The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C E R T IFIC A T E .
This publication is issued pursuant to the
provisions of the sundry civil a c t (41 Stats.
1430), approved March 4, 1921.
A D D IT IO N A L C O P IE S
O P T H IS P U B L IC A T IO N M A T B E P R O C U B E D F R O M
T H E S U P E R IN T E N D E N T O F D O C U M E N T S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E
W A SH IN G T O N , D . C.
AT
15 C E N T S P E R C O P Y
S u b s c r ip t io n
P r i c e , 8 1 .5 0
P er
Y ea r
P U R C H A S E R A G R E E S N O T TO R E S E L L O R D IS T R I B U T E T H IS
C O P T F O R P R O F I T .— P U B . R E S . 5 7 , A P P R O V E D M A T 11, 1 9 2 2
Contents.
Special articles:
Page.
Purchasing power of the dollar, 1913 to 1923, as computed by the U . S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics...........................................................................................
1-8
How Germany settles industrial disputes, by Em il Frankel............................. 8-17
Industrial relations and labor conditions:
China— Labor and industry...............................................
18-20
Prices and cost of living:
Retail prices of food in the United States................................................................. 21-42
Retail prices of coal in the United S tates................................................................. 42-49
Index numbers of wholesale prices in July, 1923.................................................. 50, 51
Wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries, 1913 to June,
1923....................................................................................................................................... 51,52
Alaska— Cost of a “ grubstake” .......................................................................................
53
Iceland— Retail prices in Reykjavik in April, 1923..............................................
54
Wages and hours of labor:
Changes in union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1913 to 1923.................... 55-80
Basis for determination of a living wage.................................................................... 81, 82
The five-day week in industry....................................................................................... 82,83
Alaska—
Nationality and wages of workers in the fishing industry.......................... 83, 84
Wages of miners, 1922................................................................................................
85
Massachusetts—Employment and earnings in manufacturing establish
ments....................................................................................................................................
86
New York State—Average weekly earnings of factory workers in June,
1923....................................................................................................................................... 86,87
North Carolina— Wages in 1922....................................................................................... 87, 88
Texas— Wages in 1922........................................................................................................
88
China—Wages and hours of labor in various industries....................................... 88, 89
Denmark—Wages in various industries, third and fourth quarters of 192 2 .. 90-92
Finland— Average hourly wages of trade-unionists in 1921 and 19 2 2 ............
93
Netherlands— Wages and hours of labor, 1922.......................................................... 93-97
Rumania—Wages in 1922.............................. ................................................................... 97, 98
Sweden and England— Seamen’s wages................................................................... 98-100
Woman and child labor:
Trend of child labor in the United States, 1920 to 1923.................................. 101-105
Italy— Decree regulating night work of woman and juvenile w orkers.. 105,106
Labor agreements, awards, and decisions:
Railroads— Decisions of the Railroad Labor Board—Collective bargaining. 107-111
Carpenters— Syracuse..................................................................................................... 111,112
Ice teamsters— San Francisco.........................................................................................
112
Painters— Baton Rouge......................................................................................................
113
Shirt makers— New York City................ ................................................................... 113,114
Street railways— Chicago.............................................................................................. 114,115
Employment and unemployment:
Employment in selected industries in July, 1923.............................................. 116-121
Employment and earnings of railroad employees, June, 1922 and May and
June, 1923....................................................................................................................... 122,123
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in
IV
CO N T EN T S.
Employment and unemployment—Concluded.
E xten t of operation of bituminous coal mines, June 23 to Ju ly 14, 1923
R ecent employment statistics—
Alaska..................................................
Illinois................... ...........................................
Massachusetts................................................................
New Y ork .....................................................................
North Carolina..........................................................
Ohio.........................................................................................
Wisconsin....................................................................
Netherlands— Decasualization of dock labor...........................................
Norway—Unemployment relief..................................................
Housing:
Denmark— Housing conditions in Copenhagen, 1914 to 1923......................
Sweden— Operations of State building bureau, 1917 to 1922..............
Vocational education:
Norway—Juvenile vocational education......................
Industrial accidents and hygiene:
Health hazards in photo-engraving.....................................
Hydrogen sulphide as an industrial poison.......................................................
Metal-fume fever............................................................
Effect of locomotive smoke on trainmen in railroad tunnels..................
Industrial medical records...........................................................
Workmen’s compensation and social insurance:
Norway— Occupational morbidity statistics of sick funds...............
Labor laws and court decisions:
Individual and collective bargaining under Mexican State labor laws,
Martha Dobbin.......................................................................
Yugoslavia— Law for the protection of workers.................................
Labor organizations:
Denmark— Membership of trade-unions in 1922.....................
Finland— Trade-union membership in 1922.................................
Germany—Federation of Woman Salaried Employees..................................
Sweden— Trade-union membership in 1922....................................
Strikes and lockouts:
Page.
123, 124
124
124
.
125
125
.
126
.
126
127
127,128
128-130
.
-
131
131
132,133
134-136
136,137
137-139
139-141
141,142
143-145
by
. 146-158
. 159-166
■-167
■ 167,168
168
. 168,169
L ew York Schenectady street-car strik e..................................
170_172
Belgium Strike of railway, postal, and telegraph and telephone workers. 172-174
Conciliation and arbitration:
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in Ju ly, 1923, by Hugh L.
Kerwin, Director of Conciliation.........................................................
& 175-177
Czechoslovakia—Activities of arbitration boards, 1922.......................................
]7 g
Cooperation:
Position of employees in the cooperative movement....................................... 179 igp
Membership of farmers’ marketing associations................................................... Igo' 181
Court decisions as to contracts with cooperative associations—
North Carolina.
non
,
Texas
............................................................................ 1»L 182
Washington.................................. ............................................... ...........................
Cooperative congresses—
Belgium.............................................................................................
183, 184
184
............................................................................................... 7 * 7 7 184-186
rG9it 13ritain.........................................................................................................................X86
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS,
V
Cooperation— Concluded.
Cooperation in foreign countries—
Page.
Austria...........................................................................
187
B u lg a ria ..,.....................................................................................................................
187
Denmark.........................................................................................................................
188
Finland....................................................................................................................... 188,189
Poland..............................................................................................................................
189
Immigration:
Statistics of immigration for fiscal year ended June 30, 1923, by W. W.
Husband, Commissioner General of Immigration.......................................... 190-195
What State labor bureaus are doing:
Alaska.......................................................................................................................................
196
Massachusetts.........................................................................................................................
196
New Y ork ................................................................................................................................
197
North Carolina.......................................................................................................................
197
Texas.........................................................................................................................................
198
Current notes of interest to labor:
California— New chairman of Industrial A ccident Commission........................
199
Pennsylvania— Reorganization of Department of Labor and Industry..........
199
Resumption of activities by the International Association on Unemploy
m ent......................................................................................................................................
200
Publications relating to labor:
Official— United States.................................................................................................. 201, 202
Official— Foreign countries.......................................................................................... 202, 203
Unofficial............................................................................................................................. 203-206
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
vol . xvii —n o .
3
Se p t e m b e r , 1923
WASHINGTON
Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1913 to 1923, as Computed by the
U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T
HAT the purchasing power of money has greatly diminished
since 1913, the year preceding the World War, is well known
to the most casual observer. To the average person, however,
the extent of such decrease is more or less conjectural, owing to the
wide diversity of price fluctuations of individual commodities and
the difficulty of reducing them to a common standard for gauging
changes in the price level. The index numbers of wholesale prices
constructed each month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
generally accepted as furnishing a reliable barometer of composite
price movements. Monthly changes since 1913 in the buying power
of the dollar for various groups of commodities, as computed from
the Bureau’s index numbers for those groups, are shown in the table
which follows. The dollar’s average buying power in 1913 forms
the basis of the comparisons.
M O N T H L Y C H A N G E S IN B U Y IN G P O W E R O F T H E D O L L A R IN T H E P U R C H A S E O F
S P E C I F I E D G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO J U N E , 1923.
[1913=S1.00.]
Y ear and m onth.
1913:
Ja n u a ry ................
F eb ru a ry .............
M arch....................
A pril......................
M ay........................
Ju n e .......................
J u ly ........................
August..................
Sep tem ber...........
O ctober................
N ovember............
D ecem ber............
1914:
Ja n u a ry ................
F eb ru a ry .............
March....................
A pril......................
May........................
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
A u gu st.................
Sep tem ber..........
O ctober................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
Metals
Build Chemi House
All
and
ing
cals furnish Miscel com
m etal
lane
m a
in g
and
modi
prod terials.
ous.
drags. goods.
ties.
ucts.
F arm
prod
ucts.
Foods.
Cloths
and
cloth
ing.
Fuel
and
light
ing.
$1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
.97
.97
.97
.97
$1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.01
.99
.98
.97
.98
.97
.99
$1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.99
.99
.99
1.00
$1.00
.99
.99
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
.99
.99
.98
.98
1.01
$0.93
.95
.95
.96
.97
.99
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.06
1.12
$0.99
.98
.97
.97
.97
.98
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
$1.00
.99
.99
.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.09
1.00
1.02
$1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.99
LOO
1.00
$0.94
.95
.97
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.02
1.03
1.04
$1.00
1.00
1.00
1.C0
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
.98
.99
1.00
1.01
.97
.97
.98
.98
.99
.99
.97
.94
.94
.99
.98
.99
.99
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.01
.92
.90
.94
.94
.95
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.10
1. 10
1.12
1.12
1.14
?. 14
1.14
1.14
1. 12
1.12
1.14
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.39
1.16
1.20
1.25
1.23
1.0S
1.05
1.06
1.08
1.08
1. 08
1.09
1.08
1.09
1. 11
1.14
1.14
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.04
.92
.93
.93
.93
1.00
1.00
1.00
1. 00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1. 00
1.00
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.05
1.08
1. 0.5
1.04
1.09
1.10
1.04
1.02
1.01
1. 02
1.02
1.0?
1.0.?
1. 03
.99
.98
1.03
1.03
1.03
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. 00
1.05
[571]
1
2
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
M O N T H L Y C H A N G E S IN B U Y IN G P O W E R O F T H E D O L L A R IN T H E P U R C H A S E O F
S P E C I F I E D G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO J U N E , 1923-C o ntin u ed .
[1913=11.00.]
Y ear and m onth.
1915:
Jan u ary ..............
F eb ru ary .............
March....................
A pril......................
May.......................
Ju n e ......................
Ju ly ........................
August..................
Sep tem ber..........
October................
N ovem ber...........
Decem ber............
1916:
Jan u ary ................
F eb ru ary .............
March........
A pril..........
May...........
J u n e........
Ju ly ........................
August..............
Septem ber...........
O c to b e r...
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
1917:
Ja n u a ry .. . .
F eb ru ary .............
March..............
A pril........
May.......................
J u n e..........
J u ly .......................
August..........
Sep tem b er..........
O c to b e r ...
N ovem ber.........
D ecem ber.. .
1918:
Jan u ary ___
February
M arch ...
A pril___
M ay.........
J u n e ..
Ju ly ........................
August........
Sep tem ber........
October........
N ov em b er.. .
D ecem ber...
1919:
Ja n u a r y ...
!' eb ru ary . . .
M arch ...
A pril........
May........
Ju n e ........
JAuIy - - ; ..................
August................
Sep tem ber..........
O cto b e r...
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
1920:
Jan u ary ........
F eb ru ary .............
March....................
A p ril...........
M ay.......................
J une...........
J.uly - - - .................
August..................
Septem ber...........
O ctober___
N ovem ber.........
D e c e m b e r ...... j
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Metals
B u ild Chemi House
and
ing
cals .furnish
m etal
m a
and
ing
prod
terials.
drugs.
goods.
ucts
Farm
prod
ucts.
Foods.
Cloths
and
cloth
ing.
Fuel
and
light
ing.
$0.96
.95
.96
.96
. 95
.99
.96
.97
.99
.94
.96
. 95
$0.94
.93
.94
.95
.95
.98
.95
.98
1.01
.98
.94
.93
$1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1. 04
1.04
1.04
1. 03
1.01
.99
. 95
.93
$1.15
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.18
1.10
1.06
1.02
.97
$1.22
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.04
.98
.95
.97
.93
.95
.91
.82
SI. 14
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.08
1.08
1.03
1.08
1.06
1.02
.99
.96
$0.93
.86
.85
.85
.86
.81
.77
.74
.70
.66
.61
.56
$1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1. 00
1. 00
1. 00
1.00
1.00
.9 9
$1.01
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.06
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.05
1. 00
$1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.00
1. 00
.98
. 96
.93
.91
.91
.90
.88
.87
.88
.85
.80
.76
.74
.68
.68
.92
.91
.89
.88
.87
.87
.85
.82
.79
.75
.71
.73
.91
.88
.85
. 85
.83
.82
.80
.78
.77
.73
.68
.65
.88
.87
.84
. 83
.83
.82
.83
.86
.83
.78
.65
.61
.75
.70
.64
.61
.60
.61
.63
.64
.63
.61
.57
.50
.91
.88
.85
.83
.83
.83
.83
.83
.83
.81
.79
.76
.54
.49
.49
.5 0
.5 2
.5 2
.5 7
.64
.63
.61
.60
.58
.97
.97
.96
.96
.95
.95
.93
.93
.93
.92
.90
.9 0
. 91
.95
.93
.91
.88
.83
.83
. 83
.81
.76
. 72
.6 8
.88
.87
.84
.S3
.82
. 81
.81
. 79
.77
.74
.68
.67
.66
.64
.60
.54
.51
.51
. 51
.50
.50
.48
.47
.48
.71
.69
.68
.61
.57
.58
.59
.57
.57
. 56
.55
. 55
.63
.64
.63
.61
.60
.57
. 55
.54
. 54
.54
.52
.51
.58
.56
.57
.61
.56
. 55
.57
.60
.63
.65
.62
.61
.51
.49
.46
.43
.42
.37
.34
.35
.38
.47
.58
.58
.5 5
.5 4
.5 2
.51
.4 9
.47
.4 5
.43
.67
.6 8
.70
. 71
.7 !
.65
.64
.62
.58
.55
.54
.53
.53
.53
.55
.44
.85
.84
.83
.83
.83
.81
.7 8
.78
.77
.77
. 76
.75
.67
.67
.6 6
.65
.6 6
.6 5
. 55
.72
.71
.69
.65
.63
.59
.60
.60
.60
.64
.64
.63
.47
.47
.47
.47
.48
.48
.46
.44
.43
.44
.44
.44
. 55
. 55
.56
. 55
.56
. 56
.54
.53
.51
. 51
.49
.49
.50
.49
.47
.45
.44
.43
.42
.42
.41
.41
.41
.43
.61
.61
.61
.60
.59
.59
.57'
.57
.57
.57
. 56
.56
.55
.54
.54
.54
. 54
.54
.53
.53
.53
.52
.52
.53
.62
.62
.61
. 59
.59
.58
.56
.56
.56
.56
.5 6
.56
.44
.44
.44
.45
.49
.48
.47
.48
.47
.48
.52
.73
.7 2
.71
.6 9
.6 8
.66
.63
.62
.61
.61
.61
.61
.69
.69
.68
.66
.6 5
.63
.63
.63
.6 2
.61
.61
.61
.54
.53
.53
.53
.52
.51
.50
.49
. 50
. 49
.50
.45
.46
. 45
.43
.43
.44
.41
.41
.44
.44
.42
.41
.49
.52
.50
.49
.48
.49
.48
.47
.49
.49
.48
.45
.45
.48
.49
.49
.46
.41
.38
.36
.35
.34
.33
.32
. 56
.56
.56
. 56
.56
.56
.55
. 54
.53
. 53
.53
.53
.57
.59
.61
.65
.65
.65
.63
.62
.62
.62
.61
.60
.57
.5 8
.58
.59
.58
.53
.48
.44
.44
.44
.43
.40
.5 9
.62
.63
.62
.62
.60
.59
.59
.58
.5 7
. 55
.60
.61
.61
.60
.6 0
.56
. 53
.53
.52
.46
. 45
.6 0
.61
.6 2
.63
.6 2
.60
.5 6
.53
.53
.5 3
.53
.53
.50
.52
.51
.51
.50
.49
.47
. 46
. 48
.47
. 46
.45
.40
.42
.42
.41
.41
.42
.43
.46
.48
.53
.58
.66
.43
.45
.45
.42
.40
.41
.42
.45
.47
.50
.53
.59
.29
.29
.29
.30
.30
.32
.33
.35
.38
.41
.44
.47
.52
.50
.48
.43
.42
.40
.39
.37
.36
.36
.38
.39
.57
.53
.51
.49
.50
.50
.50
. 50
. 50
.5 2
.5 7
.63
.36
.34
.3 4
.3 3
.34
.3 6
.3 7
.3 8
.3 9
.4 2
.4 7
.4 9
.5 3
.51
.49
.48
.47
.47
.47
.48
.4 9
.51
.5 5
.61
.42
.41
.41
.41
.4 0
.4 0
.3 6
. 36
.3 7
.3 7
.3 8
.41
.5 2
. 43
.43
.43
.41
.40
. 41
.41
. 43
. 44
. 47
.51
.5 6
[572]
Miscel
lane
ous.
.5 0
.49
.4 8
.4 9
.4 9
. 50
. 51
.5 3
. 56
.6 0
All
com
modi
ties.
,55
3
PURCHASING POWER OF THE DOLLAR, 1913 TO 1923.
M O N T H L Y C H A N G E S IN B U Y IN G P O W E R O F T H E D O L L A R IN T H E P U R C H A S E O F
S P E C I F I E D G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO JU N E , 1923—Concluded.
[1913=11.00.]
Y ear and m onth.
1921:
Ja n u a ry ................
F eb ru ary .............
March....................
A pril......................
M ay.......................
Ju n e .......................
J u ly .......................
August..................
Sep tem ber...........
O ctober.................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
1922:
Ja n u a ry ................
F eb ru ary .............
March....................
April......................
Ju n e .......................
J u ly ........................
August..................
Sep tem ber...........
October.................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber., ........
1923:
Ja n u a ry ................
F eb ru ary .............
M arch___, ............
A pril......................
M ay.......................
Ju n e .......................
Farm
prod
ucts.
Foods.
Cloths
and
cloth
ing.
Fuel
and
light
ing.
Metals
and
m etal
prod
ucts.
SO. 70
.75
.79
.85
.85
.88
.84
.81
.81
.81
.83
.83
SO. 62
.66
.66
.69
.72
.73
.71
.68
.70
.71
.72
.74
$0.51
.53
. 55
.57
.58
.58
.58
.58
.56
.56
.56
. 56
$0.40
.44
.47
.49
.50
.52
.54
.54
.55
.53
.51
.50
$0.65
.68
.71
.72
.72
.75
.81
. 85
.86
.86
.88
.88
$0.52
.56
.58
.60
.61
.61
.63
.64
.64
.63
.61
.63
$0.65
.67
.7 0
.74
.7 5
.75
.7 8
.78
.76
.76
.7 8
.79
$0.46
.46
.46
.46
.48
.51
.56
. 56
.56
.56
.56
.56
$0.65
.68
.72
.77
.79
.80
.81
.84
. 85
. 85
.84
.83
$0.59
.63
. 65
.6 8
.69
.70
.71
.7 0
.71
.70
.71
.71
.82
.76
.77
.78
.76
.76
.74
.76
.75
.72
.70
.69
.76
.74
.73
.73
.72
.71
.70
.72
.72
.71
.70
.69
.57
.57
.58
.58
.57
.56
. 56
. 55
.55
.53
.52
.52
.51
.52
.52
.52
.46
.44
.39
.37
.41
.44
.46
.46
.89
.91
.92
.88
.84
.83
.83
.79
.75
.74
.75
.76
.64
.64
.65
.64
.63
.60
.59
.58
.56
.55
.54
.54
.81
.81
.80
.81
.82
.82
.83
.82
.81
.81
.79
.77
. 56
. 56
.57
.57
.57
.57
.5 8
.58
.58
.57
.56
.55
.85
. 85
. 85
.86
.86
.88
.88
.87
.86
.83
.82
.82
.72
.71
.7 0
.70
.6 8
.67
.6 5
. 65
. 6o
.6 5
.6 4
.64
.70
.70
.70
.71
.72
.72
.71
.71
.70
.69
.69
.70
.51
.50
.50
.49
.50
.51
.46
.47
.49
.50
.53
.54
.75
.72
.67
.65
.66
.68
.53
.52
.51
.49
.50
.76
.76
.74
.74
. 75
.76
. 54
.54
. 54
.53
.53
.53
.81
.79
.79
.79
.80
.81
.64
.6 4
.6 3
.63
.6 4
. 65
All
B u ild Chemi House- Miscel
furnish
com
cals
ing
lane
ing
modi
m a
and
ous.
ties.
terials. drugs. goods.
I t will be seen from the foregoing table that the purchasing power
of the 1913 dollar, as applied to farm products, sank below 50 cents
in the closing months of 1917 and continued downward to January,
1920, when it equaled only 40 cents. Declining prices of farm prod
ucts brought the dollar’s buying power up to 88 cents in June, 1921,
the highest point since 1916. In 1923 the average has been above
70 cents. In foodstuffs the low point of 40 cents was reached in
May, 1920, with rising buying powder thereafter, the average for the
first half of 1923 being 'above 70 cents. As regards cloths and
clothing, the dollar would purchase more than a dollar’s worth in
1914 and most of 1915, but sank below 30 cents in its buying power
early in 1920. In 1923 it has averaged about 50 cents.
In the three groups of fuel and lighting, metals and metal products,,
and building materials, the buying powder of the dollar rose above its
buying power in other groups in 1914 and the first part of 1915.
Advancing prices of metals for war purposes after 1914 brought the
dollar’s purchasing power rapidly downward, followed by similar
declines in the other groups. By the middle of 1917 the dollar of
1913 had shrunk to 34 cents in the purchase of metals and their
products, but expanded quickly as prices again declined. In 1920,
the year of highest prices, the dollar of 1913 reached a low point,
equivalent in its purchasing power to 49 cents in the case of metals
and metal products, 36 cents in the case of fuel and lighting, and 33
cents in the case of building materials. In the first half of 1923 of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[573]
4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
the three groups named, the buying power of money was highest in
the case of metals and metal products and lowest in the case of fuel
and lighting, with building materials following closely behind the
last-mentioned group.
Measured by its purchasing power in 1913, the dollar was equal to
less than 50 cents during most of 1917 and 1918 and again in 1920 in
the purchase of chemicals and drugs. In 1923 it has averaged about
75 cents. In the case of house-furnishing goods the dollar of 1913
had a value of less than 40 cents in the second half of 1920 and more
than 50 cents in the first half of 1923. For all commodities combined,
a dollar in 1913 was equal in purchasing power to more than a dollar
in most of 1914 and 1915, but dropped steadily thereafter until
May, 1920, when it equaled only 40 cents. With a declining general
price level it advanced above 70 cents in the second half of 1921 and
the first half of 1922, but receded below 65 cents thereafter.
In view of the importance of building materials, the table which
follows affords a comparison of the dollar’s purchasing power since
1913 for several classes of material. As in the preceding table, the
comparison is with the average for the year 1913.
M O N T H L Y C H A N G E S IN B U Y IN G P O W E R O F T H E D O L L A R IN T H E P U R C H A S E O F
S P E C I F I E D C L A S S E S O F B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S , JA N U A R Y , 1913, T O J U N E , 1923.
[1913=$!.00.]
Other AH
B rick S tru c build build
com tu ral ing
ing
mon. steel. m ate m ate
rials. rials.
B r ic k
Y e a r and m onth. L u m com
ber:
mon.
$0.98
.97
,9 7
.96
.97
.97
1.01
1.02
1. 02
1.04
1.04
1.05
$0.99
.99
.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.01
$0.99 $1.00
1.01
.9 9
.88 1.00
.88 1.00
.90
.99
1.01 1.00
1.01 1.01
1.01 1.01
1.04
.99
1.04
.99
3.14 1. (X)
1.16 1.02
$0.99
.98
.97
.97
. 97
.9 8
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1916.
Jan u ary.
F eb ru a ry .............
M arch....................
A pril......................
M a y ... .
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
A ugust..................
Sep tem b er...........
O ctober................
N ovem ber. . . . . .
D ecem ber............
$0,99
.9 8
.97
.9 8
.9 9
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.00
.9 6
.9 4
.93
$0.99
.9 9
.99
.95
95
.95
.85
.85
.85
.8 0
. 80
.8 0
. .5 7
.5 7
.57
.56
.56
.56
.50
.7 2
.73
.73
.72
.7 0
.6 9
.65
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.09
1. 09
1.09
1. 14
1.15
1.15
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1. 01
1.01
1.01
1.37
1. 27
1.23
1.32
1.32
1. 32
1.32
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.28
1.35
1.08
1.06
1.03
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.09
1.11
1. 14
1. 14
1917.
Ja n u a r y ................
F e b ru a ry .............
M arch....................
A pril......................
M ay........................
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
A ugust........ .........
Sep tem b er...........
O ctober................
N ovem ber______
D ecem ber............
.8 8
.86
.83
.75
.7 2
.7 0
.7 0
.7 0
.69
.72
.71
.69
.8 0
.80
.8 0
.78
.7 8
.78
.75
.75
.75
.72
.72
.72
.47
.47
.46
.40
.40
.3 0
.34
.34
.34
.5 0
.5 0
.5 0
.64
.63
.61
.60
.58
.5 7
.56
.57
.57
.58
.59
.59
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.08
1.08
1.06
1.08
1.06
1. 02
. 99
.96
1918.
Jan u ary ................
F eb ru ary .............
M arch....................
A pril......................
M ay ........................
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
August..................
Sep tem b er..........
O ctober................
N ovem ber...........
| Decem ber............
.68
.68
.67
.64
.64
.64
.6 2
.63
.63
.64
.6 4
.6 4
.67
.6 7
.67
.58
.58
.58
.53
.53
.53
.52
.5 2
.52
..50
.50
.5 0
.5 0
.5 0
.5 0
.5 0
.50
.50
.5 0
.50
.50
.58
.57
.56
.56
Y e ar and m onth Lu m
ber.
1913.
Ja n u a r y .. .
F eb ru a ry .
M arch........
A pril..........
M ay........................
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
A ugust..................
S ep tem b er...........
O ctober................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
1914.
F eb ru a ry ...........
M arch..................
A pril.....................
M ay.......................
Ju n e ......................
Ju ly .......................
A ugust..................
S ep tem b er..........
O ctober................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber............
1915.
Jan u ary ................
F eb ru ary .............
M arch..,................
A pril......................
May........................
Ju n e .......................
Ju ly ........................
August..................
Sep tem b er...........
O ctober................
N ovem ber...........
D ecem ber___
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.15
1.15
1.14
1,14
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.06
1.05
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.04
1.04
1.04
.99
.99
.99
.98
.98
.98
1.37
1.32
1.32
1. 32
1.27
1. 27
1.20
1.20
1.08
1.08
1. 01
.94
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.05
1.06
1. 10
1.10
1.10
1.06
1.05
1.03
.97
.95
.94
.96
.99
.90
.92
.88
[574]
Othei AU
S tru c build build
tu ra l in g
ing
steel. m a te m a te
rials 1 rials.
$0.84 $0. 83
.7 8
. 78
.64
.5 7
.74
.53
.51
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
$0.91
.88
.85
.83
.83
.83
.83
.83
.83
.81
.79
.76
.72
.71
.69
.65
.63
.59
.60
.60
.60
.64
.64
.63
.62
.62
.61
.59
.59
.58
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
PURCHASING POWER OF TH E DOLLAR, 1913 TO 1923.
5
M O N T H L Y C H A N G E S IN B U Y IN G P O W E R O F T H E D O L L A R IN T H E P U R C H A S E O F S P E C
I F I E D C L A S S E S O F B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S , JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO J U N E , 1923—Coned.
11913=11.00.]
1919.
Ja n u a ry ............
$0.63
F eb ru ary .............
.63
M arch....................
.63
April......................
.63
M a y .......................
.59
Ju n e .......................
. 51
J u ly ........................
.45
A ugust..................
.40
S ep tem b er........... .39
October................
.39
N ovem ber...........
.38
D ecem ber............
.34
1920.
Ja n u a ry ................
.30
F eb ru ary .............
.27
March................
.27
A pril......................
.27
M ay .......................
.28
Ju n e .......................
.32
Ju ly ........................
.32
August..................
.33
S ep tem b er..........
.35
O ctober................
.38
N ovem ber...........
.45
Decem ber............
.48
1921.
Ja n u a ry ................
.52
F e b r u a r y .. . ___
.57
March....................
.60
B rick
com
m on.
Other A ll
Stru c build build
tu ral ing
ing
steel. m ate m ate
rials. rials.
$0.50
.50
.50
.49
.49
.49
.48
.48
.48
.47
.47
.47
$0.50 $0.52
.54
.53
. 54
.54
.62
.56
.67
.55
.67
.53
.62
. 50
.62
.48
.32
.48
.62
.49
.62
.49
.62
.48
$0. 57
.58
.58
.59
.58
.53
.48
.44
.44
.44
.43
.40
.41
.39
.38
.36
.35
.35
.34
.34
.34
.34
.35
.35
.62
.62
.62
.47
.47
.47
.49
.54
.54
.54
.54
.56
.47
.46
.45
.44
.44
.44
.45
.45
.45
.46
.49
.51
.36
.34
.34
.33
.34
.36
.37
.38
.39
.42
.47
.49
.37
.37
.38
.62
.62
.66
.53
.55
.56
.52
.56
.58
B rick
Y ear and m onth. Lum com
ber. m on.
1921.
A pril...................... $0.63
M ay........................ .63
Ju n e ................ ..... .64
J u l y ....................... .6 5
A ugust.................. .66
S ep tem b er..........
.65
O ctober................
.61
N ovem ber...........
.57
D ecem ber............
.60
1922.
Jan u ary ................
.60
F eb ru ary .............
.61
March....................
.61
April......................
.60
M ay........................ .58
Ju n e ....................... .54
J u l y .......................
.53
August.................. .52
Sep tem ber..........
.51
October................
.49
N ovem ber...........
.49
D ecem ber............
.48
1923.
Jan u ary ................
.47
F eb ru ary .............
.46
M a r c h .................
.45
A pril......................
.44
May........................ .45
Ju n e ......................
.47
$0.40
.42
.43
.45
.46
.48
.48
.49
.49
Othe
All
Struc build build
tu ral
ing
ing
steel. m a te m a te
rials. rials.
$0.68' $0.57
.68
.58
.68
.59
.72
.60
.82
.61
.82
.62
.86
.6 3
.92
.6 5
1. 01
.65
$0.60
.61
.61
.63
.64
.64
.63
.61
.63
22£2
Y e a r and m onth Lum
ber.
.49
.50
.5 0
. 50
.50
.50
.50
.50
. 50
.49
.49
.49
1.01
1. 01
1.04
1.01
.94
.94
.92
.86
.73
.71
.74
.76
.6 5
.66
.67
.6 7
.66
.65
.65
.64
.62
.61
.61
.62
.64
.64
.65
.64
.63
.60
.59
.58
. 56
.55
. 54
.54
.49
.49
.48
.47
.47
.46
.76
.72
.68
.58
.57
.60
.61
.60
.58
.57
.57
.58
.53
.52
.5 1
.49
.5)0
.52
The figures for lumber in the above table are based on wholesale
prices of Douglas fir, gum, hemlock, maple, white oak, white pine,
southern yellow pine, poplar, spruce, yellow pine lath, cypress
shingles, and red cedar shingles, each material having an importance
equal to its production in 1919. The brick figures represent an
average for the United States computed from prices in various
localities, while the figures for structural steel are for Pittsburgh.
Included in other building materials” are Portland cement, crushed
stone, gravel, hollow tile, lime, sand, slate, plate and window glass,
linseed oil, putty, rosin, turpentine, white lead, zinc oxide, cast-iron
pipe, copper wire, sheet copper, lead pipe, nails, reinforcing bars,
roofing tin, and sheet zinc.
The table shows that the dollar’s purchasing power has fluctuated
more widely in the case of structural steel than of other materials.
In January, 1914, and again in 1915 the 1913 dollar had a buying
power of $1.37, while in June, 1917, it had dwindled to 30 cents.
With the inauguration of price control later in 1917, as a war measure,
the dollar’s buying power increased to 50 cents and, except for a
short period in 1920, has fluctuated above that figure since. Early
in 1922 it rose above the 1913 level of 100 cents. Lumber, also,
shows wide fluctuations since 1913 in the dollar’s purchasing power.
Averaging $1.15 in the first half of 1915, it fell to 27 cents early in
1920. In the first half of 1923 it has averaged about 45 cents.
Brick, while relatively more stable than other materials, has shown
a range in the purchasing power of the dollar extending from $1.04 in
1915 to 34 cents in 1920, advancing above 45 cents in the present year.
“
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[575]
6
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
Bituminous coal and coke also furnish examples of extreme varia-r
tion in the dollar’s buying power since 1913. In the next table are’
shown lor these two commodities the average money price, the rela-!
tive price compared with the average money price in 1913 as 100 !
and the purchasing power of the dollar by months since the beginning
of 1913. The coke prices are for furnace coke at the ovens^ while
the prices for bituminous coal are quoted on the New River variety
f. o. b. Cincinnati.
j
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F B IT U M IN O U S CO A L AN D C O K E , W IT H P U R C H A S IN G P O W E R
______________________ O F T H E D O L L A R , JA N U A R Y , 1913, T O J U N E , 1923;
1 uv' ^
Bitu m inous coal.
Y ear and m onth.
1913:
Jan u ary ___
F eb ru ary . .
March..........
A p ril.. . . . . .
May..............
Ju n e ............
J u ly .............
A ugust........
Sep tem ber.
O c to b e r ....
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
1914:
Jan u ary ___
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ......
A pril............
May..............
J u n e ...........
J u ly .............
A ugust........
Sep tem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
1915:
Ja n u a ry ___
F eb ru a ry . .
M a r c h ..'___
April............
M ay...............
Ju n e ..............
Ju ly ...............
A ugust.........
S e p te m b e r.,
O ctober........
N o v e m b er..
D ecem ber...
1916:
Jan u ary ........
F eb ru ary . . .
M arch............
A p ril.............
M ay ...............
Ju n e ...............
Ju ly ...............
August..........
Sep tem b er. .
October........
N o v e m b e r..
D ecem b e r...
1917:
Jan u ary ........
F eb ru ary . . .
M arch. . ' ___
A p ril..............
M ay...............
Ju n e ...............
Ju ly ...............
A ugust..........
S ep tem b er. .
O ctober........
N o v e m b er..
D ec em b e r...
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Money
price per
ton.
R elativ e
price
(1913=100).
Coke.
Pu rchas Money
ing power price per
of dollar.
ton
R elativ e
price
(1913=100).
Purchas
ing
power of
dollar.
$2.600
2.600
2.600
2.350
2.350
2.350
2.350
2. 350
2.350
2.350
2.350
2.350
108
108
108
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
$0.93
.93
.93
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
$3.675
3.075
2.550
2.325
2.150
2.200
2.375
2.500
2.450
2.175
1.925
1.875
151
126
105
95
88
90
97
103
100
89
79
77
$ 0.66
2.350
2. 350
2.350
2.350
2.350
2. 350
2. 350
2.350
2.500
2. 500
2.500
2.500
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
104
104
104
104
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
.96
.96
.96
.96
1.925
1.925
1.875
1.925
1.925
1.875
1.875
1.800
1.725
1.675
1.550
1.625
79
79
77
79
79
77
77
74
71
60
64
67
1.27
1.27
1.30
1.27
1.27
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.41
1.45
1.56
1.49
2.500
2.500
2. 500
2.350
2.350
2.350
2.350
2.500
2. 500
2.500
2.500
2.500
104
104
104
97
97
97
97
104
104
104
104
104
.96
.96
.96
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
.96
.96
.96
.96
.96
1.625
1.575
1.575
1.625
1.625
1.625
1.750
1.675
1.675
1.49
1.54
1.54
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.39
1.45
1.45
2.375
2.300
67
65
65
67
67
67
72
69
69
82
97
94
2.500
2.500
2.500
2.450
2.450
2.450
2. 450
2.600
2.600
3.600
4. 500
6. 100
104
104
104
102
.9 6
.9 6
.96
.9 8
.98
2.875
2.625
3.000
2.825
2.375
2.625
2.625
2.625
2.750
3.125
5.750
5.750
118
108
123
116
97
108
108
108
113
128
236
236
7. 250
7.500
8.500
7.250
7.000
9.500
12.250
10.000
11.750
297
307
348
297
287
389
502
410
482
246
246
246
6 . 100
6 . 100
6 . 100
6 . 100
6 . 100
6 . 100
6. 100
4.500
3.550
3. 550
4.000
4.000
102
102
102
108
108
149
187
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
187
147
147
366
166
[576]
2.000
6.000
6. 000
6.000
.79
.95
1.05
1.13
1.11
1.03
.97
1.00
1.12
1.27
1.30
1.22
1.03
1.06
.85
.93
.81
.86
1.03
.93
.93
.93
.88
.78
.42
.42
.34
.33
.29
.34
.35
.26
.20
.24
.21
.41
.41
.41
3
7
PURCHASING POWER OF TH E DOLLAR, 1913 TO 1923.
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F B IT U M IN O U S COA L AND C O K E , W IT H P U R C H A S IN G P O W E R
O F T H E D O L L A R , JA N U A R Y , 1913, T O JU N E , 1923—Concluded.
Coke.
Bitum inous coal.
Y e ar and m onth.
1918:
J anu ary ............................................
F eb ru a ry .........................................
M arch...............................................
A p ril.................................................
M ay ...................................................
Ju n e . ..............................................
Ju ly
..............................................
A ugust.............................................
Sep tem b er......................................
O ctober............................................
N ovem ber.......................................
D ecem ber........................................
1919:
Ja n u a ry ............................................
F eb ru a ry .........................................
M arch................................................
A p ril.................................................
M a y ..................................................
Ju n e .
......................................
J u l y ...................................................
A ugust.............................................
S ep tem b er......................................
O ctober............................................
N oveinber.......................................
D ecem ber........................................
1920:
Ja n u ary ............................................
F eb ru ary .........................................
M arch...............................................
A p ril.................................................
M ay ...................................................
Ju n e ..................................................
Ju ly
..............................................
Auguift-;...........................................
Sep tem b er......................................
O ctober............................................
N ovem ber.......................................
D ecem ber........................................
1921:
J anuarv............................................
F eb ru ary .........................................
M arch...............................................
A p ril.................................................
M ay...................................................
Ju n e ..................................................
J u ly ...................................................
August.............................................
Sep tem ber......................................
O ctober............................................
N ovem ber.......................................
D ecem ber........................................
1922:
Ja n u ary ............................................
F e b r u a r y ....................................
March .............................................
April..................................................
May....................................................
Ju n e ................................................
Ju ly ................................................
August,..............................................
Sep tem ber.......................................
O ctober............................................
N ovem ber.......................................
D ecem ber........................................
1923:
Ja n u a ry ............................................
F eb ru ary .........................................
March .
............................
A pril..................................................
May....................................................
J u n e ...................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pu rchas Money
ing power price per
ton.
of dollar.
Purchas
R ela tiv e
in g
price
(1913=100). power of
dollar.
Money
price per
ton.
R elative
price
(1913=100).
3.850
3.850
3.850
3. 850
4.050
3.950
4.300
4.300
4.300
4.300
4.300
4.300
160
100
160
160
168
164
178
178
178
178
178
178
$0.63
.63
.63
.63
.60
.61
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
6. 000
6.000
6.000
6.000
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
246
$0.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
4.300
4.350
4.350
4.350
4.350
4.350
4.600
4.600
5.350
5.350
4.300
4.300
• 178
180
180
180
180
180
191
191
222
222
178
178
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
.52
.52
.45
.45
5.781
5. 219
4.469
3.900
3.844
4.000
4.095
4.219
4.592
4.825
5.938
6.050
237
214
183
160
158
164
168
173
188
198
243
248
.42
.47
.5 5
.63
.63
.61
.60
.58
4.300
4.300
4.300
5.850
6.100
6.600
6.600
6.600
7.700
7.700
7.700
7.700
178
178
178
243
253
274
274
274
319
319
319
319
.56
.56
.56
.41
.40
.36
.36
.36
.31
.31
.31
.31
6.000
6.000
6.000
10.500
12.000
14.300
14.375
15. 550
15.313
14.313
8.850
6.238
246
246
246
430
492
586
589
637
628
587
363
256
.41
.41
.41
.23
.20
.17
.17
.16
. 16
.17
.28
.39
6.700
6. 200
5.700
5.700
5.700
5.700
5. 700
5.450
5.200
4.950
4.700
4.450
278
257
236
236
236
236
236
226
216
205
195
185
.36
.39
.42
.42
.42
.42
.42
.44
.46
.49
.51
.54
5.531
5.188
5.000
3.719
3. 325
3.094
2.906
2.800
3.188
3. 275
2. 970
2.750
227
213
205
152
136
127
119
115
131
134
122
113
.44
.47
.49
.66
.74
.79
.84
.87
.76
.7 5
.8 2
.8 8
4.200
4.050
3.950
3.950
4.200
5.200
5.490
6.490
7.490
7.490
7.490
7. 490
174
168
164
164
174
216
228
269
311
311
311
311
.57
.60
.61
.61
.57
.46
.44
.37
.32
.32
.32
.32
2.750
3.038
3. 250
4. 475
6.000
6.750
10.750
12.800
11.125
9.800
7.188
7.000
113
125
133
183
246
277
•441
525
456
402
295
287
.8 8
.80
.75
.55
.41
.36
.23
.19
.2 2
.2 5
.34
.35
7.990
6.990
6.490
5.990
5.990
5.990
331
290
269
248
248
248
.30
.34
.37
.40
.40
.40
8. 250
7.125
7.313
6.313
5.150
4.750
338
292
300
259
211
195
.30
.34
.3 3
.39
.47
.51
[577]
.51
.41
.40
8
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
In November, 1914, the purchasing power of a dollar as applied to
coke was S I.56. In August and September, 1920, it was 16 cents.
Three times since the middle of 1917 it has dropped to 20 cents or
below. The stabilizing effect of price control is seen in the figures
for the last three months of 1917 and all of 1918, when the dollar’s
buying power held steadily at 41 cents. In 1919, with war conditions
removed, prices declined and the dollar’s buying power advanced to
63 cents in April and May. Increasing prices thereafter steadily
diminished the dollar’s equivalent in coke until in the summer of
1920 it would buy less than one-fifth as much as in 1913. This con
dition was repeated in August, 1922. During 1923 the dollar has
averaged a little more than one-third of its 1913 buying power in
the purchase of coke.
Bituminous coal to a less extent shows the same variations as coke.
From 1913 to the middle of 1916 the dollar averaged close to 100
cents in its purchasing power. At the end of 1916 and during the
first half of 1917 it was only 40 cents. For the next two years it
averaged well above 50 cents, dropping again to 40 cents in May,
1920, and to 31 cents in the closing months of that year. Following
a period of rising buying power in the next two years, it fell to 30
cents in January, 1923, advancing again to 40 cents in the last few
months. Compared with 1913, the dollar in the first half of 1923
had lost almost two-thirds of its buying power as applied to bitumi
nous coal.
How Germany Settles industrial Disputes.
B y E m il F r a n k e l .
,
T
[A.
,.
HE methods which Germany has developed in settling her indus
trial disputes are a reflex of the new collectivistic principle in
the administration of labor affairs which has taken root in
Germany since the collapse of the monarchy in November. 1918.
The workers’ assumption of political power on that occasion and the
sweeping away of most of the legal restrictions of the imperial régime
have given a tremendous impetus to the spread of trade-unionism
(as well as of employers’ organizations) and of collective bargaining,
so that individual bargaining has almost completely disappeared and
the regulation of working conditions proceeds to-day almost entirely
on the basis of the collective agreement, How the spread of labor
collectivism influences the adjustment of disputes must be obvious.
Mnen both employers and employees are strongly organized, they
can agree upon a joint determination of labor terms to govern when
normal conditions prevail in the industry, and when friction occurs
it is but natural that they will extend the principle of collectivistic
determination and provide machinery for an amicable adjustment of
existing^ differences. Strong organizations on both sides then offer
guaranties that they will be able to give effect to a decision made in
settlement. Nearl}^ all the collective agreements in force in Germany
to-day, which are estimated to cover more than seventeen and a half
million workers and salaried employees (practically the entire num
ber of the gainfully employed in Germany), make provision for the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[578]
HOW GERMANY SETTLES INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES.
9
voluntary settlement of disputes, and most of them have set up
some definite adjustment machinery.
The State, in its desire to encourage self-government in industry,
has legalized collectivism in labor administration by recognizing the
workers’ and the employers’ organizations as the legitimate represen
tatives of the respective groups, and collective agreements volun
tarily entered into between them can be given legal force. The
State has gone even further. The Council of People’s Commission
ers, on December 23, 1918, promulgated a decree which, in article 2,
provided that collective agreements that have become of predomi
nant importance in the development of working conditions in an occu
pation within the territory covered by the agreement may in that
territory be declared by the Federal Labor Department (R eichsar beitsamt ) to be binding also upon employers or workers, or both,
who are not parties to the collective agreement. This, naturally, has
its bearing upon the settlement of industrial disputes, for by law
machinery for conciliation resting on voluntary agreement takes
precedence in functioning over the statutory machinery, and informal
awards of voluntary adjustment agencies established under collec
tive agreements can be declared legally binding by the State.
The legal agencies set up by the Government for the settling of
industrial disputes in the main supplement the voluntary conciliation
agencies. They have their special usefulness when the conciliation
agencies established under collective agreements, by reason of being
too intimately bound up with a given industry, fail to be regarded
by the disputing parties as having the same authority as a wholly dis
interested outside conciliation board.
The aims of conciliation in Germany, as they are the world over, are
to reconcile in nonlegal fashion existing differences between capital
and labor, having due regard to the rightful claims of both. It seems
hardly necessary to mention here that success depends upon the
qualities and capabilities of the negotiators; how far they are able to
bring to the middle ground of compromise the widely different con
tentions of the workers and the employers, not forgetting the general
industrial situation and to what extent the contending industrial
groups are influenced by it. The aims of legal conciliation in Ger
many, however, have some distinct features which go much beyond
smoothing out existing differences. The chief task of the German
conciliation authorities is to prepare the ground for the collective
regulation of working conditions and to urge the parties in dispute
to embody in collective agreements the proposals oi the conciliation
boards which they have voluntarily agreed to accept.
As the function of the conciliation board is not to apply a code of
law or a series of rules, it results that if the conciliation procedure
should fail to bring about an agreement, the informal opinion ex
pressed bv the conciliation board as to what it regards as an equita
ble settlement in the matter is not a “verdict” enforceable by law,
but an “award” proposing to the parties in dispute that they enter
into a collective agreement embodying the terms suggested.
In view of the Government’s policy of encouraging self-administra
tion in all labor affairs, the few compulsory features of the present con
ciliation system are applied rather sparingly. These consist merely
of a continuation of the voluntary conciliation proceedings before a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[579]
10
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
State commissioner, whose task it is to effect an amicable settlement
which should lead to the conclusion of a collective agreement. The
State’s power is invoked only when conciliation has failed completely.
In that event, an award made by the conciliation board can be de
clared legally binding, which virtually makes a collective agreement
out of the award.
Legal Conciliation Agencies.
T H E legal machinery which Germany has developed in settling
industrial disputes is of two distinct kinds— that dealing with in
dividual disputes and that dealing with collective disputes. For the
settlement of disputes arising out of the individual [labor contract
(action for back pay, dismissal, etc.), Germany had established
special courts for different classes of workers—industrial courts, com
mercial courts, mining courts, conciliation boards of craft guilds,
and seamen’s boards. These special courts, in which an equal num
ber of employers’ and workers’ delegates participate in an advisory
capacity, were established largely to get away from the ordinary
court method, which proved cumbersome and inexpedient, and to
provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure. These special
courts still function, mainly in the larger cities, and are used exclu
sively for the adjudication of disputes arising out of the individual
labor contract.
Ih e need for some authoritative agency for the prevention and
settlement of larger industrial disputes caused the Government, in
the absence of other machinery, to intrust these special courts also
with the duty of acting as special boards of conciliation in so-called
collective disputes ; that is, disputes affecting more than one worker,
fine jurisdiction of these courts as conciliation boards was limited,
however, to certain kinds of industrial workers whose earnings did
not exceed a given amount, to low-salaried commercial and techni
cal employees, seamen, etc. It did not cover agricultural workers,
domestic workers, nor employees of State and municipal enterprises.
Alter the outbreak ol the war, when labor disturbances became
rather frequent and the existing machinery for the settlement of
industrial disputes proved inadequate, the military authorities, who
wanted to minimize labor disputes at all costs and to insure an
uninterrupted production of war supplies, proceeded to create a net
work of conciliation boards throughout Germany.
When the revolution broke out in Germany and the socialist
workers assumed the reins of government, they quickly abolished all
institutions connected with the war machine, with the exception of
the conciliation boards, which they retained mainly because they saw
that the demoralized industrial situation resulting from thè war
made it urgent to have authoritative machinery immediately avail
able for the settlement of the many labor troubles that had already
arisen and that threatened to arise in the wake of the revolution.
Ihe revolutionary (socialist) Government, in its initial manifesto of
November 12, 1918, therefore announced the retention of the existing
machinery of adjustment, separating it entirely, however, from the
military organization.
Ih e situation as to the mode of the future settlement of industrial
disputes was clarified by the pact, signed on November 15, 1918,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[580]
HOW GERMANY SETTLES INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES.
11
between the big employers’ and workers’ organizations/ in which
the German employers for the first time recognized the trade-unions
as the legitimate representatives of the workers, and agreed to
the establishment of joint conciliation boards. On the basis of this
agreement, the revolutionary Government, in its order of December
23, 1918, provided for an extensive reorganization of the then exist
ing machinery, and established certain guiding principles and rules
of procedure. This order, to a large extent, is the legal basis for
the adjustment of collective disputes in Germany to-day.2
jurisdiction, Organization, and Procedure of Conciliation Boards,
conciliation boards established under the governmental order
uf December 23, 1918, are to intervene only in collective dis
putes 'which arise in connection with existing collective employment
contracts; that is, disputes that have to do with the conclusion of a
collective agreement or the signing of the legally prescribed shop
rules.3 They are also to intervene in disputes which arise in con
nection with attempts to change or interpret existing collective
agreements or shop rules.
It follows that the parties who have a right to call upon the con
ciliation boards can only be those who have the right to enter into
collective emplojnnent contracts; that is, the trade-unions and the
employers or the employers’ organizations in case of collective agree
ments, and the employer and the works councils 4 in case of disputes
concerning shop rules.
The conciliation boards, of which there is one for a given district,
are public bodies like the industrial and commercial courts, and con
sist of six members—two permanent and one temporary representa
tives of the employers, and the same number of workers’ repre
sentatives. Both permanent and temporary members are appointed
by the State authorities from a list of persons submitted by the
workers’ and employers’ federations. Temporary representatives are
selected for each dispute, and from the branch of industry concerned,
so that the board may utilize their expert knowledge.
Whether the conciliation board is to have a temporary or perma
nent impartial chairman is left to the decision of the permanent
members of the board. Most of the boards have a permanent
impartial chairman. Conciliation boards which mediate without
an impartial chairman usually call one in when they find the em
ployers’ delegates lined up solidly against those of the workers.
If the board can not agree on an impartial chairman, the State
1 See
Monthly
L
abor
R
e v ie w
, A p r i l , 1919, p p . 1 5 8 -1 6 0 .
2 Id em , pp. 160-167. P a rt 3 of this order deals w ith th e adjustm ent of labor disputes and also covers
collective agreements and workers’ and salaried employees’ com m ittees. Supplem entary regulations,
issued in 1919 and 1920, have to do largely with disputes in connection w ith th e industrial demobilization
(engagement and dismissal of workers, em ploym ent of seriously disabled m en, e tc.). In N ovember, 1920,
th e Federal M inistry of Labor issued additional instructions as to the procedure in settling industrial dis
putes, which took account of some of th e difficulties th a t had developed since th e issuance of th e original
order.
3 T he works council law prescribes th a t every industrial and m ercantile establishm ent shall have shop
rules (stimulating tim e of beginning and ending w o r k , m anner of wage paym ents, notification of dis
m issal, fines to be levied, etc.) which are to be issued jo in tly b y th e em ployer and th e works councils.
4 The works council law enacted in Jan u ary , 1920, m akes it obligatory for all establishm ents having 20
or m ore employees to in stitu te works councils, w hich are to participate in th e regulation of wages and
working conditions w ithin th e establishm ent, and which have also been given some lim ited rights to super
vise m anagerial functions, through the right to inspect books, representation on th e board of directors, etc.
See Monthly L abor R e v ie w , M ay, 1920, pp. 172-181.
59726°— 23----- 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[581]
12
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
authorities may intervene and appoint one, reserving entire freedom
in the selection of the person. ' In practice municipal officials,
factory inspectors, judges, and lawyers generally act as impartial
chairmen, but frequently secretaries of employers’ and workers’
organizations also act.
The jurisdiction of the individual conciliation board is limited to
the district in which the dispute occurs. In disputes concerning
collective agreements extending over a larger territory than the
district of the conciliation board, any one of the boards lying within
the territory can be called upon. In more important cases, when
a large number of workers or an especially important industry is
involved, the Federal Ministry of Labor itself may undertake the
work of conciliation.
Proceedings before the conciliation boards are generally initiated
by appeal by one side. Under certain circumstances, and especially
if serious industrial unrest is threatened, the conciliation board may
intervene of its own accord. Parties to the dispute who are invited
by the conciliation board to appear before it and fail to do so can be
summoned and fined; this right, however, is seldom made use of
by the boards. The conciliation boards can not, like the ordinary
courts, take evidence under oath, but thej^ have the right to summon
witnesses and experts to give any information regarding the industry
or the establishment which they may consider necessary. The
parties in dispute can be represented before the conciliation board
through secretaries of the organizations to which they belong. The
individual employer may be represented by a managing official.
Attorneys are not permitted to appear before the conciliation boards,
because experience has shown that they are inclined to insist upon
formal legal proceedings and to emphasize legalistic questions,
instead of attempting, in a purely informal way, to reconcile existing
differences.
I t has already been emphasized that the first and foremost duty
of the conciliation board, as an instrument of industrial peace, is to
ersuade the parties in dispute voluntarily to come to an agreement.
lowever, if the board, in spite of all efforts, has been unsuccessful
in bringing about an agreement, an “ award” is issued. The con
ciliation board is bound to make an award if one party fails to appear
after having been requested to do so, or if a party appears and
declines to negotiate, or in general if a party refuses to recognize the
jurisdiction of the board. The award is decided upon by a simple
majority of the board.
The award, as has already been said, is not a verdict enforceable
by law, but contains merely informal suggestions along the lines on
which the board considers a compromise possible, and is made chiefly
to help the parties settle their differences by concluding a collective
agreement. Acceptance of the award is left to the discretion of the
parties. The award may be published, so as to bring the pressure of
public opinion upon the parties to accept the award. Extensive
newspaper publication of the award is seldom resorted to, however.!
One important exception in the matter of a voluntary acceptance of
an award should be noted, however. Awards made by the concilia- ;
tion boards in disputes over the issuance of shop rules have fu ll,
legal force and must be carried out.
g
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[5S2]
HOW GERMANY SETTLES INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES.
13
The compulsory features which have been introduced in the German
conciliation system are the following: If, in the opinion of the
State commissioner, existing disputes are likely to spread, and are
seriously threatening the industrial peace, he may intervene on his
own account to attempt a settlement. If he fails to effect an amicable
agreement, after having exhausted all the persuasive means at his
command, and if in his opinion the general industrial situation makes
it essential that a quick settlement be reached, he may declare an
award made by the conciliation board as legally binding. The award
then takes the form of a collective agreement, the terms of which the
parties to the dispute are legally bound to observe. The request to
declare an award legally binding may come also from one of the parties
concerned in the dispute. In that case, also, the State commissioner
will first attempt an amicable adjustment and make an award having
legal force only as a last resort.
Although the conciliation boards are to deal exclusively with the
settlement of collective disputes, for the time being they also deal
with certain individual disputes which are later to be transferred to
the proposed workers’ courts. The individual disputes which the
conciliation boards now settle are those which arise in connection
with the functions of the legal works councils and deal chiefly with
the dismissal of workers, removal of works council members, etc.
Voluntary Adjustment Agencies.
far this article has dealt mainly with the conciliation agencies
THUS
set up by governmental authority. There remains briefly to
mention the voluntary adjustment agencies set up under collective
agreements which came into being long before the statutory concilia
tion boards were established. These adjustment agencies, as well as
their procedure, take on different forms, varying with the special
needs of the industry; that is, according to nature, size, organization,
etc. In practice, the collective agreement adjustment agencies have
not assumed the importance the statutory boards have, and their
functions have been limited to the settlement of disputes regarding the
interpretation of existing agreements. The great number of disputes
arising in connection with the renewal or conclusion of a new agree
ment,"and which necessitate the mediation of an outsider, are generally
referred to the statutory conciliation boards, for the reason that the
collective agreement conciliation agencies in most cases did not prove
to be authoritative enough, the parties in dispute either not being
quite willing or not finding it expedient to accept the award of a
mediation agency set up by themselves.
Effectiveness of Conciliation System.
of the extensive conciliation machinery developed in Ger
F view
many, it would be exceedingly interesting to determine the prac
tical results attained thereunder. Unfortunately, definite statistical
material is not yet available, and the few antiquated figures that may
be had, which merely show the number of disputes brought before
the conciliation boards, offer no real clue to their effectiveness.
One can rely only on the general opinion, which seems to be that the
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14
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
conciliation system has been increasingly effective in minimizing
industrial conflicts, especially in times of industrial unrest such as
the present. Experience has shown that the conciliation boards
have been of the greatest influence in extending collective agreements.
