .................
2,489
H otels______________ _________
100.0
P er cen t of to ta l...... .................
870
Canning an d preserving________
100.0
Per cen t of to ta l......................
983
Laundries.............................. ............
100.0
Per cen t of to ta l_____ ____ _
375
D yeing and cleaning___________
Per cent of to tal____________ 100.0
60, 818
100. 0
143,915
100.0
18, 707
100.0
20,995
100.0
21,331
100.0
279,694
100. 0
219,930
100.0
129,782
100. 0
07,449
100.0
313, 250
100. 0
136,645
100. 0
53,553
100.0
60, 601
100.0
12,325
100.0
N um ber of establish
m ents reporting—
Wage Wage
No
de
wage
in
changes creases creases
160
100.0
1,043
94.0
229
95.8
569
96.0
233
97.1
8,030
99.9
3,361
97.5
463
94.1
2,485
95.4
13,143
98.2
2,416
97.1
864
99.3
963
98.0
366
97.6
N um ber of employees
having—
No
wage
changes
Wage Wage
in
de
creases creases
60,818
100.0
66
6.0
10
4.2
133,984
93.1
17,439
93.2
9,931
6.9
1,268
24
4.0
7
2.9
12
85
2.5
19,824
94.4
20, 540
96.3
279,255
99.8
216,181
98.3
1,171
5.6
791
3.7
439
0.2
3,749
1.7
29
5.9
119
4.0
238
1.8
73
2.9
6
0.7
20
2.0
9
2.4
109, 329
84.2
65,188
96.6
306,512
97.8
130,356
95.4
52,983
98.9
59,564
98.3
11, 677
94.7
20,453
15.8
2, 261
3.4
6,738
2.2
6,289
4.6
570
0.1
6.8
1.1
1,037
1.7
648
5.3
W age C h an ges R eported by T rad e-U n ion s S in ce M ay, 1932
in the wages and hours of trade-unionists and municipal
employees during the months May to August, inclusive, which
CHANGES
have been reported to the bureau during the past month, are shown
in the table following.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
667
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
The number of workers affected by changes is 57,303, of whom 760
were reported to have gone on the 5-day week. In addition to the
above number, renewed or new agreements were reported for bakers,
Duluth, Minn.; bottling workers, Portland, Oreg.; plumbers, Cham
paign, 111.; ice-wagon drivers, Oakland, Calif.; drug clerks, New York,
N. Y.; and embalmers, Seattle, Wash.
R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S, B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , M A Y TO
A U G U ST , 1932
H ours per week
R ate of wages
In d u stry or occupation, and locality
D ate of
change
Before
change
After
change
Bakers:
D enver, Colo .
— __ — _______ - — June 1
(>)
(2)
P er week
P er week
O akland, Calif., a n d v icinity—
___do___ $49.00-$55.00 $44.10-$49. 50
Forem en
„ __
_______
_ _do___ 46.00- 52.00 41.40- 46.80
D ough m ixers.
____
_ _do___ 46.00- 52. 00 41.40- 46.80
Oven m en
____
__do___ 43.00- 49.00 38. 70- 44.10
Bench hands _ .
__ ________
Per day
Cracker b ak ers________ _______ _______ M ay
1
San Francisco, Calif.—
Forem en____ _____________________ - M ay 29
___do_ __
Bench hands
. . . __________
Helpers
_ _ ____ ...d o __
U nskilled labor__
...d o ___
6.50
Per week
46.00
43.00
34.00
25.00
Per day
Cracker bakers_______________________
M ay
1 N ot reported.
2 $2 per week reduction.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P er week
0)
(')
48
48
48
48
45%
48
48
48
48
(>)
P er week
41.40
38. 70
30. 60
23.75
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
P er day
5.85
6.50
1
San Jose, Calif —
Forem en.......... ...................................... ......... M ay 29
___do_-_ Bench hands _____________________
Helpers __
_______ ___________ _ .__do___
. _do___
U nskilled labor
....
M ay 1
Barbers, Providence, R . I
-- ---- -Brewery a n d soft-drink workers, D avenport,
Iowa:
E stablishm ent A—
Engineers____________________ _______ Ju ly 1
Firem en
_
................... .............. . do. _
M altsters. ___- - - __________ - ,__do___
Elevator m en
_ . . . .d o ___
. .d o __
M achine m en (malting)
M achine m en (not m altin g )__________ ...d o ___
Establishm ent B—
D rivers and helpers. _ . . . _________ _ M ay 1
Stablem en
_
___________ ___ . _do
H ousem en. _ _ _ _ _
_____________ ...d o ___
B uilding trades:
Bricklayers a n d masons—
B rooklyn, N . Y _________ _______ _____________ June 27
Ju n e 13
Greenwich, C o n n .. . _ _ _ _ _ _
Indianapolis, In d ., mosaic and terrazzo
Ju ly 1
w o r k e r s __
Ju n e 1
M inneapolis, M in n ., tile layers______New Y ork, N . Y .—
June 27
M arble c arv ers..
. .
. .d o ___
M arble setters and cutters
M arble w orkers, helpers, a n d crane
m en
_ _ _ _ _______
...do__. .
June 15
M osaic and terrazzo w orkers— - .
. _do__
_
Helpers___
______________
- _
R iggersand derrickm en (stone)— . . . June 27
June 17
Stonemasons ____ -----------Tile layers____
_______ . . . . Ju n e 20
...do__ _
Tile layers’ helpers
Poughkeepsie, N . Y ., a n d vicinity ------------ M ay 1
San Francisco, Calif., tile layers’ helpers. _ ...d o --------June 17
Stapleton, S. I., N . Y — __ ------------------------St. Paul, M inn., tile layers........ .. .............. Ju n e 1
Per day
5 .85
Before After
change change
45%
0)
Per week
46.00
43.00
34.00
25.00
25.00
41.40
38. 70
30. 60
23.75
20.00
48
48
48
48
0)
48
48
48
48
61
30.00
29. 00
29.00
29.00
31.00
29.00
27.75
26. 83
26.83
26.83
28.67
26.83
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
33. 75
33.75
33.75
32.25
32.25
32.25
48
48
48
48
48
48
Per hour
P er hour
1. 92%
1.75
1.65
1.37%
40
40
40
40
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.12%
44
44
44
40
1.8114
1.68%
1.62%
1.50
40
40
40
40
1.30%
1.65
1.23%
1. 43%
1. 92%
. 68%
1.25
1. 65
.75
1. 92%
1. 25
1.15%
1.43%
1. 06%
1.28%
1. 65
1. 43%
. 06%
1.37%
. 68%
1. 65
. 12%
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1
1
1
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
668
R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S, B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , M A Y TO
A U G U ST, 1932—C ontinued
R ate of wages
In d u stry or occupation, and locality
B uilding trades—C ontinued.
C arpenters—
Belleville, 111_____________ _______ ___
Chattanooga, T en n ........................ .........
E ast St. Louis, 111 __________________
N ew Orleans, L a ___ _____________ .
M illm en __
_ _______ ____
Tacoma, Wash_„
. _ __ _ _
C em ent finishers, N ew Y ork, N . Y . _ _____
Electrical workers, Pittsfield, M ass.
Elevator constructors, N ew Y ork, N . Y ._
H elpers.. .............................................
G ran itecu tters—
Buffalo, N . Y ________________________
Clyde, Ohio____________________ _____
Holyoke, M a s s .______ _______________
N iagara Falls, N . Y _____________
N o rtham pton, M ass______________ . . .
South Ryegate, V t__________ . __ ____
Springfield, M ass_____________________
H od carriers and laborers—
Astoria, L. I., N . Y ., plasterers’ help ers..
Brooklyn, N . Y .—
Plasterers’ laborers___ _
Plum bers’ laborers. _____________
N ew York, N . Y .—
C em ent and concrete laborers___ . .
P lasterers’ help ers.. . __________
Lathers—
Brooklyn, N . Y ______________________
F o rt W orth, T ex ___________________
New Y ork, N . Y ., metallic lathers_____
Painters—
Belleville, 111 _______
. ___________
O akland, Calif., and v ic in ity________
Plasterers—
Brooklyn, N . Y ______________________
Greenwich, C o n n ..
_______________
Jam aica, L. I., N . Y._ _______ _______ _
Long Island C ity, N . Y _______________
N ew Y ork, N . Y ____________________
Poughkeepsie, N . Y __________________
Plum bers—
Brooklyn, N . Y _________________ . . . .
Covington, K y., and vicinity__________
Indianapolis, I n d ____ ______
New Y ork, N . Y ., steam fitters’ h elp ers..
S taten Island, N . Y __________________
Roofers —
New Y ork, N . Y ., composition roofers
a n d waterproofers____
_
___
San Francisco, Calif., composition roofers.
Sheet-m etal workers —
Belleville, 111__________________ _____ _
N ew Y ork, N . Y ____________________
W ashington, B .C __ _________________
Stonecutters —
N ew Y ork, N . Y _____________________
P lan er m e n ____ ____________________
Rochester, N . Y _____________________
Structural-ironw orkers, finishers, New York,
N . Y ________________________________ _
H e lp e rs ______________________ _______
C hauffeurs a n d team sters:
Chicago, 111., bone and tallow teamsters_____
San Francisco, Calif., b a k ery salesm and riv ers_____________ _ . _____________
Clothing workers, Philadelphia, P a ____________
F u rn itu re:
U pholstery workers, San Francisco, Calif.—
C arpet layers, cutters, and m easurers...
C arpet seamstresses (large m achines). __
C arpet seamstresses (hand sewers)_____
H otel and restau ran t workers:
Portland, Oreg., w aiters and w aitresses_____
1 N o t reported.
3 10 per cent reduction.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D ate of
change
Ju ly 1
Ju ly 16
Ju ly 1
do
June
June
M ay
June
. _do_
15
13
12
15
June
June
_do_
June
June
M ay
June
13
1
13
1
23
1
H ours per week
Before
change
After
change
P er hour
P er hour
Before After
change change
$1. 50
.90
1.50
.90
. 65
1.00
1. 65
1. 12%
1.65
1. 24
$1. 25
.80
1.25
.75
. 50
.90
1.40
1.00
1. 40%
1.03%
40
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
1. 18%
1. 12)4
1.12)4
1.18%
1. 12)4
1. 12%
1. 12%
1. 06%
1.00
1.00
1. 06%
1.00
1.00
1.00
40
44
44
40
44
40-44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
40
44
40
40
40
«
44
40
44
40-44
44
June 24
1. 37%
1.09%
40
40
June 22
June 17
1.37%
1. 12%
1. 06%
1.01%
40
40
40
40
June 16
June 18
1.16%
1. 34
.93%
1. 06%
40
40
40
40
June 17
June 9
June 20
1. 75
1. 62%
1. 65
1.50
1.12%
1. 40
40
44
40
40
44
40
Ju ly
June
1
1
1.25
1.12%
1.00
• 87%
40
40
40
40
June
Ju n e
Ju n e
Ju n e
- do_
M ay
20
13
20
13
i
1.92%
1. 75
1.92%
1.92%
1.92%
1. 65' '
1.50
1.37%
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.37%
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
June 27
June 7
July 1
Ju ly 5
June 23
1.65
1.37%
1.25
1.23%
1.65
1. 40
1.15
1.32%
1.03%
1.40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
June 17
M ay 1
1. 51%
1.00
1. 28%
.80
40
44
40
44
M ay 1
June 16
Ju ly 1
1.37%
1.65
1.50
1.12%
1.40
1. 29
40
40
40
40
40
40
1 68%
1. 50
1.25
1. 50
1. 37%
1.00
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.40
1. 03%
40
40
40
40
dn
June 15
Ju n e 20
__do
1. 65
1. 23%
P er week
M ay
P e r week
1
53.00
48.00
54
54
M ay 29
June 27
45.00
0
41.00
0
48
48
P er day
M ay 1
_._do_
-__do.
June
1
0
0
0)
(0
0
0)
0)
0
P er day
9. 00
6.00
5. 50
8.00
5. 50
5.00
3.00
2.70
48
48
669
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S , B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , M A Y TO
A U G U ST, 1932—C ontinued
H ours per week
R ate of wages
In d u stry or occupation, and locality
D ate of
change
Leather:
New Y ork, N . Y ., pocketbook and fancy
leather goods workers—
First class___________________________ June 23
Second class_________________________ ___do___
Before
change
After
change
Per week
Per week
$44. 65
39.96
P er hour
W ilmington, Del., leather w orkers-------------- June 25
Longshoremen, Buffalo, N . Y ------ ------------------- M ay 1
M etal trades, boilermakers:
Ju ly New Y ork, N . Y ____________ _________. . .
St. Louis, M o ____________________________
Salisbury, N . C.—
M ech an ics...____________________
Helpers
_______ ___
M iners, Pittsburgh, Pa., district:
Pick coal
_____ -- ____________
Loading (machine coal)____ ____________
C utting
____________________________
Inside labor—
M ot or m en_________________ ______
D rivers
. . . ___________ _____ ____
T rackm en__________________________
M asons .
_________ -- ______ Cagers
_ _ _________________ Snappers
______ _____________
Wire m en___________________________
Pum pers
. __ . _______ .
O ther inside labor___________________
_
Check boys. ____________ __ __
Footm en ________________________
O utside labor—
Picking table
________ ________
O ther tipple m en__________ ____ ____
Carpenters . _____________________
Coal inspectors
_______________
B lacksm iths
___________________
Helpers
__________________
O ther outside l a b o r __________________
M otion-picture operators:
Bessemer, A l a .. . .
------- ---------------- .
.72
.60
Per day
13.20
Per hour
M ay 31
1.50
P er day
Ju ly 1
.d o ___
6. 40
4. 48
$35. 75
32.00
Before After
change change
44
44
44
44
45
50-60
45
30-40
P er hour
.58
.54
Per day
11. 20
44
40
48
48
5. 76
4. 03
40
40
32
32
P er hour
1.25
Per day
. . . d o ___
__do___
___do___
(i)
(i)
«
«.50
5. 36
6.06H
48
48
48
48
48
48
_ _do___ _
___do___
___do___
___do___ _
_ . d o __
...d o ___
_ .d o ___
_ .d o ___
. .. d o __
(i)
(i)
0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0)
3. 65
3. 65
3. 60
3. 45
3. 65
3. 65
3.60
3. 60
3.25
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
_ do
___do__ _
(1)
(')
. 35 H
48
48
48
48
___do _ .
_ do _
. .. d o ___
__ do___
__do___
__.do__
__do__
(1)
(1)
(i)
0)
0)
(1)
(1)
.25
.30
.40
.40
.45
.40
.32
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Per hour
Per week
P er week
58. 50-67. 50
52. 65-60. 75
58. 50-67. 50
52. 65-60. 75
52. 65-60. 75
50. 00-58. 50
52. 65-60. 75
50. 00-58. 50
4 6H
4 6'A
4 6V2
4 6M
4 6H
4 6M
4 6M
4 6H
44. 00-52.00
52.00
55.00
40. 00-49.00
49. 00
52.00
44
48
48
44
48
48
D etroit, M ich.—
Newspaper, d a y ............................ ....... M ay 2
Newspaper, n ig h t_________________ . .. d o ___
Per hour
Per hour
45
45
45
45
H annibal, M o.—
Job w ork_________ ______ _________ June 1
N ew spaper_______________________ ___do___
N ew Brunswick, N . J.—
Job work -----------. . . M ay —
N ew spaper. ___________________ _ .. .d o ___
P ittsb u rg h , P a.—
Job w ork, day ---------------------------- Ju n e 20
Job w ork, n ig h t___________________ ._ do _
Newspaper, d a y . ---------------------- . M ay 16
Newspaper, n ig h t________________ ___do_ ..
Toledo, Ohio—
Newspaper, d a y ---------------------------- Ju n e 25
Newspaper, n ig h t----------------- . . . . . —do ___
Per week
/M a y 1
/J u ly 1
/M
Birm ingham , A la------- -- ------------------------ /Ju alyy 11
P rin tin g and publishing:
Compositors and machine operators—
Buffalo, N . Y .—
Ju ly 11
Job w o r k ... ___________________
Newspaper, d a y _________________ __do ___
Newspaper, n ig h t_________________ ___do___
1 N ot reported.
4 H ours per day.
4 R ate per ton.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.31
1.39
1.26
1.34
Per week
40.00
40.00
36.00
36.00
44
48
44
48
51. 00
51.00
47.00
46. 00
44
44
44
44
50.00
53.00
58.00
61.00
47. 50
50. 50
54. 50
57. 50
44
44
45
45
44
44
45
45
52.50
56.50
47.00
50.00
48
48
48
48
670
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S, B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , M A Y TO
A U G U ST, 1932—C ontinued
R ate of wages
In d u stry or occupation, and locality
P rin tin g and publishing — C ontinued.
Photo-engravers—
Los Angeles, Calif.—
D ay work
_________________
N ight work
___________________
New Y ork, N . Y .—
D ay work __ _ ________ _________
N ight work _ . . _________
Stereotypers—
New Orleans, La.—
Newspaper, d ay______________ . .
Newspaper, night
__ _______ _
O m aha, N ebr.—
Newspaper, d a y .
______________
Newspaper, night
_________ _
Street-railw ay workers:
C incinnati, Ohio—
2-man cars, m otorm en and conductors —
F irst 3 m onths _
N ext 9 months_ _ __________
Thereafter.
1-man car and coach operators — ■
F irst 3 m onths
___ _______
N ext 9 m onths
Thereafter.
_________________
Holyoke, M ass.—
1-man car operators - 2-man car operators. . . _____________
Portland, Oreg.*—
1-man car and bus operators.
_____
2-man car operators Clerks, inspectors, and dispatchers_____
W ichita, K ans.—
M otorm en. . .
Bus operators
_ —___
Textiles:
Sheeting workers, Salem and Peabody, Mass
M unicipal:
Acadia Parish, La., teach ers.. ________ ._.
Bloomington, In d .
.
___________
Effingham, 111.
........................................... .
H udson, M ich., common labor . .
Indianapolis, In d ., school employees. ..
M iam i Beach, Fla
M ichigan C ity, In d ., school employees . . .
M inneapolis, M in n ., city laborers . . . . . .
Terre H au te, In d ., school employees. . . . . .
W ildwood, N . J., policem en.
1 N o t reported.
3 10 per cent reduction.
4 H ours per day.
D ate of
change
H ours per week
Before
change
After
change
P er week
P er week
Before After
change change
Ju n e 20
do
$55. 00
55.00
$50. 00
50. 00
44
42
44
42
Ju ly l
__ do_
71.00
79. 00
62. 50
70.00
44
40
44
40
Per day
June 1
_ do _
M ay
do
Per day
6. 75
7. 25-7. 50
6. 00
6. 50
48
45
48
45
8.00
8. 50
7.50
8. 00
48
48
48
48
1
P er hour
Ju ly 1
do _
__do
do
do
do
M ay
_ _do
1
June 29
do
---d o ___
M ay 1
do
.50
.53
.55
48
48
48
48
48
48
.63
.66
.68
.57
.60
.62
4
48
8
8
48
48
48
.71
.63
.63
.55
.66
.60
0)
. 45- 50
. 43- 45
.
P er week
20.17
«
Ju ly
M ay
- do
(>)
d o.
Ju ly
.. do
Aug.
Ju n e
Aug.
_
1
1
1
1
M ay 24
6 Average.
7 15 per cent reduction.
8 5 to 20 per cent reduction.
( ')
4
0)
. 35-, 45
35- 40Y i
(0
(>)
( ')
(>)
8 18. 16
0)
( 3)
0)
Per hour
Per hour
. 40
. 30
0)
50
(i)
(i)
(>)
( 8)
(S)
(i)
0)
( 3)
(>)
• 62H
( 3)
P er year
Per year
$1, 200
(• )
50
(i)
(>)
0)
35
35
( 7)
( 3)
$2, 000
36
36
36
48
48
48
Per week
(i)
. 68%
0)
0)
(>)
.66
. 60
( ')
Ju ly 18
1
1
Per hour
.56
.59
.61
(* )
0)
44
(•)
36
(>)
(>)
48
48
9 10 to 20 per cent reduction.
S alaries in P u b lic L ibraries, Jan u ary, 1932
ALARIES in public libraries, as of January 1, 1932, in cities of
the United States having more than 5,000 population are pre
sented in Part I of the June, 1932, number of the Bulletin of the
American Library Association. The same issue also gives salaries
which were in effect at the beginning of this year in university and
college libraries, small college libraries, teachers’ college and normalschool libraries, and junior and senior higli-school libraries.
Of the 289 libraries included, only 40 reported wage cuts. The
returns were made, however, as of January 1, 1932. The chairman
of the American Library Association committee on salaries points out
S
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
671
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
that since that date “ conditions have changed with lightning rapidity.
The nation-wide demand for cuts in the salaries of all public em
ployees^—national, State, and municipal—has taken on a tremendous
momentum.”
The following table, taken from the publication referred to, shows
the salaries paid in specified occupations in the libraries in cities of
over 200,000 population:
SA L A R IE S P A ID F O R S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S IN L IB R A R IE S IN C IT IE S O F O V ER
200,000 P O P U L A T IO N , JA N U A R Y 1, 1932
D epartm ent heads
C ity
Akron, Ohio______________ _
A tlanta, G a_______________ Baltim ore, M d ! _________
.
Birm ingham , A la_________
Boston, M ass_. _______ _ _
B rooklyn, N . Y _____________
Buffalo, N . Y
_______ .
Chicago, 111..
- _ C incinnati, O hio_____- -Dallas, T ex _______________
D ayton, Ohio
D enver, Colo____ _______
D etroit, M ich______________
H ouston, T e x , . _________
Indianapolis, In d ___ _ ___
Jersey C ity, N . J - .. _ K ansas C ity, M o ___ ____ _
Los Angeles, Calif
Louisville, K y __________ _
M emphis,’ T en n _______
M ilwaukee, W is_____ _ _
M inneapolis, M inn _
N ew ark, N . J_ _____________
N ew Orleans, La._
- _
N ew Y ork C irculation 8_____
O akland, Calif
Omaha, N e b r.__ .
Philadelphia, P a _________
P ittsburgh , P a . .. _
.
Providence, R . I
Queens, Jam aica, N . Y ...
Rochester, N . Y _____
___
St. Louis, Mo_
San Antonio, Tex
San Francisco, C alif_______
Seattle, W ash, . ----------------Syracuse, N . Y __________ __
Toledo, Ohio____ _______ .
W ashington, D . C __________
Libra
rian N um M ini
ber m um
$4, 500
3, 600
7, 000
3, 600
10, 000
10, 000
8, 000
3, 000
6, 000
6, 000
8, 500
3, 600
7,000
7, 500
6, 500
8, 500
6 6, 000
5, 460
7,000
6, 000
10, 000
4, 500
7 8, 000
6, 000
3; 600
9 8, 000
12, 000
6, 000
10. 000
3,000
4, 800
7, 500
5,000
6,000
8,000
Cataloguers
Branch librarians
M axi N u m M ini M axi N um M ini M axi
m um
ber m um m um ber m um m um
7 $1, 500 $2,000
5 $2, 400 $2, 600
1, 500
2, 160
6 1,680 1,680
6
12
1,200
27 1,320 1, 620
3, 200
1,134
7 1, 020 1, 620
12
2, 700
14
2,080
4,000
33 1, 560 3, 000
4, 200
10
2, 340
33 2, 040 2,820
14 1, 500 2,000
14
2, 100
3,100
44 1, 740 3, 420
2, 700
13
5, 220
3,000
10 L 380 1,880
1, 960
13
4 1, 200 li 500
1,380
5
2, 040
1,800
13
3, 0C0
6 1,700 2, 460
14 1,200 1, 560
12
1,800
2, 500
f»2, 340 2 2, 760 } 22 2,100 2,580
16 \8
2, 640 s 3, 960
5
1,890
3 1,080 1, 350
1, 350
12
1,980
* 16J , 260
,100
3 ; 000
17 1,800 2, 580
7
2, 580
2,580
14 1,620 2, 264
8
2, 400
2,700
37 1,980 2, 700
21
2,400
3, 120
7 1, 680 1, 800
7
2, 220
4
7
1, 500
2,520
720 1, 200
10
4, 500
18 1,620 2, 220
2,400
22 1,900 2, 500
11
2, 400
3, 000
11 1,800 3, 100
9
2,200
3, 725
1, 560
6 1,020 1. 200
6
960
9
4, 380 8 46 1,980 2, 820
1,800
14 1, 680 1, 800
5
1, 920
2, 100
4 1, 320
2, 040
8
, 680
1, 380
2,000
31 1, 700 1, 700
20
1, 700
4’, 000
9 1, 920 2, 160
10
2, 700
10
2, 444
13 1, 500 1, 924
1, 612
11
6,000
17 1,980 2, 820
2, 400
2
13 1, 600 2,400
3,200
3, 200
14 1, 770 2, 190
16
1,710
3, 600
4
5
1,440
1,800
960 1, 380
17 1, 560 2,100
11
2, 100
3,000
6
2,820
10 1, 500 2, 160
2,160
11
2, 500
6 1, 500 2, 500
1, 500
2, 400
2,700
13 1, 600 2, 200
6
4 2,000 3, 300
5
3,200
3, 400
1
2
1
2 $1, 500
4 1, 440
14
900
4
810
15 1,456
12 1,440
$1, 900
1, 500
1,680
1,440
1, 924
2, 100
5 2,340
13
900
3 1, 360
4 1,980
6 1,200
14 1,680
1 1,188
6 1, 530
6 2,040
6 1.260
15 1, 320
4
960
5 1,080
5 1, 680
3 1,700
3 2, 000
2
960
10 1, 380
1 1, 800
2 1,200
3 1, 200
6 1,380
5 1, 144
7 1, 740
4 1, 600
18 1, 380
2
960
5 1, 680
2 1, 500
3 1,300
4 1,600
6 1, 560
2,880
1,800
1,620
2, 280
1,740
2,160
2,040
2,040
1, 740
1,920
1, 440
1,500
2, 220
1,800
2,200
960
2, 520
1,920
1, 600
2, 000
2, 080
2,160
1,900
2,100
960
1, 920
1,680
1,700
2, 200
2, 100
1 Figures as published in July, 1931, issue of B ulletin of American L ibrary Association.
2 Small libraries.
3 Large libraries.
4 N o t including 3 special branches in which salaries range from $1,860 to $2,920.
s A nd $1,000 additional b y arrangem ent w ith university.
8 Boroughs of Bronx, M an h attan , and Richm ond.
i Chief of circulation departm ent.
8 C entral circulation branch not included.
6 $6,000 as librarian; $2,000 as director of library school.
The report gives like data for assistant librarians, division heads,
librarians of subbranches, first assistants, children’s librarians, and
professional and nonprofessional assistants. It also gives for each of
the cities information as to length of the annual vacations, special
holidays, full-time hours per week, compensation for work on Sun
days and holidays, the data of the last general salary increase, the
reduction, if any, in the salaries of the library staff, and the reduc
tion in the library budget.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
672
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W
S ix-H our S h ifts in P la n ts of O w en s-Illin o is G lass Co.
to a recent press announcement confirmed by a
Lletter from an official of the company, the Owens-Illinois Glass Co.
ACCORDING
has recently changed its daily operating schedule from three 8-hour
shifts to four 6-hour shifts per day, in order to provide employment
for a larger number of workers. The hours of salaried workers in
plant offices and in the general office remain the same, averaging
about eight hours per day. Several reductions have been made in the
salaries of these workers, and the hourly employees who are on a
wage and production bonus plan have had their compensation re
duced to correspond to the reduction in the number of hours.
The secretary of the company states that the change is working
out very satisfactorily in that it is accomplishing what it was in
tended to do; that is, provide employment for additional workers.
M in e W ages in Id aho, 1931
A T THE close of the calendar year 1931 very few of the producing
XX. mines in Idaho were in operation, and none of those operating
was on a 7-day producing basis. On the whole, from a labor view
point that year was one of the worst ever experienced in the State,
according to the annual report of the inspector of mines of Idaho for
1931. There was a surplus of labor throughout the 12 months cov
ered by the report, and the turnover was very slight, so that the mine
operators were assured of a constant force of workers without the
inconveniences of breaking in inexperienced men.
Complete and accurate statistics of the number of men employed
in the mines are practically unobtainable. Substantial numbers are
employed by mine prospectors and small companies which do not
operate continuously and do not make reports to the mine inspector.
Moreover, the different reports filed by the companies vary in regard
to the number of days. The average number of men reported on the
pay roll was 3,500, to which it is estimated 1,000 may be added to
include those employed by lessees, prospectors, and small companies
filing no reports, thus bringing the total to 4,500, which is con
sidered a conservative figure.
According to an agreement of November 6, 1925, the wages in
Coeur d’Alene district were subject to a monthly adjustment, with a
bonus rate varying with the selling price of lead in New York. In
1931, however, the price of lead fell so rapidly that if this bonus
arrangement had been followed the remuneration of the miners in
this district would have been cut to a figure wholly out of proportion
to wages in other sections of the State, and below the living costs.
The parties to the plan, therefore, set aside the agreement, and on
May 16, 1931, wages were cut to those reported in the first column
of the following table, which are based on lead’s selling up to 1%.
cents per pound. The wage scale maintained for the remainder of
1931 in other parts of the State is given in the second column.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
673
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
D A IL Y W A G ES IN M IN IN G IN D U S T R Y IN ID A H O , 1931, B Y O C C U P A T IO N
R ate per day
Coeur
d ’Alene
district,
M ay 16Dec. 31,
1931
Occupation
B lacksm iths.- ________
B lacksm iths’ helpers______
Cagers ............. __________ .
C arm en. _____________ .
C arpenters____ . . .
Electricians ______________
M achinists________________
M achinists’ h e lp e rs ________
M ain hoist m e n ____ _____
M illm en_____ ____________
M ill repair m e n ___________
M ill sw am pers_________
M iners____ ______________
$6. 00
4. 75
5. 50
4. 50
6.00
5.50
5. 75
5.00
5. 75
5.00
5. 50
4.00
5.00
R est of
State,
19311
$6. 00
5.00
5. 25
4. 50
6.00
5. 50
6.00
5.00
5. 75
5.00
6.00
4.50
5.00
R ate p er day
Coeur
d ’Alene
district,
M ay 16Dec. 31,
1931
Occupation
M o to rm e n ________________
______
N ip p er m en ____. . .
Ore sorters_________________
Pipe and track m e n _________
P u m p and compressor m e n ...
Shift bosses _ _________ .
Shovelers. ______________
Small hoist m e n ..
Surface la b o re rs __________ .
T im ber helpers____ _ _____
T im b erm en ___
. _. . . . ..
T rain m en______________ . . .
R est of
State,
1931 »
$5.25
4.50
4. 25
5. 25
5. 50
6.25
4. SO
5. 25
4. 25
4. 75
5. 50
4.50
$5.00
4. 50
4. 25
5. 25
5.00
6.00
4. 50
5. 25
4. 50
4. 75
5. 50
4. 50
1 A few companies operating in rem ote sections of th e S tate had a wage scale 25 cents above th a t reported
in this column.
The average cost of board and lodging at company boarding houses,
hotels, and private homes is from $1.25 to $1.50 a day. Various com
panies have built homes which they are renting to their married
employees, and certain large companies aid their employees in home
building.
W ages of C o m m o n and S em isk illed Labor in L ou isian a, 1929
and 1931
HE following wage scales for common and semiskilled workers in
Louisiana as of December 31, 1929, and December 31, 1931, are
taken from the fifteenth and sixteenth biennial reports of the depart
ment of labor and industrial statistics of that State for the years
1929-30 and 1931-32, respectively:
T
D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S A N D H O U R S O F C O M M O N A N D S E M IS K IL L E D LA B O R IN
LO U ISIA N A , D E C E M B E R 31, 1929, A N D D E C E M B E R 31, 1931
1929
Class of worker
Building laborers ____________
__________________________
Canners. _______ _________________________________________
Clothing-factory w orkers___________
___________________
Common labor___________ ____ _____________________________
Cottonseed-product w orkers____ _____ _
___ _____
Ice, light, and bottling wrorkers_____________________________ .
W orkers in—
Lum bering p la n ts..
_ . _________________
N aval stores ________________________ ____
O ilfield s..
. ____________________ ___ .
Rice m ills____ .. ________________ __ __ .
Sugarcane fields and farm s. __________________
Sugar mills (factory help )______________________________
136143 °
—
32—
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
Hours
per
day
8
1931
D aily
wage
rate
10
10
$2. 00
1. 25
1. 25
12
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
Hours
per
day
D aily
wage
rate
2. 25
1. 50
10
10
10
12
10
$1.00
1. 00
1. 50
2. 00
1. 25
1.75
1. 75
3. 00
2. 00
1. 25
2. 50
10
10
10
12
12
12
1. 50
1. 50
2. 50
1. 50
1. 00
2. 00
674
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
W ages an d W age R e d u ctio n s in th e B ru ssels C on sular D istrict
REPORT from Walter H. Sholes, American consul at Brussels,
Belgium, dated July 2, 1932, gives the average wages paid in a
number of important industries and the average total reductions in
the various branches of industry since November, 1929, when the
peak in wages was reached.
As the goods produced in the country are mainly for export,
Belgium has suffered severely from the world economic crisis. The
value of exports in the first three months of 1931 was $169,128,400
and for the corresponding period in 1932, $118,020,000. This fall
in production was accompanied by considerable unemployment, the
percentage of the total number of insured workers who were wholly
unemployed on May 1, 1932, amounting to 18.8 per cent, while an
additional 22.6 per cent were employed on part time, as compared
with 10 and 15.6 per cent, respectively, on May 1, 1931. To meet
the situation produced by the decreased demand for goods, produc
tion has been slowed down, overhead charges have been severely
cut, and wages have been drastically reduced.
During the financial readjustment of the country in the years 1918
to 1921 wages followed the rise in the cost of living only slowly. From
1922 to 1925, prior to the fall of the franc, the index of wages was
approximately the same as the index of retail prices, while during the
period in which the franc was stabilized, 1926-27, the retail price
index was always higher than the index of wages. During the pros
perous years of 1928 and 1929, however, wages rose rapidly. In
November, 1929, the wage index was 16.7 per cent above the retail
price index, but from the last quarter of 1929 to May, 1932, there has
been a steady downward trend in the wage rates.
Special inquiry was made of the principal local industries to de
termine, in addition to the extent of the wage reductions, the periods
when they had been applied and the means by which they had been
brought about; that is, whether automatically adjusted on the basis
of changes in the retail price index; by the decision of special joint
commission; by decision of employers, either individually or jointly;
or through the operation of the law of supply and demand.
In a large number of industries there are agreements between em
ployers and employees by which wages are adjusted according to an
increase or decrease of a certain number of points in the retail price
index. These^ industries include coal mines, textiles, the plate-glass
and tumbler industry, quarries, cement, paper, furniture, leather,
foodstuffs, electric light and power, clothing, and forestry. In these
industries the wage reductions, usually not amounting to more than
5 per cent, have been made at fairly frequent intervals.
The following table shows the number of employees, the average
total reductions in wages since 1929, and the actual wages paid in
various occupations on June 15, 1932;
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
675
W AG ES A ND H O URS OF LABOR
N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S , A V ER A G E R E D U C T IO N IN W A G ES (N O V E M B E R , 1929,
TO JU N E , 1932), AND A C TU A L W A GES IN V A RIO U S O C C U P A T IO N S , JU N E 15, 1932, IN
B R U S SE L S C O N SU LA R D IS T R IC T
In d u stry and occupation
N um
ber of Per cent
reduc
em oftion
in
ploy
wages
ees
A ver
age
wage
per
hour
M etallurgical___
203,143 10. 0-18. 8
D rillers__ _________
$0 135
Sm elters__________
>.850
F oundry m en _____
144
Stokers_________ . .
. 190
Coal m i n e s .. ___
. . 182, 000
25. 7
Seam w o rk ers._____
' 1 29
Surface laborers____
i. 79
C hem ical, in c lu d in g
artificial silk___ _____ 62,163 10. 0-25. 0
M ales________
. 18
Fem ales___________
. 10
Food and d rin k . .
56, 321
B rew ery w orkers__
. 20
C onstruction____. . . . .
40, 260
19.0
. 15
Q uarries______________
37, 250 15. 0-25. 0
. 14
T ra n s p o rt2_________ . 123, 850
10.0
D ockers... _______
. 18
C hauffeurs________
. 19
Wood and fu rn itu re .. . . 36, 073 10. 0-18. 0
Joiners______ ____
. 16
C abinetm akers___
. 16
C hair m akers____ .
. 16
Glass___________ ____ 35, 240 15. 0-18. 0
W indow and plate
glass m akers_____
1 1. 40
Tum bler-glass makers____________
1 1. 25
P ottery, cem ent, and
brick____ ______ . . .
28, 400 10. 0-25 0
P ottery w orkers..
. 14
C em ent workers
. 14
B rickm akers. . . _
.13
1 P er 8-hour day.
2 P o rt of Brussels.
3 D iam ond workers.
In d u stry and occupation
N um
Aver
ber of P er cent age
em of reduc wage
tion
in
ploy
per
wages
ees
hour
Leather
_____
27, 350 13. 0-20. 0
T>p,at.hpr
wnrkppQ
m a l e ___
$0.16
Leather workers fpmale
.09
Clothing
24, 200
17.5
ninth in g workers
m ale_____
. 15
Clothing workers,
female_________
.08
A rt and precision
22, 267
3 50. 0
Art workers (diffpren t industries)
.14-.28
P a p e r ___
14,000 5. 0-18. 0
Paper makers, male
. 16
P ap er makers, fem a le .. _________
.085
Printing
12,805
15.5
IQ
M ale w orkers.
Female workers
.09
Tobacco
9,770
* 10.0
M ale workers
U
Fem ale workers
!o9
Textiles
164, 495
18.0
M ale w orkers_____
. 09
Female workers
5 3. 36
A griculture______ .
263, 000
10. 0
Agrienltnrel workers
G ard en ers................
. 14
< E stim ated.
« Per 48-hour week.
6 P er m onth, board and lodging in addition.
The industries in which wages are fixed by agreement between em
ployers and workers through the offices of the joint commission
{comité paritaire) are the metallurgical industries, mechanical con
struction, metal trades, glass, and cement industries, while those in
which wage reductions have taken place either by the action of em
ployers or by private agreements between employers and workers are
the ceramic and brick industries, wood, artificial silk, and chemical in
dustries, and foodstuffs and beverages. Industries in which the con
dition of the labor market has particularly affected the wage scales
include building construction, the diamond industry, hosiery, boot and
shoe industry, and agriculture. In general it was found that in the
more important industries the reduction in wages was effected mainly
through conventions between employers and Workers, either by
means of direct negotiations or through the medium of the joint
commission.
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676
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
W ages in Para, B razil, in 1931
COMMUNICATION from the American consul, George E.
Seltzer, at Para, Brazil, dated May 5, 1932, contains daily and
monthly wages paid in specified occupations in the State of Para,
as given in the following table :
A
W A G ES IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S IN P A R A , B R A Z IL , 1931
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of milreis a t p a r = 11.96 cents; average exchange rate for
1931 was 7 cents]
Wages
Occupation
N u t shelters, female 1___
A gricultural laborers—
W ith m e a ls...
___
W ithout meals __ . . .
F actory workers, fem ale..
C arpenters, skilled 1 __ .
M asons, skilled 1
M echanics, skilled 1
Carpenters, skilled 2_ . . _
M asons, skilled 2_ _ . .
M echanics, skilled 2_ _ .
B akers______ . . .
M otorm en a n d conduc
tors 1______ . . .
Stevedores__________
R u b b er stevedores____
Brazilian
currency
(milreis)
P er day
2.0-4.0
Wages
U. S. cur
rency
P er day
$0.24-$0.48
1. 5-2. 5
3.0-3. 5
1. 5-3. 0
5. 0-8. 0
5. 0-8. 0
5.0-8. 0
4. 0-7. 0
4. 0-7. 0
4. 0-7. 0
4. 0-5. 0
.18.36.18.60.60.60.48.48.48.48-
6.0-9. 0
10.0
15.0
. 72- 1. 08
1.20
1.79
.30
.42
.36
.96
.96
.96
.84
.84
.84
.60
Bookkeepers an d manag- Per m onth P er m onth
ers___ _ __ _
800-1, 200 95.68-143. 52
Bookkeepers, assistant___ 200- 600 23.92- 71.76
1 In city of Belem.
2 In
Occupation
C o rre s p o n d e n ts w ith
knowledge of languages.
Salesmen
______
Shipping clerks_________
Salesmen, traveling_____
Brazilian
currency
(milreis)
U . S. cur
rency
Per m onth
P er m onth
800-1, 500 $95. 68-$179.40
600-1,000 71. 76- 119. 60
200- 600 23.92- 71.76
3 1,000
3 119. 60
S h ip crews
Engineers, ch ief.. _____
Engineers, second_______
Engineers, th ird ________
Stewards, chief_________
Stew ards_______________
B akers. _______________
Cooks, first______
Cooks, second_____ ___
H elpers________________
Seamen, a b le .- . - - _____
Seamen, ordinary_______
Firem en ________
Coal shovelers_________
th e interior of Para.
590
445
385
290
135
135
265
150
90
170
130
200
140
70.56
53.22
46.05
34.68
16.15
16.15
31.69
17.94
10.76
20.33
15. 55
23.92
16. 74
3 Plus expenses.
E arn ings in th e Iron and S teel In d u stry in G erm an y, O ctober,
1931
HE investigation of actual earnings in the iron and steel industry
m Germany, undertaken by the Federal Statistical Office in Octo
ber, 1931, covered 44 establishments employing 40,635 workers in the
localities of Rheinland-Westphalen, Siegerland, Osnabrück und Peine,
Oberpfalz, Sachsen, and Oberschlesien.1
Table 1 shows the actual earnings and hours of labor in October,
1931, while a comparison of these earnings and hours with those in
October, 1928, is found in Table 2 . The figures for October, 1931, in
the two tables are not identical because of differences in the localities
and the numbers of workers covered.
T
1 G erm any.
Statistisches Reichsam t.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W irtschaft u n d S tatistik, Berlin, 2. Juni-H eft, 1932, pp. 373-377.
677
W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R
T able
1 .—
A V E R A G E A C T U A L E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S OF LA B O R IN T H E IR O N A N D
S T E E L IN D U S T R Y O F G E R M A N Y IN O C T O B E R , 1931
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of m ark=23.8 cents; pfennig=0.238 cent]
Agreement, Per
Average
hourly
cent weekly earn
ings
wages
actual
earnings
Ger
Ger u . s . form
.S .
U. S. m
m an U
of
an cur
cur cur
cur cur
union
rency rency rency rate rency rency
H ourly
earnings 1
D epartm ent and occupation
B last furnaces:
Furnace men—
F irst h an d s__________
Second h an d s________
F irst h a n d s__________
Second h an d s.......... .......
T h ird hands- _______
Basis of
paym ent
N u m Hours
ber of
per
em
Ger
ployees week m an
cur
rency
p f.
Tim e___
___do___
Piece__
. .. d o ___
___do___
Time
Piece__
25
21
79
85
67
954
3,712
2 4,949
T o tal--------------------------Steel works:
Furnace men—
Second h an d s________ T im e__
T hird hands
______ ___do___
F irst h a n d s__________ Piece__
Second h an d s________ . .. d o ___
T hird hands
______ __do____
Piece___
44
33
315
213
211
501
6,103
2 7, 438
T o tal--------- ---------- ------
Rolling mills and forges:
1,081
F irst rollers__ _________ Piece__
795
Second rollers. _________ . .. d o ___
797
T hird rollers. __________ . .. d o ___
1,357
Time
Piece___ 12; 372
T o tal__________________
Foundries:
Skilled w orkers__________
Semiskilled w orkers_____
U nskilled w orkers_______
Tim e__
Piece___
T im e__
Piece___
Tim e ..
Piece___
T o ta l..................................
R epair shops:
Skilled workers__________
Semiskilled workers______
U nskilled workers________
T o ta l...................................
T im e__
Piece__
T im e__
Piece__
T im e. .
Piece___
Cts.
99. 6 23.7
80. 1 19.1
103.6 24. 7
95.0 22.6
90.0 21.4
78. 0 18. 6
92.0 21.9
45.8 89.6 21.3
" ' ' ""
-- “
46.7 78.4
47.4 78.6
45.4 127.5
43. 7 107.4
41. 5 101. 7
46. 3 86. 0
42.4 98.3
18.7
18.7
30.3
25.6
24. 2
20. 5
23.4
98.8
23.5
42.8
39.1 127.9 30.4
36.9 110.6 26.3
37.8 99.4 23.7
44. 6 78. 0 18.6
39.5 94. 1 22.4
p f.
70.0
63.7
80.5
79.2
77.5
M a rks
Cts.
16.7
15.2
19.2
18.8
18.4
133. 6
113.2
119.9
112.1
108.9
43. 27 $10.30
32.31
7. 69
52. 39 12.47
47. 39 11.28
44.14 10. 51
35. 37
8. 42
42.06 10. 01
41.01
9. 76
36.57
37.30
57. 84
46. 95
42.17
39. 82
41. 63
8.70
8. 88
13.77
11.17
10.04
9. 48
9. 91
42.34
10.08
50. 04
40.80
37. 57
34.76
37. 20
11.91
9. 71
8. 94
8. 27
8. 85
38. 05
9. 06
'
61.8
64.2
88.0
81.1
76.9
83.6
76.3
73. 7
14.7
15.3
20.9
19.3
18.3
19.9
18.2
17.5
121.7
117.1
138.3
126.0
126.3
148. 2
142.5
131.8
216,424
39.7
95.8
22.8
191
1,140
351
1, 330
324
278
45.4
44.3
44.3
44. 1
44.5
44. 6
85.2
92.8
76.9
88.0
71. 3
82.8
20.3
22.1
18.3
20.9
17.0
19.7
73.2
79.5
64.4
72.8
61.5
68.6
17.4
18.9
15.3
17.3
14.6
16.3
110.7
111.2
112.0
115.8
110.2
115.0
38.66
41.07
34.06
38.85
31. 71
36.91
9. 20
9. 77
8.11
9.25
7. 55
8. 78
3, 614
44.3
86.4
20.6
72.8
17.3
113.0
38.28
9.11
2, 273
3, 706
629
1,008
230
364
45.5 89.4
42. 1 92.8
44.5 79.0
42.8 87. 9
43.0 73.6
49. 1 93.8
21.3
22.1
18.8
20.9
17.5
22.3
75.5
82.4
67.4
75.1
62. 1
68.8
18.0
19.6
16.0
17.9
14.8
16.4
113.1
107.8
112.3
112.5
113.4
127.9
40.72
39.04
35.13
37. 64
31. 62
46.11
9. 69
9. 29
8. 36
8. 96
7.53
10. 97
8, 210
43.7
89.7
21.3
77.1
18.3
111.3
39.15
9.32
40, 635
42.3
93. 4
22.2
39. 45
9. 39
i Including all agreem ent supplem ents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.4
40.3
50. 6
49.9
49. 1
45. 3
45.7
a N o t exact sum of items.
678
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
.
T a ble 2 —A V E R A G E A C T U A L E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S O F LA B O R IN T H E IR O N A N D
S T E E L IN D U S T R Y O F G E R M A N Y IN O C T O B E R , 1931, A N D O C T O B E R , 1928
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of m a rk =23.8 cents]
H ourly earnings 1
Basis of
D epartm ent and occupation paym
ent
W eekly
hours of
labor
*
W eekly earnings
October, 1931
October, 1931
O cto
O cto O cto Octo
ber,
Per cent ber, ber,
ber,
1928 A m o u n t of Octo 1928 1931 1928 A m o u n t
ber, 1928,
earn in g s
B last furnaces:
Furnace men—
F irst hands_________
Second han d s_______
T h ird h an d s________
0 th er workers . . . _..
Cts.
Piece___
-_.do__
__.do__
T im e.. _
Piece . . .
Steel works:
Furnace m en—
F irst h an d s_______ _ Piece. .
Second hands_______ -__do___
T h ird h an d s________ -__do___
O ther w orkers_____ _ T im e. _
Piece___
R olling mills and forges:
F irst rollers_____________ Piece___
Second rollers___________ ___do___
T h ird rollers______
do
O ther w o rk e rs ______ __ T im e__
Piece___
Foundries:
Skilled workers_________ T im e__
Piece
Semiskilled w orkers___
T im e__
P iece...
U nskilled w orkers______ T im e__
P iece...
R epair shops:
Skilled workers_______
T im e__
Piece _
Semiskilled w orkers_____ T im e__
Piece__
Unskilled w o rk ers.. . . . . T im e__
Piece___
Per cent
of Octo
ber, 1928,
earnings
Cts.
23.2
25.3
24. 7
21.4
25.0
25.4
23.1
22.1
18.7
22.0
34.0
27.8
20.0
21. 1
25.5
30.9
25.9
24. 6
21.4
24.0
37.1
33.1
28.1
20.3
26.2
31.1
20. 0
23. 6
18.9
22.8
83.7
80. 5
83. 8
93.2
87.4
22.7
20. 0
20.6
24.6
18. 2
23.4
22.8
24.2
19. 5
22. 1
17.4
19.7
22. 1
24.2
19.3
22.0
17. 1
22.4
21.7
22.7
18.9
21.3
17.5
22.4
90.0
91.3
89.6
87.6
88.2
54.0
53.3
53.3
57.8
56.3
91.0 51.3
93.1 49.8
94.4 50.0
101. 5 51.8
94. 1 50.5
48.4 $15. 23
49.2 13.51
48.0 13.16
43.8 12. 32
44.8 14.02
$12. 29
11. 36
10.61
8.21
9. 85
80.6
84.1
80.6
66.6
70 2
44.3
42.3
39. 5
44.0
40.0
17. 47
13. 86
12.88
10.93
12. 90
13. 69
10. 95
9.71
9. 42
9.60
78.4
79.0
75.4
86.2
74.4
49.8
48.5
48. 3
53.0
50.8
37.1
33.9
35. 0
41.7
38.0
18. 43
16.02
13. 56
10. 75
8.51
11.52
9. 02
8. 23
7.87
8.68
62.5
56.3
60. 7
73.2
65.4
100.4
91.0
94.7
90.0
95.8
84.3
55.5
52.8
52.8
52.8
51.5
52.3
45. 5
42.7
44. 9
41.6
44.7
43.0
12. 57
14. 02
10.87
12. 94
9. 35
12. 24
10. 33
10. 33
8. 74
9.20
7.78
8.48
82.2
73.7
80.4
71.1
83.2
69.3
98.3
94.0
98.4
90.9
102. 6
100.1
55.3
55.8
55. 5
54.8
54. 5
53.3
43. 7
40.4
42.3
41.8
41.3
48.7
12. 24
13.44
10.68
12.01
9. 32
11.93
9. 49
9.17
8.02
8.91
7.24
10.91
77.6
68.2
75.1
74.1
77.7
91.4
1Including all supplem ents.
Thus, during the three years from October, 1928, to October, 1931,
the average hourly earnings dropped by 9.1 per cent. At the same
time the weekly hours of labor dropped on an average by 2 2 .9 per
cent, so that the decrease of average weekly earnings amounted to
29.9 per cent.
F ive-D ay W eek in B ritish In d u stry
OR some years past the annual report of the British chief in
spector of factories and workshops has contained discussions
of the 5-day week in industry, which seems to have been growing in
favor. At one time the system was used merely as a form of shorttime working during periods of bad trade, but the facts given in the
reports relate only to establishments in which it appears to have been
adopted as a permanent policy and in which the hours previously
worked on Saturday have been partially or wholly distributed over
other days in the week. The movement is widespread, for the system
F
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W AGES AND
679
H O URS OF LABOR
is found in use all over the country and in most of the leading indus
tries. The report for 1930 gave a list of the industries in which it
was known to be in use, with particulars as to the number of em
ployees affected and the weekly hours worked. The table, it was ex
plained, could lay no claim to completeness, since in some localities
a continuous development in the use of the system was in progress.
This view is confirmed by the statement in the 1931 report that “ at
least 1 0 0 firms engaged in a wide variety of industries and employing
large numbers of workers have been found working the 5-day week,
in addition to those included in the table in last year’s report. ” The
table, as given, is as follows:
N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S U S IN G 5-DAY W E E K , N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , A N D
W E E K L Y H O U R S W O R K E D B Y IN D U S T R Y
In d u stry
N um
ber of
estab
lish
m ents
N u m b er of employees
M en
W omen
Y oung
persons
T otal
weekly
hours
Textile industries
C otton spinning pnd wftaving
Wool spinning and weaving
_____________
Print, bleach, and dve w orks__________________
Flax
_____________ - _________________
Hosiery
_____ ___ ____________________
T o.p. ranking
________________
T otal
__________________________
8
2
56
3
3
1
535
82
3,527
30
230
10
1,459
212
1, 041
156
390
239
38
400
14
120
73
4,414
3, 258
871
19
53
12
9
8
5
27
46
2
207
16
3
2
1
8
24
198
1
26
2,010
11,397
1.699
5,486
151
80
1, 346
4,006
36
12,958
184
82
2,332
30
180
734
4,335
1,059
80
1,751
9
238
59
961
182
80
2,147
1,914
62
445
62
512
1,673
50
70
349
6,168
7,028
504
780
261
560
40
94
767
725
14
564
19
180
273
50
150
153
1,379
1,227
12
806
671
49, 936
24, 642
8, 558
744
54, 350
27, 900
9, 429
44 -48
47U-48
1 45)4-48
48
47 -48
45
N ontextile industries
*Rriek
______________________________
M etal
_______ -- __________
"Engineeringworks
__ ___________________
R ailw ays and street r a ilw a y s ________________
Heather
__ __________________ _______
W oodworking
____________________________
T/ight met.a.l trades
____ ________
Pa per? printing, a n d statio n ery _______ ______
Glass
___ _____ ___ ____________ _______
fu r n itu re , wood a n d metal
P ain ts and colors
_______ ___ ___ __- _____
Laundries
_______________________________
P libber
____________________ ______
Chemicals
_________________ ___________
Candles
___________________________
M usical instrum ents
________________
Food
________________ ___________
W earing apparel ______ ______ _____________
Sports goods
_________ ___________
Miscellaneous trad es_ _______________________
T otal
______ i __________ _____ -
G rand total
_____________________
4
2,633
47 -48
40 -48
46 -47
40 -52
37)4-48
40 -49)4
4114-48
47j4
44 -48
47 -48
41 -48
48
47 -47)4
48
47 -47)4
42)4-50
42)4-48
47
40 -48
1 56 hours for men.
The table shows that the adoption of the system depends neither
upon the industry nor the size of the establishment. There is scarcely
a large industry in the country unrepresented, while the establish
ments range from small to great, the combined total of employees
being somewhat over 90,000. “ It is more prevalent in and around
London and in the southern part of the Kingdom than in Scotland
and the north, and is also somewhat more prevalent in what may be
described as the more modern industries.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
680
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
The reasons for adopting the custom vary considerably. In the
wholesale dressmaking trade in the West End of London it is due
largely to the fact that the work places are situated in a district no
longer residential, and the workers, who are drawn from a long dis
tance, are unwilling to make the journey for a few hours’ work on
Saturday morning. In this trade “ the system has become so general
that firms who have previously worked six days are changing over in
order to attract labor. Women like the 5-day week and go where it is
in operation.” In other industries different reasons for the change
were assigned.
T he reasons given fo r a d o p tio n of th e sy stem by in d iv id u al firms v a ry , b u t
in m any instances it w as in tro d u c e d d u rin g th e years a fte r th e w ar w hen a d ju s t
m ents w ere being m ad e in hours, a n d th e y w ere red u ced in m a n y tra d e s from
a n y th in g betw een 55 a n d 51 w eekly to 48 o r 47. M an y firm s a d o p te d th e 5-day
w eek as th e sim plest m e th o d of m ak in g th is a d ju s tm e n t. T hose t h a t have
ad o p ted i t la te r a p p e a r to h av e done so because th e y realized th e ad v a n ta g e s
a n d h ad been im pressed w ith th e d isad v an tag es of S a tu rd a y w ork. In some
few cases it w as first tr ie d as a te m p o ra ry m easure fo r a sh o rt tim e, b u t w hen
tra d e revived b o th em ployers a n d em ployed w ere unw illing to re v e rt to S atu rd ay
w ork, a n d so th e hours were ex ten d e d on th e o th e r d ay s of th e week.
The report for 1931 gives an instance of the adoption of the system
as the result of an experience which contradicts the usual view as to
the value of rest periods:
In a facto ry in w hich radio sets are m ade th e change occurred in th e la st few
m onths of th e year. T he hours w orked are now 45, b u t p a y m e n t is m ad e fo r 47
as previously w orked. T his concession w as g ra n te d as th e change invo lv ed
giving u p th e 10 m in u te s’ b reak each m o rn in g a n d a ftern o o n prev io u sly allow ed
for refreshm ents a n d sm oking. L a st y ear th e firm h a d m u ch w ork re tu rn e d ,
a n d a fte r in v estig atio n th e y cam e to th e conclusion t h a t fre q u e n t b reak s were a
m istake for persons perfo rm in g v ery delicate o p eratio n s. B y d isco n tin u in g th e
in terv als a n d s u b s titu tin g a 5-day w eek th e se b reak s w ere red u ced fro m 44 to 20.
T his is ra th e r in terestin g , as th e firm considers in d u s tria l psychology, a n d only
arriv ed a t th is decision a fte r carefu l in v estig atio n . T h e fa u lts in th e re tu rn e d
sets u sually consisted of a screw n o t being p ro p erly tu rn e d or a jo in t left unsol
dered. T he firm m a in ta in s t h a t since th e re d u ctio n in th e n u m b er of in terv als
th e o u tp u t has increased a n d th e s ta n d a rd of w ork im proved.
Hours
I n 25 per cent of the establishments shown in the above table the
actual hours worked are around 45, or an average of 9 hours a day,
while in 64 per cent the hours are from 47 to 48. In 48 cases, includ
ing 43 in which men only are employed and in which 56 hours a week
are worked, the hours exceed 48, and in 25 cases they are less than 45,
including 5 instances of a 40-hour week. The conclusion is drawn
from this that in the great majority of cases the change to a 5 -day
week has been brought about without interference with the normal
total of hours. The manner in which the weekly total of hours is
adjusted differs.
T he S a tu rd a y h o u rs are som etim es d istrib u te d eq u ally over th e o th e r days
of th e w eek, b u t m ore generally th e e x tra hours are a d d ed to T uesday, W ednesday,
a n d T h u rsd ay , th e se b eing recognized as th e b e st d ay s fo r o u tp u t.
T he hours are generally a d d e d a t th e e n d of th e d a y , b u t in som e in stan ces
an earlier s ta r t is m ade. In th e cloth in g in d u s try in th e W est E n d of L ondon,
9 a. m . w as th e u su al sta rtin g tim e before th e a d v e n t of th e 5-day week, w hen it
was changed to 8.30 a. m ., a n d in cid en tally allow ed w orkers to m ake use of w o rk
m en ’s tickets.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W AGES AND
HOURS
OF LABOR
681
Wages and Production
As h o u r s have generally not been changed to any extent, there has
been little need for alteration of wages. “ There is no evidence of any
change in piecework rates, but in a few cases time rates have been
adjusted, and some very slight reductions have been made.” Pro
duction appears to have increased where the system has been given a
fair trial.
In a brass-casting shop u n d e r th e old system , 8 p o ts of m etal could be m elted
on th e first five days of th e Week a n d 2 on S a tu rd a y , m ak in g a to ta l of 42 fo r th e
w eek. N ow 9 p o ts a re m e lte d on each of th e five d ay s, m ak in g a to ta l of 45.
In th e case of a m a tc h fa c to ry w here a red u c tio n h as been m ad e of to ta l hours
w orked from 47 to 40, th e p ro d u ctio n on piecew ork is said to be p ra c tic a lly th e
sam e. T h e w ages of tim e w orkers w ere a d ju s te d b y ag reem en t w ith th e tra d e union concerned. In a n envelope facto ry , p ro d u ctio n h a s increased b y 5 p e r cent.
In a b o o t fa c to ry w here a m a jo rity of th e w orkers are piecew orkers, th e y e a rn as
m uch in a 46-hour w eek a t th e sam e ra te s as th e y d id fo rm erly in a 54-hour week
of 5 Yz days. In a fu rn itu re fa c to ry in w hich th e h o u rs w ere fo rm erly 54 a n d were
reduced on th e in tro d u c tio n of th e 5-day w eek to 47)4 a n d la te r to 45, th e o u tp u t
is said to be th e sam e as w hen 54 ho u rs w ere w orked. In a cycle w orks a definite
increase in pro d u ctio n , a m o u n tin g to 19 p e r c e n t in b o th p la tin g a n d enam eling
d ep artm en ts, is rep o rted . In th e enam eling d e p a rtm e n t u n d e r th e old sy stem
4 stoves w ere p roduced each d a y , a n d 1 on S a tu rd a y s, m ak in g 21, w hile now
5 stoves p e r d ay , or 25 w eekly, a re produced. T he m an ag e m en t a ttrib u te s th is
re su lt e n tirely to rearran g e m e n t of hours a n d n o t to im p ro v ed m eth o d s of p ro
duction.
On the other hand, a fall in production has been noticed in a few
cases, particularly in the nut and bolt trade, where the work is mainly
automatic. Rather strong evidence that the system does not
generally reduce output is found in the fact, noted in the report for
1931, that firms having once adopted this system rarely revert to
Saturday working “ except in a few cases, where the nature of the work
is such that it is inconvenient to have the factory closed on Saturdays.”
Advantages of the System
T h e r e is a v e r y g e n e r a l fe e lin g t h a t t h e s y s t e m is a d v a n t a g e o u s to
b o t h e m p lo y e r s a n d e m p lo y e d .
F rom th e em ployers’ s ta n d p o in t th e ad v an ta g e s claim ed a re (1) red u ctio n in
overhead charges, especially in connection w ith ste a m p la n ts of all descriptions,
tra v e lin g ovens, furnaces, m e ta l p o ts, a cid b a th s, etc., resu ltin g in low er cost of
p ro d u ctio n ; (2) com plete cessation of p ro d u ctio n w ork on S a tu rd a y s, allow ing
tim e for m ain ten an ce w ork a n d rep airs, cleaning of p la n t, etc., to be carried o u t
b y th e m ain ten an ce staff d u rin g th e ir n o rm al hours, a n d o b v iatin g th e necessity
fo r overtim e w ork; (3) d elivery of ord ers speeded u p b y a to ta l of h a lf a d a y over
th e w eek; (4) absenteeism re d u ced a n d tim ek eep in g on th e w hole im p ro v ed .
F ro m th e w orkers’ p o in t of view th e a d v a n ta g e s seem to c e n te r aro u n d th e long
w eek end, w hich affords o p p o rtu n ity fo r recreatio n a n d sp o rt. T h is h as a very
special ap p licatio n in th o se areas w here th e w orkers reside a t a long d istan ce from
th e ir w ork places (as is so fre q u e n t in a n d aro u n d L ondon) a n d a n u n d u e p ro
p o rtio n of th e ir tim e m a y be sp e n t in trav elin g . F are s m a y also be sav ed on
one d a y in th e w eek; i t is also a boon to w orkers w ith hom e duties.
Im p ro v em e n t in h e a lth is n o te d as a re s u lt of th e long w eek end, a n d in th e
case of stereo ty p ers, h e a lth reasons, p a rtic u la rly h av in g reg ard to th e use of
lead in th e in d u stry , ap p e a r to h av e been th e determ in in g fac to rs in m ak in g th e
change.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
682
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
W ages in th e M in in g In d u stry in G reece in 1930
HE annual report of the Bureau of Mines 1 of Greece for the
year 1930 gives the total number of man-days worked in the
mines and quarries and the total amount of wages, from which the
following average daily earnings have been computed:
T
M etal m in es_____________________________________________
L ignite m in es_______________________________________~~
Sm elting a n d refining_______________________________ ~____
Q u arries________________ ___________________ " ” _ I ______
Total_________________________________
Cents
74 4
5 g’ g
77 ' 2
73 0
72 . 9
G eneral Survey of W ages in Jap an , 1931 2
N CONSIDERING labor conditions in Japan it must be remem
bered that the relation between employer and employee is still
partly feudal and paternalistic.
Bonuses are paid in most industries, especially in smaller establish
ments. Establishments such as textile mills and others, employing
a large proportion of female labor, frequently provide quarters and
board for woman workers in addition to stipulated wage rates.
. Although labor unions in Japan have no legal status, their organiza
tion and growth have been steady, and wage scales in certain industries
are the result of collective bargaining.
Table 1 gives the average daily basic wage in various industries,
compiled from data from 800 establishments in 13 centers in Japan
as reported in the fall of 1931.
I
1
Greece. M inistère de l ’Économie Nationale. D irection du Service des M ines. Inspection des M ines
S tatistique de 1 industrie m inière de la Grece p en d an t l ’année 1930.
1 r L r v 1Su eT T n ^ SiPrepare<l ’
th e Îe C 1 193 V l ! y A rth u r Garrels- A merican consul general, Tokyo;
Hill, vice c m s u ^ T ^ h o k u ^ ’a iw ^ ^ ^ o rm o s a )^ 611"6 BennlnghoJÏ> Vlce consu1’ * * 8 ° ^ and H ayw ard G.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
683
W AG ES AND H O U RS OF LABOR
T able 1.—A V E R A G E BA SIC W AGE IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN JA P A N IN 1931
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of yen=50 cents]
Average basic wage
per day !
Length of—
In d u stry an d occupation
M en
Textile industry:
Silk mills—
Reelers____________
Throw ers...... ..............
Weavers, h a n d _____
Hosiery k n itters.........
C otton mills—
Spinners......................
W eavers.......................
Iron indu stry :
Foundry m en __________
B lack sm ith s,.....................
Ceramics in d u stry :
Potters, clay___________
Tile makers, clay_______
P aper and p rinting ind u stry :
Japanese-paper m ak ers,, ,
P rinters_______________
Flour-milling in d u s try ______
Sugar-refining in d u stry _____
C anning in d u stry ...... ..............
Chemical industry:
General chemical w o rk s,,
M atch w orks___________
Oil p re s se s,.................... .
M ining ind u stry :
M ineral m ines____ _____
Coal m ines_______ _____
Petroleum w orks_______
O thers_________________
Shipbuilding in d u stry ______
$0.72
W omen
$0. 38
.39
.41
.38
.44
.39
1.01
1.02
.90
.71
Workingday
D aily
recess
Ilrs. min. Ilrs. min.
10 22
0 53
10 22
53
0)
(9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(9
9 46
(9
(9
58
.73
55
.87
.80
( 2)
1.02
9 20
(9
.82
.93
.62
.79
.29
.74
.83
.78
. 55
1.28
.37
.65
.35
. 18
(9
52
( 2)
56
55
9 16
10 18
1
1
10 20
1
3
55
48
10
0
9 28
1 Does no t include sums received as bonuses or retirem ent benefits, paym ents in kind, or housing accom
modations.
2 No data.
Approximate basic wages in logging and lumbering in Japan in the
fall of 1931 are shown below. The rates shown do not include familyallowances nor housing quarters furnished; no bonuses are paid in
this industry.
L ogging :
Per day 3
C u tte rs ________________ 4 $10. 00
H aulers (w ith h o rse )____
2. 00
L um bering :
Per day3
S aw yers________________
$0. 90
S ta c k e rs________________
. 80
Nagasaki District
B e l o w are shown the current basic wrages per day in shipbuilding
in the Nagasaki district, as reported in the fall of 1931:
Per
B la c k sm ith s.. . _____ ________ $ 1.
B oilerm akers
_
_ ._______ 1.
C arpenters, s h ip ..
_______ 1.
C aulkers
_______ 1.
C o p p ersm ith s. _
_______ 1.
D rillers _.
_______ 1.
E lectricians
_______ 1.
Jo in e rs.
_______ 1.
M ach in ists.
_ .
1.
day
Per day
35
R iggers________________________ $1. 34
1. 29
P a tte rn m a k e rs________________
P ipe fitte rs a n d p lu m b e rs______ 1. 19
R iv e te rs______________________
1. 19
S h e e t-m e ta lw o rk e rs___________ 1.19
Ship fitte rs ____________________ 1. 40
W elders, a c e ty le n e____________
1. 24
W elders, elec tric______________
1. 24
1
29
40
29
19
19
19
24
40
3 Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of yen=50 cents.
4 Per 12,000 board feet.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
684
MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
Nagoya District
I n t h e Nagoya district the basic wages of potters, as reported in
the fall of 1931, ranged from 55% cents to $1.41% for a 10-hour day,
the ordinary wage being 91 cents. For the same length of day the
basic wage of painters in the pottery industry was from 59% cents
to $1.76, the usual wage being $1.16.
Basic wages in the textile industry in this district are presented in
Table 2 . Workers in this industry receive for overtime 1 2 per cent
of their daily wage for each hour of overtime, except between 1 1 p.m .
and 5 a. m., when the rate is 18 per cent of the daily wage per hour.
Every six months a bonus is paid, ranging for beginners from $1.50
to $3 and for more experienced workers of long standing from $35 to
$40; each firm has its own scale of bonuses. Most of the spinning
companies provide free living quarters for their unmarried female
operatives; a nominal amount is charged for food and is deducted
monthly from the wages. Male married operatives receive, as a rule,
50 cents a month for each child under 12 years and for each dependent
over 60 years. Houses are rented to them at minimum rates, and
they have the privilege of buying food and other necessaries at the
company stores at low prices. About 4 per cent is deducted from
the daily wage to cover medical care and health insurance, the type
of care and form of insurance varying from company to company.
About 7% cents per month is deducted as a club fee to cover recre
ation activities.
T able 3 .—BA SIC D A IL Y W A G E S IN T H E T E X T IL E IN D U S T R Y IN T H E N A G O Y A D IS
T R IC T O F JA P A N , 1931
[Conversions in to U nited States currency on basis of yen= 50 cents]
Basic daily rate
H ours per
day
Occupation
Reelers, silk, female________________________________
Throwers, silk, female______________________________
Spinners, cotton, fem ale.. _________ ______ ____ ____
Spinners, woolen, fem ale____ _____________________
Spinners, cotton, machine, female_____________ _____
Spinners, woolen, m achine, female_____ . . . . ___
W eavers, silk, hand, female______________ . . .
_____
W eavers, cotton, h an d , female__________ ___________
W hippers, cotton, female___________ . _________ . .
K nitters, m ale______ ___________ ______ ____________
K nitters, female__________ ____ _____________________
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
O rdinary
H ighest
Lowest
Cents
Cents
Cents
26.5
36.5
43.0
36.0
45.5
47.0
22.5
22. 5
34.0
64.0
21. 5
48.0
86.0
71.0
65.0
63.5
71.0
30.0
30.0
40. 5
95.0
52.5
12.5
21.0
30.0
22.0
35.0
30.5
15.0
15.0
25.0
29. 5
17.5
Taiwan (Formosa)
T a b l e 3 gives the latest available data on wages in the various
industries in Taiwan. The figures for manufacturing industries are
average figures for the first half of 1930 in Taihoku, Keelung, Shinohiku, Taichu, Tainan, Kagi, Takao, Taito, Karenko, and Makao;
those for mining are averages for the whole of Taiwan for 1929; those
for forestry are averages for the Provinces and prefectures for the
latter half of 1929; and those for agriculture are taken from various
official records of 1929, and, where available, from records for the
first half of 1930. It is stated that few, if any, changes in wage rates
have been made since the periods given; the few cases in which such
changes have been made have resulted in revision downward.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
685
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T able 3 - A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN T A IW A N (FO R M O SA )
[Conversions into U nited States currency on basis of y e n =50 cents]
Average daily wage
Japanese workers
Industry and occupation
Males
Formosan workers
Females
Males
Hours
per day
Females
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Textile industry:
ju te spin nfirs
Cotton spinners
Silk weavers hand
Shirt knitters
Cement works
Class works
Chemical industry:
Firecracker factories
Fireworks factories
Food industry:
Sugar factories
Pineapple canneries
Tea refiners
Tea sorters
Tea pickers
_______________
_______
______
_______ ___
- ________ -_____ - ____
________ - __________
________
_ _ ______
- ___ - ___
_____________
- ______________
$0.80
$0.50
1.15
.77
.68
1.25
.37
.37
1.10
.81
.53
.48
.50
$0.30
.20
.22
.30
i 10
2 11
2 11
2 11
10
10
.20
.20
10
10
(3)
. 12
« .25
* 10
8 10
5 10
8 10
M in in g , etc.
Gold mines:
Miners
___________
Tim her men
___ _ _
"Dressers
___________ ______
Metallurgical workers
______ _ ____
Haulers
_____ __
Miscellaneous workers
_ _ _______
Auriferous copper mines:
Miners
- ____ ______
Timhermpn
_____
Dressers
_ _____________ Metallurgical workers
__Haulers
______ Miscellaneous workers
___ ___ _ - Coal mines:
Miners
- - ___Timhermpfi
_ _ ______"Dressers
___ ________ Haulers
________
Miscellaneous workers
___
Oil wells:
Drillers
- _______
Refiners
-- - ___ Engineers
________
Miscellaneous workers
_ _____________
1.40
1.76
1.39
1.34
1.78
1.01
$0. 36
.36
.54
.62
.36
.47
.56
.42
.22
.22
8
8
10
10
10
10
.88
1. 13
1.19
.93
1.30
.84
.59
8
8
10
10
10
10
.97
.80
.65
.67
.29
.60
.57
1.45
1.25
1.40
1.12
.40
.36
.55
.38
1.00
.75
.38
.25
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
10
8
8
10
.26
F orestry
Logging industry:
Cutting
_________
Clearing
- _____ _
Hauling
____ -
Floating
/
\
/
\
/
\
____ ______
Lumbering industry:
Sawyers ^ an d
f
- _____ \
____
Sawyers ma pViiLIe
A g r ic u ltu r e
Field hands
Rice-field hands
/
_ _____________________ l
__________________
/
8 1. 00
9 1.89 }_______ \
8 1.30 ) _______ J
\
» 1.89
(
*1.10
»1.89 }_______ \
/
\
8.55
« 1.49
8.50
9 1. 49
8.60
« i. 20
8 .55
* .go
/
8 1. 25
«1.99 ) _______ \
/
1.20
8.65 )
».72
.65
.40 f
.40 J
) _______
(10)
}_______
(10)
}_______
(10)
}_______
(10)
8.55
»1.10 ) _______
8.35 }_______
J
(10)
8.35
8.20
8 !35
8 ! 27
(10)
}
10
}
10
1 10 per cent extra for overtime.
1 hour for rest.
a H ours vary; extra pay for overtime.
* Average; hours vary according to locality and season.
2 Including
6 Timework; for piecework, 0.9 cent to 1.2 cents per kin (1.3227 pounds) of tea.
7 10 hours, if 2 shifts; 8 hours, if 3 shifts.
8 M inim um .
• M axim um .
.
,
.
10 H ours vary according to locality; in governm ent enterprises, 10 hours, including 1 hour for rest.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
686
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
Jitsugetsutan hydroelectric project.—Bids were let for resumption
of work on the Jitsugetsutan hydroelectric project and operations
were expected to commence late in October, 1931.
The renewal of this enterprise, after a lapse in activity of nearly 10
years, is expected quickly to wipe out all unemployment in the
island.
Unemployment has not been a serious problem in Taiwan. In
September, 1930, there were approximately 5,000 unemployed, dis
tributed as follows: Clerk and salaried classes, 1,000; unskilled
laborers, 2,000; and skilled laborers, 2,000. By September, 1931,
these figures had increased about 20 per cent.
Every effort is to be made by employers to continue wages in gen
eral throughout Taiwan at their present low level; but the current
opinion is that when circumstances bring about the absence of all
conditions of unemployment, labor will be in a position to demand a
higher scale of pay, and that the demands when made will probably be
successful.
Unskilled labor is not to be imported into Taiwan. The possi
bility of the need for imported labor with which to continue work on
the project was seriously discussed before the development of the
existing unsettled relations between Japan and China. At that time
the question resolved itself into two definite angles: Chinese labor
could be imported at lower wages than the prevailing scale in Taiwan;
this would further the economic completion of the project, but would
react adversely on the interests of the general public of Taiwan; or
labor could be imported from Japan, necessarily at a wage scale higher
than local standards; this might unbalance conditions from another
angle. The conclusion which has now been reached is that no un
skilled labor is to be imported, all labor requirements will be filled
as completely as possible from the local mart, and only certain
skilled labor, locally unobtainable, will be imported, and that will
come from Japan.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
S u m m ary for J u ly , 1932
MPLOYMENT decreased 3 per cent in July, 1932, as compared
with June, 1932, and earnings decreased 6.1 per cent.
These figures are based on the pay rolls ending nearest the 15th of
the month.
The industrial groups surveyed, the number of establishments re
porting in each group, the number of employees covered, and the
earnings for one week, for both June and July, 1932, together with
the per cents of change in July are shown in the following summary:
E
S U M M A R Y OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S , JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932
Ind u strial group
Earnings in 1 week
Em ploym ent
E stab
Per
Per
lish
cent of
cent of
m ents June, 1932 July, 1932 change June, 1932 July, 1932 change
M a n u f a c t u r in g ________ . . .
C o a l m i n i n g _________________
17,873
1,269
2,573,793
220,909
2,474,141
204,733
A nthracite_______________
B itum inous___ . _________
360
1,109
72,455
148,454
60,818
143, 915
-1 6 . 1
-3 . 1
M e ta llife r o u s m i n i n g . _____
239
Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e t a lii c
m i n i n g _____________ _____
593
C ru d e p e t r o le u m p r o d u c in g .
210
P u b lic u t ili t ie s ________ . . . .
11,980
20,391
18,707
- 8 .3
21,010
20,889
636,221
20,995
21,331
629,406
282, 579
222,428
279, 694
219, 930
-.1
+ 2 .1
- 1 .1
-1 .0
-1 . 1
Telephone and te le g ra p h .. .
Power and lig h t____ ____ _
Electric railroad and motor
bus operation and maintenan ce.. ______________
8,042
3,446
1 - 4 .0
- 7 .3
$46,593,204 $42,855,560
3,285,298
2,979,105
1 - 7 .9
- 9 .3
1,488,103
1, 797,195
1, 372,668
1, 606,437
- 7 .8
-1 0 .6
395, 016
332,499
- 1 5 .8
340,427
656,850
18,364,864
329, 766
654,396
17,767,296
- 3 .1
- .4
- 3 .3
7,814,155
6, 746,623
7,580, 549
6, 595,460
- 3 .0
- 2 .2
3,804,086
3, 591, 287
8,810,285
8,270, 769
492
131,214
129, 782
15,985
401,063
380,699
-1 .1
-5 .1
Wholesale______________ . 2,604
R etail__________ . . . . . . . 13, 381
67,873
333,190
67, 449
313, 250
-.6
- 6 .0
1,878,444
6,931,843
1,834, 775
6, 435, 994
-2 .3
-7 . 2
2,489
H o te ls _________
___________
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g ____
870
983
L a u n d r ie s . .
_______ . . . .
375
D y e in g a n d c l e a n in g ______ _
B u ild in g c o n s t r u c t io n ______ 10,521
135,845
40, 729
61,153
12,728
83,812
136, 645
53,553
60, 601
12,325
87,289
+. 6
+ 3 1 .5
-.9
- 3 .2
+ 4 .1
2 1, 944, 004
518,410
1,011,334
251, 547
2,084, 786
2 1,882,018
607,477
976, 930
229,233
2, 256,432
- 3 .2
+ 1 7 .2
-3 .4
- 8 .9
+ 8 .2
4,228,543
4,100,425
- 3 .0
84,256,025
79,141,481
- 6 .1
T r a d e ________________________
T o t a l___________________
63, 417
- 5 .6
- 6 .1
1 W eighted per cent of change for th e combined 89 m anufacturing industries, repeated from Table 1,
m anufacturing industries; th e rem aining per cents of change, including total, are unw eighted.
2 T he am ount of p ay roll given represents cash paym ents only; th e additional value of board, room, and
tips can not be com puted.
Data are not yet available concerning railroad employment for
July, 1932. (See section “ Class I steam railroads” for latest figures
reported.)
Per capita weekly earnings in July, 1932, for each of the 16 indus
trial groups included in the bureau’s monthly trend-of-employment
survey, together with the per cents of change in July, 1932, as com
pared with June, 1932, and July, 1931, are given in the table following.