A large percentage of the collective agreements which to-day practi
cally cover Germany’s entire industrial life were concluded through
the efforts of the conciliation boards. The development of labor
legislation likewise is due largely to the activities of the conciliation
boards, their efforts having created new forms for the regulation of
labor conditions, which have served as models for labor laws enacted
subsequently. The conciliation activities of the Federal Ministry
of Labor especially have been of very great influence upon the wage
situation, for its decisions have been used for the regulation of wages
for practically the whole of Germany.
In answer to the request for statistical proof of the usefulness of
the conciliation system, observers declare that its efficacy should be
viewed rather in the light of what it would have meant for Germany’s
industry had such machinery not been in existence. The continued
depreciation of the mark in the last few years has played havoc with
any lasting regulation of wages, and how this has influenced the
industrial situation may be seen from a few figures selected at random.
The General Federation of German (Social-democratic) TradeUnions, (membership, 8,000,000) alone, recorded for 1921 nearly
55,000 “ actions, ” (Bewegungen) mainly to secure wage increases,
involving more than 17,000,000 workers, of which 80 per cent were
settled through negotiation without intervention, while 20 per cent
of these actions were adjusted before the conciliation boards. In
1922 the number of wage actions were probably close to 100,000.
What the constant economic upheaval will do to a single trade-union
is evidenced by the figures of the Berlin metal workers. The year
1922 necessitated 14 actions lor wage increases, the average duration
of an agreement concluded being about 26 days. For the 31 crafts
embraced in this union, there were instituted in 1922 no less than 406
wage actions.
The importance of the collective agreement as an instrument for
settling wage disputes may be seen in the fact that more than 35
per cent of the total number of wage actions instituted by the General
Federation of German Trade-Unions in 1921 were concluded by
embodying the terms agreed upon in collective agreements, covering
more than 8,500,000 workers, which was nearly one-half of the total
number involved in wage disputes that year.
The economic struggles which Germany has experienced during
the last few years have not, of course, been quite free from serious
industrial disputes. Official statistics for 1921, the latest available,
show more than 1,500,000 employees directly involved in strikes or
lockouts, with a loss of more than 26,000,000 workdays, as against
a pre-war annual average of 8,000,000 days.5 The pressure applied
by the workers for wage increases by means of strikes naturally has
led the employers to offer resistance and to answer the strike tactics
6 These figures, however, give evidence of a decided decrease in th e num ber of strikes and lockouts over
th e two years im m ediately following th e revolution. In 1920, for exam ple, there were alm ost 200,000 estab
lishm ents, employing nearly 9,500,000 workers, affected, while in 1921 about 60,000 establishm ents, employ
ing less th an 3,000,000 workers, were affected. T h e b etter showing is traceable chiefly to th e cessation of
political strikes, w ith which th e radical workers sought to w in th eir fights for enlarged labor rights.
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HOW GERMANY SETTLES INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES.
15
of the unions with lockouts. In 1921 there were more than 600
lockouts, involving 200,000 workers, with a recorded loss of more than
3,000,000 workdays.
4
Proposed Measures for Adjustment of Disputes.
IN A desire to effect improvements in the present legal system of
1 settling disputes, both individual and collective, a number of
bills have been drafted. Some of these aim to transform the exist
ing industrial and commercial courts, which are now located only
in the larger cities, into general workers’ courts to extend over the
whole country, which courts would have jurisdiction of all gainfully
employed, without exception. All individual disputes which the
conciliation boards are still dealing with would in the future be
adjusted by the proposed workers’ courts. However, none of these
bills have approached the enactment stage because of the opposi
tion that has developed. The chief difficulties have arisen in con
nection with the question whether the workers’ courts are to be
made a part of the regular judicial system, as the employers and
jurists want, or to be completely independent courts, eschewing
the legal and emphasizing the social point of view, as the workers
demand. In view of the fact that dislike for the ordinary courts is
very widespread among the trade-unions, there is likely to be a
considerable struggle before such workers’ courts are established.
The intention of a number of other draft proposals is to revise the
existing conciliation system, and particularly to bring about definite
legal regulations for settling industrial disputes in public enterprises
of vital importance, with a view to minimizing or preventing strikes
altogether. The proposals that have been advanced in this connec
tion have tended to create compulsory arbitration, something to
which the trade-unions are violently opposed. The latest draft of a
conciliation act contains definite compulsory features and is char
acterized as being virtually an antistrike law. This act would make
it compulsory to call upon the board of conciliation for an “award,”
the acceptance of which would have to be voted upon by the employ
ers and employees of the establishments concerned in the dispute
(voting to proceed by secret ballot under the supervision of factory
inspectors). Strikes‘or lockouts would be permitted only in case of
at least a two-thirds majority in favor of taking such action, and
even then strikes or lockouts would not be allowed to begin until
three days after the award of the conciliation board.
The trade-unions bitterly oppose the proposed bill, because in
their view industrial conciliation is incompatible with compulsory
action, which would make illusory their hard-won right of combina
tion. The trade-unions claim that the bill would undermine their
authority and make impossible a unified handling of industrial dis
putes. Instead of strikes strongly guided by a central body, it
seems likely that there would be a great number of individual strikes
difficult of‘control and liable to make a settlement much more diffi
cult. The trade-unions claim that instead of legal compulsion,
greater use should be made of the conciliation institutions established
under collective agreements. They feel that the compulsory accept
ance of an award rendered against the will of the parties in dispute
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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16
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
can not bring about a lasting settlement. Peace in industry, they
say, should have its foundation in strong organizations of workers
and employers in the various industrial groups, which would guar
antee to settle disputes amicably and observe arbitral awards.
To forestall the proposed legal compulsion, the General Federation
of Labor, at its last congress (June, 1922), issued stringent rules as to
the procedure in making wage demands and calling o f strikes, which
they consider going even further than those in the proposed law.
These rules prescribe that demands to be made upon the employer
must be approved by a higher trade-union official, and that strikes
can be resorted to only after all possibilities of a peaceful settlement
have been exhausted. Before a strike can take place a vote must be
taken by the workers. Strikes not carried on in accordance with the
rules will not be supported, either morally or financially, by the
trade-unions.
The trade-unions have also made a move to meet the justifiable
demands for emergency work in case of strikes in public enterprises
of vital importance to the life of the people. The trade-unions have
done this the more eagerly, as an agency which has hitherto done this
emergency work—the so-called Technical Emergency Corps ( Technische N othilfe ) 6—has aroused their special ire. This corps, origi
nally a military organization established to meet the innumerable
“ wild” strikes that beset Germany after the revolution, is now a
voluntary organization of private citizens, aided financially by the
State, however, which intervenes in strikes called in essential
industries and institutions. This corps has given proof of its utility
and efficiency, and naturally has aroused the opposition of the tradeunions, which see in it nothing but a strike-breaking corps which is
making the right to strike ineffective and is tampering with the
workers’ unreserved right to combine.
To do away with this agency the trade-unions have issued especially
stringent instructions as to the procedure in making wage demands in
public enterprises, and have laid down the rule that before a strike in
public-service establishments (water, canalization, public health, rail
roads, coal mining, etc.) can take place at all, the matter must first
be laid before the executive committee of the General Federation of
Labor, which will use its offices in bringing about a peaceful settle
ment. The trade-unions have offered to give guaranties that they
wdl themselves organize all emergency work in case of strikes, and
have made it incumbent upon their members to obey the union’s
orders under threat of severe disciplinary measures. In the opinion
of the trade-unions, the vexing question of emergency work can be
settled by voluntary agreement without having to resort either to
compulsion or to the use of the emergency corps. They point to the
so-called “ emergency-work contract” entered into between the Berlin
Municipal Employees’ Federation and the city of Berlin, in which the
trade-unions contractually bind themselves to do all the necessary
work in case of strikes.
At present the fate of the proposed conciliation bill seems uncertain.
In view of the grave opposition of the trade-unions toward a forced
settlement, it seems hardly likely that the compulsory feature sug6 See Monthly L abor R e v iew , A pril, 1920, pp. 229-231.
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HOW GERMANY SETTLES INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES.
17
gested will be incorporated in tlie law if and when finally enacted.
The reasons for demanding compulsion in settling labor disputes are
also less urgent to-day than they were when the bill was drafted. On
the whole, the strike situation has greatly improved in Germany.
“ Wild'” strikes, which were the order of the day in the months suc
ceeding the revolution, now rarely occur. The trade-unions’ policy
at present is to effect peaceable settlements by any means. They are
loath to resort to strikes, as the financial resources of the unions do
not permit them to conduct prolonged strikes, nor is the general
industrial situation such as would offer them any guaranty of a
successful conclusion of strikes.
There is also not so much reason to resort to strikes to-day, as the
cause which often led to strikes before the war—that is, dismissal of a
worker because of his trade-union activities—no longer has the same
importance in view of the legal safeguards against dismissals that can
be now applied. Then, too, through the revolution, the workers
have attained a position of power which makes it possible to exert
pressure upon the Government authorities to use their offices to urge
peaceable settlement of disputes upon reluctant employers.7
The whole conciliation idea, as a means of avoiding and allaying
industrial conflicts, is yet to be put to the test in Germany, however.
Before the time comes when Germany will again have a stabilized
currency, and when its industrial life will approach the normal, there
is bound to be a severe industrial depression. Should the tradeunions, during that time, continue to function in their present
strength, and the collective agreement remain the sole instrument for
regulating working conditions, the reconstruction period that will
come is likely to be quite free from severe industrial conflicts.
i T he workers have n ot been powerful enough, however, to legalize th e right to st rike, which they thought
was im plied in th e con stitutional guaranties to com bine for th e purpose of defending and promoting labor
and living conditions. D uring a num ber of strikes in w hich th ey cam e in conflict w ith the Sta te, th ey
were made to realize th a t th e right to com bine is not tan tam o u n t to th e right to strike, and th a t, as before,
th e right to strike has its foundation in the prevailing power of the trade-unions and not in th e law .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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IN D U S T R IA L
R E L A T IO N S
AND
LA BO R
C O N D IT IO N S .
Labor and industry in China.
A
N ARTICLE on the labor and industrial situation in China by
J. B. Tayler, acting president of Peking University, and W. T.
Zung, published in the International Labor Review, July,
1923, brings together information relating to the development of
industry, working conditions, employment of women and children,
hours of labor, wages and standards of living, housing, welfare work,
and labor organizations in that country, most of which has already
been covered by detailed articles1 in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
The rapid industrialization of China, the number and character
of the people, and the diversity of the resources of the country make
it certain, the article states, that China will eventually become one
of the great industrial nations. Since this is true and because the
trend of labor development can not be predicted, the salient features
of the industrial situation at the present time are presented. Follow
ing is a brief summarization of the article:
The economic structure of China has grown up with little relation
ship to the autocratic government, but has been founded upon the
basis of the joint family, the almost autonomous village, and the
guilds, both commercial and industrial. Subdivision of the land
has made it difficult for the joint family to exist, while the pressure
of the population has made it impossible for unskilled labor to main
tain anything like a satisfactory standard of living. The guild
system, which shows the capacity of the Chinese for organization,
has not been a feature of factory expansion, although the association
of employers along modern lines has been an outgrowth of the system.
The factory system developed first under foreign management in
the so-called '‘ treaty ports,” but the Chinese have been reluctant to
allow foreign domination, and for that reason the industrial growth
of China has been slower and along different lines than that of
Japan. At the present time, however, industry is increasingly
coming under domestic management, and where foreign capital is
used it is cooperating on equal terms with Chinese. The mining
regulations of the country provide that not more than half of the
capital of any mining enterprise shall be foreign. The majority
of the principal industries are now entirely controlled by the Chinese.
In addition to the rapid expansion of the textile industry in the
past few years, the industries which have made a similarly rapid
growth are the various branches of engineering, electricity, flour
mills, preparation of egg products, printing, oil pressing, and the
manufacture of cement and matches.
In regard to the ability of the Chinese to conduct business along
modern lines, it is said that while at first there was some difficulty
in administering joint-stock companies, owing to a lack of conscience
1 Monthly L abor R e v ie w : T h e labo r situation in China, b y T a Chen, D ecem ber, 1920, pp. 207-212;
L ab or organization in China, F eb ru ary , 1921, pp. 184, 185; W ages and hours of labo r in five Chinese cities,
1917_and 1920, b y T a Chen, A ugust, 1921, p p . 3-15; L ab or unrest in China, b y T a Chen, August, 1921, pp.
16-25; Wages in Hongkong, China, Novem ber, 1921, pp. 102,103; Prices and cost of living in Jap an and China
since th e W orld W a r,b y T a Chen, D ecem ber, 1921, pp. 1-7; Shipping strik e in Hongkong, b y T a Chen,
May, 1922, pp. 9-15; Industrialization of China, Ju n e , 1922, pp. 231,232; R e cen t strikes in Hongkong and
Shanghai, Ju ly , 1922, pp. 175, 176; W orking women in China, b y T a Chen, D ecem ber, 1922, pp. 142-149;
Recen t strikes m China, Jan u ary, 1923, pp. 201,202; Labor unrest in Shanghai during 1922, August, 1923,
pp. 212; 213.
18
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LABOR AND INDUSTRY IN CHINA.
19
in administering funds belonging to others, a new standard of moral
ity in this respect has gradually been created, that Chinese manufac
turers have been able successfully to manage large businesses, and
that Chinese have become successful construction engineers. The
present lack is of a skilled industrial population; mechanics are said
to be only about 70 to 75 per cent efficient as compared with English
mechanics, and this lack is greatest in the execution of precision
work where accuracy to a few thousandths of an inch is required.
Chinese efficiency, however, is found to be somewhat above that oi
the Japanese when engaged upon similar work.
A comparison of conditions in handicrafts and small workshops
and modern factories shows that while in the old^ work places the
men work at a leisurely pace and there is less driving, the cleanli
ness, ventilation, lighting, and sanitation in the new factories is
considerably better, although in many of the more modern industries
the conditions would be considered by us to be intolerable. Dust and
fumes form a menace to the health of workers, particularly in North
China, which, with its dry climate, is a dusty place^ under the best
conditions. In the manufacture of matches, which is a ^growing
industry, yellow phosphorus is used exclusively and cases of phossy
jaw ” are frequent. The asbestos industry is one giving rise to
much dust, while there is a general lack of provision of safeguards
on machinery. This is the more serious because of the fatigue
due to the long working hours, particularly in the case of children.
Women and children are largely employed in the textile mills, the
children going to work at 8 years or even younger and working the
full day, usually 12 hours. A Government inquiry into child labor in
Hongkong showed that in glass works the labor is largely that of boys
who work from 6 a. m. till 11 p. m. under insanitary conditions and
exposed to fumes and high temperatures. For this work they receive
only $1 (52 cents, par, U. S. money) a month and their food. Small
boys are also employed in match factories, in mines, and in many of
the mills of Shanghai.
In machine industries hours of work are frequently from 14 to 17,
though 12-hour shifts are being worked in the larger factories. In the
silk filatures of Shanghai 14 J hours is quite common and knitting mills
often work from 14 to 17 hours. Hours of work of miners in small
mines vary from 16 to 20, steel workers are employed from 12 to 18
hours, and in engineering work the hours are from 10 to 14. in
considering hours it must not be forgotten that there is ordinarily no
weekly rest day.
.
, ,
A problem in the industrial life of the country is presented by the
migration of workers who are obliged to travel long distances to seek
work. This is particularly true in the North and in the densely popu
lated Province of Shantung, from which large numbers migrate each
spring to Chihli and Manchuria, where they hope to get farm worx or
employment in mines or in the big industrial centers. ^ these men
earn little more than enough for their own needs, their ¿amines
remaining in the village home supported on the iamuy ianu.. _ ih e
contractor system, especially when a number of subcontractors mbeivene between the worker and the job, results in much exploitation oi
the workers.
.
...
.
In housing, while the skilled workers are sometimes pioviued wit i
houses, little has been done for the common laborers, who commonly
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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20
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW .
sleep side by side on a raised platform, called a “ kang,” which is
covered with matting. Factories providing dormitory accommoda
tions sometimes furnish less crowded quarters, but in these cases rent
of 27 to 35 cents (Chinese money) per month is charged each person.
In many instances the workers sleep on the factory floors, the bedding
being roiled up and stacked in some comer when not in use.
Little has been done along welfare lines, although in a few instances
a beginning has been made, notably in some of the leading mines,
which have housing schemes, cooperative stores, recreation facilities,
baths, medical care, schools, pensions, and workmen’s compensation.
Some of this work has developed through the influence of the Christian
missions and one of the pioneers is a large publishing house supplying
modern textbooks, which in addition to various welfare features and
piofit sharing prohibits the employment of children under 16 years of
age and has an 8^-hour day and Sunday rest. The various church
organizations and the 1'oung Men’s and Young Women’s Christian
Associations are endeavoring to improve conditions within the fac
tories and to secure the adoption by China of the international labor
standard, beginning with a weekly rest day, prohibition of employ
ment under 12 years of age, and improvement of working conditions
and hours of labor.
Labor organization has, as yet, taken no definite form, although the
growth of labor unions in certain industrial centers has been rapid.
There is a radical party, but so far the organizations have not em
braced any special theory, being concerned with improving workinv
conditions and securing a living wage, For the present, at least, the
development is along craft lines, although in the railways, especially,
tne tendency is toward industrial unions. The old guilds are in some
cases being changed into unions and in Shanghai the unions of textile
workers are based on territorial divisions. Outside influences repre
senting a variety of political and other views have been active in help
ing the men in the formation of the unions.
. There has been no labor legislation enacted in the country except
m the South, where the Government has legalized labor unions and
strikes, and the formation of labor unions has been encouraged. In
other sections of the country measures are being brought before the
legislative bodies but with the present political instability it is quite
impossible to put into effect any comprehensive plan of factory in
spection and labor legislation. I t is probable, therefore, that neces
sary action will be taken by chambers of commerce and employers’
associations acting together for this purpose with the labor organi
zations.
The authors state in closing:—
.
s brief summary of the labor situation in China has revealed not only disquiet
ing features but also factors not less important th at give grounds for hope. China’s
mtellectural heritage is a body of social ethics which, while itself inadequate to pres
ent needs, expresses the fundamental genius of the Chinese race for dealing with
social problems.^ There is in China still an almost complete absence of class distinc
tions, a real solidarity of outlook, and true social democracy. There is a hone there
fore that, granted wise and disinterested leadership, there "will be such a response
to a constructive policy as will lead to a better industrial order.
The situation is one to make a strong appeal to those labor and industrial leaders and
social reformers who recognize^ the moral bases on which industrial society rests to
cooperate with progressive, socially minded workers already at work in attempting to
secure that the greatest chapter in the industrial revolution shall issue in the well-being
of the millions of China and through them of the world.
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P R IC E S A N D C O S T O F L IV IN G .
Retail Prices of hood in tlie United States.
T
H E following tables are based on figures which have been
received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers
through monthly reports of actual selling prices.1
Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food, July 15,
1922, and June 15 and July 15, 1923, as well as the percentage
changes in the year and in the month. For example, the price of
sugar per pound was 7.6 cents on July 15, 1922, 11.1 cents on June 15,
1923, and 10.5 cents on July 15, 1923. These figures show an
increase of 38 per cent in the year, but a decrease of 5 per cent in the
month.
The cost of the various articles of food2 combined show an in
crease of 4 per cent July 15, 1923, as compared with July 15, 1922,
and an increase of 2 per cent July 15, 1923. as compared with June,
1923.
1 In addition to m onthly retail prices of food and coal, th e bureau secures prices of gas and dry goods
from each of 51 cities and for electricity from 32 cities. These prices are published a t qu arterly intervals
in th e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
2 T h e following 22 articles, weighted according to th e consum ption of th e average fam ily, have been
used from Jan u ary, 1913, to Decem ber, 1920: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef,
pork chops, bacon, ham , lard, hens, flour, corn m eal, eggs, bu tter, m ilk , bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice,
coffee, and te a . T h e rem ainder of th e 43 articles shown in T ables 1 and 2 have been included in the
weighted aggregates for each m onth beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921.
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21
22
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
1 . — A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F S P E C I F I E D F O O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T
J >U N E i L3R m f E ° R D E C R E A S E J U L Y 15, 1923, C O M P A R E D W IT H J U L Y 15, 1922, AND
able
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole num bers.]
Average retail price on—
Article.
Sirloin s te a k .........................
Round ste a k ...... ..................
R ib ro a s t...............................
Chuck ro ast...........................
P la te beef..............................
P o rk chops............................
B aco n ......................................
H am ........................................
L am b , leg o f.........................
H ens........................................
Salm on, canned, re d .........
M ilk, fre s h ............................
Milk, evaporated................
B u tte r .....................................
O leom argarine.....................
N ut m argarine....................
Cheese.....................................
L a rd ....................................
V egetable lard substitute.
Eggs, strictly fresh ............
B read ...................................... .
F lo u r........................................
Corn m eal........................ .......
Rolled oats.............................
Corn flakes..............................
W h eat cereal..........................
M acaroni..................................
R ic e ...........................................
Beans, n a v y ................. .........
P o tato es...................................
Onions......................................
Cabbage....................................
Beans, bak ed ....... ................
Corn, canned..........................
Peas, canned..........................
Tom atoes, canned................
Sugar, granulated................
T e a ............................................
Coffee........................................
Prunes......................................
R aisin s......................................
B a n a n a s...................................
O ranges...................................
U nit.
P o u n d ...........
. . . . d o ...........
. . . . d o ...........
___ d o ............
___ d o ............
___ d o ............
. . . . d o .............
-----do............ .
-----d o .............
-----d o .............
___ do..............
Q u art..............
15-16-oz. can .
P o u n d ............
___ d o ..............
. . . . d o .............
-----d o ..............
-----d o .. . . . . .
........ do..............
D ozen..............
P o u n d .............
........ do..............
........ d o ..............
........ d o ..............
8-oz. p k g .........
28-oz. p k g ___
P o u n d .............
........ d o ..............
........ do..............
........do..............
........d o ..............
........d o ..............
No. 2 can ........
------d o ..............
........do..............
____do..............
P o u n d .............
. . . . d o .............
-----do..............
-----d o ..............
-----d o ..............
Dozen..............
___ d o ...............
Ju ly 15,
1922.
Ju n e 15,
1923.
Ju ly 15,
1923.
Cents.
Cents.
Cents.
39.2
34.2
28. 5
20.3
12.8
34. 4
40.6
52.3
37.4
35.7
32.1
12.8
10.9
45.7
27.5
26.6
31.5
17.2
22.7
36.0
8. S
5.2
3.9
8. 7
9 .8
25.8
20. 0
9.6
11.1
3.6
7.0
4.6
13.3
15.4
17.8
13.8
7.6
68.0
36. 2
20. 8
24.0
35. 8
63.2
40.1
34.5
28. 8
20.4
12.6
29.9
39.0
45. 4
38.1
35.4
31.1
13.5
12. 2
50. 0
29.1
27.5
36. 1
17. 2
22. 7
35.4
8.7
4 .8
4 .0
8 .8
9 .7
24.4
19.7
9.4
11.4
3 .2
8.1
6 .2
13.0
15.4
17.5
13.0
11.1
69.5
37. 8
19.3
17.6
38.1
53.9
41.0
35. 5
29.3
20.8
12.8
31.2
39.1
46.0
38.5
34.8
31.1
13.6
12.2
49.1
29.1
27.4
36. 2
17. 1
22.8
37.1
8 .8
4 .7
4.1
8.8
9 .7
24.4
19.8
9 .4
11.3
4 .2
7.4
5 .4
12.9
15. 4
17.6
13.0
10.5
69.4
37. 7
19. 2
17.5
38.8
53.1
P e r cent of increase
( + ) or decrease ( —)
Ju ly 15, 1923, com
pared with—
Ju ly 15,
1922.
+5
+3
+2
0
-9
-4
-1 2
+3
-3
-3
+6
+ 12
+ 7
+ 6
+3
+15
-1
+ 0 .4
+ 3
0
-1 0
+ 5
+ 1
-1
-5
-1
-2
+ 2
+ 17
+ 6
+ 17
-3
0
-1
-6
+ 38
+ 2
+ 4
-8
-2 7
+ 8
-1 6
Ju n e 15,
1923.
+2
+3
+2
+2
+2
+4
+ 0 .3
+ 1
+ 1
-2
0
+ 1
0
-2
0
- 0 .4
+ 0 .3
-1
+ 0 .4
+ 5
+ 1
-2
+3
0
0
0
+1
0
-1
+31
-9
-1 3
-1
0
+ 1
0
-5
- 0 .2
- 0 .3
-1
-1
+ 2
-1
A ll articles combined 1.
1 See note 2, p. 21.
Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of specified
food articles on July 15, 1913 and 1914, and on July 15 of each year
from 1918 to 1923, together with percentage changes in July of each
of these specified years compared with July, 1913. For example,
the price per pound of flour was 3.3 cents in July, 1913; 3.2 cents in
July, 1914; 6.7 cents in July, 1918; 7.5 cents in July, 1919; 8.7 cents
m July, 1920; 5.8 cents in July, 1921; 5.2 cents in July, 1922; and
4.7 cents in July, 1923. These figures show the following percent
age changes, 3 per cent decrease in July, 1914, and the following
increases: 103 per cent in July, 1918; 127 per cent in July, 1919;
164 per cent in July, 1920; 76 per cent in July, 1921; 58 per cent in
July, 1922; and 42 per cent in July, 1923.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[592]
23
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an increase
of 48 per cent in July, 1923, as compared with July, 1913.
T
2 . - A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F S P E C I F I E D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T
O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E J U L Y 15 O F C E R T A IN S P E C I F I E D Y E A R S C O M P A R E D
W IT H J U L Y 15, 1913.
able
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cen t and over are given in whole num bers.]
P e r cen t of increase ( + ) or de
crease (—) Ju ly 15 of each speci
fied y ear com pared w ith Ju ly
15, 1913.
Average price Ju ly 15—
A rticle.
U n it.
1913 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1914 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923
Cts. Cts.
Sirloin s te a k .............
R ound s te a k ............
R ib ro a st.....................
Chuck ro ast..............
P la te b eef....................
Pork chops..................
B a co n ............................
H a m ..............................
L a m b ...................... ..
H en s..............................
Salm on, canned, red
Milk, fresh ........ _____
Milk, evaporated___
B u t t e r . . ! .....................
O leom argarine...........
C h ee se..........................
L a rd ........ .....................
V egetable lard sub
stitu te.
Eggs, strictly fresh .
B re a d
......................
F lo u r
......................
Corn m ea l....................
Rolled oats. ______
Corn flakes
W heat cereal
M acaroni
R ic e
B ean s, n a v y
P o ta to e s ..!....
Onions_____________
Cabbage
B ean s, baked
Corn, ¿aim ed
Peas, can n ed ______
Tom atoes, can n ed .
Sugar, g ran u lated
T ea
Coffee
P ru n es_____ ___ ..
R aisin s
B ananas
Oranges
...
....
Cts.
Cts.
Poun d.
...d o ___
...d o ....
...d o ___
...d o ....
...d o ___
...d o ___
...d o ___
...d o ___
...d o ___
. . .d o___
Q u a rt..
(2).........
Pound.
. ..d o ___
...d o ___
...d o ....
...d o ....
. ..d o ___
43.4
40.7
33.5
27.7
20.3
46.2
58.1
56.7
38.2
42.0
132.2
15.0
15.9
34.8 34.2 52.6 62.8
41.9
35.7
2 Í.9 22.7 33.5 43.0
15.9 15.4 32.5 42.0
38.9
48.6
45.0
35.9
28.5
19.1
43.7
54.7
59.8
41.1
45.0
138.7
16.7
15.4
67.9
42.7
36.0
41.2
29.0
36.4
D ozen..
Pound
...d o ....
...d o ___
...d o ....
(3)
(<)
Pound.
...d o
..d o
...d o
..d o
„ .d o ....
(5)..........
(V)..........
(6)..........
Q ).........
Poun d.
...d o ....
...d o
..d o
..d o
Dozen.
. ..d o
29.9
5.6
3.3
3.0
.
Cts.
26.4 27.0
23,2¡24.4
20.2 20.9
16.4 16.9
12.2 12.6
21.7 22.3
28.0 27.4
28.1 27.8
19.7 20.3
21.7 22.0
42.1
40.3
33.3
29.1
22.4
37.9
52.3
48.7
37.3
38.0
129.6
8.8 8.9 13.2
30.2 49.1 56.6
6.2 10.0 10.0
3.2 6.7 7.5
3.1 6.7 6. 5
8.7
14.1
25.2
19.4
8.7 8.8 12.9 14.6
17.3 12. Î
9 2.6 3.9 4 .8
5.3 9.8
6.2
17.3
19.3
19.2
16.1
5.5 5.2 9.2 10.9
54.4 54.7 65.3 70.5
29.8 29.6 30.1 46.2
16.7 26.5
15.1 17.3
39.2
53.4
.
............ ......
.......... .....
_______
_
............... .
......... . _
_ Í.
.....
. _
............. .
_...
.......
.
.
..
...................
_
...... ..........
. _
................ . _
............
_
................
A ll articles com bined 6
41.0
35.5
29.3
20.8
12.8
31.2
39.1
46,0
38.5
34.8
31.1
13.6
12.2
49.1
29.1
27.4
36.2
17.1
22.8
+ 2
+ 5
+3
+3
+3
+3
-2
-1
+3
+ 1
+59
+ 74
+65
+77
+84
+ 75
+87
+ 73
+89
+75
+64
+75
+66
+69
+66
+113
+108
+102
+94
+94
+52 +48
+54 +47
+ 4 5 +42
+ 26 + 2 4
+ 8 +5
+ 5 8 + 59
+54 +45
+81 +86
+79 +90
+79 +65
+55
+53
+45
+ 27
+5
+44
+40
+64
+95
+60
+ 7 0 + 9 0 + 59 + 4 5 + 5 5
-2
+ 8 0 + 9 5 +3 4 +31
+41
+ 4 + 5 3 + 9 6 + 8 8 -{-35, + 4 4
- 3 + 104 + 164 + 8 2 + 5 + 8
+65
+8
+3
+5Í
+92
+ 113
+ 164
+133
+ 4 1 + 20
+73+57
+ 7 6 !+ 5 8
+ 4 7 !+ 3 0
+24
+57
+42
+37
+ 114
0 + ÎÔ
+8
+ 3 6 8 + 7 9 + 8 9 + 121
+ 3 8 2 + 29 + 3 8 + 9 1
+ 3 7 + 27 + 25 + 28
+ 6 5 + 19 + 2 1 + 27
+ 6 8 +91 +120 +4 9 +43
4 28-ounce package,
s No. 2 can.
« See n ote 2, p . 21.
[593]
+84
+94
+78
+74
+57
+101
+9o
+113
+ 109
+107
+ 1 +50
57.3 42.3 36.0 37.1 + 1 + 6 4 + 8 9
11.9 9.7 8.8 8.8 + 11 + 7 9 + 7 9
8.7 5.8 5.2 4,7 - 3 + 103 + 127
7.0 4.4 3.9 4.1 + 3 + 123 +117
11.0 9. y 8.7 8.8
14. 8112.2 9. 8 9.7
30.3 29. 7 25.8 24.4
21.4 20.6 20.0 19.8
18.6 8.7 9.6 9.4 + i + 4 8 + 68
11.9 7.9 11.1 11.3
8.9 3.4 3.0 4 .2 + 3 7 + 105 + 153
6.7 5.4 7.0 7.4
7.5 5.5 4 .0 5.4
16.9 14.2 13.3 12.9
18.7 15.8
19.3 17.5 17.8 17.6
15.2 11.4 13.8 13.0
26.5 7.1 7.6 10.5 —5 + 6 7 + 9 8
74.4 69.2 68.0 69.4 H-ij + 20 + 3 0
49.3 35.6 36.2 37.7 - i
+ 1 +55
28.4 18.6 20. 8 19.2
28.2 30.7 24.0 17.5
46.5 40.8 35.8 38. S
66.8
63.2 53.1
1 B o th p in k and red.
2 15-16-ounce can.
a 8-ounce package.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cts. Cts. Cts.
40.2 39.2
35.8 34.2
29.3 28.5
20.7 20.3
13.2 12.8
34.3 34.4
43.2 40.6
51.0 52.3
35.2 37.4
38.8 35.7
36.8 32.1
14.0 12.8
13.5 10.9
46.6 45.7
29.1 27.5
26.9 26.6
29.5 31.5
16.7 17.2
21.0 22.7
+48
24
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles of
food,3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles that
could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1922, and in July, 1923.
T
able
3 .—AVERA GE
R E T A I L P R IC E S O F S P E C I F I E D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D A N D AM O U N T
P U R C H A S A B L E F O R $1, IN EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1922, A N D IN J U L Y , 1923
Sirloin steak. Round steak.
Y ear.
Aver
Aver
i
age
A m t.
age
A m t.
retail for 81. retail for $1.
price.
price.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
...
1913
$0. 254
1914
........................
.259
1915
........................
.257
1916
........................
.273
1917
........................
.315
1918
........................
.389
1919
........................
.417
1920
........................
.437
1921
........................
.388
1922
........................
.374
1923: Ju ly ..........
.410
P e r lb.
1 9 1 3 ..
.
$0.270
1914
........................'
.275
1915
........................
.269
1 9 1 6 ..
. .
.287
1 9 1 7 ..
. .
.410
1 9 1 8 ..
. .
.529
1 9 1 9 ..
. .
.554
1920
.
.523
1921
........................
.427
1 9 2 2 ..
.
.398
1923: Ju ly ..........
.391
Lbs.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
P e r lb.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
Lbs.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
P e r lb.
Qts.
P late beef.
P e r lb.
Bread.
P e r lb.
P e r lb.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
Lbs.
18.2 $0.298
16.9
.297
15.2
.300
12.5
.299
10.8
.302
10.3
.305
8 .8
.433
5 .2
.470
12.5
.363
13.7
.361
9.5
.377
[594]
P e r dz.
4.7 $0.345
4.6
.353
4.8
.341
4 .2
.375
3 .5
.481
2.7
.569
2 .4
.628
2 .2
.681
2.5
.509
2 .8
. 444
2.9
.371
Lbs.
17.9 $0,033
15.9
.034
14.3
.042
13.7
.044
10.9
.070
10.2
.067
10.0
.072
8.7
.081
10.1
.058
11.5
.051
11.4
.047
Coflee.
Lbs.
P o rk chops.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
4. S
4.5
4.9
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
3 .0
3.2
B u tte r.
Dozs.
P e r lb.
Lbs.
2 .9 $0.383
2 .8
.362
2 .9
.358
2.7
.394
2 .1
.487
1.8
.577
1.6
.678
1.5
.701
2 .0
.517
2 .3
.479
2 .7
.491
Corn m eal.
30.3 $0.030
29.4
.032
23.8
.033
22.7
.034
14.3
.058
14.9
.068
13.9
.064
12.3
.065
17.2
.045
19.0
.039
21.3
.041
P e r lb.
8.3 $0.210
7.9
.220
A3
.203
7.8
.227
6 .4
.319
4.9
.390
5 .0
.423
5.5
.423
7 .0
.349
7.8
.330
7.8
.312
Eggs.
Flour.
Lbs.
P e r lb.
6 .3 $0.121
6 .0
.126
6 .2
.121
5 .8
.128
4 .8
.157
3 .8
.206
3 .7
.202
3 .8
.183
4.7
.143
5.1
.128
4 .8
.128
6.3 $0.213
6 .4
.218
6.8
.208
5. 7
.236
3 .0
.286
3 .0
.377
2.7
.411
3 .4
.447
5 .6
.397
5 .9
.360
5 .8
.348
11.2 $0,056
11.2
.063
11.4
.070
11.0
.073
9 .0
.092
7 .2
.098
6 .5
. 100
6 .0
.115
6 .8
.099
7.6
.087
7.4
.088
Lbs.
Lbs.
H ens.
Lbs.
Lbs.
2.6
2 .8
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.1
2 .0
R ice.
P e r lb.
33.3 $0,087
3 1 .3
.088
3 0 .3
.091
29.4
.091
17.2
.104
14.7
.129
15.6
.151
15.4
.174
22.2
.095
25.6
.095
24.4
.094
Lbs.
11.5
11.4
11.0
11.0
9 .6
7 .8
6 .6
5 .7
10.5
10.5
10.6
T ea.
P e r lb.
3 .4 ®0.544
3 .4
.546
3.3
.545
3 .3
.546
3.3
.582
3 .3
.648
2.3
.701
2.1
.733
2.8
.697
2 .8
.681
2.7
.694
s Although montMy prices of 43 food articles have been
Or these articles have been secured each month since 1913.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P e r lb.
5.1 $0.160
4 .9
.167
5 .0
.161
4.7
.171
4.0
.209
3.3
.266
3.1
.270
3 .0
.262
3.4
.212
3.6
.197
3. 4
.208
3.7 80.158
3.7
.156
3 .8
.148
3 .4
.175
2.6
.276
2.1
.333
1.9
.369
1.8
.295
2 .0
.180
2 .0
.170
2.2
.171
Sugar.
58.8 $0.055
55.6
. 059
66.7
.066
37.0
.080
23.3
.093
31.3
.097
26.3
.113
15.9
. 194
32.3
.080
35.7
.073
23.8
.105
P e r lb.
Lard.
Milk.
P e r qt.
Chuck roast.
Aver
Aver
Aver
A ver
A m t.
age
age
Am t.
age
A m t.
age
A m t.
retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1.
price.
price.
price.
price.
4.5 80.198
4 .2
.204
4.3
.201
4.1
.212
3.4
.249
2.7
.307
2.6
.325
2.5
.332
2.9
.291
.276
3.1
2.8
.293
H am .
4.5 80.089
' 4 .4
.089
4.3
.088
3 .9
.091
3 .0
.112
2 .8
.139
2.3
.155
2 .4
.167
2.9
.146
3 .0
.131
2.8
.136
Potatoes.
1913
........................
SO. 017
1914
........................
.018
1915
........................
.015
1916
........................
.027
1917
........................
.043
1918
........................
.032
1919
........................
.038
1920
.
.063
1921
........................
.031
1922
.
.028
1923: Ju ly ..........
.042
Lbs.
3 .7 80.269
3 .6
.273
.261
3.7
3.5
.294
2 .4
.382
1.9
.479
1 .8
.534
1.9
.555
2.3
.488
2.5
.488
2.6
.460
Cheese.
........................
$0.221
........................
.229
.
.233
..
.258
.
.332
.359
. .
.426
........................
.416
........................
.340
........................
. 329
.362
P e r lb.
3.9 $0.223
3.9
.236
3.9
.230
3.7
.245
3.2
.290
2.6
.369
2.4
.389
2.3
.395
2.6
.344
2.7
. 323
2.4
. 355
B acon .
1913
1914
1 9 1 5 ..
1 9 1 6 ..
1 9 1 7 ..
1918..........
1 9 1 9 ..
1920
1921
1922
1923: Ju ly
R ib roast.
secure
Lbs.
1.8
1.8
1.8
1 .8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1 .4
1 .4
1.5
1 .4
since Jan u ary, 1919, prices of only 22
RETATI, PRICES OF FOOD.
25
Index Numbers of R etail Prices of Food in the United States.
IN TA BLE 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in
A the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907
to 1922, and by months for 19225 and for January through July,
1923. These index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the
year 1913 as 100, and are computed by dividing the average price
of each commodity for each month and each year by the average
price of that commodity for 1913. These figures must be used with
caution,. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year
1920 was 168, which means that the average money price for the
year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money price
for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year 1919 was
205 and for the year 1920, 194, which figures show a drop of 11 points
but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing
the changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From
January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in
the index, and beginning with January, 1921, 43 articles have been
used.4 For an explanation of the method used in making the link
between the cost of the market basket of 22 articles, weighted
according to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost
of the market basket based on 43 articles and weighted according
to the consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for M a r c h ,
1921 (p. 25).
The curve shown in the chart on page 27 pictures more readily
to the eye the changes in the cost of the family market basket and
the trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index numbers
given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in
the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought
down in July, 1923, to approximately where it was in July, 1917.
The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,6 because the
percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than
on the arithmetic scale.
4 See note 2, p. 21.
6 For in d ex num bers of each m onth, -January, 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920, see Monthly L aboe R ev iew
for F ebruary, 1921, p p . 19-21.
6 For a discussion of th e logarithm ic ch art see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic and ratio charts,”
by Lucian W . Chaney, M o n t h l y L a b o r R eview for March, 1919, pp. 2 0 -3 4 . Also “ T he ‘ r a t i o ’ c h a r t s ,”
b y Prof. Irving Fisher, reprinted from Quarterly Publications of th e Am erican S ta tistica l Association,
June, 1917, 24 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[595]
T“ “ 4" mDEX NUMEEES SBOW^ i S ^
:
I
N
THE UNITED STATES’ BY
fcC
OS
[Average for year 1913=100.]
Y ear and m onth. Sirloir Rounc R ib ChucA Plate Pork B a H am . Lard.
Hens. Eggs. B u t
steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con.
ter.
Lhttps://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
68
73
71
77
74
80
78
81
79
91
89
100
100
102
106
101
103
108
no
124
130
153
165
164
174
172
177
153 . 154
147
145
139
136
139
135
141
138
143
141
148
146
151
150
154
153
154
153
152
151
151
148
147
144
145
141
146
142
146
141
147
142
149
145
152
148
158
155
161
159
76
78
81
85
85
94
100
103
101
107
126
155
164
168
147
139
135
134
136
138
141
142
144
142
142
141
139
138
139
139
139
140
142
145
148
83
92
100
104
101
107
131
166
169
164
133
123
119
118
121
122
124
126
127
125
125
124
123
121
123
122
122
123
124
128
130
100
104
100
106
130
170
167
151
118
106
106
106
107
107
107
107
106
104
104
106
105
105
107
106
106
105
105
104
106
100
105
96
108
152
186
201
201
166
157
138
140
149
157
164
161
164
167
173
174
157
140
140
137
135
135
143
142
149
74
77
83
95
91
91
100
102
100
106
152
196
205
194
158
147
139
140
144
147
147
150
150
150
150
151
151
149
147
146
145
145
145
144
145
76
78
82
91
89
91
100
102
97
109
142
178
199
206
181
181
1ei
ns
185
188
191
193
194
189
180
177
172
169
168
167
167
168
169
169
171
81
80
90
104
88
94
100
99
93
111
175
211
234
187
114
108
97
101
109
107
108
109
109
109
109
111
111
111
110
110
no
111
109
109
108
81
83
89
94
91
93
85
86
90
94
100
102
100
102
97
99
109
139
165
182
197
148
129
145
140
92
92
97
99
104
108
130
157
187
193
161
134
111
134
177
193
210
186
169
173
173
177
177
177
173
168
164
164
163
159
158
162
167
168
169
170
166
163
112
100
102
103
108
100
94
93
103
127
151
177
183
135
125
118
120
120
118
117
117
119
115
122
133
143
157
154
151
150
150
136
131
128
Milk. Bread
87
90
91
95
96
97
100
100
104
105
117
150
162
193
188
154
149
149
149
149
145
139
141
143
144
145
154
161
166
169
170
168
164
161
163
164
100
100
99
102
125
156
174
188
164
147
153
148
146
143
140
140
144
146
147
149
151
154
154
154
153
153
152
152
153
113
125
130
164
175
179
205
177
155
157
154
155
155
157
157
157
155
155
155
155
154
155
155
155
155
155
155
157
Flour
95
102
109
108
102
105
100
104
126
135
211
203
218
245
176
155
148
155
161
161
161
161
158
155
148
145
145
148
148
148
145
148
145
145
142
Com
Pota Su
m eal. R ice. toes. gar.
88
92
94
95
94
102
100
ÌÒÒ
105
108
113
192
227
213
217
150
130
130
130
130
130
127
130
130
130
130
130
130
133
133
133
133
133
133
133
137
101
104
105
119
148
174
200
109
109
107
107
107
108
109
no
no
no
no
no
109
109
109
108
108
108
108
108
108
Cof
fee.
All
T ea. articles
com
bined.
105
111
112
101
130
135
105
108
107
109
117
115
IOC
100
100
108
89
159
253
188
224
371
182
165
194
194
182
171
176
206
212
153
135
129
124
124
124
124
129
147
159
188
247
108
120
146
169
176
205
353
145
133
113
116
118
122
120
129
138
147
144
144
147
151
151
158
185
193
204
202
191
100
101
100
101
102
145
158
122
121
120
119
119
120
120
121
121
121
121
122
122
123
124
126
127
128
128
127
127
100
100
100
107
119
129
135
128
125
126
125
124
124
125
125
125
126
125
125
126
126
126
127
127
127
127
128
128
100
82
84
89
93
92
98
100
102
101
114
146
168
186
203
153
142
142
142
139
139
139
141
142
139
140
143
145
147
144
142
142
143
143
144
147
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
[596]
1907............................
1908............................
1909............................
1910..........................
1911....................
1912..........................
1913..........................
1914..........................
1915......................
1916..........................
1917............................
1918............................
1919..........................
1920..........................
1921......................
1922: A v. for y ear.
Ja n u a ry ........
F eb ru ary ___
M arch..........
A p ril............
M ay..............
■ Tune................
Ju ly ................
A ugust..........
Septem ber . .
O c to b e r .. . .
N o v em b er...
D ecem b e r.. .
1923: Ja n u a ry ........
F ebruary___
M arch..........
A pril........
May................
Ju n e..............
Ju ly ................
heese
m
J
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
1914
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1915
1916
1917
1918.
191ft
1920
1921
1922
1923
tc
-3
28
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
R etail Prices of Food in 51
Average retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 39 cities for
other cities prices are shown for the same dates with the exception
until after 1913.
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L
[The prices shown in th is tab le are computed from reports se n tm o n th iy to the B u reau by retail dealers.
A tlan ta, Ga.
A rticle.
U nit.
B altim o re, Md.
Ju ly 15
Ju n e Ju ly
15,
15,
1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts
Sirloin s te a k ___
Round steak ___
R ib ro ast.............
Chuck ro ast........
P late beef............
P o rk ch o p s...
B acon , sliced.
H am , sliced ..
L am b , leg of.
Hons................
Pound.
do.
___ d o ..
___d o ..
___d o ..
-do.
-do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
Ju ly 15—
Jun e Ju ly
15.
15.
1923. 1923.
Birm in gh am , Ala.
Ju ly 15-
June July
15,
15,
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
35.8
32.5
27.5
19.5
13.0
35.8
31.6
27.
20.5
12.7
Cts.
Cts.
35.8
31.6
27.5
20.7
12.5
24.3
23.0
20.0
16.7
12.8
38.6
34.7
29.4
19.3
12.4
Cts.
39.5
36.4
30.8
90.5
13.2
40.5
37.3
32.0
20.9
13.5
28.1
22.5
20.6
16.8
10.5
35.3
30.7
25.9
19.4
12.
37.1
32.6
27.1
22.1
13.5
37.7
32.7
28.1
22.7
13
24.5 33.2 28.2 27.9
32.0 39.8 35.8 36.1
31.0 50.6 45.6 46.2
34.
35.5 35.0
30.4 31.2 30.4
20.0
26.0
34.5
19.0
21. S
36.7
35.4
57.1
37.9
37.8
30.0
34.0
51.7
38.5
37.2
31.4
34.4
52.1
38.1
37.5
35.0
31.3
23.3
17.3
26.0
21.5
19.1
15.9
9.4
20.0
20.1
20.0 31.0 29.7 29.5
41.
50.9
37.0
28.6
39.4
45.5
38.9
31.5
39.2
45.
40.5
30.6
Salm on, canned, re d .
M ilk, fresh....................
M ilk, evaporated.......
B u tte r ........................
Oleom argarine............
........do............
30.2 29.0 29.2
26.9 26. 3 26.5
30.7 30.4 30.1
Q u art............ 10.0 15.7 15.0 15.0
12.0
10.3 20.0 18.5 18.5
15-16-oz. can.
13.3 14.3 14.4
10.4
12.0 13.3 13.3
P o u n d ........... 37.1 45.9 52.1 51.2, 37.'Ô 49.7 55.6 54.2 39.0 44.4 52.5 52.0
------do............
29.
32.4 32.4
24.6 26.7 26.1
33.9
32.8 33.
N ut m argarine............
Cheese.............................
L ard ................................
V eg etablelard substitute
Eggs, stric tly fre s h ...
------do.
....d o .
------do.
___ do.
Dozen.
B re a d ..........
F lo u r............
Corn m e a l..
R olled oats.
Corn flakes.
Pound.
------do..
____do.........
------do........
8-oz. p k g ..
W h eat cereal.
M acaroni.........
R ic e ...................
B e a n s, n a v y ..
P o ta to e s.........
28-oz. p k g .
P o u n d ___
Onions..............
C abbage...........
B ean s, bak ed .
Corn, can n ed ..
P eas, canned ..
.. .do.
-do.
No. 2 ca n .
___do-----— do-----
Tom atoes, canned___
Sugar, g ran ulated___
T e a ..................................
Coffee..............................
— do..
Pound.
___ do..
.do.
P run es..................
R a is in s .. _____
B a n a n a s...............
Oranges................
-do.
.do.
Dozen___. . .
-----do............
8.8
___d o ...
— d o ...
20.6 26.7
25.0 31.6 35.1
15.7 18.4 17.9
22.4 20.7
22.6 30.5 33.4
6.0 10.0
3 .6
2.6
5.5
3.0
9.6
10.0
8.6
2.2
9 .2
5.4
3.5
9.2
9.8
26.7
25.
26.6 26.7
28.1 31.9 31.4
34.8 22.0 31.3 36.4 36.2 23.0 29.8 35.9 35.8
17.8 15.0 16.7 16.5 16.6 16.
17.4 17.4 17.3
21.
21.3
21.8 22.3
21.2 19.7 19.6
33.4 25.9 32.
32.9 33.4 28.3 31.8 34.5 36.6
9 .2 5.4
5.3 3.2
3.6 2.5
9 . 2 ........
9 .8
26.8 25.5 26.2
22.0 20.9 20.9
9.2 8.7
11.3 12.8 12.5
4.7 4.4 5.4
8.6
9.1 9.5 9 .6
5.7 4.2 4.9
13.9 13.6 13.5
15.9 15.6 15.6
17.2 18.1 17.8
13.8 13.0
5.8 7.9 11.7
60.0 88.4 93.1
32.0 36.0 37.3
22.6
25.0
27.3
71.
20.3
20.1
28.4
53.6
12.0 12.0
12.0 12.0
8.7
4 .4
3 .3
8 .7
5.4
3 .8
2.3
25.2 23.0 22.8
18.2 19.0 19.0
9 .3 9 .2 9 .0
10.9 10.8 10.8
1.7 2.9 4.2 4.6
8.2
5 .0
3.1
8.3
9.1
8 .5
4.4
3 .2
8 .4
8 .9
9 .0
7.7
7.5
2 .7 5.1 5 .4
11.9 11.9 11.9
14.3 14.5 14.8
15.9 16.7 16.8
8.9
5.9
3.2
1.3 9.3
10.0
9.2
5.7
2.8
5.7
3.4
9.3
9.9
26.7 26.3 26.3
19.0 19.1 18.9
9.1 9.3 9.2
11.2 12.4 12.5
4.4 4.3 5.1
8.1
7.7 9.6
5.6 6.5 7.0
14.9 14.1 14.0
16.5 16.9 17.0
20.5 20.7 20.6
11.
13.2
11.5
1 1. 2 4.9 6 .9
92.5 56.0 66.7
36.8 24.8 31.3
12.1 12.2
13.1
10.5 9 .8 5 .5 7.8
66.1 66.1 61.3 79.7
33.2 33.2 28.8 36.6
12.0
11.5 11.0
84.3 84.1
38.9 39.1
19.6
20.5
28.1
54.9
17.7
14.6
28.6
58.5
20.8
18.
37.5
55.0
18.8
23.1
25.0
70.8
17.7
14.7
28.6
57.3
23.8
24.0
34.5
62.6
21.3
19.2
38.0
55.0
‘ The steak for which prices aie here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, but in most of the other
cities m this report it would be known as ‘ ‘ porterhouse” steak.
2 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[59S]
29
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD,
Cities on Specified Dates.
July 15, 1913 and 1922, and for June 15 and July 15, 1923. For 11
of July, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled by the bureau
A R T IC L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C I T I E S ON S P E C I F I E D D A T E S .
A s some dealers occasionally fa il to report, th e num ber of quotations varies from m onth to m onth.]
Boston Mass.
Ju ly 15—
1913
1922
Cts.
Cts.
Ju n e
15,
1923.
Cts.
Bridgeport,Conn.
Buffalo, N. Y .
B u tte , Mont.
Ju ly 1 5 Jun e Ju ly Ju ly Ju n e
Ju ly Ju ly June Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15, 15,
15,
1923. 1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1922. 1923.
Cts.
*3 5 .8 1 61.1 1 63.8 16 4 .6
35.8 52.3 52.7 54.3
25.6 35.3 37.3 38.5
18.7 23.3 24.0 25.0
15.6 15.5 15.5
..........
Cts.
Charleston, S. C.
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly
Ju n e Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
45.9
39.4
34.7
24.5
10.2
46.5
39.5
36.2
25.3
10.3
48.7
41.5
36.8
26. 5
10.7
24.0
20. 8
17.0
15.8
11.8
38.2
32.7
27.9
20.0
11.5
38.6
32.7
28.1
20.5
11.5
40.0
33.8
28.7
20. 3
11.2
32.9
28.3
26.0
18.3
12.3
31.1
26.3
24.4
17.7
11.8
31.1
26.7
24.3
17.6
11.7
21. 8
20.0
20.5
15. 0
10.6
37.9
35.4
31.1
23.3
16.3
36.5
34. 0
28. 5
21.0
14.3
35.6
34.4
28.8
21.3
14.4
28.3
44.2
51.8
33. 0
30.3
20.0
26.3
28.3
21.7
22.2
34.1
35. 8
48.9
43.3
39.2
30.5
34.9
41.3
41.3
36.9
30.6
34.1
41.3
41.7
37.1
36.4
14.0 i l . 7
12.7
50.7 34.0
..........
2S. 1
18.7
10.5
45.1
26.7
26.1
18.0
12.1
48.9
28.5
25.8
18.0
12.0
47.9
28.0
Cts.
Cts.
37.0
37.2
60.7
41.5
39.8
33.0
37.9
51.6
42.1
39.9
35.0
37.0
52.1
42.9
38.6
34.8
43.5
64.5
41.0
38.9
31.2
45.2
53.4
41. 1
39.1
33.3
44.7
55.3
42. 6
37.9
22.3
25.0
28.7
i7 .0
22.0
36.9
34.7
51.6
32.1
35.9
32.2
32.9
45. 1
34. 5
36.6
35.1
32.9
45.9
34.2
35.2
34.0
49.1
50.8
32.9
31.2
28.5
48.2
50.9
32.8
31.7
31.2
13.5
11. 4
46.8
29.6
29.0
13.9
12.9
51.4
31.3
29.1
14.4
12.6
50.4
31.3
33.6
13.0
10.9
40.4
25.8
30.1
14.0
12.7
50.3
26.8
30.1
14.0 8.0
12.6
49.4 33.0
28. C .........
27.6
13.0
10.1
45.4
26. 3
27.4
12.3
11.8
48.3
28.5
27.4
12.3
11.8
47.7
28.3
36.5
14.0
11.5
44.7
30.0
37.3
14.2
12.5
50.3
26.7
34.0
17.8
23.3
55.2
25.6
38.4
17.5
24.2
49.5
25.9
38.4
17.5
23.9
55.9
24.3
32.7
16.8
22.0
48.3
27.6
37.3
16.9
22.9
45.6
25.9 27.2 27.1
26.3
37.7 20.5 30.4 35. 5 35.7
16.7 14.5 16.0 16.4 16.2
23.0
20.1 22.3 22.2
52.3 28.3 37.4 36.0 39.1
29.8
34.2
21.0
26.5
37.8
32.2
36.7
20.9
26.3
42.3
32.7
28.0 28.5 28.5
37.5 20.0 28.3 32. 5 33.9
20.7 15.0 18.7 18.5 18.5
22.4 21.9 22.5
26.3
43.6 25.8 31.9 33.9 34.7
8.5
5.8
5.0
8.3
10.1
8.4
5.3
5.1
8.8
9.6
8.4
5.2
5.3
8.7
9.6
8.4
5.4
7.0
8.4
9.5
8.4
4.9
6.6
8.4
9.4
8.4
4.9
6.6
8.4
9.6
9.7
5.9
4. C
6.5
11.9
9.7
5.4
3.9
6.8
11.9
9.7 6.2 9.6 10.2 10.2
5.3 3.7 6,1 6 .0 5.9
3.8 2 .4 3.0 3.1 3.1
6 .8
9 .6 9 .5 9 .4
12.3 ......... 10.3 10.0 10.0
25.9
24.1
10.5
11.1
3.7
24.8
23.3
10.8
10.6
2.9
24.8
23.5
10.4
10.6
5 .0
25.4
23.8
10.0
11.4
3.5
23.7
24.2
10.1
11.9
4.4
23.5
24.0
10.2
11.7
5 .0
28.8
23.2
9.9
9.6
2.3
28.8
20.8
10.0
10.8
1.3
28.8
21.7
10.0
10.8
3.3
8.6
5.8
14.3
18.7
21.2
7.9
6.4
14.7
19.2
21.3
7.6 7.4 9 .0 8.5
6. C 4.5 6.8 5.9
14.7 11.9 12.2 11.9
19.2 18.3 18.6 18.6
21.3 20.1 21.4 21.5 ........
6.2
6. C
19.1
17.3
16.0
5.3
7.7
17.5
15.3
16.3
5.8
7.1
17.5
15.3
16.3 ........
5.4
58.6
33.0
14.0
7.5
69.0
42.8
13.0
11.1
69.9
43.1
13.2 13.4 13.3 13.5
13.4 13.6 13.8
10.4
7.4 10.5 10.4 5.3 7.7 10.9 10.2
69. S 57.0 58.3 58.3 45.0 58.4 62.2 62.2
43.2 35.3 36.2 36.1 29.3 33.6 35.9 35.3
16.7
9.3
78.6
45.2
15.5
13.6
82.5
45.4
15.1
11.9
13.0 5.Ö 7.1
82.5 50.0 75.3
45.4 26.3 33.1
...........