These per capita weekly earnings must not be confused with full-time
weekly rates of wages; they are per capita weekly earnings computed
by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total
number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
687
688
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN JU L Y , 1932, IN 16 IN D U S T R IA L G R O U P S, A N D
C O M P A R IS O N W IT H JU N E , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931
In d u strial group
Per capita Per cent of change July,
1932, compared w ith—
weekly
earnings
in July,
1932
June, 1932 July, 1931
M anu facturing__________________ ____ ________________________
Coal mining:
A n thracite________________________________________________
B itum inous_______________________________________________
M etalliferous m ining__________________________________________
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m in in g ___________ __________________
Crude petroleum producing _______ ________________ _____ _ - Public utilities:
Telephone and telegraph___ ________ ______________________
Power and lig h t________
_ ________ _______ __________
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and m aintenance____
Trade:
W holesale________________________________________________
Retail
__
■__ ______ _____ - __________________
Hotels (cash paym ents only) L_
___ ________ _ ______ _____
Canning and preserving___
_________________________________
L a u n d ries.. . __________ ___________ - ____________________
D yeing and cleaning_________________ _____ ___________________
Building construction ____________________ __________________
T o tal__
________________ ___________ __________________
$17.32
- 4 .0
-2 2 .0
22.57
11. 16
IV. 77
15. 71
30.68
+ 9.9
- 7 .8
- 8 .3
- 3 .0
- 2 .4
- 6 .1
-3 7 .0
-2 2 .0
-27. 1
-1 1 .2
27. 10
29.99
27. 67
- 2 .0
-1 . 1
- 4 .6
- 6 .6
- 5 .1
-1 1 .2
27.20
20.55
13. 77
11. 34
16.12
18. 60
25.85
- 1 .7
- 1 .2
- 3 .8
-1 0 .9
- 2 .5
- 5 .9
+ 3.9
-1 2 .0
-1 4 .5
-13. 7
-1 0 . 3
-1 3 .2
-1 6 .7
«
3 19.16
3 - 3 .4
3 -1 6 .8
1 T he additional value of board, room, and tips can not be computed.
2 D ata not available.
3 Does not include building construction.
E m p lo y m en t in S elected M a n u fa ctu rin g In d u stries in J u ly , 1932
Comparison of Employment and Earnings in July, 1932, with June, 1932, and
July, 1931
MPLOYMENT in manufacturing industries decreased 4 per cent
in July, 1932, as compared with June, 1932, and earnings decreased
7.9 per cent over the month interval. Comparing July, 1932, with
July, 1931, decreases of 23 per cent in employment and 40 per cent
in earnings are shown over the 12-month period.
The per cents of change in employment and earnings in July, 1932,
as compared with June, 1932, are based on returns made by 17,873
establishments in 89 of the principal manufacturing industries in the
United States, having in July 2,474,141 employees whose earnings
in one week were $42,855,560.
The index of employment in July, 1932, was 55.2 as compared
with 57.5 in June, 1932, 59.7 in May, 1932, and 71.7 in July, 1931;
the pay-roll index in July, 1932, was 36.2 as compared with 39.3 in
June, 1932, 42.5 in May, 1932, and 60.3 in July, 1931. The 12-month
average for 1926 equals 100.
In Table 1, which follows, are shown the number of identical
establishments reporting in both June and July, 1932, in the 89 manu
facturing industries, together with the total number of employees on
the pay rolls of these establishments during the pay period ending
nearest July 15, and the amount of their weekly earnings in July, the
per cents of change over the month and year intervals, and the
index numbers of employment and earnings in July, 1932.
The monthly per cents of change for each of the 89 separate indus
tries are computed by direct comparison of the total number of
employees and of the amount of weekly earnings reported in identical
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
689
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
establishments for the two months considered. The per cents of
change over the month interval in the several groups and in the total
of the 89 manufacturing industries are computed from the index
numbers of these groups, which are obtained by weighting the index
numbers of the several industries in the groups by the number of
employees or wages paid in the industries. The per cents of change
over the year interval in the separate industries, in the groups, and
in the totals are computed from the index numbers of employment
and earnings.
T able 1 —C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G
E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931
In d u stry
Earnings
E m ploym ent
EstablishPer cent of
Per cent of
m ents
change
change
report
ing in N um ber
A
m
ount
of
both
pay roll
on pay
June roll,
(1 week), June July,
July, June July,
1931,
1931, July,
and
1932
1932
to
to
to
to
July,
July, July,
July, July,
1932
1932
1932
1932
1932
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts . 3,013
Slaughtering and m eat
packing_____ ______ ___
Confectionery_____ ______
Ice cream _______________
F lour______ ____________
B aking_________________
Sugar refining, cane______
Beet sugar______________
Beverages_____ _
.
B u tte r__________________
227
326
381
427
935
15
46
341
315
226,599
- 1 .9
T e x tile s a n d t h e ir p r o d u c t s . 3,069
473,412
- 5 .6
149
357
105
385
136
32
112
38
72
27, 524
48,224
12,183
17, 289
6,258
5,165
8,230
4,839
4,176
1,383
284,549
212
38
169,618
5, 907
- 5 .7 -2 5 .8
+ 2 .3 -4 4 .7
180
107
15, 734
19,581
- 5 .3 -3 7 .1
- 9 .1 -2 6 .1
111
160
15, 410 - 3 .5 -3 8 .9
12,959 -1 2 .0 -2 5 .7
C otton goods__________
H osiery and k n it goods----Silk goods__________ ____
Woolen and w orsted goods.
C arpets a n d rugs________
D yeing and finishing tex
tiles____________ ______
Clothing, m en’s _________
Shirts and collars_____. . .
Clothing, wom en's _____
M illinery_______________
Corsets and allied garm ents.
C otton sm all w ares______
H ats, fur felt. __________
M en’s furnishings________
I r o n a n d s te e l a n d th e ir
p r o d u c ts , n o t in c l u d in g
m a c h in e r y ________________
Iron and steel. ________
Cast-iron p ip e_________ .
Structural and ornam ental
ironw ork__________ . .
H ardw are______ _______
Steam fittings and steam
and hot-w ater heating
ap p aratu s..... ................ .
S to v e s ______ _________ .
Bolts, n u ts, w ashers, and
rivets_________________
C utlery (not including sil
ver and plated cutlery)
and edge tools_________
Forgings, iron and steel___
Plum bers’ supplies_______
T in cans and other tinw are.
Tools (not including edge
tools, machine tools, files,
or s a w s ) ................:______
W irew ork_______________
684
452
255
260
32
136143°— 32------ 15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 2 2 .6
79.4
66.8
85.2
58.7
83.4
83.2
81.6
75.8
40.8
79.8
104.7
69.9
43.2
69.0
68.8
68.8
69.4
33.1
70.0
87.2
- 2 7 .7
5,479,685
-1 0 .4
+ 0 .9
- 6 .7
-3 0 .0
-1 5 .5
- 8 .2
- 3 .2
+ 5 .4
-1 8 .0
-2 2 .5
-2 6 .1
-2 8 .2
-3 8 .7
-3 0 .6
- 8 .5
-2 3 .4
-2 9 .2
-3 2 .2
412, 003
543,464
121, 256
273, 614
93, 629
68,323
113,117
80,453
45,110
- 6 .0
- 2 5 .9
168, 757 - 3 .3 -2 7 .2
86, 734 - 9 . 6 -1 5 .5
30,187 + 0 .6 -3 4 .9
44, 784 +15.5 -3 2 .9
9,062 -1 4 .5 -4 1 .0
- 4 .4
E m P ay
ploy roll
m ent totals
1, 727,526 - 5 . 0 -2 1 .9
345, 507 -1 5 .5 -2 7 .8
374,681 - 2 .7 -2 3 .9
344, 717 + 0 .8 -2 0 .6
1,414,772 - 3 .6 -2 2 .5
214, 579 + 4.1 -2 0 .0
69,167 - 7 . 2 -2 0 .4
303,108 - 6 .4 -2 6 .9
141, 099 - 2 .0 -1 8 .0
- 1 0 .1 $4,935,156
81, 257 - 1 .2 - 4 .4
24,885 -1 0 .0 -1 5 .2
13, 660 - 1 .6 -1 1 .7
15,817 + 0 .6 - 8 .1
62, 518 - 1 .0 -1 1 .8
8,052 + 1 .5 -1 0 .0
2, 966 + 2 .6 + 2 .5
11,151 - 2 . 8 -1 8 .2
6, 293 + 1 .2 -1 0 .0
Index num
bers, July,
1932 (average
1926=100)
- 8 .8
- 5 0 .2
1, 578,805 - 6 .5
973, 434 -1 7 .7
374,175 + 3 .3
670, 975 +18.0
131, 327 -1 1 .2
-5 0 .0
-3 7 .3
-5 3 .6
-5 1 .1
-6 1 .4
55.5
67.5
41.4
56.9
44.4
32.9
40.4
25.8
38.4
23.3
-2 3 .7
+ 0 .4
-1 0 .5
-3 0 .0
-1 9 .0
-1 1 .7
-6 .6
+17.5
-2 0 .4
-4 8 .7
-5 8 .1
-4 8 .7
-55. 2
-4 4 .6
-2 5 .6
-4 3 .8
-4 6 .0
-5 3 .4
64.1
56.4
51.3
45.4
47.1
90.9
69.3
59.4
46.6
37.8
26.0
30.5
25.6
28.5
63.2
44.8
32.6
28.4
3,721,805 - 1 4 .1
- 5 4 .1
51.6
23.1
1, 953, 993 -1 5 .4 -5 9 .2
76, 790 - 2 .3 -6 4 .8
51.7
32.1
19.7
17.1
266, 626 - 7 .5 -5 9 .0
234,925 -1 9 .8 -5 1 .2
45.2
47.6
25.0
21.6
■ 261,258 - 9 .6 -5 1 .9
205, 792 -1 3 .6 -4 4 .9
32.5
40.7
18.5
21.7
55.3
32.1
64
8,037
- 2 .4
-1 9 .7
111, 351 -1 1 .2 -4 5 .9
62.6
31.7
127
61
63
58
8,625
5, 370
4,438
8, 570
- 9 .8
- 5 .9
- 3 .5
- 2 .1
-1 4 .7
-1 4 .0
-20. 5
-1 3 .4
152,990 -1 2 .9 -32. 3
89,484 - 2 .8 -3 5 .9
60, 454 -1 7 .1 -5 1 .3
160, 967 - 7 .1 -2 4 .6
62.2
54.8
61.4
75.1
40.4
30.2
30.9
43.5
132
70
5, 349
4,951
- 9 .3 -3 1 .3
- 6 .8 -1 0 .7
71,926 -2 2 .5 -5 2 .5
75,249 -1 8 .9 -3 8 .8
59.2
87.3
29.1
53.4
690
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
T able 1 — C O M P A R IS O N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G
E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931—Continued
In d u stry
Earnings
E m ploym ent
EstablishPer cent of
Per cent of
ments
change
change
report
ing in N um ber
A m ount of
both
on pay
pay roll
June roll,
(1 week), June July,
July, June July,
and
1931, July,
1931,
1932
1932
to
to
to
to
July,
July, July,
July, July,
1932
1932
1932
1932
1932
L u m b e r a n d a llied p r o d u c ts
1,557
111, 125
605
450
483
19
54, 792
16, 431
38,883
1,019
-3 . 1
-4 . 7
- 5 .3
+ 1 .6
-2 9 . 6
-3 4 .5
-3 0 .4
-2 0 .5
L e a th e r a n d it s m a n u f a c
tu r e s _________________ _
498
121,490
+ 1 .6
- 1 5 .3
Lum ber, saw m ills_____
Lum ber, m illw ork_______
F u rn itu re ___________ T u rp en tin e and rosin_____
Leather ____________ Boots and shoes__ _______
165
333
22,078
99, 412
P a p e r a n d p r in t in g .—...........
1,910
211,450
- 3 .7
- 0 . 5 -2 0 .3
+ 1 .9 -1 4 .2
74,673
19,105
51, 630
- 1 .9
- 1 2 .4
401
312
750
- 1 .4 -1 1 .0
- 3 .8 -1 7 .0
- 1 .6 -1 6 .1
447
66,042
- 1 .7
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llied p r o d
u c t s . _____________________ 1, 007
127, 327
- 1 .9
Paper and p u l p _________
Paper boxes . __________
Printing, book and jo b ___
Printing, newspapers and
periodicals_____________
Chem icals...... ......................
Fertilizers_______________
Petroleum refining_______
Cottonseed, oil, cake, and
m eal_________ ____ ____
D ruggists’ preparations___
Explosives_______ _______
P ain ts a n d v a rn ish es.........
R ayon.................................
S o a p .....................................
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d
u c t s ____ . ________________
C em ent_________________
Brick, tile, an d terra co tta.
P o ttery ........................ ...........
Glass___________ _____
M arble, granite, slate, and
other stone p roducts........
N o n fe r r o u s
m e ta ls
and
th e ir p r o d u c t s _______
. .
Stam ped and enameled
ware ___ _____________
Brass, bronze, and copper
p roducts..............................
A lum inum m anufactu res..
Clocks, time-recording de
vices, a n d clock move
m e n ts .. . __ _________
Gas a n d electric fixtures,
lam ps, lanterns, and re
flectors________________
P lated w are_______ . . . .
Smelting and re fin in g copper, lead, and zinc .
Jew elry_________________
19.1
34.7
34.8
40. 7
44.7
17.8
20.8
19.2
39.1
- 3 6 .3
- 1 . 4 -3 8 .1
+ 4 .4 -3 5 .8
44.7
45.9
44.3
64.2
45.9
52.8
59.9
- 8 .1
2, 287, 028
- 3 .7 -1 8 .8
96.0
85.1
-1 8 . 1
2, 939, 837
- 6 .5
- 1 .8 -1 3 .8
- 6 .4 -2 6 .4
- 0 .9 -1 3 .0
465, 900
62, 380
1, 324, 874
- 4 .8 -2 8 .2
- 4 .4 -4 1 .0
- 4 .4 -2 3 .0
- 3 .9
13, 768 - 2 .2
19, 098 - 1 .4
11,755 -1 6 .9
31,604 - 5 .7
-3 4 . 7
-3 7 .1
-4 2 .2
-3 2 .6
-2 1 .1
5,425 +12.7 -4 2 .5
619
69, 654
- 8 .9
- 2 7 .3
92
12,183
- 8 .3
-1 9 .9
199
26
25,925
4,608
- 4 .1 -2 4 .9
- 4 .8 -4 1 .5
5,249,917
- 5 .2
70.8
63.1
72.7
78.4
1,575 +18.2 + 8 .1
6, 844 - 6 . 3 -1 7 .0
2, 550 - 6 . 5 -3 2 .2
14, 887 - 4 . 6 -1 4 .8
18,035 - 0 .5 -4 0 .6
12, 229 - 2 .7 - 7 .4
220
+ 3 .0
36.4
-5 4 .0
-5 3 .4
-5 6 .0
-3 2 .9
72. 2
(50. 5
73.9
51
39
21
352
22
91
81, 650
392, 789
1,427, 782
- 5 3 .9
- 7 . 9 -32. 6
- 8 .6 -3 1 .3
- 4 .6 -2 9 .7
19, 787
4,268
47,152
123
657
121
188
1,820,571
E m P ay
ploy roll
m ent totals
1,266,611
322, 999
1, 373, 279
114
203
114
1, 309
- 8 .6
629, 480 - 8 .1
247, 401 - 6 .9
459, 873 -1 3 .1
14, 578 + 7.5
- 3 0 .3 | 1 , 351, 332
Index num
bers, July,
1932 (average
1926=100)
19, 295 + 7 .2
136, 880 - 9 .1
48, 257 - 5 .9
313,188 -1 4 . 1
281, 694 - 9 . 0
287, 369 - 8 . 7
1, 303, 374
- 2 6 .0
- 3 0 .2
- 1 .7
-26. 1
-4 7 .0
-32. 2
-5 4 .6
-1 4 .8
68.0
56.5
82.1
30.4
64.1
58.6
24.0
56.8
28.1
66. 1
66.6
68.9
92.9
93.1
28.3
64.2
42.8
53.0
71.2
82.6
- 5 2 .0
41.8
24.8
-5 7 .2
-6 2 .1
-5 0 .3
-3 8 .7
40.6
29.4
48.3
54.5
24.1
13.1
24.3
37.6
118,603 +18.8 -5 5 .3
47.5
32.3
- 8 .1
245, 068 - 9 .3
230,965 - 5 . 1
155, 223 -2 3 .0
553, 515 -1 4 .4
1,127,109 - 1 3 .1
-4 4 .0
48.9
29.9
185,454 -1 6 .6 -3 9 .2
56.7
33.8
- 6 .8 -4 5 .2
- 8 .9 -6 4 .0
49.8
44.4
28.6
21.8
416,041
60, 825
22
3, 046 -2 8 .0 -4 7 .3
40, 680 -2 7 .4 -5 9 .4
30.6
19.0
52
51
3,416 -2 9 .5 -4 5 .1
6, 242 -1 2 .1 -2 4 .4
70, 780 -3 2 .4 -5 5 .3
112,117 -1 2 .5 -3 7 .9
48.3
53.3
34.2
31.8
26
151
7, 645 - 4 .1 -1 6 .3
6, 589 -1 3 .4 -3 6 .5
126,474 - 8 .3 -2 9 .0
114, 738 -1 4 .7 -4 2 .2
58.0
31.0
36.7
19.6
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ____
251
54, 694
- 1 .1
- 1 3 .5
719, 934
- 1 .6
- 2 3 .5
70.3
54.6
Chewing and smoking
tobacco and snuff ___ _
Cigars and cigarettes--------
36
215
9,962
44, 732
- 1 . 9 + 8 .7
- 0 . 9 -1 6 .3
132, 331
587, 603
- 4 .7 - 9 .0
- 0 .9 -2 5 .4
87.7
68.1
69.9
52.8
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t .
414
274, 455
A utom obiles_____________
A ircraft__ . . . _______
Cars, electric and steam
ra ilro a d .............................
Locomotives_____________
Shipbuilding..................... .
244
34
233,006
6, 055
33
11
92
4,576
2,506
28,312
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 3 .7
- 1 5 .9
- 2 .9
- 8 .2
-1 4 .0
-3 4 .2
5,955, 898 - 7 . 2 -2 0 .2
4, 949, 517 - 7 . 6 -1 8 .3
185, 221 -1 0 .5 -3 5 .5
59.2
180.5
42.3
181.3
+ 3 .5 -2 5 .7
- 7 .7 -4 2 .4
- 9 .2 -1 9 .6
77,105 + 0 .7 -3 0 .5
54,533 -1 5 .3 -5 3 .6
689,522 - 3 . 8 -2 4 .2
19.7
16.6
76.2
11.4
12.1
03. 7
56.8
41.4
691
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T able 1 — C O M P A R IS O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G
E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931—Continued
In d u stry
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts ___________
R ubber tires and inner
tubes_________________
R ubber boots and shoes__
R ubb er goods, other th an
boots, shoes, tires, and
inner tu b es____________
M a c h in e r y , n o t in c l u d in g
t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p
m e n t _________ ____________
E m ploym ent
Earnings
Establishm ents
Per cent of
Per cent of
report
change
change
ing in N um ber
A m ount of
both
on pay
pay roll
June roll,
July,
(1 week),
July, June July,
and
1931, July, 1932 June 1931,
1932
to
to
July,
to
to
July, July,
July, July,
1932
1932
1932
1932
1932
141
59, 564
- 3 .1
- 1 2 .3 $1,167, 642 - 1 4 .3
38
10
36, 517
9, 650
- 1 .3
- 9 .4
- 8 .6
-2 4 .5
96
13,397
- 3 .8 -1 2 .9
1, 782
286, 799
A gricultural im p lem en ts...
74
Electrical m achinery, ap
paratus, and supplies___
281
Engines, turbines, tractors,
74
and w ater wheels..............
Cash registers, adding
machines, a n d calculat
44
ing m achines__________
F ou n d ry and machineshop p roducts.................... 1,074
M achine tools___________
149
Textile m achinery and
28
p a rts ....................................
16
Typew riters and supplies..
42
R adio......................................
R a ilr o a d re p a ir s h o p s ______
917
Electric railroad_________
Steam railroad___________
395
522
- 5 .6
- 3 1 .2
4, 360 -1 0 .3 -4 3 .7
115,563
- 7 .0 -3 0 .4
12, 820
- 7 .4 -3 5 .7
14, 774
-1 .0
- 8 .6
Index num
bers, July,
1932 (average
1926=100)
E m P ay
ploy roll
m ent totals
- 2 8 .9
65.5
43.8
811,804 -1 6 .3 -2 5 .1
129,992 -1 8 .4 -4 3 .6
65.0
50.6
45.1
28.8
225,846
77.5
50.1
47.3
27.4
- 6 .3 -3 0 .9
5, 086, 003 - 1 0 .5
- 4 9 .1
66,314 -1 4 .3 -4 9 .3
19.8
14.0
- 9 .6 -4 6 . 3
55.5
37.0
231, 536 -1 3 .4 -5 0 .9
41.7
23.9
2,252,699
317,607
-2 5 .5
70.4
47.0
102, 616 - 3 .3 -2 9 .9
10, 399 -1 1 .0 -4 9 .8
1, 597,080 -1 0 .7 -5 0 .3
182,127 -1 2 .2 -6 3 .7
45.3
30.7
23.3
17.8
4,314 -2 0 .3 -3 8 .5
5, 771 - 3 .0 -2 7 .1
16,182 - 2 .2 -3 1 .0
62,462 -2 1 .3 -6 1 .8
76, 073 - 8 .6 -5 0 .4
300,105 -1 1 .5 -4 3 .4
41.5
57.2
62.5
21.6
28.9
47.8
91, 373
21, 035
70, 338
T o t a l, 89 in d u s t r ie s ___ 17,873 2,474,141
- 2 .5
- 2 1 .9
- 1 .8 -1 1 .4
- 2 .6 -2 2 .9
-4 .0
- 1 .0
1,997,297 - 1 0 . 7 - 3 9 .6
552, 483 - 6 .2 -2 2 .0
1,444, 814 -1 1 .2 -4 1 .4
- 2 3 .0 42,855,580
-7 .9
- 4 0 .0
47.1
34.2
68.2
45.5
57.1
32.4
55.2
36.2
Per Capita Earnings in Manufacturing Industries
A c t u a l per capita weekly earnings in July, 1932, for each of the 89
manufacturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
together with the per cent of change in July, 1932, as compared with
June, 1932, and July, 1931, are shown in Table 2.
These earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of
wages. They are actual per capita weekly earnings, computed by
dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number
of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
692
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T able 2 .— P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S IN
JU L Y , 1932, A N D C O M P A R IS O N W IT H J U N E , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931
In d u stry
Food and kindred products:
Slaughtering and m eat p a c k in g .............................. ....................... .
Confectionery_______________ _____ _______ __ __________
Ic e crea m _____ _____________________ .
F lo u r._________________________
B aking___________________________ .
Sugar refining, cane __________________________ ____________
Beet sugar___________ ______ ______________________________„
Beverages. _________ _____________________________________
B u t t e r _________________________ _______
Textiles a n d th e ir products:
C otton g oods.. ______ _____ _____ _
H osiery an d k n it goods______ _______________ ______ _______ _
Silk goods______________________________ ____ ____ . . . _____
Woolen a n d w orsted goods ......................... ........................................
C arpets a n d ru g s_____
____________________ ____________
D yeing an d finishing textiles ______________________________
Clothing, m en ’s_____________ _________________
Shirts a n d collars__________ _________________
Clothing, w om en’s . ___ __________________ . .
M illin e ry _____ ______________________ ___________________
Corsets and allied g a rm e n ts .._________________ ____________
C otton, sm all w ares_________________________
H a ts, fur felt. .........................................................
______ ____
M en ’s furnishings. __________
Iron a n d steel and their products, no t including m achinery;
Iron and steel. .................................. ................ ...................................
Cast-iron p ip e ________ _____________ __________ __
Structural"and ornam ental ironw ork___________________ _____
H ardw are ____ . ______ ________
Steam fittings a n d steam and hot-w ater heating ap p aratu s_____
Stoves_______ _____ ______________________ _ *" ........ .......
Bolts, n u ts, washers, and riv ets_____________ . .
. _______
C utlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools..
Forgings, iron a n d steel___________ ____ ____________________
P lum bers’ supplies. ______________ _____ ___________________
T in cans and other tinw are_______ ________________________
Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, or s a w s )...
W irew ork________
______________________ __________ ____
L um ber a n d allied products:
Lum ber, saw m ills_________ ___________
Lumber^ m illw ork_____________________ ___________ ________
F u rn itu re _______________________________ ______ _ _______
T u rp en tin e and rosin_____________________________ ____ ____
L eather and its manufactures:
L eath er. _______________________
Boots and s h o e s ................... ..................................................................
Paper and printing:
Paper and p u lp __________________ _________
_______
P ap er boxes __________________________
Printing, book and job ____ ___________
Printing, newspapers a n d periodicals___________ . . . _______
Chemicals and allied products:
Chemicals_______________________ . . .
Fertilizers__________ _____ _____ _
Petroleum refining. ____________ ___________ _____
Cottonseed oil, cake, a n d m eal_______________ . . . . . . . .
D ruggists’ preparations__________________ _.
Explosives____ _________________ .
P ain ts an d varnishes................... .......
R ayon________ _____ ____________
Soap___________ _____ _____________
Stone, clay, an d glass products:
Cem ent __________________ _______ ____
Brick, tile, and terra co tta______________________ ____ ______ _
P o ttery ......... ................................. .....................
Glass_______ _____________ ____ _ . .
M arble, granite, slate, a n d other stone p ro d u c ts. ____________
Nonferrous m etals and th eir products:
Stam ped a n d enameled ware ........ .....................................................
Brass, bronze, and copper p roducts_____________________ ____
A lum inum m anufactures.T______ ______ ___________________
Clocks, time-recording devices, and clock m ovem ents_________
Gas and electric fixtures, lam ps, lanterns, and reflectors_______
Plated w are__________ ____ 1. _____________________________
Smelting a nd refining—copper, lead, and zinc....... .........................
Jew elry___________ T___ * * ' ___ _____ _____________________
Tobacco m anufactures:
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff_____________________
Cigars and c ig a r e tte s ...........................................................................
1 N o change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P er capita
weekly
earnings
in July,
1932
June, 1932
$21. 26
13. 88
27. 43
21. 79
22. 63
26. 65
23. 32
27.18
22. 42
-3 . 8
—6. 2
—1. 2
+. 2
—2. 6
+2. 5
-9 . 5
—3. 8
3. 2
-1 8 .2
-1 4 .9
-1 4 .0
-1 3 .5
-1 1 .9
—11 1
-2 2 .2
-1 1 .0
- 8 .8
9. 36
11. 22
12. 40
14. 98
14.49
14. 97
11. 27
9. 95
15. 83
14. 96
13.23
13. 74
16. 63
10.80
- 3 .3
—8. 9
+ 2 .8
+2. 2
+ 3 .9
—14. 8
—. 4
—4.1
+• 1
—4. 2
- 3 .8
—3. 6
+11. 5
—3. 0
-3 1 .5
-2 5 .9
-2 9 .0
-2 7 .1
-3 4 .8
-3 3 .7
-4 3 .2
-2 8 .1
-2 7 .1
-1 9 .9
—18 7
-2 6 .8
-2 3 .7
-3 1 .5
11. 52
13.00
16.95
12. 00
16. 95
15. 88
13. 85
17. 74
16. 66
13. 62
18. 78
13.45
15. 20
—10. 4
—4. 5
-2 . 3
—11. 7
- 6 .4
—1. 8
-9 . 1
- 3 .4
+ 3 .3
-1 4 . 1
-5 . 2
-1 4 .5
—13. 0
-4 5 .3
-3 6 .3
—34. 7
-3 4 .2
-21. 2
-2 6 .2
—32. 6
—20. 5
—25. 5
-3 8 .8
—12. 9
-3 0 .8
—31.4
11. 49
15. 06
11. 83
14.31
—5. 2
-2 . 3
—8. 2
+ 5 .8
-3 4 .6
—29.0
-3 6 .5
—15.4
17. 79
14. 36
—. 9
+ 2 .4
-2 2 .5
-2 5 .2
16. 96
16.91
26. 60
34.63
-6 . 5
—4. 9
- 3 .1
-2 . 0
—24 1
—17. 2
-1 6 .3
-1 1 . 6
23.55
14. 62
28.10
12.25
20.00
18.92
21. 04
15. 62
23.50
-3 . 0
+ 2.1
-3 . 5
- 9 .3
-3 . 1
+. 6
—10. 0
-8 . 5
-6 .2
—16 7
—20. 2
—11. 5
-9 2
—11. 2
—21. 8
—20.8
-2 3 .6
-8 . 3
17.80
12.09
13. 20
17. 51
21.86
—7.3
- 3 .7
—7. 4
—9. 3
+ 5 .3
—31.8
—34. 2
—25.9
—22. 6
-2 2 .7
15. 22
16.05
13. 20
13. 36
20.72
17.96
16.54
17.41
- 9 .1
- 2 .8
- 4 .3
+ .9
- 4 .1
-.4
- 4 .3
- 1 .6
—24.0
—27.0
—38. 6
—22.8
-1 8 .3
-1 7 .8
—15.1
- 9 .5
13.28
13.14
- 2 .9
0)
-1 6 .1
-1 1 .1
Per cent of change
compared w ith—
July, 1931
693
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 2 —P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S IN
JU L Y , 1932, A N D C O M P A R IS O N W IT H J U N E , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931—C ontinued
In d u stry
Per cent of change
com pared w ith—
P er capita
weekly
earnings
in July,
1932
June, 1932
$21. 24
30.59
16.85
21.76
24.35
- 4 .8
- 2 .5
- 2 .7
- 8 .3
+ 5.9
- 5 .2
- 1 .8
- 6 .5
-1 9 .6
- 6 .0
22.23
13.47
16.86
-1 5 .2
-1 0 .0
- 2 .5
-1 8 .2
-2 5 .6
-2 0 .6
15.21
19. 49
18. 06
21. 50
15. 56
17.51
14.48
13.18
18.55
- 4 .5
- 2 .7
- 6 .5
0)
- 7 .7
- 1 .4
- 1 .2
- 5 .8
- 9 .5
- 9 .4
-2 2 .5
- 5 .8
-1 8 .7
-2 8 .9
-2 7 .6
-2 7 .8
-3 2 .0
-1 8 .0
26.26
20.54
- 4 .5
- 8 .8
-1 1 .9
-2 4 .0
T ransportation equipm ent:
Automobiles
_ _ ______________________________________
Aircraft . _____ _____________ __________ ________________
Cars, electric and steam railroad____________________________
Locomotives - _ _ ________________ _______ ________________
Shipbuilding _____________ _____________________________
R ubber products:
R ubber tires and inner tu b e s, _____________________________
R ubber boots and shoes__ __ ____________ ,
__________
R ubber goods, other th a n boots, shoes, tires, and inner tu b e s ...
M achinery, n o t including transportation equipm ent:
____ ___________________________
Agricultural im plem ents
Electrical m achinery, apparatus, a n d supplies _______________
Fmginas, turbines, tractors, and w ater wheels. _____________
Cash registers, adding m achines, an d calculating m achines____
Foun d ry and m achine-shop p ro d u cts_______ _______________
M achine tools
________ _________________________________
Textile m achinery and p a rts________________________________
_______________________________
Typew riters and supplies
Radio
.
. _________________________________________
Railroad repair shops:
Electric-railroad repair sh o p s.. ________ __________________
Steam-railroad repair shops ________ _____ _________________
July, 1931
1 No change.
General Index Numbers of Employment and Earnings in Manufacturing
Industries
G e n e r a l index numbers of employment and earnings in manu
facturing industries by months, from January, 1926, to July, 1932,
together with average indexes for each of the years from 1926 to
1931, and for the 7-month period, January to July, 1932, inclusive,
are shown in the following table. In computing these general
indexes, the index numbers of each of the separate industries are
weighted according to their relative importance in the total. Fol
lowing this table are two charts prepared from these general indexes
showing the course of employment and earnings for each of the years
1926 to 1931, inclusive, and for the months from January to July,
1932.
T able 3 — G E N E R A L IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN M A N U F A C
T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y , 1926, TO JU L Y , 1932
[12-month average, 1926=100]
Earnings
Em ploym ent
M onth
Jan u ary ........................ .
F e b ru a ry .......................
M arch _________ ____
A pril_________________
M a y . .. ------ ---------------J u n e _________________
Ju ly _____ ____ _______
A ugust _________________
Septem ber___________
October_______________
N ovem ber------- -----------D ecem ber..........................
A v e r a g e . . ..........
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1926
100.4
101.5
102.0
101.0
99.8
99.3
97.7
98.7
100.3
100. 7
99. 5
98.9
97.3
99.0
99. 5
98. 6
97. 6
97.0
95.0
95. 1
95.8
95.3
93.5
92.6
91.6
93. 0
93.7
93.3
93.0
93. 1
92.2
93.6
95.0
95. 9
95.4
95.5
95.2
97.4
98.6
99. 1
99. 2
98.8
98.2
98.6
99. 3
98.4
95.0
92.3
90.7
90.9
90. 5
89.9
88. 6
86. 5
82. 7
81.0
80.9
79.9
77.9
76.6
74.6 64.8
75. 3 65.6
75.9 64. 5
75.7 62. 2
75. 2 59.7
73.4 57. 5
71. 7 55.2
71.2 __
70.9 __
68.9 __
67. 1 __
66.7 ........
98.0
102.2
103.4
101. 5
99.8
99.7
95.2
98.7
99.3
102.9
99. 6
99.8
100.0 96.4 93.8 97.5 84.7 72.2 >61.4 100.0
i Average for 7 m onths.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
94.9
100.6
102.0
100.8
99.8
97.4
93.0
95.0
94.1
95.2
91.6
93.2
89.6
93.9
95. 2
93.8
94.1
94.2
91.2
94. 2
95.4
99.0
96.1
97.7
95.5
101.8
103.9
104.6
104.8
102.8
98. 2
102. 1
102.6
102.4
95.4
92.4
88.1
91.3
91.6
90.7
88.6
85.2
77.0
75.0
75.4
74.0
69.6
68.8
63.7 48.6
68.1 49.6
69.6 48.2
68. 5 44.7
67.7 42. 5
63.8 39.3
60.3 36.2
59.7 ____
56.7 ____
55.3 ____
52.5 ____
52.2 .....
96.5 94.5 100.5 81.3 61.5 >44.2
694
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Time Worked in Manufacturing Industries in July, 1932
R e p o r t s as to working time in July were received from 13,340
establishments in 89 manufacturing industries. Six per cent of these
establishments were idle, 38 per cent operated on a full-time basis,
and 56 per cent worked on a part-time schedule.
An average of 82 per cent of full-time operation in July was shown
by reports received from all the operating establishments included in
Table 4. The establishments working part time in July averaged 70
per cent of full-time operation.
T a b l e 4 —P R O P O R T IO N O F F U L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S
B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G IN JU L Y , 1932
P er cent of establish Average per cent of
E stablishm ents re m ents in which em full tim e reported
porting
ployees worked—
by—
In d u stry
T otal
num ber
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ___________
Slaughtering and m eat packing............
C onfectionery...... ................ ............. .......
Ice cream __________________________
F lo u r_____________________________
B aking______ ___________________
Sugar refining, cane________________
Beet sugar_________________________
Beverages--------------------------------------B u tter
All oper E stab
P er cent Full tim e P a rt tim e ating es lishm ents
tablish operating
idle
m ents p a rt tim e
2,334
1
178
236
316
383
652
12
35
296
246
1
3
1
(»)
17
(»)
87
70
85
74
78
75
85
78
85
49
84
72
76
87
85
89
75
81
91
89
92
85
88
83
77
81
66
73
69
76
70
72
82
81
78
75
77
76
66
72
12
83
67
87
79
88
93
62
5
6
10
57
53
73
62
55
49
70
62
8
6
3
9
8
89
85
92
58
64
66
57
60
63
96
30
49
48
2
25
17
12
40
73
83
84
56
73
66
70
87
64
59
66
78
104
50
3
2
7
8
5
17
16
80
82
75
79
78
67
53
68
75
62
71
13
7
27
16
29
4
15
14
47
22
I r o n a n d s te e l a n d t h e ir p r o d u c ts , n o t
in c l u d in g m a c h in e r y ________________
981
151
34
123
54
5
8
15
2
7
89
102
51
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
97
79
96
92
97
84
99
96
98
60
45
36
38
61
C5
45
48
20
48
54
71
65
62
635
377
233
232
28
132
215
65
192
92
24
98
23
58
1 Less th a n one-half of 1 per cent.
94
36
16
Cotton goods_______________________
Hosiery an d k n it goods_____________
Silk goods______________________
Woolen and worsted goods............. .......
C arpets an d rugs______ ___________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Clothing, m en’s____________________
Shirts and collars......................................
Clothing, wom en’s__________________
M illinery_______________ _____ _____
Corsets and allied garm ents
C otton, sm all w ares________________
H ats, fur felt_______________________
M en ’s furnishings__________________
Iron and steel______________________
Cast-iron p ip e _______ - -- ------------Structural and ornam ental iro n w o rk .._
TTard ware
Steam fittings a n d steam and hotw ater heating ap p aratu s_____ _____
Stoves_____________________________
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets
C utlery (not including silver and
plated cutlery) and edge tools______
Forgings, iron and steel
Plum bers’ supplies................................. T in cans a n d other tinw are__________
Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, or saws)......... ..........
W irework____ ____________________
L u m b e r a n d a llied p r o d u c ts ........... .........
Lum ber, sawmills....................................
Lum ber, m illw ork_________________
F u rn itu re ----------------- ------ ----T u rp en tin e an d rosin _____________
l e a t h e r a n d it s m a n u f a c t u r e s _______
L eath er___________________________
Boots an d sh o es.............................. .........
P a p e r a n d p r in t in g ....................... ..............
Paper and p u lp ____________________
P ap er b o xes............ ................... ..............
P rinting, hook and job
___
Printing, new spapers a n d periodicals..
26
27
69
25
32
15
58
6
17
15
27
49
37
47
11
31
40
38
33
30
46
28
30
31
2,404
T ex tiles a n d t h e ir p r o d u c ts ____________
74
72
28
75
68
85
25
94
83
85
1
4
7
4
4
1,064
434
285
328
17
8
6
4
2
362
127
235
1, 523
322
251
588
362
(>)
18
13
17
25
41
25
35
5
19
1
35
3
12
24
23
82
71
64
68
73
74
90
62
67
64
81
62
76
85
76
64
84
75
68
71
73
87
77
18
80
77
76
75
83
98
73
71
71
78
90
695
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 4 .— P R O P O R T IO N O F F U L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S
BY E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G IN JU L Y , 1932-C ontinued
Establishm ents re Per cent of establish Average per cent of
m ents in which em full tim e reported
porting
ployees worked—
by—
In d u stry
T otal
num ber
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c ts ______
Chemicals____ ___________________
F e rtilize rs..._______________________
Petroleum refining................................. .
Cottonseed oil, cake, an d m eal______
D ruggists’ preparations_____________
Explosives______________ ________
P aints a n d varnishes________________
R ay o n ________ ___________________
S o ap .. __________________ ______
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts ______
C em ent___________________________
Brick, tile, a n d terra c o tta .._________
P o tt e r y ...___________________ ____
Glass___________
________________
M arble, granite, slate, an d other stone
p rod u cts__________ _____________
N o n fe rro u s m e ta ls a n d th e ir p ro d u c ts .
Stam ped and enam eled w are________
Brass, bronze, and copper products__
A lum inum m a n u fa c tu re s.._______ _
Clocks, tim e-recording devices, and
clock m ovem ents_________________
Gas and electric fixtures, lam ps, lanterns, a n d reflectors______ ________
P lated w a r e ____ ______ __________
Smelting and refining—copper, lead,
and zinc_________________________
Jew elery____________ ____________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ____ __________
Chewing a nd smoking tobacco and
snuff_________ _
_________ ___
Cigars a n d c ig a re ttes..______________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t________
A utom obiles_____________ ________
A ircraft_____ _ _________ _______
Cars, electric an d steam railroad ---Locom otives______ _______________
Shipbuilding_______________________
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts _____ _ ___________
R u b b er tires and inner tubes________
R u b b er boots a n d shoes____ . ____
R ubber goods, other th a n boots, shoes,
tires, and inner tu b es__ __________
M a c h in e ry , n o t in c lu d in g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t___ ______________
A gricultural im plem ents........ ............ .
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
supplies.______ ____ _________ ____
Engines, turbines, tractors, and w ater
w heels__
_. ________
Cash registers, adding machines, and
calculating m achines_______ _____ _
F ound ry and machine-shop p ro d u c ts ..
M achine tools___________ . _______
Textile m achinery an d p a rts ________
T ypew riters a n d supplies___________
Radio . .
______ _________________
R a ilro a d re p a ir s h o p s ________________
Electric-railroad repair shops
__
Steam-railroad repair shops_________ J
T o ta l, 8 9 in d u s tr ie s ____________ [
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
777
83
152
63
40
23
17
316
12
71
755
74
281
87
130
All oper E sta b
Per cent Full time
es lishm ents
P a rt time ating
idle
tablish operating
m ents p a rt tim e
4
5
5
5
25
6
2
8
14
15
19
8
12
58
73
58
78
43
39
37
22
37
17
33
6
88
57
42
62
36
74
23
14
69
41
50
50
11
92
96
92
98
92
73
90
89
80
96
74
58
78
18
94
79
73
73
74
73
66
79
83
81
86
82
84
71
77
80
86
65
69
63
60
71
183
473
78
136
16
9
3
3
27
19
2
16
6
64
78
87
82
94
19
5
16
79
66
59
39
42
3
15
14
82
83
73
69
68
63
38
29
23
56
83
74
80
72
62
74
80
80
79
70
73
69
65
16
127
198
29
169
295
161
31
25
9
69
118
30
9
2
6
5
6
7
6
5
13
8
7
79
10
24
22
28
14
66
71
76
70
66
70
66
70
68
72
81
19
88
89
41
64
50
100
72
81
92
83
88
79
83
7*1
34
66
82
72
68
4
11
52
36
50
97
86
71
79
1,268
58
3
7
17
28
81
66
71
79
65
182
1
14
85
75
70
12
88
72
69
38
757
115
22
12
25
768
349
419
5
2
5
50
81
83
68
88
86
1
45
17
7
14
33
24
43
63
26
57
37
73
69
72
76
84
90
95
85
13,340
6
38
56
82
59
1
67
68
70
61
66
68
64
79
82
86
80
70
696
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
MANUFACTURING IN D U ST R IES.
MONTHLY INDEXES 1926 -1931.
M O N THLY
AVERAGE
192.6=100.
EMPLOYMENT
IOS
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
>»5
•*0
35
JAM .
FEB.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MAR.
APR.
MAY
JUME
JULY
AUû.
SEPT
OCT.
MOV.
DEC.
697
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
M AN U FACTU RIN G INDUSTRIES.
MOMTHLY INDEXES 1926-1931.
M O N T H L Y AVERAGE.
192.6= IOO.
PAY-ROLL TO TA LS
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
JAN
FEB.
MAR
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APR.
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG.
5 EPF
OCT.
NOV.
DEC.
698
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
E m p lo y m en t in N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g In d u stries in J u ly , 1932
THE following table are presented employment and pay-roll
data for 14 groups of nonmanufacturing industries the totals of
INwhich
also appear in the summary table of employment and earnings.
T a b l e 1 .— C O M P A R IS O N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R
I N G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, A N D JU L Y , 1931
In d u strial group
A nthracite m in in g ___________
B itum inous coal m in in g -______
Metalliferous m ining________
Q uarrying and nonmetallic
m ining___ __________ _____
C rude petroleum producing___
Telephone and telegraph ___
Power and lig h t........ ....................
Electric-railroad and motor-bus
operation an d m aintenance—W holesale tra d e ___________
R etail tra d e ________________
H otels_______________________
Canning and preserving______
Laundries___________ ______
Dyeing and cleaning _______
E m ploym ent
EstablishP er cent of
m ents
change
re
port N um ber
ing in on pay
both
roll,
June July,
June
1931,
July,
to
and
1932
to
July, July,
July,
1932
1932
1932
Earnings
P er cent of
change
A m ount
of pay roll
(1 week) June
to
July, 1932
July,
1932
July,
1931,
to
July,
1932
Index num
bers (average
1929=100)
E m Pay
ploy roll
m ent totals
160
1,109
239
60, 818 -1 6 .1 -3 1 .6 $1, 372, 668 - 7 . 8 -3 5 .8
143, 915 - 3 .1 -2 3 .3 1, 606, 437 -1 0 .6 -5 1 .6
18, 707 - 8 .3 -4 7 .5
332, 499 -1 5 .8 -5 9 .1
44.5
58.6
29.5
34.5
24.4
16.9
593
240
8,042
3,446
20, 995
21, 331
279, 694
219, 930
-4 9 .2
-2 4 .7
-1 4 .7
-1 9 .2
49.5
55.4
79.1
82.3
29.1
44.6
79.6
78.7
3, 591, 287 - 5 .6 -2 1 .6
1, 834, 775 - 2 .3 -2 2 .3
6, 435, 994 - 7 .2 -2 4 .0
1, 882, 018 - 3 .2 -2 7 .5
607, 477 +17.2 -3 6 .0
976,930 - 3 .4 -2 4 .1
229, 233 - 8 .9 -3 0 .4
75.6
76.6
74.6
78.4
73.0
80.3
82.4
65.3
64.7
63.3
61.8
47.5
66 3
60.0
492
2, 604
13, 381
2,489
870
983
375
- . 1 -3 0 .3
+ 2.1 -1 5 .2
- 1 .0 - 8 .7
- 1 .1 -1 4 .9
129, 782 - 1 .1
67, 449
-.6
313, 250 - 6 .0
136, 645
53, 553 +31. 5
60, 601
-.9
12, 325 - 3 .2
-1 1 .7
-1 1 .8
-1 1 .1
-1 6 .0
-2 8 .6
-1 2 .5
-1 6 .4
329, 766
654, 396
7, 580, 549
6, 595, 460
- 3 .1
-.4
- 3 .0
- 2 .2
Indexes of Employment and Earnings for Nonmanufacturing Industries
I n d e x numbers of employment and earnings for 14 nonmanufac
turing industries are presented in the following table. These index
numbers show the variation in employment and earnings in these
groups, by months, from January, 1929, to July, 1932, with the excep
tion of the laundries and the dyeing and cleaning groups, for which
information over the entire period is not available. The bureau re
cently secured data concerning employment and earnings for the index
base year 1929 from establishments in the laundries and the dyeing
and cleaning groups, and has computed index numbers for these
two groups, which now appear in this tabulation. The collection
of trend-of-employment statistics in these two groups did not begin
until the later months of 1930. Therefore indexes for the entire
period do not appear in these tables due to lack of available
information.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
699
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e 2 .—IN D E X E S O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S F O R N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G
IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y TO D E C E M B E R , 1929, 1930, A N D 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y TO
JU L Y , 1932
[12-month average, 1929=100]
A nthracite mining
M onth
E m ploym ent
B itum inous coal m ining
Earnings
E m ploym ent
Earnings
1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932
Jan u a ry ________
F e b ru a ry .......... .
M arch ...................
A pril— ........ .......
M a y ___________
J u n e ________
J u ly ___________
A u g u st................
Septem ber.......... .
O ctober............
N ovem ber______
D ecem ber.........
105.7 102.1
106.0 106.9
98.0 82.6
10Ô. 7 84.1
103.7 93.8
92.9 90.8
83.2 91.6
91.1 80.2
101.9 93.8
106.1 99.0
104.0 97.2
107.1 99.1
90.6
89.5
82.0
85.2
80.3
76.1
65.1
67.3
80.0
86.8
83.5
79.8
76.2
71.2
73.7
70.1
66.9
53.0
44.5
100.7 105.8
122.1 121.5
90.8 78.5
88.3 75.0
99.0 98.8
80.7 94.3
64.7 84.0
78.4 78.8
103.8 91.6
133.9 117.2
100.5 98.0
137.2 100.0
89.3 61.5
101. S 57.3
71.3 61.2
75.2 72.0
76.1 58.0
66.7 37.4
53.7 34.5
56.4
64.9 __
91.1
79.5
78.4
106.4
107.7
106.8
100.2
96.6
94.7
94.1
95.7
97.2
98.8
101.0
101.4
102.5
102.4
98.6
94.4
90.4
88.4
88.0
89.2
90.5
91.8
92.5
92.5
93.9
91.5
88.8
85.9
82.4
78.4
76.4
77.0
80.4
81.3
81.1
81.2
80.8
77.4
75.2
65.5
62.6
60.5
58.6
106.1
116.6
108.6
89.2
91.9
90.0
85.6
92.8
98.6
106.8
106.0
108.2
101.4
102.1
86.4
81.7
77.5
75.6
68.9
71.1
74.9
79.4
79.1
77.7
73.3
68.3
65.2
58.6
54.4
52.4
50.4
50.6
53.6
56.2
54.6
52.3
47.0
47.0
46.8
33.9
30.7
27.3
24.4
Average___ 100.0 93.4 80.5 165.1 100.0 95.3 75.4 154.6 100.0 93.4 83.2 168.7 100.0 81.3 57.5 136.7
M etalliferous m ining
Jan u ary -----------F e b ru a ry _______
M a r c h ...............
A pril..................
M a y .......................
J u n e __________
Ju ly ______ _____
A ugust_________
Septem ber______
O cto b er...............
N ovem ber______
December.............
93.1
94.6
97.0
100.6
100.8
103.8
101.5
103.2
102.1
101.9
103.0
98.5
95.7
92.3
90.9
89.3
87.5
84.6
80.5
79.0
78.1
77.2
72.8
70.1
68.3
65.3
63.5
63.9
62.4
60.0
56.2
55.8
55.5
53.8
52.8
51.2
49.3
46.9
45.0
43.3
38.3
32.2
29.5
88.0
91.8
99.1
104.6
104.6
105.6
99.0
100.1
102.0
103.1
102.2
99.7
92.7
92.5
90.8
88.3
85.6
81.6
71.9
71.0
69.9
68.6
63.4
59.9
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining
55.0
54.6
52.8
51.4
49.3
46.1
41.3
40.2
40.0
37.4
35.1
34.3
29.7
27.8
26.5
25.0
23.8
20.1
16.9
91.6
91.9
96.0
99.6
104.1
106.6
104.7
106.7
106.6
103.6
98.6
90.1
79.6
79.8
83.0
87.4
90.8
90.3
89.9
89.3
87.7
84.7
78.3
70.2
64.4
66.6
70.0
76.1
75.0
72.3
71.0
68.9
66.6
64.5
59.3
53.9
48.9
47.4
46.0
48.6
50.6
49.5
49.5
85.9
88.9
95.0
100.5
107.1
110.5
104.7
110.3
109.8
105.8
96.0
85.4
71.9
73.5
80.0
85.4
90.2
90.9
85.5
85.8
82.5
79.3
66.8
59.9
50.4
54.4
58.2
62.6
62.3
60.1
57.3
55.1
51.2
48.7
43.3
36.9
30.2
29.6
28.7
30.0
32.3
30.0
29.1
Average— 100.0 83.2 59.1 140.6 100.0 78.0 44.8 >24.3 100.0 84.3 67.4 148.6 100.0 79.3 53.4 >30.0
C rude petroleum producing
Jan u ary ________
F e b ru a ry _______
M arch ________
A pril___ _____
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u ly -----------------A ugust....... ...........
Septem ber............
October________
N ovem ber______
D ecem b er...........
90.0
90.4
89.6
97.6
93.9
104.1
106.0
113.2
108.9
107.9
101.1
97.0
92.7
90.8
89.3
86.8
89.8
90.2
89.9
87.7
85.0
85.2
83.6
77.4
74.8
73.2
72.2
69.8
67.8
65.0
65.3
62.4
61.2
60.4
57.6
58.2
54.9
54.4
51.4
54.9
54.5
54.2
55.4
93.1
99.0
97.4
96.7
92.4
99.4
100.7
104.7
110.7
100.1
103.8
102.1
94.0
88.6
91.3
86.6
85.4
87.1
88.5
86.0
84.0
82.6
80.0
77.2
71.5
70.0
73.2
66.3
64.7
62.7
59.2
56.3
55.2
54.4
52.0
54.9
Telephone and telegraph
46.5 94.3 101.6
46.9 95.3 100.2
43.2 96.5 99.4
44.5 97.8 98.9
47.1 100.4 99.7
44.8 101.5 99.8
44.6 102.6 100.0
103.7 98.8
102.5 96.8
101.9 94.5
101.9 93.0
101.8 91.6
90.5
89.2
88.6
88.1
87.4
86.9
86.6
85.9
85.0
84.1
83.5
83.1
83.0
82.0
81.7
81.2
80.6
79.9
79.1
94.5 105.1
93.0 101.9
98.7 105.8
98.3 103.4
99.4 103.2
100.0 103.4
104.1 106.6
101.8 102.5
100.4 102.2
105.1 100.9
101.2 97.9
103.9 101.3
96.3
94.8
97.9
95.0
94.1
95.0
93.3
92.3
92.1
91.6
89.7
92.7
89.1
89.6
88.2
83.4
82.8
82.1
79.6
Average___ 100.0 87.4 65.7 154.2 100.0 85.9 61.7 145.4 100.0 97.9 86.6 181.1 100.0 102.9 93.7 185.0
Electric-railroad and m otor-bus operation
and m ain ten an ce2
Pow er and light
January ______
F e b ru a ry . ------M arch _________
A pril___________
M a y ---------------Ju n e ___________
Ju ly ___________
A ugust_________
Septem ber--------October________
N ovem ber.......... .
December.............
Average___
92.9 99.6
92.6 98.8
92.8 99.7
95.9 100. 7
98.4 103.4
100.7 104.6
103.2 105.9
105.4 106.4
105.5 105.2
105.7 104.8
104.7 103.4
102.5 103.2
100.0 103.0
99.2
97.8
96.7
97.1
97.6
97.2
96.7
95.9
94.7
92.7
91.3
90.3
95.6
89.3
87.2
85.5
84.8
84.0
83.2
82.3
91.7 99. 7 98.6
91.8 100.4 99.7
94.5 102.1 102.4
95.5 102.6 97.6
98.1 104.5 98.7
100.4 107.8 98.3
102.3 106.7 97.4
103.8 106.6 96.2
106.6 106.1 94.3
106.0 105.6 93.2
104.1 103.7 93.3
105.8 106.3 91.2
185.2 100.0 104.3 96.7
88.4
86.0
85.4
82.4
84.2
80.5
78.7
99.7
99.1
97.0
98.5
100.4
101.2
102.2
102.2
101.4
100. 5
99.4
98.3
183.7 100.0
97.1
95.1
94.4
95.2
95.2
94.8
95.3
92.9
91.8
91.0
89.3
88.8
93.4
86.9
86.6
86.4
86.8
85.9
85.3
85.6
84.8
84.0
82.7
81.5
79.9
84.7
98.7
97.6
98.0
99.5
101.0
101.7
101.9
102.0
101.5
100.0
98.4
99.8
177.6 100.0
79.5
78.9
77.6
78.0
76.9
76.5
75.6
97.8
95.7
95.4
97.1
96.0
97.0
95.6
92. 1
90.5
88.9
87. 7
88.6
93.5
85.6 74.3
87.1 73.6
88.1 72.4
86.6 70.7
85.1 71.2
84.8 69.2
83.3 65.3
81.9
81.2
79.0
79.7
77.8
83.4 171.0
1Average for 7 m onths.
2 N ot including electric-railroad car building and repairing; see transportation equipm ent and railroad
repair-shop group, m anufacturing industries, Table 1,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
700
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T a b l e 2 —IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S F O R N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G
IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y TO D E C E M B E R , 1929, 1930, A N D 1931, A N D JA N U A R Y TO
JU L Y , 1932—Continued
[12-month average, 1929=100]
Wholesale trad e
M onth
E m ploym ent
R etail trade
E arnings
E m ploym ent
Earnings
1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932 1929 1930 1931 1932
Jan u ary ________ 97.7 100.0
F eb ru ary _______ 96.9 98.5
M arch _______ _ 97.3 97. 7
A p ril... ________ 97.9 97.3
M ay _ _______ 99.0 96.8
Ju n e ___ _____ 99.2 96.5
Ju ly ____________ 100.4 96.0
A ugust_________ 101.3 95.0
Septem ber______ 101.9 94. 8
O ctober________ 102.9 94.2
N ovem ber______ 102.9 92. 6
D ecem ber............ 102. 6 92.0
89.5 81.8
88. 2 80.9
87.4 79.8
87.4 78.9
87.1 77.9
87. 1 77.0
86.8 76.6
86.5
86.1
85.2
84.1
83.7 —
96.7 100.0
96.4 98.3
98.5 99.7
97.8 97.9
99. 0 97.4
98.6 98.6
100. 5 96. 0
100.0 93.6
103. 3 93.6
102. 7 92.9
101.9 91.0
104.7 91.3
87.5 74.1 99.2 98.9 90.0
88.4 72. 5 94. 6 94. 4 87.1
89.1 71.3 96.2 93.9 87.8
85.2 68.9 95.5 97.3 90.1
84.7 69. 7 97.3 96.7 89.9
84. 1 66.2 97.4 93.9 89.1
83.3 64. 7 93.6 89.0 83.9
82.1
93.6 85.6 81.8
81.4
97.6 92.0 86.6
79.9
101.7 95. 5 89.8
79.7
106. 7 98.4 90.9
126.2 115.1 106.2
77.8 —
89.4
86.7
87.5
88.3
88.0
87.6
83.3
80.3
83.5
84.6
85.4
94.1
84.3
80.5
81.4
81.6
80.9
79.4
74.6
99.0 99.7
94. 5 96.0
96.1 95.5
96.0 97.5
97.1 97.3
98.6 96.8
95.9 91.7
95.2 87.6
99.2 92.4
102.6 95. 1
105.2 96.8
........ 120.6 107.7
78.0
73.7
73.4
72.7
71.1
68.2
63.3
—
Average___ 100.0 96.0 86.6 ‘79.0 100.0 95.9 83.6 169.6 100.0 95.9 89.4 180.4 100.0 96.2 86.6 ‘71.5
Hotels
97.1 100.4
Jan u a ry .............
99.8 102.4
F eb ru ary _____
M arch ________ 100.9 102.4
99.7 100.1
A pril_________
98.1 98.0
M a y _________
99.3 98.0
Ju n e _________
Ju ly __________ 101.1 101.3
_102.6 101.5
A ugust_______ _
_102.8 100. 1
Septem ber____ _
_100.6 97.5
O c to b er.......... . _
_100.0 95.2
N ovem ber____ _
D ecem ber.......... - - 97.7 93.5
95.0 83.2
96.8 84.3
96.8 84.0
95.9 82.7
92.5 80. i
91. 6 78.0
93.3 78.4
92.8 ______
90.6 ______
87.4
84.9
83.1 —
98.5 100.3
102. 0 103. 8
103.4 104.4
100. 6 100. 3
98.9 98.4
98.7 98.1
99.8 99.8
99.4 98. 6
100.2 97.1
100.2 95.5
99.8 93.6
98.9 91.5
Canning and preserving
91.0 73.9 50.8 46.1 48.9 35.0 57.3 50.3 46.1 31.8
93.7 73.9 48.9 45.7 48.3 37.1 59.2 51.5 48.6 32.7
93.4 72.4 49.4 49.7 53.0 36.3 54.9 50.8 50.3 31.9
89. 9 69.6 90.6 74.8 59.6 47.0 98.9 72. 6 57.1 37.9
87.7 67.0 62. 0 65. 7 56.0 40. 5 71.2 66.9 56.0 36.0
85.4 63.8 76.6 83. 0 70.6 55.5 71.9 81.5 58. 6 40.5
85.2 61.8 126.8 126. 3 102.2 73.0 109.2 112. 7 74.2 47.5
83.8
184. 8 185.7 142.9
180.1 172.0 104.7
81.9
210.1 246. 6 180.1
207.9 214.8 129.4
79.7
143.3 164. 7 108.1
134. 5 140.0 77.6
77.1
95.1 96.7 60.8
91.6 82.9 48. 1
75.4 —
61.3 61.6 40.7 —
63.4 57.4 36.9 .....
A verage.. - 100.0 99.2 91.7 >81.5 100.0 98.5 85.4 168.9 100.0 103.9 80.9 >46.3 100.0 96.1 65.6 136.9
Laundries
Jan u ary ________
F eb ru ary _______
M arch_________
A pril_____ _____
M ay ___________
J u n e . . , ______
Ju ly ____________
A ugust _______
Septem ber______
O ctober________
N ovem ber______
D ecember______
90.5
90.0
89.5
90. 5
90.3
91.0
91.8
90.2
89.3
88.1
86.2
85.3
84.7
82.9
82.0
82.0
81.4
81.0
80.3
D yeing and cleaning
86.6
85.6
85.6
86.8
86.5
87.1
87.4
84.6
84.1
81.8
78.9
77.4
76.4
73.3
71.6
71.4
70.6
68.6
66.3
88.9
87.4
88.0
95.7
96.7
99.0
98.6
93.5
95.3
94. 2
90.1
84.9
82.1
80.5
80.6
83.3
84.5
85.1
82.4
Average___ 100.0 ........ 89.4 ‘82.0 100.0 ........ 84.4 171.2 100.0 ........ 92.7 >82.6 100.0 — -
1 Average for 7 months.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77.7
75.1
75.6
86.3
86.6
89.1
86.2
80.0
82.o
81.4
74.7
67.9
65.8
62.2
61.7
65.9
67.8
65.3
60.0
80.3 >64.1
TREND
OF EM PLOYM ENT
701
T rend of E m p lo y m en t in J u ly , 1932, by S ta te s
N THE following table are shown the fluctuations in employment
and earnings in July, as compared with June, 1932, in certain indus
trial groups by States. These tabulations have been prepared from data
secured directly from reporting establishments and from information
supplied by cooperating State agencies. The combined total of all
groups does not include building construction data, information con
cerning which is published elsewhere in a separate tabulation by city
and State totals. In addition to the combined total of all groups,
the trend of employment and earnings in the manufacturing, public
utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade, bituminous coal mining,
crude petroleum producing, quarrying and nonmetallic mining, metal
liferous mining, laundries, and dyeing and cleaning groups are pre
sented. In publishing data concerning public utilities, the totals of
the telephone and telegraph, power and light, and electric-railroad
operation groups have been combined and are presented as one group
in this State compilation. Due to the extreme seasonal fluctuations
in the canning and preserving industry, and the fact that during
certain months the activity in this industry in a number of States is
negligible, data for this industry are not presented separately. The
number of employees and the amount of weekly earnings in June
and July as reported by identical establishments in this industry are
included, however, in the combined total of “ All groups.”
The per cents of change shown in the accompanying tables, unless
otherwise noted, are unweighted per cents of change; that is, the
industries included in the groups and the groups comprising the total
of all groups, have not been weighted according to their relative
importance in the combined totals.
As the anthracite mining industry is confined entirely to the State
of Pennsylvania, the changes reported in this industry in the sum
mary table are the fluctuations in this industry by State total.
Where the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed
by the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures
for the group do not appear in the separate industrial-group tabula
tion but have been included in the State totals for “ All groups.”
Data are not presented for any industrial group where the repre
sentation in the State covers less than three establishments.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
702
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, BY S T A T E S
[Figures in italics are not compiled b y th e B ureau of Labor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
b y cooperating S tate organizations]
State
Total—all groups
M anufacturing
N u m N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
of
of
lish
July,
(1 week)
ments
1932 change July, 1932 change
N u m Number
A m ount
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
of
of
lish
July,
(1 week)
m ents
1932 change July, 1932 change
Alabam a________
491
Arkansas________
452
Arizona.......... .........
356
California...........
1, 390
Colorado________
576
C onnecticut_____ 1,041
D elaw are________
120
D istrict of Columbia __________
585
Florida__________
486
Georgia_________
626
Id a h o __________ _
194
Illinois................ il,Jt95
In d ian a_________ 1,181
Iow a____________ 1,104
K ansas___ ______ 2 652
43, 406
-2 .2
13,591
- 2 .6
8,197 -1 3 .5
211,199
+ 0 .6
$441, 622 -1 0 .0
201
30, 286
181
- 2 .8
$294, 553
-4 -4
8,627
- 5 .6
106, 873
200, 750
172, 395 -1 7 .8
4,968, 646
- 4 .0
+ 2 .7
2 , 844 , 200
—9 .3
—4 . 6
545, 785
- 6 .1
121
199, 762
-1 0 .6
- 2 .9
+ 4 .2
2,020, 263
158,746
- 5 .1
- 4 .1
653
50
94, 519
5,639
- 3 .6
-3 .0
1, 501, 801
102] 682
- 6 .7
- 7 .8
27, 207
20, 639
60,089
- 4 .2
- 4 .4
-3 .2
674, 562
346, 751
737,032
- 5 .3
- 5 .9
- 5 .1
57
135
303
3,998
13, 351
48, 252
- 4 .7
- 5 .7
- 3 .4
137,975
183j 489
479,913
- 3 .5
-9 . 0
-4 .6
136, 042
+ 1 .4
7, 351
+ 5 .8
255,928
- 5 .6
106, 297
41, 889
40, 751
- 4 .8
- 2 .0
- 3.7
- 5 .2
- 5 .1
- 3 .6
217
212
183
-6 .6
-4 -7
456
1,088
620,596
-S .S
- 1 .2
- 2 .4
- 3 .4
294, 950
225,076
386' 041
46,192 ‘• - 4 .5
128,693 - 6 . 5
800, 094
2,202,589
- 8 .0
- 5 .9
—6. 2
4 —7. 9
408
206, 328
266
79
510
51
- 2 .0
28, 635
4,620
53, 460
2,061
-3 .0
(5)
+ .4
+ .9
4,567,720
" 569' 351
- 6 .6
- 6 .8
+ 6 .3
- 7 .5
- 5 .3
132
22
188
8 705
22
10, 591
275
25, 839
- 2 .0
—3. 8
+ 4 .8
158,736
-4 .2
- 6 .9
71,619
531
54
1,913
132
21, 449
1, 530
30, 049
176,123
4,319
- 2 .0
- 6 .8
+ 5 .9
- 2 .5
+ 1 .5
470, 341
41, 234
477, 061
3, 871, 221
71, 581
New Y o rk ......... . 1,669
N o rth Carolina__
850
N o rth D ak o ta___
255
Ohio____________ 4, 506
O klahoma_______
695
284, 966
85, 529
3, 591
332, 838
24, 017
-5 .0
6,250,441
- 2 .2
+ 2 .0
- 2 .9
-.6
875, 441
83, 034
6,083, 810
514, 434
- 8 .2
+ 1 .9
-7 . 1
- 3 .8
Oregon__________
518
Pennsylvania____ 4,065
Rhode' Isla n d ____
898
South C arolina___
318
South D akota____
153
26, 574
527, 460
42, 638
34, 515
5,015
- 2 .1
- 5 .5
- 5 .2
+ 2 .9
-.6
494, 678
8, 728, 664
782, 338
319,174
119, 742
- 6 .8
- 9 .1
-4 .7
+ .8
- 2 .1
45, 647
71, 963
- 3 .2
- 5 .5
123, 613
- 2 .9
5,372
- 7 .3
19, 525
17, 402
25, 418
405
N ebraska________
700
N evada_________
137
New H a m p sh ire..
453
New Jersey______ 1, 475
New Mexico_____
163
- 6 .0
-1 1 . 9
—8. 7
-4 .6
6,164, 286 - 6 .9
1, 251,169 - 4 .8
106, 659 - 6 .9
1,996, 639 - 3 .7
141,918 -1 4 .2
-2 .1
23,870
886,821
282, 340 - 3 .4
59,071 - 1 .1
8, 678 - 4 .7
96, 308 - 1 .3
5,869 -1 1 .8
11,817 +11.2
8,691 - 2 . 1
71,292
+ .1
-1 3 .8
1, 291, 602
417j 790
78, 527
22, 731
M ichigan________ 1, 506
M innesota___ . . .
954
M ississippi______
388
M issouri_____ . . 1, 095
M o n tan a________
324
51, 760
+11.6
2, 702,984
-5 .0
-2 . 2
-.8
157,485
575
461
1,362, 893
6,704,193
49,967
71, 550
- 7 .6
1,014
- 9 .9
- 7 .4
- 3 .5
- 3 .7
723
4, 067 +11.0
1, 835,140
797, 312
71, 231
311,510
688
39
9,858 -1 0 .0
5,242,800 - 1 0 .7
790, 421
415, 025
540, 811
667, 658 -1 0 .5
1,176, 799
196, 261
167, 942
1,101, 089
-3 .5
+ 1 .2
- 3 .2
- 2 .2
915,169 - 6 .8
1, 048. 623 -1 0 .5
1,899,141 - 1 1 .8
116,377 -1 8 .4
275,656
—8.8
—10. 7
- 1 .8
+ 1 .4
227, 477
7,881
386, 326
- 7 .9
—9 6
+ 7 .5
3,353,312
507 +22.2
7, 335
- 5 .6
80, 850 - 2 . 4
1,156 + 5 .2
244, 653 - 3 .6
8, 753 + (8)
-7 .3
800, 695
29, 543
4, 269^ 374
' 18L 228
—8 6
+ 6 .6
—7.9
- 4 .0
148
13, 859
- 5 .0
296, 680
229,139
266
171
46
31, 232
31, 060
1, 784
—4.2
4,175, 788
—7.0
+3. 2
-1 .4
512, 866
262, 659
33, 661
36,137
301
25,229
79
121
428
- 6 .9
425, 364
- .7
529,570
52, 544
2,761
4, 348
48, 461
- 4 .2
-4 . 1
+ .8
245
ISO
21, 959
27, 835
4800
-3 . 6
-6 . 6
94,212
27
- 1 .3
1, 304
- 2 .8
1 Includes building and contracting.
2 Includes transportation and financial institutions.
8 Includes building construction.
4 W eighted per cent of change.
5 N o change.
- 7 .4
+15.1
6,009, 615
1,720
275
- 8 .8
—3 .3
43, 682
1,000, 688
45] 029
—11 9
— 10 ,5
—Ft 8
+
-
1 .7
5 .9
-1 2 . 8
—4.1
8b 717
703, 620
—2. 8
—4 8
- 1 .7
386, 598
445, 367
—7 0
—14 1
1,278 ,4 7 4
—13.6
38, i l l
-6 .9
1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—10. 6
—16. 0
- 3 .1
- 1 .5
-2 .4
-.6
W ash in g to n _____ 1,067
W est Virginia____
713
W isconsin___ .. 1,074
W yom ing______
182
128, 050
42,991
27,568
53, 728
27,932
32,875
257
356
1, 227
1,115
1,994 -1 3 .2
114,172
8,980
K entucky_______
803
Louisiana_______
486
M aine__________
556
M aryland . .
8 854
M assachusetts___ 7,925
Tennessee_______
Texas___________
U tah ____ _____ _
V erm ont________
Virginia_________
61
8 Includes laundries.
7 Includes laundering and cleaning.
8 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
9 Does not include hotels.
703
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN ID E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, BY S T A T E S —Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
State
A la b a m a ______
A rkansas________
Arizona ______
California___
C o lo ra d o .._____
C onnecticut__ D elaw are.. - ___
D istrict of Columbia____________
Florida_________
Georgia_________
Idaho ___________
Illinois__________
In d ia n a _________
I o w a ___________
K ansas__________
Wholesale trade
R etail trade
N u m N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
of
of
lish
July,
(1 week)
m ents
1932 change July, 1932 change
N u m N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
of
of
lish
Julv, change (1 week)
ments
1932
July, 1932 change
16
566
- 2 .6
$14, 640
17
475
19
+ 5 .6
154
IS, 526
+ 1 .3
4,052
142
1,605
4,557
- .2
174
+ 2.1
68
- 9 .6
+ 5 .6
+ .7
138,575
1, 440
- 2 .4
- 1 .4
95
24 , 386
- 3 .6
64
1, 545 -1 2 .8
$24, 245
28, 760
- 8 .6
-.3
25, 264
- 7 .1
494, 837
- 3 .3
24
696
-.1
21, 428
-.3
121
3,438
- 6 .4
69, 368
- 5 .8
54
8
1,117
161
- 1 .2
+ 2 .5
31, 062
4,583
- 5 .8
- 1 .6
118
8
5,355
133
+ 3.0
- 2 .2
108, 432
2,275
+ .2
+ 3.6
28
45
31
359
712
399
-.3
- 3 .3
+ .8
11, 851
17, 645
11,016
- 3 .0
- 5 .0
- 3 .7
403
62
30
8, 700
822
1, 270
- 6 .3
- 3 .9
- 1 .5
190, 935
16, 476
19, 539
- 9 .7
- 8 .5
-1 4 .9
6
12
64
35
81
- 1 .2
613
- 9 .1
- 2 .7
1, 263
1, 067
- 1 .9
+ 1 .0
33, 250
28, 799
47
2,310
- .5
68
-9 .7
658
- 4 .4
56
11, 909
14,152
- 2 .4
- 2 .5
16, 459
177
125
- 3 .0
384, 681
5,712
3, 002
- 5 .9
- 7 .3
102,110
55, 013
- 7 .9
1,390
+ .2
35, 729
- 3 .3
57
3,044
- 4 .0
59, 493
- 9 .4
- 9 .4
++
K entucky_______
Louisiana
_____
______
M aine
M aryland-- _____
M assachusetts___
20
23
16
458
605
449
+ 9 .8
+ 1 .5
+ 2 .7
9, 528
13, 243
10, 142
- 4 .0
- 0 .8
31
49
71
17, 786
391,871
1, 559
2, 707
1,088
34
672
795
14,289
+ .9
-.1
+ .9
- 3 .9
-1 .6
+ 1 .0
- 3 .0
- 1 .0
23, 391
40, 473
19, 936
40
4,095
4,914
57,554
-2 .8
-3 .6
- 5 .6
- 4 .4
- 3 .9
85, 424
1,205, ¿49
- 4 .7
-4 -7
M ichigan____ __
M innesota___
M ississippi______
M issouri___
M ontana________
58
61
5
56
10
1, 555
3, 848
117
4, 974
194
- 3 .8
+ 3 .3
- 6 .4
-.5
- 2 .5
44, 591 - 9 .5
108, 220 - 1 .0
2. 378
+ .8
121, 744 —l8)
5, 752 - 5 .9
209
278
60
134
85
10, 470 - 7 .6
6, 496 -1 5 .7
454 + 2.3
5,350 -1 0 .4
791 - 4 .6
219, 800
122, 432
5, 678
113, 077
18, 062
- 7 .0
-1 0 . 6
- .3
-9 . 5
- 2 .8
N ebraska________
N evada_________
New H a m p sh ire..
New Je rse y -.- New Mexico_____
33
7
13
29
6
N ew York ______
N orth C arolina__
N orth D akota___
O hio.. ________
O klahoma_____
173
16
17
201
48
4, 761
241
247
4, 271
681
Oregon__________
Pennsylvania____
Rhode Islan d ____
South Carolina___
South D akota___
51
127
39
16
10
1,197
3, 226
975
200
128
Tennessee_____ _
Texas___________
U ta h ___ ___
Vermont .
V irginia.-- _____
W ashington.-.
W est Virginia____
W isconsin ____
\ \ yoming_______
941 - 2 .3
70 + 4 .5
152
-.7
620
-.6
121 +21.0
- 1 .0
+ 2.1
- 2 .3
- 2 .4
+ 1 .0
+ .2
- .9
-
1.0
- .8
26, 350
2, 755
4,158
19, 789
4,199
- 4 .5
+ 1 .6
- 3 .9
- 2 .2
+ 4 .2
191
41
61
427
40
1, 502
255
557
6,914
277
- 3 .7
- 5 .6
- 1 .2
- 6 .6
+ 4.9
30, 276
7, 253
10, 222
152, 284
5,788
- 3 .1
- 3 .9
+ .6
- 9 .1
- 1 .8
152, 420
5,801
7,316
112, 063
17, 962
- 4 .8
- 4 .4
- .7
- 2 .5
- 1 .4
402
176
40
1, 422
115
41, 319
581
404
28, 040
1, 396
- 9 .6
- 7 .6
- 6 .7
- 5 .9
-5 .0
934, 436
11, 171
6,840
549, 418
25, 214
-13. 5
-1 1 .3
- 2 .5
-6 . 8
- 5 .9
33, 217
86, 585
24, 065
5,144
3, 881
-.9
-.3
- 2 .7
- 1 .3
+ 1 .6
56
340
509
16
14
1, 620
24, 719
4, 798
401
129
- 4 .3
- 7 .8
- 1 .7
- 7 .6
- 7 .2
34,965
490, 054
105, 469
3, 978
2,368
- 2 .2
- 9 .9
- 3 .1
- 5 .7
- 4 .6
35
658
- .8
14, 741
120
- 2 .1
2,598
59
-1 .6
71,148
3,144
11, 238
2,470
21, 281
6,321
- 8 .4
- 8 .8
+ 1 .4
+ 2.3
- 4 .2
86
50,196
448
90
848
- 2 .5
- 9 .6
15
4
40
362
431
4,513
112, 456
- 3 .7
+ .5
- 3 .0
- 1 2 .9
+ 3 .5
+ .6
23
38
476
7,096
7,531
87, 922
+ 1.0
+ 1.4
- 1 .9
60, 504
15, 238
- 1 .8
-4 . 1
383
49
5,474
989
- 9 .5
+ 5 .2
39, 848
62
105, 091
17, 047
7,801
- 9 .0
- .3
- 8 .4
47
240
- 2 .7
120,090
- 4 .9
86
36
2,112
552
44
1,860
- S .7
57
+ 1 .8
8
8 Less th an one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- .7
+• 2
1, 776
- 4 .2
- 1 .2
6, 120
- 1 .8
704
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN ID E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued
[Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of L abor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
b y cooperating S tate organizations]
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining
State
M etalliferous mining
N u m N um ber
A m ount
um N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per N
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
ber of on pay cent
of pay
cent
cent estab
cent
estab
roll
roll
roll
roll
of
of
of
of
lish
July, change
(1 week)
lish
July,
(1 week)
m ents
1932
July, 1932 change m ents
1932 change July, 1932 change
A labam a..............
A rkansas________
A rizona_________
California_______
Colorado________
C onnecticut_____
Delaware
____
D istrict of Columbia____________
F lo r id a _________
Georgia_________
Id a h o _______ . .
Illinois ............... .
In d ia n a . _______
Iow a____________
K ansas_________
K entucky_______
Louisiana_______
M aine__________
M ary lan d ..............
M assachusetts___
M ichigan________
M in n e s o ta ..____
M ississippi... . .
M issouri________
M ontana_______
N ebraska............ .
N e v a d a ________
New H a m p sh ire..
N ew Jersey. ____
New Mexico_____
N ew Y o rk_______
N o rth C arolina__
N o rth D a k o t a __
Ohio__________ _
O klahom a_______
Oregon__________
Pennsylvania____
R hode Isla n d . . . .
South C arolina___
South D akota____
Tennessee_______
Texas___________
U ta h ____________
V e rm o n t_______
Virginia_________
W ashington_____
W est Virginia____
W isconsin... . . . .
W yom ing_______
5 No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
5
376 +32.9
89 - 2 .2
$3,100 +14.5
711 -1 8 .9
4
16
17
10
28
3
622
23
+ 1 .5
+ 9 .5
13,412 + 6 .0
249 +10.7
9
136
+ 7 .9
2,479 +13.0
7
18
513 + 11.8
872 - 2 .6
4,276 - 3 .7
7,970 -1 3 .4
25
37
14
631
+ .5
1,969 +13.3
296 + 2.1
10,110 - 4 .3
34,784 +12.6
5,107 - 8 .7
- 4 .9
$3, 241
-2 6 .3
53 324
3A 535
17, 566
-3 .9
1,514
1 .0
30,856
-1 3 .6
8
90 - 2 6 .2
2,761
- S .2
7
21
26
3
4
942
-S .8
755 +14.0
248 - 4 .6
44 -1 0 .2
20,969
- 7 .0
681
2, 523 —25 5
1,3 4 9
+ 2 .5
648
+ .5
+
31 i
- 4 .0
5, 668 +19.7
1,516 -3 9 .1
1,215 -1 3 .8
16
SOS + 11.0
18
391
+ 2 .9
9,581
21
6
546
202
+ 1.1
+ 8 .0
7, 076 -2 3 .4
3,819 +18.5
41
33
4,220 -1 5 .9
697 +13.0
44, 598
9,608
-2 6 .4
-2 .2
11
4
176 -1 6 .2
19 +11.8
2,856 -1 0 .4
250
-.4
11
16
986 - 4 .4
105 -2 1 .1
18, 256
1,993
-1 1 .8
-4 0 .2
12
227 -3 2 .4
6,557
-2 0 .6
3
4
11 —60. 7
841 - 1 .5
265
14, 366
—53.8
29
471 +53.4
6,337
+ 9.6
1,546
- 9 .8
5,61,7 + 26.2
+ 3.1
3
132
(5)
1, 981 -1 4 .4
9
3
122
43
- 6 .9
+ 2 .4
2, 953 -17. 1
1,523 - 1 .7
42
4
1,885 - 2 .9
56 +24.4
38, 898
+ .4
812 +17.9
62
3
1, 793 +ÎÔ.5
46
(6)
29, 625
485
+ 1 .5
+ 9 .7
4
57
2,486 -1 0 .9
28,215 -1 3 .4
6
3
133 -1 2 .5
15 + 7.1
718 -1 7 .8
289 -1 0 .0
16
809
21
710 - 1 7 .4
38
16
6
2,105
853
+ 1 .5
-6 . 1
- 7 .6
9,625 -1 7 .0
4
15,597 - 1 1 .9
10
44, 020 - 6 .6
7, 570 -2 1 .3
7
145
384
- 7 .6
- 6 .6
IS
189
3, 609 -1 1 .0
3, 593 -1 4 .4
- 1 .1
2,893
- .5
71
(5)
175 -2 8 .6
2, 098
- 3 .8
2,456
-1 1 5
31,816
-1 9 .0
705
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued
[Figures in italics are not compiled b y the B ureau of Labor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
b y cooperating S tate organizations]
C rude petroleum producing
B itum inous coal m ining
State
___ _
Alabam a
A rkansas________
Arizona_________
California_______
Colorado
u m N um ber
N u m N um ber
A m ount
A m ount
Per
Per N
Per
Per
of pay
ber of on pay cent
ber of on pay cent
of pay
cent
cent estab
roll
roll
roll
roll
estab
of
of
of
of
July,
(1 week)
lish
lish
July, change (1 week) change
July, 1932
m ents
1932 change July, 1932 change ments
1932
37
5,931
+ 1 .0
5
55
+ 1 .8
3,265 -2 0 .6
35
$40,657 -1 5 .1
681
- 1 .1
8
193
-1 .0
$4,557
- 2 .7
37
5, 271
- .5
175, 250
- 1 .8
7
4
138
30
+ 3.8
+ 3 .4
3,059
516
+ 1.9
+ 3 .2
5
9
176
161
+ 7.3
- 6 .9
3, 567
4,347
+ 4 .3
- 5 .8
41
m
1,013
-1 1 .1
37, 891 -1 2 .3
C onnecticu t... .