20.8
21.6
44.6
70.2
19.2
16.0
47.1
59.8
19.3
15. i
48.8
58.0
24.2
25.8
33.0
25.0
26.2
8.9
35.5
22.3
16.0
37.3
5.9
3.8
3.5
..........
9.4
2.2
20.3
24.1
36.8
65.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18.5
16.8
37.3
57.9
18.3
17.0
38.2
55.7
5.6
3.1
2.6
8.6
4.8
3.7
7.7
9.2
8.4
4.2
3.8
7.8
9.2
8.4
4.1
3.1
7.7
9.2
25.1 24.1 24.0
21.7 21.5 21.5
9.3 8.8 8.9
10.9 11.4 11.2
2.0 3.2 2.8 4.5
9.3
7.6 8.9 7.5
3.4 5.7 4.7
11.1 11.2 11.5
14.4 14.8 14.7
16.7 16.2 16.2
19.4
19.1
41.5
65.8
19.1
15.7
44.6
52.2
[5991
18.7 21.3 20.0 20.6
15.3 27. C 20.8 21.3
47.2 2 15. C 2 15.1 2 15.2
50.8 59.2 49.5 48.3
25.0 25.0 25.0
19.8 20.6 20.6
6 .8 6 .4 6.4
10.7 11.9 11.8
2.2 3 .4 3 .2 3.0
5.5
6.7 7.6 7 .5
4.7 4.3 6 .5
11.5 11.2 11.2
14.7 14.5 14.5
19.3 18.0 18.0
20.3
24.6
32.8
63.8
11,0
10.8
71.5
34.2
11.0
10.2
71.5
33.8
19.3
16.9
39.4
51.8
19.0
16.9
38. t
53.1
30
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 5 — A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I
Chicago, 111.
Article.
Sirloin stea k .
Round stea k .
R ib roast........
Chuck ro a s t..
P late beef___
Pork chops..................
B acon , sliced..............
H am , sliced................
Lam b, leg o f......... ..
H en s..............................
Salmon, canned, re d .
Milk, fresh ....................
Milk, evaporated........
B n tte r ............................
Oleom argarine............
U n it.
Po u n d ,
.do..
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
------do............
Q u art.......... .
15-16-oz. can.
P o u n d ..........
------do............
N ut m argarine.................. ------do..
Cheese................................... -----do..
L a rd ...................................... — do..
Vegetable lard substitute — do..
Eggs, strictly fresh .......... D ozen..
B read ...............................
Poun d.
F lo u r...............................
___do..
Corn m eal......................
___ do..
Rolled oats....................
___ do..
Corn fla k es.......................... 8-oz. pk
C incinnati, Ohio.
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Jun e Ju ly
Ju n e
15,
15
15,
15.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
June Ju ly
15, 15,
1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
24.2
21.3
20.2
15.9
11.3
Cts.
28.3
30.1
29.1
19.6
11.9
39.3
30.2
29.4
19.9
11.7
40.5
31.6
30.2
19.5
11.8
23.8
21.3
19.1
15.2
20.4 32.4 26.0 28.0
32.7 47.2 44.2 44.5
32.3 52.2 47.8 48.2
35.9 36.1 38.0
33.7 32.9 33.3
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
35.2
32.3
28.2
18.3
11.6 13.2
36.1
32.6
28.8
18.6
13.
Cts.
Cts.
26.0
23.0
20.0
) 17.5
11.7
37.5
31.1
25.9
19.9
10.9
38.1
30.9
26.5
19.4
10.2
38.6
31.2
26.4
19.6
10.5
20.6
26.7
29.7
15. 7
23.3
36.7
35.2
54.2
33.9
36.5
28.0
33.6
46. 8
37.1
36.7
23.2
30.1
38.0
20.7
22.0
36.2
39.6
52.7
35.6
36.8
30.8
39.3
47.6
34.8
35.8
31.6
39.8
47.9
36.6
35.6
33.1
27.7
14.0
11. 5
45.7 34.4 42.4
25.5
28.1
27.6
12.0
11.4
47.1
29.7
.....
8.0
.....
: 35.2
.....
.....
30.9
11.0
10.2
46.3
27.7
29.3
14.0
11.9
49.2
29.3
29.3
14.0
11.9
49.0
29.1
25.6 27.7
23.0 30.8 35.3
16.5 17.7 17.9
21.8 24.1
29.8 35.6 34.7
27.2
35.2
18.0
24.0
38.1
20.2
20.2
32.6
12.0
9.9
32. 3 42.1
23.5
8.0
32.9
13.0
11.4
46.2
25.6
22.8 24.6
25.0 34.1 40.0
15.1 16.5 16.7
22.1 23.3
25." 3 35. 4 36.6
6.1
2.9
2.
9.7
4.8
5.2
12.0
10.0
9.4
9.7
4.0
5.2
8.5
9.2
24.0
18.0
10.2
11.5
2.7
23.5
18.3
28-oz. pk g .
P o u n d ___
........do........
........do........
........do........
24.
IS. 3
10.0
11.1
3.
Onions............ .
Cabbage...........
B ean s, baked.
Corn, can n ed ..
Peas, can n ed ..
........do-----........do........
No. 2 can .
........do-----------do------
8.4
5.0 6.5 5.8
12.6 12 . 12 .
14.4 14.
14.9
15.7 16.1 16.3
Tom atoes, canned.
Sugar, granulated.
T e a .............................
Coffee........ ...............
____do..
Pound.
____do..
------do..
P ru n e s...
R a isin s...
B an an as.
O ranges..
------do.
........do.
Dozen.
____do.
6.6
Cts.
24.2
27.2 27.9
39.9 21.0 32.6 38.1
16.
14.2 15.0 15.3
22.9
21. 22.9
36.6 22.4 29.
26.3
9.7
4.2
5.2
8.3
9.3
8.0
Ju lv 15—
Cts.
W heat cereal.
M acaroni........
R ic e .................
B ean s, n a v y .
P o tato es.........
10.0
11.3
4.6
8.0
3.3
2.7
8 .4
5 .2
2.
8 .4
9 .4
8.8
.....
8.4
4 .5
3.2
5.5
3 .2
2 .7
8.6
9 .3
7.9
5.1
3.6
8.5
10.0
8.1
4.9
3.6
8.6
9.9
7.9
4.7
3.7
8.5
9.8
.....
25.0 23.0
16.8 16.3
9.4
11.2 10.7
4.0 3.6
25.6 24.1 23.8
19.9 19.4 19.7
9.4 8.9 9.0
11.7 11.3 11.0
2. Ó 3.6 3.8 4.7
8.8
8.5
6.2
7.9
4.7 6 .4
11.9 11.7
13.9 13.
16.9 16.
.....
6.5 8.5 7.5
4.8 6.2 6.0
12.5 12.8 12.8
15.9 15.1 15.1
17.9 16.6 16.6
14.2
5.1 7.2
53.3 63.
30.7 34.0
13.
10.4
70.3
38. 4
14.0
13.8
10.0 5.2 7 .5
72.8 60.0 69.2
38.3 25.6 31.4
12.4
10.
70.9
33.
12.
14.1
10.3 5 .3 7.7
72.0 50.0 66.0
33.7 26.5 36.5
13.9
11.1
68.7
40.5
13.8
10.4
68.7
40.6
21.0
24.3
36. 3
59.1
20.1
18.0
38. 4
55.5
19.
17.6
40.2
53.3
19.4
17.9
41.5
51.2
19.2
17.7
41.3
52.1
19.1
17.0
49.8
54.8
18.4
16.9
50.3
53.3
.
¿uvoTOMvim wm u i jjik c s e iiere quoiett is caueu rum f
included in this report i t would be known as “ porterhouse.’
2 P er pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cleveland, Ohio.
[600]
20.7
22.4
36.7
57.7
20.1
22.5
43.8
60.5
31
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C I T IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —Continued.
Columbus,
Ohio.
F a ll R iv er, Mass.
D etroit, Mich.
Denver, Colo.
D allas T ex .
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Jun e Ju ly
June Ju ly
Ju n e July
Ju n e Ju ly
Ju ly June Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
35.4
30.9
27.4
21.3
13.0
35. 9
31.4
27.5
21.5
12.4
37.5
33.6
27.2
21. 5
13.2
22.8
20.8
19.7
16.3
13.2
37.2
35.0
28.2
22.9
18.2
34.4
30.6
26.7
21.7
15.4
34.4
30.6
26.7
21.7
15.4
25.3
23.2
17.8
16.2
9.6
32.4
29.0
24.9
17.8
33.5
29.2
23.9
18.1
10.6
35.7
31.4
24.7
19.6
11.2
25.0
20.2
19.8
15.0
11.5
38.0
30.5
26.8
19.0
11.5
39.8
31.1
27.2
19.7
11.3
40.4
32.8
28.0
19.4
11.5
35.5
28.0
24.0
18.5
56.1 1 57.9 1 6 0 .4
42.2 43.3 44.3
28.0 27.5 28.9
21.1 20.5 21.6
12.3 11.6 12.7
32.0
37. 5
54. 4
35.5
34.2
26.9
38.3
45.4
36.2
34.3
27.4
37.9
45.9
36.3
33.7
22.0
38.0
31.3
22.0
17.8
35.2
47.8
56.3
40.8
31.3
28.1
39.6
50.0
41.3
29.9
28.8
38.4
50.0
41.3
29.1
20.3
31.0
33.3
17.8
21.4
32.3
44.1
56.1
36.9
31.1
28.9
43.0
50.0
37.7
29.7
30.8
43.0
52.6
36.7
29.8
20.6
24.5
28.0
17.6
21.6
35.1
40.6
59.4
38.0
35.7
28.8
39.5
48.9
40.9
36.5
33.4
40.6
49.4
41.9
35.8
22.5
26.2
32.7
21.0
25.0
32.9
39.4
54.3
40.3
44.0
28.4 30.1
37.0 36.8
46.4 46.7
41.1 41.7
41.3 42.8
35.4
32.4 30.9 30.5
31.9 31.3 31.0
11.0 12.0 12.0 ÌÓ.Ò 15.0 15.0 15.0 8.4 9.8
10.4
11 7
12.2 13.9 13.9
43.7 47.1 46.3 36.0 44.8 48.3 48.1 34.3 41.0
28.8
27.0 28.3 28.3
25.2 27.8 27.4
33.3
11.8
11.7
44.2
28.3
30.3
33.3
11.8 7.9 12.0
10.4
11.7
43.6 33.7 44.5
25.8
29.3
30.2
14.0
11.8
50.2
28.5
31.1
30.1
14.0 9.0 13.0
12.1
11.7
48.3 35.1 45.4
28.5
28.8
31.3 31.1
14.0 14.0
13.5 13.4
49.6 48.7
31.7 31.7
30.7
24.3 26.5 26.3
28.1 28.7 28.6
29.2 31.1 31.3
26.3
34.1 20.0 31.7 34.1 34.5 26.1 33.5 37.9 38.4 20.7 30.6 36.9 36.1 23.4 33.2
14.3 16.8 21.0 20.4 20.2 16.3 18.9 18.8 18.8 16.3 16.7 17.3 17.3 15.2 16.6
22.0
22.0 23.0 23.6
24.9 20.9 20.6
21. 5 20.7 21.1
22.5
28.1 24. Ó 33.4 29.4 32.2 25. Ó 33.8 32.7 34.8 27.0 36.5 37.6 38.0 38.0 50.2
27.7 28.3
36.8 38.4
16.6 16.5
23.7 24.1
45.8 50.6
24. 7
29.3
15.0
22.2
27.5
26.3
33.6
14.6
22. 5
27.1
8.1 7.9
4.8 4.4
2.9 3.1
9.1 9.3
9.6 10.1
7.9
4.3
3.1
9.2
9.9
23.6
18.5
10.0
10.6
2.3
23.1
19.4
10.1
10.7
4,9
26.0
19.8
10.8
12.8
3.9
7.6 9.5 8.5
4.9 7.3 5.3
13.4 13.4 13.5
13.2 12.5 12.6
14.9 14.5 14.6
5.4
3.3
2.6
8.8 8.9 8.9
4.8 4.6 4.4
3 .5 3.6 3.6
10.5 10.5 10.6
11.8 10.4 10.4
25.1
21.3
9.3 11.4
10.7
2.2 4.2
25.5
21.1
10.3
11.8
4.1
24.9
21.1
10.2
11.3
4.6
7.6 8.2 8.1
6 .5 6.5 6.5
15.3 14.4 14.4
17.7 16. 1 16.1
21.5 21.1 20.9
8.4
4.1
3.1
9.1
10.3
8.6
24.8
25.4 24.
21.1 20.7 20.7
9.9 9.5 9.5
10.3 12.4 12.6
3.9
4.2
3.9
3.2
9. 1
9.9
8.1
3.7
3.3
9.3
9.9
2.6
8.6
7.7 8.
4.6 7.7 5.7
14.5 14.4 14.7
14.8 14.9
14.
17.5 16.4 16.1
14.5
7.7
78.4
35.2
13.2
11.1
74.6
37.6
14.5
13.3
10.6 5.7 8.1
74.7 66.7 90.6
37.5 36.7 41.4
14.1
11.9
92.3
42.5
13.4
14.2
11.2 5.6
91.3 52.8 69.8
42.5 29.4 36.0
22.1
22.3
37.5
61. C
19.8
17.2
39.0
53.6
19.6
16.5
39.4
50.3
23.2
25.5
35. (
72.5
22.5
19.1
34.0
55.0
22.3
19.0
34.0
53.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.2
2.4
5.4
2.6
8.2
5.6
3.2
2.8
8.6
5.0
4.3
9.5
8.9
21.0 20.7 20.4
25.4 18.8 18.3
60.7 52.5 53.5
8.6
4.2
4.3
9 .0
9.0
6 .2
3.4
3.4
9.3
5.5
6 .0
9.4
10.2
27.7
25.1 23.9 23.9
24.0
19.0 19.1 19.1
9.6 9. 4 9.4 LÒ.'t 10. C
10.9
11.9 11.0 10.8
1.9 3.2 2.8 4 .5 2.2 3 .4
8.4
13.1
10.7
63.1
37.7
9.1
5.0
5.5
9.8
9.9
Cts.
9.1
5.0
6 .0
9 .7
9 .9
26.7 26.8
23.8 23.6
10.1 10.3
10.8 10.9
4 .8
2 .8
9 .0
4.5
13.0
15.8
18.0
9 .6
6 .5
13.1
16.1
17.8
8 .8
4 .9
13.0
16.1
17.9
13.6
13.2
10.3 5.4 7.6
63.3 44.2 54. £
37.8 33.6 38.0
13.7
11.2
60.4
40.0
13.7
11.0
58.8
39.5
5.9 7.7 6 .8
3.8 9.4 5.7
12.2 12.4 12.3
14.7 14.6 14.6
16.4 16.6 16.9
13.4
13.3
11.0 5.3 7.7
69.6 43.3 61.3
36.6 29.3 35.7
212.6 211.9 s2 12.2
8.6
4.3
4.3
8.8
9.0
Cts.
21.3 19.9 19.5
23.2 17.1: 16.6
36.2 38.8
33.
60.1 54.2 55.0
__
18.8 17.8 17.9
17.8 17.5
23.!
2 10.3 2 10.6 2 11.1
54.3 54.4
50.!
32
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I
Houston, T ex .
A rticle.
U n it.
Ju ly June Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
Indianapolis, In d .
Jacksonville, F la . ij
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Juue Ju ly
Ju n e July]
15,
15,
15,
15, j
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
Sirloin steak ....................
R ound ste a k .............
R ib r o a s t.............
Chuck ro ast.........................
P la te beef...................
Pound
.........d o . . .
do
. . . do
.........do
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
31.3
31. fl
25. f
21 9
15 .5
30.3
29. 6
24.6
20.1
15.8
30.2
29.5
24.6
20.0
15.3
P o rk ch ops.....................................
Bacon , sliced ............
H am , sliced ...................................
L am b , leg of................
H en s...............................
.........d o ............
.........do
.........do............
__ do
___ do
29. 9
49.0
52. )
37 r,
3o! 2
28.0
45.1
43. 8
35.0
30.3
28.5
45.4
44. 7
35.8
30.1
Salm on, canned, red ................
M ilk, fresh..........'...............
M ilk, evaporated...................
B u tte r..........................
0 leomargarine................
.........d o ............
Q u art............
15-16-oz.can.
P o u n d ...........
.........do.
31 5
15.3
11.5
44.0
31.3
30.6
15.3
13.0
47.9
31.3
30.6
N ut m argarine...........................
Cheese..............................................
L a r d .....................................
V egetable lard su b stitu te . . . . . .
Eggs, strictly fresh .....................
.........d o ..........
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
Dozen............
28.8
29.2
17.9
23.9
30.3
28.7
34.3
19.1
18.4
29.6
28.8
26.5 27.0 27.1
25.8
26.8
33.5 20.5 31.4 35.3 35.1 22.5 29.8 32.9 33.4
18.6 15.2 14.6 14.3 14.3 15.5 18.0 16.9 17.0
17.8
22.0 24.0 25.1
22.5 22.3 22.9
30.3 "¿2." 5 27.8 27.2 29.3 30.6 36.6 36.1 37.8
B re a d .........................
F lou r................................................
Corn m ea l.......................................
R olled o ats.....................................
Corn flak es.....................
Pound
.........d o ............
-------d o ...........
.........d o ...........
8-oz. p k g ___
6.8
5 .2
3.6
8. 4
9 .7
7.2
4.9
3. 7
9 .0
9 .7
12.9
47.0
31.7
7.1
4.7
3. 8
8. 8
9 .7
Cts.
Cts.
25.
36. t
34.6
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
38. 7 26.0 35.0
30.0
18.2
25.3
16.4 22. (
17.8
12. 1 13.4 13.5 iti. Ö
10.5
Cts.
34.5
29.0
26.5
17.6
10.8
34.4
28.1
25.0
17.6
10.4
24.
22.0 32.1 27.2 28.6 22.3 32.3 29.8 28.1
30.7 40.2
38.1 35.0 34.5
32. S 55. 2 49.1 50.0 28.7 50.0 43.5 43.8
2 1 .7
43.3
37.0 37.0 37. 5
3 3 .0 33.2 30.8
8.0
5.1
3.2
2.4
38.4 36.1 36.1
30.7
12.0 12.4 16.0 16.7
9.9
IL 6
11.0 12.8
46.7 46.7 38.6 45.3 51. 2
27.5 2 1. 8
8.0
4.7
2 .9
7.5
9 .0
8.5
4 .6
3 .2
7. 7
9 .0
8 .5
4 .5
3 .3
7 .7
9 .0
6.4 10.7 10.3 10.3
3 .8 6.0 5.6 5. 4
3 .0 3 .0 3.5 3.5
9.3 9 .5 9.5
9. 8 9. 6 9. 7
W h eat cereal................................. 28-oz. p k g ... 24.9 24.1 23.9
25.9 24.4 24.4
M acaroni.....................
Pound
20. 1 19.9 20.2
19.1 18.4 18. 4
R iee.............................
do
8 .0
/. Ö
10.1
” ¿.’ 6
B ean s, n a v y .................. ................ .........d o ............ 9 .9 10.9 10.8
12,8 11.2 10.9
Potatoes..............................
__ do
4.0 4.0
i. 4
4. 3 2 .6
O nions...............................
y. / 8. 4
Cabbage.........................
. . do
5.5 7.0 6.3
4 .7 5 .6 4.9
B ean s, baked............
No. 2 c a n . . . 14. 2 13.7 13. 7
13.5 13.4
Corn, can n ed ............................... .........do
14.2 14.0
14.3 13.3 13.3
Peas, c an n ed .............
.........do
18.7 18.8 Ì& 8
15.6 15.9 15.9
Tom atoes, can n ed ...................
.........do
13.6 12.1 12.2
15.2 13.9 14.0
Sugar, granulated.....................
Pound
7 Q 11.0 10.3
8.3 11.4 11.0 5.9
T ea............................
do
73.1
77.0 60.0
Coffee.................
.........do
32 3 34 1
OÖ. ¿5
P ru n e s.......................
R a isin s.........................
Bananas.....................
Oranges.............................
.........do............
do
Dozen............
__ do
- ______.__________ 1
22 9
26.2
29.2
56.5
19.1 18.8
18.2 18.2
30.4
45.2 46.8
2L2
24.9
30.3
63.1
19.9
18.5
33. 7
50.9
19.4
18.1
33.0
50.2
o0. 5
16.7
12.7
49.8
27.8
26.9 24.0 24.5
19. 4 19.5
9 .0 8.7 8.7
11.8 12.1 11.6
4.4 4.2 5. 5
8.3 8.0 8.2
5. 6 5. 6 5. 9
12.0 12. 0 12.0
15.9 16.3 16.3
17. 7 16. 8 16. 8
11. 4 11.5
7. 7 11.1 10.6
86.5 85. 7 87. 5
37. 7 39.1 39.1
20.9
24. 9
24.4
65. 0
19.1
18. 7
30.8
48. 0
19. 5
18.6
3o. 8
50. 6
.
s t ^ k for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin ” in this city , bu t in m ost of th e other cities
included m this report i t would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
£602 ]
r e t a il p r ig e s
33
o f fo o d .
C L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C I T IE S ON S P E C I F I E D D A T E S —Continued.
Los Angeles, Calif.
L ittle R o ck , A rk.
Kansas C ity, Mo.
Manchester, N. H .
Louisville, K y .
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
.July 15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju n e Ju ly
June Ju ly
June] Ju ly
Ju n e Ju ly
June Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15, 15,
1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. ¡1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
1913 1922
Ju ly 15—
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cis.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
24.7'
21.8
17.8
14.9
11.7
37.4
31.9
25.2
18.2
10.8
37.4
31.9
25. 7
18.1
10.9
38.7
34.0
25.8
18.7
11.1
26.7
20.0
20.0
16.7
13.8
34.3
32.2
27.5
20.5
15.7
33.7
31.1
26.4
20.0
14.3
35.5
32.9
27.1
20.5
15.3
24.0
21.0
19.6
15.8
12.3
34.3
28.4
28.0
17.4
12.2
33.7
27.4
28.0
17.7
12.5
33.8
27.4
28.6
17.6
12.5
23.6
20.4
18.3
15.6
13.1
31.7
28.9
23.3
17.6
12.5
33.1
30.2
23.8
IS. 3
13.4
33.5
30.4
24.5
17.9
13.3
36.2
29.7
20.7
17.2
154.2
45.1
22.4
15.6
33.5
20.4
30.6
28.8
18.5
17.8
31.0
45.3
55.3
32. 0
30.8
25.9
41.9
46.5
32.5
31.2
27.6
42.0
46.4
33.6
30.7
23.3
37.5
30.0
20.8
20.0
32.6
41.9
54.7
35.6
28.2
30.0
41.2
47.1
37.2
28.6
30.4
40.0
47.9
36.1
28.1
25.4
14.0
16. 7
18.8
26.4
38.0
51.6
62.7
33.4
39.2
36.2
48.9
57.2
32.7
39.5
35.8 20.1
49.1 29. 4
57.8 30.0
33.4 1 8 .3
39.3 23.3
29.9
37.4
47.5
33.3
30.3
23.8
33.2
40.7
37.0
32.9
24.8
33.2
41.1
36.0
31.0
20.7
24.0
29.2
21.8
24.3
33.6
49.6
38.0
43.2
31.4
30.4
34.5
40.9
38.2
42.5
31.6
33.9
41.4
37.4
42.5
31.3
8 .7 12.0
10.9
35.4
27.0
32.7
13.3
12.2
49.5
26.8
40.4 38.1
33.0
31.5 32.2 31.3
13.3 10.0 13.0 15.3 15.3 10.0 14.0 15.0
9 .9 10.7
11.7 13.5 13.3
12.1
47.2 39.4 46.9 50.2 49.4 37.0 51.7 57.0
29.9 32.1
27.2
31.3 31.0 31.0
29.4
38.4
15.0 8 .8 9.3
10.7
10.3
54.4 35. 3 44.7
26.7
32.1
28.7
12.0
12.1
48.5
28.7
28.9
12.0
12.0 8.Ò 12.7
49.9
12.2
47.4 38.1 28.0
22.7
28.0
29.8
13.0
13.9
53.1
29.6
29.6
13.8
13.8
52.0
29.2
32.4 21. 7
26.6
33.9 21. Ò 17.4 37.2
14.3 16.0 22.9 17.3
44.7 20.5
23.5
29.0 32.3 ........ 43.2
21.7
37.1
17.2
20.0
46.7
8 .4
5 .2
4 .5
8 .6
9 .8
8.4
5.1
4 .6
8 .6
9 .9
26.8
27.8
28.3 27.5 27.3
36.1 23.3 32.0 35.8 36.5 19.5 35.6
17.4 16.3 20.1 18.9 19.0 18.3 18. S
23.9
23.0 21.2 20.6
23.9
31.4 26.7 31.6 33.2 34.7 33.0 37.4
28.5
35.9
19.5
22.1
38.2
28.2
36.6Ì21. 7
19.015.4
21.9
38.9:22.1
25.5
28.9
14.9
22.4
2S.3
26.3
34.3
14.3
23.3
26.0
7.8 8.1 8.1 6 .0 8.4 8.2 8.1 6 .0 9.0
4.8 4.4 4.3 3.5 5.3 5.4 5. S 3.6 4.9
4.5 4.4 4.4 2.4 2.8 3.3 3 .3 3.2 4.2
10.2
10.2 10.5 10.5
8.1 8.5 8.5
10.0
9 .8 9.7 10.1
9 .9 10.2 10.2
9.0
4.7
4.3
9 .8
9.6
9 .0 5.7
4.7 3.5
4.3 2.3
9.8
9.6
8.8
5.4
2.5
8.2
9.4
8 .4
5.3
2 .8
8.3
9.2
27. 7 27.6
21.8 32.9 36.8
16.2 17.5 17.6
24.3 23.2
23.1 29.7 30.9
6.1
3 .0
2.6
Cts. Cts.
8.5
5 .0
2.9
8.3
9 .0
6.1
3 .4
3 .4
7.2 9.4 8.2
5.9 6.9 6.8
13.4 13.0 13.]
15.3 15.7 15.5
19.5 18.3 18.3
14.3 13. S
11.7
5 .7 7.
54.0 78.0 79.0
27.8 37., 3 39.3
22,1
26. i
« l l .f
62.
19.5
19.9
4 13.1
53.5
14.7 13.7
14.0
10.6 5.8 8.1 12.3
80.2 50. C 92.3 91.4
38.7 30.8 40.2 41.1
19.4
20.4
« 13.1
52.1
___
___
22.7
25.4
* 9 .6
66.7
2 No. 2 ic a n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5.1 6.3 6.9
4.0 4 .4 4.]
14.2 13.] 13.1
17.3 17.3 16.6
19.3 18.9 18.9
__
Cts.
26.4 25.2 24.9
24.8 24.9 24.9
9 .3 9.1 9 .0
11.7 11.2 11.2
2.Ò 3.7 3 .0 5 .0
24. 7 23.6 23.6
24.6 23.2 23.0
26.5 24.9 24.5
26.7 25.4 25.2
17.9 16.5 16.5
16.6 15.9 15.5
22.3 20.8 21.3
21.8 21.4 21.9
9.6 9.2 9 .5 8.3 8.4 7.9 7.7 7.7 9.8 9.5 9.5 8. i 9.1 8.1 8 .0
11.9 10.3 9 .9
9.8 9.1 9.7
11.8 12.7 12.0
12.8 11.7 11.6
1.8 3.3 2.5 2.8 1.8 3.4 3.3 3.8 1.7 2.9 3.7 3.6 2.Ò 3.0 3 .2 3 .6
8.8
8.7
8.0 8.5 7.5
3.7 5.5 3.7
14.3 14.3 14.0
13.4 13.5 13.6
15.5 14.9 15.2
8 .0
5 .6
4 .8
9 .0
9 .9
Cts.
1 57.4 4 59.4
49. 1 50.9
27.9 30.6
21.5 22.8
15.2 15.8
8 .0 8.2 7 .6
5 .8 6 .8 7 .4
14.9 14.5 14.5
18.3 17.5 17.5
22.1 20.9 20.9
4.5 7.6 4.9
3.6 6 .Î 4.1
12.5 11.7 11.6
15.0 13.5 13.5
16.4 15.6 15.5
13.4 11.5
2 15.6 2 15.4 2 15.5
13.3
11.3 5.5 7.8 11.3 10.! 5.2 7.6 11.1
91. < 54.5 71.6 69 .i 69.] 62.5 76.2 71.4
41.0 36.3 38.5 39.1 39.4 27.5 35.1 36.7
11.6
3 20.1
10.6 5 .3 7 .9
71.5 47.0 57.4
36.3 32.0 38.9
3 20.8 3 20.9
11.6 10.8
57.7 57. 7
39.6 39.6
18.7
16.8
39.3
44.0
19.1
20.0
17.0
22.3
4 10.1
37.1
4 4 .0 ........ 59.9
18.4
16.0
4 11.1
54.0
20.S 21.1
20.0 19.
4 10.5 4 10.5
48. S 47.7
20.6
24.1
4 10.8
49.1
18.7
18.0
4 11.0
37.3
18.
17.5
4 11.5
38.0 .....
1No. 3 can.
[6031
19.2
24.]
34.5
48.9
1
* P er pound.
18.6
16.3
4 12.1
53.9
34
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able
5
— A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I
Memphis, Tenn.
Article.
Unit.
Pound.
do.,
do.,
do.,
do..
Sirloin s te a k ...
Round s te a k ..
R ib roast..........
Chuck ro a s t.. .
Plate beef........
.a o .
P ork chops___
Bacon, sliced..
H am , s lic e d ...
L am b , leg o f . .
H ens..................
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
......do__
Milwaukee, Wis.
Minneapolis, Minn.
15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
June Ju ly
June Ju ly
June Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
32.3
28.4
24.5
17.3
12.5
34.4
30.3
25.6
18.1
13.0
Cts.
22.9
19.7
20.4
15.9
12.2
35.0
30.2
26.2
19.4
13.6
23. C
2 1.2
18.8
16.6
11.6
28.2
33.7
27.1
21.8
12.3
37.8
33.2
27.1
21.3
12 .2
39.5
35.1
27.3
21.5
11 .8
24.2
22.2
20.5
17.3
10.3
33.8
30.4
25.9
19.8
9.1
34.5
30.3
25.8
20.7
10.4
35.4
31.4
26.4
20.7
9.9
20.0
31.4
30.7
21.2
20.0
28.8
28.2
51.9
36.6
27.0
24.5
36.7
43.8
36.5
29.0
25.7
37.5
44.6
37.3
28.5
20.0
28.6
29.0
20.5
20.6
34.8
42.7
50.1
38.0
32.1
28.8
41.1
44.3
39.4
33.0
31.4
41.2
45.0
40.2
31.5
19.3
27.7
30.0
16.5
19.2
33.3
44.3
52.5
33.2
29.1
27.7
41.5
46.7
34.4
29.7
29.3
42.1
46.8
35.9
28.6
36.0
15.0
12.7
48.6
27.7
34.2
15. C 7.0
12.8
47.1 3 Ì.3
30.0
32.0
9.0
10.5
41.8
24.4
33.5
10. C
l i .6
45.7
26.7
34.3
39.3
11. C 7.0 10.0
11.6
11.6
45.1 31.0 42.0
26.8
26.1
36.5
1 1 .0
12.6
45.0
27.5
36. S
11.0
12.4
44.1
27.5
Salmon, canned, red.
Milk, fresh ....................
Milk, evaporated........
B u tte r ............................
Oleomargarine............
Pound........
......do__
36.6
10.0 15.0
1 1 .2
36.9 42.5
30.6
N ut m argarine............
Cheese.............................
L ard ................................
Vegetable lard substitute
Eggs, strictly fresh ___
____do.
........do.
____do.
____do.
Dozen.
27.0 24.7 25.0
23.7 25.6 25.5
24.8 25.9 25.8
20.0 29.4 33.8 33.7 21.0 28.5 35. C 34.6 20.8 29.7 34.2 34.7
15.9 15.9 15.9 15.8 15.6 17.5 17.6 17.5 15.4 16.8 17.0 17.0
21.7 22.2 22.9
22.0 23.1 23.2
23.5 24.4 24.5
30.1 31.8 32.3 23.8 29.3 30.1 29.1 22.7 29.6 28.9 29.3
B read ................................
F lo u r...........................
Corn m eal........................
Rolled oats......................
Corn flakes......................
Pound. . .
____do___
____do___
------do—
8-oz. p k g .
Wheat cereal.
Macaroni......
Rice.............
Beans, navy..
Potatoes.......
28-oz. p k g .
P o u n d ___
------do........
------do........
. . . . d o ........
Onions............ .
Cabbage...........
Bean s, baked.
Corn, canned..
Peas, can n ed ..
........do........
____do........
No. 2 can.
------do........
____do........
Tom atoes, canned.
Sugar, granulated.
T e a .............................
Coffee........................
____do..
Pound.
____do..
____do..
13.6 13.2
5.7 7.7 11.3
63.8 86.2 84.5
27.5 37.4 37.2
P ru n e s...
R aisin s...
B an an as.
O ranges..
------do.
------do.
Dozen.
___ do.
20.8
26.3
34.5
70.5
Q u art............
15-16-oz. can.
1 Whole.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.0
3.4
2.0
8.0
9.3
5.3
2.7
9.1
9.8
9.2
5.4
3.0
9.1
9.8
8.9
5.3
3.1
9.4
9.7
5.6
3.1
3.0
9.3
4.8
3 .8
6.7
9.2
8.9
4.2
3 .9
6 .9
9.2
8.9
4.1
3 .9
7.1
9.2
26.5 24.2 24.9
17.2 17.6 17.5
8.3 7.9 7.9
1 1 .2 11. 5 11.4
4.1 3.2 3.9
25.0 23.7 24.2
17.8 17. 7 17.2
9.0 10.0 9.9 9.8
11. 5 11 .6 11.5
2.0 3.8 2 .2 4.1
4.9 7.3 6.2
4.4 4.6 4.5
13.2 13. 0 13.0
14.4 15.2 15.4
18.7 18.5 18.5
6.6 9.1 7.9
4.3 6.3 5.9
11.4 11.5 1 1 .6
14.8 15.2 15.0
15.5 15.4 15.5
19.5
19.7
36.9
52.3
2 No. 3 can.
[604]
13.3
14.6
10.8 5.5 7.4
83.1 50.0 69.4
37.4 27.5 32.2
19.0
18.7
37.5
53.8
2 1 .2
24.4
8 9.7
61.9
13.9
10.7
71.0
35.7
19.8
17.5
310 .6
54.6
5.6
3 .0
2.4
9.0 9.0 9.0
5.3 4.5 4.4
4.0 4.0 4.1
7.8 8.8 8.8
10.4 10.2 10 .2
25.2 24.4 24.4
17.8 17.6 17.8
9.3 9.3 9.3
10.9 1 2 .1 11.7
1.7 2.4 1.8 2.3
9.1
6.8 8.7 8 .1
2.9 6.9 5/4
15.3 13.9 13.9
13.4 13.1 13.2
15.9 15.9 16.0
13.8
15.1
10.3 5.6 7.8
70.8 45.0 64.2
34.9 30.8 40.5
20 .1
17.4
no. 9
52.6
8Per pound.
14.8
11.5
65.0
41.9
14.7
10.7
65.0
41.9
2 2 .1 21.8 2 1 .1
25.1 18.2 17.8
312. 1 312A
67.4 53.3 53.7
■no. 8
35
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
C L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C I T IE S ON S P E C I F I E D D A T E S —Continued.
Mobile, Ala.
Newark, N. J.
New H aven, Conn.
New Orleans, L a.
€
New Y o rk , N. Y .
Ju n e 15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15—
June Ju ly
June Ju ly
Ju n e Ju ly
June Ju ly
Ju ly Ju r e Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923. 1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
30.8
30.0
25.0
20. G
16.4
33.3
32.5
26.7
20.6
15.4
32.1
31.3
26.0
20.3
15.4
28.4
28.0
2 1.2
18.0
13.5
43.3
41.6
33.9
21.7
11 .8
46.3
43.1
35.2
22.5
12.5
47.9
45.3
38.1
23.5
12.9
33.2
30.0
24.8
20.0
49.1
40.4
36.0
24.8
14.4
49. 6
40.6
34.8
25.3
14.4
51.5
42.4
36.0
26.9
14.3
22.5
19.5
19.4
14.5
11.3
33.4
30.0
28.7
20.6
15.7
33.1
29.0
27.2
19.1
13.8
33.2
29.8
28.3
19.9
14.1
27.0
26.1
22.6
16.4
14.9
43.1
41.9
35.8
21.7
17.5
43.4
40.9
36.7
22 .2
17.9
45.3
43.7
38.1
23.2
18.4
33.1
41.6
49.2
32.1
35. 6
32.5
39.4
43.6
35.3
34.7
32.9
29.8
44.1
35.6
33.6
22.8
25.8
122.0
2 1.2
24.0
36.0
37.5
i 34.8
39.9
37.9
31.2
37.3
127.3
43.2
38.6
32.6
38.2
i 28.0
41.4
36.2
22.8
29.3
34.0
21.4
24.0
34.6
41.0
59. 6
42.3
41.5
29.7
39.9
52.2
42.4
40.4
32.8
40.0
53.7
43.8
39.1
23.1
31.3
30.0
21.3
19.3
37.2
43.2
50.8
41.2
37.0
29.6
38.9
41.9
40.5
36.4
31.1
39.2
41.9
40.3
35.5
22.6
26.4
30.0
18.1
22.6
36.6
38.5
57.0
36.2
37.5
32.3
37.5
50.0
37.1
36.6
33.5
37.8
52.4
38.1
35.9
31 8
15.0
11 3
47.7
29.4
15.0
13 0
52.1
30.3
29 2
28.6
15.0 9.0 15.3
13 0
10 .2
51.1 35.6 46.1
28.4
30.3
27.4
15.5
11.9
49.2
29.4
27.4
34.3
15.5 9.0 14.0
11.9
10.9
48.4 33.8 44.6
29.4
28.4
33.4
15.0
12.4
49.8
30.8
35.4
33.1
15.0 9.3 14.0
10.4
12.0
48.1 34.1 46.2
31.4
27.6
37.7
14.0
11.7
51.1
29.9
30.1
39.7
14.0 9 .0 14.0
10 .1
1 1 .8
49.9 34.4 45.0
27.2
29.6
28.0
14.0
11.7
48.0
30.2
28.6
14.0
11.8
47.7
29.8
26.5
28.1
17.3
23.1
32.2
27.3
35.6
17.0
19.6
34. 9
25.0 26.9 26.9
26.3 28.3
27.5
35.0 24.2 34.1 39.8 38.8 22.0 31.9 37.5
17.0 16.0 17.2 16.9 16.8 15.7 16.6 16.8
2 1.2 2 1.6
21.7 22.4 22.4
18.9
36.2 38.2 47.6 46.0 47.4 39.6 49.3 45.2
26.5
31.6
16.6
23.4
33.0
28.6
35.1
16.4
22.9
33.1
25.1
28.8
35.0 19.4 32.7
16.1 16.2 17.6
22.6
21.9
34.6 35.9 45.0
26.5
37.0
17.8
23.1
44.9
26.5
37.8
18.0
23.3
48.0
8.2
5.4
3.1
9.3
9.7
8. 8
5.5
3.3
9.2
9.3
7.8
5. 8
3.0
8.8
9.6
7.7
5.7
3 .4
8.5
9.3
9.7
5 .4
5.3
7.8
8.7
9.6
4 .9
5.1
8.2
8.6
9 .6
4.9
5.1
8.3
8.6
24.7 24.0 23.8
9.9 8.8 8.9
9.1 8.7 8.8
11.0 10.6 10.3
2 .Ö 3.8 2 .9 3.3
25.0
20.6
9 .0
1 1 .2
2.5 3.8
22.9
20.4
9 .3
1 1 .8
4.7
22.9
20.4
8.9
1 1 .8
5.1
4.7 4 .8 5.0
3.3 4.4 4 .8
12.7 12.7 12.7
13.0 13.2 13.1
16.7 17.4 17.4
6.4
3.5
11.9
13.7
16.3
8.5
6.1
1 1 .6
15.3
16.8
7 .8
5 .3
11.7
15.3
16.8
12.4
11.7 11.7
10.4 9 .8 4.9 7.0
68.9 69.0 43.3 48.4
32.5 32.5 27.5 32.3
11.7
10.4
55.1
35.0
11 .8
9 .6
55.9
34.5
19.5
21.9
40.7
77.2
17.3
15. 6
42.5
65.5
17.3
15.8
44.6
60.1
8.9
5.3
3.4
8.9
9.3
5.6
3.7
3 .6
8.6
5.4
6 .1
7.5
8.9
8.5
4.7
6.0
8.2
8.9
8.5
4.7
6.0
8.2
8.8
24.8 23.5 23.5
20.3 20.0 20.0
8.5 8.4 8.8
12.3 11.7 11.8
4.3 3.3 3.7
25.3 23.7 23.7
21.4 21.4 21.4
9.1 9.3 9.1
1 1 .2 10.9 10.9
2.6 3.4 4.8 5.0
6.9 0.8
4.6
13.4 1 2 .1 12 .2
15.3 15.3
17.6 15.9 15.9
6.8 9.8 7.3
4.4 6.4 6.0
1 1 .2 10.9 10.9
15.1 14.4 14.4
17.5 16.8 17.2
6.9
9.0
6.0
3.3
3.2
9.3
2.
i
8 .1
5.1
6.0
8. S
9.5
8.0
4.6
5.7
8.7
9.6
7.9
4.6
5.6
8.8
9.6
24.8 24.1 24.0
22.0 22.2 22.7
9.8 9.9 9.6
1 1 . 1 11.4 11.4
3.6 4.0 5.0
7.9 9.2 8.6
4.3 6.2 5. G
1 2 .3 1 2 . C 12.6
18.3 18.3 17.8
2 1 .1 21.3 20.9
13.3
7.9
75.1
35.5
12.4
11.5
74.4
37.8
12.6
12.4
10.9 5.3 7.1
74.3 53.8 48.5
37.7 29.3 33.0
11 .8
10.6
54.1
35.6
11.8
2 21.6
10.3 5.3 7.6
54.5 55. C 56.4
35.6 33.8 37.9
24.4
26.0
25.7
67.8
2 1 .1
19.4
29.1
50.8
22.0
18.2
31.8
51.7
18.3
20.9
37.5
76.4
16.4
15.5
38.6
59.9
16.4
15.4
39.3
57.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27.7
36. 6 22. 1)
16.8 15.1
22.3
49.1 27.6
19.4
22. i
35. (
64.1
2 21.5
10.9
58.6
39.6
5.1
3.9
2.7
7.4
13.4
2 21.8
10.5 5.2 7.1
57.7 62.1 71.2
39.8 26.7 30.9
18.5
16. C
33.5
56.9
[605]
18.5
16.4
34.2
54.8
7.6 6 .4
5.7 3.3
3.4 3.4
8.6
9 . 3 ........
22.0
25.7
21.0
03.3
20.7
18.3
22.5
53.3
8,0
.....
19.7
18.3
24.0
5 3 .8^........
.....
Cts.
Cts.
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
36
T able 5 .—AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTI
Norfolk, V a.
Article.
U n it.
Omaha Nebr
Ju ly Ju n e Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
J uly 15—
1913
1922
Cts.
Cts.
Peoria, 111.
Ju n e Ju ly
15,
15,
1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Ju ly Ju n e
15,
15,
1922. 1923.
Ju ly
15,
1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin, steak .........................
R ound steak . .
R ib roast
Chuck roast. .
PI ate beef .
P oun d ...........
.........do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
38.8
31.8
30.3
19.3
12.5
40.9
35.6
33.5
20.9
15.0
42.1
36.2
33.7
20.4
15.0
25.2
22.0
18.0
16.2
1 1 .1
36.0
33.6
25.3
19.6
10.6
34.7
32.4
25.4
19.9
9 .8
37.0
34.6
25.6
20.4
10.0
33.8
32.5
24.1
20 .1
12.3
33.2
32.5
23.8
19.4
12.6
36.1
34.8
24.0
20.5
12.8
P o rk chops .
B acon , sliced__
H am , .sliced .
L am b , leg of.
Liens___7...............................
........ do............
.........do............
........ do............
.........do............
........ d o .,.........
31.2
38.1
44.6
37.2
36.4
29.1
35.0
38.3
40.4
37.2
30.1
34.5
38.5
41.4
35.8
19.9
28.0
29.0
17.8
17.5
32.3
46.7
55.8
40.2
30.3
26.4
48.8
37.2
30.1
28.0
45.0
48.8
37.7
28.6
31.1
42.7
53.0
35.0
32.3
27.1
41.1
46.8
36.3
31.2
28.3
41.1
45.4
36.3
30.8
Salm on, canned, re d ......... .........do............
Q u art............
M ilk, fresh. .
15-16-oz. can.
M ilk, evaporated__
B u tte r ..................................... P oun d ...........
........ do............
O leom argarine. . .
30.2
17.0
10 .2
46.9
27.4
29.1
17.0
11.5
52.5
28.3
28.8
17.0
11.3
50.1
28.3
33.8
1 1 .0
10.4
42.1
29.2
33.4
11.0
12.0
46.1
29.2
33.7
1 2 .2
12.0
44.2
28.9
33.2
10 .2
10.9
41.3
27.4
32.3
10.6
1 2 .1
45.6
29.5
32.3
11.6
1 2 .1
45.4
29.3
N ut m argarine. . . .
Cheese . .
L ard __
Vegetable lard su b stitu te.
Eggs, strictly fresh............
.........do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
D ozen............
26.0
28.8
17.0
21.3
33.9
26.8
32.9
15.6
17.6
35.5
27.2
32.6
15.8
16.9
36.1
28.0
30.8
19.3
24.3
29.8
28.1
34.7
19.1
23.5
29.7
27.9
35.1
18.9
22.7
30.0
27.0
30.9
17.3
23.4
27.8
27.1
36.2
17.0
24.5
27.7
27.0
35.3
17.0
24.5
28.0
B read ................
F lo u r.......................................
Corn m eal..............................
R olled o ats............................
Corn flakes............................
P oun d ...........
........ do............
.........do............
........ do............
S-oz. p k g ___
8.0
5.0
3.3
7.9
9.3
7 .9
4.7
3.7
8.2
9.5
7.9
4.5
3.6
7.8
9.3
9.8
4.6
3.5
10.5
10.4
9.8
4.1
3 .6
9 .8
10.3
9.8
4 .0
3 .6
10.0
10. G
9.0
5.2
3.7
8.8
10.0
8.0
4.7
3.7
9.2
10.0
8.0
4.6
3.8
9.5
10 .1
W h eat cereal........................ 28-oz. p k g ...
M acaroni................................ Poun d...........
R ic e ......................................... ........ do............
........ do............
B ean s, n a v y ...............
........ do............
P o tato es.........................
25.5
19.8
9.7
10.5
3 .0
23.8
20 .1
9.6
1 1 .0
3.2
23.6
20 .1
9.5
11 .0
3.8
25.8
20.5
9 .4
12.3
2 .9
23.9
20.1
8.8
12.3
2 .1
23.9
20.0
8.8
1 2 .2
2.5
27.3
20.2
10.6
13.2
3.7
26.1
19.5
9.4
11.9
2 .5
26.1
19.8
9.4
11.9
3.9
........ do............
........ do............
No. 2 can ___
.........do............
........ do............
7.1
3.4
10.5
14.7
18.5
8.3
4.1
10.0
15.8
18.8
6.2
4.7
9.9
15.8
18.8
7.5
3.5
16.1
16.4
16.8
9.1
7.5
15.2
15.7
16.9
8. 1
4.4
15.2
16.0
17.3
8.7
5.1
13.3
14.5
16.8
9.1
6.8
13.1
14.9
17.0
8.9
4.7
13.1
14.9
17.0
Tom atoes, canned.............. ........ do............
Sugar, granulated.........
P oun d ______
T e a . .'.7................................... ........ d o ...........
Coflee.................................... ........ do............
11.5
10.4
78.4
38.2
12.0
9.6
81.1
37.3
14.5
7 .9
72.5
40.0
14. 1
73.4
35.9
75.1
41.2
14.4
10.5
74.9
41.1
15.4
8.0
61.3
34.8
14.2
1 1 .6
61.4
36.9
14.2
11.4
60.7
36.9
Prunes.................................... ........ do............
R aisin s.................................... ........ do............
B an an as.................
Dozen............
Oranges.................................. .........do............
20.0
24.3
33.2
66.5
17.8
17.2
35.4
54.1
18.5
17.4
35.9
53.7
O nions....................................
Cabbage..................................
Bean s, b a k e d .......................
Corn, canned........................
Peas, canned........................
12.6
7. !
7.9
32.8
22.5
17.6
23.3
5.2
2.8
2.3
8.5
1.8
5.7
56. C
30.0
Uri
23.1 20.2 20.9 23.1 20.9 20.6
26.7 20.2 20 .1 26.3 19.2 19.4
4 10. 1 4 12.3 4 12.4 4 10 .2 4 1 1 .0 4 11.3
55.8 51.5 49.4 57.5 48.7 49.8
1The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “sirloin” in this city, but in most of the other cities
included in this reportit would be known as “porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[606]
37
R E T A I L PRICES OF FOOD.
CLES OF FOOD IN 51 CITIES ON SPECIFIC DATES—Continued.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Portland, Me.
Portland, Oreg.
Providence, R. I.
July 15—
July 15—
July 15—
July 15—
June July
June July July June July
June Julv
June July
15, 15,
15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1923.
1923:
1923.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1923.
1923
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922 1923. 1923.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
132.0 149.6 151.5 153.7
27.5 41.3 41.2 42.7
22.7 33.3 23. 7 34.7
18.2 20.3 20.1 21.1
12.7 9.9 9.5 9.8
22.2 37.4 32.5 34.2
27.9 38.2 35.8 36.6
32.7 59.3 50.9 52. 1
21.0 39.3 40.3 41.9
23.3 41.2 40.0 38.3
28.6 26.1 26.2
8.6 11.0 13.0 13.0
10.9 12.2 12.2
39.2 50.5 54.5 53.4
27.3
29.3 29.3
........
26.0 28.2 28.2
25. (') 34.7 37.7 38.5
15.3 16.1 15.6 16.1
21.9 22.8 22.7
30.4 36.5 36.9 38.5
Cts.
27.5
24. S
21.8
16.8
12.4
23.0
29.5
31.5
20.8
26.5
8.6
35.7
24.5
15.5
27. i
4.8 8.7 8.4 8.4 5.4
3.2 5.4 4.6 4.6 3.3
2.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.7
8.0 8.1 8.4
......... 9.3 9.0 8.9
25.1 23.8 23.9
. . . . . 21.0 20.6 20.6 .......
9.8 10.0 10.4 10.4 9.2
10.0 11.4 11.5
2.1 3.4 4.4 5.1 i. 8
5.2 8.5 7.1
. . . . . 3.3 5.4 5.8
11.9 11.1 11.1
14.9 14.4 14.5 ___
......... 16.7 16.4 16.5 .........
13.2 12.8 12.9
5.6 6.9 10.5 10.0 5.5
54.0 59.7 58.8 57.9 58.0
25.0 31.3 32.4 31.6 30.0
17.6 16.9 16.3
22.7 16.4 16.3
___ 31.7 33.2 34.3
..... 66.4 52.3 51.1 .....
Cts.
Cts.
42.7 45.6
35.6 37.7
30.9 32.2
20.9 21.5
10.1 10.3
34.2 31.8
41.9 40.8
57.6 54.0
38.6 40. 0
41.6 40.3
29.4 28.8
12.0 14.0
10.1 12.1
46.0 50.4
25.4 28.1
25.7 26.4
30.9 37.0
15.8 15. 4
21.6 23.2
36.8 37.1
8.2 8.5
5.2 4.6
4.1 4.2
9.1 9.0
9.5 9.6
25.4 25.4
20.7 21.5
10.0 9.5
11.8 11.3
3.4 ■ 4.4
7.6 8.4
4.4 6.4
13.4 12.6
14.4 14.8
15.5 16.3
13.1 12.6
7.7 10.9
75.8 75.1
36.2 37.8
21.1 20.3
24.0 17.5
41.3 45.0
55.3 55.5
2 No. 3 can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
45.9 156.2 159.0 160.1
38.7 45.3 46.6 46.8
32.2 29. 3 29.7 29.5
21. 5 19. 3 19.6 20.1
10.7 13.7 15.5 15.3
Cts.
23.5
21.4
19.5
16.4
13.6
22.1
31.3
30.8
18.1
20.3
Cts.
30.2
26.9
25. 6
17.9
13.1
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
28.4 ¡39.6 ¡64.5
24.9 31.0 46.1
24.0 24.2 34.7
16.8 18.8 24.9
12.1
17.0
33.8 35.6 31.6 32.4
32.5
29.4 21.6 37.4
41.4 36.7 37.7 38.2
45.6
45.3 23.4 35.7
53.7 58.5 47.2 47.4
52.2
47.8 32.3 57.9
41.6 40.7 36.9 41.2
33.0
33.0 21.7 43.4
40.4 43.5 41.0 41.3
32.7
33.1 24.8 40.8
28.8 28.7 27.9 28.3
41.8
35.4
31.5
14.0 13.5 13. 5 14.0 9.3 12.6
12.6 9.0 14.0
12.1 11.9 13. 5 13.6
11.3
12.0
11.5
49.4 49.9 54.2 53.5 37.5 49.6
49.1 36.0 45.8
28.6 30.4 30.9 30.9 — 29.2
29.3
29.8
27.0 27.8 27.3 27.1
28.0 26.9 27.2
27.1
37.3 32.3 38.1 38.6 2Ö.8 34.1 36.4 36.8 21. 7 30.6
15.2 17.4 17.8 17.6 17.9 20.1 19.6 19.4 15.2 16.6
23. 5 22.8 22.2 22.8
25.3 24.8 24.8
22.8
37.1 45.7 41.3 43.6 34.0 30.6 30.9 32.6 35.7 50.1
8.5 9.4 9.3 9.3 5.6 9.4 9.4 9.4 5.9 8.9
4.4 5.4 4.9 4.8 2.9 4.6 4.6 4.5 3.5 5.6
4.2 4.0 4.5 4.4 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.8 3.7
9.0 6.7 6.9 7.0
9.4 9.5 9.5
9.4
9.6 9.8 9.7 9.7
11.3 11.4 11.5 ......... 9.7
25.6 26.1 24.9 24.9
28.6 26.4 25.7
26.2
21.3 23.3 23.6 23.6
17.4 IS. 4 18.5
22.5
9.6 10.4 10.5 10.6 8.6 9.9 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.6
11.2 10.9 11.3 11.2
9.8 10.1 10.2
10.8
4.7 3.1 2.5 4.2 i. 2 3.6 1.9 2.8 2.0 3.5
7.8 8.3 7.9 7.9
5.0 5.1 5.2
7.3
5.9 5.3 6.3 6.1
4.2 6.2 3.6
3.4
12.6 15.3 15.7 15.7
17.2 16.3 15.9
12.7
14.8 15.4 16.2 16.0
17.7 17.3 17.3
17.2
16.3 20.8 20.6 20.4
18.4 16.9 17.0 ......... 20.2
12.8 222.7 222.6 222.8
315.1 316.4 316.2
14.8
10.7 7.7 11.3 10.4 6.3 7.7 11.0 10.4 5.1 7.5
75.1 56.8 58.1 57.5 55.0 62.8 64.3 65.0 48.3 60.0
37.8 40.0 41.4 41.4 35.0 37.2 37.1 37.1 30.0 40.0
20.6 19.8 18.1 18.1
19.4 12.5 11. 1
20.3
16.9 21.8 16.1 15.6
24.6 17.3 17.3
23.0
44.7 U0.4411.3 *11.5
413.5 415.4 415.5
35.4
59.7 51.8 50.4
55.5 66.8 59.8 57.4
80.1
s No 2J can.
£
607]
28.8
25.0
24.3
17.3
12.6
28.6
45.2
47.7
32.4
31.8
35.0
12.6
12.0
50.5
29.3
* Per pound.
Cts.
Cts.
8.8
5.2
4.1
9.4
9.8
24.4
21.9
9.5
11.0
3.1
8.5
5.9
12.5
17.5
19.7
13.8
10.9
61.6
41.6
19.4
16.9
37.5
61.6
8.8
5.1
4.1
9.2
9.7
24.3
22.1
9.3
11.0
4.8
7.7
4.6
12.4
17.1
19.7
¡67.8 1 69.2
49.1 50.4
37.2 38.6
26.9 27.7
16.6 17.2
34.0 36.8
36.6 36.7
53.5 53.7
43.4 45.4
40.9 40.5
31.2 31.3
14.0 14.6
12.5 12.5
50.4 49. 7
30.0 30.0
28.8 28.1
36.1 36.0
16.9 16.7
23.2 23.5
43.9 48.4
13.6
10.6
60.7
41.6
19.6
17.1
38.1
61.7
38
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T
a ble
5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I
Richm ond,
V a.
Rochester,
N. Y .
S t. Louis,
Mo.
Article.
U n it.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin steak .................................
Round s te a k .................................
R ib roast .......................................
Chuck ro a s t...................................
P la te beef.......................................
P o u n d ...........
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
22. 2
19.6
19. 3
15.9
12.9
39. 3
34.6
30. 5
21.9
17.2
38.4
34.6
29.9
22.0
15.3
39.4
35.1
30. 5
21.9
15.5
38.6
33.6
28.1
22.6
11.9
38.8
32.9
28.5
22.6
11.9
40.5
34.2
28.9
22.9
1 1 .2
24. 8
22.9
18.3
14.6
1 1 .0
34.2
30.9
26.6
19.3
12.4
34.5
32.3
26.5
17.4
1 1 .6
35.0
33.2
27.5
17.5
11.5
P ork chops.....................................