D elaw are________
D istrict of Colum
bia
F lorida_______
Georgia. _
Id a h o ___________
Illinois__________
In d ia n a _________
Iow a__
K ansas. .
K entucky_______
Louisiana_____ .
M aine
M aryland
M assachusetts__
25
1,026
- 3 .9
39
18
2,418
1,772
+ 7 .7
- 4 .3
- 6 2 .1
20, 960
- 2 .2
13
1,243
- 2 .1
6,386 - 1 1 .4
959 + 4 .2
64 -9 0 .3
16,815 + 2 .5
2, 577 -8 0 .7
5
20,164 -1 2 .6
3
n
17
7
N ebraska_______
N evada____ _____
N ew H a m p sh ire..
N ew Jersey______
N ew Mexico_____
11
Oregon__________
P ennsylvan ia. .
R hode Isla n d ____
South Carolina.
South D ak o ta____
Tennessee_____
Texas___________
U t a h . . ___ _
V erm ont______
V irginia.. . .
W ashington
W est V irginia____
W isconsin
W y o m in g ______
9,091 - 5 7 .0
5U
130
M ichigan________
M innesota_______
M ississippi______
M issouri________
M ontana____ . .
N ew Y ork _______
N o rth C arolina__
N o rth D ak o ta___
Ohio____________
O klahom a_______
+8. 4
46, 807 +10.8
27, 617 -1 4 .6
20, 699
1, 470
52
13
- 4 .7
4, 323 +114.8
255 -1 9 .0
242,483
- 5 .3
1, 021
+34.2
5
185
+ 3 .9
4,322
+ 1.4
52,916 +49.3
4,319 - 8 .5
4
56
33
4, 407
(s)
- .6
515
116,365
- 3 .4
- 6 .0
518, 742 -1 0 .3
18
333
- 1 .2
8,141
+ 2 .2
3
6,332
+ .8
243,608
+ 2 .8
365
52,148
-. 2
14
2,265
- 3 .9
10
1,168 -1 2 . 2
20,181
- 7 .0
33
7, 066
90, 348
- 4 .8
-1 .2
18 -1 4 .3
15,962 -1 3 .8
10
238
334 -7 1 .6
33, 661 - 6 .3
7,882 -7 1 .0
368, 295 -1 1 .6
8
352 +11.7
8,701
+10.2
30
2, 797 -1 3 .4
49, 712 -3 1 .4
5
122
3,168
- 2 .3
8 N o change.
1 3 6 1 4 3 ° — 3 2 ------ 16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 3 .9
706
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
C O M P A R IS O N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN ID E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, BY S T A T E S —C ontinued
[Figures in italics are not compiled b y th e B ureau of L abor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
b y cooperating State organizations]
Public utilities
State
A labam a........... .
A rkansas________
A rizona_________
California______
Colorado . . . . . .
C onnecticut_____
D elaw are.. . . . . .
D istrict of Columbia____________
Florida__________
Georgia_________
Id ah o ___________
Illinois__________
In d ia n a _________
Io w a.................... .
K ansas__________
Hotels
N u m N um ber
A m ount
u m N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per N
Per
Per
ber of on pay
of pay
ber of on pay
of pay
cent
cent estab
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
roll
roll
of
of
of
of
lish
July, change
(1 week)
lish
July,
(1
week)
ments
1932
July, 1932 change m ents
1932 change July, 1932 change
123
49
64
-1 . 4
$42, 761
1,344 + 14.1
S3, 671
1, 977
1,380
- 3 .4
35, 776
- 3 .4
+8.1
- 5 .1
28
1,299
$11, 085
- 2 .9
17
814
- 9 .1
9,978
- 1 3 .5
312
10, 388
1,170
- 7 .7
+ .3
- .8
4,884
169,954
17,928
-9 .9
-2 .5
- 1 .4
+ 6 .0
41
48,565
- 2 .0
1,379,191
5,694
- 3 .9
195
-.9
151,558
- 3 .5
13
244
31
134
28
10,185
1,097
+ .5
-.8
329,526
29, 580
+ .9
- 1 .2
33
6
1,150
261
- 4 .7
+ 1 .2
15,422
3,020
- 5 .0
+ .5
21
183
184
8,295
4,126
6,955
-.5
- 1 .1
- 2 .4
242,046
112,692
196, 963
- 1 .9
-.2
- 5 .2
52
32
31
3, 734
669
1,377
- 8 .5
- 4 .2
- 6 .0
55,567
7,409
12,081
-1 0 .9
- 2 .1
-1 .5
- 2 .4
261
- 4 .8
3,666
7,468
- 6 .7
127,696
-6 .3
2,664
1,954
- 6 .1
- 7 .8
30,395
20, 749
-1 2 . 5
-1 0 .7
521
56
714
+ .4
14,476
69
67,933
- 1 .3
10, 069
10, 057
1,881,032
- 7 .3
131
372
245, 912
230, 586
- 4 .1
- 4 .1
14
io 49
61
52
6,999
-.1
+ .3
-.8
n
+ .9
168,446
-4 -7
20
K entucky_______
303
Louisiana_______
154
M ain e__________
171
M ary lan d______
95
M assachusetts___ 11139
7,181
4,486
3, 010
- 1 .7
-.6
-.7
172,353
106,742
83, 225
-.7
- 3 .6
- 4 .3
38
22
31
13,923
46,698
- 1 .5
- .7
370,630
1,364,357
- 2 .0
-3 .0
26
103
6,736
M ichigan________
M innesota_______
M ississippi______
M issouri________
M o n tan a________
415
200
202
222
111
23,863
13,298
2, 201
23,012
1,910
- 2 .1
- 8 .8
- 2 .7
- 8 .4
686, 758 - 5 .3
355, 930 - 2 .0
43, 012 - 5 .2
623, 589 - 5 .7
55, 763 -1 6 .0
78
64
22
76
16
4,436
3,035
647
3, 995
252
N ebraska________
N ev ad a_________
N ew H a m p sh ire..
New Jersey_____
N ew M exico___ _
296
39
143
280
55
5,877
447
2,158
23,912
522
-. 1
+ .9
- 1 .5
- 1 .1
+ 1 .8
151, 738
11, 706
59,305
725,096
11,477
- 5 .0
- 5 .6
- 5 .7
-4 .0
- 4 .4
29
12
21
95
14
1,343 - 7 .7
198 + 7 .6
885 +143.8
5, 726 +32.5
316 + 7.1
New Y o rk___ _ _
N o rth C arolina__
N o rth D ak o ta___
Ohio____________
O klahom a_______
15
6,603
- .9
198,353
77
117
492
247
1, 778
1,230
32, 520
6, 452
- 2 .3
+ 3 .4
- 2 .0
- .7
37,146
31, 335
824,254
144,431
+ ( 8)
- 3 .8
-.2
- 6 .3
- 1 .8
275
34
16
167
39
29, 791
1,278
317
9,460
765
-. 2
+ 7 .2
-.3
- .8
- 5 .9
478,257
11,852
3,822
122,725
7,412
- 3 .5
-1 .0
+ 3 .3
-6 .0
- 8 .6
Oregon_________
P en n sy lv an ia..
R hode Isla n d ____
South C arolina__
South D ak o ta___
182
703
35
70
58
5, 718
53,488
3, 569
1, 750
888
- .7
- .3
-2 . 2
+ 6 .9
- 3 .4
148, 618
1, 529, 234
106,665
38,153
23, 867
- 2 .5
- 2 .3
- 2 .9
- 2 .6
-4 .0
41
192
22
17
15
1,086
- .8
10,462 - 1 .5
618 +55.3
430 - 5 . 3
316 - 4 .2
15,987
134, 543
7,894
3,291
3,956
-2 .0
- 6 .5
+40.4
- 5 .4
- 8 .4
Tennessee_______
Texas_________
U t a h _____ . . . _
V erm ont________
V irg in ia ______
W ashington_____
W est Virginia. . . .
W isconsin_____
W y o m in g ______
+ • 8
6,762
-4 -9
18,924
21, 078
19, 690
-1 0 .5
-2 .9
+49. 1
1,401
- 2 .5
- 1 .8
18,495
83,222
- 1 0 .6
- 4 .3
+ .6
+ 1.1
+ 8 .9
-5 .6
59,320
38,849
5,449
49,133
4, 047
-4 .8
-3 .0
+ 9 .2
-9 .0
-.2
251
5, 062
-.3
115, 268
- 3 .7
40
111
6,167
2,207
67
121
153
-1 .7
46
- 3 .2
+ 1 .4
- 1 .9
173, 724
- 0 .9
1,705
992
5,820
35, 201
23,825
147,815
- 1 .8
-. 2
-2 .0
14
25
38
2,620
205
124
10, 075
6,130
-.7
+ .3
278, 636
164,089
'¡43
- 2 .6
-.2
11,292
+ .3
315,038
- 4 .6
47
447
- 1 .1
8 No change.
8 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent.
10 Includes restaurants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 1 .3
1,726 - 8 .2
1,874 - 1 .4
1, 519 +63.7
11,159
- 4 .3
58
41
io 41
10
0
)
15, 337
- 9 .9
3,812 +16.8
8,614 +133. 6
76, 797 +24.3
3,393
- 3 .7
- 3 .5
20, 360
- 6 .1
- 1 .8
SO, 796
547 + 2 .2
600 +24.2
2,020 - 4 .4
8, 323
6,681
23, 047
- 1 2 .4
+ 3 .0
+20.0
-5 .7
27, 580
13,127
-4 .6
-5 .0
2,180
1,127
+ 2 .0
- 3 .3
1,223
/, /i
172
- 3 .9
(13)
2,623
11 Includes steam railroads.
12 Includes steam railw ays and express.
n D ata not supplied.
- 1 .5
707
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT
C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN ID E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
IN JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932, B Y S T A T E S —Continued
[Figures in italics are not compiled b y th e Bureau of Labor Statistics, b u t are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Laundries
D yeing and cleaning
N u m N um ber
A m ount
u m N um ber
A m ount
Per
Per N
Per
Per
ber of on pay cent
of pay
ber of on pay
of pay
cent estab
cent
cent
estab
roll
roll
roll
roll
of
of
of
of
lish
July, change (1 week)
lish
July,
(1
week)
ments
1932
July, 1932 change ments
1932 change July, 1932 change
State
A labam a________
A rkansas________
A rizona_________
California_______
Colorado________
4
439
+ 6.6
$4, 026
- 2 .2
10
506
- 0 .6
- 2 .4
8
385
-.8
+ 1 .0
4
164
(5)
$1, 888
- 5 .2
14 71
11
5,6 41
-.8
5,324
5 , 923
111, 843
865
-.5
13,281
- 2 .6
9
135
- 3 .6
2, 773
- 7 .3
28
4
1,403
316
-.7
+ 1 .0
24,443
4,967
- 3 .7
-.4
11
3
293
42
+ 5.4
+ 2.4
6,807
679
-. 1
-1 0 .1
17
5
13
1,978
324
701
-1 . 1
- 2 .7
- 2 .5
33,148
3,234
7,104
- .8
- 8 .0
- 3 .2
6
3
5
137
30
144
- 8 .1
-9 . 1
+ 5.1
2,933
424
1,622
- 7 .6
-1 2 .4
- 2 .5
Id a h o ___ ________
Illinois__________
In d ia n a _________
Iow a____________
K ansas..................
» 18
20
4
1,302
-.8
21,519
1,631
241
-1 .6
+ 1.3
22, 670
4,024
- 6 .4
-0 . 1
9
177
- 5 .9
2,902
-1 1 .5
26
1,037
1 1 .1
12,183
- 7 .2
K entucky_______
Louisiana_______
M aine- ______ M aryland—______
M assachusetts___
18
843
(5)
11,348
- .6
5
230
- 2 .1
3,400
- 6 .0
24
551 +11. 1
C onnecticut___
Delaw are- ______
D istrict of Colum bia________
Florida__________
Georgia_________
23
m
-
1.0
- 3 .9
- 4 .4
8, 556 +13.5
1,634
3,649
- 1 .6
26,248
62, 780
- 4 .6
- 3 .5
13
122
388
1,868
-2 .5
- 6 .0
5,161
35,599
- 2 0 .3
-1 0 .9
- 5 .5
-3 .0
- 1 .2
- 2 .5
- 4 .8
17
12
661
318
- 3 .4
- 6 .7
13, 010
5, 783
-1 2 .8
-1 2 .8
14
420
-5 .6
7, 364
-1 1 .4
5
130 -1 3 .9
3,143
-1 0 .0
8
366
- 1 .6
10,122
- 4 .8
18
592
- 6 .5
12, 636
- 9 .0
42
5
1, 641
214
- 4 .6
-.5
28,092
3,050
-1 2 .4
+ 2.6
-
M ichigan,. _____
M innesota..............
M ississippi____
M issouri________
M ontana......... .......
22
13
7
32
15
1,602
733
382
2,491
348
-.4
- 1 .6
+ 3 .0
- 1 .9
-.9
20,882
12,643
3,591
36,408
6,398
N ebraska____ _
N evada_______
N ew H am p sh ire-,
N ew Jersey.........—
N ew Mexico_____
8
4
16
29
5
673
58
311
3,085
230
- 5 .6
+ 3 .6
+ 8 .0
+ .6
-2 . 1
11, 643 - 5 .4
1, 270 - 4 .0
5,095 + 10.4
64, 451 - 1 .4
3, 534 - 2 .5
New Y ork_______
N orth C arolina—
N orth D akota___
Ohio_. ____ . ,
O klahom a___
71
9
81
6
7,090
686
215
4,611
558
- 1 .0
+ 2 .2
- .5
- 1 .4
- 1 .2
125, 773
7,423
3, 740
73,180
7,411
- 5 .3
-2 .2
-1 .2
-4 .8
- 4 .5
Oregon__________
Pennsylvania.
R hode Islan d____
South Carolina__
South D akota____
4
44
20
10
5
321
3, 398
1,138
380
132
- 2 .4
- 3 .6
- .3
+ .8
(5)
5,149
54, 084
19, 662
3, 642
2,045
- 7 .2
- 5 .7
- 6 .2
- 2 .7
- 5 .6
21
5
3
1, 068
276
06
- 3 .8
- 4 .8
+ 3.1
18, 549
5, 257
1,052
-1 3 .7
- 8 .9
+ .9
Tennessee_______
Texas____ ______
U ta h __________
Vermont— _____
Virginia_______ -
15
17
6
5
15
1,089
904
513
83
997
+
+ 2 .0
- 2 .7
+ 5.1
+ 2 .6
10, 265
11, 279
7,161
1,009
11,916
- 3 .2
+ •1
- 3 .2
- .6
+ 1 .8
6
13
6
3
22
69
326
103
26
382
- 8 .0
(5)
- 1 .0
(5)
+ 2.1
1, 104
5, 642
1, 697
471
5,886
-1 0 .6
- 6 .2
-1 3 .2
- 9 .9
+ .9
W ashington, . _ _
W est Virginia.
W isconsin ____
W yom ing_______
16
20
»27
5
9
10
142
215
- 3 .4
+ 3.9
2,712
3,166
-1 2 .3
- 5 .6
9
1 .6
751
718
- 1 .2
- 1 .9
16,117
10, 000
- 5 .0
+ 1 .7
1,013
+ 2 .7
15,335
113
- .9
2,078
- .3
1
5 N o change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 4 .5
14 Includes dyeing and cleaning.
708
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
E m p lo y m en t and Pay R oll in J u ly , 1932, in C ities o f Over 500,000
P o p u la tio n
N THE following table are presented the fluctuations in employ
ment and earnings in July, 1932, as compared with June, 1932, for
13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over.
These fluctuations are based on reports received from identical estab
lishments in each of the months considered.
These city tabulations include all establishments reporting in all of
the industrial groups, except building construction in these 13 cities,
and also additional employment information secured from banks,
insurance companies, garages, and other establishments in these 13
cities. Building-construction data are not included in these totals,
as information is not available for all cities at this time.
I
F L U C T U A T IO N S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y R O L L IN JU L Y , 1932, AS C O M P A R E D
W IT H J U N E , 1932
C ity
N ew York C ity __________
Chicago, 111 _______ _
_
Philadelphia, P a ..................
D etroit, M ic h - --i_______
Los Angeles, Calif_______
Cleveland, Ohio_________
St. Louis, M o ___________
Baltimore, M d ________
Boston, M ass___ ______
Pittsburgh, P a _________...
San Francisco, Calif____
Buffalo, N . Y ___________
M ilwaukee, W is_____ _ _
N um ber
of estab
lishm ents
reporting
in both
m onths
1,747
1, 798
627
555
531
961
477
561
2,875
311
874
269
466
A m ount of pay roll
(1 week)
Per
Per
cent
cent
of
of
July, 1932 change June, 1932 July, 1932 change
N um ber on p ay roll
June, 1932
269, 510
199, 009
107. 239
206,819
49, 585
77, 434
63,009
46, 382
83, 550
48, 502
39, 009
36,444
33, 892
256, 272
193, 548
103, 476
202, 576
48, 619
72,110
62, 325
44,916
79,307
45, 291
38, 024
36, 200
32, 677
- 4 .9
- 2 .7
- 3 .5
-2 . 1
- 1 .9
- 6 .9
-1 . 1
- 3 .2
-5 . 1
- 6 .6
- 2 .5
-. 7
- 3 .6
$7, 408,681
4, 807, 610
2, 294, 074
5,143, 651
1, 208,144
1, 584,119
1, 343,998
938, 224
2,082, 324
978, 678
952,882
863, 023
672. 600
$7, 028,991
4, 499,488
2,130, 703
4, 947, 852
1,151, 269
1,411,363
1, 295, 877
880, 243
1,958,920
895, 202
923, 950
817, 334
625,037
- 5 .1
- 6 .4
- 7 .1
- 3 .8
- 4 .7
-1 0 .9
- 3 .6
- 6 .2
- 5 .9
- 8 .5
- 3 .0
- 5 .3
- 7 .1
E m p lo y m en t in E xecu tive Civil Service of th e U n ited S ta te s,
J u ly , 1932
HERE was a loss of 15,862 employees in the Government service
throughout the United States, comparing the number on the pay
roll at the end of July, 1932, with the number on the pay roll at the
end of July, 1931.
Comparing July with June, 1932, there was a loss of 5,173 employees
in the Government service.
These figures do not include the legislative, judicial, or Army and
Navy services. The data as shown in the table below were compiled
by the various Federal departments and offices and sent to the
United States Civil Service Commission where they are assembled.
They are tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and published
here by courtesy of the Civil Service Commission and in compliance
with the direction of Congress. No information has as yet been
collected relative to the amounts of pay rolls. Because of the impor
tance of Washington as a government center, the figures for the
District of Columbia and for the Government service outside the
District of Columbia are shown separately.
At the end of July, 1932, there were 573,058 employees in the
executive civil service of the United States. Of this number, 537,998
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND
709
OF EM PLOYM ENT
were permanent and 35,060 were temporary. In the interval between
July 31, 1931, and July 31, 1932, there was a loss of 0.6 of 1 per cent
in the number of permanent employees and a loss of 26.7 per cent in
the number of temporary employees, making a loss of 2.7 per cent in
the entire Government service.
The number of employees in the District of Columbia showed a
decrease of 5.6 per cent in July, 1932, as compared with July, 1931,
and a decrease of 1.8 per cent comparing July, 1932, with June, 1932.
During the month of July, 1932, 15,002 were hired in the entire
Federal service and 20,175 were separated from the service on account
of resignation, termination of appointment, death, retirement, or
other causes. This indicates a net turnover rate of 2.61 for the month.
The turnover rate for the District of Columbia was 0.43.
On July 31, 1932, there were 67,552 employees on the Government
pay rolls in the District of Columbia. Of this number, 65,098 were
permanent and 2,454 were temporary workers.
E M P L O Y E E S IN T H E E X E C U T IV E C IV IL S E R V IC E O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S JU L Y
1931, A N D J U N E A N D JU L Y , 1932 1
D istrict of Columbia
Item
N um ber of employees—
Ju ly , 1931________________
June, 1932 _______. . . . .
July, 1932.______ _________
G ain or loss—
Ju ly , 1931-July, 1932.
June, 1932-July, 1932______
P er cent of change—
Ju ly , 1931-July, 1932..
June, 1932-July, 1932____ _
L abor turnover, Ju ly , 1932:
A d d itio n s.............................
Separations_________ . ..
T urnover ra te ____________
Outside D istrict
em
P erm a T em
Perm a Tpo
nent ra ry 2 Total nent rapo
ry 2
64, 620
65,619
65, 098
T otal
E ntire Service
em
Perm a Tpo
nent
ra ry 2
6, 970 71, 590 476, 492 40, 838 517, 330 541,112
3,174 68, 793 476, 735 32, 703 509, 438 542, 354
2, 454 67, 552 472, 900 32, 606 505, 506 537, 998
Total
47, 808 588, 920
35, 877 578, 231
35, 060 573,058
+478 - 4 , 516 -4,038 - 3 , 592 - 8 , 232 -11,824 -3,114 -1 2 , 748 -1 5 , 862
-521 -720 -1,241 -3,835
-9 7 - 3 , 932 - 4 , 356
-817 -5,173
+ 0 .7 -6 4 .8
- 0 .8 -2 2 .7
112
633
0.17
184
904
6.54
- 5 .6
- 1 .8
- 0 .8
- 0 .8
-2 0 .2
- 0 .3
- 2 .3
- 0 .8
- 0 .6
- 0 .8
-2 6 .7
- 2 .3
- 2 .7
- 0 .9
296
1,537
0.43
1,916 12, 790
5, 751 12, 887
0.40 39.17
14, 706
18, 638
2. 90
2, 028
6, 384
0.38
12,974
13, 791
36. 58
15, 002
20,175
2.61
1 C ertain revisions have been m ade from tim e to tim e b y th e Civil Service Commission in dropping
certain classes of employees previously carried in th e tabulations. T hus, in th e D istrict of C olum bia 68
m ail contractors a n d special-delivery messengers w ere elim inated from th e enum eration in M ay, 1932,
and in the service outside th e D istrict 35,800 star-route and other contractors, clerks in charge of mailcontract stations, clerks in third-class post offices, a n d special-delivery messengers were elim inated in
April, 1932, and 835 collaborators of th e D ep artm en t of A griculture in June, 1932. In th e table, in order to
m ake th e figures comparable for all th e m onths shown, i t was assum ed th a t th e num ber of these employees
was the same in June, 1932, and Ju ly , 1931, as in th e m o n th they were dropped from th e tabulation (actual
figures not being available from th e C ivil Service Commission), and th e d a ta for those m onths have been
revised accordingly in th is table.
2 N ot including field service of th e Post Office D epartm ent.
E m p lo y m en t in B u ild in g C o n stru ctio n in J u ly , 1932
MPLOYMENT in building construction increased 4.1 per cent
in July as compared with June. Earnings increased 8.2 per cent
during the same period. These per cents are based on information
received from 10,521 firms engaged on building operations in 34 States
and the District of Columbia.
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
710
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
C O M P A R IS O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D T O T A L PA Y R O L L IN T H E B U IL D I N G C O N
S T R U C T IO N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L F IR M S , JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932
Locality
A labam a: B irm ingham ., _______
California:
Los A ngeles1 ................... ............
San Francisco-Oakland 1 ___
O ther reporting localities1_ _
Colorado: D en v er________________
Connecticut:
Bridgeport _______________
H artfo rd ________________ . . _
N ew H a v en . ____________ .
Delaware: W ilm ington___ _______
D istrict of C olum bia_____________
Florida:
Jacksonville_______ _________
M iam i. __________ _____ _ .
Georgia: A tla n ta _____________ ___
Illinois:
C hicago1. . .
.
O ther reporting localities 1___
Indiana:
F o rt W ayne . ---------------------Indianapolis_________________
South B end __ _______ . . .
Iowa: Des M oines_________ ______
K ansas: W ichita
______________
K entucky: Louisville. _ _______
Louisiana: N ew O rle a n s.. ______
M aine: Po rtlan d
____________
M aryland: B altim ore L . .-_ -- _ _
M assachusetts: All reporting locali
ties 1__________________________
M ichigan:
D e tro it.. _ _________________
F lin t________________________
G rand R apids_______________
M innesota:
D u lu th .. ___________ _ -_ _
M inneapolis_________________
St. P a u l____________________
M issouri:
Kansas C ity 2__________ ______
St. Louis____________________
N ebraska: O m a h a..............................
N ew York:
New Y ork C ity 1___ __________
O ther reporting localities 1 . . . .
N orth Carolina: C harlotte________
Ohio:
A kron__________ ____ _______
C in c in n ati3..................................
C leveland___________________
D ay to n ______________________
Y o u n g sto w n _________ ____ _
Oklahoma:
O klahoma C ity ______________
T u lsa____________________ . . .
Oregon: P o rtlan d .................... ...........
Pennsylvania:
E r ie 1......................................... .
P h ilad e lp h ia 1______ __________
P itts b u rg h 1. . . . . . ________ _
R eading-L ebanon1____ ______
S cran to n 1. . . _________ ______
O ther reporting lo calities1_____
Thode Island: Providence________
Rennessee:
Knoxville____________________
M em phis_____ ____ __________
N ashville____________ ____ _ . .
Texas:
Dallas_______________________
H ouston____ _
_________
San A ntonio________ _______
U tah : Salt Lake C ity ____________
A m ount of p ay roll
N u m N u m b er on pay roll
ber of week ending near— Per cent week ending near— Per cent
of
of
firms
change
change
report
June 15 Ju ly 15
ing
June 15 Ju ly 15
76
509
540
+ 6.1
$7, 844
$7, 270
- 7 .3
22
28
27
190
1, 382
740
658
804
1, 579
770
665
694
+14.3
+4.1
+ 1.1
-1 3 .7
31,162
18, 064
16, 861
20, 543
35, 922
17, 764
14, 812
16,134
+15.3
- 1 .7
-1 2 .2
-2 1 .5
143
243
205
102
558
652
1, 262
1, 544
1, 572
6,886
643
1,194
1,477
1,449
6,195
- 1 .4
- 5 .4
- 4 .3
- 7 .8
-1 0 .0
16, 761
34, 746
45, 931
36, 747
195, 913
16, 203
33, 779
43, 992
33, 383
171, 271
-3 .2
-2 .2
- 4 .6
- 9 .3
-1 2 .8
53
80
122
282
529
1,158
336
530
1, 240
+19.1
+ .2
+ 7.1
4, 251
10, 581
15, 906
5, 015
9, 655
15, 692
+18.0
- 8 .8
- 1 .3
132
85
1, 394
725
1,127
825
-1 9 .2
+13.7
42, 242
19, 027
33, 543
20, 284
-2 0 .6
+ 6 .6
110
166
46
99
60
133
128
105
127
714
1, 110
272
479
241
779
1, 632
457
1,445
666
1,070
292
363
453
887
1,583
487
1,356
- 6 .7
- 3 .6
+ 7.4
-2 4 .2
+88.0
+13.9
- 3 .0
+ 6.6
- 6 .2
15, 689
27, 701
4, 773
9, 386
4, 072
14, 864
26, 878
11, 754
30,660
13, 997
27, 825
6, 396
7, 233
8, 863
16, 463
25, 816
11, 290
25, 679
-1 0 .8
+. 4
+34.0
-2 2 .
+117.7
+10.8
- 4 .0
- 3 .9
-1 6 .2
750
6,984
6, 560
- 6 .1
195, 736
184, 626
- 5 .7
469
40
104
2,536
183
567
2, 700
130
592
+ 6 .5
-2 9 .0
+ 4 .4
57, 461
3, 147
11,086
58, 485
2, 359
12, 317
+ 1.8
-2 5 .0
+11.1
54
241
144
206
1, 707
1,408
179
1, 784
1, 379
-1 3 .1
+ 4 .5
- 2 .1
3, 753
44, 757
34, 746
3,348
44,192
34, 662
-1 0 .8
- 1 .3
- .2
256
467
142
2, 278
2, 454
948
2, 018
2, 592
928
-1 1 .4
+ 5 .6
-2 . i
61, 776
69, 449
20, 335
57, 741
70, 809
19,724
- 6 .5
+ 2 .0
- 3 .0
325
158
40
4,158
3,642
266
9, 845
3,762
207
+136. 8
+ 3.3
-2 2 .2
137, 027
103, 345
3,905
401, 651
113, 279
2,934
+193.1
+ 9.6
-2 4 .9
90
500
461
118
61
687
3, 273
2,546
439
266
363
3, 224
2,195
413
256
-4 7 .2
-1 . 5
-1 3 .8
- 5 .9
- 3 .8
13, 586
93, 376
70, 659
9,082
4,647
7,321
90, 750
57, 275
8,784
4. 939
-4 6 .1
- 2 .8
-1 8 .9
- 3 .3
+ 6.3
96
57
203
441
217
1,175
454
239
1,149
+ 2 .9
+ 10. 1
- 2 .2
7, 836
3,947
25,147
7, 671
3, 927
24, 730
- 2 .1
-.5
- 1 .7
31
521
247
59
38
274
233
275
5, 238
1, 387
439
193
2,137
1,647
205
5,579
1,398
418
180
1, 982
1,683
-2 5 .5
+ 6 .5
+ .8
- 4 .8
- 6 .7
- 7 .3
+ 2 .2
7,188
129, 076
38, 474
8,761
4, 433
43, 710
42, 974
5, 029
125, 773
40, 214
8, 080
4, 243
40, 655
42, 822
-3 0 .0
- 2 .6
+ 4.5
- 7 .8
- 4 .3
- 7 .0
- .4
39
98
77
379
570
810
444
521
704
+17.2
- 8 .6
-1 3 .1
5, 372
11, 970
15, 803
5, 842
10, 350
12,660
+ 8 .7
-1 3 .5
-1 9 .9
145
117
92
819
850
624
466
855
666
506
334
+ 4 .4
-2 1 .6
-1 8 .9
-2 8 .3
13, 746
14, 713
9, 753
10,039
14, 429
11, 964
7, 625
6,563
+ 5 .0
-1 8 .7
-2 1 .8
-3 4 .6
88
1 D ata supplied b y cooperating State bureaus.
2 Includes b o th K ansas C ity, M o., a n d K ansas C ity, K ans.
3 Includes Covington a n d N ew port, Ky.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND
711
OF EM PLO YM ENT
C O M P A R IS O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D T O T A L PA Y R O L L IN T H E B U I L D I N G C O N
S T R U C T IO N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L F IR M S , JU N E A N D JU L Y , 1932—C ontinued
A m ount of pay roll
N u m N u m b er on p ay roll
ber of week ending near— Per cent week ending near— Per cent
of
of
firms
change
change
report
Ju
ly
15
June
15
June
15
Ju
ly
15
ing
Locality
Virginia:
N orfolk-Portsm outh_________
R ichm ond___________________
W ashington:
Seattle______________________
Spokane_____ _______________
T acom a_____________________
W est Virginia: W heeling_________
W isconsin: All reporting localities L
9i
143
712
985
588
1, 065
-1 7 .4
+ 8.1
$13, 212
20,103
$10, 560
22,031
-2 0 .1
+ 9.6
174
51
75
49
63
708
198
159
194
1,415
773
207
146
175
1, 470
+ 9 .2
+ 4:5
- 8 .2
- 9 .8
+ 3 .9
15, 746
4, 162
2,885
3, 936
31, 571
18,139
3, 967
2,481
3,254
29, 946
+15.2
- 4 .7
-1 4 .0
-1 7 .3
—5.1
Total, all localities____ _____
10, 521
83,812
87, 289
+ L1 2, 084, 786 2, 256,432
+ 8 .2
E m p lo y m en t on C lass I S tea m R ailroads in th e U n ited S ta tes
HE monthly trend of employment from January, 1923, to June,
1932, on Class I railroads—that is, all roads having operating
revenues of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by the index numbers pub
lished in Table 1. These index numbers are constructed from monthly
reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, using the 12-month
average for 1926 as 100.
T
T a b l e 1 . — IN D E X O F E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I S T E A M R A IL R O A D S IN T H E U N IT E D
S T A T E S , JA N U A R Y , 1923, TO J U N E , 1932
[12-month average, 1926=100]
M onth
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
Jan u a ry .-- _____
___
February _______ - ------M arch
A pril____ -_ __ . _________
M a v __________________ ____
J u n e ,. _
July
August
Septem ber. ____
_ -----October
98.3
98.6
100. 5
96.9
97.0
97.4
98.9
99.2
98.0
98. 1
99.0
99. 7
.8
99. 0
96. 0
95. 6
95.4
95.2
96.6
97.8
98.6
99. 4
99. 7
99.9
100. 7
99. 1
97. 1
95.8
96.0
96.7
98.9
.2
95.5
95. 3
95.8
97.4
99.4
100.9
88.2
98. 2
99.5
99.1
98.9
95.7
91.9
88.8
84.7
83.7
82.2
80.4
77.0
74.9
73.7
72.7
72.9
73.5
73.9
72.8
72.4
71. 2
69.3
67.7
64.5
62.6
61.2
60.3
60. 5
60.0
59.7
57.8
102.8
103.4
101. 2
88.9
90. 1
92. 2
94.9
96. 1
96.6
97. 4
96.8
96.9
93.0
86.3
85.4
85.5
87.0
101.0
89.3
89. 0
89.9
91.7
94.5
95.9
95.6
95.7
95.3
95. 3
92.9
89.7
98.3
97.9
100.0
97.5
92.9
93.3
83.5
70.6
i 59.9
N o v em b e r
D eeem h er
Average_________ _
102.0
105.0
107. 1
108. 2
109.4
107.8
107. 3
105. 2
99. 4
104.1
100
100
101.6
102.9
102.7
88.6
86. 5
1932
1 Average for 6 m onths.
Table 2 shows the total number of employees on the 15th day each
of June, 1931, and May and June, 1932, and the total pay roll for the
entire months.
In these tabulations data for the occupational group reported as
“ executives, officials, and staff assistants” are omitted.
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712
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
T a ble 2 .— E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S O P R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S , J U N E
1931
A N D M A Y A N D JU N E , 1932
[From m onthly reports of In terstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more im portant occu
pations are shown separately, th e group totals are not th e sum of the item s under the respective groups]
N um ber of employees at
m iddle of m onth
T otal earnings
Occupations
June 15,
1931
M ay 15,
1932
Professional, clerical, and g e n e ra l___
Clerks ..........
Stenographers and ty p ists____ .
224, 357
122, 216
20, 933
189,976
101, 265
17, 953
184, 282 $33, 202, 013 $25, 478, 577 $24, 733,183
97, 626 17, 021, 539 12, 774, 721 12, 346, 867
17, 496
2, 766, 491
2, 142, 727
2,095, 628
M aintenance of w ay and structures...
Laborers, extra gang and work
tr a in .. . . . ____ . __________
Laborers, track and roadw ay sectio n _________________________
310, 044
236, 757
233, 848
28, 360, 419
17, 879,653
39, 040
19, 975
20, 588
2, 752, 381
1, 069, 533
1,097, 716
165, 031
134, 026
130, 518
11, 319, 432
7,175, 022
6, 911, 615
M aintenance of equipm ent and stores.
Carmen . . . . . . . .
_ _ __
M achinists _____ . . .
_____
Skilled trades helpers ______
Laborers (shops, engine houses,
power plants, and stores)_____
Common laborers (shops, engine
houses, power plants, and
stores)______________________
343, 686
71,450
45, 540
74, 978
289, 654
59, 116
40, 392
62, 580
273, 015
55, 614
38,186
58, 840
42, 927, 953
10, 022, 263
6, 564, 094
7, 827,501
30, 092, 461
6, 816, 206
4, 818, 253
5, 285, 496
27,932, 230
6, 347Î 229
4, 441, 722
4,892; 184
28, 307
23, 485
22, 370
2, 563, 417
1,846, 790
1, 714,154
36, 794
30, 512
28, 728
2, 707, 268
1, 794, 564
1,692,170
161, 739
27, 685
135, 992
25, 962
133, 012
25, 862
20,171, 680
4, 386,370
15, 363, 076
3, 672, 341
15, 000, 565
3, 660; 255
T ransportation, other th a n train , engine, and y a r d .. ________ ______ _
Station y a rd _______________ . . .
Telegraphers, telephoners, and
towermen
_______
. _
T ruckers (stations, warehouses,
and platforms) . . . . .
Crossing and bridge flagmen and
gatem en___ _____ ___________
June 15,
1932
June, 1931
M ay, 1932 June, 1932
17,551,482
19, 520
17, 270
16, 858
2, 999, 497
2, 424, 877
2, 317, 599
23, 928
18,152
17,126
2,136,118
1, 401,975
1, 329, 733
18, 946
18, 127
18,140
1, 466, 999
1, 253, 899
1, 252, 401
T ransportation (yard masters, switch
tenders, and hostlers)____________
17, 633
14, 535
13, 850
3, 374, 149
2, 431, 750
2,295, 725
T ransportation, train and engine.
R oad conductors __________ . . .
R oad brakem en and flagmen . . .
Y ard brakem en a n d y a rd helpers.
R oad engineers and m o to rm e n ...
R oad firemen and helpers . .
244, 443
28, 042
54, 106
41, 019
32, 959
33, 590
200, 818
23, 213
44, 418
33, 691
27, 467
28, 098
195, 880
22, 854
43, 350
32, 626
26, 586
27, 406
47, 285, 305
6, 583, 298
8, 964,152
6,654, 722
8, 660, 129
6, 265, 011
33, 481, 545
4, 798, 484
6, 273, 441
4, 500, 488
6, 281, 919
4, 502, 715
32, 095, 069
4, 639, 928
6, 027, 799
4, 261,174
6; 045; 639
4, 323, 529
All employees___
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
____
1, 301, 902 1, 067, 732 1, 033, 887 175,321, 519 124, 727, 062 119, 608, 254
RETAIL PRICES
R e ta il P rices of Food in J u ly , 1932
HE following tables are compiled from simple averages of the
actual selling prices received monthly by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the United States Department of Labor from retail dealers.
Table 1 shows for 51 cities of the United States retail prices of food
on July 15, 1931, and June 15 and July 15, 1932.
T
T a b l e 1 .— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S O N JU L Y 15,
1931, A N D JU N E 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1932
Article
U nit
Ju ly June
15,
15,
1931 1932
Ju ly
15,
1932
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin steak
"Round steak
R ib roast________
C huck roast______
P late beef______ _
Pork chops_____ .
Bacon, sliced
H am , sliced_____
Lam b, leg of_____
Hens
S a lm o n , re d ,
canned.
M ilk, fresh
M ilk, evaporated,B utter
M argarine
Cheese
Lard
V e g e ta b le la r d
substitute.
"Eggs, strietly fresh
B read ___________
Pound. .
do ..
. .. d o _____
___do___ _
___do_____
___do_____
do
-_.do_____
___do_____
. do
do
39. 2 32. 8
34. 4 28. 4
28.3 23.5
20.8 16.9
13.4 10.7
31.8 19. 7
37. 0 23. 2
46. 1 34.9
30.0 24.3
30. 8 24. 1
33. 4 25. 8
35.3
31. 0
24.9
18. 1
11.2
25. 5
23. 7
36.0
24.9
23. 6
24.6
Q u a rt____
14J.ioz.can_
P o u n d ___
- do
do
__do___
do
12. 1 10.8
8.3
6.8
31. 7 24. 1
18. 4 14. 9
26. 2 22. 3
7.8
13. 0
23. 2 19.6
10.7
6.5
23. 9
14. 5
22. 0
8.5
19.3
Cts.
Dozen
28. 6
P o u n d ___ 7.5
20. 8
6.9
22. 9
6.8
F lour____ _____
Corn meal- . ___
Rolled oats______
Corn flakes____
W heat cereal____
M acaroni____ .
_______
Rice .
Beans, n a v y ______
Potatoes_________
Onions__________
C abbage... . ____
Pork and beans___
Corn, canned_____
Peas, canned_____
Tom atoes, canned.
Sugar____________
T ea________ ____
Coffee _______
Prunes _________
R a is in s _________
B ananas___ ____
Oranges_________
July June July
15,
15,
15,
1931 1932 1932
U nit
Article
P o u n d ..
-_-do_____
___do_____
8-oz. pkg._
28-oz. pkg_
P o u n d ___
___do....... .
___do....... .
-.-d o ....... .
_ -do_____
___do_____
16-oz. can.
No. 2 can.
-_-do......... .
_do___ _
P o u n d ___
___do_____
. .. d o _____
-__do....... .
___do_____
D oz_____
____do____
Cts.
Cts.
3.6
4.5
8.0
8.8
23.9
16.6
8. 1
7.9
2.3
4.9
3.7
8.2
13.2
13.9
10. 1
5.6
74. 7
32.5
11.8
11. 3
25.7
38.2
3.2
3.9
7.6
8.6
22.5
15. 4
6.6
5.0
2.0
4.7
5.4
7.2
10.6
12. 8
9. 5
4.9
71.0
29.7
9. 4
11. 4
22.9
33.5
Cts.
3.2
3.8
7.6
8.5
22.3
15.2
6. 6
5.0
1.9
4.2
3.3
7.0
10. 5
12.7
9.5
5.0
70.3
29.7
9.4
11. 5
23.0
32.8
Table 2 shows the trend in the retail cost of three important groups
of food commodities, viz, cereals, meats, and dairy products, by years
for 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, and by months for 1931 and
1932. The articles included in these groups will be found in the May
issue of this publication.
T a ble 2 — IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL C O ST OF C E R E A L S , M E A T S , A N D
D A IR Y
P R O D U C T S , F O R T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , BY Y E A R S , F O R 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930,
A N D B Y M O N T H S , 1931 A N D 1932
[Average cost in 1913=100.0]
Y ear and m onth
1913_______ ________— .
1920
1928
1929
1930
1931: Average for year___
Jan u ary ____________
February
M arch
April
M ay
June ____________
Ju ly ___ _______
Cereals M eats
100.0
232.1
167. 2
164.1
158. 0
135.9
147. 1
144. 6
142. 4
138. 9
137. 7
136.3
134.3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
185. 7
179. 2
188. 4
175. 8
147.0
159.5
153. 4
152. 5
151. 4
149.3
145. 7
147.8
D airy
prod
ucts
100.0
185.1
150. 0
148. 6
136. 5
114.6
123.6
120. 2
120. 5
116. 5
110.3
108. 3
109.6
Y ear and m onth
1931—C o n tin u e d August
- _______
Septem ber_________
October _________
N ovem ber_________
December__________
1932:
Jan u a ry __________
F e b ru a ry ,. ____- _
M arch- ______ _ .
A pril.................. ...........
M a y ______________
J u n e ______________
Ju ly _______________
Cereals M eats
D airy
prod
ucts
132.0
130.2
129.8
129.1
127.8
149.1
147. 7
142. 7
135.4
129.3
111.9
114.3
117.0
114.4
111.4
126.4
125.0
124. 3
122.9
122.6
122. 5
121.2
123.4
117.3
118.9
118.6
115.3
113.4
122.6
106.5
102.9
101.9
97.4
94.3
92.6
91.4
713
714
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States
I n T a b l e 3 index numbers are given which show the changes in
the retail prices of specified food articles, and for all articles combined
by years, for 1 91 3 , 1 9 2 0 , 1 9 2 8 , 1 9 2 9 , 1 93 0, 1 9 3 1 , and by months for
1931 and 1 9 3 2 . These index numbers are based on the average for
the year 1 913 as 1 0 0 .0 .
T able 3 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S O F P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S OF FO O D
BY Y E A R S, 1913, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, A N D B Y M O N T H S F O R 1931 A N D 1932
[Average for year 1913=100.0]
Year and
m onth
1913__________
1920__________
1928__________
1929__________
1930__________
1931__________
Jan u ary ___
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ____
A pril_____
M a y ______
Ju n e___ _
Ju ly ______
A ugust___
Septem ber.
October---N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
1932:
J a n u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry . .
M a r c h ----A p ril_____
M a y . ____
June .
Ju ly ______
Year and
m onth
1913__________
1920__________
1928__________
1929__________
1930__________
1931__________
Jan u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch___
A pril_____
M a y _____
Ju n e______
Ju ly ______
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
1932:
Jan u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ._
M arch___
A p ril...
M ay
___
Ju n e.
Ju ly ______
Sirloin Round Rib Chuck P late
steak steak roast roast
beef
Pork
Lamb,
chops Bacon H am leg of Hens
M ilk B utter
100.0
172.1
188.2
196.9
182.7
155. 1
167.3
161. 4
158.7
157. 5
155. 5
152. 4
154.3
155. 5
155.1
152.0
146.9
142.9
100.0
177.1
188.3
199. 1
184.8
154. 3
168. 2
161. 0
157. 8
156. 5
154. 7
151.1
154. 3
155. 2
154.3
150. 7
144. 8
140.4
100.0
167. 7
176.8
185.4
172. 7
146.0
159. 1
154. 0
153.0
150.0
147.0
142.9
142. 9
143.9
142. 9
141.4
137.9
134.8
100.0
163. 8
174.4
186.9
170.0
134.4
152. 5
145. 6
141.9
139.4
135. 6
130.6
130.0
130.0
130. 6
129. 4
126. 3
122. 5
100.0
151. 2
157.0
172. 7
155. 4
118.2
138.0
131.4
128. 1
124.8
119.8
112.4
110.7
109.9
111. 6
111. 6
109.9
108.3
100.0
201. 4
165.7
175. 7
171.0
138. 6
141.9
131.4
140. 0
141. 4
143. 3
140.0
151. 4
158. 6
153. 3
139. 5
119.0
103.8
100.0 100.0
193.7 206.3
163. 0 196.7
161. 1 204.1
156.7 198.5
134.8 170.6
148.9 188.1
145. 2 183.3
143.0 178.4
141. 1 175. 5
139.3 172.9
136.7 170. 6
137.0 171.4
135.6 171.4
134. 1 169.5
127. 0 164.3
118.9 155. 4
112. 2 147.6
100.0
207.9
208.5
212.2
185.7
156. 1
166. 1
164.6
164. 0
165.6
165.1
161.9
158.7
156.6
152. 4
145. 5
138.1
131.7
100.0
209.9
175. 6
186.4
166.7
145.5
153.5
148.8
150.2
153.1
148.8
146.0
144. 6
145. 1
145. 1
140.4
137. 1
134.3
100.0
187.6
159. 6
160.7
157.3
138.2
149.4
146.1
144.9
141.6
138.2
134.8
136.0
136.0
136.0
134.8
134.8
130.3
100.0
183.0
147.5
143.9
120.4
92.4
98.4
94.8
97.4
91.9
81.5
80.7
82.8
89.8
96. 1
104. 2
97.4
95.3
137.4
130.7
129.9
131.5
129.9
129. 1
139.0
135. 0
127. 4
127.8
128.3
127.4
127.4
139.0
129.8
123. 2
123.2
122.7
120. 2
118.7
125.8
115.6
108. 1
108. 1
108.8
106. 3
105. 6
113.1
101.7
97.5
95.9
95.9
91.7
88.4
92.6
99.5
91.0
102.4
102.4
94.8
93.8
121.4
101. 5
96.7
95.2
92.2
88.5
85.9
87.8
139.8
136.4
136.1
134.9
131.2
129. 7
133.8
127.5
125. 4
131. 7
135. 4
132.3
128. 6
131.7
131.0
127.2
128.2
124.9
120.7
113.1
110.8
129.2
128.1
127.0
123.6
121.3
121. 3
120.2
84.3
77.0
77.0
70.0
65.5
62.9
62.4
Eggs
Bread Flour
Corn
meal
Rice
P o ta Sugar
toes
100. 0
100. 0
200. 0
114.9
111. 5
109. 2
94.3
102.3
102.3
98.9
96.6
95.4
94. 3
93. 1
93. 1
92.0
89. 7
86.2
85. 1
370.6
158. 8
188. 2
211.8
135.3
170.6
158.8
158.8
164. 7
164.7
141. 2
135. 3
129.4
117.6
105.9
100.0
105.9
100.0
352. 7
129.1
120.0
112. 7
103.6
107.3
107. 3
105. 5
103. 6
101.8
101. 8
101. 8
103. 6
103. 6
101.8
101.8
100.0
100.0
134. 7
142.3
142. 6
142.5
138. 6
141.0
140.6
139.7
138.2
136.9
136.8
137.3
138. 6
139.3
139.0
138. 1
138.1
100.0
157.7
165. 1
164.8
136.2
113.4
126. 8
125.2
121. 8
116.1
112.4
111. 1
109. 1
108. 7
108.7
107.7
106.7
105. 7
100.0
203.4
154.3
156.7
147.1
121. 3
132.8
127.0
126.4
124.0
121.0
118.3
119.0
119.7
119.4
119.1
116.7
114. 3
85.1
83.9
81. 6
79.3
77.0
75.9
75.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.9
117. 6
111. 8
98.2
96.4
94.5
92.7
89.1
89. 1
90.9
136.2
135.3
134.7
133. 1
132.4
130.5
129.2
104.4
104.0
103.4
102.3
100. 7
99.7
99.7
109.3
105.3
105.0
103.7
101.3
Cheese L ard
100.0
188.2
174.2
171.9
158. 8
127. 1
145. 2
141. 2
137. 1
132. 6
124.0
119.9
118. 6
119.9
122. 2
122.6
121.3
118.6
100.0
186. 7
117. 7
115. 8
107. 6
84. 2
99.4
91.8
89.9
89.9
85.4
82.3
82.3
81.0
79.8
78.5
77.2
70.9
100.0
197.4
134. 5
142.0
118.8
91.9
104. 6
78.8
82. 6
79.4
71.9
74.8
82.9
92. 5
98. 0
109.9
115. 1
111. 6
100.0
205. 4
162. 5
160.7
155.4
135. 7
146.4
142.9
141. 1
137. 5
137.5
135. 7
133.9
132. 1
130.4
130.4
130.4
128.6
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
216. 7
176. 7
176. 7
170.7
153.3
170.0
166. 7
166. 7
163.3
153.3
150. 0
150.0
150. 0
150.0
146. 7
140.0
136.7
115.4
110.4
107.7
105.4
101.8
100. 9
99.5
63.9
59.5
57.6
55.1
52.5
49.4
53.8
85.8
70. 1
61.2
58.0
58. 0
60.3
66.4
126.8
125. 0
125. 0
123. 2
123. 2
123.2
121.4
100.0
100.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
133.3
133.3
130.0
130.0
130.0
130.0
126.7
100.0
245.5
163. 6
154. 5
142. 4
109.1
121.2
121. 2
118. 2
115. 2
112. 1
112. 1
109. 1
103. 0
100. 0
100.0
122 articles in 1913-1920; 42 articles in 1921-1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Tea
All ar
Coffee ticles
1
100. 1
101.0
RETAIL PRICES
715
Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities
T a b l e 4 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
in the retail cost of food in the United States in June, 1932, com
pared with the average cost in the year 1913, in June, 1931, and
May, 1932. For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the 1-year
and the 1-month periods; these cities have been scheduled by the
bureau at different dates since 1913. The percentage changes are
based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers
and on the average consumption of these articles in each city. The
consumption figures which have been used since January, 1921, are
given in the Labor Review for March, 1921 (p. 26). Those used for
prior dates are given in the Labor Review for November, 1918 (pp.
94 and 95).
Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have all sched
ules for each city included in the average prices. For the month
160
140
¡20
100
JAN. FEB.
MAR. APR. MAY JUNE. JULY. AUC. SEPT OCT NOV DEC
of June schedules were received from 99 per cent of the firms in
the 51 cities from which retail prices of food are collected.
Out of about 1,203 food reports 13 were not received—1 each in
Baltimore, Bridgeport, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Fall River, Louisville,
Minneapolis, Mobile, Newark, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and 2
each in Boston and Seattle.
Out of about 350 bread reports 3 were missing—1 each in Minne
apolis, St. Paul, and Scranton.
A perfect record is shown for the following-named cities: Atlanta,
Birmingham, Buffalo, Butte, Charleston (S. C.), Chicago, Columbus,
Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kan
sas City, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Manchester, Memphis, Milwaukee,
New Haven, New Orleans, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria,
Pittsburgh, Portland (Me.), Portland (Oreg.), Providence, Richmond,
Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Savannah, Springfield (111.), and
W ashington.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
716
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T a ble 4 .—P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G E IN T H E
R E T A IL C O ST O F FO O D IN JU L Y , 1932,
C O M P A R E D W IT H T H E CO ST IN JU N E , 1932, JU L Y , 1931, A N D W IT H T H E C O ST IN
T H E Y E A R 1913, BY C IT IE S
C ity
P ercent Percent
age de
age in
crease
crease
July,
July,
1932,
1932,
com
com
pared
pared
w ith
w ith
July,
1913
1931
Percent
age in
crease
July,
1932,
com
pared
w ith
June,
1932
C ity
Percent
Percent Percent
age de
age in
age in
crease
crease
crease
July,
July,
July,
1932,
1932,
1932,
com
com
com
pared
pared
pared
w ith
with
with
June,
July,
1913
1931
1932
U nited S tates_____
1.0
15.1
0. 9
M inneapolis______
i 0. 2
A tlan ta__________
Baltimore
Birmingham
Boston___________
B ridgeport_______
i.4
6.4
i 1. 2
3.5
16. 7
14.1
14.9
14.8
11.3
i.5
3.8
.8
3.6
2.9
N ew ark________
New H a v e n ...
New Orleans_____
6.5
7. 7
i 2. 7
Buffalo
B utte
Charleston, S. C .._
Chicago__________
C incinnati_______
6. 6
12. 2
17. 3
15.1
15.9
20. 2
1.8
i. 2
.2
2.4
1. 7
New Y ork_______
Norfolk
O m aha___ _
Peoria— _ _ _____
P hiladelphia______
i 7. 5
13. 2
15.0
16. 8
14.0
3.1
2.2
.7
1.5
.4
14. 5
13. 4
17. 9
12. 7
5. 3
1. 7
i 1.1
4. 6
R ochester_______
St. Louis— - ___
St. Paul- - ______
Salt Lake C ity ____
San Francisco____
1 7. 6
1 3. 9
i 10. 3
1 10. 3
17. 0
19. 3
18. 7
15. 4
l. 5
i 1.8
5. 1
1.2
Savannah ____ __
S c ra n to n -______
SeattleSpringfield, 111
W ashington— -
17.0
2. 1
i 7. 7
5.0
17.4
14.7
15. 5
15. 1
.3
3.1
.2
1.7
Hawaii:
H onolulu
O ther localities-
4. 7
11.2
1. 2
Cleveland _ _ ___
Columbus
Dallas _ ____
D enver__________
i 1. 2
D etroit ______
Fall R iver
H ouston. _______
In d ia n a p o lis_____
.6
.1
Jacksonville
Kansas C ity
L ittle Rock _
Los Angeles
Louisville______
M anchester______
M emphis
M ilw aukee___ ___
i
i 6. 9
i 5.1
Pittsburgh ______
Portland, M e . _
Portland^ Oreg___
Providence . __ _
R ic h m o n d ____
9.3
5.2
1 2.3
15.4
4.0
3.0
1.1
i 12.8
3.2
6. 6
1.1
8.0
19.4
18. 9
11.9
13. 5
14.7
0.6
.8
1. 7
.4
1.5
12.9
12. 1
19. 4
13.9
16. 7
.5
.5
.3
1.6
.5
18.5
13.3
12.6
13.2
15.0
.5
1.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
11.0
17.9
17.2
17.5
14. 7
2.6
.8
1.5
.1
i 1.1
16.4
14. 8
12.2
15. 4
16.0
1.3
1.3
.3
1.0
1.7
13.9
14.6
i 4.6
1 5.3
Decrease.
R etail P rices of Coal in J u ly , 1932
ETAIL prices of coal are secured in each of the 51 cities in which
retail food prices are obtained. The prices quoted are for coal
delivered to consumers but do not include charges for storing the coal
in cellar or bins where an extra handling is necessary.
Average prices for the United States for bituminous coal and for
stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite are computed
from the quotations received from retail dealers in all cities where
these coals are sold for household use.
Table 1 shows the average prices of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds
and index numbers for the United States on July 15, 1932, in com
parison with the average prices on July 15, 1931, and June 15, 1932,
together with the percentage change in the year and in the month.
R
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
717
RETA IL PRICES
T a b l e 1 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E P E R 2,000 P O U N D S O F C O AL F O R T H E U N IT E D
ST A T E S , A N D P E R C E N T OP C H A N G E ON JU L Y 15, 1932, C O M P A R E D W IT H JU L Y 15,
1931, A N D JU N E 15, 1932
Average retail price on—
Article
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove—
Average price per 2,000 p ounds____________
Index (1913=100.0)
.....................................
C h e s tn u tAverage price per 2,000 p ounds___________
Index (1913=100.0)
__________ ______ ___
B itum inous:
Average price per 2,000 p o u n d s .._____ _________
Index (1913=100.0) _________________________
Per cent of in
crease (+ ) or de
crease (—) Ju ly 15,
1932, compared
w ith—
Ju ly 15,
1931
June 15,
1932
Ju ly 15,
1932
Ju ly 15,
1931
$14.61
189.1
$13. 36
173.0
$13. 37
173.0
- 8 .5
+ 0.1
$14. 59
184.3
$13.16
166.3
$13.16
166.2
-9 .8
.0
$8.09
148.9
$7.53
138.6
$7. 50
138.0
- 7 .3
-.4
June 15,
1932
Table 2 shows average retail prices of coal on June 15 and July 15,
1932, by cities. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite,
prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite
in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the
sales for household use.
The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds sold for household use.
T able 2 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O AL P E R T O N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E
H O L D U SE, ON JU N E 15, A N D JU L Y 15, 1932
C ity, and kind of coal
Atlanta, Ga.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes. Baltimore, Md.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove........................... .........
Chestnut....................... ......
Bituminous, run of mine—
High volatile................ .......
Birmingham, Ala.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes...
Boston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_____________ _____
Chestnut......... ................ .
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__________________
Chestnut_______________
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove...................................
Chestnut.............................
Butte, Mont.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes..
Charleston, S. C.:
Bituminous, prepared sizes...
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove.....................................
Chestnut_______________
Bituminous, prepared sizes—
High volatile....................... .
Low volatile.____________
Run of mine, low volatile-----
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 15, Ju ly 15,
1932
1932
$5. 70
$5.64
12. 21
11.75
12.25
11.75
6.96
6.86
4.98
4.96
13. 25
13.00
13.25
13.00
13. 00
13.00
13. 00
13. 00
9. 73
9. 73
9. 50
9. 50
15. 30
15.05
15. 30
15. 05
7. 53
8. 97
6.95
7. 53
9.22
6.95
C ity, and kind of coal
C incinnati, Ohio:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
High volatile____ __________
Low volatile_______________
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________________
C h estn u t_______ _ _______
B itum inous, prepared sizes—
High volatile____ . . . _____ _
Low volatile_______________
Columbus, Ohio:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh volatile_______________
Low volatile_________ ____
Dallas, Tex.:
Arkansas anthracite—Egg___ B itum inous, prepared sizes____
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2, m ixed_____
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed ______
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
D etroit, M ich.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove------------ -------------------C h estn u t__________________
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
High volatile_______________
Low volatile_______________
R u n of mine, low volatile_____
Fall R iver, M ass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove___- _____ ___________
C h estn u t......................................
June 15, Ju ly 15,
1932
1932
$4.90
6. 75
$5. 00
6. 75
13.56
13.31
13.63
13.38
6.17
8. 32
6.19
8. 00
5.06
6.13
5.15
6. 25
14. 00
10. 25
14. 00
10 00
14. 75
14. 75
7.64
14. 75
14. 75
7. 95
13. 00
12. 79
12. 92
12. 71
6.06
6. 68
6.19
5.91
6.95
6. 31
14.00
13.75
14.25
14. 00
718
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
T able 2 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF COAL P E R T O N OP 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U SE
H O L D U SE, ON JU N E 15, A N D JU L Y 15, 1932—C ontinued
City, and kind of coal
H ouston, Tex.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
Indianapolis, ln d .:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh volatile
. . - __
Low volatile.
. _____
R u n of mine, low volatile______
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Bitum inous, prepared s i z e s . __
K ansas C ity, M o.:
Arkansas anthracite—
F u rn a c e .. . ________________
Stove No. 4
B itum inous, prepared s i z e s . __
L ittle Rock, A rk.:
Arkansas an thracite—E gg___
B itum inous, prepared sizes____
Los Angeles, Calif.:
Bitum inous, prepared s i z e s . __
Louisville, K y.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh v o la tile .. ________ . .
Low volatile
..
_______
M anchester, N . H .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
________________ .
C hestnut . ________________
M em phis, T enn.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes___
M ilwaukee, W is.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
Stove.. . _________________
C h estn u t______ . . . . ____
B itum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh volatile_____________
Low v olatile.. ___________ _
M inneapolis, M inn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__________ ____ _______
C hestnut .
.. _
____
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
High volatile_____________ _
Low volatile_______________
M obile, Ala.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes. . . .
N ew ark, N . J.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________________
___________ .
C hestnut _
N ew H aven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..
------------ --------. . .
C hestnut
. ____________
N ew Orleans, La.:
B itum inous, prepared sizes.----N ew York, N . Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove___
. . . . . . _______
C h estn u t______ _________
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________________
C h estn u t_______ _________
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh volatile________ ______
Low volatile_______________
R u n of mine, low volatile_____
Omaha, N eb r.’:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
June 15, Ju ly 15,
1932
1932
$9.40
$9.20
4. 84
6. 71
5.70
4. 79
6. 71
5. 55
9.50
9. 00
10. 81
12. 33
5.85
10.88
12. 50
5.85
11. 75
8.33
11.75
8.17
15.25
15.13
4.63
6.75
4.68
6. 75
14.50
14.50
14.50
14. 50
6.73
6.94
14.45
14.20
14.45
14.20
6.97
8. 78
6.97
8. 75
16.75
16.50
16.75
16. 50
9.60
11.87
9.62
11.87
7.72
7. 31
11.75
11.50
11.75
11.50
13.65
13.65
13. 65
13. 65
8.64
8.07
11.92
11.67
12.02
11.77
12. 50
12. 50
12. 50
12.50
6. 50
7. 50
6. 50
6. 50
7. 50
6.50
8.69
8.73
C ity, and kind of coal
Peoria, 111.:
Bitum inous, prepared s iz e s ... .
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__________
C h e s tn u t__________ _____
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite, chestn u t. __
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
Portland, M e.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—•
S t o v e . . ______ ____ ___ ___
C h estn u t_________________
Portland, Oreg.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes. .
Providence, R .T .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________ ___ _ .
C h estn u t________________ .
Richm ond, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..
. . . .
___
C hestnut . . . . . . . . .
Bitum inous, prepared sizes. . . .
H igh v o la tile .. .
Low volatile____
. . ..
R u n of mine, low volatile_____
Rochester, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_____________ ______
C h estn u t___________ _____
St. Louis, M o.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e .____
. . .
C h e s tn u t______
Bitum inous, prepared sizes. . .
St. Paul, M inn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_______________ _____
C h e s tn u t__________ . . . . . .
Bitum inous, prepared sizes—
H igh vo la tile .______
Low volatile_____ ____ _____
Salt Lake C ity, U tah:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
San Francisco, Calif.:
N ew Mexico anthracite, Cerillos egg
Colorado anthracite, egg______
Bitum inous, prepared sizes____
Savannah, Ga.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes
Scranton, Pa.: *
Pennsylvania anthracite:
Stove.. ----------------------------C h estn u t__________________
Seattle, W ash.:
Bitum inous, prepared sizes.
Springfield, 111.:
Bitum inous, prepared s iz e s ...
W ashington, D . C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__________________ . . .
C h e s tn u t_______________
B itum inous, prepared sizes—
High v o la tile __
. . . __
Low volatile.. . . _________
R u n or mine, m ix e d .________
June 15 Ju ly 15,
1932
1932
$6.08
$6.10
11.00
10. 75
11. 00
10. 75
13. 25
4. 39
12. 88
4. 04
15. 36
15.12
15. 36
15.12
11.98
11.96
i 14. 00
i 13. 75
i 14. 00
i 13. 75
12. 75
12. 75
12. 88
12. 88
6.67
7.15
6.25
6. 67
7. 43
6. 39
12.63
12. 38
12. 38
12.13
14. 72
14. 72
5. 48
14. 72
14. 72
5.16
16. 75
16. 50
16. 75
16. 50
9.50
11.87
9.55
11.87
7. 63
7. 58
25. 00
24. 50
15. 00
25. 00
24. 50
15.00
2 8. 37
2 8. 28
8.63
8.48
8.63
8. 35
10.17
9.01
4. 34
4.39
3 13. 56
313. 26
3 13.56
3 13.26
3 8. 29
3 9. 86
3 7. 50
3 8. 29
3 9. 86
3 7. 50
1 T he average price of coal delivered in bins is 50 cents higher th a n here shown. Practically all coal is
delivered in bins.
2 All coal sold in Savannah is weighed by the city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or half ton is m ade. This
additional charge has been included in th e above price.
3 Per to n of 2,240 pounds.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WHOLESALE PRICES
Index N u m b ers of W h olesale P rices, 1913 to J u ly , 1932
following table presents the index numbers of wholesale prices
by groups of commodities, by years, from 1913 to 1931, inclusive,
THE
and by months from January, 1931, to date:
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
[192 6 = 100 .0 ]
Y ear and m onth
1913_________________
1914__ _____ _________
1915_________________
1916_________________
1917_________________
1918_________________
1919_________________
1920------------------------1921_________________
1922_________________
1923_________________
1924-------- ------ ---------1925........................... — 1926_________________
1927----- --------- ---------1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931...................................
1931:
J a n u a ry -------------F ebruary ------------M arch ___________
A pril-------------- M a y ____________
Ju n e ------------------J u ly _____________
A ugust__________
Septem ber----------O ctober__________
N ovem ber_______
D ecem ber________
1932:
J a n u a ry ________ F eb ru ary ------- --M arch ------- -----A pril___________
M a y ____________
June_____________
J u ly .....................—
Hides
etals B uild
Tex Fuel Mand
and
Farm
tile
and m etal ing
prod Foods leath
prod light prod m ate
er
ucts
rials
prod ucts
ing
ucts
ucts
Chem House- Misfuricals nishceland
laneing
drugs goods
ous
All
com
modi
ties
71.5
71.2
71.5
84.4
129.0
148.0
157. 6
150.7
88.4
93.8
98.6
100.0
109.8
100.0
99.4
105.9
104.9
88. 3
64.8
64.2
64.7
65.4
75.7
104.5
119.1
129.5
137.4
90.6
87.6
92.7
91.0
100.2
100.0
96. 7
101.0
99.9
90.5
74.6
68.1
70.9
75.5
93.4
123.8
125.7
174.1
171.3
109.2
104.6
104. 2
101.5
105. 3
100.0
107.7
121.4
109. 1
100.0
86.1
57.3
54.6
54.1
70.4
98.7
137.2
135.3
164.8
94.5
100.2
111.3
106.7
108.3
100.0
95.6
95.5
90.4
80.3
66.3
61.3
56.6
51.8
74.3
105.4
109.2
104.3
163. 7
96.8
107. 3
97.3
92.0
96. 5
100.0
88.3
84.3
83.0
78.5
67.5
90.8
80.2
86.3
116.5
150.6
136.5
130.9
149.4
117.5
102.9
109.3
106.3
103.2
100.0
96.3
97.0
100.5
92.1
84.5
56.7
52.7
53. 5
67.6
88.2
98.6
115.6
150. 1
97.4
97.3
108.7
102.3
101.7
100.0
94. 7
94.1
95.4
89.9
79.2
80.2
81.4
112. 0
160.7
165.0
182.3
157.0
164. 7
115.0
100. 3
101. 1
98.9
101.8
100.0
96.8
95.6
94.2
89. 1
79.3
56.3
56.8
56.0
61.4
74.2
93.3
105.9
141.8
113.0
103. 5
108.9
104.9
103.1
100.0
97.5
95.1
94. 3
92. 7
84.9
93.1
89.9
86.9
100.6
122.1
134.4
139.1
167.5
109.2
92.8
99.7
93.6
109. 0
100.0
91.0
85.4
82.6
77.7
69.8
69.8
68.1
69. 5
85.5
117.5
131.3
138.6
154.4
97.6
96.7
100.6
98.1
103.5
100.0
95.4
96.7
95.3
86.4
73.0
73. 1
70. 1
70.6
70.1
67. 1
65.4
64.9
63.5
60.5
58.8
58. 7
55.7
80.7
78.0
77.6
76.3
73.8
73.3
74.0
74.6
73.7
73.3
71.0
69. 1
88.7
86.9
87.6
87.5
87.6
88.0
89.4
88.7
85.0
82.5
81.6
79.8
71.3
70.9
70.0
68.2
67.4
66.6
66.5
65.5
64.5
63.0
62.2
60.8
73.3
72.5
68.3
65.4
65.3
62.9
62.9
66.5
67.4
67.8
69.4
68.3
86.9
86.5
86.4
85.7
85.0
84.4
84. 3
83.9
83.9
82.8
82.6
82.2
83.8
82.5
82.5
81.5
80.0
79.3
78. 1
77.6
77.0
76.1
76.2
75.7
84.5
83.3
82.9
81.3
80. 5
79.4
78.9
76.9
76.3
75.6
76.1
76. 1
88.3
88.1
88.0
87.9
86.8
86.4
85.7
84.9
82. 7
81.0
80.9
78.5
72.2
71.5
72.0
71.5
70.5
69.7
69.7
68.3
68.2
66.6
68.7
66.8
78.2
76.8
76.0
74.8
73.2
72.1
72.0
72.1
71.2
70.3
70.2
68.6
52.8
50.6
50.2
49.2
46.6
45.7
47.9
64.7
62.5
62.3
61.0
59.3
58.8
60.9
79. 3
78. 3
77.3
75.0
72.5
70.8
68.6
59.9
59.8
58.7
57.0
55.6
53.9
52.7
67.9
68.3
67.9
70.2
70. 7
71.6
72.3
81.8
80.9
80.8
80.3
80. 1
79.9
79.2
74.8
73.4
73.2
72.5
71.5
70.8
69.7
75.7
75.5
75.3
74.4
73.6
73.1
73.0
77.7
77.5
77.1
76.3
74.8
74.7
74.0
65.6
64.7
64.7
64.7
64.4
64.2
64.3
67.3
66.3
66.0
65.5
64.4
63.9
64.5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
719
720
MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F S P E C IF IE D G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S ,
A N D JU L Y , 1932
JULY, 1931, A N D JUNE
[1926=100.0]
July,
1931
Group
June,
1932
64. 3
69. 3
76. 1
73.5
73.9
Raw m aterials-. ____ ______________ ___ ____________ ________________
Semimanufactured articles___________________________________________
Finished products. ________ ____________________ __________________
N onagricultural commodities ________ _ _____ __________________ .
All commodities other th a n farm products and foods___________________
July,
1932
53. 2
57. 6
70. 0
67.8
70.1
54.7
55. 5
70.5
68.0
69.7
Weekly Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices
A s u m m a r iz a t io n of the weekly index numbers for the 10 major
groups of commodities and for all commodities combined as issued
during the month of July will be found in the following statement;
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S F O R T H E W E E K S OF JU L Y , 1932
[1926=100.0]
W eek endingG roup
Ju ly 2
All commodities_____________________
F arm products________________________
____ _______ _______
Foods__
Hides and leather products______________
Textile p r o d u c ts .______________________
Fuel and lighting__
_________________
M etals and m etal pro d u cts_____________
B uilding m a te ria ls __________ ________
Chemicals and drugs __________________
H ouse-furnishing goods________________
M iscellaneous__________________________
64.4
46.9
60.1
70.0
53.3
72.6
79.8
70.3
72.7
75.7
64.5
Ju ly 9
64.8
48.1
60.7
69.2
52.9
73.3
80.1
70.7
73.0
75.6
64.2
Ju ly 16
65.0
48.7
61.2
68.5
52.4
72.8
80.3
69.7
73.0
75.6
64.3
July 23
64.5
47.8
61.0
68.5
52. 3
72.8
79.0
69. 5
73.0
75. 6
64.3
Ju ly 30
64.7
48.4
61. 5
69.3
52.3
72.8
79.1
69.5
73.2
75.0
64.5
Wholesale Price Trends During July, 1932
T he index number of wholesale commodity prices as computed by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of
Labor shows a marked increase from June, 1932, to July, 1932. This
index number, which includes 784 commodities or price series weighted
according to the importance of each article, and based on the average
prices for the year 1926 as 100.0, averaged 64.5 for July as compared
with 63.9 for June, showing an advance of nearly 1 per cent between
the two months. When compared with July, 1931, with an index
number of 72.0 a decrease of approximately 10% per cent has been
recorded in the 12 months.
The farm products group made the greatest gains, advancing more
than 4% per cent in the month period. Increases were recorded in the
average prices of corn, rye, cows, steers, hogs, sheep, poultry, cotton,
eggs, lemons, and potatoes in Boston and New York. Decreases in
the average prices of barley, oats, wheat, calves, dried beans, fresh
apples, oranges, peanuts, seeds, leaf tobacco, onions, potatoes in
Chicago and Portland, and wool were shown for July.
Among foods, price increases were reported for butter, cheese,
bananas, fresh and cured beef, lamb, mutton, fresh and cured pork,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W HOLESALE PRICES
721
veal, beverages, copra, lard, raw and granulated sugar, edible tallow,
tea, and vegetable oils. On the other hand, evaporated milk, rolled
oats, rye and wheat flour, corn meal, rice, canned fruits, and dressed
poultry averaged lower than in the month before. The group as a
whole increased more than 3% per cent in July when compared with
June.
The hides and leather products group decreased slightly more than
3 per cent during the month. Decreases in boots and shoes and other
leather products offsetting advances in hides and skins and leather.
Textile products as a whole decreased 2 % per cent from June to July^
due to marked declines for cotton goods, knit goods, silk and rayon,
woolen and worsted goods, and other textile products. The subgroup
of clothing declined slightly.
In the group of fuel and lighting materials increases in the prices of
gas and petroleum products more than offset decreases in the prices
of anthracite coal, bituminous coal, and coke. As a whole the group
showed a net advance of 1 per cent over the June level.
Metals and metal products showed a downward tendency for July,
due to decreases in iron and steel products and nonferrous metals.
Increases were reported for plumbing and heating fixtures and motor
vehicles while agricultural implements remained at the June level.
1 3 6 1 4 3 °— 32------- 17
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
722
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
In the group of building materials cement and other building materials
moved upward and structural steel showed no change in average
prices for the two months. Brick and tile, lumber, and paint and
paint materials continued their downward movement, forcing the
group as a whole to decline approximately l } i per cent.
Drugs and pharmaceuticals, fertilizer materials, and mixed ferti
lizers showed recessions during July. Chemicals advanced slightly
between the two months, causing the group as a whole to show
practically no change for July.
Both furniture and furnishings declined slightly from June to July.
As a whole the house-furnishing goods group declined approximately
1 per cent from the month before.
The group of miscellaneous commodities increased less than onefourth of 1 per cent between June and July, advancing prices of cattle
feed, crude rubber, and automobile tires and tubes more than counter
balanced decreases in paper and pulp and other miscellaneous
commodities.
The July averages for raw materials, finished products, and nonagricultural commodities were above those for June, while the aver
ages for semifinished articles and all commodities less farm products
and foods were below the June averages.
Between June and July price increases took place in 146 instances,
decreases in 227 instances, while in 411 instances no change in price
occurred.
IN D E X
N UM BERS
OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y
C O M M O D IT IE S
GROUPS A N D
SU B G R O U P S, O F
[1926= 100.0]
C om m odity groups and subgroups
Ju ly , 1931
June, 1932
July, 1932
Purchasing
power of
the dollar,
July, 1932
All commodities__ _______ . . . ________________
72.0
63.9
64.5
$1. 550
F arm products
_
. . . . ____________ ______ _
. . .
______
G rains___ .
Livestock and p o u ltr y ......................
. . ______
O ther farm p roducts. . .
____________ ________
Foods_________________________
_
. . . ________
B u tter, cheese, and m ilk .. . . . _
Cereal p roducts. . _ . _ . . . . ________________
F ru its a n d vegetables. _. _ _ _ _______________
M eats_______________
______ _______________
O ther foods_____________________________ ______
H ides a n d leather products_______ . . . ________
Boots and s h o e s .._____
_ ________ _______ _ .
H ides and skins _ . ______ . . ____
______
.................. . .
L e a th e r.. ........................
O ther leather p ro d u c ts.. . ________ ____________
Textile p ro d u c ts.. _ . . _______ . . ______________
C lothing____ . . . ____ _ ___ _
___
C otton goods
_. ________ ___________ . . ._
K n it g o o d s .____. . . _. . . . .
- - - - - .___
S ilk a n d ra y o n ____________________
.. - ...
Woolen and worsted goods___________
O ther textile p ro d u cts.. _
- . _______ .
Fuel and lighting m a te ria ls ________________ .
A nthracite coal_________________________ ______
B itum inous coal
______
. . . _____ .
Coke__ _________ ________________________ .
E lectricity____________
_ ____ _ _______ _ .
G as___________
__ _ _____________ _
Petroleum p ro d u c ts.......................................... ..............
64.9
49.0
63.0
71.3
74.0
80.6
71.5
74.2
73.4
70.6
89.4
93.5
72.7
89.8
101.4
66.5
76.1
66.8
60.0
43.8
67.4
75.2
62.9
90.8
83.5
81.5
97.9
103.5
30.3
45.7
37.7
46.7
48.2
58.8
57.4
66.8
62.4
56.0
55. 4
70.8
87.5
32.5
58.7
96.4
53.9
67.4
51.0
49.6
27.5
55.0
66.7
71.6
85.3
81.8
76.9
105. 5
106.3
48.2
47.9
36.7
54.1
48.4
60.9
58.2
65.7
59.7
62.0
58.5
68.6
84.4
33.5
60.0
83.7
52.7
66.0
50.0
47.8
26.2
53.6
66. 5
72.3
84.5
81.6
76.3
2.088
2. 725
1.848
2.066
1.642
1.718
1. 522
1.675
1.613
1.709
1.458
1. 185
2. 985
1.667
1.195
1.898
1.515
2.000
2.092
3.817
1.866
1. 504
1.383
1. 183
1.225
1.311
49.7
2.012
m a t a not yet available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0)
(i)
723
W HOLESALE PRICES
IN D E X
NUM BERS
OP W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S A N D
C O M M O D IT IE S —Continued
C om m odity groups and subgroups
M etals and m etal products________
A gricultural im plem ents______
Iron and steel. ___________
M otor v e h ic le s ___________
Nonferrous m etals____________
Plum bing and heating______
Building m aterials__________ _____
Brick and tile.
_____
C em ent______________ __
L um ber______ _____ . . .
P ain t and p ain t m a te ria ls ____
P lum bing and heating______
Structural steel .
. . .
Other building m aterials___ ______
Chemicals and drugs. ________________
Chemicals____ _________
Drugs and pharm aceuticals______
Fertilizer m aterials______ _____ _
M ixed fertilizers__ ____ _______
House-furnishing goods____________
Furnishings____ . _________
F urniture.
M isc e lla n e o u s ...______ . _______
A utomobile tires and tu b es__ ________
f lattie feed_________
P aper and pulp___ ___________ .