B acon , sliced .................................
H am , sliced...................................
L am b , leg of..................................
H en s.”. .“. .......................................
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
........ d o ............
2 1.2
26.6
26.0
19.3
20.0
33.9
37.1
46.8
42.9
35.5
30.6
34.2
38.1
43.5
37.3
30.6
33.9
38. 5
42.1
36.2
36.8
34.1
51.2
38.7
39.8
33.7
34.7
45.2
38.9
40.5
34.3
34.5
46.0
40.5
40.0
19.8
27.8
27.3
19.0
18.0
30.7
39.5
50.8
33.9
31.8
26.4
38.5
42.7
35.4
31.1
27.2
37.7
42.5
35.2
30.5
Salm on, canned, red.................. ........ d o ............
33.8 31.0
Milk, fresh...................................... Q u a r t .......... 10.0 13.0 14. 0
Milk, evaporated......................... 15-16-oz. can
12.4 13.4
B u t t e r ..." ....................................... P o u n d ........... 38.1 52.3 56. 7
Oleomargarine.............................. .........d o ............
30.8 30.6
30.7
14. 0
13. 5
55. 9
29.6
28.9
12 . 0
10. 9
45.6
27. 8
30.6
12 . 0
12.0
48. 8
30. 7
28.7
32.3
12 . 0 8.0 12.0
12 . 0
9. 8
48.2 33.3 46.4
30.2
25.6
31.1
13.0
1 1 .2
49. 2
26.9
30.9
13.0
11.4
48.4
26.9
N ut m argarine.............................
Cheese.. T........................................
L a rd .................................................
Vegetable lard su b stitu te........
Eggs, strictly fresh .....................
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
Dozen............
28.2 28.9
22.3 31.9 36. 2
15.0 17.8 17.7
22.4 23.3
24.6 33.6 34. 3
28. 4
35. 9
17.6
23.0
34.7
25. 8
31, 8
18. 9
21.6
36. 9
27.7
35. 9
17. 3
20.6
36.0
27. S
36. 2 19. 5
17. 3 14.1
20. 4
36. 2 21. 4
24. 8
28. 5
13. 5
21. 4
29. 8
24.2
34. 3
13.0
22.6
30.5
24.5
34.2
12.9
22.6
30.9
B read ...............................................
F lou r................................................
Corn m e a l.......................................
Rolled o ats.....................................
Corn flakes.....................................
P o u n d ..........
.........do............
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
8-oz. p k g ___
9.2
5.4
4.3
10 .1
10.0
9.2
4.9
4.1
9. 4
9.6
8. 8
4 .9
4. 3
9.1
9.6
8 .1
5. 2
4.9
7.1
9. 8
8.0
4. 8
4.7
8.4
9.6
5. 5
3.0
2. 2
9.3
4.7
3.0
8 .1
9.2
8.9
4 .2
3.4
8. 2
9.1
8. 9
4.1
3. 2
8 .1
9.0
W h eat cereal.................................
M acaroni.........................................
R ice...................................................
B ean s, n av y ..................................
P o ta to e s ..."...................................
28-oz. p k g __
26.7
P o u n d ...........
21.3
........ d o ............ 10.0 12.0
........ d o ............
10.3
........ d o ............
i. 7 3.8
24.6
2 1. 8
1 1 .2
12 .2
4.4
Onions.............................................
Cabbage..........................................
Beans,"”baked................................
Corn, can n ed .................................
P easj canned.................................
.........d o ............
.........d o ............
No. 2 c a n .. .
.........d o ............
........ d o ............
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly 15— Ju n e Ju ly
Jun e Ju ly
Ju ly Ju n e Ju ly
15, 15,
15,
15, 15, 15, 15,
1922. 1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
5.3
3.3
2.0
8.0
4. 7
4. 8
8. 4
9.6
24.9 25.0 23. 7 23. 5
2 1 .1 18. 3 18. 3 18. 7
1 1 .0 9.6 9.3 9.3
12.4 11.7 1 1 . 1 n . o
4.9 3.5 2.4 4.6
6.2 8.1 8.0 7.0 8.8 7.8
2.5 4.0 4. 8 4.4 6.7 6.2
12.3 11 .8 1 1 . 8 11.5 1 1 .3 11.4
15.8 15. 5 15. 8 16.3 16.3
19.6 19. 5 19. 5 18.8 19.1 19.1
24.6 23.3 23.1
20.4 19.4 19. 5
9.3 8.8 8. 9
11.7 1 1 .2 1 1 . 0
1. 9 3.9 2.9 3. 3
8.4
6 .1 7.1 6.6
4 .4 5.5 3. 4
1 1 . 3 1 1 .2 1 1 . 2
14.6 15.0 14. 9
16.4 16.7 16. 7
Tom atoes, can n ed ...................... ........ d o ............
12.9 12. 3
Sugar, granulated....................... P o u n d ........... 5.0 7.7 1 1 .2
T ea .................................................... .........d o ............ 56. 0 79. 8 79. 5
Coffee............................................... .........d o ............ 26.8 36.6 38.5
12.3 13.6 J 2. 4 12.4
13.7 11. 9 11.9
10.7 7.6 10.7 10 .2 5.2 7.3 10.9 10.4
79. 8 60. 6 62. 2 61. 5 55. 0 67. 5 66 8 66 8
38.5 33.7 35.2 35.2 24.3 34.7 35.9 35. 8
Prun es............................................. .........do............
R aisin s............................................ ........ do............
B an an as.......................................... D o z e n ..
Oranges............... _ ......................... ........ d o ..
20.7
17. 4
39. 6
55.6
22.5
23.6
37.1
68.6
1 No. 2J. can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 608]
21.6
17.8
39. 6
53. 8
20. 4
23. 3
41. 3
64. 5
20 3
15. 8
43. 3
53.2
20.7
15. 8
44. 8
50.8
22 .1
26.7
30. 7
54.3
21 5
17. 3
33 4
49.5
22 3
17. 8
33 8
48.5
RETAIL PRICES OP POOD,
39
C L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C I T IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —Continued.
S t. Pau l,
Minn.
Salt L ak e C ity,
U tah .
San F rancisco,
Calif.
Savannah,
Ga.
Scranton,
Pa.
Ju ly 15— Ju n e
Ju ly 15—
Ju ly Ju ly 1 5 - Ju n e Ju ly
Ju n e Ju ly Ju ly Ju n e Ju ly J u ly 15— Ju n e Ju ly
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923.
1923. 1923. 1922. 1923. 1923.
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922
1913 1922 1923. 1923.
C'ts.
C'ts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
27.0
23.3
21.9
17.0
1 1 .2
36.1
30.8
29.4
22 1
10.4
35.9
30.0
28.1
20.7
10.8
37.1
31.3
28.5
2 1.1
10.4
22.9
20.0
19.9
15.7
12.0
29.7
26.3
22.7
18.0
11.6
28.4
24.7
20.9
16.7
11.7
27.8
24.4
21.9
17.4
11.5
20.7
19.0
21.0
14.0
13.0
30.7
27.6
28.5
18.2
13.2
29.1
26.4
28.0
17.1
13.1
28.9
26.5
28.0
17.0
12.8
31.3
27.1
24.8
17.3
15.5
32.5
27.1
25.0
17.3
14.1
Cts.
31.9
27.1
25.0
16.9
13.9
26.8
22.8
23.8
17.5
1 2 .1
48.1
38.3
35.8
25.3
10.9
48.3
39.1
35.4
24.9
10.5
49.2
39.1
35.7
25.7
1 0 .1
19.7
20. 8
28.0
18.9
19.7
33.4
42.2
51.4
35.1
28.8
27.3
38.4
43.5
34.4
27.3
28.1
38.1
42.7
33.3
27.3
22.9
31.7
30.7
18.8
24.8
33.9
39.3
49.7
33.3
33.1
29.0
38.6
43.5
34.0
31.9
28.5
38.7
44.3
33.7
31.3
23.2
33.3
30.0
16.7
23.8
38.4
53.9
58.6
34.8
38.7
34.9
49.7
51.5
34.7
41.0
35.1
50.5
51.8
33.9
39.2
30.0
35.6
44.0
38.0
31.6
26.7
34.2
35.5
37.5
31.7
27.1
34.8
35.5
36.3
30.1
21.3
27.5
31.7
21.7
23.7
38.5
43.7
57.5
46.5
45.1
33.4
41.8
53.6
44.3
43.2
34.8
42.9
53.6
46.1
42.9
35.2
6.8 10.0
11.5
32.6 40.5
27.6
34.8
11.0
12 .1
44.1
28.1
34.8
11.0 8.7
12. 3
43.4 35. Ò
27.4
33.6
9.0
10.5
44.3
34.4
10.0
1 1 .1
49.3
34.4
27.8
10.0 10.0 13.0
1 1 .2
10 .1
48.8 36.4 51.4
26.6
27.5
13.0
11.0
55.8
27.8
27.3
13.0
11.0
54.8
28.0
36.6
18.0
10.0
45.5
30.6
34.8
17.8
11 .6
53.7
32.9
35.0
36.6
17.8 8.4 12.0
11.7
11.3
52.1 35.3 44.6
20 8
32.9
35.7
13.0
12.3
49.6
20.5
13.0
12.3
50.0
2Q 2
26.5
28.4 27.9 27.1
26.4 28.3 28.3
35.2 23.3 28.0 30.4 31.1 19.0 34.0 37.9 37. 6
17.5 19.3 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.8 19.1 19.5 19.4
24.2
25.3 26.7 26.3
24.8 25.0 25.1
32.0 29.4 29.6 29.6 31.1 31.4 33.8 35.3 35.2
27.0
28.7
17.7
20.7
35.4
30.1
34.1
17.6
19.2
36.6
30.1
21.0
34.5 18.0 30.4
17.4 15.6 17.7
18.9
22.7
39.7 28.0 36.4
22.0
34.2
17.6
22.9
37.1
22.0
34.8
17.5
22.6
38.2
8.3
5.6
2.6
8.3
8.8
8.7
5.6
2.9
8.5
9.1
9.2
5.7
6 .1
9 .8
10 .1
8.7
5.4
5.8
9.5
9 .9
8.7
5.2
5.8
9 .4
10 .1
25.2 23.7 23.7 24.7 23.5 22.5
12.7 14.3 14.3 17.7 17.1 17.1
8.7 9.0 8.9 8.5 8.0 7.9
9.1 9.6 9.8 10.9 12.3 12.3
Ì. 9 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.2 4.7
27.1
22.9
9 .8
1 1 .1
2.0 3.5
25.8
22.9
9 .6
12 .2
3.4
26.2
22.9
9 .6
12.6
4 .4
3.4 4.1 3.9 8.7 7.8 7.7
6.0 4.0 5.0
14.7 14.6 14.7 12.4 12 .2 1 2 .2
16.5 16.6 16.3 14.5 14.6 14.6
17.1 17.6 17.4 16.9 17.4 17.5
8.0
4 2
12.4
16.8
17.1
8.4
6.0
1 2 .1
16.5
18.1
7.7
6 1
1 2 .1
16.5
18.4
1 1 .1
10.8
69.1
35.1
1 1 .1
14.2
10.3 5.6 7.5
66.2 52.5 59.5
35.1 31.3 37.5
12.9
1 1 .2
60.7
39.9
13.0
10.7
60.7
39.7
18.2
16.8
39.6
56.8
18.9
16.5
38.6
61.8
17.5
17.7
34.4
51.5
17.8
17.1
33.2
53.6
26.9 26.8
21.0 30.6 34.5
15.0 17.5 17.7
24.5 24.2
22.9 30.6 29.9
5.9
3.0
2.5
9.3 9.4 9.4
5.4 4.7 4.4
3.4 3.5 3.5
9.5 9.9 9.8
10 .2 10.0 10.0
26.2 25.0 25.0
18.5 18.2 18.6
9.5 9.6 9.3
10.7 11.9 11.8
1.4 2.3 1.6 2.3
ÌÒ.Ó
6.7 8.6 7.4
3.2 5.8 4.8
14. C 14.2 14.2
15.0 14.5 14.5
16.3 16.4 16.3
15.3 14.0
5.6 7.9 11.7
45.0 65.8 67.1
30.0 40.0 40.4
22.7
16.8
2 10.0
........ 66.2
20.7
18.7
212.4
59.9
5.9
2.6
3.4
9.4 9.6 9.6
3.3 3.4 3.3
3.6 3.7 3.7
9.5 9.4 9.5
12.3 11.4 1 1 .2
26.4 24.9 25.3
20.9 19.6 19.4
9.0 8.9 8.7
9.8 10.8 10.8
1.6 2.8 1.9 3.1
8.2
6.9 5.7 6.3
7.2 7.7 6.6
17.1 15.7 15.5
15.2 14.3 14.0
16.1 15.7 15.6
13.9
14.4
1 1 .1
5.9 8.5
67.1 65.7 78.8
40.4 35.8 44.1
2 1 .1
18.7
2 12.6
59.1
20 .1
25.3
216.4
56.3
12.9
11.8
79.9
44.5
17.8
18.1
215.7
49.3
5.9
3.4
3.4
8.5 9.1 9.1
5.4 5.2 5.0
4.5 4.6 4.6
9.2 9.4 9.4
10.7 10.5 10.5
8.5
12.9
113.5
1 1 .1 5.4 7.6
79.6 50.0 57.2
44.2 32.0 34.4
17.9
17.8
215.3
45.3
114.3
1 1 .1
59.3
36.1
19.1
22 .2
35.7
58.8
2 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.7
5.4
3.1
8.6
9.2
[609]
18.8
16.0
33.6
49.9
113.9 112 .6
10.3 7.3
58.8 07.6
36.3 31.9
18.1
16.2
32.9
49.5
19.3
22.5
30.0
83.0
5.6
3.6
8.5
18.9
23.7
34.4
65.8
40
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN 51
C I T IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —Concluded.
Seattle W ash.
A rticle.
U nit.
Ju lv 15— :
1913
1922
Springfield, 111.
Ju n e
15,
1923.
Ju lv
15,
1923.
Ju ly June
15,
15,
1922. 1923.
Ju ly
15,
1923.
W ashington, D . C.
•Tulv 15—
June Ju ly
15,
15,
1923.
1923.
1913 1922
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Sirloin ste a k .......................
Round s te a k ......................
R ib roast..............................
Chuck ro ast____________
P la te beef............................
P o u n d ...........
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
24.4
21.5
20.0
16.2
13.0
31.0
28.1
24.6
16.8
12.7
31.1
27.2
24.6
16.3
12.7
31.0
26.7
24.6
16.2
12.6
34.3
34.1
23.1
20.3
13.3
35.5
34.7
23.5
20.4
1 2 .2
36.2
35.8
23.9
20.5
12.6
28.1
24.6
22. 0
17.9
12.4
43.2
38.1
33. 0
22.9
12.7
45.7
39.6
35.6
23.7
12.7
46.7
40.0
35.4
23.9
12.5
P o rk chops..........................
B aco n , sliced........
H am , sliced........................
L am b , leg o f.......................
H ens......................................
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
0.3.6
31.7
31.7
19.6
23.8
34.4
49.7
54.6
32.4
33.4
32.6
49.0
50.4
33.1
32.2
32.8
48.8
50.4
32.5
30.8
31.2
40.0
51.1
40.6
33.4
25.1
38.7
43.9
40.0
32.5
26.5
38. 7
45.0
39.4
31.3
21.9
28. 1
.30. 0
21. 4
22.6
39.3
38.1
59.0
41.7
41.5
34.1
38.0
54.8
45.5
41.7
36.2
37.8
55.5
42.4
42.7
Salm on, canned, r e d .. . .
M ilk, fresh .........
M ilk, evaporated...............
B u tte r ...................................
Oleom argarine...................
........ do............
Q u art............
8.5
15-16-oz. can.
P o u n d ........... 35.5
........ do............
31.1
12.0
10.3
49.7
27.5
30.9
12.0
11.0
50.1
30.0
30.3
12.0
11 .0
50.1
30.0
33.9
1 1 .1
11.5
44.9
28.3
33.1
1 1 .1
13.0
49.3
28.7
33.2
29.6
8. 0 13.0
10.7
12.8
48,3 36.6 48.6
28.9
26.3
27.8
14.0
12.4
53.8
28. 5
28.5
14.0
12.4
51.8
28.5
N ut m argarine..................
Cheese...................................
Lard ..................................
Vegetable lard substitute
Ee'gs, strictly fre sh ..........
........ do............
........ do............ 21.7
........ do............ 17.8
........ do............
Dozen............ 34.5
28.2
32.2
18.9
25.3
32.2
29.1
35.6
19.1
24.8
33.2
28.9
36.5
18.9
25.0
32.9
27.0
32.5
17.0
23.0
28.0
27.3
37.4
17.0
25.0
29.9
26.7 26.6
27.5
37.3 23.8 33.3 38.3
16.8 15.0 17.0 17.1
25.9
21.9 23.3
29.2 26.0 36.7 36.1
26.8
38.6
17.1
23.6
SK 0
B read ....................................
F lo u r......................... ............
Corn m eal............................
Rolled oats..........................
Corn flakes..........................
P o u n d ...........
........ do............
.........do............
........ do............
8-oz. p k g .__
5.5
2.9
3.1
9.9
4.9
3.7
8.5
11.5
9.9
4.6
4.1
8 .1
11.6
9.9
4.4
4.1
8.2
11.7
9.7
5.4
4 .2
10 .2
9 .8
9.2
5.0
4.5
10.4
10 .1
9 .2
4.9
4.4
10. 5
10 .1
5.7
3 .8
2 .5
8.7
5 .6
3.6
9.3
9.8
8.6
5.1
4.1
9.2
9.5
9 .0
5 .0
4.0
9.3
9.4
27.0
18.9
1 1 .2
10.0
3.3
24.7
18.1
11.4
10.6
2 .2
24.7
18.2
1 1 .2
11.0
3.1
27.6
20.3
10.5
13.5
4.3
25.4
19.3
10 .1
12 .2
2 .1
25.1
19. 7
10. 0
11.9
3. 8
25.5
21. 5
9. 8 10. 0
1 1 .1
1 . 8 3 .8
24.3
21. 2
10. 3
11.7
4.3
24.3
2 1 .2
10 .1
11.7
5.4
5.5
5.7
15.9
17.4
19.0
6.5
7.3
15.4
16.7
18.6
5.4
5.2
15.2
16.7
18.5
9.6
13.5
14. 4
17.5
9.6
7.8
13.5
14.7
17.9
9.6
4.6
13.3
14.7
17.9
Tom atoes, canned............ ........ do............
1 15.4 1 15.7 1 15.9
Sugar, granulated............ P o u n d ........... 6 .1
7.9 11.6 10.5
T e a .................................. ........ do............ 50.0 65.0 66.6 67.6
C o lice................................... ........ do............. 28.0 39.2 38.5 38.6
15.3
8 .1
71.8
35.6
14.9
12 .0
72.1
38.4
14.9
12.6 1 2 .1
1 1 .6 • 5. 0 7.3 10. 7
72.5 57.5 73.0 78.7
38.1 28.8 33.2 35.3
W h eat cereal...................... 28-oz, p k g .. .
M acaroni.............................. P o u n d . . . . . .
R ic e ....................................... ........ do........ ...
B ean s, n a v y ....................... ........ do............
P o tato es................... ........... ........ do............
Onions...................................
Cabbage................................
B ean s, bak ed .....................
Corn, canned......................
Peas, canned......................
Prun es..................................
R aisin s.................................
B a n a n a s...............................
Oranges.............. ..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
........ do............
.........do............
No. 2 can ___
........ do............
........ do............
........ do............
........ do.............
Dozen........ ..
........ do............
7.7
1.5
2 1 .2 16.8 17.0
24.8 18.0 17.9
2 14.9 2 15.8 2 15.7
57.6 47.9 47.9
1 No. 2J can.
20.9 20 .1 20.1
25.9 20.5 20.4
2 9.6 2 1 1 .2 2 1 1 . 8
63.9 51.2 49.9
2 P er pound.
[ 610]
9. 0 9. 3 9.1
3 .3 5. 5 6.3
1 1 .6 11.9 11.9
14.3 15.4 15.3
17.0 15.6 15.5
21.4
24.2
36.5
70.6
21.7
17.0
38.8
59.8
1 1 .8
10.0
79.1
35.3
21.4
16.6
39.8
60.5
41
RETAIL PRICES OE POOD.
Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities.
rT lA BLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
A in the retail cost of food7 in July, 1923, compared with the aver
age cost in the year 1913, in July, 1922, and in June, 1923. For
12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the onemonth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau
at different dates since 1913. These percentage, changes are based
on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on
the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8
Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have perfect
reporting cities. For the month of July 98 per cent of all the firms
reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The following
were perfect reporting cities; that is, every merchant in the followingnamed 31 cities who is cooperating with the bureau sent in his report
in time for his prices to be included in the city averages: Atlanta,
Baltimore, Boston, Butte, Charleston, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas,
Detroit, Fall River, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Louisville, Manchester,
Memphis, Milwaukee, Newark, New Haven, New Orleans, Norfolk,
Omaha, Peoria, Providence, Portland, Me., Portland, Oreg., Rich
mond, St. Louis, St. Paul, San Francisco, Savannah, and Scranton.
The following summary shows the promptness with which the
merchants responded in July:
R E T A I L P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D
D U R IN G J U L Y , 1923.
Geographical division;
Item .
Percentage of reports received........................
N um ber of cities in each section from which
ev ery report was received.............................
United
States.
North
South
A tla n tic. A tlan tic.
North
Central.
South
Central.
W estern,
98
98
98
99
98
97
31
8
6
9
5
3
7 For lis t of articles, see note 2, p . 21.
e T h e consum ption figure used from Jan u ary , 1913, to Decem ber, 1920, for each article in each city is
given in th e Monthly L abor R eview for November, 1918, pp. 94 and 95. T h e consum ption figures which
have been used for each m onth beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921, are given in th e Monthly L abor R eview
for March, 1921, p. 26.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[611]
42
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
T a b l e 6 . —P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G E S IN T H E R E T A I L C O ST O F FO O D IN J U L Y , 1923,
C O M P A R E D W IT H T H E C O ST IN JU N E , 1923, J U L Y , 1922, AN D W IT H T H E A V E R A G E
C O ST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C I T IE S .
Percentage increase, Ju ly ,
1923, compared with—
City.
Percentage increase, Ju ly ,
1923, compared with—
C ity.
Ju ly ,
1922. •
1913
A tla n ta .........................
B altim o re....................
B irm in g h am ...............
B o ston ...........................
B ridgeport..................
43
52
50
53
1
Jun e,
1923.
1
0.4
1
5
4
6
5
2
3
4
i 0 .1
6
2
3
3
i 0.4
5
2
Ju ly ,
1922.
1913
Mil wan free
Minneapolis
M obile.*.................
Newark
Now TTavp.n
53
44
45
49
4
2
2
5
6
0
B u ffalo..........................
B u t t e ............................
Charleston...................
Chicago.........................
C in cin n ati...................
Cleveland....................
Columbus....................
D allas............................
D enver..........................
D etroit..........................
51
47
57
45
48
New Orleans
New YorkN orfolk___
O m a h a ...
Peoria.........
41
53
42
10 2
3
1
2
Ju n e,
1923.
K
O
4
03
no
q
u.
q
O
4
4
o
4
5
Phil ad elphi a
Pittsburgh
Portland, Me.
Portland Orpg
Provi donee
^2
50
7
g
3
i 2
5
oi
A
O. o
Q
U
4
ii
5
0 .1
3
1
i 0 .1
Richm ond
Rochester
S t. Bonis.
S t. P a u l___
Salt L ak e C ity .........
56
0 2
4
Oo
3
u.
4
2
0.2
i 1
i 1
San Francisco
Sav an nah ................
Scranton
Seattle
Springfield, Til.
W ashington, D. C ..
41
39
57
8
4
i 1
4
8
2
6
1
3
4
F a ll R iv e r...................
H ou ston .......................
Ind ianapolis...............
Jackson ville................
K ansas C ity ................
39
39
5
1
6
2
2
L ittle R o c k .................
Los Angeles.................
Louisville....................
M anchester..................
Memphis...................
40
38
34
53
38
3
3
3
7
2
0 4
27
2
4
10 4
2
3
40
3
52
37
4
1n 3
4
G
44
58
A
10 2
2
2
0 4
5
2
1 Decrease.
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.1
T
HE following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
January 15 and July 15 of each specified year, 1913 to 1923,
by cities. Prices for coal are secured from the cities from which
monthly retail prices of food are received.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote
prices on the kinds of bituminous coal usually sold for household use.
The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, but do not
include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an
extra handling is necessary.
1 Prices of coal were form erly secured sem iannually and published in th e M arch and Sep tem ber issues
°* ^ th l ° NTHLY k ABOR R e v ie w . Sin ce Ju n e , 1920, these prices have been secured and published
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able 1 —R E T A I L P R IC E S O F C O A L, P E R TON O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D J U L Y 15 O F E A C H S P E C I F I E D Y E A R ,
1913 T O 1923, B Y C IT IE S .
59726°— 23 ----- 4
1914
1913
1922
1921
1920
1919
1918
1917
1923
C ity , and kind of coal.
Jan .
Ju ly .
Jan .
Ju ly .
Jan .
Ju ly .
[613]
Birm in gh am , A la.:
B itu m in o u s................ ...............
B o ston , M ass.:
Pennsylvania anth racite—
S to v e .......................... .........
C hestnu t.................... .........
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anth racite—
Rtoyft
Bu ffalo, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e ....................................
Chestnut............................
B u tte , M ont.:
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Jan .
$7,444
$7.778
$8,029
$8.250
$9.050 $13.250 $11,854
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
88. 841
$7. 519
$8,115 $10.481
Ju ly .
$8.327
i 9.600 110.450 111.983 1 11. 750 1 12. 500 1 13.750 1 15.500 1 14. 750 1 15.000 1 15.000 1 16.250 1 15. 750
i 9.750 110.550 1 12.042 1 11.850 1 12.600 1 13.850 1 15.500 1 14.750 1 14. 750 1 14.750 1 16. 250 i 15. 750
8. 2o(J 11.000
8.300
7.850
i 7.540 16.893 i 7. 500 1 8.938 1 10. 250 1 8. 063
4.217
4.011
4.228
3.833
5.080
5.607
5.616
6.461
6.741
7.286
7.496
9.431
10.648
8.674
7.192
6.215
8.407
7.694
8.250
8.250
7.500
7.750
8.000
8.250
7.500
7.750
9.500
9.500
9.500
9.500
9.850
9.850
10.250
10.250
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.000
12.750
12.750
14.500
14.500
16.000
16.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
15.000
16.000
16.000
15.000
15.000
10.000
10.000
8.667
8.667
10.500
10.500
10.400
10.400
12.370
12.370
11.750
11.750
12.500
12. 500
15.000
15.000
17.500
17. 500
14.500
14.400
13 850
13.850
14.000
14.000
15.750
15.750
16.000
16.000
7.600
7.850
8.138
8.163
8. 830
8.830
9.180
9.240
10.400
10.500
10.700
10.800
10.890
10.990
12.080
12.080
13.250
13.250
12.910
12.910
12.960
12.960
12.813
1 2 .813
13.238
13.238
13.175
1 3 .17o
8.222
8.598
9.188
9.083
9.377
9.836
10.381
10.908
12.715
11.982
11.673
11.528
11.494
11.132
8.375
1 13.400 1 13.400 1 16.325 1 17.875 H 7.000 1 17.000 1 17.000 117.000 1 17.000
(2)
113.500 1 13.500 1 16.400 1 17.725 1 17.100 1 17.100 1 17.100 1 17.100 1 17.100
(2)
8.500 12.000 13.250 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000 12.000
8.500
8.500
6.750
6.992
6.542
6.800
6.817
7.067
6.650
6.900
Charleston, S . C.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
Stoyfi
1 8.375 17.750 i 7.750 i 7.750 i 8.750 i l l . 500 112.275
18.500 i 8.000 i 8.250 i 8.250 1 9.250 111.750 U 2.475
8.000
B itu m in o u s................................ 1 6.750 1 6.750 i 6.750 i 6. 750 7.000 8.000
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
8.000 7.800 8.080 7.900 9.570 9.583 10.350
S to v e ....................................
8.250 8. 050 8.330 8.130 9.670 9.667 10. 388
6.671
4.969 4.650 5.000 4.850 7.083 6.813
Bitu m ino u s...............................
Cincinnati, Ohio:
6.098
5.958
Bitu m ino u s................................ 3.500 3.375 3.750 3.500 5.500
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
9.825
7.500 7.250 7.500 7.500 9.688 9.667
9.575
7.750 7.500 7. 750 7.750 10.000 9.667
6.901
Bitu m ino u s................................ 4.143 4.143 4.400 4.571 8.227 7.000
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ju ly .
i P er ton of 2,240 pounds.
10.900
10.975
6.475
1 1 . 808
12.016
6.700
12.200
12.30C
7.017
12.590
1 2 .69C
8.020
14.675
14.788
8.946
15.913
16.025
9.481
15.120
15.230
8.503
15.410
15.340
8.906
15.763
15.630
8.917
16.180
16.050
10.980
15.938
15.788
8.813
6.725
6.478
6.139
6.739
8.000
8.679
6.786
7.000
7.154
9.638
8.615
6.443
11.050
11.175
6.821
11.538
11.65C
7.710
12.300
12.233
7.911
14.050
14. 025
11.357
14.750
14.750
9.558
14.188
14.200
8.708
14.313
14.438
8.139
14.375
14.438
8.625
15.750
15.750
11.322
14.667
14.667
9.706
2 Zoned out by F u el A dm inistration.
RETAIL PRICES OF COAL.
A tlan ta, G a.:
B itu m in o u s.................... .......... $5,875 $4.833 $5.295 $5.083 $7.000 $7.050
B altim o re, Md:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e .................................... i 7.700 i 7.240 i 7.700 i 7.280 1 8.160 18.542
Chestnut.............................. i 7.930 i 7.490 i 7.950 i 7.520 i 8.310 i 8.700
Ja n .
Jan .
03
T able 1 .
R E T A I L P R IC E S O F C O A L, P E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D J U L Y 15 O F EA C H S P E C I F I E D Y E A R
1913 TO 1923, B Y C I T IE S —Continued.
1913
1914
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
^
1923
C ity, and Mnd of coal.
Jan .
Ju ly .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
$6.400 $6.031
$5,943
«IPv4«1 1 V
11.500 11.000
$7.929 $7.150 10.167 8.583
14.334
10.139
10.386
10.980
J-'i. «j UU lo. OUU
11.083 14.583
11.000
10.500
6.474
9.071
8.929
5.300
9.900 11.000
9.600 10.750
6.000 6.500
11.750
11.750
7.59S
12.325
12.325
7.995
12.650
12.650
8.148
12.650
13.150
8.348
8.000
8.250
5.200
7.500
7.750
5.188
9.750
9.800
7.583
9.125
9.313
7.500
9.880
10.080
8.267
10.520
8.180
11.600
11.710
7.732
7.750
8.000
7.688 11.000 10.688
7.688 11.000 10.438
10.750
10.750
11 AAA
11.000
9.000
8.300
8.500
4.611
7.750 10.167
7.950 10. 333
4.000 6.800
7.125
6.875
8.000
8.286
8.929
4.276
7.917
8.500
4.093
6.250
5.833
.......
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
$0. uoo
»tpu.ulo
ffl-n
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
$9.457
$7.420
$7.196
$7.191
$9,848
$7,763
14.083
20.250
16.250
17.084
14.614
18.250
15.423
16.000
14.423
18.125
15.375
15.917
13.792
13.500
14.000
8.908
14.875
14.875
9.469
17.533
17.533
11.691
16,000
16.000
10.979
15.917
15.917
10. 836
15.500
15.500
10.038
17.250
17.250
10.692
10.500
16.500
10.270
11.890
11.980
7.988
12.650
12.750
8.781
14.625
14.625
12.417
15.950
15.950
12.194
14.563
14.563
10.000
14.563
14.563
8.750
14.563
14.563
8.969
16.000
16.000
11.893
16.000
16.000
10.429
12.700
12.383
12.500
12.250
13.000
12.750
14.500
14.250
16.500
16.250
15.250
15.083
15.250
15.000
15.250
15.000
16.500
16.083
15.500
15.417
10.000
10.000
12.000
11.750
16.2S6
12.800
12.250
10.667
12.833
11.667
9.925
7.107
10.500
6.163
12.250
12.333
6.875
12.250
12.250
7.375
13.000
13.167
8.188
14.375
9.625
16.000
10.000
9.838
15.375
15.500
8.631
15.750
15.667
7.550
15.625
15.667
7.432
15.750
15.750
9.610
16.000
15.875
8.135
8.500
9.333
9.825
10.000
10.000
11.000
15.000
15.667
12.250
13.000
13.000
15.000
13.500
9.292
9.958
6.438
5.700
12.592
13.150
6.703
13.700
14.200
15.107
15.550
7.354
13.593
14.450
7.469
15.950
16.583
8.625
15.750
16.500
9.600
10.115
16.857
17.563
9.550
17. 214
18.125
8.669
15.286
16.125
8.984
16.929
17.750
8.900
15.286
16.188
8.706
9.000
8.000
7.857
11.500
8. 2o0
12.750
9.155
12.975
9.414
12.500
9.250
10.375
14.500
12.591
17.000
14.176
lo. 000
12. 423
15.000
12.800
15.000
11.688
15.000
12.500
15.000
10.625
13.500 12.000 15.000 14.375
14.881
14.700
14.688
14.583
16.000
17.000
19.222
18.000
19.000
14.000
16.500
15.500
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[614]
Columbus, Ohio:
Bitu m ino u s...............................
D allas, T e x .:
A rkansas anthracite—
E g g ........................................
B itu m ino u s................
$8,250 $7.214
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ix ed .. 8.875 9.000
Stove, 3 and 5 m ixed___
8.500 8.500
B itu m ino u s......................
5.250 4.875
D etroit, M ich.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e .....................
8.000 7 .45C
Chestnut..................
8.250 7.650
B itu m in o u s................
5.200 5.200
F all R iv er, M ass.:
Pensylvania anthracite—
S to v e.......................
8.250 7.425
C hestnut..............................
8.250 7.613
Houston, T e x .:
B itu m in o u s..................
Indianapolis, In d .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e .........................
8.950 8.000
Chestnut.............
9.150 8.250
B itu m ino u s..........
3.813 3.700
Jacksonville, F la .:
B itu m in o u s........................
7.500 7.000
K ansas C ity, Mo.:
Arkansas anthracite—
F u rnace............
Stove, or No. 4 ................
B itu m ino u s..............
4.391 3.935
L ittle R o ck , A rk.:
Arkansas anthracite—
E g g ........................................
Bitu m ino u s......................
6.000 5.333
Los Angeles, Calif.:
Bitu m inous................................ 13.520 12.500
Ja n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.200
4.000
4.377
3.953
6.583
6.038
6.783
6.743
6.816
6.836
9.531
9.750
8.042
7.096
7.389
10.182
8.573
10.000
10.000
8.500
8. 500
8.750
8.750
8.500 11.000 11.000
8.500 11.000 11.000
11.000
11.000
10.500
10.500
12.500
12.500
12.750
12.750
13.417
13.417
15.000
15.000
18.000
18.000
16.500
16.500
16.600
16.600
16.000
16.000
18.000
18.000
17.000
17.000
3 4.344 s 4. 219 3 4. 219 3 4.219 3 6. 222 3 7.018
6.539
7.171
7.221
7.528
8.000
9.563
10.036
8.393
7.786
7.786
9.411
7.446
5.734
8.000
8.250
6.250
7.850
8.100
5.714
8.080
8. 330
6.143
7.930
8.180
5.714
9.167
9.367
8.000
9.500
9.650
7.385
10.968
10.904
7.385
12.286
12.378
7. S14
12.400
12.500
8.144
12.600
12.700
8.960
14.800
14.900
12.167
16. 200
16. 280
12.948
15.940
15.940
10.663
15.980
15.950
10.407
16.010
15.950
9.750
16.650
16.625
12.716
16.020
16.020
10.519
9.250
9.500
5.889
9.050
9.300
5.792
9.350
9.600
5.875
9.133 10.350 10.650
9.383 10.600 10.900
5.846 8.077 8.600
10.826
10.926
8.888
12.238
12.328
8.474
13.708
13.786
9.000
13.800
13.900
9.189
14.000
14.100
10.425
16.520
16. 560
12.044
18.330
18.390
13.824
17.730
17.730
12.485
17.750
17.750
11.703
17.510
17.500
11.938
17.710
17.670
13.913
17.500
17.380
12.325
8.000
9.000
9.429
9.722
10.333
11.900
13.214
10.438
11. 214
8.875
10.929
10.143
9.020
9.270
7.743
6.500
6.750
6.250
6.500
6.500
6.750
6.250
6.500
7.208
7.292
7.250
7.250
8.100
8.100
8.500
8.500
9.750
9.750
10.050
10.050
•10.483
10. 483
11.767
11.767
13.000
13.000
12.700
12.700
12.750
12.750
12.750
12.750
12.792
12.792
12.750
12.750
7.500
7.500
6.250
6.250
6.571
6.571
6.579
6.579
9.500
9.500
9.000
9.000
9.750
9.750
10.100
10.100
12.050
12.050
11.333
11.333
12.250
12.250
14.583
14.583
17.083
17.083
13.833
13. 833
14.000
14.000
14.000
14.000
15.333
15.333
15.000
15.000
13.067
13.30C
8.040
Ü. 550
7.789
(2)
(2)
8.900
16.000
10.000
8.292
17.500
17.500
9.269
19.000
18.833
10.857
22.500
22.500
12.873
17.000
17.000
10.528
18.000
18.000
10.781
18.000
18.333
8.393
21.500
21.500
11.208
21.250
21.250
9.531
9.058
9.083
9.300
9.293
10.757
10.764
10.800
10. 857
11.536
11.600
13.067
13.067
14.542
14.542
13.300
13.300
13.208
13.208
13.135
13.135
14.450
14.450
14.083
13.833
10.000
10.000
7.750
9.500
9.500
7.750
11.700
11. 700
8.250
12.500
12.500
9.375
13.000
13.000
9.750
14.500
14.500
12.125
16.000
16.000
13.357
14.500
14.500
11.971
14.000
14.000
9.429
14.000
14.000
9.952
16.000
16.000
12.429
15.125
15.125
11.429
7.950
7.388
8.471
8.930
10.108
11.465
13.697
12.344
11.857
11.905
11.938
10.869
6.321
6.696
7.167
6.519
10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 13.100
10.500 10.500 10.500 10.500 13.500
3 0.056 3 6.063 3 5.944 3 6.071 3 6.944
7.071
7.143
6.625
6.657
6.800
6.125
6.857
7.000
6.125
6.850
6.993
6.125
8.500
8.500
7.857
8.440
8.420
7.750
5.500
5.850
5.550
6.000
7.429
7.750
6.406
RETAIL PRICES OF COAL.
[615]
Louisville, K y .:
Bitu m ino u s..............................
Manchester, N . H .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e...................................
Chestnut............................
Memphis, T e n n .:
B itu m ino u s..............................
Milwaukee, W is.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Sto v e...................................
Chestnut............................
B itu m ino u s..............................
Minneapolis, M inn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e...................................
Chestnut. - ........................
B itu m in o u s..............................
Mobile, A la-:
B itu m in o u s..............................
Newark, N. J . :
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e..................................
Chestnut............................
New H aven, C onn .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e .................................
Chestnut..........................
New Orleans, L a .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e .................................
Chestnut..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
New Y o rk , N . Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e................................
Chestnut..........................
Norfolk, V a .;
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ................................
Chestnut..........................
B itu m ino u s............................
Omaha, N ebr.:
B itu m ino u s............................
Peoria, 111.:
Bitu m ino u s............................
Philadelphia, P a .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e................................
Chestnut..........................
i 7.156 i 6. 894 i 7.281 i 7 .55C i 7 .96£ i 8.319 i 9.594 i 9.806 i 11.244 i 10.850 i 11.881 i 13.469 i 14.975 i 14.156 i 14.125 i 14.094 i 15.094 i 15.429
i 7.375 i 7.144 i 7.531 i 7.30C i 8 .18S i 8.519 i 9.681 i 9.888 i 11.319 i 10.950 i 11.906 i 13.438 i 14.975 i 14.125 i 14.125 i 14.094 i 15.094 i 15.000
s P e r 10-barrel lots (1,800 pounds).
2 Zoned out by Fuel A dm inistration.
i P er ton of 2,240 pounds.
CU
T able 1 . —R E T A I L P R IC E S O F CO A L, P E R TON O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D J U L Y 15 O F EA C H S P E C I F I E D Y E A R ,
1913 T O 1923, B Y C I T IE S —Concluded.
1913
1914
1917
1918
1919
1920
1922
1921
1923
C ity, and kind of coal.
Pittsburgh , P a .:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
S to v e............................
Chestnut..........................
Bitu m ino u s....................
Portland, M e.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e .....................................
Chestnut................ .............
Portland, Oreg.:
B itu m ino u s............................
Providence, R . I .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e ................................
Chestnut..............................
Richm ond, V a.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
S to v e.....................................
Chestnut..............................
Bitu m ino u s................................
Rochester, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e .....................................
Chestnut..............................
S t. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e ....................................
Chestnut..............................
B itu m ino u s................................
S t. P au l, M inn.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
S to v e....................................
Chestnut..............................
Bitu m ino u s................................
S alt Lake C ity, U tah:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ix ed .
Stove, 3 and 5 m ixed ___
Bitum inous................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ft
Jan .
Ju ly .
Jan .
Ju ly .
$
i 7.938
i 8.000
4 3.158
*
i 7.375
i 7.438
4 3.176
$
i 7.713
i 7. 775
43.188
$
i 7.550
i 7.550
4 3.158
9.786
9.656
9.625
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Jan .
Ju ly .
Jan .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
Ja n .
Ju ly .
$
1
$
$
$
$
$
8
$
$
$
$
$
$
1 10.500 1 10.625
111.0 0 0 i 12.750 i 12.750 i 13.750 1 15.250 1 18.500 i 15.750 i 15.500 1 15.750 i 17.000 i 16.750
1 10.850 1 10.650 i 10.150 111.050 i 12.700 i 12.663 1 14.000 i 15.175 1 18.500 1 15.867 1 15.667 1 15.583 1 17.000 1 16.750
4 4. 857 4 5.750 4 5.278
5.696
6.000
5.833
6.179
8.188
7.375
6.857
6. 781
6.656
8.156
7.464
9.279 10.276
9.659
10.890
10.890
11.040
11.040
13.000
13.000
12.200
12.200
13.440
13.440
15.360
15.360
16.320
16.320
15.120
15.120
15.843
15.843
15.843
15.843
15.843
15.843
15.840
15.840
10.181
10.442
10.566
11.493
11.618
11.955
13.792
13.469
12.964
12.717
14.522
13.565
5 8.250 5 7.500 5 7.750 5 7.450 5 10.000 5 9.500 6 10.500 5 11.375 s 12.400 5 12.000 6 12.950 5 14.500 5 17.000 6 15.000 6 15.000 6 15.000 6 16.420 5 15.000
5 8.250 5 7.750 5 8.000 5 7.700 5 10.000 5 9.500 6 10.500 5 11.375 5 12.400 5 12.000 6 13.000 6 14.500 6 17.000 6 15.000 6 15.000 6 15.000 6 16.400 6 15.000
8.000
8.000
5.500
7.250
7.250
4.944
7.750
7.750
5.423
7.542
7.542
5.042
9.450
9.450
7.268
9.500
9.500
7.250
9.500
9. 500
7 .6S6
9.900
9.900
7.811
11.500
11. 500
8.222
12.000
12.000
8.464
12.125
12.125
.8.931
13.500
13.500
10.882
15.500
15.500
12.289
14.250
14.250
10.738
14.250
14.250
9.846
14.250
14.250
8.692
16.500
16.500
13.100
11.779
7.750
7.900
8.150
8.250
8.550
8.650
9.050
9.150
10.300
10.400
10.600
10.700
10.800
10.900
12.200
12.300
13.550
13.550
13.350
13.350
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.450
15.625
8.438
8.680
3.360
7.740
7.990
3.037
8.150
8.350
3.288
8.175 9.813 10.250
8.363 10.050 10.563
3.056 4.615 4.788
10.433
10.533
5.444
11.000
11.250
5.893
5.463
12.900
12.900
5.425
13.100
13.225
5.970
14.350
14.350
6.632
17.288
17.288
8.066
16.063
16.250
6.895
16.188
16.375
7 .15S
16.125
16.250
6.934
16.583
16.583
8.355
16.375
16.563
7.097
9.198
9.448
6.073
9.050
9.300
6.041
9.333
9.583
6 .12 1
9.183 10.350 10.675
9.433 10.600 10. 883
6.089 8.213 8.568
10.727
10. 827
9.162
12.248
12.417
9.148
13.453
13.543
9.582
13.800
13.900
9.875
14.000
14.100
11.531
16.483
10.517
13.258
18.283
18.317
15.131
17. 750
17.750
12.831
17.750
17.750
12.050
17.508
17.508
12.416
17.667
17.642
13.931
17.500
17.350
12.646
12.000 12.875
12.000 12.875
5.6581 6.368
14.000
14.000
7.250,
15.000
15.000
7.303
15.333
15.333
7.875
16.000
16.000
7.250
16.313
16.583
8.236
18.375
18.375
9.250
17.700
18.500
10.012
19.300
20.000
9.750
19.125
20.000
9.000
19.125
20.000
8.706
20.000
20.000
9.172
17.500
17.500
8.417
11.000
11.500 11.500
11.000 11.500 11.472
5.639, 5.458, 5.580
5.552
o
f
K|
o
w
tel
$
17.COO 17.000 17.0001 17.000 I 9.OO0] 19.000
17.000 17.000 17.000 17.000 19.000
12.000 12.000 12.091 12.400 13.420 14.500
20.750
18.600
13.867
18.600
18.600
14.083
21.550
19.400
14.200
20.500
19.400
13.591
23.000
24.000
28.650
26.500
27.250
24.250
26.750
26.500
21.750
15.100
23.000
16.643
26.750
19.400
23.000
18.455
26.250
19.250
23.750
16.500
24.250
17.900
24.500
16.700
615.100 617.600 619.100 8 17.100 8 17.100 8 16.100 817.000 8 17. 050
615.100 617.600 8 19.100 8 17.100 8 17.100 8 16.100 8 17.000 8 17.050
6 11.100 s 14.500 8 15.100 6 12.767 8 12.267 8 10.100 8 14.083 8 11.233
4.250
4.500
1 7 .125
5.250
5.250
6.113
6.150
6.050
6.150
7.475
7.563
7.683
7.783
8.233
8.300
7 7.200 7 6.167 7 5.800 7 5.850 7 6.133
8 7.867
s 9.133
e 9.163
8 9.103
s 9.588
3.455
3.711
3.661
3.832
3.976
3.950
4.313
4.563
4.500
4.750
4.313
4.563
2.646
5.250
5.250
2.706
9.275
9.275
9.833
9.833
9.550
9.550
9.700
9.700
8 9.843 8 11.611 811.337 810.130
4.450
4.950
4.425
4.575
9.700
10.183
9.817
9.825
9.817
9.817
8 9.943 8 10.271 s 10.061
4.625
5.325
4.975
[617]
1 14.514 1 14.943 1 14.721 1 15.871 1 15.429
17.500 17.381 1 7.588 1 7.419 18.206 18.567 1 10.100 1 9.960 1 11.890 1 11.911 i 12.447 1 13.793 1 15.593
1 14.621 1 14.636 1 15.871 1 15.321
17.650 1 7.531 17.738 1 7.569 18.200 18.625 1 10.190 1 10.064 1 12.019 1 12 .0 11 1 12.538 1 13.857 1 15.557 1 14.400 1 9.096 1 9.063 1 11.335 1 10.033
17.700 1 7.974 18.050 18.267 19.694 1 11.577 1 10.055
1
1 P er ton of 2,240 pounds.
4 P e r 25-bushel lots (1,900 pounds).
.
, . , ,,
,,
s so cen ts ner to n additional is charged for “ hinning.” Most custom ers require binning or basketing th e coal in to the^cellar.
6 A ll coal sold in Savannah is weighed by th e city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or h alf ton is m ade. T his additional charge is included in th e price.
s P rice sin Zone A* "’T h e cartage'diarge in Z one" A w is $1.85 u n til in Ju ly , 1921, when it was $1.55.
1923, from $1.25 to $2.25; and in Ju ly , 1923, $1.25. These charges h ave been included m th e pnces.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In J anuary and J uly, 1922, th e cartage charge in Zone A was 1 1.75; in Jan uary,
RETAIL PRICES OF COAL,
San Francisco, C alif.:
New Mexico anthracite—
Cerillos egg.......................
Colorado anthracite—
E g g ......................................
Bitu m inous..............................
Savannah, Ga.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ..................................
Chestnut..........................
B itu m ino u s............................
Scranton, P a .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ................................
Chestnut..........................
Seattle, W ash .:
B itu m ino u s............................
Springfield, 111.:
Bitu m ino u s............................
W ashington, D . C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e.................................
Chestnut..........................
B itu m in o u s............................
—J
48
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
The following table shows for the United States both average and
relative retail prices of Pennsylvania white ash coal, stove and
chestnut sizes, and of bituminous coal on specified dates from January,
1913, to July, 1923. An average price for the year 1913 has been
made from the averages for January and Julv of that year. The
average prices for each month have been divided by this average
price for the year 1913 to obtain the relative prices.
July, 1923, compared with July, 1913, shows an increase of 101 per
cent in the price of Pennsylvania white ash stove coal, 96 per cent
in the price of chestnut, and 86 per cent in the price of bituminous.
July, 1923, compared with July, 1922, shows an increase of 1 per
cent in the price of Pennsylvania white ash stove and in the price of
chestnut, and an increase of 6 per cent in the price of bituminous coal.
The figures for the chart, showing the trend in the retail prices of
coal, have been taken from the table.
A V E R A G E AN D R E L A T I V E P R IC E S O F CO A L IN TO N L O T S F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S
ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S F R O M JA N U A R Y 15, 1913, TO J U L Y 15, 1923.
Pennsylvania anthracite, w hite ash.
Y ear and m onth.
Stove.
Bitu m inous.
Chestnut.
Average
price.
R elative
price.
Iverage
price.
R elative
price.
Average
price.
R elative
price.
$7.73
7.99
7.46
100
103
97
$7.91
8.15
7.68
100
103
97
$5.4.3
5.48
5.39
100
101
99
7.80
7.60
101
98
8.00
7.78
101
98
5.97
5.46
no
101
7.83
7.54
101
98
7.99
7.73
101
98
5.71
5.44
105
100
Ja n u a ry ..................
Ju ly .........................
7.93
S. 12
103
105
8.13
8.28
103
105
5.69
5.52
105
102
Ja n u a ry ..................
J u l y .........................
9.29
9.08
120
118
9.40
9.16
119
116
6.96
7.21
128
133
Ja n u a ry ..................
J u l y .........................
9.88
9.96
128
129
10.03
10.07
127
127
7.68
7.92
141
146
Ja n u a ry ..................
J u ly .........................
11.51
12.14
149
157
11.61
12.17
147
154
7.90
8.40
145
149
Ja n u a ry ..................
Ju ly .........................
12.59
14. 28
163
185
12.77
14.33
161
181
8.81
10.55
162
194
Ja n u a ry ..................
J u l y .........................
15.99
14.90
207
193
16.13
14.95
204
189
11.82
10.47
218
193
Ja n u a ry .................
F eb ru a ry ...............
M arch......................
A p ril........................
M ay.........................
Ju n e ........................
Ju ly ..........................
A ugust....................
Sep tem b er............
O ctober..................
N ovem ber.............
D ecem ber..............
1923Ja n u a ry ...
F eb ru a ry .
M arch.......
A p ril.........
M ay ...........
Ju n e ..........
Ju ly ...........
14.98
14.92
14.89
14.89
14.85
14.88
14.87
( l)
15.11
15.39
15.53
15.53
194
193
193
193
192
193
192
190
189
189
189
188
189
189
191
194
196
196
9.89
9.71
9.72
9.62
9.50
9.48
9.49
0)
11.08
11.26
11.31
11.23
182
179
179
177
175
174
175
196
199
201
201
15.02
14.99
14.94
14.94
14.91
14.93
14.92
C)
15.13
15.37
15.52
15.52
200
201
201
195
194
194
195
15.46
15.53
15.51
15.07
14.96
14.95
15.05
195
196
196
190
189
189
190
11.18
11.14
11.03
10.46
10.08
10.04
10.03
1913-
Average for y ear.
Ja n u a ry ..................
Ju ly ..........................
1914i—
Ja n u a ry ..................
Ju ly .........................
1915—
Ja n u a ry ..................
J u l y .........................
1916—
1917—
1918—
1919—
1920—
1921—
1922—
15. 43
15.55
15.54
15.07
14.96
14.98
15. 10
1 No satisfactory prices on account of strike.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 618]
(l)
0)
(i>
204
207
208
207
206
205
203
192
185
185
185
m
T R E N D IN T H E R E T A I L P R IC E O F CO A L F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , JA N U A R Y , 1914, TO J U L Y , 1923.
400
375
350
325
300
275
m
200-
175'
150
[619]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125
100
75
RETAIL PRICES OE COAL.
225
50
40
(4^
ZD
50
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in July, 1923.
decline in the general level of wholesale prices which, began
in May continued through July, according to information
gathered in representative markets by the United States
Department of Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Measured by the bureau's weighted index number, which includes
404 commodities or price series, the decrease from June to July was
H per cent and from April to July, 5 per cent.
The largest decrease from the preceding month is shown for the
group of cloths and clothing, due mainly to declines in cotton goods
and raw ana spun silk. The decrease in this group was over 24
per cent. Chemicals and drugs declined 2-| per cent from the June
level. _In the group of farm products advances in corn, cattle, hogs,
eggs, timothy and clover hay, bops, onions, and potatoes were more
f'Tan offset by declines in wheat, oats, rye, lambs, cotton, beans,
alfalfa hay, and hides, causing a net decline of over 2 per cent.
Decreases approximating 2 per cent were recorded for the groups
of metals and metal products, and building materials, while smaller
decreases took place among foods, fuel and lighting materials, and
miscellaneous commodities. No change in the general price level
was again reported for housefurnishing goods.
Of the 404 commodities or series of quotations for which com
parable data for June and July were collected, decreases were shown
in 175 instances and increases in 68 instances. In 161 instances no
change in price was reported.
T
tIE
I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S .
[1913=100.]
1922
1923
Group.
Ju ly .
F arm produ cts...............................................
Foods......... .................................
Cloths and clothing....................................
Fuel and lighting.............................
Metals and m etal products................
Building m aterials........................................
Chemicals and drugs..............
Housefurnishing goods........
Miscellaneous............
All com m odities........ ...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[620 ]
135
142
180
254
121
170
121
173
114
155
Ju n e.
138
142
198
186
148
194
131
187
123
153
Ju ly .
135
141
193
183
145
190
128
187
121
151
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES.
51
Comparing prices in July with those of a year ago, as measured by
changes in the index numbers, it is seen that the general level has
fallen about 2-| per cent. This is due to the great decline in fuel
and lighting materials, which have decreased 28 per cent in price
since July of last year, at which time a strike in the coal fields was
in progress. Foods have decreased nearly three-fourths of 1 per cent
in the year. In all other groups except farm products increases
have taken place, ranging from 5f per cent in the case of chemicals
and drugs to 19 f per cent in the case of metals and metal products.
Farm products show no change in the general price level as compared
with a year ago.
Wholesale Prices in the United States and Foreign Countries, 1913
to June, 1923.
N TH E following table the more important index numbers of
wholesale prices in the United States and several foreign coun
tries, as compiled by recognized authorities, have been reduced
to a common base, in order that the trend of prices in the several
countries may be directly compared. The results here shown have
been obtained by merely shifting the base for each series of index
numbers to the year 1913; i. e., by dividing the index for each year
or month on the original base by the index for 1913 on that base.
These results are therefore to be regarded only as approximations of
the correct index numbers in the case of series constructed by aver
aging the relative prices of individual commodities.1 This applies
to the index numbers of the Statistique Générale of France, the series
for Italy constructed by Prof. Riccardo Bachi, and the series here
shown for Japan. The index numbers of the United States Bureau of
Labor Statistics, those of the Bureau of Statistics of Canada, and those
of the Census and Statistics Office of New Zealand are built on aggre
gates of actual money prices, or relatives made from such aggregates
of actual prices, and therefore can readily be shifted to any desired
base. The series here shown for Sweden, Germany, Canada, the United
Kingdom, and Australia are reproduced, as published, the last three
series being rounded off to three figures. I t should be understood
also that the validity of the comparisons here made is affected by
the wide difference in the number of commodities included in the
different series of index numbers.
I
1 F or a discussion of index num bers constructed according to th is m ethod, see B u lletin No. 181 of the
U . S. Bu reau of L abor Statistics, p p . 245-252.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 621 ]
52
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S AN D C E R T A IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S .
[In d e x num bers expressed as percentages of th e index num ber for 1913.
United
States:
Bureau
of Labor
S tatis
Y e ar and tics (re
m onth.
vised); 1
404 com
modi
ties
(vari
able).
Canada:
D om in
ion B u
reau of
Statistics
238 com
modi
ties.
1913.............
1914.............
1915.............
1916.............
1917.............
1918............
1919.............
1920.............
1921.............
1922............
100
98
101
127
177
194
206
226
147
149
20S
241
170
150
1920
Ja n u a ry .. .
F e b ru a r y .
March........
A p ril..........
M ay -------Ju n o ...........
J u l y ...........
A ugust___
Septem ber
O cto b e r.. .
N ovember
D ecem ber.
233
232
234
245
247
243
241
231
226
211
196
179
1921
Ja n u a r y ...
F e b ru a r y .
M arch........
A pril..........
M ay............
Ju n e ...........
Ju ly ............
A ugust___
Septem ber
O c to b e r...
November
Decem ber.
100
United
Ger
France:
Japan :
King
m any:
Ita ly :
Statis
dom:
Statis Riccardc B a n k of
tiqu
e
Jap an ,
Board o!
tisches
B
a
ch
i;
Géné
Trade
Reichs 100 com Tokyo;
rale;
56 com
(revised)
am t;
modi45
com
modi
150 com
ties.5*
modi 38 comties.
modi
modities.
ties.
tie s.
100
307
197
159
100
102
140
1£8
262
339
356
510
345
327
233
238
241
251
257
255
256
250
245
236
224
212
297
310
319
325
326
322
317
313
311
302
287
264
170
160
155
148
145
142
141
142
141
142
141
140
202
191
186
181
171
164
163
166
162
156
154
154
1922
Ja n u a r y ...
February .
M arch........
A pril..........
M ay............
Ju n e ...........
Ju ly ............
August___
Septem ber
O c to b er...
November
Decem ber.
138
141
142
143
148
150
155
155
153
154
156
156
1923
Ja n u a r y ...
F e b ru a ry .
M arch........
A pril..........
M ay............
Ju n e ..........
156
157
159
159
156
153
100
See te x t explanation.]
Aus
New
Sweden: tralia:
Zea
G öte
Bureau
land:
borgs
of Cen Census
Handels sus and and Sta
tidning; S ta tis
tistics
47 com tics; 92
Office;
m odi
com
140 com
ties.
m odi
m odi
ties.
ties.
i486
1911
34180
100
95
133
201
299
409
364
624
578
562
100
96
97
117
147
192
236
259
200
196
3 100
116
145
185
244
339
331
347
211
162
4 100
141
132
146
170
180
218
167
154
487
522
554
588
550
493
496
501
526
502
461
435
1256
1685
1709
1.567
. 1508
1382
1367
1450
1498
1466
1509
1440
508
557
602
664
660
632
604
625
655
659
670
655
301
314
322
300
272
248
239
235
231
226
221
206
319
342
354
354
361
366
364
365
362
346
331
299
203
206
209
217
225
233
234
236
230
215
208
197
205
206
205
215
215
216
218
214
214
246
225
211
205
202
198
194
190
187
181
173
168
407
377
360
347
329
325
330
331
344
331
332
326
1439
1376
1338
1326
1308
1366
1428
1917
2067
2460
3416
3487
642
613
604
584
547
509
520
542
580
599
595
595
201
195
191
190
191
192
196
199
207
219
214
209
267
250
237
229
218
218
211
198
182
175
174
172
196
192
181
171
166
162
159
160
160
156
151
148
212
206
204
201
198
196
196
193
193
191
187
185
150
152
151
151
152
151
152
150
145
146
150
151
16-1
162
160
160
161
160
160
156
154
155
158
156
314
306
307
314
317
325
325
331
329
337
352
362
3665
4102
5433
6355
6458
7030
10059
19202
28698
56601
115101
147430
577
562
533
527
524
537
558
571
582
601
596
580
206
204
201
197
194
197
201
195
193
190
188
183
170
166
164
165
164
164
165
163
158
155
154
155
147
147
146
148
155
156
157
155
158
159
162
161
182
178
176
176
174
172
174
174
171
171
173
169
151
153
155
156
155
155
157
158
160
161
160
159
387
422
424
415
407
409
278480
558500
488800
521200
817000
1930500
575
582
586
588
580
568
184
192
196
196
199
198
156
158
162
159
158
160
163
161
163
167
168
170
171
171
173
100
102
121
131
148
172
175
208
197
174
190
194
202
/a n d 6 0 artiCUlarS concerKing revisod index num bers, see Monthly L abor R eview for Ju ly . 1922, pp,
2 38 commodities prior to 1920- 76 commodities in 1921
3 Ju ly , 1913, to June, 1914.
4 Ju ly , 1914.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 622 ]
m o n th ly
la bo r r e v ie w
53
,
Cost of an Alaskan ‘‘Grubstake.”
^ p H E following retail prices of groceries in quantities estimated
as a season’s “ grubstake” for prospectors is reproduced from
the annual report of the mine inspector of Alaska for the cal
endar year 1922. The figures were furnished by representative
retail grocers at Juneau and Fairbanks:
R E T A I L P R IC E S O F IT E M S O F “ G R U B S T A K E ” IN JU N E A U A N D F A I R B A N K S , 1922.
P rice in —
Price in —
A rticle.
Q uantity.
Apples, dried
Apples, fresh.
A pricots, dried.
B acon ......................................
B ean s, lim a ............
B ea n s, n a v y . . . .
. .
Beef,corned, 2-pound cans
Fresh beef. ..
B eef, roast, 2-pound cans.
B u tter, canned or salt
packed.
C andles...................................
C atsu p ......
.........
Cheese.
Coffee......................................
Corn, canned........................
E g g s ........................................
F lou r, g ra h a m .....................
F lou r, w h ite . . . .
H am . .
Kerosene................................
Lard
T.loganberries, canned
Macaroni
M atches—c a d d ie s ..
Meal, co rn .............................
10 l b s __
1 b o x .. .
10 l b s . . .
50 l b s . . .
10 l b s . . .
15 l b s . . .
1 doz___
80 l b s . . .
1 doz___
48 lb s . . .
$2.00
3.50
4.00
22.50
1.25
1.80
5.50
12.80
5.50
26.40
$3.00
6.00
4.00
27.50
1.75
2.25
5.50
24.00
5.50
28.80
1 b o x .. .
6 b o ts __
10 l b s . . .
40 l b s . . .
1 c a s e __
1 case. . .
100l b s . .
200l b s . .
50 lb s . . .
10 gals . .
20 l b s . . .
\ ca se __
10 l b s . . .
1 doz___
50 l b s . . .
3.25
2.25
3. 80
16.00
4.50
2.75
4. 50
18.00
11.25
5. 25
10.60
17.50
3.50
4.25
3. 65
1.50
1.00
2.50
18.50
8.00
16. 50
Molasses. ...................
1 g a l-----
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A rticle.
F a ir
Juneau banks.
99 no
.90
7.00
5.00
4.50
1.25
1.75
4.00
9,R 00
1.75
Q uantity.
Juneau
F a ir
banks.
Oats, ro lled ..........................
Onions, d ried .......................
Oranges, fresh......................
Peacfiesj canned..................
Peaches, d ried .....................
Pears, can n ed......................
P e as,can n ed ........................
Pineapple, can n ed .............
Pork, s a l t ..............................
Potatoes, fre sh ....................
Powder, b ak in g ..................
Prunes, d ried .......................
R aisins, b u lk ........................
R ic e . .......................................
Salmon, 1-pound can s___
S a lt..........................................
Sauce, L . & P ......................
Soap, Iv o r y ..........................
SodaJ bakin g........................
Spices, assorted ...................
Straw berries, canned........
Sugar, g ran u lated ..............
Sirup, Log C abin ................
T e a ..........................................
Tom atoes, canned..............
Vinegar, concentrated___
50 l b s . . . $3.00
25 lbs . . .
1.50
7.00
1 c a s e ...
\ case. . .
4.25
10 l b s . . .
3.00
J ca se. . .
4.75
I case. . .
7.00
c a s e .. .
4.25
15 l b s . . .
4.50
200 l b s . . 5.50
5 lb s .. . .
2. 25
2.00
l O l b s .. .
10 l b s . . .
2.00
20 l b s . . .
2.00
1 doz___
4. 25
.20
5 lb s .. . .
2 b o t s ...
.70
2 doz___
2.40
.25
2 p k g s...
l l o t '.....
.15
J- c a s e . . .
4.25
6.00
50 l b s . . .
1 ca se __ 12. 50
5 l b s ___
4.50
1 case. . .
5.50
1 h o t___
.25
$4. 50
2. 00
16. 50
5.25
3.25
5. 25
5.50
5.25
3.75
15.00
3.00
2. 50
3. 00
2.50
4. 50
.35
1.50
5.00
.60
1.00
5.25
5.50
14.00
4.50
6.00
1.25
T o ta l............................
293.90
391. 50
[623]
54
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
Retail Prices in Reykjavik, Iceland., in April, 1923.1
^ jP H E April, 1923, number of Hagtidindi, issued by the Statistical
Bureau of Iceland, contains a table showing retail prices of
various commodities in Reykjavik in July, 1914, April, 1922,
January, 1923, and April, 1923. These figures, together with the per
cent of increase since July, 1914, are shown in the table below:
R E T A I L P R IC E S IN R E Y K J A V I K IN S P E C IF IE D M O N TH S, J U L Y , 1914, T O A P R IL , 1923.
[Kilogram =2.2046 pounds; Iite r=1.06 quarts; ore, a t p a r= 0 .2 6 8 cent.]
A prl , 1923.
Article.
U nit.
Ju ly ,
1914.
April,
1922.
January,
1923.
Price.
R y e bread .................................
W heat bread.......................... .
Sifted bread..............................
R y e flou r...................................
W heat flour (No. i w h eat).
W heat (No. 2 ) .........................
B arley m eal..............................
R ic e .............................................
Sago (com m on).......................
Sem olina....................................
O atm eal (rolled o ats)............
Po tato flour..............................
Peas, w hole..............................
Peas, s p lit.................................
P o tato es.....................................
Carrots (Icelan d )................ ' ’
Apricots, dried........................
Apples, dried ...........................
Apples, n ew .............................
R aisin s.......................................
Prunes........................................
Sugar, pow dered....................
Sugar, lo a f.................................
Sugar, g ranulated..................
Coffee, unroasted....................
Coffee, roasted.........................
T e a ..............................................
Chocolate, sw eet.....................
Cacao...........................................
........ ' ’
B u tte r (Icela n d )
M argarine..................................
T allow .................................. ’ . ’
M ilk, sw eet...............................
Cheese, w hey...........................
Cheese, m ilk ................
E g g s............................................
B eef, ro ast.................................
B eef, soup m ea t....................
V ea l.............................................
M utton, fre sh ............................
M utton, sa lted ........................ .
M utton, sm oked.......................
Pork, salted................................
P ork , sm oked............................
H addock, fresh ......................
Codfish..................................... "
Salt fish...................................... |
Sod a....................................
Brow n soap (crystal so ap )...
Green soap (soft soap)............
B a r soap (co m m on )). . .
Coal o il..................... ; .................
Coal, sto v e..................................
3-kg. lo a f..
500-gr.loaf
. -do...........
K ilo g ram .
. -do...........
148
70
50
61
86
74
97
90
101
150
74
102
107
111
49
575
423
200
362
268
159
129
119
285
400
832
656
457
605
233
329
74
188
455
50
417
342
231
262
188
345
550
550
40
30
93
53
120
123
276
54
750
pp. 57, 58.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
</)re.
[624]
{)re.
130
65
45
49
68
63
70
69
99
122
69
99
97
103
33
36
593
415
160
236
213
132
120
107
282
401
820
487
399
530
212
290
64
187
389
37
290
200
164
154
153
225
532
625
50
40
90
45
124
114
222
36
776
P er cent
of increase
over j uly,
1914.
([ire.
1.30
65
45
52
72
63
70
72
111
128
72
100
92
100
31
35
589
422
187
228
207
150
145
136
292
413
861
497
384
500
214
277
64
201
404
28
285
186
165
163
157
229
513
620
40
30
84
43
121
116
241
35
850
160
183
221
174
132
125
141
132
177
205
125
178
163
203
158
250
217
199
234
245
159
173
174
167
77
75
83
145
45
155
00
209
191
302
267
250
185
119
230
176
134
129
202
191
186
114
110
258
181
205
424
94
195
W A GES AND H OU RS O F LA BO R.
Changes in Union Scale of Wages and Hours oi Labor, 1913 to 1923.1
T
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics during the past summer has
collected information concerning the union scale of wages
and hours of labor in the principal time-work trades in the
leading industrial centers of the United States, and a full compilation
of the material is now in progress.
An abridged compilation has been made for certain trades and
cities, and the rates and hours of labor as of May 15, 1923, are brought
into comparison in the following table with like figures for preceding
years back to 1913.
The union-wage-scale figures here published represent the mini
mum wage of union members employed in the trades stated, but
these figures do not always represent the maximum wage that was
paid, as in some instances part or even all of the organized workers
in the trades received more than the scale.
In cases where scales have been revised since May 15, 1923, and
made retroactive to that date or earlier the changes have been
included in the tabulation, in so far as information has been received.
Two or more quotations of rates and hours are shown for some
occupations in some cities. Such quotations indicate that there
were two or more agreements with different employers and possibly
made also by different unions. The figures are the highest and
lowest contractual terms in the city.
1 A brief sum m ary of th e changes from 1907 to 1922 is given in the Monthly L abor R ev iew for No
vem ber, 1922. T h e average m oney rate per hour for each trade, all cities com bined, as of May, 1922, and
May, 1921, is published i n the Decem ber, 1922, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6251
55
U N IO N SC A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D C IT IE S AN D O CCU PA TIO N S, 1913 TO 1923.
Ox
Oi
Blacksmiths, manufacturing shops.
R ate s per hour (cents).
Hours per week.
C ity.
1914
1915
1916
Chicago....................
New O r l e a n s ......
40. Ó
43.2
30.1
50.0
43.2
36.1
50.0
43.- 2
36.1
55. Ò
46.2
36.1
N ew Y o rk ...............
44.4
44.4
44.4
53.1
/ 44.4
}
\ 50.0
37.5
46.9
45.0
50.0
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
100.0
110.0
80.0
90.0
94.0
110.0
80.0
81.0
87.5
110.0
83.0
81.0
100.0
110 . 0
S3. 0
B o ston ......................
Ph iladelph ia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
Portland , Oreg___
[626]
S t. Louis................
San Francisco........
S ea ttle......................
Birmingham......
Buffalo..............
Charleston, S. C..
Chicago..............
Cincinnati..........
Cleveland..........
Indianapolis.......
Kansas City, Mo.
Los Angeles........
Memphis......
Milwaukee...
New Orleans.
New York__
Omaha..............
Philadelphia......
Pittsburgh.........
Portland, O reg ...
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37.5
45.0
37.5
45.0
37.5
45.0
33.3
50.0
33.3
50.0
33.3
50.0
55.0
56.0
36.1
53.1
33.3
40.0
50.0
65.0
75.0
6 8 .8
72.5
90.0
80.0
1913
54
49!
54'
1914
54
49!
54
1915
54
49!
54
1916
50
49!
54
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
50
48
54
44
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
-14
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
•44
44
1923
72.5
80.0
80.0
72.0
15 3
110.0
80.0
88.0
110.0
85.0
100.0
153
80.0
70.0
80.0
81.0
100.0
153
72.5
57.5
72.2
90.0
88.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
88.0
48
54
48
54
48
54
50.0
72.5
75.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
88. 0
100.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
80.0
75.0
90.0
90.0
82.0
54
48
54
48
54
48
54
54
48
54
48
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
60
54
54
49!
GO
54
54
54
49!
48
54
48
54
49!
48
2 48
2 48
54
49!
48
2 48
2 48
54
50
48
2 48
44
54
50
48
2 48
44
54
49!
48
2 48
44
54
49!
3 49!
50
54
3 491
50
54
49!
48
54
49!
48
44
49|
48
44
48
49|
48
44
48
49!
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
48
/ 54
1
\ 48
48
48
54
48
48
Boiler makers, manufacturing and jobbing shops.
40.0
36.0
36.1
40.0
40.0
40.0
36.0
36.1
40.0
35.0
40.0
36.0
3'6.1
40.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
38.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
42.5
40.0
40.0
35.0
47.5
46.0
42. 8
42.0
38.0
67.5
70.0
72. 5
52. Ó
40.0
80. 0
80.0
80.0
60.0
55.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
74.0
100.0
75.0
77.0
7 2 .0
70.0
70.0
60
54
54
54
54
60
54
54
54
49!
60
54
54
54
49!
40.0
37.5
40.0
50.0
42.0
45. 0
60.0
50.0
45.0
70.0
55.0
68.8
85.0
75. 0
100.0
71.9
75.0
70.0
90.0
75.0
54
50
54
3 49!
50
54
3 49!
50
54
75.0
85.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
80.0
75.0
72.0
54
54
54
54
54
54
54!
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
54!
44
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
49!
44
48
48
49!
44
48
90.0
80.0
82.5
80.0
49
54
54
49
54
54
49
54
54
49
50
54
48
50
48
44
50
48
44
50
44
48
44
50
44
48
44
50
44
48
44
44
44
50
44
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.0
45.0
55.0
70.0
38.9
41.7
38.9
41.7
38.9
41.7
38.9
46.9
43.8
49.4
62.5
70.0
80.0
80.0
33.3
40.0
44.4
33.3
40.0
44.4
33.3
40.0
44.4
33.3
44.0
44.4
50.0
46.0
53.0
70.0
60.0
72.5
80.0
66.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
75.0
88.0
90.0
90.0
82.5
88.0
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
1913
S t. Louis..................
San Francisco........
Seattle. - ..................
40.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
53.1
50.0
W a s h i n g t o n _____
40.0
53.1
55.3
53.7
50.0
72.5
75.0
68.8
70.0
80.0
80.0
75.6
90.0
90.0
88.0
80.3
90.0
90.0
80.0
90. 0
80.0
78.1
72.0
81.3
80.0
81.4
72.0
81.3
4 49] 4 49}
48'
48
48
48
4 49}
48'
48
4 49}
48
48
4 491
48'
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Bricklayers.
45.0
62.5
70.0
65.0
65.0
45.0
62.5
70.0
65.0
65.0
45.0
70.0
70.0
65.0
65.0
50.0
70.0
70.0
65.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
75.0
87.5
80.0
75.0
70.0
100.0
87.5
80.0
85.0
112.5
125. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100 0
100.0
112.5
150. 0
112.5
125. 0
125.0
53
5 45
6 44
44
48
50
5 45
6 44
44
48
50
&45
44
44
2 48
50
5 45
44
44
2 48
50
44
44
44
744
50
44
44
44
7 44
44
9 45
44
44
7 44
44
5 45
44
44
7 44
44
5 45
44
44
44
44
5 45
44
44
44
44
5 45
44
44
44
Charleston, S . C . . .
Chicago.....................
Cincinnati................
Cleveland............
Dallas........................
40.0
75.0
65.0
65.0
87.5
40.0
75.0
65. 0
70.0
87.5
40.0
75.0
70.0
70.0
87.5
40.0
75.0
70.0
70.0
87.5
40.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
50.6
75.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
75.0
87.5
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
85.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
85.0
110.0
125. 0
125.0
137.5
100.0
8110 .0
125.0
140.0
150.5
i 53
44
45
48
44
153
44
45
9 44
44
i 53
44
45
44
44
i 53
44
45
44
44
i 53
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
48
44
45
44
44
D enver......................
D etroit......................
F all R iv e r...............
In d ian apolis...........
J aekson ville............
75.0
65. 0
55. 0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
60.0
75. 0
62.5
75.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
62.5
87.5
70.0
60.0
75.0
(>2. 5
87.5
75.0
65.0
75.0
62.5
100.0
80.0
75.0
.85.0
62.5
100.0
90.0
85.0
85.0
75.0
125.0
125.0
115.0
125.0
87.5
125.0
100.0
115.0
115.0
110.0
137.5
135.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
95.0
115.0
87. 5
135.0
87.5
44
i" 48
48
44
4.8
44
10 48
48
44
48
44
li 44
48
44
48
44
12 44
44
44
48
44
is 44
s 44
44
48
44
12 44
44
44
48
44
12 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
K ansas C ity, M o ..
L ittle R o c k ............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester.............
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
55.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
62.5
65.0
60.0
75.0
87.5
62.5
70.0
65.0
87.5
87.5
75.0
75.0
75.0
100. 0
100. 0
87.5
85.0
90.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
115.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
125. 0
112.5
137.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
‘44
44
1344 .1344
44
44
48
48
44
48
44
is 44
44
44
44
44
1344
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Memphis..................
Milwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N . J .........
New H aven............
75.0
67.5
65. 0
65.0
60.0
75.0
67. 5
70.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
67.5
70.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
67.5
70.0
70.0
60.0
82.5
72.5
75.0
75.0
65.0
87.5
72.5
75.0
75.0
70.0
87.5
90.0
87.5
87.5
82.5
125.0
125.0
125. 0
125.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
1 12 .5
125.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
125. 0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125. 0
112 .5
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
1344
44
44
44
44
1344
44
44
44
44
13 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
New Orleans..........
New Y o rk ...............
Omaha......................
Philadelphia..........
P ittsbu rgh ..............
62.5
70.0
70. 0
62.5
70.0
62.5
75.0
70,0
65.0
70.0
62.5
75.0
70.0
65.0
70.0
62.5
75.0
75.0
65.0
70.0
62.5
75.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
62.5
81.3
75.0
80.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
87.5
80.0
90.0
100.0
125.0
125. 0
130.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
112.5
130.0
150.0
100.0
125. 0
100.0
125.0
130. 0
100.0
150.0
125.0
137.5
130.0
‘44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
i t 44
44
44
44
44
14 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
1 W ork 53 hours, paid for 54.
2 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
s 54 hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
4 54 hours per week, Septem ber to April, inclusive.
5 44} hours per week, N ovember to M arch, inclusive.
6 48 hours per week, October to Decem ber, inclusive.
i 48 hours per week, N ov. 16 to Mar. 15, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
125.0
44
44 .
44
44
44
8 Nominal rate. A ll received more; average, $1.50 per hour.
9 48 hours per week, Septem ber to April, inclusive.
10 44 hours per week, O ctober to April, inclusive.
1148 hours p er week, N ovem ber to April, inclusive.
12 48 hours p er week, D ecem ber to F eb ru ary , inclusive.
18 48 hours per week, O ctober to A pril, inclusive.
1140 hours per week, Ju ly 1 to S ep t. 7, inclusive.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
[627]
A tla n ta ....................
B altim o re................
Birm in gh am ..........
Boston......................
Buffalo......................
Or
*81
Or
00
U N IO N SC A L E O F W A G E S AN D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
Bricklayers—Concluded.
Hours per week.
R ates per hour (cents).
C ity.
1914
1915
1916
Portland, Oreg___
Providence..............
Richm ond, Y a ___
S t. Louis..................
S t. P au l....................
75.0
65.0
65. 0
70.0
65.0
75.0
65.0
65.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
65.0
65.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
65.0
65. 0
75.0
70.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
S alt Lake C ity ___
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
S ea ttle......................
W ashington............
75.0
87.5
60.0
75.0
62.5
80.0
87.5
60.0
75.0
66.7
80.0
87.5
60.0
75.0
66.7
80.0
87.5
65.0
75.0
70.0
87.5
87.5
70.0
81.3
70.0
1917
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
125.0
115.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
44
44
45
44
48
44
44
45
44
48
44
44
15 45
44
48
44
44
1645
44
44
44
44
is 45
44
44
44
44
io 45
44
13 44
44
44
is 45
44
44
44
44
15 45
44
44
44
44
10 45
44
44
44
44
15 45
44
44
44
44
15 45
44
44
125.0
137.5
137.5
125. 0
137.5
44
44
£44
44
16 45
44
44
944
44
16 45
44
44
13 44
44
16 45
44
44
13 44
44
13 45
44
44
44
44
16 45
44
44
44
44
1645
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
48
44
50
48
44
50
48
48
44
50
48
48
44
50
44
48
44
50
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
50
44
44
44
50
44
48
44
50
44
54
54
48
44
54
48
44
54
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
87.5
70.0
75.0
85.0
75.0
100.0
80.0
87.5
100.0
87.5
125.0
115.0
100.0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
115. 0
100. 0
125.0
112.5
112 .5
115. 0
100.0
125.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
75. 0
100.0
75.0
100. 0
112.5
75.0
112.5
87.5
125.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
100.0
112 .5
125.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
112.5
137.5
1918
1923
[ 628 ]
Building laborers.
Baltim ore................
Boston......................
Chicago....................
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
D etroit......................
F all R iv e r...............
K ansas City, M o. .
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
48.3
35.0
40.0
27.5
34.4
27.9
35.0
40.0
25.0
30.0
34.4
27.9
35.0
40.0
25.0
31.3
42.5
25.0
31.3
30.0
30.0
35.0
34.4
22 .2
35.0
34.4
22 .2
35.0
37.5
45.0
30.0
40.0
37.5
34.4
22 .2
56.3
40.0
50.0
35.0
55. 0
37.5
43.8
30.0
75.0
67.5
70.0
100.0
45.0
87.5
75.0
67.5
70.0
100.0
50.0
87.5
67.5
« 7 0 .0
72.5
40. 0
57.5
65.0
75.0
57.5
50.0
35.0
75.0
62.5
50.0
60.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
40.0
50.0
50.0
70.0
62.5
40.0
60.0
62.5
70.0
62.5
50.0
65.0
55.0
50.0
60.0
81.3
87.5
60.0
55.0
50.0
60.0
81.3
87.5
50.0
60.0
55. 0
50.0
75.0 ]
81.3 1 48
87.5 I
60.0
100.0
80.0
80.0
50.0
75.0
40.0 /
\
57.5
40.0
57.5
M ilwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
New Orleans..........
New Y o rk ...............
65 0
22 .5
22.5
25.0
Omaha......................
Pittsburgh ............... 25.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25.0
25.0
25. 0
30 0
40 5
40 5
75 0
30.0
30.0
45. 0
50 0
00 0
30.0
30.0
45.0
45.0
70.0
a
50.0
67.5
70. 0
72.5
45.0
87.5
\
100.0
|
60.0
48
44
48
54
48
44
48
48
44
54
48
44
50
44
50
44
44
44
44
48
44
50
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
45
/ 44
48 \ 48
44
54
54
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
54
44
54
44
44
44
45
44
48 J1
44
44
45
44
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
1913
Portland, Oreg___
Providence..............
S t. Louis..................
37.5
25.0
25.0
37.5
25.0
25.0
37. 5
25.0
25.0
37.5
25.0
25.0
50.0
35.0
/ 33.3
30.0 \ 40.0
37.5
30.0
62.5
47.5
40.0
45.0
S t. Paul
San Francisco.........
Scranton..................
S eattle......................
W ashington............
27.8
25.0
37.5
25.0
31.3
25.0
37.5
25.0
31.3
22.5
37.5
25.0
31.3
30.0
37.5
25.0
37.5
30.0
43.8
31.3
43.8
30.0
56.3
40.0
62.5
50.0
68.8
50.0
75.0
50.0
54.0
67.5
61.3
75.0
58.5
75.0
50.0
67.5
50.0
54.0
67.5
61.3
81.3
70.0
75.0
50.0
67.5
40.0
54.0
57.5
55.0
62.5
60.0
62.5
62.5
67.5
55.0
54.0
67.5
50.0
! 48
1 50
¡1 44
j
.
62.5
60.0 1
62.5
62.5
1
54
54
44
48
48
50
44
48
54
44
48
48
50
44
48
54
44
48
48
50
44
48
48
44
48
48
50
44
48
48
44
44
48
50
44
48
48
44
44
44
50
44
48
48
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
50
44
491
49|
491
491
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
40.0
43.8
52.5
50.0
50.0
40.0
43.8
45.0
55.0
50.0
40.0
43.8
45.0
55.0
50.0
40.0
43.8
45.0
57.0
50.0
Charleston, S. C ...
Chicago.....................
C in cin n ati...............
Cleveland................
D allas........................
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
65.0
50.0
50.0
55.0
65.0
50.0
55.0
55.0
65.0
55.0
55.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
D en v er.....................
D etro it......................
F all R iv e r ...............
Ind ianapolis...........
Jackson ville............
60.0
50.0
42.0
50.0
31.3
60.0
50.0
44.0
50.0
37.5
60.0
60.0
50-0
48.0
55.0
37.5
44.0
55.0
37.5
70.0
90.0
75.0
105.0
100,0
50
48
48
44
48
70,0
70.0
1 53
110.0
95.0
104.0
100.0
125.0
105.0
125.0
100.0
44
441
48
44
112.5
115.0
95.0
92.5
80.0
44
48
48
444
48
50.0
62.5
55.0
65.0
70.0
60.0
80.0
65.0
75.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
/
33.3 \
70.0
62.5
70.0
62.5
37.5
50.0 }
70.0
65.0
80.0
62.5
70' °
80.0
70.0
85.0
87.5
80.0
80.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
60.0
62.5
60.0
/ 40.0
37.5 \ 45.0 j
87.5
80.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
85.0
100.0
92.5
80.0
100.0
85.0
85.0
92.5
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
57.5
70.0
90.0
75.0
100.0
87.5
70.0
80.0
75.0
100.0
87.5
50.0
50.0
45.0
60.0
62.5
50
17 44
48
44
48
15 3
44
441
44
44
44
48
48
44i
48
50
17 44
48
44
2 48
50
17 44
48
is 44
2 48
50
44
48
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
15 3
48
48
44
441
44
44
48
44
441
44
44
48
44
441
44
44
48
44
441
44
44
48
44
441
44
44
44
44|
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
441
48
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
441-
48
48
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
44
441
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
1 53
44
44|
44
44
15 3
44
441
44
44
44
44
44
48
50
44
48
is 44
44
55.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
65.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
65.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
65.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
65.0
60.0
62.5
60.0
60.0
85.0
80.0
75.0
60.0
60.0
100.0
92.5
87.5
80.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
100.0
90.0
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
Memphis..................
M ilw aukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N . J .........
New H aven ............
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
47.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
55.0
56.3
55.0
65.0
55.0
65.0
56.3
60.0
70.0
55.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
65.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
85.0
80.0
112.5
90.0
75.0
95.0
80.0
112.5
90.0
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
Old scale; strike pending.
1 W ork 53 hours, paid for 54.
2 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
2 48 hours per week, Septem ber to A pril, inclusive.
13 48 hours per week, October to A pril, in clusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
>
d
a
K
o
d
a
Kansas C ity , M o. .
L ittle R o c k ............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester..............
44
44
48
44
44
a
HH
O
3
Carpenters.
A tla n ta .....................
B altim o re................
B irm in g h am ...........
Bo ston ......................
Bu ffalo......................
d
d
15 44J hours per week, D ecem ber to February, inclusive.
16 444 horns per week, October to April, inclusive.
17 48 hours per week, November to March, inclusive,
is 40 hours per week, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive.
U1
o
Cu
ÎO
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
Carpenters —Concluded.
R ates per hour (cen ts).
1914
1915
1916
New Orleans..........
New Y o r k ...............
Om aha......................
Philadelphia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
40.0
62.5
50.0
50.0
55.0
40.0
62.5
50.0
55.0
56.3
40.0
62.5
50.0
55.0
62.5
40.0
62.5
50.0
55.0
62.5
40.0
68.8
57.5
60.0
71.0
50.0
68.8
60.0
70.0
71.0
Portland, Oreg___
Providence..............
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. Louis..................
S t. P au l....................
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
50.0
56.3
50.0
43.8
65.0
55.0
S alt L ak e C ity ___
San Francisco........
Scranton ..........
S e a ttle ....................
W ashington............
62.5
62.5
42.5
56.3
50.0
62.5
62.5
47.5
56.3
50.0
62.5
62.5
47.5
56.3
55.0
62.5
62.5
50.0
56.3
55.0
75.0
68.8
50.0
65.0
62.5
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
60-0
75.0
75.0
80.0
80.0
75.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
90.0
100.0
112.5
101.3
112.5
125.0
100.0
112.5
90.0
90.0
100.0
75.0
60.0
62.5
70.0
60.0
86.0
70.0
62.5
82.5
75.0
100.0
100.0
72.5
100.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
72.5
125.0
100.0
75.0
75.0
60.0
82.5
62.5
100.0
87.5
70.0
93.8
87.5
112.5
106.3
87.5
100.0
95.0
100.0
112.5
87.5
87.5
105.0
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
QO. 0
112.5
100.0
112.5
120.0
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
90.0
85.0
72.5
110.0
80.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
125.0
80.0
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
47
44
44
44
44
47
44
44
44
44
47
i r
44
44
44
47
44
44
90.0
104.4
87.5
87.5
105.0
100.0
104.4
93.8
100.0
112.5
44
44
48
44
44*
44
44
48
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
50
48
48
44
44
50
44
50
19 48
48
44
50
44
48
44
50
44
50
44
50
44
44*
44
44*
44
44>
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44*
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44
44
50
44 |
44
44
44
44
44
44
50
44
44
44
44
50
44
44
Cement finishers.
A tla n ta ....................
Baltim ore................
Birm in gh am ..........
Boston .'....................
Buffalo.....................
50.0
62.5
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
70.0
65.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
100.0
75. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
105.0
100.0
67.5
55.0
75.0
57.5
125.0
90.0
90.0
125.0
90.0
110.0
87.5
110.0
97.5
125.0
62.5
75.0
8 0 .0
60.0
80.0
87.5
87.5
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
104.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
95.0
90.0
87.5
loo. o !
112.5
110.0
54
54
54
95.0
100.0
100. 0
50
50
50
54
44
50
44
44 1
44 j
44 |
50.0
62.5
50.0
62.5
50.0
62.5
50.0
Chicago....................
65.0
C incinnati............... 50.0
/
60.0
Cleveland................
\ 50. 0
D allas................... ... 50.0
D en v er..................... 68.8
65.0
50.0
60.0
55.0
62.5
68.8
65.0
65.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
55.0 } 60.0
62.5
62.5
65.0
62.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
55.0
50.0
55.0
62.5
65.0
D etroit.....................
F all R iv e r ..............
In d ian ap o lis..........
Jacksonville............
FRASER
Kansas City, M o. .
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
50.0
62.5
62.5
50.0
75.0
77.5
57.5
50.0
60.0
57.5
65.0
60.0
60.0
75.0
62.5
80.0
85.0
70.0
125.0
115.0
90.0
100.0
115.0
100.0
65.0
65.0 j
65.0
75.0 ]
87.5
107.5
107.5
1
«48
48
44
......
44
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
1913
Hours per week.
L ittle R o c k ............
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.6
T,nvji<?yi lift
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
60.0
M ilw aukee..............
45.0
Newark, N. J ........
62.5
45.0
50. 0
62.5
45.0
50. 0
65.0
45.0
50.0
70. 0
60.0
New Y o rk ...............
Om aha......................
P h ilad elph ia..........
Pittsburgh
Portland, Greg___
Provi rlpncp* „
S t. Louis..................
San Francisco........
1—1 S e a ttle ......................
75.0
75.0
65.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
87.5
90.0
87.5
87.5
112.5
100.0
100. 0
125.0
100. 0
104. 4
100. 0
100.0
125.0
112.5
100. 0
125. 0
112.5
112.5
75.0
87.5
62.5
75.0
87.5
80.0
82.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
90.0
100. 0
50.0
02.5
02.5
56.3
62.5
62.5
/ 62.5
f>2. 5
75.0
62.5
62.5
75. 0
68.8
70.0
|
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
60.0
75.0
62.5
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
65.0
55.0
60.0
75.0
62.5
85.0
100.0
125.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
70.0
62.5
60.0
75.0
62.5
70.0
75.0
87.5
82.5
75.0
75.0
72.5
70.0
G2.5
50.0
62.5
50.0
112.5
112.5
110 .0
112.5
100.0
60.0
55.0
75.0
70.0
62.5
62.5
50.0
02.5
112.5
112.5
90.0
112.5
100.0
60.0
62.5
62.5
( 55.0
| 62.5
\ 62.5
47.5
50.0
45.0
62.5
112.5
112.5
90.0
112.5
87.5
60.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
75.0
75.0
87.5
81.3
70.0
82.5
100.0
100.0
87.5
125. 0
112.5
112.5
90. 0
125.0
112.5
112.5
100. 0
54
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54
54
54
54
60
60
60
48
48
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48
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44
48
48
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Compositors: Booh an d job.
A tla n ta ....................
B a ltim o re................
B irm in g h am ..........
B o sto n ......................
B u ffalo .....................
34.4
37.5
40.6
41.7
39.6
37. 5
37. 5
40.6
43. 8
39.0
37.5
37.5
40.6
43.8
41.7
37. 5
37. 5
40.6
43. 8
41.7
37. 5
43. 8
44.8
45. 8
43.8
37. 5
43.8
44. 8
50.0
45.8
43.8
54.2
44.8
55.2
59.4
57. 5
81.3
76.0
72.9
71.9
75.0
,83.3
80.0
87.0
83.3
,80.0
83.3
80.0
87. 0
90.9
80.0
90.9
80. 0
87.0
90.9
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
C h a r le s to n ,S .C ...
Chicago....................
C incinnati...............
C leveland ................
D allas........................
33.3
46.9
40.6
39.0
52.1
33.3
50.0
43.8
41.7
52.1
33.3
50.0
43.8
41.7
52.1
33.3
50.0
43.8
41.7
52.1
37.5
50.0
46.9
43.8
52.1
37. 5
57.3
46.9
50.0
57.3
37. 5
75.0
51.0
62.5
70.8
37.5
95.8
75.0
87.5
8S.5
98.9
106. 0
104.5
93.8
100.0
98.9
100.0
104. 5
93.8
93.2
90.9
110 .0
104.5
93.8
93.2
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
D enver.....................
D etro it......................
F all R iv e r...............
In d ian apolis...........
Jackson ville............
54.2
38.5
33.3
43.8
37.5
54.2
39.6
33.3
43.8
43.8
54.2
43.8
33.3
45.8
43.8
54.2
45.8
35.4
45.8
43.8
54.2
50.0
37.5
45.8
43.8
59.4
54.7
39.6
52.1
43.8
05.6
72.9
41.7
54.2
52.1
81.3
92.7
62.5
75.0
75.0
Si. 3
95. 5
105.0
72.7
92.7
81.8
48
48
95.5
48
48
48
48
48
105.0
48
48
48
72.7
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
95.5
48
48
48
48
81.8
48
20 48 hours per week, October to M arch,
48
48
48
48
48
4S
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19 44 hours per week, June to September, inclusive.
96.9
72.7
100.0
81.8
inclusive.
1
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U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S, 1913 T O 1923—Continued.
Com positors: B ooh an d jo b —Concluded.
R ates per hour (cents).
Hours per week.
C ity.
1914
1915
1916
K ansas C ity, M o ...
L ittle R o c k ............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester.............
41.7
37.5
46.9
37.5
35.4
41.7
37.5
50.0
3y. 6
35.4
43.8
41.7
50.0
39.6
35.4
43.8
41.7
50.0
39.6
35.4
45.8
43.8
50.0
39.6
37.5
50.0
43.8
52.1
43.8
39.6
54.2
43.8
58.3
45.8
41.7
72.9
72.9
75.0
45.8
66.7
84.4
72.9
95.5
79.2
77.3
84.4
70.0
95.5
79.0
79.5
M em phis..................
M ilw aukee..............
Minneapolis..........
Newark, N. J ........
New H av en ............
40.0
41.7
43.8
47.9
40.6
40.0
43.8
43.8
47.9
40.6
45.0
45.8
43.8
47.9
40.6
45.0
45.8
43.8
50.0
40.6
47.1
47.9
45.8
50.0
40.6
48.1
47.9
45.8
56.3
44.8
55.4
54.2
54.0
72.9
45.8
93.8
72.9
87.5
91.7
58.3
93.8
85.4
87.5
111.4
58.3
New Orleans..........
New Y o r k .............
O m aha......................
P h ilad elph ia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
43.8
50.0
37.5
39.6
39.6
43.8
50.0
37.5
41.7
41.7
43.8
50.0
43.8
41.7
41.7
43.8
52.1
45.8
41.7
43.8
43.8
52.1
46.9
43.8
43.8
43.8
58.3
53.1
50.0
47.9
50.0
75.0
68.8
60.4
60.4
71.9
93.8
87.5
89.6
81.3
Portland , Oreg___
Providence..............
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. Louis..................
S t. P a u l....................
53.1
37.5
33.3
43.8
43.8
53.1
37.5
33.3
43.8
43.8
53.1
37.5
37.5
43.8
43.8
53.1
37.5
37.5
45.8
43.8
53.5
37.5
37.5
47.9
45.8
59.4
45.8
37.5
52.7
45.8
75.0
50.0
48.5
52.7
54.0
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
50.0
50.0
43.8
43.8
53 .1 j 53.1
40.0
40.0
50.0
43.8
53.1
40.0
52.6
43.8
53.1
43.8
54.2
47.9
56.3
47.9
58.3
47.9
59.4
50.0
62.5
52.1
75.0
62.5
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
88.6
70.0
95.5
79.0
79.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
82.3
93.2
95.5
102.3
86.4
82.3
93.2
95.5
109.1
86.4
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
71.9
113.6
93.2
89.6
100.0
78.4
113.6
93.2
89.6
100.0
78.4
113.6
93.2
89.6
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
85.4
72.9
56.3
79.2
83.3
95.8
72.9
56.3
92.8
87.5
95.8
79.5
81.8
92.8
95.5
90.9
79.5
81.8
92.8
90.9
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
81.3
71.9
87.5
83.3
104.5
77.1
93.8
90.9
104.5
85.2
93.8
90.9
104.5
90.9
93.8
90.9
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
21 48
48
48
48
2i 48
48
48
48
2i 48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
48
42
22 42
2342
48
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
22 4 2
48
42
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
48
45
22 42
23 42
48
48
45
22 42
23 42
48
48
44
22 42
22 44
48
48
44
22 42
22 44
48
1923
C om positors, dayw ork: N ew spaper.
A tla n ta ....................
B altim ore................
B irm in g h am ..........
B o ston ......................
B u ffa lo .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.8
50.0
52.5
63.0
50.0
43.8
57.1
53.0
63.0
50.0
43.8
59.5
54.5
63.0
50.0
43.8
59.5
55.5
63.0
50.0
43.8
61.9
56.5
68.0
53.1
50.0
61.9
57.5
68.0
59.4
60.6
65. 5
67.5
83.0
65.6
63.8
93.3
67.5
95.0
71.9
91.0
93.3
67.5
95.0
87.5
86.5
95.5
82.5
107.0
87.5
86.5
95. 5
82.5
107.0
87.5
23 42
48
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
[632]
1913
«
I
48
24 45
48
48
48
48
24 45
48
48
48
48
2< 45
48
48
48
22 42
24 45
48
48
48
22 42
2245
48
48
48
22 42 J 22 42
22 45 22 45
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
90.6
83.3
10 1.1
87.5
72.9
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
88.9
93.8
88.5
110.9
79.2
88.9
93.8
88.5
110.9
79.2
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
22 45
48
48
46
48
2245
48
48
46
48
122 .2
87.5
79.2
1 1 1 .8
106.7
122 .2
87.5
79.2
1 1 1 .8
106.7
122 .2
87.5
79.2
118.9
106.7
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
2245
45
45
48
48
22 45
45
45
48
48
22 45
45
45
48
48
22 4 5
45
45
48
48
22 45
45
45
48
48
2245
45
87.5
58.3
91.3
87.5
87.5
100.0
87.5
91.3
88.8
87.5
95.8
87.5
. 91.3
88.8
96.9
95.8
87.5
91.3
88.8
96.9
48
48
46
48
48
48
48
46
48
48
48
48
46
48
48
48
48
46
48
48
48
48
46
27 4 8
48
48
48
46
27 4 8
48
48
48
46
93.3
81.3
114.3
104.0
107.8
87.5
114.3
104.0
107.8
87.5
114.3
104.0
107.8
95.8
114.3
104.0
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
83.3
48
115.0 24 45
26
471
113.3
48
103.1
48
90.6
Charleston, S . C ...
Chicago.....................
C in cin n ati...............
C lev elan d ................
D allas........................
33.3
62.0
52.1
53.8
55.0
33.3
62.0
54.2
53.8
55.0
33.3
62.0
56.3
53.8
55.0
33.3
62.0
56.3
53.8
59.4
42.9
62.0
56.3
62.5
59.4
42.9
66.0
56.3
62.5
62.5
42.9
79.0
87.5
68.8
76.0
42.9
89.0
107.3
87.5
88.5
90.6
115.0
107.3
93.8
88.5
90.6
115.0
107.3
96.9
90.6
D en v er.....................
D etro it......................
F all R iv e r...............
Indianapolis...........
Jacksonville............
63.3
55.0
37.5
50.0
37.5
63.3
55.0
40.6
50.0
46.9
63.3
55.0
43.8
50.0
46.9
63.3
55.0
43.8
50.0
46.9
63.3
60.5
44.8
56.3
46.9
72.7
60.5
45.8
56.3
52.1
72.7
74.5
49.0
60.4
65.6
97.8
87.0
75.0
81.3
83.3
97.8
97.0
79.2
93.8
83.3
93.3
97.0
79.2
89.6
83.3
93.3
97.0
79.2
100.0
83.3
Kansas C ity, M o ..
L ittle R o c k .............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester.............
59.4
47.9
62.5
49.0
35.4
59.4
50.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
59.4
50.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
59.4
50.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
59.4
52.1
66.7
54.2
37.5
59.4
52.1
66.7
51.2
39.6
68.8
62.5
75.6
62.5
41.7
90.6
72.9
86.7
87.5
66.7
90.6
83.3
86.7
82.9
70.8
90.6
83.3
1 0 1 .1
S7.5
72.9
Memphis..................
M ilw aukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N . J .........
New H aven ............
57.8
45.8
54.0
60.9
46.9
57.8
47.9
54.0
60.9
46.9
57.8
50.0
54.0
60.9
47.9
57.8
50.0
54.0
60.9
47.9
57.8
54.2
54.0
63.0
50.0
60.0
56.3
54.0
69.6
50.0
66.7
56.3
62.5
76.1
50.0
86.7
77.1
87.5
89.1
72.9
92.8
93.8
93.8
110.9
79.2
New Y o r k ...............
O m aha.....................
Ph iladelph ia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
Portland , Oreg—
66.7
50.0
41.7
55.0
68.3
66.7
50.0
41.7
60.0
68.3
66.7
53.1
41.7
60.0
68.3
66.7
53.1
41.7
60.0
68.3
66.7
53.1
41.7
61.0
68.3
71.1
53.1
50.0
65.0
72.7
96.7
68.8
66.7
77.0
100.0
12 2 .2
87.5
81.3
87.5
106.7
Providen ce.............
R ichm ond, V a —
S t. Louis..................
S t. P a u l...................
S a lt L ak e City —
47.9
33.3
58.7
54.5
62.5
47.9
33.3
58.7
54.5
62.5
50.0
37.5
58.7
51.5
62.5
50.0
37.5
58.7
54.5
62.5
50.0
37.5
63.4
54.5
62.5
52.1
45.8
63.4
54.5
62.5
66.7
45.8
63.4
63.0
71.9
San Fran cisco........
Scranton.................
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
64.4
47.9
75.0
60.7
64.4
47.9
75.0
60.7
69.0
47.9
75.0
60.7
69.0
47.9
75.0
60.7
69.0
52.1
78.6
60.7
68.9
52.1
78.6
69.8
75.6
60.4
100.0
92.9
2144 hours per week for 3 m onths, betw een Ju n e 1 and Sep t. 30.
22 M in im u m ; m axim um , 8 hours per day.
22 A ctual hours worked, m inim um , 6; m axim um , 8 hours per day.
A ctual hours worked, m inim um , 7; m axim um , 8 hours per day.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27 4 8
48
45
48
42
42
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
45
45
26 48 26 48
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
48
22 45 22 45
48
48
48
48
46
46
48
48
2245
48
48
46
48
22 45
48
48
45
48
48
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
46*
45
45
48
48
46i
45
45
48
48
45
45
48
48
46
27 48
48
48
48
46
27 48
48
45
48
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
42
tzj
O
3
48
48
46
48
48
48
48
48
46
46
27 48 27 48
48
48
45
48
42
42
3
25 W ork 47f hours, paid for 48.
26 M axim um ; m inim um , 7 hours per day.
27 M axim um ; m inim um , 45 hours per week.
05
CO
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S AN D H O U R S O P L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D C I T IE S AN D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923-C o ntin u ed .
a
Electrotypers: Finishers.
R ates per hour (cents).
1914
1915
1916
A tla n ta ............
Birm in g h am ..........
Boston ................
B u ffalo ................. ...
Chicago....................
45.8
50.0
50.0
43.8
49.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
43.8
52.1
50.0
50.0
50. 0
43.8
52.1
50.0
50.0
50.0
43.8
52.1
50.0
50. 0
50.0
43. S
56.3
50.0
50.0
52.5
50.0
58.3
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
D en ver.....................
D etro it...............
In d ianapolis...........
43.8
41.7
43.8
37.5
43.8
45. 8
44.8
43.8
47.9
45.8
45.8
47.9
43.8
47.9
45.8
45.8
47.9
43.8
52.1
47.9
45.8
47.9
47.9
52.1
50.0
K an sas City, M o ..
“L os Angeles............
Milwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N. J ........
43.8
50.0
43.8
36.1
43.8
50.0
43.8
43.8
46.9
50.0
43.8
43.8
46.9
56.3
43.8
45.8
New H aven............
New Y o rk ...............
Omaha......................
Ph iladelphia..........
37.4
62.5
43.8
41.7
39.6
62.5
43.8
47.9
40.7
65.6
43.8
47.9
Pittsbu rgh ..............
Portland , Oreg___
R ichm ond, V a ___
St. Louis..................
43.8
50.0
43.8
50.0
45.8
St. P au l....................
San Francisco........
Scran to n .................
W ashington............
43.8
56.3
41.7
50.0
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
57.3
50.0
52.5
56.3
77.1
88.5
72.9
78.1
72.9
104.2
96.6
89.8
90.6
77.1
113. 7
93.2
89.8
90.6
77.1
108.0
47.9
52.1
47.9
56.3
50.0
52.1
58.3
54.2
56.3
63.6
66.7
83.3
62.5
93.8
63.6
87.5
83.3
75.0
102.3
63.6
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
62.5
70.8
56.3
59.4
75.0
90.6
86.4
75.0
81.3
109.1
40.7
68.8
43.8
50.0
44.9
68.8
52.1
52.1
44.9
68.8
52.1
64.2
46.7
75.0
66.7
70.0
45.8
43.8
.50.0
46.3
45.8
43.8
50.0
46.3
45.8
45.8
56.3
52.1
47.9
45.8
56. 3
57.3
55.0
43.8
56.3
41.7
50.0
43.8
56.3
41.7
52.1
45.8
56.3
41.7
54.2
50.0
50.3
43.8
56.3
50. 0
62.5
43.8
58.3
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
93.2
96.6
99.0
81.3
129.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
95.5
75.0
75. 0
102.3
85.2
85.4
83.3
75.0
107.5
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
4S
4S
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
4S
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
461
44'
89.6
86.4
81.3
91.7
134.1
89.6
86. 4
81.3
91.7
134.1
S9.6
102.3
81.3
87.5
134.1
48
48
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
4S
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
62.5
109.1
113.6
103.1
75.0
134.1
102.3
113.6
75.0
134.1
102.3
113.6
87.5
134.1
102.3
125.0
54
44
48
48
53
44
48
48
54
44
48
48
54
44
48
48
531
44
48
48
53J
44
48
48
53i
44
48
4S
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
45.8
90.9
60.4
55.0
85.4
104.5
78.1
85.4
79.2
104.5
93.8
89.6
79.2
104.5
98. 8
89.6
87.5
104.5
104.2
93.8
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
,54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
54
48
48
59.4
62.5
50.0
58.3
81.3
79.2
75.0
93.8
91.7
113.6
90.9
102.3
91.7
113.6
90.9
90.9
87.5
113.0
90.9
90.9
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
E lectrotypers: Molders.
A tla n ta ....................
Birm in gh am ..........
B o s to n .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45.8
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
52.5
57.3
50.0
52.5
88.5
72.9
78.1
96.6
89.8
90.6
90.9
89.8
90.6
94.3
96.6
99.0
44
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
[6341
1913
Hours per week.
43.8
54.2
43.8
56.3
43.8
56.3
50.0
56.3
50.0
60.4
50.0
60.4
56.3
77.1
72.9
104,2
77.1
113.7
77.1
108.0
81.3
129.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
C in cin n ati...............
Cleveland................
D en v er.....................
D etroit......................
In d ia n a p o lis.. . . . .
47.9
43.8
52.1
37.5
45.8
50.0
52.1
52.1
47.9
47.9
50.0
52.1
52.1
47.9
47.9
50.0
52.1
52.1
52.1
50.1
50.0
52.1
54.2
52.1
52.3
52.1
56.3
54.2
56.3
52.3
52.1
60.4
60.4
56.3
65.9
70.8
83.3
69.8
93.8
65.9
87,5
83.3
79.5
102.3
65.9
95.5
75.0
79.5
102.3
85.2
85.4
83.3
79.5
107.5
100.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
48
44
46*
44
K an sas C ity, M o. .
Los Angeles............
M ilw aukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N. J
43.8
50.0
43.8
36.1
43.8
50.0
43.8
50.0
46.9
50.0
43.8
50.0
46.9
50.0
43.8
52.1
50.0
56.3
50.0
56.3
50.0
56.3
50.0
56.3
62.5
70.8
56.3
59.4
75.0
90.6
86.4
75.0
81.3
109.1
95.8
86.4
81.3
91.7
134.1
95.8
86.4
81.3
91.7
134.1
95.8
102.3
81.3
87.5
134.1
48
48
■ 48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
New H av en ............
New Y o r k ...............
Om aha......................
P h ilad elph ia..........
37.4
62.5
43.8
45.8
39.6
62.5
43.8
52.1
40.7
65.6
43.8
52.1
40.7
68.8
43.8
54.2
44.9
68.8
52.1
56.3
44.9
68.8
52.1
64.2
46.7
75.0
66.7
70.0
62.5
109.1
113.6
103.1
75.0
134.1
102.3
113.6
75.0
134.1
102.3
113.6
87.5
134.1
102.3
125.0
54
44
48
48
53
44
48
48
54
44
48
48
54
44
48
48
53*
44
48
48
531
44
48
48
53*
44
48
48
48
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
4S
44
44
44
P ittsb u rg h ..............
Portlan d , Oreg___
R ichm ond, V a ..
S t. L o u is ................
50. 0
50.0
50.0
50.0
52.1
56.3
52.1
50.0
53.1
56. 3
57.3
57.3
53.1
90.9
60. 4
57.3
87.5
104.5
78.1
85.4
87.5
104.5
93.8
89.6
79.2
104.5
93.8
89.6
87.5
104.5
104. 2
93.8
48
48
47.9
50.0
50.0
46. 3
47.9
48
48
47.9
50.0
50.0
46.3
47.9
48
48
48
48
54
48
48
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
4S
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
44:
48
48
48
44
48
48
S t. P au l....................
San Francisco........
Scranton ..................
W ashington............
50.0
56.3
47.0
50.0
50.0
56. 3
47.9
50.0
54). 0
56.3
47.9
52.1
52.1
50.3
47.9
54.2
56.3
56.3
50. 0
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
58.3
59.4
62.5
56. 3
58.3
81.3
79.2
75.0
93.8
91.7
113.6
90.9
102.3
91.7
113.6
90.9
90.9
87.5
113.6
90.9
90.9
4S
48
48
44
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
4S
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
Granite cutters, inside.
50.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
52.1
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
53.1
45.0
60.0
62.5
60.0
63.1
50.0
70.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
69.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
45
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
•44
44
44
44
44
4-4
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
57.0
53.1
50.0
50.0
50.0
57.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
57.0
66.3
62.5
62.5
62.5
68.8
76.3
75.0
SI. 3
81.3
85.0
86.3
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100. 0
100.0
100.0
106.3
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
112.5
100.0
106.3
100.0
106.3
44
57.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
57.0
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
44
44
644
44
44
44
44
45.0
43.0
62.5
45.0
40.6
45.0
43.0
62.5
45.0
40.6
45.0
43.0
62.5
47.5
40.6
50.0
50.0
66.3
50.0
50.0
51.3
50.0
67.5
50.0
50.0
62.5
62.5
70.0
60.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
75.0
72.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
44?,
45
48
45
44
441
45
48
45
44
44 J
45
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
A tla n ta ....................
B altim o re................
B o sto n ......................
B u ffalo......................
Charleston, S. C ...
41.3
50. Q
45.6
43.8
45.0
41.3
50.0
45.6
43.8
45.0
41.3
50.0
Chicago.....................
C incinnati........
C leveland................
D allas........................
D enver......................
50.0
D etroit___ i .............
F a ll R iv e r ...............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester..............
b
50.0
40 hours per week, November to M arch, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
B u ffalo .....................
Chicago.....................
C5
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
05
o;
G ranite cutters, in side —Concluded.
R a te s per hour (cen ts).
Hours per week.
C ity.
1913
1914
1915
1916
Newark, N . J .........
New H aven ............
New Orleans..........
New Y o r k ...............
P h ilad elph ia..........
50.0
41.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
41.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
45.5
45.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
62.5
60.0
50.0
68.8
65.0
P ittsb u rg h ..............
Providence..............
Richm ond, Y a ___
S t. Louis..................
50.0
40.6
43.8
50.0
50.0
40.6
45.0
50.0
50.0
40.6
45.0
50.0
53.1
50.0
50.0
50.0
54.4
50.0
50.0
50.0
S alt L ak e C ity ___
San Francisco........
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
62.5
62.5
62.5
45.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
45.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
45.0
62.5
66.3
62.5
50.0
62.5
67.5
62.5
50.0
1917
1920
1921
1922
1923
79.0
72.5
75.0
79.0
80.0
100.0
87.5
80.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
62.5
60.0
50.0
60.0
81.3
70.0
70.0
75.0
100.0
70.0
82.5
100.0
106.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
62.5
81.3
87.5
87.5
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
1918
1919
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
112.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100. 0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
1040
44
44
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
40
44
1923
g
o
H
M
t-1
k!
W
o
w
H od carriers.
B altim ore................
B oston......................
Chicago.....................
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
31.3
35.0
40.0
42.5
31.3
35.0
40.0
42.5
31.3 / 32.5
{ 35.0
D enver...................... / 37.5
\ 40.6
D etro it...................... 35.0
F a ll R iv e r ...............