R ubber, crude
. _________
O ther miscellaneous______ . _______
R aw m aterials____ ____________
Sem im anufactured articles______________
Finished products
_______ _______
N onagricultural commodities. . . . __
All commodities less farm products and foods__
SU BGROUPS
July, 1931
June, 1932
July, 1932
84.3
94.2
82.7
94.7
61.4
79.9
84.9
79.8
93.8
47.5
66.7
70.8
76.1
77.1
57.6
73.3
66.7
81.7
77.6
73.1
78.6
58.3
79.2
84.9
77. 2
95. 3
47. 0
67.1
69. 7
75.9
77.3
56.9
86.8
78. 1
83.4
75.8
67.2
79.6
86.8
84.3
83.7
78.9
82.4
62.1
78.7
80.2
85.7
82.8
89. 1
69.7
46.0
55.8
80.6
13.2
88.6
64.3
69.3
76. 1
73.5
73.9
68.0
69.0
74.7
75.4
74.0
64.2
39.6
42. 1
76.2
5.8
84.6
53.2
57.6
70.0
67.8
70. 1
66.8
67.1
81.7
77.9
73.0
78.9
57.6
66.8
68.8
74.0
75.1
73.0
64. 3
40.1
42.2
76.2
6.1
84.5
54. 7
55.5
70. 5
68.0
69.7
OF
Purchasing
power of
the dollar,
July, 1932
$1. 263
1.178
. 295
. 049
2.128
1. 490
. 435
1.318
1. 294
1. 757
1.497
1.490
1. 224
1. 284
1. 370
1. 267
1. 736
1. 497
1.453
1. 351
1.332
1.370
1. 555
2. 494
2. 370
1.312
16. 393
1.183
. 828
1.802
1. 418
1.471
1.435
1
1
1
1
W holesale Prices in th e U n ited S ta te s and in F oreign C ou n tries
N THE following table the index numbers of wholesale prices of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of
Labor, and those in certain foreign countries, have been brought
together in order that the trend of prices in the several countries may
be compared. The base periods here shown are those appearing in
the original sources from which the information has been drawn, in
certain cases being the year 1913 or some other pre-war period.
Only general comparisons can be made from these figures, since, in
addition to differences in the base periods, and the kind and number
of articles included, there are important differences in the composi
tion of the index numbers themselves. Indexes are shown for the
years 1926 to 1931, inclusive, and by months since January, 1931.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
724
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW
IN D E X N U M B E R S
nited
C o u n try .. UStates
C om puting
agency-----
O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E
F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S
C anada
B ureau D om in
of
ion B u
Labor reau of
Statis Statis
tics
tics
Base period.
1926
(100)
1926
(100)
C om m o d ities_____
784
502
1926_______
1927_______
1928_______
1929_______
1930_______
1931_______
100.0
100.0
1931
J a n u a ry ___
F ebruary__
M arch __ . . .
A pril_____
M ay _______
J u n e .. . . .
J u ly _______
A u g u st... . .
S ep te m b e r..
October _ .
N o v e m b er..
D ecem ber...
1932
Ja n u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry __
M a rc h .. .
A p ril... _ __
M a y . ____
June . . .
1In gold.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95.4
96. 7
95. 3
86.4
73.0
97.6
96.4
95.6
.6
72. 2
86
78.2
76.8
76.0
74.8
73. 2
72. 1
72.0
72.1
71. 2
70.3
70.2
76. 7
76.0
75. 1
74.5
73.0
72. 2
71.7
70.9
70.0
70.4
70.6
70.3
67.3
66.3
69.4
69.2
69. 1
68.4
67.7
68.6
66.0
65.5
64. 4
63.9
66.6
A ustria Belgium Czecho D en
slovakia m ark
Federal
Statis
tical
Bureau
M inis
try of
In d u s
try and
Labor
Jan u a ry - April,
June, 1914 1914
(100)
(100)
47
C entral
Bureau
of
Statis
tics
U N IT E D
Finland
S T A T E S A N D IN
France
Ger
m any
Statis C entral
Federal
tical
Bureau General
Statis
Statis
D e
of
tical
tical
p a rt Statis
B
ureau
B ureau
m ent
tics
Italy
Ric
cardo
Bachi
July,
1914
(100)
1913
(100)
1926
(100)
1913
(100)
1913
(100)
1913
(100)
69
118
139
126
400
140
126
123
133
130
130
117
109
744
847
843
851
744
626
955
979
979
923
i 118. 5
i 107. 5
163
153
153
150
130
114
100
101
102
695
642
645
627
554
502
134. 4
137. 6
140. 0
137. 2
124. 6
110.9
602.0
495:3
461. 6
445.3
383.0
105
107
107
108
107
661
658
660
652
640
642
635
616
597
591
584
573
i 110. 1
‘ 108.9
i 108. 8
110. 5
‘ 110. 3
i 108. 7
‘ 112. 1
i 107. 8
l 105. 2
i 104. 6
‘ 104. 3
i 103. 8
118
117
116
115
113
86
86
86
541
538
539
540
520
518
500
488
473
457
447
442
115. 2
114. 0
113. 9
113. 7
113. 3
112. 3
111. 7
.2
108. 6
107. 1
106. 6
103.7
341. 7
338.1
339.3
337.0
331. 7
326.5
324. 3
321. 6
319.1
322. 2
320. 4
318.9
557
554
548
539
526
514
102. 3
i 101. 4
i 101. 4
‘ 100. 7
‘ 99.5
i 97.3
439
446
444
439
438
425
100. 0
110
114
110
108
109
112
112
114
112
112
113
116
115
1
1
110
110
109
109
113
117
119
118
119
117
115
114
113
98
90
84
85
84
83
82
81
79
82
87
92
94
93
92
89
88
110
99. 8
99.8
98.4
97. 2
96. 2
316. 6
314. 4
315.0
311.3
305.1
725
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
IN D E X
NUM BERS
C o u n try ___
N eth N or
Spain
er
lands w ay 2
Cen
tral
C om puting
B u
agency----- reau of
Statis
tics
Base period.
C o m m o d ities______
OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D
F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S —Continued
Cen
tral
B u
reau
of
Statis
tics
Swe
den
M inis C ham
try of
Labor ber
of
and Com
Previ merce
sion
Sw it U nited
King
zer
land
dom
Aus
tralia
ST A T E S A N D IN
New South
China India
Zea
land 2 Africa
Japan
N a
tional
Bureau Census Office
Feder
of
al
Cen and
Cen Tariff
Board of sus
Com
Labor
of
Statis sus
mis
and
D e
and
tics
sion,
p a rt Trade Statis Office
Statis Shang
tics
m ent
tics
hai
D e
p a rt Bank
ment,
of
etc.,3 Japan,
Cal Tokyo
cu tta
1926
(100)
July,
1914
(100)
Octo
ber,
1900
GOO)
72
56
1913
(100)
1913
(100)
1913
(100)
1913
(100)
July,
1914
(100)
1924
(100)
48
95
74
160
121
150
1911 1909-13 1910
(1,000) (1,000) (1,000)
92
180
188
155
1926_______
1927_______
1928_______
1929_______
1930_______
1931_______
145
148
149
142
117
97
157
149
137
122
181
172
167
171
172
174
149
146
148
140
122
111
145
142
145
141
126
110
89.1
85. 2
84.4
82. 1
71.9
62.6
1,832
1,817
1,792
1, 803
1,596
1, 428
1,620
1,541
1,555
1, 552
1.511
1, 394
1.387
1, 395
1,354
1, 305
1, 155
1,119
100.0
104.4
101.7
104. 5
114.8
126.4
148
148
145
141
116
96
237
225
226
220
181
153
1931
January ..
F e b ru a ry __
M arch
A pril__ .
M ay .
June
J u ly _______
August
Septem ber. _
October . . .
N o v e m b e r..
D ecem ber...
105
104
108
102
102
100
97
94
91
89
89
85
128
126
124
123
121
120
120
120
117
119
119
122
173
175
174
172
169
169
175
177
178
175
176
177
115
114
113
112
111
110
110
109
107
108
110
111
115
115
114
112
111
110
109
108
106
106
106
103
■ 64.3
63.9
63. 7
63.6
62. 3
62.1
61.5
59. 9
59.7
62.8
64.0
63.7
1, 454
1,448
1, 456
1, 447
1,440
1,425
1, 428
1,399
1,391
1,402
1,428
1,425
1,475
1, 441
1, 432
1, 416
1, 399
i; 392
1,377
1,381
1,381
1,385
1, 394
1,392
1,148
119.7
127.4
126.1
126. 2
127.5
129.2
127.4
130. 3
129.2
126.9
124. 8
121.8
98
99
100
98
97
93
93
92
91
96
97
98
159
158
158
158
154
151
153
152
150
147
147
151
1932
J a n u a ry ... .
February
M arch
A pril______
M ay .
June
84
83
82
80
79
78
123
123
122
120
120
120
176
178
180
181
177
109
110
109
109
109
108
101
100
99
98
96
95
63.7
63. 4
63. 0
61.6
60. 6
59.0
1,414
1, 449
1, 438
1,431
1,408
1, 374
97
97
94
92
89
86
159
161
158
154
150
146
2 Revised figures.
3 D epartm ent of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,115
1, 104
1, 109
1, 393
1,378
1, 0S3
119.9
1, 365
1,357
1,062
118.2
117.4
115. 5
COST OF LIVING
H om e E q u ip m en t and In com e in P ortlan d , Oreg.
S A part of a survey of buying habits among Portland, Oreg.,
l families, R. L. Polk & Co.1 has inquired into the extent to which
families in that city have made certain types of purchases; i. e.,
whether they have certain kinds of equipment, such as pianos, radios,
electrical devices, and cars and to what extent savings accounts,
home ownership, and telephone installations are provided for in
family expenditures. The results obtained in a house-to-house
canvass covering 90,440 families and 10 items of expenditure appear in
the table following.
A
P E R C E N T OF P O R T L A N D F A M IL IE S C O V E R E D IN S U R V E Y W H O H A D E X P E N D I
T U R E S F O R S P E C IF IE D IT E M S
Per cent of total
Households having—
Telephone____ __________
_______________
Savings account ____ __ _ . . _______ _ __
Own home
_ _ _____ ___ ____ ___ _____
Own piano. . _____________________________
R adio_____________________________________
Vacuum cleaner
_ ____ _
Electric w asher _ _
.
. _
Electric refrigerator
. . . ___
A utom obile. __________ ______________
Average re n t_________________________
Class A
(6,700
families)
Class B
(55,460
families)
Class C
(28,280
families)
Total (90,440
families)
96. 12
78. 51
76. 42
65.97
93 43
87. 76
54. 03
43. 28
91.34
69. 35
55. 07
59. 47
41.33
80. 35
59. 43
43. 20
16. 62
68.41
38. 40
29.21
52. 69
23. 62
57.14
29. 63
29. 42
3.61
41.44
61.65
48. 72
58.60
37. 62
74.06
52. 21
39.69
14. 53
61.68
$46.80
$28.00
$18.61
$25.44
In order better to bring out the differences in buying habits as
between occupational and high and low income groups, the families
included in the study were classified in three groups, A, B, and C.
Class A included executives, professional men, merchants, and manu
facturers; class B, skilled workers, salesmen, clerks, small business
men, farmers, and retired persons; and class C, laborers, domestic
servants, clerks, and others. A relatively high economic position
is indicated for class A families by the fact that the average rent paid
by its members was $46.80, as compared with $28 for class B and
$18.61 for class C. Without exception, members of class A had the
highest percentage rating for all items covered by the survey, followed
by class B, and in all instances persons falling in class C, with pre
sumably the lowest average income level, had the lowest proportion
of savings accounts, pianos, electric washers, etc.
1
Polk, R. L. & Co.: Consumer S tudy of th e G reaterPortland M arket.
form by the Journal, daily newspaper of Portland, Oreg.
726
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D istributed in mimeographed
CO ST O F L IV IN G
727
The telephone, radio, and automobile were the most common
items in class A, over 90 per cent of the families having each. Vacuum
cleaners were nearly as general in this group, 87.76 per cent of the
families having them. Of the remaining items, electric washers and
refrigerators were least common, but these two kinds of household
equipment have been placed on the market in quantity only in recent
years.
For all three classes of families home ownership is quite general,
running from over three-fourths of all families in class A to over
one-half in class C. This is likewise true with respect to ownership of
radios, but the spread is wider—93 per cent in class A, 80 per cent
in class B, 57 per cent in class C. The returns for class C indicate
that the piano may be out of reach for the majority of families, as
only 23.62 per cent had this article of furniture. The electric refrig
erator is least common among all the items covered in this survey,
less than 4 per cent of the total number of class C families having
such equipment.
C h an ges in P u rch asin g Pow er and C o n su m p tio n of B elgian
W orkers
COMPARISON of the purchasing power and the consumption of
Belgian workers at different periods, described in the Inter
national Labor Review for June, 1932, revealed that the position of
these workers has improved since the war. While the situation differs
as between industries, it is brought out that workers’ families are
better fed and better clothed, owing to the increase in family incomes.
In order to measure the improvement in standards the author of the
article under review has made a comparison on the basis of inquiries
carried on in Belgium in 1853, 1891, and 1928-29.
Among the comparisons made is one for the years 1891 and 1928-29,
which shows that in order to obtain for an adult male the same quan
tity of 11 major foodstuffs, constituting the major part of the monthly
food budget, the worker in 1891 would have had to work 4.89 days, as
compared with 4.15 days in 1928-29. In only one out of seven in
dustries—i. e., the glass industry—was it found that more labor was
required to obtain the same amount of food in 1928-29 as compared
with 1891, the average number of days’ work required having risen
from 3.61 to 4.10. For the textile industry there was a decrease in
days required from 6.39 to 4.61; in building, from 5.60 to 4.30; in
wood, 5.39 to 4.35; in metal, 4.87 to 3.94; in mining, 4.42 to 3.92; and
in printing, from 3.98 to 3.81. In reality, it is pointed out, the im
provement is greater than the figures indicate, because the working
day in 1891 was 10 hours for the majority of workers and in 1928-29
it was 8 hours.
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
728
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
The percentage distribution of expenditures per working-class
family as of 1853, 1891, and 1929 appears in the following table:
P E R C E N T A G E D IS T R IB U T IO N OF A V E R A G E E X P E N D IT U R E P E R W O R K IN G -C L A SS
F A M IL Y IN B E L G IU M , 1853, 1891, A N D 1929
Per cent of total
Ite m of expenditure
1853
(199 families)
Food__
__________________________
____________
Clothing and lau n d ry ----------------- _ . . ------------R ent, furniture, household a r tic le s ..____ ____
Lighting an d h eatin g .
...
.
______
H ealth, toilet, hygiene . . . ---- -Intellectual and moral needs ______
_____
A musements ______________ ______________ . M iscellaneous. . . . __ ___________________ . .
T o tal. _____
___ _ ----
------ _
1891
(188 families)
1929
(116 families)
64.2
14.6
7.5
5.5
1.0
1. 7
3.9
1.6
61.3
14. 5
9.6
5.2
1.2
1.9
5.7
.6
58.2
15. 4
9. 1
4.9
1.3
3.9
5. 4
1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Figures in the table show a continuous decline in the percentage of
total expenditures for food. The author of the study under review
interprets this decline as an indication of a rising standard of living,
since food requirements are the first to be satisfied, and the lower the
income level the higher is the percentage spent for food.
Expenditures on intellectual and moral needs, a classification cov
ering church subscriptions, books, and newspapers, show a marked
increase, especially as between 1891 and 1929. In this connection
it is stated that the average amount spent on publications of all kinds
rose by 242.3 per cent between 1891 and 1929.
With regard to the kind of food consumed, it was shown that as
the income rose the proportion of animal products consumed also
rose. Use of all animal products was not found to have increased,
however. For example, expenditure for beef declined and that for
pork rose. Also fish did not appear in the worker’s diet in 1891, but
was used to some extent in 1929. A striking case of decline in
expenditure for vegetable products is the decline in that for bread,
representing 29.2 per cent of the worker’s budget for food in 1891
and 12.3 per cent in 1929, but the expenditure for vegetables increased
by about 200 per cent in this same period. Although it is true that
fluctuations in price of foodstuffs affects the worker’s diet, it is stated
that price is not always the decisive factor, and that when earnings
make it possible the worker chooses a more expensive article because
of his individual preference.
In presenting the figures for the prosperous year 1929 the reader
of the Belgian study here reviewed is warned that the present level
of real wages and standard of living must have fallen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
729
CO ST O F L IV IN G
C o st-o f-L iv in g B u d get for S in gle W om en in Nova S cotia
N ITS first annual report for the year ending September 30, 1931,
the Minimum Wage Board of Nova Scotia presents the following
■cost-of-living budget in connection with the board’s duty to establish
what it considered a living wage for experienced woman workers:
I
$312. 00
C lo th in g :
F o o tw e a r______________________________
S tockings______________________________
U n d e rw e a r_____________________________
C o rse ts________________________________
Slips------------- --------------------------------------N ightgow n s____________________________
K im ono for 2 years, $ 5 -------------------------H a ts ___________________________________
Spring co at fo r 2 years, $ 2 5 ------------------W in ter co a t fo r 2 years, $30------------------H eavy sw eater fo r 2 years, $6 ---------------W in ter dresses_________________________
Sum m er dresses------------------------------------Smocks, 2 a t $1.50-------------------------------H andkerchiefs_________________________
G loves_________________________________
S carfs_____________________________ - —
U m brella for 2 years, $ 4 -----------------------------R ain coat for 2 years, $5----------------T o ta l________________________________
.
.
Sundries:
L au n d ry a n d d ry cleaning---------------------D octor, d en tist, o p tic ia n -----------------------C ar fares, 50 cents a w eek---------------- -—
R eading m a tte r, postage, s ta tio n e ry ------C hurch an d c h a rity ------------------------------R ecreatio n _________________ ___________
T o ta l________________________________
Incid en tals: T oilet articles, m ending, etc
G rand to ta l, average wage a b o u t $11 p er w eek-----
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.
10.
6.
3.
3.
4.
2.
12.
12.
15.
3.
20.
15.
3.
2.
4.
2.
2.
2.
00
00
00
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
50
142. 00
10.
20.
26.
8.
10.
35.
00
00
00
00
00
00
o !
p
B oard an d lodging p er week, $6--------------------
00
15. 00
578. 00
IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION
S ta tistic s of Im m ig ra tio n for J u n e, 1932
B y J . J. K
unna
, C h i e f S t a t is t ic ia n U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u o f I m m ig r a t io n
URING the month of June, 1932, there were 2,586 immigrant
aliens admitted to the United States. This is a small increase
over the preceding month, but less than the monthly average of 2,965
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1932.
During the past fiscal year, 35,576 immigrants entered the country,
a decrease of 61,563, or 63.4 per cent, as compared with the previous
year. The decline in immigration from Europe since a year ago was
41,330, or 66.8 per cent, and from Canada, it was 13,760, or 63.4 per
cent, while the decrease for Mexico was 1,162 ,or 34.9 per cent, and
for other countries 5,311, or 52 per cent.
Aliens of all classes admitted in the fiscal year 1932 totaled 174,871,
of whom 35,576^ were immigrants and 139,295 were nonimmigrants.
The outgoing aliens numbered 287,657, including 103,295 emigrants
and 184,362 nonemigrants, resulting in an excess of 112,786 departures
over admissions for the year. This is against 10,237 excess departures
in the previous year, and in sharp contrast with 173,789 excess admis
sions over departures during 1930 and 226,839 during 1929.
Of the 35,576 immigrants or newcomers for permanent residence
in this country admitted during the year 1932, a little over one-third
(12,983) were charged to the quota; 9,490, or 26.7 per cent, were ad
mitted under the immigration act of 1924 as husbands, wives, and
unmarried children of American citizens; and 9,328, or 26.2 per cent,
came in as natives of nonquota countries. The remainder, compris
ing 10.6 per cent of the total immigrants, entered the country as
ministers, professors, and other miscellaneous classes under the act.
During the fiscal year 1932 a record number of 19,426 undesirable
aliens were deported, principally to Mexico, Europe, Canada, and
China. Deportations in the four preceding years numbered 18,142
for 1931, 16,631 for 1930, 12,908 for 1929, and 11,625 for 1928. In
the fiscal year just ended, 2,637 indigent aliens were, at their own
request, removed to their native land, practically all returning to
European countries. Over two-thirds of these indigent aliens last
resided in Michigan, New York, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.
D
730
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IM M IG R A T IO N
731
A N D E M IG R A T IO N
IN W A R D A N D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V E M E N T , JU L Y 1, 1931, TO JU N E 30, 1932
Inw ard
O utw ard
Aliens
Aliens
de
de
Aliens departed
Aliens adm itted
barred
U
nited
ported
U nited
from
after
States
States
enter
citizens Total land
citizens Total ing 1 E m i NonN on
Im m i im
de
ing 2
em i Total parted
m i Total arrived
grant grant
grant grant
Period
1931
Ju ly ________
August _ . .
September . __
October. _
N ovem ber__
December___
3,174
4, 090
5,017
3,913
2,899
2,642
15, 535
20, 670
25, 957
21, 009
12, 731
10, 728
30, 944
59,372
62, 581
32, 427
16, 823
16,932
46, 479
80, 042
88, 538
53, 436
29, 554
27,660
761 7,428
657 9, 541
684 8, 733
806 10, 857
573 11,318
485 10, 727
20, 450
23, 009
20, 393
16, 525
14, 271
17,370
27,878
32, 550
29, 126
27, 382
25, 589
28,097
46,961
65,895
42, 247
35, 016
23, 224
24,351
74,839
98, 445
71,373
62, 398
48, 813
52,448
1, 681
1, 584
1,446
1, 663
1,525
1,336
1932
January_____
P’e bruary ___
M arch ______
A p r il______
M a y _______
J u n e _______
2,220 7, 242 9,462
1,984 7, 346 9,330
2,103 9,248 11,351
2, 469 11,266 13, 735
2,479 10, 579 13, 058
2,586 8, 719 11, 305
17,158
19,829
22,012
23,261
19, 233
18, 690
26,620
29,159
33, 363
36, 996
32, 291
29, 995
577
392
445
580
540
564
14, 693
9,691
10,097
9,886
13, 262
14, 715
23, 243
15,879
16, 336
16, 632
21,839
23,106
25,016
22,920
24, 718
19,98C
22,152
28,357
48, 259
38, 799
41, 054
36, 612
43, 991
51, 463
1,537
1,505
2,112
1,633
1,597
1,807
12,361
16, 580
20, 940
17, 096
9,832
8,086
T o ta l.. 35,576 139,295 174,871 339,262 514,133
8,550
6,188
6,239
6, 746
8,577
8, 391
7,064 103, 295 184, 362 287,657 380,837 668, 494 19,426
1 These aliens are not included among arrivals, as th ey w ere no t perm itted to enter the U nited States.
2 These aliens are included among aliens departed, th ey having entered th e U nited States, legally or
illegally, and later being deported.
R eport of B ritish C o m m itte e on E m pire M igration
JULY, 1930, the Economic Advisory Council approved the
appointment of a committee “ to consider the question of migra
INtion
from the United Kingdom to oversea parts of the Empire in its
economic aspects (a) in the immediate future, and (6) over a longer
period, and to advise whether Government action to stimulate such
migration is economically or otherwise desirable.” This committee
has recently made a report, from which the following data have been
taken.1
The committee points out that the birth rate in Great Britain has
been declining and that therefore emigration as a safety valve against
the pressure of increasing population is losing its importance. More
over, emigration is a selective process which tends to draft off pre
cisely those who are most needed at home.
E m ig ran ts are, therefore, n o t a ran d o m sam ple of th e po p u latio n . T h ere are
m ore m ales th a n fem ales; th e re is alread y in th is co u n try a large excess of fem ales.
T hey are largely draw n from persons in th e prim e of life. T h ey are above th e
average in physique a n d h ea lth , a n d m ore th a n all, th e y m ay certain ly be assum ed
to be above th e averag e in ju s t those qualities of enterprise, leadership, a n d
resilience w hich are needed a t hom e. T h u s em igration draw s u n d u ly upon those
elem ents in th e p o p u latio n of w hich th is c o u n try has m o st need.
Nevertheless, there is at present a surplus of labor in the United
Kingdom, especially in certain important industries. Economically,
therefore, migration would be of advantage to the country for the
next few years as a short-term policy, but would be of doubtful
benefit as a long-term policy.
1 G reat B ritain. Economic A dvisory Council.
1932. (C m d. 4075.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C om m ittee on E m pire M igration.
R eport.
London,
732
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
From the standpoint of the Dominions the position is reversed. The
depression has fallen with special severity on agriculture and par
ticularly on wheat growing, and as these were the great immigrant
absorbing industries the Dominions have at present little room for
newcomers. When matters return to normal they will probably
again desire them, but at that time it may not be to the economic
advantage of the home country to supply their needs.
Other than the economic considerations, however, must be borne in
mind. In many of the Dominions the population is inadequate,
“ not only for the purpose of the efficient development of the vast
territories and resources under their control, but also as a basis for the
political, social, and industrial superstructure which has been created.”
Their territory invites occupation, and for many reasons it would be
better for the population to be built up from British rather than from
alien stocks. For such reasons the committee considers it important
that a steady flow of British migrants to the Dominions should be
maintained, although it seems probable that this will henceforth be on
a smaller scale than in past years.
Keviewing steps taken in the past to promote migration within the
Empire, the report recommends some changes in the terms of the
Empire settlement act, and advises that in future the administration
of the migration policy should be concentrated in one department.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
O fficial— U n ited S ta tes
C a l i f o r n i a .— L egislature.
Senate. Special C om m ittee to In v e stig a te MiningC om pensation Insu ran ce R ates. R e p o r t . S a c r a m e n t o , 1 9 3 1 . 2 0 p p .
C o l o r a d o .— B ureau
of M ines.
A n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 1 .
D en ver, 19 3 2 .
60 pp.
I d a h o .— In sp ecto r
1932.
of M ines. T h i r t y - t h i r d a n n u a l r e p o r t , f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 1 .
2 9 8 p p ., m a p ., illu s .
B o is e ,
D a ta on m ine w ages from th is re p o rt are given in th is issue of th e L ab o r Review.
I l l i n o i s .— D e p a rtm e n t
1931.
of M ines a n d M inerals.
S p r in g fie ld , 1 9 3 2 .
F iftie th c o a l r e p o r t o f I llin o is ,
262 pp.
C ontains also rep o rts covering activ ities in th e p ro d u ctio n of lim estone, oil an d
gas, sand a n d gravel, shale a n d clay, an d silica.
L o u i s i a n a .— D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r a n d In d u stria l S tatistics.
S ix te e n th b ie n n ia l
r e p o r t, 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 2 .
N e w O rle a n s, 1 9 3 2 .
148 pp.
W age d a ta from th is re p o rt are given in th is issue of th e L ab o r Review .
p u b lication contains an in d u stria l directory.
M a r y l a n d .— C om m issioner
1931.
of L abor an d S tatistics.
B a ltim o r e , 1 9 3 2 .
60
F o r tie th
annual
T he
r e p o r t,
pp.
T he re p o rt includes in fo rm atio n on w om en a n d children in in d u stry , in d u strial
disputes, a n d em ploym en t a n d unem ploym ent.
N assa u
[N. Y.] E
C ounty
W o r k B u r e a u .— R e p o r t o f a c t i v i t i e s ,
M in e o la , N . Y ., B a r B u ild in g , 1 9 3 2 .
6 0 p p .,
m ergency
N o v e m b e r , 1 9 3 1 , to J u n e , 1 9 3 2 .
m a p s , d ia g r a m s , illu s .
T his re p o rt gives a d etailed acco u n t of th e em ergency w ork pro v id ed fo r th e
unem ployed in th e different villages an d d istricts of th e county. T he em ergency
w ork b u reau is one of 107 such bu reau s created by cities a n d counties in th e S ta te
of New Y ork u n d er th e te m p o ra ry em ergency relief a c t (Acts of 1931, ch. 798).
N ew
Y o r k .— D e p a rtm e n t
a n d p r e v e n tio n .
1932.
21 p p .
of L abor. B u l l e t i n N o . 1 7 5 : F a t a l i t i e s — t h e i r c a u s e
P r e p a r e d b y th e D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n e .
N e w Y ork,
R eview ed in th is issue.
P e n n s y l v a n i a .— D e p a rtm e n t
of L abor a n d In d u stry .
H o u r s a n d e a r n in g s o f m e n a n d w o m e n in
bu rg, 1 9 3 1 .
6 1 p p . , c h a r ts .
P h il ip p in e
S p e c ia l B u lle tin N o . 3 5 :
th e k n i t g o o d s i n d u s t r y .
H a r r is
I s l a n d s .— G overnor
D . C ., 1 9 3 2 .
294 pp.
G eneral. A n n u a l r e p o r t , 1 9 3 0 . W a s h i n g t o n ,
( H o u s e D o c . N o . 1 6 0 , 7 2 d U . S . C o n g ., 1 s t s e s s .) .
Includes th e rep o rts of th e heads of d e p a rtm e n ts of th e P hilip p in e g o v ern m en t
for th e y e a r covered. D a ta on a d ju s tm e n t of claim s a n d on la b o r disputes,
from th e re p o rt of th e Philippine B u reau of L abor, are given in th is issue of th e
L ab o r R eview .
P r e s i d e n t ’s C o n f e r e n c e o n H o m e B u i l d i n g a n d H o m e O w n e r s h i p .— H o u s e
d e s ig n , c o n s tr u c tio n ,
p la n s , illu s .
and
e q u ip m e n t.
W a s h in g to n ,
D.
C .,
1932.
325
p p .,
T h is volum e contains th e rep o rts of th e com m ittees on design, on construction,
a n d on fu n d am en tal eq u ip m en t. T he co m m ittee on design, a fte r careful and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
733
734
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
extended stu d y of housing an d sm all hom es th ro u g h o u t th e co u n try , reaches th e
conclusion t h a t " t h e design of th e average sm all A m erican dw elling is seriously
d efectiv e,” t h a t th e defects a re n o t due to a desire fo r econom y, a n d th a t savings
could be effected by b e tte r p lan n in g a n d th e use of b e tte r designs fo r b o th building
a n d grouping. T h e co m m ittee on c o n stru ctio n p o in ts o u t th e num erous facto rs
w hich e n te r in to costs, a n d m akes recom m endations w ith resp ect to "im p ro v e d
co n stru ctio n of new dw ellings involving th e principles of econom y, q u a lity , a n d
q u a n tity .” P erh ap s th e m o st fu n d a m e n ta l of its conclusions is t h a t to o little
a tte n tio n is p aid to th e c o n stru ctio n of hom es fo r fam ilies whose a n n u a l incom e
is ap p ro x im ately $ 2,000 o r less, a n d t h a t fu rth e r stu d y a n d research w ork should
be given to th e question of pro v id in g hom es a t a cost of $5,000 or less, including
land. T h e com m ittee on fu n d a m e n ta l e q u ip m en t discusses th e b e st m ethods
u nder different circum stances of p roviding fo r ( 1 ) h eatin g , v en tilatin g , a n d
a ir conditioning, (2) p lu m b in g a n d sa n ita tio n , (3) electric lighting a n d w iring,
an d (4) refrigeration.
P u e r t o R i c o .— L egislature.
C om m ittee to in v estig ate th e in d u stria l a n d ag ri
cu ltu ral uneasiness a n d restlessness causing u n em p lo y m en t in P u erto Rico.
T h ir d r e p o r t.
R och ester
(N ew
S an Ju an , 1932.
3 5 3 p p . ( S p a n is h ) , 3 3 4 PP-
Y o r k ) . — P ublic
R o c h e s te r, D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 3 1 .
E m p lo y m en t
C en ter.
(E n g lis h ).
P rogress
r e p o r t.
3 6 p p . , c h a r ts .
D a ta included in th is re p o rt were published in th e April, 1932, issue of th e
L ab o r Review.
T e x a s .— B ureau
of L ab o r S tatistics. R e p o r t o f c o m m i t t e e o n r e s o l u t i o n s o f th e
J o i n t C o n f e r e n c e o f th e L e g i s l a t i v e a n d G o v e r n o r ’s C o m m i t t e e s f o r U n e m p l o y
m e n t R e l i e f h e ld a t A u s t i n , T e x ., O c to b e r 1 6 , 1 9 3 1 .
A u s tin , 1 9 3 1 .
12 pp.
W h i t e H o u s e C o n f e r e n c e o n C h i l d H e a l t h a n d P r o t e c t i o n .—
on Public H e a lth O rganization.
R e p o r t.
N ew
Y ork,
C e n tu r y
C om m ittee
C o .,
1932.
3 4 5 p p . , c h a r ts .
T his re p o rt covers th e form s of public h e a lth o rganization in ru ra l d istric ts
a n d in th e cities, S ta te a n d F ed eral activ ities, a n d th e d evelopm ent of v o lu n ta ry
h e a lth services a n d th e relatio n sh ip betw een such services a n d official agencies.
T he a d m in istratio n of child h e a lth w ork as p a rt of official h e a lth p ro g ram s is
discussed a n d th e recom m endations of th e com m ittee as to principles a n d policies
are given. T he dissenting opinions of th ree m em bers of th e com m ittee are
included.
W i s c o n s i n .— In d u stria l
Com m ission. B u l l e t i n N o . 1 o n U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m
p e n s a t i o n : H a n d b o o k o n th e W i s c o n s i n u n e m p l o y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n a c t a n d
a p p r o v e d v o l u n t a r y p l a n s f o r u n e m p l o y m e n t b e n e f its o r g u a r a n t e e d e m p l o y
m e n t.
M a d is o n , 1 9 3 2 .
96 pp.
T his p a m p h let w as p rep ared p rincipally for th e guidance of em ployers in
W isconsin w ho are considering th e a d o p tio n of v o lu n ta ry plan s for u nem ploy
m en t benefits or g u ara n te e d em p lo y m en t in accordance w ith th e provisions of
th e W isconsin u n em p lo y m en t com pensation a c t. T h e b u lletin con tain s a n
exam ple of a sta n d a rd v o lu n ta ry benefit p lan, discussion of v ariatio n s from th e
sta n d a rd benefit plan, a p lan fo r g u aran teed em ploym ent, a n d th e te x t of th e
W isconsin law.
S t a t e s .— Congress.
Senate. R e p o r t N o . 2 1 4 ( 7 2 d C o n g . , 1 s t s e s s . ) ,
to a c c o m p a n y S . 1 1 5 3 : I n c o r p o r a t i o n o f c r e d i t u n i o n s i n th e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m
b ia .
R e p o r t o f M r . C a p p e r , f r o m C o m m i t t e e o n th e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
9 pp.
U n it e d
■
-------------- --------
C om m ittee on E d u c a tio n a n d L abor. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a d m i n
i s t r a t i o n o f p u b l i c w o r k s . H e a r i n g s ( 7 2 d C o n g ., 1 s t s e s s . ) o n S . 2 4 1 9 , a b i l l to
a c c e le r a te p u b li c c o n s tr u c tio n d u r in g th e p r e s e n t e m e r g e n c y , to p r o v id e e m p lo y
m e n t , to c r e a t e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f p u b l i c w o r k s , t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e m o r e e f f e c
t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n a n d c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c w o r k s a c t i v i t i e s o f th e G o v e r n
m e n t , a n d f o r o th e r p u r p o s e s , M a r c h 9 - 1 1 , 1 9 3 2 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
116 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G
735
TO L A B O R
S t a t e s . — Congress.
S enate. C om m ittee on M anufactures. F e d e r a l
c o o p e r a tio n i n u n e m p lo y m e n t r e lie f .
H e a r i n g (7 2 d C o n g ., 1 s t . s e s s . ) o n S . 4 5 9 2 ,
a b i l l to p r o v i d e f o r c o o p e r a t i o n b y th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t w i t h th e s e v e r a l S t a t e s
i n a s s is tin g p e r s o n s , in c lu d in g v e te r a n s o f th e W o r ld W a r , w h o a r e s u ffe r in g
h a r d s h i p c a u s e d b y u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d f o r o th e r p u r p o s e s , M a y 9 a n d J u n e 4 ,
1932.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
79 p p .
(I n tw o p a r ts .)
U n it e d
■—— ------ --------------- F e d e r a l
H e a r i n g ( 7 2 d C o n g ., 1 s t
em erg en cy
m ea su res
to
r e lie v e
u n e m p lo y m e n t.
s e s s . ) o n S . 4 0 7 6 , a b i l l to p r o v i d e f o r e m e r g e n c y c o n
s t r u c t i o n o f c e r t a i n a u t h o r i z e d p u b l i c w o r k s to a i d i n i n c r e a s i n g e m p l o y m e n t
a n d f o r o th e r p u r p o s e s , J u n e 2 0 , 1 9 3 2 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
3Ö p p .
■—— -------------- C om m ittee on th e D istric t of C olum bia.
c r e d it u n io n s .
H e a r i n g s ( 7 2 d C o n g ., 1 s t s e s s . ) o n S . 1 1 5 3 ,
I n c o r p o r a iio n o f
a b i l l to p r o v i d e f o r
th e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f c r e d i t u n i o n s i n th e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , J a n u a r y 1 5 , 2 9 ,
an d F ebru ary 5, 1932.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
51 p p .
------ D e p a rtm e n t of Com m erce.
B ureau of M ines. B i b l i o g r a p h y [ N o . 1 4 }
o f f i r e h a z a r d s a n d p r e v e n t i o n , a n d s a f e t y i n th e p e t r o l e u m i n d u s t r y .
W a sh
in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
1 0 p p ., m im e o g r a p h e d .
( D is tr ib u te d b y P e tr o le u m
F ie ld
O ffic e , U . S . B u r e a u o f M i n e s , 5 0 6 C u s t o m H o u s e , S a n F r a n c i s c o . )
------ ■
—— — —
N . A . T o lc h .
B u lle tin 3 4 9 : L i q u id o x y g e n e x p lo s iv e s , b y G . S t. J . P e r r o tt a n d
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
8 8 p p . , c h a r ts , U lu s .
A com prehensive description of experim en tal investig atio n s by th e B ureau of
M ines an d th e results in a c tu a l b lasting in m etal m ining, coal m ining, a n d q u a rry
ing.
— — ---------------B u l l e t i n
S . H . A sh .
3 5 2 : S a fe ty
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
p r a c tic e s i n C a lif o r n ia
31 p p ., illu s .
g o ld
d r e d g in g ,
by
A stu d y of accidents a n d safety w ork in connection w ith th e o peration of gold
dredges, including safety rules of th e C alifornia In d u stria l A ccident Com m ission
on same.
■—— ■
—-—- ------
B u l l e t i n 3 5 3 : T e s t s o f r o c k - d u s t b a r r i e r s i n th e e x p e r i m e n t a l m i n e ,
b y G e o r g e S . R i c e a n d o th e r s .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
81 p p ., d ia g r a m s , illu s .
D escriptions of system atic te s ts to determ ine th e effectiveness of ro ck -d u st
b arriers as a su p p lem en tary defense ag a in st th e spread of explosions in coal m ines
from one p a rt of a m ine to a n o th er.
-----------------——•
T e c h n ic a l P a p e r 5 1 4 : A c c id e n t e x p e r ie n c e a n d c o st o f a c c id e n ts
a t W a s h in g to n m e ta l m in e s and. q u a r r ie s , b y S . H . A s h .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
35 pp.
T ables in th e report, based on d a ta furnished by th e W ashington D e p a rtm e n t of
L ab o r a n d In d u stries, show a n in ju ry a n d av erag e frequency ra te fo r W ashington
m ines, quarries, stone crushing, a n d q u a rry p its in 1930 of 81.2, a n d a n average
severity ra te of 15.75, as a g ain st av erage ra te s fo r th e U n ited S ta te s of 61.85 an d
8.80, respectively.
-------------- -—-—
T e c h n ic a l P a p e r 5 1 6 : N a tu r a l v e n tila tio n o f M ic h ig a n c o p p e r m in e s ,
b y G . E . M c E lr o y .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
4 0 p p . , c h a r ts .
— — -------------- T e c h n i c a l
P a p e r 5 2 0 : F a lls o f r o o f a n d co a l i n m in e s o p e r a tin g
i n th e S e w i c k l e y c o a l b e d i n M o n o n g a l i a C o u n t y , W . V a . , b y J . W . P a u l a n d
J . N . G eyer.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
31 p p ., m a p , d ia g r a m s .
A stu d y of safety m easures used to p re v e n t in ju ry to m ine w orkers from falls
of roof a n d coal.
------ D ep artm en t of Labor.
B ureau of L abor S tatistics.
U n i o n s c a l e s o f w a g e s a n d h o u r s o f la b o r , M a y 1 5 , 1 9 3 1 .
238 pp.
B u lle tin N o . 5 6 6 :
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
Sum m aries of th e d a ta o b tain ed in th is survey were published in th e L abor
R eview for S eptem ber a n d N ovem ber, 1931.
------- -——■ W om en’s B ureau.
B u lle tin N o . 6 6 - 1 1 : C h r o n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f
l a b o r l e g i s l a t i o n f o r w o m e n i n th e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
R e v is e d D e c e m b e r, 1 9 3 1 , b y
F lo r e n c e P . S m i t h .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
173 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
736
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
S t a t e s .— D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r.
W o m en ’s B ureau. B u l l e t i n N o . 9 5 :
B o o k k e e p e r s , s t e n o g r a p h e r s , a n d o ffic e c l e r k s i n O h io , 1 9 1 4 to 1 9 2 9 , b y A m y G .