Ind ianapolis........... f 40.0
\ 42.5
K an sas City, M o. . 37.5
Louisville................ / 35.0
\ 38.0
M anchester..............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I
34.4
35.0
40.0
34.4
35.0
42.5
42.5
31.3
35.0
42.5
31.3
35.0
37.5
40.6
35.0 /
(
37.5
40.6
35.0
40.0
40.0
42.5
37.5
35.0
38.0
40.0
40.0
45.0
42.5
J45.0
40.0
|
45.0
56.3
42.5
50.0
50.0 /
\
55.0
75.0
87.5
50.0
70.0
57.5
100.0
65.0
| 85.0
57.5
57.5
87.5
87.5
70.0
100.0
85.0
75.0
70.0
72.5
87.5
“ 70.0
72.5
72.5
82.5
28 45
44
44
45
87.5
60.0
87.5
48
37.5
40.6
35.0
40.0
43.8
46.9
40.0
|
43.8
53.1
/ 75.0
56.3 | 65.6 \ 78.1
50.0
65.0
100.0
75.0
79.1
75.0
78.1 }
44
40.0
42.5
45.0
40.0
42.5
45.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
47.5
/ 72.5
50.0 j- 55.0 \ 75.0
50.0
62.5
90.0
75.0
78.1
75.0
50.0
67.5
70.0
90.0
75.0
50.0
67.5
70.0
80.0
35.0
38.0
35.0 | 45.0
38.0
/
\
45.0
50.0
55.0
2845
44
44
45
P 44
| 9 44
\ 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
9 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
50
50
44
48
85.0
75.0
44
44
44
44
80.0
44
49-|
i» 48
75.0
14
44
49f
48
80.0
44
44
28 45
12 44
75.0
67.5
72.5
75.0 }
90.0
75.0
2845
44
44
45
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
3
Memphis........ .........
Newark, N . J .........
New H av en ............
P ittsb u rg h ............
Portland , O reg .. .
Providence............
S t. Louis................
S t. P a u l..................
S a lt L ak e C i t y ...
S a n Francisco........
Scran ton ..................
W ashington.......... .
30.0
35.0
30.0
35.0
30.0
37.5
3 7 .5
4 5 .0
50 .0
4 5 .0
50.0
50.0
7 5 .0
8 7 .5
40.0
25.0
40.0
30.0
45.0
40 .0
5 0 .0
55.0
70.0
75.0
100.0
35.0
25.0
40.0
35.0
25.0
40.0
35.0
25.0
40.0
50.0
28.1
30.0
42.5
45.0
50.0
28.1
30.0
47.5
50.0
50.0
28.1
30.0
47.5
50.0
37.5
50.0
50.0
30.0
23.1
28.1
37.5
50.0
50.0
30.0
23.1 1
28.1
37.5
50.0
50.0
30.0
28.1
50.0
30.0
47.5
50.0
37.5
37.5
50.0
50.0
35.0
28.1
45 .0
6 0 .0
3 0 .0
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
. 5 5 .0
60.0
75.0
50.0
62.5
65.0
60.0
50 .0
6 2 .5
3 5 .0
3 8 .0
4 7 .5
5 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 6 .9
55 .0
4 0 .6
4 3 .8
5 6 .3
5 0 .0
3 5 .0
56.3
6 2 .5
6 2 .5
3 5 .0
3 1 .3
50 .0
62.5
68.8
75.0
50.0
62.5
6 2 .5
8 7 .5
6 2 .5
7 5 .0
65.0
75.0
70 0
85.0
6 2 .5
87 .5
05 0
44
44
44
44
44
44
05 0
75 .0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
45
44
45
44
44
8 5 .0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
49
44 1
49J
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
90.0
100.0
8 0 .0
/
100.0
\
93.8
90.0
55.0
9 0 .0
1 0 0.0
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
45 .0
6 0 .0
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
44
44
44
50
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
65.0
70.0
80.0
87.5
93.8
93.8
58.5
75.0
75.0
81.3
100.0
70.0
75.0
8 5 .0
100.0
7/S 0
85 .0
7 5 .0
81 .3
71 .3
6 0 .0
8 7 .5 \
9 3 .8 1
7 7 .2
6 0 .0
7 5 .0
[637]
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
16 45
44
is 44
44
is 44
44
is 44
44
is 44
44
44
46$
44
46$
44
is 45
16 45
16 45
16 45
44
44
16 45
44
44
7 5 .0
44
48
16 45
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
2 48
48
44
44
2 48
54
48
44
44
2 48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Inside wiremen.
B altim ore................
Birm in g h am ..........
Bo ston ......................
Buffalo......................
44.5
43.8
62.5
55.0
45.0
43.8
62.5
55.0
46.9
43.8
50.0
60.0
50.0
43.8
50.0
62.5
56.3
38.9
50.0
50.0
65.0
62.5
55.0
70.0
62.5
70.0
70.0
75.0
70.0
80.0
77.5
70.0
90.0
92.5
100.0
100.0
90.0
QO 0
112.5
100.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
105.0
100.0
54
48
44
44
48
48
44
44
48
Chicago.....................
Cincinnati................
Cleveland.................
D allas........................
Denver......................
75.0
50.0
57.5
56.3
56.3
75.0
50.0
60.0
56.3
56.3
75.0
53.1
68.8
62.5
56.3
75.0
56.3
70.0
62.5
60.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
62.5
8 1 .3
68.8
81.3
80.0
82.5
87.5
71.9
90.0
87.5
82.5
125.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
137.5
112.5
100.0
110.0
95.0
110.0
112.5
100.0
110.0
105.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
44
44$
48
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
66.9
50.0
57.0
45.0
68.8
75.0
60.0
67.5
65.0
75.0
93.8
70.0
72.0
85.0
87.5
125.0
85.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
95.0
110.0
85.0
106.3
D etroit......................
F a ll R iv e r...............
Indianapolis...........
Jacksonville............
Kansas C ity , M o ..
46.9
37.5
47.5
45.0
62.5
50.0
37.5
47.5
45.0
62.5
53.1
37.5
47.5
45.0
68.8
59.4
41.0
53.0
45.0
65.0
Old scale; strike pending.
2 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive. _
2 48 hours per week, Septem ber to April, inclusive.
io 44 hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
12 48 hours per week, D ecem ber to February, inclusive.
a
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48
48
19 48
48
48
19 48
48
1948
45
48
44
44$
44
44
44
19 48
48
19 48
45
44
29
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
44
44
44$
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
is 48 hours per week, October to A pril, inclusive,
is 44$ hours per week, October to A pril, inclusive.
I9 44"hours per w eek ,f une to Sep tem b er, inclusive.
28 44 hours per week, N ovember to M arch, inclusive.
29 44 hours per week, August to D ecem ber, inclusive.
44
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE.
New O rleans..........
O m aha......................
P h ilad elp h ia..........
30.0
35.0
05
*-3
T
»
Ci
00
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
In sid e wiremen — Concluded.
R ate s per hour (cen ts).
Hours per w eek.
C ity .
1913
1914
1915
1916
L ittle R o c k .............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
Manchester..............
Memphis..................
50.0
50.0
40.0
31.3
45.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
34.4
50.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
34.4
50.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
37.5
50.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
42.5
56.3
55.0
62.5
50.0
60.0
62.5
Milwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N. J .........
New H aven............
New Orleans..........
45.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
56.3
62.5
45.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
56.3
62.5
44.5
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
60.0
50.0
New Y o rk ...............
co Om aha.....................
00 Philadelphia..........
P ittsbu rgh ..............
Portland, Oreg___
56.3
50.0
45.0
57.5
56.3
60.0
50.0
45.0
57.5
56.3
60.0
50.0
45.0
57.5
56.3
60.0
57.5
50.0
62.5
56.3
Providence..............
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. Louis..................
S t. P au l....................
S alt Lake C ity ___
43.8
43.8
65.0
46.9
56.3
50.0
43.8
70.0
50.0
56.3
50.0
43.8
75.0
53.1
62.5
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
62.5
46.9
62.5
55.0
62.5
46.9
62.5
60.0
62.5
46.9
62.5
60.0
A tlan ta.....................
Baltim ore................
Birm ingham ..........
B o ston ......................
Buffalo.....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
1917
1920
1921
1922
1923
75.0
80.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
100.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
90.0
80.0
87.5
56.3
68.8
68.8
60.0
56.3
75.0
68.8
75.0
75.0
70.0
85.0
81.3
100.0
82.5
90.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
93.8
100.0
65.0
57.5
56.3
62.5
56.3
65.0
70.0
65.0
68.8
72.2
75.0
87.5
75.0
75.0
80.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
43.8
75.0
56.3
62.5
55.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
62.5
60.0
60.0
75.0
68.8
75.0
70.0
75.0
87.5
68.8
87.5
62.5
50.0
62.5
60.0
75.0
60.0
75.0
60.0
75.0
62.5
87.5
75.0
87.5
75.0
100.0
100.0
1918
1919
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
87.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
87.5
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
80 48
48
48
48
44
30 48
48
48
44
44
30 48
48
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100.0
87.5
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44
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44
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112.5
112.5
112.5
125.0
100.0
112.5
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112.5
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112.5
112.5
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44
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85.0
75.0
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81.3
112.5
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100.0
90.0
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80.0
90.0
90.0
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44
48
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112.5
95.0
112.5
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87.5
112.5
106.3
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87.5
100.0
106.3
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106.3
112.5
44
48
44
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1922
1923
Typesetting m achine operators: B ooh an d jo b .
43.8
46.9
52. 5
45.8
50.0
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46.9
46.9
52.5
47.9
50.0
46.9
46.9
54.5
47.9
50. 0
46.9
46.9
54.5
47.9
50.0
46.9
50.0
57.3
50.0
53.1
46.9
50.0
57.3
54.2
59.4
46.9
60.4
57.3
59.4
59.4
57.5
81.3
78.1
77.1
71.9
83.3
80.0
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95.5
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83.3
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95.5
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48
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89.6
104.5
79.0
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94.3
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48
48
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87.5
87.5
111.4
58.3
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95.5
95.5
102.3
86.4
78.4
95.5
95. 5
109.1
86.4
78.4
48
48
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48
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113.6
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93.8
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55.0
54.2
55.0
54.2
50.0
43.8
50.0
52.1
50.0
52.1
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54.2
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53.1
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60. 5
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65.6
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60.4
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81.3
100.0
62.5
81.3
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81.3
100.0
72.7
100.0
102.3
95.5
100.0
72.7
92.7
102.3
Kansas C ity, M o.
Los Angeles..........
Louisville..............
M anchester............
Memphis................
55.2
58.3
49.0
35.4
62.5
60.4
50.0
35.4
62.5
57.3
60.4
50.0
35. 4
56.3
57.3
60.4
50.0
35.4
56.3
57.3
60.4
50.0
37.5
56.3
62.5
62.5
52.1
39.6
56.3
69.8
70.8
54.2
41.7
68.8
78.1
81.3
54.2
66.7
93.8
89.6
104.5
79.2
77.3
93.8
M ilw aukee. . .
M inneapolis..
N ew ark, N . J .
New H a v e n ..
New Orleans.
47.9
50.0
47.9
45.8
50.0
50.0
47.9
45.8
52.1
50.0
47.9
45.8
52.1
50.0
50.0
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54.2
52.1
50.0
45.8
54.2
52.1
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45.8
60.4
61.5
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45. 8
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87.5
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as O m aha..................
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32 P ittsb u rg h ..........
Portland , O reg..
54.2
50.0
43. 8
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65.6
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53.1
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65.6
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53.1
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65.6
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65.6
58.3
53.1
54.2
56.3
68.8
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68.8
64.6
68.8
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93.8
87.5
93.8
87. 5
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Charleston, S . C .. .
Chicago....................
C incinnati................
Cleveland.................
D allas........................ «
37 5
50.0
50.0
52.1
49.0
53.8
53.8
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D enver............
D e t r o i t .......
F a ll R iv e r . . .
In d ian apolis.
Ja ck so n v ille..
54.2
55.0
Providence..........
R ichm ond, V a ..
S t. Louis...............
S t. P a u l___ _____
47.9
41. 7
50.0
50.0
47.9
41.7
50.0
50.0
47.9
45.8
50.0
50.0
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45.8
52.1
50.0
47.9
45.8
54.2
52.1
52.1
45.8
59.6
52.1
54.2
54.2
63.8
61. 5
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62. 5
87. 5
83.3
79.2
62. 5
101.0
87. 5
86.4
81.8
101.0
95. 5
86.4
81.8
101.0
90.9
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Salt L ak e C i t y ..
San F ra n cisco .. .
Scranton...............
W ashington........
56.3
64.4
50.3
04.4
45.8
50.0
56.3
64.4
45.8
50.0
50.3
56.3
65.0
50.0
56.3
56. 3
68.8
50.0
50.3
64.6
68.8
54.2
75.0
75.0
81.3
81.3
87.5
75.0
104.5
85. 4
95.5
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104.5
85.2
95.5
93.2
104.5
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48
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48
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48
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2 144 hours per week, for 3 m onths, between Ju n e 1 and Sept. 30.
3« 44 hours per week, Ju ly to Septem ber, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81 P er 1,000 ems nonpareil.
82 45 hours per week, Jun e to August, inclusive.
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U N IO N SC A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T I E S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
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Hours per week.
R a te s per hour (cen ts).
City.
1922
48
45
22 42
23 42
48
26 48
45
2242
2342
48
26 48
44
22 42
44
48
22 39
2245
22 42
48
48
48
2245
48
48
38 39
45
48
38 39
45
48
38 39
48
/
48
48 \ 26 48
45
45
48
48
22 36
22 36
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
3i 8.5
53.6
52.5
63.0
50.0
3i 8.5
57.1
53.0
63.0
50.0
3i 8.5
59.5
54.5
63.0
50.0
3i 8.5
59.5
55.5
63.0
50.0
si 8.5
61.9
56. 5
68.0
53.1
3i 8.5
61.9
57.5
68.0
59.4
31 8.5
65.5
67.5
83.0
65.6
31 9 .0
93.3
67.5
95.0
71.9
3i 10.5
93.3
67.5
95.0
87.5
31 10.0
95.5
82.5
107.0
87.5
31 10.0
95.5
82.5
107.0
87.5
48
42
2242
23 42
48
48
42
2242
2342
48
48
42
2242
2342
48
48
42
2242
2342
48
48
42
22 42
2342
48
48
42
2242
23 42
48
48
42
22 42
23 42
48
Charleston, S . C .. 31 9.0 3i 9.0 » 9.0 si 9.0
Chicago................... 3‘ 50.0 3i 50.0 si 50.0 3i 50.0
56.3
52.1
54.2
56.3
Cincinnati..............
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
Cleveland...............
3i
12
.5
3i
12.0
D allas...................... 3i 12 .5 31 12.5
3i 9.0
3i 9.0
35 53.0
31 9.0
36 64.0
87.5 22 39
115.0
37 96.0 ¡- 48
113.3 25 472
48
103.1
39
3i 15.0
2239
22 39
22 39
87.5
68.8
3i 12.0
94.8
115.0
37 96.0
107.3
96.9
si 15.0
48
56.3
62.5
3i 12 .0
57.1
94.8
36 72> 0 /<37115.0
96.0
107.3
107.3
87. 5
93.8
si 15.0 3i 15.0
2239
si 50.0
56.3
62.5
3i 12.0
48
48
39
45
48
48
ss 39
45
48
48
38 39
45
48
48
38 39
2239
45
48
48
38 39
Baltim ore.............. .
Birm ingham ........
Boston.................... .
Buffalo.....................
i
1923
26 48
44
2242
44
48
[640]
Jacksonville.
63.3
55.0
45.8
50.0
3i 9.0
63.3
55.0
45.8
50.0
52.1
63.3
55.0
45.8
50.0
52.1
63.3
55.0
45.8
50.0
52.1
63.3
60.5
45.8
56.3
52.1
72.7
60.5
46.9
56.3
55.2
72.7
74.5
50.0
60.4
58.3
97.8
87.0
75.0
81.3
83.3
97.8
97.0
79.2
93.8
83.3
93.3
97.0
79.2
89.6
83.3
93.3
97.0
79.2
100.0
83.3
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
26 48
45
26 48
48
48
26 48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
45
26 48
48
48
48
L ittle R o ck .........
Los Angeles........
Louisville............
M anchester..........
Memphis..............
31 9.5
62.2
49.0
35.4
3i 9.5
65.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
si 9.5
65.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
3i 9.5
65.0
64.4
50.0
35.4
3i 9.5
65.0
66.7
54.2
37.5
si 9.5
65.0
66.7
54.5
39.6
31 9.5
78.6
75.6
62.5
41.7
39 9.5
90.5
86.7
87.5
66.7
3i 12 . 0
90.5
86.7
82.9
70.8
3i 12. 5
102.4
10 1 .1
87.5
72.9
si 12.0
102.4
1 0 1 .1
87.5
72.9
31 11.5
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
2245
42
45
48
48
2245
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
2245
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
2245
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
22 45
42
45
48
48
2245
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
48
46
48
45
48
22 36
46
48
45
48
22 36
46
48
45
48
22 36
46
48
45
2245
48
48
48
48
22 45
45
48
48
48
2245
45
48
48
48
2245
45
48
48
48
22 45
45
48
48
48
2245
45
48
48
48
48
45
48
46 39
40 39
« 42
40
42
46
D enver........
D etroit........
F a ll R iv e r.
Milwaukee—
M inneapolis...
Newark, N . J .
New H a v e n ...
New Y o rk ___
Om aha..............
Philadelphia..
P ittsburgh ----Portland, Orej
Providence___
Richmond, V a .
50.0
50.0
45.8
47.9
31 10. 0 31 10.0 31 10.0 31 10.0
60.9
60.9
60.9
60.9
46.9
47.9
47.9
46.9
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
54.2
31 10.0
63.0
50.0
66.7
56.3
31 10.0
69.6
50. 0
71.1
56.3
31 10.0
76.1
50.0
96.7
77.1
31 1 1 .0
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72.9
122 .2
93.8
3i 12.5
110.9
79.2
122 .2
93.8
3i 12 .5
110 .9
79.2
12 2 .2
93.8
3i 12 .5
110.9
79.2
12 2 .2
53.1
45.8
60.0
68.3
50.0
53.1
45.8
61.0
68.3
50.0
53.1
52.1
65.0
72.7
52.1
68.8
66.7
77.0
100.0
66.7
87.5
81.3
87.5
106.7
87.5
87.5
79.2
1 1 1 .8
106.7
100.0
87.5
85.4
1 1 1 .8
106.7
95.8
87.5
85.4
118.9
106.7
95.8
48
48
48
45
48
31 11.0 31 11.0 31 l l . 0
31 1 1 .5
31 1 1 .5
31 1 1 .5
31 15.0
87.5
si 15.0
87.5
si 15. 0
87.5
3i 15.0
« 39
50.0
45.8
55. 0
68.3
47.9
31 i l . 0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
50.0
45.8
60.0
68.3
47.9
53.1
45.8
60.0
68.3
50.0
45
48
......
40 42
45
48
48
48
461
45
48
48
48
45
45
48
48
46
48
46
48
46
48
48
4Gi
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
1921
1913
S t. P a u l.................... 54.5
54.5
54.5
54.5
S a lt L ak e C ity ----- 3410.0 34 10.0 34 10.0 34 10.0
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
64.4
47.9
75. 0
60.7
64.4
47.9
75.0
60.7
69.0
47.9
75. 0
60.7
69.0
47.9
75.0
60.7
54.5
34 10.0
63.0
84 10.0
63.0
84 11.0
94.0
« 1 1 .0
4311.0
89.8
34 13.5
89.8
34 13.5
48
48
48
44 48
48
44 48
48
44 48
48
44 48
44 48
44 4 8
« 48
44 48
69.0
52.1
78.6
60.7
68.9
52.1
80.1
69.8
75.6
60.4
100.0
92.9
93.8
81.3
114.3
104.0
107.8
87.5
114.3
104.0
107.8
87.5
114.3
104.0
107.8
95.8
114.3
104.0
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
42
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
8 8 .8
44 48 44 48 44 48
44 46J 44 46J c464
48
c46è
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
45
48
42
42
B irm in g h am .
B o sto n .............
Chicago...........
C in c in n a ti.. .
Cleveland —
[6411
D allas......................
In d ian ap o lis.........
K an sas C ity, M o.
L ittle R o c k .......... .
Los Angeles.......... .
39.0
25.0
35.0
33.3
35.0
40.0
38.9
43.8
41.7
43.5
25.0
35.0
33.3
40.0
40.0
35.0
38.9
43.8
40.0
28.0
42.0
41.7
43.5
32.5
45.0
35.0
42.0 I
46.9
47.5
35.0
35.0
45.0
42.0
42.0
68.0
78.5
75.0
90.0
100.0
50.0
55.0
65.0
55.0
65.0
80.0
42.0
45.0
42.0
60.0
50.0
47.5
50.0
45.0
62.5
75.0
60.0
55.0
45.0
55.0
60.0
68.8
73.0
82.0
37.0
42.5
40.0
42.5
40.0
42.5
50.0
42.5
Memphis .
N ew ark ..
42.0
36.1
42.0
36.1
42.0
40.0
45.0
42.5
50.0
40.0
45.0
New H a v e n ..
New Orleans.
33.3
35.0
38.9
38.2
40.6
42.0
36.1
33.3
35.0
38.9
38.2
40.6
38.9
38.2
40.6
43.8
46.9
50.0
56.3
New Y o rk - . .
60.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
90.0
90.0
/ 54
60
\ 60 }
48
48
54
54
/
48
54
\ 54
55
52J
54
54
60
54
54
54
48
48
48
48
48
50
54
48
54 }
52J
50
54
48
50 }
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
49 48
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
54
50
50
50
50
48
50
50
50
48
50
54
54
48
48
54
54
54
54
54
54
48
54
50
48
54
48
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
45
44
45
48
48
50
44
48
48
48
50
44
48
48
48
50
44
48
48
54
54
/ 54
65.0
\ 59
75.0
54
80.0
48
85.0
51
54
54
54 /
l
48
48
54
48
48
}
50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
54
48
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
75.0
80.0
80.0
93.0
70.0
65.0
^5.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
70.0
75.0
68.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
100.0
85.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
100.0
85.0
70.0
80.0
75.0
90.0
85.0
70.0
80.0
70.0
9 0 .0
80.0
70.0
70.0
65.0
75.0
100.0
65.0
75.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
60.0
80.0
73.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
72.0
80.0
80.0
85.0
c M axim um ; m inim um 40J hours per week.
19 44 hours per w eek, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive.
22 M inim um ; m axim um , 8 hours per d ay .
23 A ctu al hours worked ; m inim um , 6, m axim um 8 hours per day.
25 W ork 47§ hours, paid for 48.
26 M axim um ; m inim um , 7 hours per day.
81 P e r 1,000 ems nonpareil.
84 F o r 3,500 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, 55 cents and 1 cent bonus for eaeh
additional 100 ems per hour.
85 F o r 3,500 emsper hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, 58 cents and 1 cent bonus for each
additional 100 ems per hour.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75.0
75.0
90.0
83.0
65.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
54
54
59
54
48
51
54
48
54
48
54
48
48
51 1 48
}.....
48
48
48
48
44
48
44
38 F o r 3,500 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, 70 cents and 1 cent bonus for each
additional 100 ems per hour.
37 F or 4,000 ems per hour; for 4,500 ems per hour, $1.06 and 1 cent bonus for each ad
ditional 100 ems per hour.
38 M axim um ; m inim um 5| hours per day.
39 P er 1,000 ems nonpareil and 45 cents per day bonus.
49 M inim um ; m axim um , 7§ hours per d ay .
41 M axim um ; m inim um , 71 hours per d ay .
42 P er 1,000 ems nonpareil and $1 per d ay bonus.
43 P er 1,000 ems nonpareil and $1.25 per day bonus.
44 M axim um ; m inim um 6| hours per d ay .
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
Machinists: M anufacturing shops.
-d
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S AN D O C C U P A T IO N S, 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
to
M achinists: M anufacturing shops —Concluded.
R a te s per hour (cen ts).
Hours per week.
C ity.
1913
1914
1915
40.0
40.0
40.0
33.3
33.3
35.0
45.0
P ittsbu rgh ..............
P o rtlan d , Oreg___
Richm ond, V a ___
45.0
45.0
35.5
45.0
35.5
45.0
35.5
37.0
37.0
33.5
35.0 j- 35.0
43.8 ’ 43.8
45.0
45.0
/ 40.6
40.6
50.0
37.0
S t. Louis..................
S t. P a u l....................
[842]
San Francisco........
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
33.0
33.5
43.8
45.0
40.6
1
40.0
50.0
45.0
40.6
50.0
/
\
f
\
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
45.0
50.0 } 60.0
/ 65.0
48.0 \ 72.5
70.0
85.0
85.0
80.0
72.0
80.0 }
80.0
75.0
50.0
75.0
37.5
51.0 | 57.0
80.0
75.0
88.0
75.0
88.0
75.0
80.0
80.0
68.0
68.0
68.0
44.0
60.0
4 0 .0 , „ 40.0
50.0
72.5
50.0
75.0
60.0
57.5
55.0
68.0
70.0
85.0
90.0
70.0
72.5
90.0
90.0
88.0
81.3
86.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
86.0 }
90.0
90.0
72.0
70.0
72.0 /\
so.o
80.0
68.8
78.0
80.0
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
80.0
54
54
54
54
54
48
48
75.0
100.0
80.0
54
54
54
54 / 48
\ 54
48
54
48
54
48
48
55
48
55 /
48
48
}
55
48
50
44
55
48
55
54
54
59
48
48
54
54
59 }
48
48
54
.54
54
54
48
54
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
4S
48
48
48
48
54
2 48
48
48
80.0
82.0
80.0
\
1920
48
I
48
1921
1922
1923
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
44
44
48
44
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
2 48
2 48
2 48
48
44
44
44
2 48
48
44
44
44
48
48
Molders, iron.
A tlan ta ....................
Baltim ore................
Bo ston ......................
B u ffalo .....................
Charleston, S. C ...
35.0
36.1
38.9
36.1
35.0
36.1
38.9
36.1
35.0
36.1
38.9
36.1
35.0
36.1
44.4
41.7
41.7
46.9
50.0
47.2
50.0
08.8
58.3
58.3
70.0
68.8
58.3
58.3
80.0
93.8
90.0
88.0
80.0
87.5
90.0
75.0
85.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
70.0
84.4
90.0
87.5
65.0
60
54
54
54
60
54
54
54
60
54
54
54
60
54
54
54
54
48
54
54
54
48
54
54
48
54
54
50
48
48
48
50
48
48
48
44
50
48
48
48
44
50
48
48
48
Chicago.................. ..
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
D en v er.....................
D etro it.....................
44.4
36.1
38.9
44.4
38.9
44.4
38.9
38.9
44.4
38.9
44.4
38.9
38.9
44.4
38.9
50.0
44.4
38.9
44.4
44.4
56.3
44.4
44.4
50. 0
50.0
68.8
55.5
61.1
59.4
61.1
80.0
58.3
61. 1
75.0
80.0
105. 0
81.3
90.0
80.0
100.0
90.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
90.0
75.0
68.8
75. 0
78.1
75.0
87.5
75.0
90.0
78,1
85.0
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
«54
54
54
54
54
«54
54
54
48
54
«54
54
54
48
54
54
48
54
48
54
« 50
48
54
48
54
« 50
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
F all R iv e r...............
Indianapolis...........
K ansas C ity, M o ..
Louisville................
M anchester.............
33.3
36.1
40.0
33.3
36. 1
40.0
33.3
36.1
40.0
36.1
38.9
45.0
41.7
44.4
50.0
50.0
55.6
60.0
65.6
55.6
67.5
72.5
90.0
90.0
75.0
87.5
80.0
72.0
75.0
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
48
54
48
48
■ 48
48
72.5
75.0
70.0
76.5
63. 8
90.0
54
54
54
72.5
78.1
75.0
90.0
75.0
90. 0
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
Memphis..............
38.9
38.9
40.0
38.9
40.0
38.9
40.0
41.7
40.0
47.2
56.0
55.6
68.0
75.0
82.0
88.0
85.0
80.0
77.0
81.3
77.0
81.3
54
54
54
54
54
54
54»
54
54
54
54
54
54
48
54
48
54
48
54
48
49)
48
Newark, N . J .........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
O m aha......................j 40.0
Ph iladelph ia..........
35.5
1917
1916
36.1
38.1
36.1
38.9
50.0
62.5
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
78.1
75.0
84.4
75.0
54
54
54
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
N ew Y o r k ...............
O m aha......................
Philadelphia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
38.9
36.7
36.1
44.4
41.7
40.0
38.9
44.4
41.7
40.0
38.9
44.4
41.7
40.0
44.4
44.4
47.2
45.0
50.0
50.0
52.8
55.6
68.8
65.6
75.0
68.0
68.8
75.0
88.0
8510
100.0
93.8
88.0
93.8
90.0
84.4
78.1
80.0
78.0
70.0
78.1
80.0
85.0
93.8
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
47 54
54
48
54
54
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
93.8
SO.O
54
44
41.7 / 37.5 ]• 41.7
\ 41. 7
' 33.3
33.3
38.9
38.9
3S.9
38.9
56.3
47.2
50.0
47.2
72.5
58.3
61.1
55.6
87.5
70.0
75.0
72.5
80.0
90.0
90.0
S8.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
75.0
70.0
84.4
SI. 3
87.5
77.0
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
.54
54
54
54
48
54
54
54
48
54
54
54
54
48
48
44
43
48
48
48
33.3
38.9
38.9
41.7
33.3
41.7
42.8
48
R ich m o n d ...............
S t. Louis___
S t. P a u l....................
48
48
48
48
48
50
48
48
Salt L ak e C ity ___
San Francisco........
S cranton ..................
S eattle.......................
41.7
50.0
25.0
44.4
44.4
50.0
27.5
44.4
56.3
53.1
38.9
56.3
02.5
72.5
58.3
82.5
75.0
80.0
71.9
87.5
87.5
88.0
87.5
88.0
87.5
100.0
75.0
80.0
65.0
80.0
75.0
80.0
75.0
87. 5
75.0
80.0
54
48
60
54
54
48
GO
54
54
48
60
54
54
48
00
54
48
48
54
48
48
M8
54
48
2 48
44
48
44
2 48
44
48
44
2 48
44
48
44
2 48
44
48
44
2 48
44
48
48
1 53
48
48
44
1 53
43
48
1 53
48
44
40
2 48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
48 4 8
40
48 48
40
48 48
40
48 48
40
48 48
40
48 48
Portland, Oreg___
41.7
50.0
27.5
44.4
41.7
50.0
27.5
44.4
[SM)]
Painters.
A tla n ta .....................
B altim ore................
B irm in g h am ...........
B o sto n ......................
B u ffa lo .....................
33.3
33.3
37.5
37.5
45.0
15.0
f 50.01
50.0 \ 55.0/
46.9
43.8
33.3
37.5
45.0
55.0
46.9
33.3
37.5
45.0
60.5
36.1
43.8
50.0
62.5
46.9
50.0
56.3
62.5
75.0
56.3
60.0
68.8
75.0
82.5
62.5
60.0
90.0
87.5
85.0
90.0
87.5
75.0
80.0
75.0
75.0
SO.O
87.5
100.0
100.0
105.0
87.5
87.5
100.0
87.5
1 53
48
48
44
87.5
48
48
1 53
48
48
41
2 48
40
2 4S
25.0
65.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
65.0
87.5
62.5
75.0
87.5
65.0
80.0
125.0
87.5
112.5
100.0
65.0
80.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
50.0
65.0
110.0
87.5
100.0
87.5
55.0
65.0 }
125.0
97.5
112.5
100.0
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
70.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
/ 31.3
25.0 \ 50.0
72.5
75.0
55.0
60.0
55.0
60.0
70.0
44
70.0
50. 0
50.0
50.0
25.0
70.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
48
Chicago.....................
C in cin n ati...............
C leveland................
D allas........................
44
' 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
D e n v e r ..
............
D etro it......................
F a ll R iv er ..........
Ind ianapolis...........
Jackson v ille............
50.0
45.0
37.5
47.5
37.5
50.0
45.0
37.5
50.0
37.5
50.0
45.0
37.5
50.0
37.5
55.0
50.0
41.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
60.0
41.0
55.0
45.0
68.8
70.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
85.0
80.0
62.5
70.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
90.0
75.0
90.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
97.5
75.0
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
4M
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Kansas C ity, M o ..
L ittle R o ck .............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester.............
60.0
50.0
43.8
45.0
60.0
50.0
43.8
50.0
31.3
60.0
50.0
43.8
50.0
31.3
60.0
55.0
43.8
50.0
37.5
60.0
55.0
50.0
50.0
37.5
70.0
60.0
56.3
50.0
50.0
82.5
SO.O
75.0
62.5
62.5
100.0
100.0
87.»>
75.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
80.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
87. 5
70.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
100. 0
80.0
44
48
48
48
-44
48
48
48
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
48
44
44
48
48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Charleston, S. C . . .
25.0
25.0
1 W ork 53 hours, paid for 54.
2 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
« 49^ hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46 54 hours per week, N ovem ber to A pril, inclusive.
47 49% hours per week, May 19 to Sep t. 15, inclusive.
48 44 hours per week, Ju ly to M arch, inclusive.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE.
New H aven............
New O rleans..........
00
74
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D C I T IE S AN D O C C U P A T IO N S, 1913 TO 1923— Continued.
Painters— C o n c lu d e d .
R a te s per hour (ce n ts).
*
Hours per week.
C ity.
1913
1914
1915
1916
Memphis..................
Milwaukee...............
Minneapolis............
N ewark, N . J .........
N ew H aven............
50.0
50.0
50.0
44.0
40.9
52.5
50.0
50.0
44.0
40.9
52.5
50.0
50.0
44.0
40.9
52.5
50.0
55.0
46.9
40.9
60.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
45.5
62.5
60.0
62.5
62.5
53.1
New Orleans..........
New Y o rk ...............
Om aha......................
Ph iladelphia...........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
40.0
50.0
50.0
42.5
55.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
42.5
56.3
40.0
50.0
50.0
42.5
58.1
40.0
62.5
55.0
42.5
58.1
40.0
62.5
62.5
45.0
65.0
Portland, Oreg----Providence............
Richm ond, V a ___
lüï S t. Louis..................
S t. P a u l...................
50.0
45.5
37.5
57.0
50.0
50.0
45.5
30.6
60.0
50.0
50.0
45.5
30.6
62.5
50.0
50.0
45.5
30.6
62.5
55.0
S a lt Lake C ity ----San Francisco.........
Scranton ..................
S e a ttle ......................
W ashington............
56.3
56.3
40.0
56.3
50.0
56.3
59.4
40.0
56.3
50.0
56.3
62.5
42.5
56.3
50.0
62.5
62.5
45.0
56.3
50.0
a
^
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
87.5
100.0
90.0
112.5
90.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
d 44
80.0
112.5
90.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
125.0
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
90.0
90.0
75.0
125.0
100.0
90.0
80. 0
67.5
100.0
80.0
100.0
90.0
80. Ó
112.5
90.0
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
54
44
44
44
44
54
44
44
44
44
54
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
U1
t
48
44
w
g
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
g
100.0
106.3
87.5
93.8
100.0
90.0
100.0
87.5
93.8
100.0
100.0
104.4
87.5
100.0
112.5
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
¡aj
M
^
£
44
44
44
44
44
44
49J
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
« 40
40
40
40
40
44
44
44
40
40
48
44
44i
44
44
48
48
44
44
44J
44
44
44J
44
44
48
44
44J
44
44
1920
1921
1922
1923
75.0
70.0
70.0
75.0
62.5
100.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
85.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
62.5
62.5
60.0
67.5
65.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
75.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
90.0
112.5
101.3
100.0
112.5
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
55.0
70.0
62.5
50.0
75.0
62.5
90.0
62.5
60.0
75.0
70.0
100.0
90. 0
65.0
100.0
100.0
75. 0
62.5
50.0
65.0
56.3
75.0
75.0
50.0
75.0
75.0
90.0
87.5
65.0
90.0
75.0
100.0
106.3
87.5
100.0
90.0
1917
1918
1919
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
Plasterers.
A tla n ta .....................
Baltim ore................
Birm ingham ..........
Boston......................
Bu ffalo.....................
45.0
62.5
62.5
65.0
60.0
45.0
62.5
62.5
65.0
60.0
45.0
62.5
62.5
65.0
60.0
45.0
62.5
62.5
70.0
60.0
45.0
68.8
62.5
70.0
65.0
50.0
72.0
62.5
70.0
70.0
60.0
87.5
75.0
80.0
85.0
100.0
112.5
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
1,50.0
100.0
112.5
150.0
53
44
44
53
44
44
44
Charleston, S. C .. .
40.0
40.0
75.0
75.0
68.8
87.5
40.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
50.6
75.0
87.5
87.5
90.0
112.5
85.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
150.0
110.0
112.5
125.0
137.5
100.0
150.0
125.0
125.0
150.0
1 53
81.3
75.0
85.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
85.0
75.0
68.8
62. 5
75.0
40.0
75.0
75.0
62.5
87.5
40.0
Chicago....................
Cincinnati...............
Cleveland................
FRASER
D allas.......................
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
75.0
75.0
68.8
87.5
48
44
44J
44
44
53
44
53
44
44
44
7 44
44
44
744
40
53
44
44
40
7 44
44
49J
44
44
40
44
1 53
44
44J
44
44
1 53
44
44J
44
44
1 53
44
44J
44
44
1 53
44
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44
44
48
44
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44
44
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44
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n
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44
44
44
44
44
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44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
2° 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
45
48
44
44
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
40
44
45
44
44
44
44
44
44*
44
75.0
68.8
55.0
62.5
56.3
75.0
68.8
60.0
65.0
62.5
75.0
68.8
60.0
68.8
62.5
75.0
68.8
60.0
68.8
56.3
87.5
75.0
65.0
72.0
56.3
87.5
75.0
75.0
75.0
68.8
87.5
87.5
85.0
87.5
75.0
125.0
125.0
115.0
100.0
87.5
125.0
125.0
115.0
1Ì2.5
87.5
125.0
112.5
95.0
112.5
S7.5
125.0
150.0
110 .0
131.3
100.0
44
44
48
44*
48
44
44
48
44*
48
44
44
48
44*
48
K ansas C ity, M o ..
L ittle R o c k ............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester.............
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
50.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
62.5
65.0
60.0
87.5
75.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
100.0
87.5
87.5
75.0
90.0
120.0
112. 5
112.5
100.0
112.5
120.0
112.5
125.0
112. 5
112.5
112.5
112. 5
125.0
112.5
112.5
137.5
112.5
125.0
150.0
112.5
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
20 44
44
44
44
44
20 44
44
44
44
44
20 44
44
44
44
Memphis..................
Milwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
Newark, N . J .........
New H aven ............
75.0
65.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
65.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
65.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
65.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
75.0
65.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
87.5
70.0
75.0
75.0
70.0
87.5
87.5
90.0
87.5
82.5
100.0
87.5
112.5
125.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
125.0
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
New Orleans..........
New Y o rk ...............
Om aha......................
Ph iladelph ia..........
P ittsb u rg h ..............
62.5
68. 8
75.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
68.8
75.0
62.5
68.8
50.0
68.8
75.0
62.5
71.9
50.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
80.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
93.8
87.5
80.0
85.0
100.0
118. 8
112.5
125.0
115.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
100.0
125. 0
125.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
137.5
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
40
44
48
44
44
40
44
Portland, Oreg___
Providence.............
75.0
62.5
75.0
62.5
75.0
62.5
75.0
68.8
87.5
80.0
75. Ò
62.5
75.0
70.0
75.0
70.0
87.5
75.0
112.5
115. 0
75.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
105.0
87.5
137.5
100.0
112.5
105.0
87.5
137.5
100.0
125.0
115.0
125.0
150.0
112.5
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
75.0
62.5
110.0
100.0
62.5
100.0
90.0
44
44
S t. Louis..................
S t. P a u l...................
75.0
62.5
27 5
75.0
62.5
44
44
S alt Lak e C ity ___
San Francisco........
Scranton
Seattle .
W ashington............
75.0
87. 5
55. 0
75.0
62.5
75.0
87.5
55. 0
75. 0
62. 5
75.0
87.5
60.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
87.5
65.0
75.0
62.5
87.5
87.5
65.0
87.5
70.0
87.5
100.0
70.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
112.5
80.0
112.5
87.5
125.0
125.0
100.0
125. 0
100.0
112.5
137.5
150.0
125. 0
125.0
112.5
127.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
127.5
125.0
125.0
150.0
44
44
44
44
44
95.0
78.8
82.5
87.5
81.3
44
44
45
4S
44
44
44
44
44*
44
Plasterers’ laborers.
B o ston .......................
/ 40.0
Chieapo
C in c in n a ti
C leveland
D en v er.....................
48! 0
45.0
35.0
43.8
40.0 j 41.5
50.0
45.0
35.0
43.8
’
50.0
35.0
43.8
45.0
50.0
45.0
35.0
43.8
45.0
50.0
45.0
45.0
50.0
40 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
1 W ork 53 hours; paid for 54.
7 48 hours per week, Nov. 16 to Mar. 15, inclusive.
d
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
50.0
56.3
50.0
55.0
59.4
60.0
62.5
65.0
57.5
68.8
80.0
106.3
85.0
87.5
81.3
80.0
106.3
85.0
87.5
81.3
80.0
78.8
72.5
60.0
81.3
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE.
59726°—23— - 6
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44*
48
44
44
44
44*
48
D enver.....................
D etroit.....................
F a ll R iv e r...............
Indianapolis...........
Jacksonville............
20 48 hours per week, October to March, inclusive.
49 44 hours per week, Nov. 14 to May 14, inclusive.
-I
CJJ
-0
U N IO N SC A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
05
Plasterers' laborers—Concluded.
Hours per week.
R a te s per hour (cen ts).
City.
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
41
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
47
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
‘14
44
44
44
48
48
44
48
44
93.8
62.5
75.0
85.0
87.5
106.3
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
u 44
44
41
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
80.0
90.0
55.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
112.5
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
48
40
44
48
44
44
44
44
40
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
50
44
87.5
95.0
60.0
87.5
75.0
100.0
95.0
60.0
93.8
76. Ü
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
40
44
40
44
44
46*
44
40
44
44
46*
44
40
44
1 53
48
44
44
248.
48
44
44
2 48
48
44
44
2 48
41
44
44
2 48
44
44
44
'14
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44*
44
44
48
44
44*
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
75.0
70.0
85.0
87.5
S7.5
62.5
85.0
85.0
87.5
93.8
62.5
75.0
75.0
46.9
45.0
50.0
45.0
56.3
50.0
55.0
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
60.0
75.0
55.0
75.0
110.0
90.0
93.8
75.0
87.5
110.0
100.0
90.0
75.0
100.0
62.5
62.5
35.0
62.5
.37. 5
68.8
68.8
75.0
87.5
50.0
87.5
50.0
100.0
106.3
58.5
87.5
75.0
87.5
112.5
70.0
87.5
62. 5
3*2. 5
32.5
40. C
37. 5
37.5
35.0
37.5
40.6 so 45.0 so 45.0
37.5
35.0
43. S
40.6
40.6
42.9
50.0
45.0
46.9
44.0
43.8
43.8
44.0
Philadelphia..........
40.0
45.0
P itts b u r g h ............
40.0
40.0
Portland, Oreg___ so 50.0 50 50. 0 50 50. 0 50 50.0
Provideri oe
58.3
56.3
St. Louis.................. 5i 56.3 5i 58.3
56.3
62.5
35. 0
50.0
31.3
1917
1918
75.0
50.0
1919
75.0
Plumbers.
Baltim ore................
Birm ingham ..........
B o s t o n ...................
B u ffa lo ..................
50.0
68.8
60.0
56.3
44.4
50.0
75.0
65. 0
56.3
50.0
75.0
65.0
56.3
50.0
75. 0
65. 0
56.3
56.3
75.0
68.8
62.5
68.8
87.5
75.0
68.8
75.0
112.5
80.0
75.0
87.5
150.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
93.8
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
150.0
105.0
100.0
48
44
44
48
Charleston, S. C.
Chicago....................
Cincinnati...............
Cleveland................
FRASER
Dallas.......................
75.0
61.8
62.5
68.8
43.8
75.0
61.8
62.5
75.0
43.8
75.0
61.8
62.5
75.0
43.8
75.0
61.8
68.8
75.0
50.0
75.0
65.6
75.0
81.3
59.0
75.0
65.0
81.3
87.5
75.0
84.4
75.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
125,0
100.0
137.5
137. 5
100.0
110. 0
100.0
110.0
125.0
100.0
110.0
112.5
131.3
125.0
44
444
44
44
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ft
ft
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[646]
1923
50.0
55.0
60.0
50.0
62.5
45.0
55.3
38.0
50.0
31.3
1922
50.0
50.0
55.0
45.0
56.3
45.0
56.3
38.0
50.0
50.0
55.0
62.5
45.0
50.0
31.3
1921
08.8
75.0
55.0
37.5
Gl. 4
3S.0
50.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
50.0
31.3
1920
100.0
75.0
90.0
112. 5
S5.0
43.8
42.5
45.0
56.3
38.0
56.3
62. 5
1919
75.0
70.0
80.0
112.5
80.0
43.8
56.3
62.5
1918
75.0
70.0
90.0
112.5
80.0
43.0
56.3
62.5
1917
100.0
75.0
90.0
100.0
55. 0
37.5
Salt Lake C ity ___
San Francisco........
gfiran too
S ea ttle......................
W ashington............
1916
1923
1916
40.6
1915
1922
1915
Mom phis
Milwaukee............ .
Minneapolis............
Newark, N. J
New Y o rk ...............
1914
1921
1914
D etroit.....................
Tndiana,polis _
K ansas City, M o ..
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
1913
1920
1913
62.5
56.3
43.8
62.5
62.5
62.5
56.3
43.8
62.5
62.5
62.5
60.0
43.8
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
75.0
68.8
50.0
67.5
62.5
87.5
75.0
56.3
75.0
75.0
87.5
90.0
67.5
87.5
80.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
93.8
106.3
100.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
106.3
100.0
85.0
115.0
100.0
118.8
125.0
100.0
122.5
112.5
41
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
48
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Kansas C ity , M o ..
L ittle R o c k .............
Los Angeles............
Louisville................
M anchester..............
62.5
56.3
56.3
60.0
31.3
68.8
62.5
56.3
60.0
31.3
68.8
62.5
56.3
60.0
31.3
75.0
62.5
56.3
60.0
47.7
75.0
68.8
62.5
60.0
47.7
87.5
75.0
68.8
70.0
50.0
100.0
87.5
81.3
70.0
70.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
80.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
90.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
80.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
48
13 48
48
44
48
44
1144
48
44
48
44
1144
48
44
48
44
1144
48
44
4-1
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
-44
44
-14
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Memphis..................
M ilwaukee..............
M inneapolis............
Newark, N . J .........
New H av en ............
62.5
62.5
56.3
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
54.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
54.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
54.5
81.3
68.8
68.8
75.0
62.5
93.8
75.0
75.0
87.5
75.0
125.0
87.5
100. 0
112.5
87.5
125.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
90.0
87.5
112.5
87.5
125.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44.
44
48
44
44
44- 44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
56.3
New Orleans..........
68.8
New Y o r k ...............
Om aha...................... 68.3
/ 43.8
P h ilad elp h ia.......... \ 50.0
P ittsb u rg h .............. ' 62.5
56.3
68.8
68.3
43.8
50.0
62.5
56.3
68.8
68.3
43.8
50.0
68.8
56.3
68.8
68.3
43.8 j
50.0
68.8
56.3
68.8
75.0
68.8
75. 0
75.0
90.0
112.5
125.0
100.0
112.5
125.0
90.0
112.5
100.0
90.0
125.0
125.0
48
44
44
48
44
44
90.0
106.3
115.0
90.0
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
112.5
44
44
48
44
44
44
125.0
115.0
115.6
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
62.5
75.0
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
56.3
75.0
80.0
75.0
87.5
80.0
93.8
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Portland, Oreg___
Providence..............
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. L o u is ................
S t. P au l....................
75.0
56.3
50.0
66.3
62.5
75.0
56.3
50.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
56.3
5Ö.0
75.0
62.5
75.0
66.3
50.0
75. 0
62.5
75.0
62.5
50.0
75.0
62.5
SI. 3
75.0
62.5
81.3
68.8
100.0
75.0
75.0
100. 0
75. 0
112.5
100.0
75. 0
125.0
87.5
112.5
100. 0
75. 0
125.0
100.0
106.3
100. 0
75.0
125,0
100.0
112.5
100. 0
87.5
125.0
100,0
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
-14
44
Salt Lake C ity ___
San Fran cisco........
Scranton ..................
S ea ttle ......................
W ashington............
75.0
75.0
50. 0
81.3
50.0
75.0
75. 0
.53. 1
75. 0
56, 3
75.0
75.0
53.1
75. 0
56.3
75.0
75.0
53.8
75.0
56. 3
75.0
81.3
53.8
81.3
50.3
87.5
87.5
62.5
90,0
75.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
100.0
87. 5
112.5
125.0
8/. o
112.5
100. 0
100.0
125. 0
87.5
112. 5
100. 0
100.0
125. 0
87. 5
100. 0
106.3
112.5
125.0
93. 8
112.5
125, 0
44
44
48
44
4$
44
44
48
44
«
44
44
18 44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
40
44
•44
44
44
40
44
90.0
85.0
105. 0
100.0
110.0
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
2 48
44
44
44
44
2 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Sheet-metal workers.
B altim o re................
B irm in g h am ..........
B o ston ......................
B u ffa lo ....................
Chicago.....................
40.0
55.0
55.0
45.0
05.0
40.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
08.8
40.0
55.0
55.0
50.0
68.8
40.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
70.0
45.8
50.0
60.0
50.0
70.0
1 W ork 53 hours, paid for 54.
2 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
11 48 hours per week, November to April, inclusive,
la 48 hours per week, October to April, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
02.5
65.0
70.0
56.3
70.0
80.0
75.0
80.0
62.5
75.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
125.0
90.0
90.0
85.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
87. 5
87.5
125.0 1 110.0
48
44
44
2 48
44
48
44
44
2 48
44
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
D enver......................
D etroit.....................
F a ll R iv e r ...............
In dianapolis...........
Jacksonville............
is 44 hours per week, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive,
so F or tenders.
61 F o r helpers.
-3
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN S P E C IF IE D C I T IE S A N D O C C U P A T IO N S, 1913 TO 1923—Continued.
Sheet-metal workers— Concluded.
R a te s per hour (cen ts).
Hours per week.
City.
1915
1916
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
D allas.....................
D enver.....................
D etroit.....................
45.0
45.0
50.0
56.3
40.0
45.0
45.0
56.3
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
62.5
56.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
62.5
56.3
50.0
50.0
60.0
68.8
62.5
60.0
52,5
80.0
75.0
75.0
70.0
F all R iv er...............
Indianapolis__
Kansas City, M o ..
L ittle R o ck ..........
Los Angeles............
47.5
57.5
50.0
56.3
50.0
60.0
52.5
56.3
55.0
62.5
52.5
56.3
37.5
55.0
62.5
52.5
56.3
43.8
57.0
62.5
60.0
56.3
Louisville................
as M anchester.............
oo Memphis..................
‘—1 Milwaukee..............
Minneapolis............
40.0
34.4
45.0
42.5
50.0
42.5
34.4
50.0
45.0
50.0
45.0
34*4
50.0
47.5
50.0
45.0
34.4
50.0
50.0
50.0
Newark, N. J .........
New H aven............
New Orleans..........
New Y o rk ...............
60.0
47.7
59.4
60.0
47.7
40.0
62.5
60.0
47.7
40.0
62.5
Om aha.....................
Philadelphia..........
Pittsbu rgh ..............
Portland, Oreg___
42.5
50.0
55.0
56.3
42.5
50.0
55.0
56.3
Providence..............
S t. Lo u is..................
S t. P a u l...................
Salt Lak e C ity ___
46.0
60.0
50.0
57.5
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
S ea ttle .....................
Washington..........
68.8
43.8
58.3
50.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1917
1918
1920
1921
1922
1923
56.0
85.0
87.5
87.5
80.0
70.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
80.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
104.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
60.0
67.5
65.0
68.5
62.5
60.0
70.0
80.0
68.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
100.0
47.5
34.4
53.1
52.5
50.0
50.0
37.5
62.5
60.0
56.3
65.0
44. 3
75.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
62.5
62.5
51.5
45.0
62.5
75.0
59.1
68. 8
70.0
87.5
75.0
80. 0
75.0
42.5
50.0
57.5
56.3
42 : 5
50.0
60.0
56.3
5 0 .0
56.3
60.0
65.6
68.0
70.0
70.0
8^.5
75.0
75.0
80.0
8 6 .0
48.0
60.0
50.0
57.5
48.0
60.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
60.0
50.0
62.5
52.0
62.5
50.0
62.5
57.0
65.0
56. 3
62.5
65.0
75.0
70.0
87.5
68.8
46.9
62.5
50.0
68.8
46.9
62.5
50.0
68.8
46.9
62.5
50.0
75.0
50.0
68.8
56.3
82.5
56.3
8 2 .5
70.0
1 0 0 .0
1919
75.0
90.0
75.0
1913
1914
90.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
112.5
44
48
48
44
48
112.5
85. 0
92.5
100.0
90.0
112.5
J 00. 0
97.5
100.0
90.0
1 1 2 .5
48
44
48
44
80.0
100.0
100.0
67.5
100.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
80.0
87.5
85.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
87.5
85.0
90.0
48
48
48
48
48
100. 0
112. 5
100. 0
100. 0
112.5
112.5
100.0
90. 0
112.5
44
87.5
100. 0
112.5
112.5
87.5
90. 0
112.5
112.5
112.5
100.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
117. 5
100.0
110. 0
100. 0
90. 0
100.0
112.5
100.0
1 0 0 .0
100.0
85.0
100.0
125.0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
87.5
100.0
90.0
90.0
95.0
125.0
90.0
1 1*2.5
87.5
125.0
87.5
106.3
93.8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
106.3
87.5
93.8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
106.3
9 2 .5
90.0
90.0
1 0 0 .0
1915
1916
1917
44
48
44
44
48
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
4S
48
48
48
48
Ö2 48 52 48
48
48
44
48
48
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
2 48
44
44
44
44
2 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
30 4 8
1923
44
48
44
48
48
2 48
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
» 48
44
44
44
44
44
44J
44
44
44
44
44
44
44J
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
52 4 8
44i
44
44
44
44
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
1914
[648]
1913
i
I
Stonecutters.
50.0
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
50.0
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
56.3
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
56.3
62.5
62.5
70.0
62.5
56.3
70.0
62.5
70.0
75.0
75.0
70.0
75.0
81.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
ioo.o
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
102.5
48
44*
44
48
44
48
44*
44
48
44
48
44*
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
C incinnati...............
Cleveland................
D allas........................
D enver......................
D etroit......................
56.3
60.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
56.3
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
60.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
65.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
62.5
70.0
70.0
77.5
75.0
75.0
70.0
77.5
80.0
87.5
87.5
SO.O
115.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
112.5
125.0
110.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
125.0
125.0
125.0
112.5
125.0
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44*
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
In d ian ap o lis..........
K ansas C ity , M o ..
L ittle R o ck .............
Louisville................
Memphis..................
56.3
56. 3
55.0
56.3
65.0
56.3
62.5
55.0
56.3
65.0
56.3
62.5
55. 0
56.3
65.0
56.3
62.5
55.0
56.3
65.0
62.5
62.5
55.0
60.0
65.0
62.5
62.5
60.0
60.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
65.0
75.0
75.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
125.0
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
4S
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
Minneapolis............
Newark, N . J . ___
New H av en ............
56.3
68.8
56.3
62.5
68.8
56.3
62.5
68.8
56.3
62.5
68.8
56.3
62.5
68.8
56.3
62.5
68.8
60.0
75.0
84.4
60.0
87.5
112.5
100.0
90.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
125.0
90.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
106.3
112.5
125.0
112.5
125.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
New Y o r k ._______
Om aha......................
Ph iladelph ia..........
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. L o u is ./..............
68.8
58.8
50.0
54.5
56.3
68.8
58.8
53.0
54.5
62.5
68.8
5S.8
56.3
54.5
62.5
68.8
58.8
56.3
54.5
62.5
68.8
62.5
65.0
54.5
62.5
68.8
67.5
65.0
62.5
70.0
84.4
100.0
100 0
135.0
87.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
135.0
100.0
100.0
112.5 / 125.0 j 44
\ 112.5
' 112.5 J 44
44
112.5
44
100.0
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
75.0
82.5
75.0
85.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
S t. P a u l....................
Scran ton ..................
56.3
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
62.5
50.0
62.5
56.3
75.0
60.0
87.5
90.0
44
48
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
54.0
54.0
54.0
56.3
56.3
65.0
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
44
48
W ashington............
112.5
100.0
125.0
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
« 48
44
44
44
44
is 48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
19 4 8
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
19 4 8
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
112.5
100.0
112.5
112.5
Structural-iron workers.
Baltim o re................
62 5
56.3
62 5
56.3
62
Bo ston ......................
Buffalo.....................
62.5
60.0
62.5
62.5
62 5
56.3
62 5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
62 6
75.0
75.0
68^8
80.0
70.0
62.5
3 44 hours per week, Ju n e to August, inclusive.
19 44 hours per week, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80.0
100.0
80 0
80.0
85.0
95.0
125.0
100 0
100.0
100.0
95.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
112.5
105.0
105.0
100.0
44
44
44
44
48
so 44 hours per week, Ju ly to Septem ber, inclusive.
os 44 hours per week, Ju n e 15 to S ep t. 15, inclusive.
4-3
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE
[649]
A tla n ta .....................
B altim o re................
B o sto n ......................
B u ffalo ......................
Chicago.....................
4-1
444
4
-< i
CO
-
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O P L A B O R IN S P E C I F I E D C I T IE S A N D O C C U PA TIO N S , 1913 T O 1923—Concluded.
S
tru ctu ral-iron w orkers — C o n c l u d e d .
1
00
o
--------- ?
R a te s per hour (cents).
Hours per week.
City.
1913
1914
1915
1916
Chicago....................
Cincinnati...............
Cleveland................
D allas.......................
Denver.....................
68.0
62.5
65.0
62.5
56.3
68.0
62.5
70.0
62.5
56.3
68.0
62.5
70.0
67.5
62.5
68.0
62.5
70.0
67.5
62.5
69.0
65.0
80.0
67.5
70.0
D etroit......................
Indianapolis............
Kansas City, M o ..
L ittle R o ch ............
Los Angeles............
60.0
65.0
62.5
65.0
68.0
65.0
65.0
70.0
68.8
65.0
70.0
68.8
50.0
50.0
50.0
Louisville.............. ..
Memphis..................
d
Milwaukee..............
¡s? Minneapolis............
k— i Newark, N. J .........
50.0
62.5
56.3
56.3
62.5
50.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
50.0
65.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
New H aven............
New Orleans..........
New \ o rk ...............
Om aha.....................
62.5
62.5
62.5
58.8
62.5
62.5
62.5
60.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
Philadelphia..........
P ittsburgh..............
Portland, Oreg___
Providence..............
60.0
62.5
62.5
56,3
60.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
Richm ond, V a ___
S t. Louis..................
S t. P au l....................
Salt Lake C ity ___
56.3
65.0
56.3
62.5
San Francisco........
Scranton..................
Seattle......................
W ashington............
75.0
56.3
62.5
56.3
1917
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ì
1923 l
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1913
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
70.0
75.0
90.0
75.0
75.0
87.5
75.0
100.0
75.0
87.5
125.0
100,0
125.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
90.0
125.0
100.0
103.1
105.0
95.0
110 .0
100.0
103.1
105.0
105.0
137.5
100.0
115.6
44 53 44 53 44 53 44 53 44
44J
44Ì
44|
44!
44
13 44 13 44 5444
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
53 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
1
1
44
44
44
44 ,
44 1
65.0
75.0
68.8
80.0
75.0
75.0
112.5
125.0
107.5
87.5
100.0
19 48
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
+4
44
44
§
2
2
H
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
62.5
100.0
112.5
107.5
75.0
100.0
19 48
44
44
50.0
125.0
125.0
110.0
100,0
87.5
125.0
125.0
110 .0
50.0
90.0
85.0
90.0
87.5
75.0
50.0
65.0
62.5
62.5
68.8
60.0
65.0
62.5
62.5
72.5
70.0
75.0
70.0
68.8
75.0
80.0
87.5
80.0
87.5
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
112.5
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
48
44
li 44
48
44
44
44
li 44
9 44
44
44
44
il 44
9 44
44
44
44
u 44
9 44
44
44
44
ii 44
44
44
44
44
53 44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
112.5
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
4-4
44
62.5
62.5
66.3
65.0
62.5
62.5
68.8
68.8
80.0
75.0
80.0
75.0
92.5
75.0
87.5
90,0
106.3
100.0
112.5
115.0
106.3
100.0
112.5
112.5
100.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
106.3
100.0
112.5
112.5
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
1144
44
44
44
ii 44
44
44
44
1144
44
<44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
<44
44
44
44
^
w
£
“
O
w
60.0
62.5
62.5
62,5
60.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
70.0
70.0
70.0
68.8
92.5
87.5
87.5
80.0
92.5
100,0
100.0
92.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
125.0
101.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.3
92.5
112.5
125.0
112.5
100.0
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
<14
44
44
44
56.3
65.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
65.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
67.5
62.5
62.5
62.5
70.0
62.5
68.8
80.0
80.0
6S.8
81.3
92.5
92.5
80.0
100.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
112.5
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
100.0
90.0
100.0
125.0
100.0
100.0
44
44
48
44
44
44
»48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
75.0
56.3
62.5
62.5
75.0
56.3
62.5
62.5
75.0
62.5
62.5
62.5
75.0
62.5
75.0
70.0
87.5
68.8
87.5
100.0
87. 5
100.0
92.5
112.5
100.0
112.5
98.0
125.0
1 1 2 .5
112.5
125.0
112.5
100.0
100.0
125.0
112.5
100.0
112.5
125.0
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
48
44
44
44
» 48
44
44
44
» 48
44
44
44
19 48
44
44
44
44
40
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
9 48 hours per week, September to April, inclusive.
11 48 hours per week, November to A pril, inclusive.
1918
SO.O
100.0
is 48 hours per week, October to A pril, inclusive.
i9 44 hours per week, Ju n e to Septem ber, inclusive.
1914
1915
1916
1948 1948 1948
44
53 48 hours ner -week. Decem ber to March, inclusive.
64 48 hours per week, October to March inclusive.
44
-
l"*
W
5
3
H
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
81
Basis for Determination oi a Living Wage.
T
HE problem of establishing a satisfactory standard for the
determination of a living wage is the subject of an article 1
in the June issue of the American Economic Review. On the
ground that health is the rightful heritage of everyone, that even
the most unprogressive employers may be expected to regard a
healthful community as a business asset, and that health is a tangible
matter and capable of definite measurement, the proposition is
advanced by the writer that the establishment of a standard of
health forms a logical and satisfactory basis for the determination
of a living wage.
The method suggested for arriving at the standard is the exam
ination and rating of a representative number of workingmen’s
families by skilled physicians. At the same time and as a separate
research a study should be made by dietitians and other experts of
the standard of living of these families and a comparative rating of
the standard of living determined for each family. From these
data it should be possible, the writer states, to establish the relation
ship between the health of the families and the various standards of
living. Expressing thus the standards of living in terms of health
it would be possible to determine the things which a wage must buy
if families are to be maintained in health.
The cost of such essen
tials at current prices would be the amount of the living wage,
established on the basis of health. The definition of such a wage
would be a statement of those quantities of family consumption
which were found to be necessary in maintaining families in health.”
While it has been difficult to' establish a definite living standard
because of the extent of human variation, the writer believes that
it is quite as feasible as it has been to arrive at other standards such
as those established through the intelligence tests which are in
everyday use.
The results of these health tests will require trans
lating back into quantities of bread, butter, meat, coal, and other
necessaries which will form the standard of living rating found to
accompany the acceptable health rating. In this connection the
value of quantitative measurement in living wage determinations
is pointed out, since in a period of fluctuating prices quantity meas
urement of the various commodities offers a stability not afforded
by the establishment of a money standard.
In making such a study a preliminary survey of a large number of
families would be necessary in order to select those of average size
and those representing different standards of living, and to avoid
those having physical defects or chronic diseases. The principal
inconvenience to which the families studied would be subjected
would be the necessity of submitting to periodic physical examina
tions. It would be necessary also for the housewife to keep account
of the quantity and cost of everything consumed by the family, and
for this latter service it is suggested that reasonable compensation
be paid, since as considerable work is involved continued interest
and cooperation would be secured in this way. The persons required
to carry out the second part of the study would include physicians,
dietitians, and sanitary experts who could rate the housing and other
1 T h e American Econom ic Review , Ju n e, 1923, pp. 22-5 229; ‘‘ A suggestion for determ ining a living
wage,” by Dorothea D . K ittredge.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[651]
82
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
sanitary factors, while a capable and strictly impartial group of
persons should be selected to analyze and interpret the data.
In conclusion the writer says :
The great need for scientific research to ascertain what constitutes a living wage
should be_ obvious, and can hardly be overemphasized. The standard of living and
health ratings offer a suggestion of a means by which this question may be answered.
It is a problem which must be solved some time, and the sooner a plan is formulated
and the work started, the sooner it will be possible to conduct wage hearings on
common ground with a scientific foundation.
The Five-Day Week in industry.1
T
HE Merchants’ Association of New York recently sent out a cpiestionnaire to certain manufacturing firms in order to determine
the results of their experience with the 5-day working week.
Of 40 firms replying, 3 stated that they had used the system only
through the summer and 3 only for slack periods. Of the 34 firms
which had tried the plan for year-round operation, 16 were “ well
pleased” with the results, 15 were “ strongly opposed” to the plan,
2 favored it only when operating on a weekly schedule of 48 hours
or less, and one was neutral.
According to industry, the manufacturers were divided as follows:
In favor of plan:
Textiles...........................................................................................................
Clothing..........................................................................................................
Shoes................................................................................................................
Paper products............................................................................................
Metal products..........................
Tools and machines...................................................................................
B leachery........................................................
Chewing gum...............................................................................................
Jew elry...........................................................................................................
Pencils............................................................................................................
insulated w ire.................
Total............................................................................................................
Against plan
Textiles.
Shoes__
Paper products............................................................................................
23
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
12
1
Total.............................. .............................................................................
15
Neutral:
Shoes................................................................................................................
1
Grand total...............................................................................................
34
The plan was first tried in 1916, when 1 factory adopted it; 2
more took it up in 1917 and 6 others some time before the end of the
war. In 1919 and 1920, 10 plants adopted it, and one other did so
in 1921. At the time of the replies, 27 of the 34 companies were
still operating on the 5-day plan, 15 because they had found it very
satisfactory, 10 because of pressure from the union to which their
employees belonged, and 2 partly because of union demands and
partly because they had no “ serious objections” to it themselves.
1 Merchants’ Association of New Y ork. Manufacturers are divided on 6-day week.
2 Including 2 which favored i t only for a week of 48 hours or less.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[652]
1 p. leaflet.
WAGES OF WOBKEES I FT ALASKAN FISH IN G INDUSTEY.
83
Reasons f o r adoption o f p lan .—The reasons given for the adoption
of the 5-day working week include the following: Demanded by
unions; requested by employees; as an experiment; to save power
or amount of time lost in starting machines; to reduce absenteeism
and labor turnover; to secure an extra source of labor (women who
must have two free days each week); to “ please the employees and
shorten the factory processes which are necessarily continuous” ;
because the workers, who share in the management, voted for it;
and it “ didn’t pay to work so few hours on Saturday.” One cloth
ing manufacturer adopted the plan because, since most of his em
ployees were women, “ he had felt that it was his duty to shut down
entirely on Saturdays so that his employees who are mothers might
be with their children who are out of school on that day and all of
the women employees might have time enough to do their shopping,
mending, cleaning, etc., and leave Sundays free for religion, rest,
and recreation.”
Results o f five-day operation .—Both advantages and disadvan
tages of five-day operation were noted. Some of the disadvantages
were: Reduced production; increased overhead costs per unit of
production; increase in price of product necessitated by increased
cost of manufacturing; delayed shipments over the week end; dis
satisfaction of customers because of delayed correspondence, deliv
eries, etc.; bad effect on workers; decrease in efficiency; and in
creased labor turnover because the “ workers had Saturday morning
in which to look for new jobs.”
The advantages noted included: Elimination of “ unsatisfactory
Saturday mornings when the workers are always restless” ; increased
production; slight reduction in overhead costs per unit of produc
tion; decrease in labor turnover and absenteeism; elimination of
Saturday starting and stopping loss, “which is relatively very high” ;
almost complete elimination of overtime night work by use of Saturday
morning for any necessary overtime; more balanced production
through use of Saturday morning to “ catch up” in any departments
that have fallen behind; the most desirable workers in the industry
can be secured; and the workers are happier.
Nationality and Wages of Workers in Alaskan Fishing Industry.1
rTTIE number and nationality of laborers in the fishing industry of
A Alaska are given below:
N U M B E R O F W A G E E A R N E R S E M P L O Y E D IN T H E F IS H C A N N E R IE S O P A L A S K A , 1921
AN D 1922, B Y N A T IO N A L IT Y .
1922.
1921.
N ationality.
Male.
Fem ale.
Total.
1,358
'839
19
84
1
8,029
2,184
1,049
784
1,322
1,254
11
161
11,180
13,842
952
14,794
83
469
3
16
1
1
5,893
1,560
872
T o ta l....... .....................................................
10,607
573
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B ie n n ia l rep o rt, 1921-1922.
1653]
Total.
331
606
5,810
1,091
869
539
1,357
838
19
84
Labor Commissioner.
Fem ale.
7,698
1,578
1,049
777
1,322
1,247
11
160
W h ite .......................................................................
N a tiv e ......................................................................
C h in ese. . .
................................................
Ja p a n ese..................................................................
...................................................
M exicans......
F ilip in o s..................................................................
H aw aiian s____
N egroes....................................................................
1 Alaska.
Male.
Ju n eau , 1923.
p. 6.
7
7
84
M ON TH LY LABOR REVIEW .
Approximately 29 per cent of the total wages paid to workers in
the fishing industry other than to office employees was received by
laborers employed under ■“ oriental” contracts.
The average earnings of employees in the fishing industry in 1919
1920, 1921, and 1922 were as follows: 1919, $503.70; 1920* $555.75;
1921, $511.77; 1922, $429.08.
There is considerable variation in the methods of payment in
different parts of the same district, It was impracticable therefore,
to try to report on average wages for various classes of workers.
The wage scales of 1921 and 1922 in typical canneries in the three
principal Alaskan fishing districts are indicated, however, in the
following tabular statement. In all three districts board was fur
nished in addition to the specified rate.
M O N T H L Y W A G E R A T E S IN T Y P IC A L C A N N E R IE S IN T H R E E
D IS T R IC T S IN A L A S K A , 1921 AN D 19221
Southeastern
Alaska.
IM P O R T A N T F IS H IN G
Alaska Peninsula.
B risto l B ay .
Occupation.
1921
B e a ch m en .......................................
C arp en ters............................................
•Carpenters’ h elpers......................................
Cooks. . - ..........................................
Cooks, c h ie f............................................
Cooks, salm on ....................................................
Cooks, secon d ..........................................................
C ontract labor (orien tals).....................................
D eck h an d s................................................
F irem en .............................................
F is h powers......................................................
F is h s lim e rs ................................................
F ish .slitte rs..........................................
F ish erm en ..................................................................
F orem en ..........................................
G as b o at captains.........................................
Gas boat engineers.................. ; ...................
Cannery helpers..............................
Iron chink m e n .....................................
L ab o rers..........................................
M achinists.......................................
N ativ e laborers.............................................
N et bosses.......................................
T allym en .........................................
T rap m en ................................
W a ite rs..............................
W atch m en ............................................
W atch m en , can n ery.......
W atchm en, w in ter................................
W ebm en..............................
1922
1921
$125.00
$165.00
125.00
135.00
1110,00
90.00
1922
80.00
100.00
90.00
85.00
75.00
8 $60.00
115.00
175.00
100.00
125.00
165.00
95.00
115.00
80.00
100.00
70.00
90.00
7 1,135.00
7 830. ÓÓ
7 1,200.00 7 1,200.00 8 1,800.00
145.00
135.00
140.00
150.00 115-125. 00
125.00
70.00
100.00
125.00
8 1,400.00
135.00
115.00
8 850.00
8 800.00
150.00
125.00
150.00
125.00
65.00
55.00
125.00
<.41
9 2. .50
125.00 7 1,000.00 71,000.00
9 2 .75 8 2.25-3.00
70.00
85.00
75.00
60.00
/
\
90,00
80.00
1922
2 $150.00
125.00
$125.00
4. 52
5.25
5.40
120.00
«2.50
1921
90.00
100.00
100.00
125.00
81,000.00 8 1,000.00
1 T h e fishing season in southeastern Alaska extends from March to O ctober, in th e Alaska peninsula
d istrict from A p ril to August, and in th e B risto l B ay d istrict from May to August.
2And run money.
8And one-half cent per case packed.
4 P e r case.
6 P er hour.
6 P e r day and contract per fish.
7 Season’s average pay.
8 P er season.
9 P e r day.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[654]
m o n th ly
labo r
r e v ie w
.
85
Wages of Alaskan Miners, 1922.
T
H E R E was but little change in the wage scale in the Alaskan
mining industry in the calendar year, 1922, according to the
report of the territorial mine inspector for that period. In
most cases where changes were made the trend was upward; reduc
tions took place in only unimportant arid isolated instances.
Wage scales for an 8-hour shift at the larger lode mines of the
coastal section in 1922 are given below:
Machine drillm en............................................................................$4 . ß0 -$ 5 . 50
Machine helpers . . .......................................................................... 4 . 0 0 - 5 . 0 0
Muckers................................................................................... 4 . 1 0 - 5 . 0 0
Timbermen....................................................................................... 5 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 0
Timbermen’s helpers...................................................................... 4 . I Q - 4 . 75
Trackmen.......................................................................................... 4 5 0 - 5 . 25
Pipemen................................................................................ " " C
5 . 0 0 - h . 50
Carpenters......................................................................................... 5 . 50- 7 . 0 0
Carpenters’ helpers......................................................................... 4 , 0 0 - 5 . 0 0
Blacksm iths............. .. .................................................................... 5 . 75 - 7 . 0 0
Blacksmiths’ helpers..................................................................... 4 .0 0 -5 .5 0
Hoisting engineers....................................................................
4 0 0 - 5 75
Gagers......................................................, ......................................... 4 .3 5 -5 .2 5
Laborers............................................................................................ 3 .5 0 -5 .0 0
Board, room, hospital fees, and medical attendance are deducted
from the above wages, deductions for board varying from SI to S I.50
a day and for hospital and medical attendance from 11.50 to $2.40
a month.
The cost of living in the Alaskan coastal districts is a little higher
than in the Pacific Coast States.
Because of the wide variation in wages and living conditions in
different localities in the interior of the Territory, it is not easy to
make any general statement in this connection. In the larger
mining camps—for example, Fairbanks and Iditarod—placer miners’
wages range from $5 to SO a day and board, the value of which is
estimated at from $2 to S3 a day. In more remote districts the
wages are from $7 to $10 per day with board.
_It is estimated that the aggregate wages paid in the mining industry
of Alaska in 1922 amounted to about $4,740,000, distributed among
the different kinds of mines as follows:
Placer mines (estimated on the basis of 2,200 men, employed for an average
of 150 d ay s)...................................................................................*.............................
$1, 650, 000
Gold-lode mines and mills............................................................................................. 1,280,000
Copper mines and m ills.................................................................................................. 1, 281,000
Nonmetal mines and q uarries.................................................
129.000
Coal mines (estimated from number shifts worked)...........................................
400.000
Total
4,740, 000
Approximately, 4,000 men were employed in the mining industry
of Alaska in 1922, which is about the same number estimated for
1921.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[655]
86
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
Employment and. Earnings in Massachusetts Manufacturing Estab
lishments.
S
TA TISTICS of employment and earnings in 692 Massachusetts
manufacturing establishments for the week ending on the date
nearest May 15 and June 15, 1923, are presented in the following
table, issued by the department of labor and industries of that State:
N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S AN D A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M A S S A C H U S E T T S
M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , W E E K IN C L U D IN G O R E N D IN G N E A R E S T T H E
15TH O F M A Y AND JU N E , 1923.
Number
of estab
lish
m ents.
Ind ustry.
A utom obiles, including bodies and p arts..................................
B oot and shoe cu t stock and findings.........................................
Boots and sh oes................................................................................ ..
B o xes, p ap er.........................................................................................
B o x es, wooden....................................................................... .
B read and other bakery products........................ ...............
Clothing, m en ’s ....................................................................................
Clothing, v/ omen’s ......................................................................... "
Confectionery....................................................................................
Cotton goods ................................................................................"
Cutlery and to o ls........................................................................
Dyeing and finishing, te x tile s ........................................................
E le ctrical m achinery, apparatus and supplies..................
Foundry and m achine-shop produ cts.........................................
F u rn itu re ...............................................................................................
H osiery and k n it goods.....................................................................
J e w e l r y .............................................................................................
L eath er, tan n ed , curried, and fin ished......................................
M achine to ols...................................................................................
P ap er and wood pulp................................................................
P rin tin g and publishing, book and jo b ................................. ] .
P rin tin g and publishing, new spaper..........................................
R u bber tire s and goods.................................................................. .
Silk goods...............................................................................................
Station ery goods.................................................................
Steam fittings and steam and hot-w ater heating apparatus.
T ex tile m achinery and parts........................................................
T obacco ..................................................................................................
W oolen and worsted goods..................................... .......................
A ll other in dustries........................................................
T o ta l.......................................................................................
N um ber of
employees on
pay roll.
Average weekly
earnings.
May,
1923.
Ju n e,
1923.
M ay,
1923.
June,
1923.
11
37
69
17
9
35
19
19
15
52
12
5
13
60
14
10
19
23
15
18
20
9
9
10
9
6
12
4
41
100
1,751
1,477
26,621
4,063
1,018
1,420
1,542
589
3,591
51,833
3,001
6,440
12,092
8,828
2,035
4,369
1, 578
4,007
1,551
5,054
1,281
2,296
2,904
2,139
1,544
1,658
7,965
1,307
21,260
46,188
1,844
1,414
22, 897
4,041
1,005
1,411
1,564
527
3,601
50,549
2,975
6,353
12,090
9,025
2,001
4,233
1,561
3,865
1,529
5,392
1,258
2, 280
2,987
1,780
1,558
1,553
7,634
1,616
21,044
46,595
$33.36
23.86
23. 98
22. 66
24.29
27.83
24.35
21.77
18.31
22.48
22.65
24. 53
29. 09
29. 54
24.51
20. 64
24.33
26.10
25. 92
26.49
30. 96
39. 26
26. 97
21. 78
19. 93
28,65
29. 36
26. 64
24. 88
26. 39
$32.92
23.05
23.83
22.46
24. 20
28.00
24.62
19.30
18.37
22.09
22.90
23. 32
28. 73
29. 34
24.07
18.49
<. 24. 05
26.04
26.19
26.11
29.97
39.47
27. 92
23.33
19.62
27.17
29.46
26. 70
24.75
26. 54
692
231,402
226,182
25.13
24.98
Average Weekly Earnings of New York State Factory Workers in
June, 1923.
VERAGE weekly earnings of New York State factory workers
in June, 1923, were $27.84—only 21 cents higher than in
' the preceding month— according to a press release of eJuly
27, 1923, issued by the State industrial commissioner. This slight
rise was due chiefly to seasonal gains in the clothing and food products
industries.
The only extensive increase in wage rates in June took place in the
railway repair shops. The unusually large increases in wage rates
made in May, while other prices were stationary or decreased, were
checked in June. This check constitutes “ the most significant
change in the wage situation/’’ Actual earnings increased slightly in
approximately two-thirds of the industries. In the men’s clothing
shops there was a rise of $2.55.
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[656]
87
WAGES IN NORTH CAROLINA,
Substantial gains in both earnings and employment were shown in
the June records for saw and planing mills, there was an advance of
$1.65 in the average weekly earnings in brickyards, and marked
increases were reported in the manufacture of industrial chemicals,
soap, and linseed oil.
The very large decrease in the shipbuilding industry in June was
less than the May increase from overtime.
Wages in North Carolina in 1922.
T
HE following wage statistics are taken from the Thirty-third
Report of "the Department of Labor and Printing of the State
of North Carolina for the biennial period 1921-1922:
A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S P A ID IN V A R IO U S O C C U P A T IO N S IN N O R T H C A R O L IN A
F O R T H E Y E A R 1922.
A ver
age
w eekly
wages.
Occupation.
A.uto m echanics................
B a rb e rs................................
B a k e rs..................................
B la ck sm ith s.......................
Bookkeepers. . ..................
B rick la y e rs.........................
Chauffeurs..........................
Clerks....................................
Cooks, fa m ily .....................
Concrete workers..............
Carnenters...........................
E lectrician s........................
Civil engineers...................
Engineers, stationary ___
Engineers, steam shovel.
F arm h elp ...........................
Firem en, s ta tio n a ry .. . . .
G ardeners:.............. ...........
H ospital helpers................
Jan itors (p riv a te ).............
Laborers..............................
L u m berm en .......................
M usicians.............................
M achinists...........................
$30
33
35
32
28
41
17
19
7
19
32
49
50
40
44
12
30
15
H
14
13
14
35
35
Aver
age
w eekly
wages.
Occupation.
M etal workers....................
P ip e fitters..........................
P lu m bers............................
Pain ters...............................
P rin ters................................
Plasters ............................
Engineers, passenger----Firem en, passenger..........
Engineers, freig ht............
Engineers, sw itch ............
Firem en , sw itch...............
Firem en, freight................
Announcers, ch ief............
Announcers........................
Conductors, passenger...
Baggage-masters...............
Flagm en, passenger.........
Conductors, freight..........
Brakem en, freight............
Conductors, y ard ..............
Sw itchm en, yard..............
Car-repair m en ..................
Boiler m akers....................
Boiler m akers’ h elp ers...
$29
32
47
34
41
46
44
37
52
47
38
39
29
27
45
32
31
43
32
44
43
37
43
29
A ver
age
w eekly
wages.
Occupation.
M achinists, first class—
M achinists, second class.
M achinists’ helpers..........
P ip e fitters..........................
T rack forem en...................
T rack laborers...................
Bridge forem en..................
Bridge carpenters.............
Bridge carpenters’ helpe rs......................................
Bridge laborers..................
Chief clerks.........................
Clerks, railw ay..................
Clerks....................................
Stenographers, ra ilw a y ..
M otorm en............................
Conductors..........................
T rack laborers...................
Forem en, tra ck .................
Serv a n ts..............................
Salesm en..............................
Saleswom en........................
Stenographers....................
W aiters................................
A V E R A G E D A IL Y AN D M O N T H L Y R A T E S F O R M A L E F A R M
C A R O L IN A , 1922, B Y D IS T R IC T S .
L A B O R E R S IN
Average rate per Average w age
per day, day
m onth when
labor, harvest
hired by th e
work, 1922.
year, 1922.
D istrict.
$43
40
29
41
31
13
37
28
20
17
42
32
30
30
30
30
14
27
8
25
20
22
12
N ORTH
Average wage
per day for day
labor other th an
harvest work,
1922.
W ith
out
board.
W ith
board.
W ith
out
board.
W ith
board.
W ith
out
board.
W ith
board.
N orthern m ountain (N W .)....................................................... $28.00
27. 00
W estern m ountain (W .)„ ..........................................................
Northern Piedm ont (N .)........................................................... 20.00
Central Piedm ont (C .)................................................................ 26. 00
Southern Pied m o nt ( S . ) . . . ....................................................... 24.00
Northern coastal ( N E .) .............................................................. 21. 00
23.00
Central coastal ( E . ) .....................................................................
21.43
Southern coastal ( S E .) ...........................................................
$42. 00
39.00
29. 00
38. 00
35. 00
31. 00
34.20
31.14
$1. 77
1. 85
2.16
1. 93
2.06
1.30
1. 33
1. 22
$2. 26
2.31
2. 75
2. 42
2. 65
1. 73
1. 65
1. 54
$1.23
1.33
1.49
1.42
1. 30
1.30
1. 24
1.14
$1.60
1.77
1.96
1.77
1.71
1.69
1.53
1.44
24.00
35. 00
1.75
2. 25
1. 35
1. 75
S ta te ....................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[657]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
Farmers declare they are not able to pay the highest rates of wages
offered in the city labor markets and according to the above-men
tioned report, there is a noticeable exodus of able-bodied men from
the farms.
Wages in Texas, 1922.1
A
N INVESTMENT of $1,392,599,459 was represented bv the 1,792
establishments reporting to the Texas Bureau of Labor
Statistics for the fiscal year ending August 31, 1922. The
wages paid the employees of these establishments for that period
aggregated $151,474,428.
The following table shows the number of employees at the different
ranges of wages:
W A G E S O F O P E R A T I V E S A N D O F F IC E E M P L O Y E E S IN M E R C A N T IL E AN D M A N U FA C
T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN T E X A S , F O R W E E K O F G R E A T E S T E M P L O Y M E N T
D U R IN G Y E A R E N D IN G A U G U S T 31, 1922.
Males.
W age group.
U nder $3...........................................................
$3 and under 15..............................................
$5 and under §6..............................
$6 an du nd er $7..............................................
$7 and under $8......................................
$8 and under $9................................
$9 and under $10........................
110 and under $12..................................
$12 and under $15..........................
§15 and under $20..................................
$20 and under $25..............................
$25 and under $30......................
$30 and under $40..............................
$40 and under $50......................
$50 and over................
T o ta l....................................
Fem ales.
Total.
Opera
tives.
Office
em
ployees.
80
211
229
323
716
1,039
1,676
4,171
18,998
23,110
18,621
16,343
27,950
8,696
5,930
16
147
104
118
84
129
153
274
589
1,354
1,802
4,094
6,727
3,408
4,997
96
358
333
441
800
1,168
1,829
4,445
19,587
24,464
20,423
20.437
34,677
12,104
10,927
55
196
526
1,125
2,107
1.900
2,636
3,337
4.987
4.988
1.900
862
390
98
52
1
6
13
29
39
137
327
888
1,901
2,186
1,296
1,029
881
165
91
56
202
539
1,154
2,146
2,037
2,963
4,225
6,888
7,174
3,198
1,891
1,271
263
143
152
560
872
1,595
2,946
3,205
4,792
8,670
26,475
•31,638
.23,619
22,328
35,948
12,367
11,070
128,093
23,996
152,089
25,159
8,989
34,148
186, 237
Total.
Operar
liv es.
Office
em
ployees.
Total.
Wages and Hours of Labor in Various Industries in China.
CONSULAR report from Shanghai, China, dated May 28, 1923,
gives the wages in force in various industries in China as
reported by the Bureau of Economic Information of the
Chinese Government. The great variation in the maximum and
minimum wage rates is accounted for by the fact that the report
relates to all the industrial sections of China and the wages paid in
the interior are very much less than those paid in Shanghai and other
large cities. There is also a wide variation in rates paid skilled and
unskilled workers in the same occupations and locality. The wages
are given in Mexican currency. The following table shows the num
ber of factories and the maximum and minimum rates of wages and
number of workers, in Chinese factories, by sex.
A
1 Texas.. Bu reau of Labor S tatistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B ien nial report, 1921-1922.
[658]
A ustin [1923?].
89
WAGES IN CHINA.
W A G E S O F C H IN E S E W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S . N U M B E R O F F A C T O R IE S
AN D N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S , E A R L Y P A R T O F 1923.
[81 Mexican = 52.42 cents, par.]
D aily wages (in Mexican
currency) of—
N um ber of—
1
Em ployees.
Industry.
F acto
ries.
Cotton preparing................................................
Thread m anufacture.........................................
T extiles:
S ilk ..................................................................
C otton .............................................................
R a m ie.............................................................
W ool................................................................
O th er..............................................................
D yeing and bleaching................ .....................
Machine m anufacture.......................................
Shipbuilding.........................................................
Car and wagon m anufacture..........................
Agricultural im plem en ts.................................
M ilitary supplies................................................ .
P o ttery and cloisonné.......................................
Cement, brick, and lim e..................................
Glass and glassware..........................................
Paper m anufacture............................................
O il............................................................................
W a x .........................................................................
L acqu er..................................................................
M atches......................................
Gunpow der.........................
D rug........................................................................
So a p .........................................................................
Sk in and fu r.............................................
T an n in g ...................................................
Candle, tallow .................................
Candle, w a x .........................................
T oilet articles.........................................
D v e........................................................
P a in t and varnish............................................
Miscellaneous chem ical industries...............
Brew ing and d istillin g .............................
Sugar refining..................................
Tobacco curing............................................
Ice and soda w ater............................
T ea preparing......................................................
Confectionery.........................................
Canning..................................................
R ice husking and flour....................................
A nim al and fishery products..............
Preparation of other kinds of foodstuffs. .
P rin tin g and engraving...................................
Pap er p roducts.............................
W ood, bamboo, rattan , willow articles___
S traw h ats and straw b r a id s .. .....................
Leath er goods................................
F eath er and bristle............................................
S ilk reeling........................................................
Spinning................................................................
Em broidering......................................................
K n ittin g ..................................................
Lace m aking..............................
Tailoring....................................................
G old and silversm iths.
B rass and iron sm ith s. .
Jad e, stone, bone, horn, and sh ell................
E le ctric a l. 1................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Males.
Fem ales.
Male.
F e
male.
T otal.
1,054
202
993
9
2,047
211
$0.05
.09
$1.00
.33
$0.15
.08
10.25
.20
656 21,810
1,598 31,134
175
2.5
3,763
111
631
31
204 . 4,522
2,652
52
182
15
3,311
102
1,504
51
340
10
584 11,074
724 15,399
941
37
1,754 23,768
1,0-56 15,8.54
227
25
243
23
5,205
23
563
54
1,289
58
871
43
4,020
228
620
34
157
13
878
87
226
14
385
44
25
3
898
58
1,466 23,842
981
.so
9,721
546
6
113
. 308 20,045
1,775
152
5
123
7,651
315
23
1,069
1,685
152
2,952
32
3, 739
169
530
7,403
2.57
2,437
137
1, 421
117
328 19, 959
36 15,806
108
13
180
1,685
20
335
349
5,771
287
4,415
915 11,855
94
2,261
11
1,391
9,921
42,642
70
29
361
2,583
60
31,731
73,776
245
3,792
992
7,105
2,712
182
3,311
1,504
340
11,947
15,709
965
24,740
15,991
239
253
10, 221
'816
1,865
1,162
4,337
620
308
908
941
385
.05
.1 0
.12
.10
.08
.09
.20
. 18
.10
.09
.18
.11
.07
.03
.10
.07
.1 2
.08
. 03
. 13
.04
.03
.08
.08
.05
.06
. 14
. 10
.10
.0 5
.10
10
.04
.05
.13
.03
15
.1 0
.20
.06
.06
.08
.10
. 12
.09
.04
.14
.10
. 10
. 13
. 13
.10
10
. 10
. 14
. 10
.75
.70
.30
.40
.52
.49
3.00
.39
.72
1.00
.08
.06
. 15
.06
.00
.04
.28
.29
.36
.25
.08
.29
.20
.40
1.00
.4 0
1.30
1. 50
.83
.58
.30
1.00
. 35
.73
1.15
.53
2.00
.36
.45
.43
. 50
.20
.6 5
.41
. 56
4.00
.84
.58
. 50
.67
.90
.60
.67
2.19
.45
.43
. 48
1.90
.36
.43
.81
.40
.57
. 42
.70
. 50
. 86
. 39
4 .10
.07
.09
.1 0
. 10
.01
.06
.50
.35
Of,
.25
.25
.09
. 15
. 40
. 11
.48
.28
.16
67
26
[659]
873
310
24
972
137
12
10
' 253
576
291
317
151
30
715
421
22
5,612
20,091
190
12
377
.862
69
1, .522
151
211
170
85
662
68,026
28,019
137
5,864
3,246
1,686
188
248
39
1,322
23,864
986
15,333
113
40,136
1,965
135
8,028
1,931
1,754
4, 474
3, 890
7,614
797
2, 522
2, 083
87,985
43, 82,5
245
7,549
3,581
7, 457
4,603
12,103
2,300
1,391
Mini Maxi Mini M axi
m um . m um . m um . mum.
.05
.07
.10
.08
.07
.2 0
. 10
.1 0
. 10
.24
.2 0
.23
.02
.1 9
.25
03
.40
.07
.08
21
.06
.10
.09
.20
.08
.08
. 18
.1 0
.04
.08
.05
.1 5
.04
. 05
.03
. 10
. 15
. 15
.38
.17
25
.28
.27
.20
.42
.2 5
.30
. 80
.30
. 16
.38
.80
.30
.33
.33
.25
. 26
. 30
.3 5
90
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Wag es in Various Industries in Denmark, Third and Fourth Quarters
of 1922.
T
HE following table, published in Statistiske Efterretninger No.
15, 1923 _(Copenhagen), gives average wages in various occu
pations in Denmark for the third and fourth quarters of
1Q22.1 _ The wages given are based on information supplied to the
Statistical Department of Denmark by the Danish Employers’
Association.
AVERA GE
W A G E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA TIO N S IN D E N M A R K IN T H E T H IR D AND
F O U R T H Q U A R T E R S O F 1922.
[0 re , at par=0.268 cent.]
Copenhagen.
In d ustry and occupation.
Food industry:
B ak e rs......................................
M illers................................
Chocolate factory employees—
Skilled....................................
U n sk illed ...........................
W o m en ....................................
Margarine factory employees—
U n sk illed .................................
W om en ..............................
Slaughterhouse employees—
U n sk illed ..................................
W o m e n ........................... ..
Brew ery workers—
U nskilled............................
W om en ......................................
Alcohol factory employees—
U n skilled..................................
W om en ......................................
Sugar factory employees—
U n skilled..................................
W om en......................................
Miscellaneous—
U n skilled..................................
W om en ................................
Tobacco industry:
Cigar m akers....................................
O ther workers—
U nskilled...................................
W om en......................................
T ex tile industry:
T ex tile workers—
Men............................................ .
W om en ......................................
Rope makers—
Skilled........................................
U n skilled...................................
W om en .................................... ’
Trim m ing m akers—
Sk illed ........................................
W om en......................................
Sailm akers........................................
Clothing industry:
T ailo rs................................................
Seam stresses....................................
Shoem akers......................................
Shoe workers—
Men..............................................
W om en................................ .
Numbei
of work
ers, Dec
31,1922.
Provinces.
Average hourly
wages.
Average hourly
wages.
Numbei
of work
Third
Fourth ers, Dec Third
Fourth
quarter, quarter, 31,1922. quarter, quarter,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
Ore.
Ore.
Ore.
Ore.
997
62
181
167
180
163
131
201
159
133
158
133
62
63
517
184
138
87
186
143
88
33
19
87
154
134
75
152
136
76
68
50
128
69
128
69
374
172
126
69
126
69
263
18
142
77
144
76
1,234
101
125
69
125
70
1 789
813
158
120
157
117
396
373
147
103
144
99
42
53
154
116
151
117
269
14
1541'
120
150
115
461
198
168
87
159
85
3,160
131
124
70
138
74
112
141
146
88
146
87
225
203
122
75
123
81
840
149
146
777
144
141
94
2, 128
147
100
142
100
146
1,388
127
83
125
83
704
2, 141
134
99
135
98
2,025
2,944
130
88
128
86
10
19
92
123
120
76
123
122
77
32
46
69
124
113
62
123
113
63
22
15
11
159
77
218
157
79
230
13
150
146
334
1, 060
56
175
91
161
178
90
156
41
380
16
158
70
115
161
72
131
942
734
169
96
169
96
116
64
141
137
79
74
i Sim ilar data showing wages from 1914 through th e second quarter of 1922 were given in th e January.
1923, issue of th e Monthly L abor R e v iew , pp. 82-85.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 660]
91
WAGES IN DENMARK.
A V E R A G E W A G E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA TIO N S IN D E N M A R K IN T H E T H IR D AN D
F O U R T H Q U A R T E R S O F 1922-C o ntin u ed .
Copenhagen.
Ind ustry and occupation.
L e a th er industry:
Tanners—
Sk illed ..............................................................
U n sk illed .................................
Bu ilding trades:
T in k e rs...........................................
Bu ilding joiners 1........................................
G laziers........................................
P a in ters................................
Masons—
Sk illed ..........................................
U n sk illed .....................................................
Stucco workers............................
Carpenters—
Skilled..........................................................
U n sk illed ...........................................
Linoleum workers....................................................
Insulation w orkers..............................................
W ood and furniture industry:
Coopers.....................................................................
B ra sh m akers..........................................................
C arvers.................................................
T u rn ers............................................................
Gilders......................................................................
Coach builders.....................................................
B a sk et m ak ers..................................................
Cabinetm akers..................................................
Machine carpenters................................................
Woodworkers—
U n skilled.............................................................
W om en ................................................................
Piano-factory em ployees.....................................
W hip workers..........................................................
Harness m akers, etc..............................................
C lay, stone, and glass industry:
Laborers and concrete w orkers..........................
Other workers...........................................................
P a v e rs..........................................................................
Stonecutters—
S k illed ..................................................................
U n sk illed ............................................................
Gravel workers..........................................................
Brick yard employees..............................................
Cement factory em ployees....................................
Ceramic workers—
S k ille d ..................................................................
U n sk illed ............................................................
W o m en ................................................................
Terrazzo workers......................................................
M etal trades:
T in sm ith s....................................................................
E le ctric ia n s................................................................
M olders........................................................................
Gold, silver, and electroplate w orkers.............
B raziers........................................................................
Coppersm iths............................................................
P a in te rs.......................................................................
M etal filers..................................................................
M etal pressers............................................................
Ship carp en ters........................................................
B la ck sm ith s and m achinists...............................
W oodw orkers............................................................
O ther skilled w orkers.............................................
L a b o rers......................................................................
W o m en ........................................................................
Number
of work
ers, Dec
31,1922.
Average hourlywages.
Third
Fourth
quarter, quarter,
1922.
1922.
59726°— 23------ 7
Number
of work
ers, Dec.
31,1922.
Average hourly
wages.
Third
Fourth
quarter, quarter,
1922.
1922.
152
162
187
160
192
163
86
214
167
150
0re.
168
146
284
878
115
918
207
191
155
183
212
197
162
213
194
1,205
77
322
143
142
125
143
143
144
124
150
1,174
851
50
263
207
198
266
203
210
1,807
1,489
148
129
146
128
689
44
47
56
227
142
170
223
240
147
178
217
1,463
69
149
119
147
129
11
186
193
134
31
15
31
25
13
38
633
336
194
152
194
161
200
192
143
174
169
189
156
190
159
191
199
136
173
167
317
156
156
15
60
27
143
142
157
145
145
163
69
1,015
142
133
146
132
234
91
201
135
89
190
133
85
186
389
58
12
20
140
114
84
150
184
140
114
82
164
(fire.
Qre.
Qre.
257
176
177
1,278
171
53
178
166
242
190
185
291
2,219
91
120
129
245
120
127
172
79
49
190
155
184
151
273
90
279
1,988
1,364
126
117
125
129
135
127
116
138
149
177
412
28
173
139
107
168
172
143
111
167
54
77
44
10
135
111
76
136
130
110
76
136
159
673
240
300
108
52
166
135
70
116
4,439
298
48
2,833
1,486
188
169
211
160
177
213
211
180
201
212
192
189
204
146
83
188
165
208
160
172
206
186
182
205
200
193
185
185
145
83
74
621
467
90
46
66
1S7
60
20
213
4,173
643
65
3,312
370
159
161
168
137
155
190
161
139
158
169
160
156
165
130
76
160
156
167
137
152
195
170
141
162
165
159
160
156
129
77
) Figures for th e Provinces include other skilled carpenters.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provinces.
[661]
142
92
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A V E R A G E W A G E S IN V A R IO U S O C C U PA TIO N S TN D E N M A R K IN T H E
F O U R T H Q U A R T E R S O F 1922—Concluded.
Copenhagen.
In d ustry and occupation.
C hem ical industry:
D y ers....................................................................
Oil m ill em ployees..........................................
Sulphuric-acid factory employees..............
M atch factory employees—
M en................................................................
W o m en ........................................................
Miscellaneous—
Men................................................................
W o m en ........................................................
P rin tin g and paper industry:
Paper m ill workers—
M en........................................ .......................
W o m en .......................................................
P rin tin g establishm ent employees—
Typographers.............................................
Lith ograph ers............................................
Chem igraphers................... ......................
U n sk illed ....................................................
W o m e n ............ ........... ....................... .......
Lithographic establishm ent employees—
U n sk illed ....................................................
W o m en ........................ ...............................
Bookbind ers—
S k ille d .................................................... .
W o m en .............................. .........................
Paper-w are factory employees—
U n sk illed ....................................................
W o m en ........................................................
B o x factory em ployees, women..................
Commerce and transport:
Storage and warehouse w orkers......... ..
H arbor w o rk e rs...............................................
W o m en .................................................................
M iscellaneous:
F orem en..........................................
F ire m e n ................................................... ......
Chauffeurs..........................................................
T eam sters............................................................
N um ber
of work
ers, Dec.
31,1922.
T H IR D
AND
Provinces.
Average hourly
wages.
Average hourly
wages.
Number
of work
T hird
Fou rth ers, Dec. T hird
Fou rth
quarter, quarter, 31,1922. quarter, quarter,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
38
385
83
156
141
ISO
0 re .
158
140
150
79
178
151
86
155
86
662
800
140
78
159
39
0re.
Ç>re.
0re.
7
243
208
151
140
144
153
132
134
140
78
258
237
139
68
137
70
134
95
135
92
787
276
125
78
124
76
1,528
127
SS
140
306
198
194
180
149
97
201
193
179
149
96
1,098
81
183
161
182
162
51
115
141
80
145
80
33
63
145
95
144
94
19
25
118
80
118
77
350
424
194
99
199
101
129
45
141
73
141
72
44
223
128
132
88
91
136
88
91
72
139
76
81
76
81
1,109
389
85
132
231
79
132
226
78
1,960
788
60
120
201
76
Kroner.
122
203
78
Kr o n e r .
735
3S7
619
1,361
2 106.31
2 74.39
2 68.45
2 66.14
2 107.20
2 74. 00
2 69. 46
2 66.19
Kroner.
723
830
319
1,069
2 84,76
2 67. 59
2 61. 51
2 57.36
K r oner.
2 82.12
2 67.92
2 61.15
2 58.00
2 P er week.
The table show's only small wrage changes for most trades; where
a marked difference occurs this is due to some special condition, as,
for example, m the canning industry, where a seasonal increase was
given. Most of the labor agreements were renewed in the spring of
1922 and few changes were made after that time. In certain of the
agreements provision was made for a revision of w'age rates in August,
according to cost-of-living figures, and this was done in a few trades!
the reductions in the trades affected amounting to as high as 6 per
cent. It is estimated that the present wage rates in most trades are
about 6 per cent below the figures for the last quarter of 1922.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[662]
93
WAGES IN THE NETHERLANDS.
Average Hourly Wages of Trade-Unionists in Finland, 1 9 2 1 and
1922.
T
HE following table taken from Social Tidskrift No. 5, 1923,
issued by the Ministry of Social Affairs (Socialm inisteriet ) of
Finland, shows the average hourly wages of members of tradeunions at the end of 1921 and 1922 as reported to the National
Federation of Trade-Unions.
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E S A S R E P O R T E D B Y M E M B E R S O F N A T IO N A L F E D E R A
T IO N O F T R A D E -U N IO N S IN F IN L A N D , 1921 A N D 1922.
[Finnish m ark at p ar=19.3 cents.]
Aver age hourly wage—
N um
ber of
branch
es re
porting,
1922.
Trade-union.
Mem
bership
a t end
of 1922.
A t end of
1921.
A t end of 1922.
Male
ap
F e
F e
Males. m ales. Males. males. pren
tices.
Fe
male
ap
pren
tices.
M a r k s . M a r k s . Mark s . M a r k s . M a r k s . M a r k s .
Glass workers
W oorl w orkare.
.......................
Pap er w orkers....
..........................................
W orkers in fine m etals
Food products w o rk ers.......................................
Stone workers
T e x tile workers.......................................................
M etal w orkers..........................................................
P rin ters, bo ok .........................................................
Masons, ete
....................................
Leath er workers__
d o th inn workers
P a in te rs..
..................................
F . S . J . workshops w orkers...............................
D om estic, ete
Average, all unions....................................
3
19
46
105
22
109
BftQ
2,003
ft 125
l ’ 402
io
21
4
53
32
35
14
13
22
9
497
819
186
6,182
2,657
1,310
'417
863
881
599
419
26,739
6.00
4. 25
5.84
4 52
3. 59
6.92
6. 37
6.22
3. 79
4. 57
8.00
7.86
5.77
6. 50
6.06
5.36
5.67
5.63
2.44
2.82
2. 85
2.08
3. 30
3.47
2. 20
1.96
7.00
3.22
3.50
6. 33
4.59
6.18
4.72
3. 79
2. 85
3.80
2.73
2.14
4.24
2.31
6. 94
6. 75
4.00
4. 67
6. 50
9. 38
5.41
6.52
7.92
5.40
3.65
4.04
2.46
2.01
2. 43
4.50
2.25
2.62
3.00
G. 64
3.25
2.00
4.00
4. 38
2. 85
5.94
3.19
3.21
3.25
3.75
1.00
3.65
3.15
1.82
The average hourly wage, according to reports of the trade-unions,
had increased 5.5 per cent for men and 1.27 per cent for women.
Statistics, however, are for only 419 branches with 26,739 members,
or about one-half of the membership.
Wages and Hours of Labor in the Netherlands, 1922.
A
BU LLETIN recently issued by the Netherlands Central Bureau
of Statistics 1 contains statistics of wages and hours of labor
of various occupations in 1922 which are summarized below.
M etal-w orking Industries.
IN TH E following table are shown the average daily wages and
weekly earnings exclusive of overtime, of adult male workers
(21 years of age or over) in the metal-working industries during the
period 1918-1922 as compared with 1910.
i N etherlands. Centraal Bureau voor de S tatistie k .
1922. S ta tistie k van N ederland, No. 365.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 663]
S ta tis tie k van loon en arbeidsduur.
T h e Hague,
94
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW .
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y AN D W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S O F A D U L T M A L E M E T A L W O R K E R S IN
T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1918 TO 1922 A S C O M P A R E D W IT H 1910.
[F lorin a t p a r = 4 0 .2 cents.]
Average earnings—
N um ber
of
workers
covered.
Period.
P er hour.
Am ount.
P e r week.
In d ex
In d ex
num ber. Am ount. num ber.
Florins.
1918, last s ix m on th s................................
1919, last s ix m on th s..................................................
1920:
F irs t six m on th s................................................................
L a st six m o n th s....................................................
1921:
F irs t six m on th s................................................................
L a st s ix m o n th s........................................................
1922:
F irs t s ix m on th s................................................................
L a s t six m o n th s..................................................
Florins.
27,435
17,157
21,185
0.21
.39
.59
100
186
281
13.30
21.68
28.26
100
163
212
28,301
31,521
.66
.74
314
352
31.86
35.51
239
267
30,948
27,187
.77
.77
367
367
36.97
36.79
278
277
22,744
20,495
.6 9
.66
328
314
32.98
31.86
248
239
The preceding table indicates that in the metal-working industries
wages rose steadily during the period 1918-1921 and that they
reached their highest level in 1921, when the average hourly wage
rate was 267 per cent higher than in 1910 and the weekly earnings
178 per cent higher. In 1922, wages of metal workers declined
gradually.
The following table shows the average wage rates of skilled,
semiskilled, and unskilled metal workers during the second half of
1922.
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S O F A D U L T M E T A L W O R K E R S , C L A S S IF IE D A CCO RD IN G
T O S K I L L A N D L O C A L IT Y ,i SE C O N D H A L F O F 1922.
[Florin a t p ar=40.2 cents.]
Localities of—
Class
Class
Class
Class
Skilled
workers.
Sem i
skilled Unskilled
workers. workers.
Florins.
Florins.
I ................................................
11......................................
I I I ............................................
I V ............................................
0.74
.72
.65
.65
0.67
.61
.55
. 55
Florins.
0.57
.53
.49
.44
. 1 T h e national collective agreem ent concluded by th e em ployers’ association M etaalbond and th e organ
ized m etal workers classifies all communes according to size under four classes, th e largest communes
coming under Class I and th e sm allest under Class IV .
From the preceding table it becomes evident that in the Dutch
metal-working industries there is still a considerable difference
between the wages of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers, in
contrast to the German metal-working industries, in which the process
of equalization of the wages of skilled and unskilled labor has gone so
far that in February, 1923, the difference in the wage rates of these
two classes of workers was only 7.8 per cent.2
aSee M o n t h l y L a b o r R
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
e v ie w
, J u l y , 1 9 2 3 , p . 102.
[664]
WAGES IN THE NETHERLANDS.
95
In the following table are shown the average hourly and weekly
(hourly rates multiplied by normal weekly hours of labor) wage rates
of individual skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled occupations in the
metal-working establishments of Amsterdam and Rotterdam in 1921
and 1922.
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S A N D W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S O F A D U L T M E T A L
W O R K E R S IN A M S T E R D A M A N D R O T T E R D A M , 1921 A N D 1922, B Y O C C U PA TIO N S.
[Florin at p a r=40.2 cents.]
Am sterdam .
•
H ourly rates.
R otterdam .
W eekly earnings.
H ourly rates.
W eekly earnings.
Occupation.
Sec F irst
ond
half half
of
of
1922.
1921.
Skilled workers:
B en ch workers, machinists....................................
T u rn ers..............................
Boiler m akers..................
Coppersm iths...................
P a ttern m akers..............
Shipw rights......................
Ship carpen ters...............
H olders..............................
Furnace m en....................
Semiskilled workers:
B o re rs.................................
Structu ral w orkers........
Turners (m ass produc
tion) ................................
Countersinkers................
R iv ete rs.............................
Copper founders..............
P lan ers.............................
G rinders.............................
Sawyers..............................
Unskilled workers:
Helpers and laborers. . .
Porters
and
dock
w orkers..........................
FI.
FI.
Sec
ond
half
of
1922.
FI.
0.88 0. 79 0. 79
.89 .81 .84
.90 .81 .79
.88 .81 .80
.88 .77 .77
.87 .79 .74
.99 .89 .86
.86 .76 .74
.92 .83 .82
Sec
ond
half
of
1921.
F irst
half
of
1922.
Sec
ond
half
of
1922.
Sec
F irst
ond half
half of
of
1922.
1921.
Sec
ond
half
of
1922.
Sec
ond
half
of
1921.
F irst
half
of
1922.
Sec
ond
h alf
of
1922.
FI.
FI.
FI.
FI.
41.92
42.92
43.06
42.11
42.47
41.87
47. 50
41.42
44.09
38.13
39.15
38.83
38.97
37. 03
37.98
42. 69
36.49
40.11
38. 02 0.83 0.76 0.71
40.29 .86 .77 .73
37.91 .85 .77 .70
38. 50 .84 .78 .72
36.99 .88 .79 .72
35.79 .85 .78 .70
41.56 .92 .84 .7 5
35. 35 .84 .76 .70
39.29 .86 .78 .71
39.64
41.24
40.64
40. 34
42.11
41.04
44.35
40.12
41.12
36. 36
36.93
36. 85
37.39
37.97
37.71
40.28
36. 53
37. 31
34.22
34.82
33.58
34.54
34.77
33.60
36.18
33.44
33.88
FI.
FI.
FI.
FI.
FI.
.83
.75
.77
.62
.74
.61
40.07
36. 03
36.79
29.88
35. 44
29.49
.76
.79
.70
.71
.64
.63
36. 69
37. 91
33.46
34.00
30.78
30.34
.77
.S3
.88
.82
.84
.81
.79
.70
.76
.76
.70
.76
.74
.71
.69
.73
.67
.74
.77
.73
.76
36. 77
39. 86
42. 35
39. 20
40.29
38.85
38.20
33.70
36.39
36.31
33. 54
36.55
35. 71
34.18
33.37
35.20
32.29
35. 52
36.88
35.19
36. 65
.78
.89
.85
.80
.82
.89
.79
.72
.81
.75
.71
.73
.83
.7 4
.75
.76
.70
.69
.70
.83
.64
37.10
42.64
41.00
38. 43
39.57
42.53
37. 70
34.50
38. 96
36.23
33.93
35.28
39.72
35.43
35.71
36.48
33.88
33.33
33.77
39.59
30.70
.70
.60
.59
33. 39
28.87
28. 35
.71
.64
.58
34.01
30.95
27.97
.67
.61
.60
32.22
29.17
28.62
.66
.60
.55
31.66
29. 00
26.50
The statistical office states that in 80 per cent of the metal-working
establishments employing 89 per cent of the total number of metal
workers the weekly hours of labor are 48, and that in 17 per cent of
the establishments employing 9 per cent of the total number of metal
workers the weekly hours of labor are less than 48.
P aper Industry.
’T 'H E wage statistics given here for the paper industry relate to
1
workers 25 years of age and over and were obtained from the
pay rolls of paper mills owned by members of the Association of
Netherland Paper Manufacturers. Nearly all of the mills covered
are located in the Provinces of Gelderland and North Holland. The
following table shows the average weekly earnings of skilled, semi
skilled, and unskilled workers during the second half of 1920 and the
first half of 1922.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[665]
96
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S O F P A P E R M IL L W O R K E R S , 25 Y E A R S O F A G E AND
O V E R , IN T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1920 AND 1922.
[Florin at p a r = 40.2 cents.]
Sem iskilled
workers.
Skilled workers.
Unskilled workers.
Province.
Second
h alf of
1920.
F irst
h alf of
1922.
Second
h alf of
1920.
F irst
h alf of
1922.
Second
h alf of
1920.
F irst
h alf of
1922.
Florins .
Florins.
Florins.
Florins.
Florins.
W hole K in gdom ...................................................
Florins.
29.41
28.60
26. 77
25.90
Gelderland................................................
North H olland...... ................................................
27. 54
35.27
26.97
34.50
25. 40
33.12
24.68
30.50
28.75
22.40
25. 21
34.28
22.27
26.04
:
State Arsenals.
TTHE administration of the State arsenals has furnished to the
Central Statistical Office the following statistics of the normal
(i. e., exclusive of allowances) hourly wages and weekly earnings
(hourly rates multiplied by normal weekly hours of labor) of workers
21 years of age and over, current on January 1, 1921, 1922, and 1923.
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y R A T E S AN D W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S O F A D U L T W O R K E R S IN S T A T E
A R S E N A L S , JA N U A R Y 1, 1921, 1922, AN D 1923.
[F lorin a t p ar—40.2 cents.]
Hourly rates, Jan . 1—
W eekly earnings, Jan . 1—
P la n t and occupation.
1921
Arm s factory, Hem brug:
Turners.........................................
Machine hands..................................................
G rinders.................................................
M achinists...................................... ..
Solderers.............................. ......................
T em perers...................................................
B lack sm ith s.......................................................
Joiners.............................................................
Laborers, helpers..............................................
1922
1923
Florins. Florins. Florins.
0. ft9
. 73
.81
-R4
.82
.80
.84
.80
.75
0 7«
. 71
.79
ftft
.82
.80
.80
.78
.71
0 77
. 67
.75
7ft
.77
.74
.83
. 73
.68
.80
.78
.74
.78
.73
.89
7fi
.79
.71
.77
.72
.89
ft!