M ah er.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
3 1 p p . , c h a r ts .
U n it e d
A stu d y based on re tu rn s fu rn ish ed by em ployers to th e S ta te division of lab o r
statistics. Figures in relatio n to earnings a n d flu ctu atio n s of em plo y m en t are
given in detail.
—
------ - ------- B u l l e t i n
A . B yrn e.
N o . 9 6 : W o m e n o ffic e w o r k e r s i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , b y H a r r i e t
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
14 pp.
P a rt of a stu d y covering a n u m b e r of S ta te s a n d including m an y th o u san d s of
women, “ u n d e rta k e n because of th e grow ing im p o rtan ce of clerical w ork in
general a n d clerical w ork fo r w om en in p a rtic u la r.” In a d d itio n to th e usu al
d a ta concerning h ours, w ages, a n d w orking conditions, it is in ten d ed to show
som ething of th e effect on th e em p lo y m en t of w om en of changes in office p ra c
tice, th e m o st strik in g of th ese changes being th e increased use of such m achines
as bookkeeping a n d billing m achines, calc u latin g m achines, ta b u la tin g , ad d ress
ing, a n d d u p licatin g m achines, a n d th e like. B ecause of th e tim e such a stu d y
will tak e, it is proposed to p u b lish th e resu lts in p a rts, of w hich th is is th e first.
------ D e p a rtm e n t of th e In te rio r.
Office of E d u catio n . B u l l e t i n , 1 9 3 2 , N o . 8 :
S a f e t y e d u c a t i o n — h e l p s f o r s c h o o ls i n c o n s t r u c t i n g a c o u r s e o f s t u d y , b y F l o r e n c e
C. F ox.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
73 pp.
------ E m ployees’ C o m pensation Com m ission.
M e d i c a l f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e to e m
p l o y e e s o j th e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t i n j u r e d i n th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d u t y /
u n d e r F e d e r a l c o m p e n s a tio n a ct o f S e p te m b e r 7, 1 9 1 6 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
45 pp.
------ Federal B oard for V ocational E d u catio n .
B u lle tin N o . 1 6 1 , V o c a tio n a l
R e h a b i l i t a t i o n S e r i e s N o . 2 1 : O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a S ta t e p r o g r a m o f v o c a tio n a l r e h a b ilita tio n .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
59 pp.
B u l l e t i n N o . 1 6 2 , T r a d e a n d I n d u s t r i a l S e r i e s N o . 41'- V o c a t i o n a l t r a i n
i n g c o s ts
a s t u d y o f th e u n i t c o s t o f v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n i n C i n c i n n a t i , O h io /
[b y J o h n F . A r u n d e l} .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
32 pp.
F ederal F arm B o ard .
g r o w th .
B u lle tin N o . 8 : C o o p e r a tiv e m a r k e tin g m a k e s s te a d y
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
6 1 p p . , m a p s , c h a r ts .
R ep o rt sta te s t h a t m ore th a n a m illion a n d a q u a rte r farm ers are m em bers of
cooperative associations assisted u n d e r th e a g ric u ltu ra l m ark e tin g a c t. Loans;
from th e b o a rd ’s fu n d s h a v e gone in to ev ery S ta te b u t th re e (M aine, R hode Is
land, a n d D elaw are). D escribes th e n a tio n a l associations fo r th e m ark e tin g of
grain, livestock, wool, pecans, etc.
O fficial— F oreign C ou n tries
A u s t r a l i a .— [B ureau
of C ensus a n d S tatistics. T asm an ia B ranch.]
y e a r book o f T a s m a n ia , 1 9 3 2 .
H o b a r t [1 9 3 2 ? ].
T he pocket
126 pp.
C ontains d a ta on cost of living, re ta il prices, wages, p ro d u ctio n , etc. v
B e l g i u m .—-C aisse
G énérale d ’Ê p a rg n e e t de R e tra ite .
et d e la s itu a tio n ,
1931.
[B r u s s e ls ? ] 1 9 3 2 .
C o m p te r e n d u d e s o p é r a tio n s
86 pp.
A rep o rt of th e o perations of th e G eneral Savings a n d R etire m e n t F u n d fo r
th e y ear 1931, including in fo rm atio n on com pensation fo r in d u stria l accidents.
------ M inistère de l ’In d u strie , d u T ra v a il e t de la P rév o y an ce Sociale. C onseil
Supérieur du T rav ail. T r e i z i è m e s e s s i o n , 1 9 2 4 - 1 9 2 9 . B r u s s e l s , 1 9 3 1 . 4 0 8 p p .
R ep o rts presen ted to th e Belgian S uperior L ab o r C ouncil reg ard in g th e a p p li
cation of th e law s upo n n ig h t w ork of w om en a n d children, th e 8 -hour day, a n d
Sunday rest in in d u stria l a n d com m ercial estab lish m en ts, a n d upon th e p ro p o sed
law concerning hom e work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
737
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO L A B O R
( C a n a d a ) . — R oyal Com m ission on S ta te H e a lth In su ran ce
an d M atern ity Benefits. F i n a l r e p o r t , 1 9 3 2 . V i c t o r i a , 1 9 3 2 . 6 3 p p .
R ecom m ends th a t a com pulsory health -in su ran ce system , including m a te rn ity
benefits, be established a t an early d a te in th e Province.
B r i t is h C o l u m b ia
------ W orkm en’s C om pensation B oard.
D ecem ber 3 1 , 1 9 31.
V ic to r ia , 1 9 3 2 .
F i f t e e n t h a n n u a l r e p o r t , f o r th e y e a r e n d e d
30 pp.
R eview ed in th is issue.
D e n m a r k .— S tatistisk e
C open h agen ,
h s e fte .)
D e p artem en t.
1932.
243
pp.
H u s le je og b o lig fo r h o ld , N o v e m b e r , 1 9 3 0 .
(S ta t is tis k e M e d d e le ls e r , 4 rsek k e, 8 9 b in d , 5
C ontains sta tistic a l info rm atio n in reg ard to housing in D en m ark in N ovem
ber, 1930, including th e resu lts of a special inv estig atio n of housing in th e sam e
year.
E g y p t .— M inistry of th e In terio r. R e p o r t o n l a b o r c o n d i t i o n s i n E g y p t w i t h s u g
g e s tio n s f o r f u t u r e s o c ia l le g is la tio n , b y H . B . B u tle r .
p a g in g .
( I n E n g lis h , F re n c h , a n d E g y p tia n .)
C a ir o , 1 9 3 2 .
V a r io u s
R eview ed in th is issue.
G e r m a n y .— R eichskohlenrat.
Jah re 1931.
B e r lin , 1 9 3 2 .
S ta tis tis c h e Ü b e r s ic h t ü b e r d ie K o h le n w ir ts c h a f t im
1 2 7 p p ., c h a r ts .
T his volum e contains sta tistic a l a n d graphical in form ation relativ e to p ro d u c
tion, earnings, m echanization, etc., in th e G erm an coal in d u stry du rin g 1931,
w ith ad d itio n al figures covering coal p ro d u ctio n in o th e r p a rts of th e world.
G r e a t B r i t a i n .— Econom ic
A dvisory Council. C om m ittee on E m p ire M igra
tion. R e p o r t . L o n d o n , 1 9 3 2 . 9 0 p p . ( C m d . 4 -0 7 5 .)
R eview ed in th is issue.
— —- H om e Office. R e p o r t o n th e o c c u r r e n c e o f s i l i c o s i s a m o n g s t g r a n i t e w o r k e r s ,
b y D r . C . L . S u t h e r l a n d , a n d o th e r s .
R eview ed in th is issue.
---------------F acto ry D e p artm en t.
155 pp.
London, 1930.
25 pp.
A n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 1 .
London, 1932.
(C m d . 4 0 9 8 .)
C ertain d a ta on th e 5-day week in B ritish in d u stry an d on th e 2-shift system
for women an d young persons, tak en from th is report, are given in th is issue of
th e L abor Review.
------ In d u stria l H ealth R esearch B oard. T w e l f t h a n n u a l r e p o r t , to J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 2 .
L ondon, 1932.
57 pp.
T his re p o rt covers th e w ork of th e board in relation to m odern in d u strial
conditions, a brief acco u n t of th e various investigations a n d researches, an d a
s ta te m e n t of its organization an d its relatio n s w ith o th e r bodies.
------ M ines D ep artm e n t.
Safety in M ines R esearch B oard.
I n te r n a tio n a l C o n fe r e n c e o n S a f e ty i n M in e s , a t B u x to n , 1 9 3 1 .
6 7 p p . , d ia g r a m s , U lu s .
P a p e r N o . 74London, 1932.
A ddresses p resented a t th e conference, relatin g especially to th e use of explo
sives, w ith discussions on sam e.
-------------- -------- T e n t h a n n u a l r e p o r t , i n c l u d i n g a r e p o r t o f m a t t e r s d e a l t w i t h b y th e
h e a lth a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 3 1 .
L ondon, 1932.
9 5 p p . , d i a g r a m s , U lu s .
C ontains p articu lars of research in th e problem s connected w ith coal d u st,
firedam p, spontaneous com bustion, explosives, falls in mines, m echanical ap p li
ances, a n d o th er m ine hazards.
------ M inistry of H ealth . T h i r t e e n t h a n n u a l r e p o r t , 1 9 3 1 - 3 2 . L o n d o n , 1 9 3 2 .
320 pp.
(C m d . 4 1 1 3 .)
T he re p o rt of th e M in istry of H ealth for E ngland a n d W ales includes in a d d i
tio n to descriptions of public h ealth work, sections on housing, a n d n atio n al
h e a lth insurance a n d co n trib u to ry pensions.
136143°— 32------18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
738
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
M inistère de l ’Économ ie N ationale. D irection du Service des Mines.
Inspection des M ines. S t a t i s t i q u e d e l ’i n d u s t r i e m i n i è r e d e l a G r è c e p e n d a n t
V anné 1930.
A t h e n s , 1 9 3 1 . J+7 p p .
(I n G r e e k a n d F r e n c h .)
T he an n u al re p o rt of th e G reek m ine inspection service. D a ta on average
daily wages of m ining em ployees, ta k e n from th e rep o rt, are given in th is issue.
G reece.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— T h e
I.
L.
0.
yearbook,
1931.
G en eva,
1932.
5 4 7 p p . , c h a r t.
P a rt I of th is volum e deals w ith th e general a c tiv ity of th e In te rn a tio n a l
L abor O rganization, in th e y ear u n d er review. P a r t I I reviews th e social m ove
m en t during th a t period an d includes discussions of th e econom ic situ a tio n ; con
ditions of w ork; social insurance; wages; u n em p lo y m en t; th e w o rk e rs’ living
conditions, an d th e general rig h ts of workers.
S t u d i e s a n d R e p o r t s , S e r i e s I , N o . 2 : W o m e n ’s w o r k u n d e r l a b o r l a w — a s u r
v e y o f p r o te c tiv e le g is la tio n .
G en eva, 1 9 3 2 .
2 6 4 VP(W o r ld P e a c e F o u n d a
t i o n , B o s t o n , A m e r i c a n a g e n t .)
------
S tu d ie s a n d r e p o r ts , S e r ie s N , N o . 1 8 : S ta tis tic s o f m ig r a tio n — d e fin itio n s ,
m e th o d s , c la s s if ic a tio n .
G en eva, 1 9 3 2 .
152 pp.
( W o r ld P e a c e F o u n d a tio n ,
B o s t o n , A m e r i c a n a g e n t .)
I t is th e purpose of th is re p o rt to bring a b o u t fu rth e r im p ro v em en t in m ig ra
tion statistics an d b e tte r in te rn a tio n a l u n d ersta n d in g on th e subject.
J a p a n .— C ab in et
Im p érial.
B ureau de la S ta tistiq u e G énérale.
t i q u e d e l ’E m p i r e d u J a p o n .
a n d F r e n c h .)
Tokyo, 1932.
1 6 1 p p . , c h a r ts .
R ésu m é s ta tis
{In J a p a n ese
Am ong th e lab o r sta tistic s p resen ted in th e a n n u a l are those on household
budgets, placem ents by public em plo y m en t offices, lab o r disputes, unem p lo y m en t,
wages, and production.
M o r o c c o .— Service
de l ’A d m in istratio n G énérale, du T ra v a il e t de l’A ssistance.
B u lle tin d u T r a v a il, 1 9 3 0 .
[F e z, 1 9 3 1 ? ]
87 pp.
T he bulletin co n tain s various rep o rts on lab o r a n d social questions in M orocco,
including a rep o rt on wages p aid in th e p rincipal cities a n d tow ns in 1929.
M oscow P r o v i n c e ( S o v i e t U n i o n ) . —-Planning Com m ission.
b o o k f o r th e P r o v i n c e o f M o s c o w f o r 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 .
G r e a t- R u s s ia n .)
M o sco w , 1 9 3 0 .
B u ild in g h a n d
160 pp.
{In
C ontains building plans for th e P rovince of M oscow for th e fiscal y ear 1929-30.
F o r each p lanned building is given e stim ated cost, d ates of beginning a n d finishing
of th e building, a n d th e building organization or tru st.
N ew
S outh W ales
U nions.
( A u s t r a l i a ) . — R eg istrar
R ep o rt fo r
th e
12
m o n th s
ended
of F rien d ly Societies an d T rad eJune
3 0 ,' 1 9 3 1 .
Sydney,
1932.
30 pp.
A t th e close of th e period covered th ere were 52 societies in o peration, w ith a
to ta l m em bership of 242,344, a decrease of 3.86 p er cent as com pared w ith th e
m em bership a t th e close of th e preceding year. T he to ta l a m o u n t sp e n t in
benefits w as £682,025 ($3,319,075), sickness p a y a m o u n tin g to £307,979
($1,498,780), fun eral d o n atio n s to £75,747 ($368,623), a n d m edical a tte n d a n c e
an d m edicine to £298,299 ($1,451,672). E ach of these item s show ed a falling off
from th e am o u n t p aid in th e preceding year.
N e w Z e a l a n d .— U n em ploym ent
in ch a rg e o f u n e m p lo y m e n t.
B oard. U n e m p l o y m e n t :
W e llin g to n , 1 9 3 1 :
5 pp.
S ta te m e n t b y m in is te r
----------------------- W e l l i n g t o n , 1 9 3 2 .
3 pp.
D a ta on unem ploym ent-relief m easures in use in New Z ealand, ta k e n from these
tw o reports, are given in th is issue of th e L ab o r Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G
N o r w a y .— R ik stry g d ev erk e t.
739
TO LA B O R
A r s b e r e tn in g N r . 3 5 (1 9 3 1 ) .
O slo , 1 9 3 2 .
20 pp.
A nnual rep o rt on public insurance ag ain st accidents a n d sickness in N orw ay in
1931.
---------------I n d u s t r i a r b e i d e r t r y g d e n :
1929.
1 8 9 .)
U ly k k e s tr y g d e n f o r in d u s tr ia r b e id e r e M . V .
O slo , 1 9 3 2 .
3 9 * , 1 1 3 p p . , c h a r ts .
( N o r g e s O f f i s ie lle S t a t i s t i k k , V I I I ,
( I n N o r w e g i a n a n d F r e n c h .)
A nnual re p o rt on S ta te in d u strial-accid en t insurance in N orw ay during 1929.
N o v a S c o t ia ( C a n a d a ) .—
M inim um W age B oard.
y e a r e n d in g S e p te m b e r 3 0 , 1 9 3 1 .
F i r s t a n n u a l r e p o r t , f o r th e
26 pp.
H a lifa x , 1 9 3 2 .
T he cost-of-living bud g et established by th is bo ard is given in th is issue of th e
L ab o r Review.
O slo
( N o r w a y ) . — S tatistisk e
1932.
K ontor.
S ta tis tis k
ârbok fo r
O slo ,
1931.
O slo ,
106 pp.
T his sta tistic a l yearbook for Oslo includes d a ta on prices an d cost of living,
wages, la b o r unions, activ ities of em plo y m en t offices, unem ploym ent, a n d old-age,
in v alid ity , a n d sickness insurance. T able heads a n d tab le of co n ten ts are in
F ren ch as well as N orw egian.
S c o t l a n d .— D e p a rtm e n t o f
1932.
H ealth .
T h ir d
annual
r e p o r t,
1931.
E d in b u r g h ,
195 pp.
C ertain d a ta on widow s’, o rp h an s’, a n d old-age pensions, tak en from th is
rep o rt, are given in th is issue of th e L ab o r Review. T he re p o rt also contains
d a ta on n a tio n a l h e a lth in su ran ce a n d housing.
R h o d e s i a .— S ta tistic a l B ureau.
O f f i c ia l y e a r b o o k o f th e c o l o n y o f
S o u t h e r n R h o d e s i a ( N o . 3 ) , 1 9 3 2 , c o v e r i n g m a i n l y th e p e r i o d 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 3 0 .
S a lis b u r y , 1 9 3 2 .
80 4 - p p . , m a p , c h a r t s .
Southern
C ontains a c h a p te r on re ta il prices a n d cost of living.
S o v i e t U n i o n .— A dm in istratio n
C en trale de S tatistiq u e É conom ique e t Sociale.
A p e r ç u s t a t i s t i q u e s u r l ’a g r i c u l t u r e e n
M o sco w , 1 932.
31 p p .
( I n F r e n c h .)
U RSS
pour
la
p é r io d e
1 9 2 8 -1 9 3 1 .
C ontains sta tistic a l tab les show ing a g ricu ltu ral developm ents in th e S oviet
U nion in th e years 1928 to 1931, including th e fo rm atio n of cooperative farm s
( k o l k h o z ) a n d Soviet farm s ( s o v k h o z ) , a n d m echanization of agriculture.
S w i t z e r l a n d .— D é p arte m e n t
F éd éral de l ’Économ ie P ublique.
i n s p e c t e u r s f é d é r a u x d e s f a b r i q u e s s u r l ’e x e r c ic e d e
an n ées 1 9 3 0 et 1 9 31.
A a ra u , 1932.
260 pp.
R a p p o r ts des
l e u r s f o n c t i o n s d a n s le s
A re p o rt of th e Swiss F ed eral fa cto ry inspectors fo r th e y ears 1930 a n d 1931.
U nofficial
A n t h o n y , S y l v ia .
W o m e n ’s p l a c e i n i n d u s t r y a n d h o m e .
le d g e & S o n s ( L t d . ) , 1 9 3 2 .
243 pp.
L o n d o n , G eo rg e R o u t-
B u r e a u o f A p p l ie d
E c o n o m i c s ( I n c .) .
B u lle tin N o . 7, P a r t 2 : S ta n d a r d s
liv in g — a c o m p ila tio n o f b u d g e ta r y s tu d ie s .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 2 .
189 pp.
of
V olum e 1 of th is p u b licatio n w as issued in 1920 a n d co n tain ed th e d etailed
resu lts of th e im p o rta n t fam ily -b u d g et stu d ies m ad e u p to t h a t tim e. T h e p re se n t
volum e supp lem en ts th e earlier o n e b y giving sim ilarly d etailed d a ta regarding
subsequ ent b u d g etary studies. T h e in tro d u c to ry c h a p te r review s th e devélopm en t of b u d g etary studies a n d th e ir use in w age a rb itra tio n s.
C arroll,
M o l l ie
R ay.
B r o o k in g s I n s titu tio n
U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e i n A u s tr ia .
(P a m p h le t S e r ie s N o . 1 0 ), 1 9 3 2 .
52 pp.
W a s h in g to n ,
W. I r v i n g . D u s t h a z a r d s a n d th e p r e v e n t i o n o f i n j u r y f r o m
W o r c e s te r , M a s s ., N o r t o n C o . [1 9 3 2 ? ].
[ V a r io u s p a g in g .]
C lark,
th e s a m e .
T his p am p h let contain s th re e p ap ers on th e su b je c t of d u st hazards, one of
w hich w as presen ted a t th e m eeting of th e A ssociation of G overnm ental Officials
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
740
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
in I n d u s tr y in M a y , 1931, t h e o th e r tw o h a v in g b e e n p u b lish e d in th e J o u r n a l o f
I n d u str ia l H y g ie n e in ea rlier y e a rs.
D e r s c h , H e r m a n n , a n d V o l k m a r , E r ic h .
J . B e n s h e im e r , 1 9 3 1 .
755 pp.
A r b e its g e r ic h ts g e s e tz .
( 4 th r e v . e d .)
M a n n h e im ,
D e a ls w ith le g is la tio n r e la tin g to th e la b o r c o u r ts in G er m a n y , in c lu d in g a b rief
h is to r y o f s u c h le g is la tio n , o r g a n iz a tio n a n d p r o c ed u r e of t h e la b o r co u r ts, a n d th e
r en d e rin g o f d e c is io n s a n d a p p e a ls.
F latow , G eo rg , and K ahn-F reu n d , Otto .
1920.
B e r lin , J u liu s S p r in g e r , 1 9 3 1 .
B e tr ie b s r ä te g e s e tz v o m
726 pp.
J.
F ebru ar
A d e ta ile d a n a ly s is o f t h e G er m a n w o r k s c o u n c ils a c t o f F e b r u a r y 4, 1920.
V a r io u s o fficia l r e g u la tio n s o n t h e s u b je c t are in c lu d e d in t h e a p p e n d ix e s.
F l u r y , F e r d in a n d , a n d
R a u c h - u n d S ta u b a r te n .
Z e r n ik , F r a n z .
S c h ä d lic h e G a se ,
D ä m p f e , N e b e l,
B e r lin , J u liu s S p r in g e r , 1 9 3 1 .
6 3 7 p p ., d ia g r a m s ,
illu s .
C o n ta in s a t r e a tis e o n in ju r io u s fu m e s a n d g a se s, d a m p n e ss , sm o k e , a n d d u s t,
in c lu d in g th e ir p h y s ic a l a n d c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is , th e ir t o x ic e ffe c ts, p r e v e n tiv e
m e a su r es, a n d tr e a tm e n t.
G h e r a r d i, B a n c r o f t .
W h y A m e r i c a n s t a n d a r d s a f e t y c o d e s a r e e f f e c tiv e .
8 p p .,
illu s .
( R e p r in te d f r o m A m e r ic a n M u tu a l M a g a z in e , B o s to n , A u g u s t, 1 9 3 1 ;
d is tr ib u te d b y N a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M u tu a l C a s u a lty C o m p a n ie s , 6 0 E a s t
F o r ty -s e c o n d S tr e e t, N e w Y o r k C ity .)
H er sey , R ex fo rd B .
W o r k e r s ’ e m o tio n s i n s h o p a n d h o m e ; a s tu d y o f in d i v id u a l
w o r k e r s f r o m th e p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t a n d p o i n t .
P h ila d e lp h ia , U n iv e r s ity o f P e n n
s y lv a n ia P r e s s , 1 9 3 2 .
4 4 1 V P ; c h a r ts .
[R e s e a r c h S tu d ie s X V I I I , I n d u s tr i a l
R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , W h a r t o n S c h o o l o f F i n a n c e a n d C o m m e r c e .]
A p io n e e r u n d e r ta k in g t o d isc o v e r w h a t f a c to r s a id in b r in g in g a b o u t a w o r k e r ’s
sa tis fa c to r y a d j u s t m e n t to h is jo b a n d t h e r e s u lta n t e ffic ie n c y .
I n d u s t r ia l R e l a t io n s C o u n s e l o r s ( I n c .).
L ib r a r y B u lle tin N o . 1 0 : S u r v e y
o f th e c u r r e n t l i t e r a t u r e o f i n d u s t r i a l r e l a t i o n s ; s e m i a n n u a l r e v i e w .
N ew Y ork,
i6 5 B ro a d w a y , J u ly , 1 9 3 2 .
37 pp.
( M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
I n t e r n a t io n a l
C it y M a n a g e r s ’ A s s o c ia t io n .
M u n i c i p a l p r o b l e m s i n th e
e c o n o m ic d e p r e s s io n .
( P a r t o f th e p r o c e e d i n g s o f th e e i g h t e e n t h a n n u a l c o n
f e r e n c e o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n h e l d a t L o u i s v i l l e , K y . , O c to b e r 7 —1 0 , 1 9 3 1 . ) C h i c a g o ,
9 2 3 E a s t S ix tie th S tr e e t, 1 9 3 1 .
9 1 p p . , c h a r ts .
( M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
I n c lu d e d in t h e s u b je c ts d is c u s s e d a t t h is m e e tin g w e re : S o m e p r in c ip le s of
p u b lic r e lie f a d m in is tr a tio n ; o r g a n iz in g , fin a n c in g , a n d c a r r y in g o u t r elief p la n s;
tr e n d s in r elief a n d p u b lic w e lfa re ; a n d th e r e s p o n s ib ility o f t h e N a t io n a l G o v e r n
m e n t in t h e u n e m p lo y m e n t crisis.
L ane
M ary R o g e r s .
C o ., 1 9 2 9 .
V o c a tio n s i n in d u s tr y .
S c r a n t o n , I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e x tb o o k
V o l. I , 1 5 5 p p . ; V o l. I I , 2 0 4 p p . ; V o l. I l l , 4 6 7 p p .
I llu s .
T h e th r e e v o lu m e s a r e b a s e d , r e s p e c tiv e ly , o n t h e first th r e e c e n su s d iv is io n s :
A g r icu ltu re , fo r e s tr y , a n d a n im a l h u sb a n d r y ; m in in g a n d m in e r a l in d u str ie s; a n d
m a n u fa c tu r in g a n d m e c h a n ic a l in d u str ie s.
L atham
A llan B rockw ay.
T h e C a th o lic a n d n a ti o n a l la b o r u n io n s o f C a n a d a .
T o r o n to , M a c m illa n C o . o f C a n a d a { L td .) , 1 9 3 0 .
1 0 4 V P( M c G ill U n i
v e r s i t y E c o n o m i c S t u d i e s , N o . 1 0 .)
A .d e scr ip tio n a n d e v a lu a t io n of a r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n t in t h e e c o n o m ic life of
t h e F r e n c h C a n a d ia n s.
M cD o n a ld , J o h n R . H .
M o d e r n h o u s in g : A r e v ie w o f p r e s e n t h o u s in g r e q u ir e
m e n ts i n G re a t B r it a in , a r4 su m 4 o f p o s tw a r h o u s in g a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d , a n d
s o m e p r a c tic a l s u g g e s tio n s f o r f u tu r e h o u s in g .
L o n d o n , J o h n T i r a n t i & C o .,
1931.
1 3 6 p p . , c h a r ts , illu s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
741
P U B L IC A T IO N S E E L A T IN G TO LA B O K
M a n c h u r ia
1931. T o k y o , E a s t - A s i a t i c
8 4 7 p p . , m a p s , c h a r ts , illu s .
Y earbook,
B u reau , 1981.
E c o n o m ic
I n v e s tig a tio n
One c h ap te r of th is p u b licatio n deals w ith im m igration a n d lab o r a n d includes
d a ta on an in d u strial census of certain areas of M anch u ria as of F e b ru ary , 1930,
a n d wages for Chinese a n d Jap an ese in v arious occupations in South M anchuria
in April, 1929.
M e r c h a n t s ’ A s s o c ia t io n
1932.
N ew
of
N ew
Y ork.
Y ork, 2 3 8 B ro a d w a y, 1932.
V a c a tio n p r a c tic e s a n d p o lic ie s in
10 pp.
{ M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
Review ed in th is issue.
N a t io n a l
A d v is o r y C o u n c il o n R a d io i n E d u c a t io n . E c o n o m ic s S e r ie s
L e c tu r e s , N o s . 1 - 3 0 .
C h ic a g o , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 8 1 a n d 1 9 3 2 .
{ S e p a r a t e p a m p h l e t s , v a r i o u s p a g i n g .)
T hese lectures include th e following: Effects of depressions on em plo y m en t
a n d wages, by W illiam M. Leiserson; W ages in relatio n to econom ic recovery,
by Leo W olm an; F orw ard plan n in g of public w orks to stabilize em ploym ent,
by O tto T. M allery; W h a t th e consum er should do, by F. W. T aussig; Social
insurance, by P au l H . D ouglas; U nem ploym ent insurance, by Jo h n R. C om m ons;
L an d utilization, by M. L. W ilson; a n d C ooperation as a stabilizing force in
agriculture, by C hris L. C hristensen.
N a t io n a l C o m m it t e e o n P r is o n s a n d P r is o n L a b o r .
a n n u a l m e e tin g , A p r i l 1 1 , 1 9 3 2 .
1932.
1 9 p p .'
N a t io n a l
C on feren ce
of
N ew
C a t h o l ic
Y ork, 2 5 0
C h a r it ie s .
s e s s io n , W ilk e s -B a r r e , P a ., S e p te m b e r
P r e s s { I n c .) , [1 9 3 2 ? ].
316 pp.
2 7 -3 0 ,
R e p o r t p r e s e n t e d to th e
W e s t F ifty -s e v e n th S tr e e t,
P r o c e e d i n g s o f s e v e n te e n th
1981.
B a ltim o r e , B e lv e d e re
A t least six of th e addresses a t th is m eeting were concerned d irectly w ith labor,
th e ir respective su b jects being: H ow fa r is in d u stry m eetin g its responsibility in
th e p resen t crisis; T he outlook in un em p lo y m en t relief; R esponsibility of th e
Federal G overnm ent in th e p resen t unem p lo y m en t situ a tio n ; A p ro g ram of social
actio n — w h at th e P o p e ’s encyclical says th e w orking people should h av e; The
occupational organization of society; a n d C atholic doctrin e a n d in d u strial
practice.
N e u v il l e , F r a n ç o is .
L e s ta tu t j u r i d i q u e d u tr a v a i lle u r é tr a n g e r e n F r a n c e a u
r e g a r d d e s a s s u r a n c e s s o c ia le s , d e V a s s is ta n c e e t d e la p r é v o y a n c e s o c ia le .
P a r is ,
L ib r a ir ie d e J u r is p r u d e n c e A n c ie n n e et M o d e r n e , 1 9 8 1 .
173 pp.
A discussion of th e ju rid ical sta tu s of foreign w orkers in F ran ce w ith reg ard
to th e provisions of th e social-insurance law s a n d public w elfare a n d assistance.
N ew
E n g l a n d C o u n c il .
T h e fle x ib le w o r k d a y a n d w e e k : A p l a n f o r r e e m
p lo y m e n t.
S p e c i a l S u p p l e m e n t to th e N e w E n g l a n d N e w s L e t t e r , S t a t l e r B u i l d
in g , B o s to n , A u g u s t 1, 1 9 3 2 .
10 p p .
R eview ed in th is issue.
O g l e s b y , C a t h a r in e .
& B r o s ., 1 9 3 2 .
B u s in e s s
300 pp.
o p p o r tu n itie s fo r
w om en.
N ew
Y ork,
H arper
L. U n i o n t a c t i c s a n d e c o n o m i c c h a n g e . P h i l a d e l p h i a , U n i
v e r s ity o f P e n n s y lv a n ia P r e s s , 1 9 3 2 .
228 pp.
{R e se a rch S tu d ie s X I X , I n
d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , W h a r t o n S c h o o l o f F i n a n c e a n d C o m m e r c e .)
P a lm er , G ladys
A stu d y of th e effects of recen t in d u stria l changes in th e tex tile tra d e s of
P hiladelphia upon th e problem s a n d policies of th re e P h ilad elp h ia tex tile unions—T ap e stry C arp et W eavers’ U nion, F ull F ashioned H osiery W orkers’ U nion, a n d
th e U pholstery W eavers’ U nion.
P e n n s y l v a n ia C o m p e n s a t io n R a t in g a n d I n s p e c t io n B u r e a u .
C la s s ific a tio n
e x p e r ie n c e , p o lic y y e a r s 1 9 2 4 , 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 2 7 , a n d 1 9 2 8 , ta k e n f r o m P e n n
s y lv a n i a S c h e d u le Z .
[P h ila d e lp h ia , 1 9 3 2 ? ].
206 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
742
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W
P r in c e t o n U n iv e r s it y .
e m p lo y e d
w o rk ers.
In d u stria l R elations Section.
P r in c e to n ,
N . J ., 1 9 3 2 .
26
pp.
C o m p a n y l o a n s to u n
{ M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
R eview ed in th is issue.
R ead, M argaret.
N ew
T h e I n d i a n p e a s a n t u p r o o t e d — a s t u d y o f th e h u m a n m a c h i n e .
Y o r k , L o n g m a n s , G r e e n & C o ., 1 9 3 1 .
2 5 6 p p ., illu s .
An a tte m p t to bring w ith in th e reach of th e average read er some of th e findings
of th e R oyal C om m ission on L ab o r in In d ia, whose rep o rt, published in 19 volum es,
is too d etailed a n d tech n ical to have a wide appeal. M iss R ead deals w ith th e
general question of th e effect th e increasing in d u strializatio n of In d ia has upon th e
ru ra l m asses who are d raw n from th e village life w ith w hich th e y are fam iliar into
th e factories, m ines, a n d w orkshops.
R
e d g r a v e ’s
p a g i n g .]
F
actory A cts.
L o n d o n , B u tte r w o r th
{F o u r te e n th e d itio n .)
& C o. { L td .) , 1 9 3 1 .
[V a r io u s
T he ed ito r p o in ts o u t t h a t since th e th irte e n th edition of th is w ork was issued
in 1924 th ere has been a m ark ed increase in th e n u m b er a n d scope of codes of
regulation a n d w elfare orders w hich a p p ly to in d u stria l processes. “ T h e w ork
m en’s com pensation ac ts h av e been consolidated by th e a c t of 1925, a n d o th er
acts, w hich are included in th is edition, h av e ex ten d e d th e law so t h a t processes,
e. g., th e p ain tin g of buildings, w hich were n o t form erly affected a re now regu
lated. C onsequently, a lth o u g h all re d u n d a n t m a tte r h as been elim in ated , th e re
is a considerable increase in size.” T h e book contains an in tro d u c to ry ta b le of
legal cases bearing on th e acts, while th e grouping of th e ac ts a n d regulations
has been changed to facilitate reference, a n d a com prehensive index h as been
provided for th e sam e purpose.
R o b b i n s , E . C., a n d F o l t s , F . E.
I n d u s tr i a l m a n a g e m e n t— a c a se b o o k .
N ew
Y o r k , M c G r a w - H ill B o o k C o. { I n c .) , 1 9 3 2 .
7 5 7 p p ., m a p s , d ia g r a m s .
R orem , C. R u fu s.
A n n u a l m e d ic a l s e r v ic e i n p r iv a te g r o u p c lin ic s .
C h ic a g o ,
J u liu s R o s e n w a ld F u n d , 9 0 0 S o u th H o m a n A v e n u e , 1 9 3 2 .
11 p p .
{R e p r in te d
f r o m M o d e r n H o s p ita l, J a n u a r y , 1 9 3 2 .)
A discussion of th e dev elo p m en t of p riv a te group clinics, including th e new er
ty p es in w hich service is p rovided for groups of persons a t a n agreed sum p er year.
L ib rary . B u l l e t i n N o . 1 1 3 : C o s ts a n d s t a n d a r d s o f
Y o r k , 1 3 0 E a s t T w e n ty -s e c o n d S tr e e t, J u n e , 1 9 3 2 .
4 VP-
R u s s e l l S a g e F o u n d a t io n .
liv in g .
N ew
S ch effbu c h , A dolf.
D e r E in flu s s
S tu ttg a r t, W . K o h lh a m m e r , 1 9 3 1 .
d e r R a tio n a lis ie r u n g
33f pp.
auf
den
A r b e its lo h n .
D iscusses th e influence of th e efficiency m ovem ent, know n in E urope as ra tio n
alization, upon th e conditions of labor, especially upo n wages.
S c r im s h a w , S t e w a r t .
A p p r e n tic e s h ip p r in c ip le s , r e la tio n s , p r o c e d u r e s.
Y o r k , M c G r a w - H ill B o o k C o. { I n c .) , 1 9 3 2 .
2 7 3 p p . , c h a r t.
N ew
T he purpose of tn e book is “ to review th e m eaning of ap p ren ticesh ip in its
relatio n to m odern in d u s try ; to p re se n t its s ta tu s w ith reference to lab o r; to show
its relatio n to th e em ployer; to rev eal its in ev itab le affinity w ith form al ed u ca
tio n ; a n d to show its relatio n to th e fu n ctio n s of th e S ta te itse lf.” A special
stu d y is m ade of th e W isconsin sy stem on th e g round t h a t it presen ts a case
stu d y in S ta te control of ap p ren ticesh ip . A selected b ibliography is ap p en d ed .
V elvet M a n u fa c tu re rs’ D ivision. W a g e s
a n d h o u r s o f l a b o r i n th e t e x t i l e i n d u s t r i e s o f E n g l a n d , F r a n c e , G e r m a n y , C z e c h o
s l o v a k i a , i n c l u d i n g d a t a o n s o c i a l b e n e f its a n d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e to th e
v e lv e t i n d u s t r y .
N e w Y o r k , 4.68 F o u r t h A v e n u e , 1 9 3 2 .
63 pp.
S i l k A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a ( I n c .) .
S im ia n d ,
F r a n ç o is .
L e s a la ir e , l'é v o lu tio n s o c ia le et la m o n n a ie .
E ssa i de
th é o r ie e x p é r im e n ta le d u s a la ir e .
P a r is , L i b r a ir ie F é lix A lc a n , 1 9 3 2 .
V o l. I ,
5 8 6 p p . ; V o l. I l , 6 2 0 p p . ; V o l. I I I , 1 5 2 p p .
T he a u th o r discusses th e effects of social a n d political conditions upon th e
m ovem ent of wages. In th e first volum e th e m eth o d followed in th e stu d y is
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P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO L A B O R
743
defined, a n d th e general m ov em en t of wages in F ran ce is traced . T h e second
volum e tre a ts of th e effect of econom ic a n d noneconom ic facts on th e tre n d of
w ages, a n d also discusses v arious econom ic theories, while volum e th re e consists
of ch arts a n d tables, various appendixes, a n d a bibliography.
T ao, L. K .
T h e s ta n d a r d o f liv in g a m o n g C h in e s e w o r k e r s .
P r e lim in a r y p a p e r
p r e p a r e d f o r th e f o u r t h b i e n n i a l c o n f e r e n c e o f th e I n s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c R e l a t i o n s ,
H a n g c h o w , O c to b e r 2 1 t o N o v e m b e r 4 , 1 9 3 1 .
S h a n g h a i, C h in a I n s titu te o f
P a c if ic R e la tio n s , [1 9 3 1 ? ].
37 pp.
R eview s briefly various b u d g e ta ry stu d ies w hich h av e been m ad e am ong wage
earners in C hina.
T r a d e B o a r d , M e n ’s C l o t h i n g
I n d u s t r y , C h ic a g o M a r k e t . D e c is io n s o f
th e t r a d e b o a r d a n d th e b o a r d o f a r b i t r a t i o n , N o s . 9 0 6 - 1 2 7 5 , M a y 1 , 1 9 2 5 , to
A p r il 30, 1931.
T h e m im e o g r a p h e d d e c is io n s h ere lis te d h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t to g e th e r a n d b o u n d
a s V o lu m e V I , n e w se r ie s, w ith in d ex .
V e r b a n d d e r M a l e r , L a c k ie r e r , A n s t r e ic h e r , T ü n c h e r u n d W e is s b in d e r
D eu tsch la n d s.
U n s e r V e r b a n d im K a m p f geg en d ie K r is e .
H a m b u rg , 1932.
50 pp.
A loose-leaf p u b licatio n co n tain in g a n a c co u n t of th e activ ities of th e G erm an
U nion of P ain ters, V arnishers, H ouse P ain ters, a n d W h ite w a sh e s in connection
w ith tfie p resen t econom ic depression, a n d in form ation on in d u stria l diseases a n d
accidents, wages, hours, unem ploym ent, etc.
Z e n t r a l v e r b a n d d e r H o t e l -, R e s t a u r a n t - u n d C a f é - A n g e s t e l l t e n .
to k o ll ü b e r d ie V e r h a n d lu n g e n d e s 1 4 12. M a i 1932.
B e r lin , 1 9 3 2 .
127 pp.
P ro
V e r b a n d s ta g e s i n D r e s d e n v o m 1 0 . b is
C o n ta in s m in u te s a n d p r o c e e d in g s o f t h e 1 4 th C o n g re ss o f t h e G er m a n C e n tr a l
O r g a n iz a tio n o f t h e H o t e l, R e s ta u r a n t, a n d C a fé S a la r ie d E m p lo y e e s ’ U n io n s ,
h e ld fr o m M a y 10 t o M a y 12, 1932, in D r e s d e n , in c lu d in g in fo r m a tio n o n w a g e
a g r e e m e n ts , u n io n s o f w o m a n h o te l w o rk ers, in te r n a tio n a l m o v e m e n t o f h o te l
w o r k e rs, e tc .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o
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@FedFRASER