S3
.77
. 69
. 77
.84
.76
.82
.88
.80
.83
.83
.S3
.71
A ll occupations, average....................
General average, all plants........... .
1921
1922
1923
Florins.
Florins.
Florins.
2Q Qfi
32 77
36.29
27 QQ
36. 75
36.19
37.64
36.13
33. 65
21
35.49
36.19
36.75
36.17
35.90
34.94
32.19
36. 80
35. 73
39. 97
35.00
32.45
36.08
35.05
35.35
.72
.67
.81
35. 36
32. 81
40. 20
34.66
32. 33
40.20
34.50
32. 34
38. 73
.64
35. 42
32.84
34! 58
31.10
35' 65
3 a 75
.74
.69
34.54
33.43
33.19
.86
.78
.91
.84
.84
.84
.84
.74
.84
T72
.83
.86
.77
.81
.80
.79
.73
37. 71
34. 29
37.19
39.62
35. 85
37.25
37. 42
37.47
32.14
38.91
35.01
38. 29
41. 14
37. 65
37. 64
37. 88
37.68
33.34
39. 05
34. 75
39. 70
41. 28
36. 96
38.69
38.40
37. 74
34.88
.82
.84
.81
36.95
38.00
38.86
.79
.78
.72
35. 74
34.93
34.80
All occupations, average........................
M unition factory, H em brug:
Turners.........................................
Machine h an d s-...........................................
M achinists.....................................
T in sm ith s..................................
A rtificers..................................
P ain ters....................................
Laborers, helpers..................................
ftft
All occupations, average............................
Construction shops, D elft:
Turners.........................
Machine han ds.......................................
M achinists.........................
B la ck sm ith s.......................................
Copper and tin sm ith s...............................
Join ers...................................................
P ain ters................................
Saddlers.................................
Laborers, helpers..................................
The normal wreekly hours of labor in State arsenals were 45 on
January 1, 1921 and 1922, and 48 on January 1, 1923.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 666]
97
WAGES IN RUMANIA.
G as and E lectric L ig ht Plants.
'T ’HE gas and electric light plants of the large cities of the NetherA lands report half-yearly to the Central Statistical Office the wage
rates in force at their plants. In the following table are shown the
hourly rates and weekly earnings of adult workers (21 years of age
and over) in such plants in the four largest Dutch cities for the years
1914, 1922, and 1923. The wage rates shown here do not include
allowances for night and Sunday work, etc.
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S AN D W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S O F A D U L T W O R K E R S
IN GAS AN D E L E C T R IC L IG H T P L A N T S IN T H E F O U R L A R G E S T D U T C H C I T IE S , 1914,
1922, A N D 1923.
[Florin at p ar= 4 0 .2 cents.]
W eekly earnings.
H ourly rates.
In d u stry , occupation, and locality.
Ju ly 1, Ju ly 1, Jan . 1,
1922. 1923.
1914.
Gas works:
Firem en—
A m sterd am ....................................................................
R o tterd am ......................................................................
T h e H ague......................................................................
U tr e c h L ..........................................................................
A ll occupations, average—
A m sterdam ....................................................................
R o tterd am ......................................................................
T h e H ague............................................ .........................
U tr e c h L ..........................................................................
Electric-ligh t plants:
Firem en—
A m sterdam ....................................................................
R o tterd am ......................................................................
T h e H ague......................................................................
U tr e c h t ............................................. ..............................
Engineers—
A m sterdam ....................................................................
Rotterdam .......................................................................
T h e H ague.................................................................. ,.
U tr e c h t............................................................................
A ll occupations, average—
A m sterd am .......................................................... .........
R o tterd am ......................................................................
T h e Hague
U tr e c h t............................................................................
Flor
ins.
Flor
ins.
Flor
ins.
0.28
.30
.29
0.83
.81
.94
.74
0.83
.79
.94
.74
.26
.26
.2-5
.79
.76
.85
.69
.79
.76
.31
.27
.26
.27
Ju ly 1,
1914.
Ju ly 1,
1922.
Ja n . 1,
1923.
Florins.
Florins.
Florins.
15.88
16.12
16.15
35.31
35.93
39.56
33.04
37.29
35.13
39.61
33.00
.69
14.66
14.50
14.15
35.06
33.98
37.14
30.85
.34.10
37.30
30.83
.87
.81
.87
.75
.87
.81
.8 8
.75
16.23
14.95
13.98
15.19
38.97
35.89
36.75
33.71
39.02
35.70
37.04
33.67
.32
.27
.29
.33
.88
.85
.87
.74
.8 8
.8 5
.88
.7 4
16.78
15.08
15.25
18.39
39.80
37.33
36.90
33.19
39.82
37.49
37.05
33.21
.29
.26
.84
.79
.85
.74
.84
.8 0
.86
.72
15.46
14.85
14.85
13.73
37.93
35.39
37.52
33.31
38.03
97
.24
37.31
32. 33
The normal weekly hours of labor of workers in gas and electric
light plants, who as a rule work on Sundays also, vary between 42
and 45 hours, and for those who as a rule do not work on Sundays they
are 45, with the exception of workers in Groningen, who have a 48hour week.
Wages in Rumania, 1922.1
T
HE Division of Research and Statistics of the General Labor
Office in the Rumanian Ministry of Public Health, Labor, and
Social Welfare has compiled statistics of wages of industrial
workers in 1922 as compared with the wages paid in 1914, these sta
tistics being summarized ill the table following.
1 International Labor Office.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In d u strial and L ab or Inform ation, Geneva, Ju n e 8, 1923, p. 37.
[667]
98
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
A V E R A G E M O N T H L Y E A R N IN G S O F IN D U S T R IA L W O R K E R S IN R U M A N IA , 1914 AN D
1922.
[Leu a t p ar= 1 9 .3 cents.]
1914
1922
Occupation.
E arn
ings.
B ak e rs.................................
Shoem akers.......................
T ailors.................................
Saddlers...............................
Join ers................................
Carpenters..........................
B lack sm ith s.......................
E a rn
ings.
Leu.
Leu.
114.33
108.09
124.61
94.05
118.91
133. 05
115.61
1,707.00
1,776.17
2,027.13
1,564.87
1,959.36
1,990.15
1,633.65
1914
In d ex
num
ber
(1914=
100).
1493
1643
1696
1668
1648
1496
1413
1
1922
Occupation.
E a rn
ings.
E a rn
ings.
Index
num
ber
(1914=
100).
Leu.
Leu.
M achinists...........................
M illers.................................
T anners................................
Prin ters................................
162.66
114. 22
113.44
131.66
2,196.11
1,667.64
1,597.90
2,067.98
1350
1460
1409
1571
All
occupations,
average...................
116.15
1,767. 88
1513
From the preceding table it will be seen that taking the average
wages in 1914 as base (100) the Rumanian wage index for 1922 stood
at 1513. The cost of living index, taking 1914 also as base, was
1622 in January, 1922, and 2017 in December, 1922. Wages in
Rumania have therefore lagged behind the cost of living in 1922.
Seamen’s Wages in Sweden and England.
S
OCIALA MEDDELANDEN No. 6, 1923, issued by the Swedish
Labor Bureau (.Socialstyrelsen ) contains wages of Swedish and
English seamen. The wages given for English seamen are
those arrived at in an agreement between the English shipowners’
and the seamen’s organizations, effective after April 16, 1923. The
Swedish wages are those agreed on between the Swedish Shipowners’
Association and the Swedish seamen’s organizations. The article
states that although the English seamen’s wages have as a rule been
somewhat higher than those of other European nations they have
always, to a certain extent, been considered a standard for the others,
especially in the Scandinavian countries.
A comparison of wages on English and Swedish vessels is given in
the table below. In Sweden the first mate receives 4 seniority
increases of 15 kronor each ($4.02, par) per month, after 2, 5, 7, and
10 years’ service, respectively, as first mate; the second mate receives
3 seniority increases of 10 kronor each ($2.68, par) after 2, 5, and
7 years, respectively. In England the first mate gets an increase of
£1 ($4.87, par) a month after 3 years’ service. On tank ships the
wages are increased by 10 per cent for first mate and 7.5 per cent
for other mates.
As no agreement was made in Sweden with regard to wages for
engineers, the wages given below for Sweden are those which the
Shipowners’ Association published in a circular and advised being
used. The report states that the actual wages are probably higher.
According to maximum rates of the Shipowners’ Association first
engineers receive 4 seniority increases of 15 kronor ($4.02, par) per
month after 2, 5, 8, and 12 years’ service, respectively; second engi
neers receive 3 increases of 10 kronor ($2.68, par) after 2, 5, and 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[668]
s e a m e n ’s
WAGES IN SWEDEN AND ENGLAND.
99
years’ service, respectively; and third and fourth engineers an in
crease of 10 kronor ($2.68, par) after 2 years. In England first engi
neers receive a seniority increase of £3 ($14.60, par) to £5 ($24.33,
par) per month after 3 years’ service, and after 5 years an increase of
£5 ($24.33, par) to £7 ($34.07, par). Second engineers, after 3 years’
service, receive an increase of £1 ($4.87, par) per month. On tank
ships first engineers are given a wage increase of 12.5 per cent, second
engineers 10 per cent, and other engineers 7.5 per cent. On English
steamers the engineers receive an extra increase according to the size
of the ship, and ranging for first engineers from £4 ($19.47, par) to
£21% ($104.63, par); for second engineers from £4 ($19.47, par) to
£11% ($55.96, par); for third engineers from £2% ($12.17, par) to £10
($48.67, par); and for fourth engineers from £1 ($4.87, par) to £1|
($6.08, par).
The figures in the table are not wholly comparable. Swedish ships
are classified on the basis of “ dead weight tonnage,” i. e., cargo
carrying capacity; English ships, on the basis of “ gross tonnage,”
i. e., the cubic contents of the hull with certain spaces deducted. In
the table, however, this difference has been disregarded, the ships
being divided into tonnage classes as if on the same tonnage basis.
Although not specifically so stated in the article, it is assumed that
the rates are monthly rates.
W A G E S ON S W E D IS H AN D E N G L IS H V E S S E L S , B Y O C C U PA TIO N .
[K rona a t p a r= 2 6 .8 cents; English money was converted into kronor on basis of 17.5 k r o n o r = £ l.]
Vessels of—
Occupation.
F irs t m ates:
Sweden—
.Tan 1 to .Timo 30? 1923...........
Ju ly 1 to Dec. 31,' 1923...........................
England—
F irst m ate’s certificate..........................
H igher qualification s.............................
Second m ates:
Sweden—
Ja n . 1 to Ju n e 30, 1923...........................
Ju ly 1 to D ec. 31^ 1923...........................
England—
Second m ate's certificate.....................
Higher qualifications.............................
T hird m ates:
Sweden—
Jan 1 to Jiin e 30; 1923.......................
Ju ly 1 to Dec. 33 , 1923..
England—
W ith or w ithout certificate.................
F irst engineers:
Sweden................................................................
England—
"First encrineer’s certificate...... .............
Second engineers:
Sweden................................................................
E n g la n d Second engineer's certificate................
H igher qualifications.............l ..............
Third engineers:
Sweden
.................... ..
England—
W ithou t ce rtificate.................................
H igher qualifications.............................
Fou rth engineers:
Sweden
England
........................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,350 to
1,799
tons.
6,750
1,800 to 3,000 to 4,500 to
6,749 tons and
4,499
2,999
tons.
over.
tons.
tons.
Kronor. Kronor.
Kr o n o r .
Kronor. Kronor. Kronor.
234
225
262
250
285
268
314
292
344
320
367
340
385
355
280
298
280
298
280-298
298-315
298
315
298
315
315
333
315-385
333-402
175
170
196
188
214
200
233
218
262
240
280
258
290
266
236
245
236
245
236-245
245-254
245
254
245
254
254
263
254-280
263-298
180
170
198
183
213
195
232
210
201-219
500 to
899
tons.
900 to
1,349
tons.
Kro n o r .
201
201
201
201
270
300
330
365
405
455
500
350
350
350-368
368
368
385
385-455
175
195
205
225
250
275
305
280
298
280
298
280-298
298-315
298
315
298
315
315
333
315-385
333-403
190
190
215
235
236
245
236
245
236-245
245-254
245
254
245
254
245
262
245-280
262-298
201
201
201
180
201-219
[669]
100
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
W A G E S ON S W E D IS H A N D E N G L IS H V E S S E L S , B Y O C C U P A T IO N —Concluded.
Sweden.
Up to 899 tons.
Occupation.
900 to 2.999 tons.
3,000 tons.
En g
land.
Ja n . 1 Ju ly 1
Ja n . 1 Ju ly 1
Ja n . 1 Ju ly 1
to Ju n e to Dec. to Ju n e to Dec. to Ju n e to Dec.
30,1923. 31,1923. 30,1923. 31,1923. 30,1923. 31,1923.
Ship carpenters with m inim um of 48
m onths’ service..................................................
Ship carpenters, w ith less th an 48 m onths'
service....................................................................
Donkey m e n ..........................................................
F irs t riiotorm en.....................................................
M otorm en................................................................
Boatsw ains..............................................................
G reasers....................................................................
Stokers, with m inim um of 12 m onths'
service....................................................................
Stokers, w ith less th an 12 m onths’ se rv ic e ..
Sailors........................................................................
Coal trim m ers, older L ........................................
Coal trim m ers, y o u n g er.....................................
Able-bodied sea m e n 2..........................................
Able-bodied sea m e n 2..........................................
Ordinary seam en ..................................................
Kro n o r .
Kronor.
K r onor.
151.00
144.00
165.00
Kro n o r . K r onor. K r o n o r .
155.00
179.00
170.00
K ronor.
201 25
137.00
151.00
151.00
132.50
151.00
137.00
130.00
144.00
144.00
126.00
144.00
130.00
151.00
165.00
165.00
142.00
165.00
151.00
143.00
155.00
155.00
135.00
155.00
143.00
164.00
179.00
179.00
156.00
179.00
164.00
158.00
170.00
170.00 |
149.00
170.00
158.00
183.75
183.75
183.75
183.75
175.00
132.50
103.00
132.50
126.00
99.00
126.00
108.00
83.00
44.00
104.00
80.00
43.00
142.00 135.00
117.50 112.00
142.00 135.00
98.00
94.00
68.00
64.00
117.50 112.00
97.00
93.00
58.00 1 55.00
156.00
127.00
156.00
107.00
78.00
127.00
107.00
68.00
149.00 |
123.00
149.00
103.00
73.00
123.00
103.00
64.00
166.25
157.50
157.50
91.90
109.40
83.20
1 Higher wage paid in Sweden after seam an reaches 18 years of age; in England a fter 1 m on th ’s service
on th e sea.
2 Higher wage paid in Sweden after 36 m on th s’ service on th e sea; in England after 24 m onths.
In the following table are shown the wages paid to stewards,
cooks, etc., on Swedish and English ships:
W A G E S O F E M P L O Y E E S O F S T E W A R D ’S D E P A R T M E N T ON S W E D I S H A N D E N G L IS H
V ESSELS.
[K ron a a t p ar=26.8 cents.]
Sweden.
Occupation.
Stew ard...............................................................................................
Cook.....................................................................................................
Second cook......................................................................................
W aiters................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Over 19 years.
Ja n . 1 to Ju n e
30, 1923.
Ju ly 1 to Dec.
31, 1923.
Kronor.
Kronor.
165-280
155-179
122
25- 35
2 Under 19 years.
[
670]
160-260
145-167
112
25- 35 f
\
England.
Kronor.
219-254
18L191
149
i 140-144
2 53
W O M A N A N D C H IL D L A B O R .
Trend of Child Labor in the United States, 1920 to 1923.1
T
HE M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w of April, 1921, contained an
article prepared by the U. S. Children’s Bureau in which were
analyzed available data on the numbers of children receiving
work permits or employment certificates during the period 1913 to
1920 in some 30 cities from which figures could be obtained and
which because of their size, location, and diversified industries may
be considered fairly representative. The following statistics bring
this analysis up to date; that is, through June of the current year.
Sit should" be borne in mind, as was pointed out in the earlier article,
that certificate figures do not show the number of children actually
employed at any one time, but merely the number presumably
intending to go to work. I t should be noted, also, that these figures
show only the numbers going to work legally, and give no indica
tion of the numbers going to work in violation of the law. For
this reason, an increase in the number of certificates issued in any
particular city may not indicate a corresponding increase, or in
fact any increase, in the number of children going to work, but may
mean, rather, that the certificate provisions of the State child-labor
law are being more strictly enforced or have been strengthened
by new legislation.
In spite of their limitations, however, employment certificate
figures do serve to indicate in a general way the trend in the numbers
o f children going to work during any specified period, and furnish
practically the only source of current information on the extent of
the gainful employment of children between 14 and 16 years of age.
Table 1 gives the certificate figures for all cities furnishing statistics
for at least two of the years of the period covered—that is, 1920 to
1922, inclusive—with the per cent of increase or decrease each year as
compared with the preceding year, and the per cent of increase or
decrease in 1920 as compared with certain significant years, beginning
with 1913. Table 2 gives the numbers of certificates issued by half
years during the period January, 1920, to June, 1923, and the per
cent of increase or decrease in each city in each half-year period as
compared with the corresponding period in the preceding year.
1 Prepared in th e industrial division of the Children's Bureau, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[671]
101
102
T
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
1 . —N U M B E R O F C H IL D R E N B E T W E E N 14 A N D 1 6 Y E A R S O F A G E R E C E IV IN G
R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T I F I C A T E S F O R T H E F I R S T T IM E , 1 920 T O 1 9 2 2 , AN D
P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E A S C O M P A R E D W IT H P R E C E D IN G '¿'E A R
B Y S T A T E A N D flT T Y .l
able
1920
S tate and city .
N um
1921
Per cent of increase ( + ) or de
crease ( —) as compared with—
ber.
1913.2
A labam a:
B irm in g h am .......................
H u n tsv ille...........................
M o b ile...................................
M ontgom ery.......................
California:
San F ran cisco .....................
Connecticut:
B ridgeport...........................
New H av en .........................
W aterb u ry ...........................
Delaware:
W ilm in gton .........................
D istrict of Colum bia.............. ..
Indiana:
Indianapolis........................
K entu ck y :
Louisville......................... ....
Louisiana:
New O rleans.......................
Maryland:
B altim o re.............................
M assachusetts:
B o sto n ...................................
Chelsea...................................
F a ll R iv e r...........................
Low ell............. .................
New B e d fo rd ......................
Som erville....................
Springfield.........................
W orcester.........................
Michigan:
D e tr o it..................................
Minnesota:
M inneapolis.......................
St. P a u l.................................
Missouri:
S t. Lo u is.............................
New H am pshire:
M anchester..........................
New Jersey:
Jersey C ity ...........................
N ew ark.................................
P assaic..................................
T ren to n .................................
New Y ork:
New Y o rk C ity .................
Yonkers.......... .’ ....................
Pennsylvania:
Ph iladelph ia.......................
P ittsb u rg h .................
Rhode Island:
Providence............
Wisconsin:
M ilwaukee...................
V
1916.2
1918.2
N um
ber.
1919.2
233
- 2 9 .4
- 2 7 .0
112
211
- 3 3 .3
- 2 3 .0
- 1 7 .0
- 8 .7
166
252
166
79
Per
cent
of in
crease
( + ) or
de
crease
( - ) as
com
pared
w ith
1920.
- 2 8 .8
+ 4 8 .2
- 6 2 .6
1922
N um
ber.
139
189
78
90
Per
cent
of in
crease
( + ) or
de
crease
( - ) as
com
pared
with
1921.
-1 6 .3
- 2 5 .0
-5 3 .0
+ 13.9
486
- 3 8 .2
- 7 .1
- 1 7 .3
+ 1.9
310
- 3 6 .2
295
- 4 .8
1,918
1,460
528
—9.3
+ 8 .8
—.6
—29.8
—38.7
- 2 2 .7
- 4 7 .2
- 3 2 .7
- 4 3 .1
- 3 .2
+ 3 2 .7
+ 12.8
871
572
111
-5 4 .6
- 6 0 .8
-7 9 .0
806
856
308
- 7 .5
+ 4 9 .7
+ 177.5
484
929
- 3 1 .2
- 3 3 .7
- 6 .0
- 2 4 .7
171
959
- 6 4 .7
+ 3.2
423
693
+ 147.4
- 2 7 .7
368
- 4 7 .7
- 8 7 .4
- 7 9 .7
186
672
607
- 9 .7
-4 9 .5
351
+ 8 8 .7
3 2,748
+ 32.9
- 6 .4
- 2 0 .3
- 1 5 .8
3 2,091
-2 3 .9
2,031
- 2 .9
4,373
- 3 3 .5
+ 18.3
- 6 .1
+ 14.4
2,503
-4 2 .8
3,199
+ 2 7 .8
- 1 3 .7
- 2 9 .7
- 5 .8
2,473
245
904
297
841
6 362
194
349
-5 9 .6
- 2 2 .5
2,375
6,118
316
838
5 1,289
'630
- 5 2 .1
- 4 5 .8
-3 0 .9
- 2 3 .5
- 1 .6
+ 1 7 .2
+ 4 6 .8
+ 2 4 .0
- 1 .0
- 4 .0
+ .4
- 7 1 .9
- 6 9 .2
1,574
712
4 1,322
313
581
904
288
+ 9 .1
407
217
-5 3 .4
- 5 4 .8
339
218
—16.7
+ .5
264
+ 74.1
+ 139. 7
+ 57.2
- 1 3 .5
+ 199.5
+ 159.0
873
480
+ 6 4 .1
+ 5 7 .9
+ 394.8
6,060
+ 14.9
+ 2 .5
- 2 2 .7
+ 2 4 .7
3,865
-3 6 .2
4,468
+ 15.6
359
- 3 7 .1
+ 8.1
- 1 7 .1
+ 3 .2
251
- 3 0 .1
159
-3 6 .7
+ 3 1 .6
+ 14.4
- 7 .3
- 1 0 .9
+ 2 0 .8
+ 8 .7
1,136
1,633
621
508
-6 2 .3
- 4 4 .0
-1 9 .5
-4 8 .5
1,570
2,404
+ 38.2
+ 47.2
791
+ 5 5 .7
+ 8 .3
+ 3 7 .5
+ 2 .6
- 1 2 .9
+2.’ 4
69,270
418
+ 3 6 .5
- 1 9 .8
32,492
401
- 5 3 .1
- 4 .1
+ 9 0 .1
+ 1 0 5 .6
- 9 .0
+ 18.1
+ 8.0
+ 2 4 .2
6,618
1,227
- 3 2 .5
-4 9 . 0
9,124
1,659
+ 3 7 .9
+ 3 5 .2
- 3 .4
- 2 3 .3
- 4 .0
61,567
-4 1 .6
6 2,083
+ 3 2 .9
- 3 5 .0
+ 9.9
2,359
-4 0 .7
2,556
+ 8 .4
3,012
2'915
771
986
50,740
521
1
+ 2 2 .5
9,808
2,408
6 2,683
+ 5 .5
5,238
J , Compiled, except where otherwise noted, from figures furnished by certificating officers, school
officials, etc., in correspondence with th e United States Children’s Bureau.
2 For numbers of certificates in th e specified cities for this year, see Monthly L abor R eview Anril
1921, pp. 3 ,4 .
* jt i
* R c P°fts of th e Factories Inspection D epartm ent of th e Parish of Orleans for th e year ending Dec. 31
1920, p. 5; 1921, p. 5; 1922, p. 1.
°
’
4 Annual Report of th e School Com m ittee of th e City of New Bedford for th e year 1922, p. 18.
6 Annual Report of th e School Committee of th e C ity of Somerville for th e year ending Dec. 31, 1921, p, 84
6 Annual Reports of th e Agent of th e School Committee, 1920, 1921, and 1922.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[672]
WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR.
103
The increase in child labor which occurred during the war years
in practically every important industrial and commercial city in the
United States and which reached its peak in 1918 began to decline in
the late summer of 1920 at the beginning of the recent business and
industrial depression. Of 31 cities furnishing statistics on the num
bers of children taking out work permits in 1920 and 1921, only four,
Washington, New Bedford, Mobile, and New York, reported an increase
in 1921, and only in New York and Mobile was the increase more than
negligible. The 36.5 per cent increase reported for New York may be
accounted for, and was in fact so explained at the time, by the fact that
during the “ hard times” of 1921 children who were able to get messen
ger and errand jobs were sent to work when their parents could find no
employment. The smallest decrease reported—in Passaic amounted
to 19.5 per cent, and very large decreases occurred in Connecticut
and Massachusetts cities which had handled large war contracts
and as a consequence had had the largest increases in child labor dur
ing the war. In Waterbury, scarcely more than one-fifth as many
children between 14 and 16 years of age received work permits in
1921 as had received them during the preceding year. In Bridgeport
there was a decrease of 54.6 per cent, in Springfield a decrease of
69.2 and in Somerville of 71.9 per cent as compared with 1920.
Jersey City and Wilmington, which, owing to the speeding up of
shipbuilding, munitions, and iron and steel industries, had given
work permits to greatly increased numbers of children, reported a
decrease in 1921 of 62.3 per cent and 64.7 per cent, respectively, as
compared with the preceding twelve months. A reduction of approxi
mately one-half or more in the number of permits issued was common,
being reported for 14 of the 31 cities.
With better times in 1922 the number of children taking out their
first work permits began to mount. Of 35 cities for which statistics
were secured. 21 reported increases and only 14 decreases. In at
least 6 of the_ 14 cities reporting decreases—Boston, Bridgeport,
Indianapolis, New York City, Somerville, and Yonkers—new child
labor legislation was probably responsible for fewer children going to
work than in 1921. Five of the 21 cities showing an increase in
the number of certificates issued reported increases of over 100 per
cent. These cities—Waterbury, Wilmington, Lowell, Springfield, and
Worcester—were among those which had felt most keenly the indus
trial slump following the armistice, and had had the largest decline
in the employment of children in 1921. New Jersey cities, which
likewise had suffered from the business depression beginning in the
late summer of 1920, reported an increase in 1922 ranging from 38.2
to 55.7 per cent over 1921.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 673]
104
M ONTHLY LABOR REV IEW .
T a b l e 2 . —N U M B E R O F C H IL D R E N B E T W E E N 14 A N D 16 Y E A R S O F A.GE R E C E IV IN G
R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T I F I C A T E S F O R T H E F I R S T T IM E IN S P E C I F I E D
H A L F -Y E A R P E R I O D S , A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E , A S COM
P A R E D W IT H C O R R E S P O N D IN G P E R I O D IN P R E C E D I N G Y E A R , B Y C I T IE S .i
Jan u ary -Ju n e .
1920
City.
B altim o re, M d ................
Birm ingham , A la...........
B rid g ep o rt, C o n n ............
D etroit, M ich .................
F a ll R iv er, M ass..............
H artford, C o nn ...............
H untsville, A la ................
Indianapolis, In d .............
Jersey C ity, N. J ............
Louisville” K y ...................
Manchester, N. H .............
M ilw au k ee/W is................
Minneapolis, M in n ........
Mobile, A la i.......................
Montgomery, A la.............
N ewark, N. J .....................
New H aven, C onn...........
New Orleans, L a .............
New Y o rk , N. Y ..........
Paterson , N. J . . .
Philadelphia, P a ............
P ittsburgh , P a ..................
Reading, P 'a ...............
San Francisco, Calif........
S t. Louis, M o .....................
S t. P au l, M in n ..................
Springfield, M ass..............
Tren ton , N . J ___
W ashington, D . C
W aterbü rv, C o nn ...........
W ilm ington, D el..............
W orcester, M ass...............
Y onkers, N. Y .
1921
1922
Per
cent
of in
crease
(+ )
N um N um or de N um
ber. ber. crease ber.
( —)as
com
pared
with
1920.
2,375 1,038 - 5 6 .3
97
982
339 - 6 5 .5
113
502
i,2 3 8
198
2,041
489
1,342
724
163
416
438 - 6 4 .6
72 - 6 3 .6
137
427 - 7 9 .1
198 - 5 9 .5
91
58
732 - 4 5 .5
288 - 6 0 .2
30,729
649
4.915 2,588
1,076
964
157
190
3,808 1,563
77
404
55
597
168
517
605
213
44
86
311
157
292
318
- 4 7 .3
- 1 7 .4
- 5 9 .0
- 8 6 .4
- 7 1 .9
+ 17.0
- 7 9 .3
- 7 2 .3
- 8 .2
Ju ly -D ecem ber.
1923
1920
1921
1922
P er
P er
Per
cent
cen t
cent
of in
of inof increase
crease
crease
( + ) or
(+ )
(+ )
or de Num- de- Num - Num - or de- Num crease ber. crease ber. ber. crease ber.
( —la s
(-)a s
(-)a s
com
comcompared
pared
pared
with
with
with
1921.
1922.
1920.
Per
cent
of increase
( + ) OJ
decrease
(-)a s
compared
with
1921.
1,267 + 22.1 1,978 + 5 6 .1 1,998 1,465 - 2 6 . 7 1,932 + 3 1 .9
76 - 21.6
124 + 6 3 .2
69
63 - 8 . 7
543 + 9 8 .2
274 - 1 9 .2
936
532 - 4 3 . 2
532
(2)
130 + 4 .9
124 + 9 .7
151
164 + 8 .6
685 + 3 6 .5
817 + 19.3
402
889 + 1 2 1 .1
172
439 + 1 5 5 .2
124 - 2 3 .9
133 + 7 .3
97 (Ì
89
65
206 - 5 0 .5
360 + 74.8
256
401 + 5 6 .6
719 + 6 4 .2
984 + 3 6 .9 1,774
698 —60.7
851 + 2 1 .9
77 + 6 .9
348 + 3 5 1 .9
170
114 - 3 2 . 9
274 + 140.4
40 - 7 0 .8
208 + 4 2 0 .0
114
119 -E4. d
472 + 1 0 .5 1,933 + 3 0 9 .5 Ì , 936
932 —51.9 2,084 + 1 2 3 .6
156 - 2 1 .2
148 - 5 . 1
384
209 - 4 5 .6
183 - 1 2 . 4
42 + 3 5 .5
31 - 6 5 . 9
37.3
75
47
49 - 1 5 .5
51 + 4 .1
2r
41 + 9 5 . 2
934 + 2 7 .6 1,091 + 16.8 1,573
901 - 4 2 . 7 1,470 + 6 3 .2
257 - 10.8
563 + 177.5
736
284 - 6 1 . 4
599 + 110.9
1,234 + 2 9 .8
951
16,182
18,992 + 17.4 20,011
Ì6 ,3 Ì0
347
440 + 25,8
357
311 - 1 2 . 9
'368 + 18.3
3,362 + 2 9 .9 5,084 + 5 0 .6 4,893 4,030 - 1 7 . 6 5,762 + 4 3 .0
1,129 +126. 7 1,332
498
1,161
515 —46.6
539 + 4 . 7
989
112 —28.7
207 + 84.8
296
153 - 4 8 . 3
183 + 19.6
1,948 + 2 4 .6 2,779 + 4 2 .7 2,252 2,302 + 2 .2 2,520* + 9 . 5
84 + 9 .1
94 + 1 1 .9
140
134 —4,3
116 + 1 1 0 .9
365 + 2 1 4 .7
22G
139 - 3 8 . 5
388 + 179.1
311 + 8 5 .1
446 + 4 3 ,4
389
340 - 1 2 . 6
480 + 4 1 .2
379 - 3 7 .4
259, - 3 1 . 7
412
354 - 1 4 .1
314 - 1 1 . 5
35 - 2 0 .5
271 + 6 7 4 .3
315
67 - 7 8 . 7
273 + 3 0 7 .3
1S4 + 1 1 4 .0
939 H 181 9
173
85 - 5 0 .9
288 + 83.4
192*
616 -4-220 £
137 - 5 3 .1
203
126 - 3 7 .9
264 + 1 0 9 .5
......
1 Compiled from figures furnished by certificating officers, school officials, etc., in correspondence with
th e U. S. Children’s Bureau.
2 No change.
As shown above, the increases reported for 1922 were more marked
in the latter half of the year. Thus, while the number of children
receiving certificates during the first half of the year was larger than
in the first hah of 1921 in 14 of the 28 cities furnishing monthly sta
tistics, the total increase for all the cities combined amounting to
8.3 per cent, in 21 of the 28 cities there was an increase during the
second half of 1922 over the corresponding period in 1921, the total
increase being 46.1 per cent. Even in New York City, which re
ported a decline of 53.1 per cent for the entire year 1922 as compared
with 1921, the number of children receiving work permits in the last
quarter of the year 1 was 50 per cent greater than in the last quarter
1 Statistics for th e second h alf of 1921 were n ot received for New Y o rk .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[674]
WOMAN AND CHILD L^BOIt.
105
of 1921. Especially large increases reported for the second half of
1922 were in Water!)ury (307.5 per cent), Worcester (220.8 per cent),
Wilmington (181.2 per cent), Springfield (179.1 per cent), Louisville
(140.4 per cent), Milwaukee (123.6 per cent), Fall River (121.1 per
cent), New Haven (110.9 per cent), Yonkers (109.5 per cent), and
Montgomery (95.2 per cent).
The latest figures indicate still further increases, generally accounted
for by the fact that factories and mills are busy and business is pros
pering. Of the 30 cities supplying data for the first half of 1923 and
also for the corresponding period in 1922, all except Washington
and Minneapolis reported increases in the numbers of 14 and 15 year
old children taking out permits to go to work. The largest increase
was in Waterbury, where almost eight times as many children received
employment certificates during the first half of 1923 as during the
first six months of 1922. Other Connecticut cities reported increases
of from 98 to 178 per cent. In Manchester, Milwaukee, and Louisville
from four to five times as many certificates were issued as during the
first half of 1922. Other cities reporting strikingly large increases are
Springfield (214.7 per cent), Pittsburgh (126.7 per cent), San Fran
cisco (84.8 per cent), Indianapolis (74.8 per cent), Birmingham (63.2
per cent), Baltimore (56.1 per cent), and Philadelphia (50.6 per cent).
For the 30 cities furnishing comparable data the total percentage of
increase in the half year just completed over the corresponding six
months in 1922 is 36.2 per cent.
The figures presented do not include special permits issued only
for vacation employment. From cities where such special permits
are required word comes that the numbers of school children taking
a job for the summer months is much larger than usual. Thus, in
Philadelphia it is asserted in regard to vacation permits that "th e
number of certificates this year is far greater than last” ; in Paterson
the chief attendance officer is reported as saying that “ judging from
present indications this year’s total will almost double that of last
year” ; and certificating officials in Brooklyn are said to have ‘‘ es
timated that more school children will be working this summer than
at any time during the past 10 years.”
Italian Decree Regulating Night Work of Woman and juvenile
Workers.1
B
Y VIRTUE of an act of April 6, 1922, the Italian Government
has been authorized to give effect to certain draft conventions
adopted at the Washington International Labor Conference.
In order to coordinate the provisions of Italian legislation with the
provisions of the draft conventions relating to the employment of
women and young persons at industrial night work, a legislative
decree (No. 748) was issued on March 15, 1923, which amends in
certain respects the act of November 10, 1907 (No. 818).
Section 2 of the decree prohibits the employment of women during
the night in any industrial undertaking or in any branch thereof.
This prohibition does not apply in cases of force majeure. The
1 In tern atio n al Labor Office.
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In d u strial and Labor In form ation.
[675]
G eneva, Ju n e 8 ,1923, pp. 19-21.
106
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
prohibition may be withdrawn at times or in cases where the work
has to do with raw material or materials in course of treatment which
are subject to rapid deterioration.
Ihe decree also provides that young persons under 18 years of a^e
shall not be employed during the night in industrial undertakings,
loung persons oyer 16 years of age may, however, be employed
durmg the night in the following industrial undertakings on work
which, by reason of the nature of the process, must be carried on
continuously day and night:
(a) Manufacture of iron and steel; processes in which reverbera
tory or regenerative furnaces are used, and galvanizing of sheet
metal or wire (except the pickling process) ;
(b) Glass works;
(c) Manufacture of paper;
(d) Sugar refineries (manufacture of raw sugar) ;
(«) Gold mining reduction work.
The prohibition of night work may be suspended by a decree of
the Ministry of Labor for young persons over 16 years of age when
required m the public interest in case of serious emergency.
For the purposes of the decree the term “ night work” signifies a
period of at least 11 consecutive hours, including the interval between
10 p. m. and 5 a. m.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[676]
L A B O R A G R E E M E N T S , A W A R D S, A N D D E C IS IO N S .
Railroads— Decision of the Railroad Labor Board— Collective
Bargaining.
TN THE June number of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (pages 160 to
1 164) was given an account of Decision No. 1644 of the Railroad
^ Labor Board, dated March 6, 1923, relative to the propriety of a
carrier, the Kansas City Southern Railway, making agreements with the
supervisory forces as an organization separate from the other members
of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees, of which they
form a part. In that case it was held that the attempt of the carrier
to make a separate agreement with the foremen was improper. In
Decision No. 1835, dated June 29, 1923, the board has rendered an
opinion in a somewhat similar case but deeming the agreement
properly made. It might be said in passing that the three members
who signed the minority opinion in No. 1644 signed the majority
opinion in No. 1835, and that the three who signed the minority
opinion in No. 1835 signed the majority opinion in No. 1644.
The question arose over a protest of the United Brotherhood of
Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers against
taking a separate ballot for (a) bridge and building and maintenance
of way foremen, and (b) bridge and building mechanics and their
helpers, to determine representation in agreement negotiations.
The facts in the case as stated at length by the board are briefly
as follows:
.
At a conference between representatives of the Union Pacific
System and its maintenance of way employees, an agreement was
drawn up in which the preamble and the terminating clauses read
as follows:
These rules govern the hours of service and working conditions of all employees
in the maintenance of way department (not including supervisory forces above the
rank of foremen and not including the signal, telegraph, and telephone maintenance
departments), shop and roundhouse laborers (including their gang leaders), transfer
and turntable operators, coal chute employees, engine watchmen, pumpers, and
highway crossing watchmen, except the following:
.
(а) Employees provided for in the company’s agreements with the mechanical
crafts, firemen and oilers, and with the clerks, freight handlers, and station employees.
(б) Boarding car and camp employees working for the dining car and hotel depart
ment.
......................................
.
This agreement shall remain in effect until 30 days’ notice in writing shall have been
given by either party to the other of a desire to change or term inate the same or any
part thereof.
On February 5, 1923, the carrier caused a notice to be circulated to
the supervisory forces in the above-named brotherhood, containing
the following paragraphs:
Believing th at your individual and collective interest as foremen, assistant foremen,
and bridge inspectors, as well as the interest of the Union Pacific System lines, will
best be served should you, by representation through an association composed exclu
sively of Union Pacific System employees of your classification, rather than to be
59726°— 23-
S
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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107
108
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
included in an organization composed of various classes of employees, including
common labor, deal with your respective managements in all matters pertaining to
rates of pay and rules governing working conditions, and actuated by rumors which
have reached the management's ears th at a t least some of you desire to form such an
association, it has been decided to accord you that opportunity.
The management desires to make it plain, however,'that should such an association
be formed it must be by your own individual and collective action, and only because
of the fact that the majority of you through your individual petition and vote un
influenced by anyone in an official position, individually express your desire to that
end.
On the same day, without consulting the brotherhood, with whom
an agreement had been negotiated, or waiting for any formal petition
from the foremen, the carrier caused a notice to be circulated to all
mechanics in the maintenance of way and bridge and building
departments, reading in part:
Believing th at your individual and collective interest as well as the interest of the
Union Pacific System lines will best be served should you become affiliated with and
represented by the Miscellaneous Employees’ Association— Union Pacific System,
rather than to be included in an organization which in addition to many other classes
of labor includes common labor, and actuated by rumors which have reached the
management's ears tliaf at least some of you desire to affiliate with and be represented
by the said association, it has been decided to accord you the opportunity of petitioning
for admission to and representation by the Miscellaneous Employees’ A ssociation Union Pacific System.
With the notice was a form of ballot on which the employees were
requested to indicate their desire as to method of representation and
to name a committee of three if they did not designate the brotherhood
to represent them, adding these clauses:
Also I hereby authorize and direct the system general committee, which is to be
composed of the officers of the respective unit general committees, to—
(а) Negotiate an agreement with the managements of the respective Union Pacific
System lines covering rates of pay and rules governing working conditions for em
ployees included in above numbered subparagraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6;
(б) Formulate, issue, and place in effect a constitution containing rules for the
guidance and government of an association to be known as the Maintenance of Way
f oremen's Association— Union Pacific System, and to be composed exclusively of
Union Pacific System employees; and
(c) Represent me with full authority to act for me in all matters whatsoever as to
each and every question that may arise under preceding authorizations (a) and (6).
This was done in spite of the protests of the brotherhood. At the
request of the chairman of the brotherhood, conferences between the
general manager of the railroad and representatives of the Brother
hood of Maintenance of Way Employees were held March 9, 15,
and 16, resulting in the sending of a letter by the general manager to
the representatives, stating the willingness of the carrier to join with
them m submitting two joint ballots, one to the bridge and building
and maintenance of way foremen, assistant foremen, and bridge
inspectors, and one to the bridge and building and maintenance of
way mechanics and their helpers, to ascertain whether they desired
to continue representation through the brotherhood or through some
other agency. The carrier refused, however, to submit the question
to other members of the brotherhood, as demanded by the repre
sentatives of the latter. Inasmuch as 81 per cent of the foremen,
assistant foremen, and bridge inspectors had voted in favor of forming
a Union Pacific System Foremen’s Association and 65 per cent of
the mechanics and then- helpers petitioned to affiliate with the
Miscellaneous Employees’ Association—Union Pacific System, the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[G7S]
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
109
carrier served notice on the brotherhood of its desire to terminate
that part of the agreement including foremen, bridge and building
and maintenance of way mechanics and helpers, effective in 30 days.
On March 17, the representatives of the brotherhood replied:
As stated in conferences referred to, we feel that we are justified in our opinion and
hold that the entire procedure on the part of the management of the Union Pacific
System lines in balloting certain of its employees, now represented by agreement
between the Union Pacific System lines and this organization, with the object in view
to change a certain article of that agreement without first acquainting the legitimate
and recognized representatives of the employees, who are joint signators with the
management to that agreement , is irregular and not in accordance with the intent and
spirit of the agreement and should therefore be considered null and void.
As stated to you in conference, we are willing and are welcoming an opportunity to
ascertain by another ballot the wishes of the employees with respect to representation.
We can not agree, however, th at the ballot proposed by yourself and handed to us in
conference is a proper ballot through which to decide this question in conformity with
various decisions of the Railroad Labor Board. We firmly believe that all of the
employees parties to the agreement now in effect should be given an opportunity to
express themselves in determining this matter.
.
.
Therefore, if the position as outlined in your letter of the 16th is final, there is nothing
left for us to do but to refer the subject m atter of this controversy to the United States
Railroad Labor Board for decision. We are inclosing herewith a proposed statement
of facts covering this question, and respectfully request that you join us in making this
submission to the Railroad Labor Board.
On March 19, 1923, a joint submission was filed with the board,
and on April 4, 1923, an oral hearing was conducted, at which time
additional argument was advanced by both parties relative to their
respective positions.
>
#
.
The employees took the position that the question relative to the
Miscellaneous Employees’ Association and the Maintenance oi Way
Foremen’s Association was instigated by the carrier, and that the
notices of February 5, accompanied by the ballots, were distributed
without conference with or notification to the United Brotherhood of
Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers, al
though the terminating clause of the agreement provided for 30 days'
notice of a desire to change; further, that the action on the part of
the carrier was contrary to the meaning and intent of the trans
portation act, 1920, and that the ballot so taken snould therefore be
considered null and void, and that another ballot should be taken in
conformity with previous decisions of the Railroad Labor Board.
It was the contention of the employees that all classes covered by
the scope of the agreement should participate in one ballot, and
they recpiested that the board instruct that such a ballot be taken
and the procedure as to formulation of ballot, distributing, collect
ing, counting, tabulating, etc., be in conformity with previous
decisions of the board in which similar cpiestions have been decided.
The carrier took the position that the procedure followed in dis
tributing the ballots, against which protest was registered, had been
prompted by verbal expressions from the men and was not instigated
primarily by the carrier, and further, that when protest was filed
by the organization against the method pursued a conference was
held, at which time the management agreed to circulate separate
ballots for employees which was declined by the representatives ot
the organization.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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110
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
The opinion and decision of the board were as follows:
Opinion.—The Railroad Labor Board has heretofore held that maintenance
of way
foremen compose a separate and distinct class of employees; as such, they have the
right to form an organization of their own or to secure representation through an
organization comprising other employees, as they may prefer. Th at bridge and build
ing mechanics and their helpers likewise constitute a distinct class of employees with
the right to separate organization, has been heretofore decided by the board. The
board is clearly of the opinion th at these employees do constitute a distinct class and
that it would be obviously unjust to permit the large element of track and shop laborers
to legislate for skilled mechanics over their protests. On the other hand, it is equally
improper to permit th e skilled mechanics to participate in the making of agreements
for the element of unskilled labor in th e maintenance of way department.
The carrier had the right to negotiate with each of these classes of employees at any
time that they respectively signified their desire to function as separate classes. They
did signify such desire by holding elections and electing their own representatives.
In this election they were given the fullest opportunity to vote for any other organiza
tion as their representatives, but by a decisive majority they voted for the separate
organizations.
Subsequently, upon the request of the United Brotherhood of Maintenance of
Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers, this organization held conferences with
the carrier, and in said conferences, though complaining about the election already
held, declined the carrier’s offer th at they participate in the holding of a new election,
unless all the various classes of employees comprised in said organization were allowed
to participate. Thereupon the carrier gave the 30 days’ notice required by the out
standing agreement, to said organization of its desire to change the agreement on the
various classes of its system by terminating same in so far as it covered maintenance of
way foremen and maintenance of way*Lridge and building mechanics and their helpers.
The maintenance of way organization contend th at said 30 days’ notice should
have been given prior to the taking of the ballot. I t is presumable, however, th at
the carrier had no satisfactory reason for giving the notice until the ballot had dis
closed the fact th at said two classes of employees had signified their desire to establish
separate organizations. When the carrier was thus authoritatively informed that the
two classes of employees in question wanted their separate organizations, the carrier
then gave th e 30 days’ notice, as it had the unquestioned right to do.
_ The maintenance of way organization was done no injury by the holding of these elec
tions before th e 30 days’ notice was given, for all the employees th at were properly
entitled to vote were permitted to vote and there was no coercion or other improper
influence brought to bear by th e carrier. The only m atter th a t really caused any
trouble between th e carrier and th e maintenance of way organization was the insist
ence of th e latter th a t all the classes of employees comprised in th at organization,
including track and shop labor, should be permitted to vote in the election of repre
sentatives of the foreman and th e mechanics, and this was insisted upon despite the
fact th at th e Labor Board had already held in Decision No. 1269, issued October 20,
1922, th at th e foremen had the right to a separate organization.
D e c i s i o n .—The Railroad Labor Board therefore decides that the course pursued
by the carrier was in substantial compliance with the law, that the result of the elec
tions should not be disturbed, and that the contention of the United Brotherhood of
Maintenance of Way Employees and Railway Shop Laborers should be and is hereby
denied.
A lengthy dissenting opinion was filed in which several prior
similar decisions were quoted and examined. Attention was called
to the fact that the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees
comprised practically the same groups of employees prior to January
1, 1918, as it includes to-day—minor supervisors, mechanics, appren
tices, helpers and laborers— and that at that time it negotiated
agreements covering all these classes, a practice that was continued
during the period of Federal control. The Railroad Labor Board
likewise has recognized the organization and its right to negotiate
for all the groups of which its membership was composed. Decision
No. 1450, effective January 1, 1923, was quoted at length. Decision
No. 2, issued July 1, 1920; No. 147, issued June 1, 1921; No. 501,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6801
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
I ll
issued December 12, 1921; No. 1028, issued May 25, 1922; and No.
1267, issued October 21, 1922, were also quoted.
In Decision No. 119, which included the Brotherhood of Mainte
nance of Way Employees, the Railroad Labor Board promulgated
16 principles to be recognized by carriers and employees as the basis
of negotiating agreements, of which No. 15 was as follows:
15. The majority of any craf t or class of employees shall have the right to determine
what organization shall represent members of such craft or class. Such organization
shall have th e right to make an agreement which _ shall apply to all employees in
such craft or class. No such agreement shall infringe, however, upon the right of
employees not members of the organization representing th e majority to present
grievances either in person or by representatives of their own choice. (II , ft, L. B .,
p. 87.)
Quotations from Pennsylvania Decision No. 218 and Philadel
phia & Reading Decision No. 1082 follow. The minority opinion
closed with these words:
The evidence clearly establishes the fact th at the entire proceedings were instigated
by the carrier; th at th e employees had not of their own free will sought or desired to be
separated from the organization party to this dispute; th at th e carrier had interfered
with and obstructed the legitimate and lawful objects of th e organization with whom
it had negotiated and entered into an agreement covering th e employees in question.
Under th e language of the notice and th e form of th e ballot prepared— circulated
and paid for by th e carrier—no doubt could exist in the mind of any employee th at
he must comply with th e wishes of the carrier'or suffer thereby. The form of ballot
and application for membership which accompanied it, indisputably establishes the
fact th at the carrier was formulating the organization. All these activities were con
ducted by th e carrier without notice to th e organization with which it had nego
tiated an agreement presumably in good faith, but palpably otherwise.
If Title I I I of the transportation act, 1920, contemplated th at the carriers shall
have the authority to arrogate to themselves th e right to determine the character or
form of labor organization the employees may desire, it plainly failed to so indicate.
The act, supplemented by previous decisions an d _interpretations^ of this board,
recognized th e right of employees to organize in associations or organizations of their
own selection, free from any interference, domination, or dictation on the part of the
carriers or the Railroad Labor Board.
I t is a travesty to assume th at a carrier could be both plaintiff and defendant in
this case and th at it could assume this role for the purpose of disrupting an organiza
tion composed of its employees, functioning in accordance with th e transportation
act, with whom th e carrier had negotiated an agreement in due form, and yet th at is
clearly the end sought in its proposal to divide and subdivide its employees into small
units ad libitum, and equally unmindful of the rights of the employees is the decision
promulgated by the majority of the board.
Carpen ters— Syracuse.
"T H E agreement of the Carpenters’ District Council of Syracuse has
*
attached to it and made a part of it an arbitration plan to be used
in disputes between the builders’ exchange and carpenters at work
on buildings under construction or alteration, as follows:
The Carpenters’ District Council shall not order any strike against any member of
the Syracuse Builders’ Exchange, nor shall any number of members of the Carpenters’
District Council quit the work of a member of said exchange without a stated griev
ance, and until it shall have been acted upon according to the provisions of this agree
ment; nor shall any member of the Syracuse Builders’ Exchange lock out his men
until any and all questions, disputes, h r clauses shall have been acted upon as here
inafter provided for.
In the event of differences between the Syracuse Builders’ Exchange and the
Carpenters’ District Council all work shall continue without interruption pending pro-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
ceedingsfor conciliation and under conditions prevailing at the time when the differ
ence may arise.
In the event that one of the parties claims that the other party is violating this
agreement, or is acting in a manner contrary to its provisions, or for any reason should
be required to change its conduct in any particular, such claim shall be reduced to
writing and served upon the offending party, and two representatives of each party
shall meet at a place mutually agreed upon, on or before 8 o’clock in the evening of
the day following the service of the claim, for the purpose of conciliation.
If the differences shall not have been adjusted by conciliation within 48 hours,
then on the fourth day after the claim has been served, at the same hour and place|
three representatives from each of the parties shall meet for the purpose of organiza
tion, and for the presentation of their case to three arbitrators, who are to be chosen as
follows:
This committee of three shall each choose one disinterested outside party, who is
not directly identified or interested with either organization, and these two arbitra
tors shall choose a third disinterested party, who shall act as chairman of these three
arbitrators.
Such board of arbitration shall hold daily sessions until the matter submitted to it
shall have been decided; all questions shall be determined by the majority vote of the
three, who shall submit in writing to both parties their findings over an unanimous
signature. Said board must render a decision within 8 days from the date of original
sendee of claim.
No lawyer is to act as arbitrator, council, or adviser at any proceedings held under
this plan, but it is further provided that a judge may act as arbitrator.
Both parties agree that they will abide by any and all decisions of said arbitrators
as an association or union, and to use any and all means in their power to compel their
members to abide by said decisions.
I t is also further mutually agreed that the plain provisions of this agreement, the
agreed wage scale, the hours of work, and the employment of union carpenters shall
remain fiyed, and shall not be a, m atter of arbitration during the life of this agreement.
This arbitration agreement shall expire on December 31 of the year in which the
working agreement expires, and either party desiring to make a change in these proIn the event th at neither side shall so notify the other side of any contemplated
c h a n g e th e n this agreement shall continue in force for the following year, at the
expiration of which the provisions stated in the above (relative to changes) shall be
employed.
ice Teamsters— San Francisco.
j HE Ice Wagon Drivers’ and Helpers’ Union of San Francisco has
obtained a new working agreement bearing date of June 25,
1923. By its terms, the employer is allowed to hire nonunion men
for a period not exceeding two weeks, any such employee to be
admitted to membership in the union if lie is “ found to be a good
and worthy man, is a citizen of the United States or has declared his
intention to become one.” The union agrees to “ do all it can to
avoid” sympathetic strikes. Drivers are allowed to be off duty,
with full pay, on holidays not falling on Saturday or Monday, and
are to be paid time and a half for work done on Sundays and on
holidays not falling on Saturday or Monday. No overtime pay,
however, is allowed lor work done on the Sunday preceding Labor
Day.
T
inserted at the end of the agreement as follows:
I t is hereby mutually agreed that, in case of destructive competition in the ice
business in this city , either party hereto may, if it so desires, term inate this agreement
by giving the other party 30 days’ notice of such desire.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[682 ]
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
113
Painters— Baton Rouge.
HTHREE clauses in the current working agreement of Local Union
*
No. 954 of the painters in Baton Rouge read as follows:
No contractor, whether he be a member of local union or not, shall be considered
“ fair” unless he employ one or more journeymen, and no two or more contractors
permitted to work on joint contracts, unless they are employing at the same time two
or more journeymen.
Employers agree to employ none but union men, when same can be procured, and
to collect from nonunion men such amounts as both parties may agree to, holding
same subject to order of financial secretary of the above local union._
In consideration of the above, the Local Union No. 954 agrees to give its employers
the best possible service and to, at all time, strive to advance their interests, to work
in unison and harmony to the end th at mutual interests shall be served.
Shirt Makers— New York City.
A F T E R several hearings the impartial chairman of the board of
arbitration in the shirt industry of Greater New York rendered
a decision, July 9, 1923, in a case (No. 37) where a request had been
made by the Joint Board of the Shirt and Boys’ Waist Workers
Union, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, for a wage
increase from the United Shirt Manufacturers’ Association. The
decision follows, the detailed schedule being omitted:
This case was heard in the office of the impartial chairman on the representations
of the representatives and on the data furnished by both sides.
The union submits a demand made on the manufacturers for a fiat increase of 15
per cent on the wages now received by the cutters, pressers, and operators. A con
ference on the demand was held by the representatives of both sides, and after some
discussion the m atter was submitted to the board of arbitration.
The union, to support its demand for an increase, submitted several arguments:
First. That the business of the country generally is much better now than it has
been at any time within, the last three years. That there is a greater amount of employ
ment generally throughout the country. That higher wages are being paid, which
means a much increased purchasing power on the part of the consuming public.
Second. That the present wages of the shirt workers are inadequate. Considering
commodity prices, the present wages will not sustain a normal standard of living.
Further, the wages are inadequate as compared to other workers in similar lines.
Third. That since 1920 there has been a 25 per cent reduction in the wages of the
shirt workers and th at the wages are now a t practically the same level at which they
Avere at the lowest point in the business depression. That no wage increase has been
given for a considerable length of time. That the increase asked for will not be a
burden on the industry, and that the union considers the requested increase an
extrem ely reasonable one.
The manufacturers in reply to those arguments assert— _
First. That the New York shirt market is the only unionized market in the United
States and the manufacturers are compelled to compete with nonunion out-of-town
companies Avhich manufacture not only the cheap grades of shirts but large quantities
of the better grades.
Second. That the manufacturers haAre not been able to obtain any higher prices
for their merchandise. That at this moment their prices are at the same figures as
they were a year ago and in some cases a little loAver.
Third. That if any increase in wages is granted, it will be folloAved by a decrease
in the amount of work aA'ailable for the New York market. To proAre this, the manu
facturers cited that there was a decrease of Avork immediately folloAving the last in c r e a s e
i n wages.
Fourth. That while during the past three months there has been a considerable
improArement in business, at the present time there is a slump in the demand for shirts
and th at conditions generally are not good in the textile industry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[683]
114
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Fifth. That during the past three months there has been a temporary shortage of
labor in this market and this has resulted in considerable shop increases granted to the
workers, not only to the cutters but to the pressers and operators as well.
In answer to these contentions, the union says that while recognizing that the manu
facturers in this market do have the competition of nonunion out-of-town manufac
turers, yet there are specific advantages accruing to the New York market. That the
larger part of the work done here is on the higher grade shirts on which the competi
tion is limited. That the workers in this market are better skilled than in most of
the competing markets, which results not only in a better grade of work but in higher
production.
On the point of the business slump the union asserts that the actual business out
look is good and that the present slack in the market is largely due to the season of
the year.
It is further claimed that the wage increase asked would add very little to the total
cost of the finished product. Also that the increased purchasing power of the consuming
public at this time will result in the buying of the higher grade goods which are
manufactured in this market.
Both sides submitted data to the board of arbitration to prove certain of their
arguments. Among other things the manufacturers presented figures showing the
earnings of the workers in 17 different shops during the past six months.
The board of arbitration has given careful consideration to all arguments submitted,
as well as to the information gathered by investigation, and is of the opinion that there
should be a readjustment of the wage scale upward.
Accordingly the following increases are to be made:
1. The existing minimum weekly scales for the cutting rooms should be increased
to the following rates: Markers, $55; machine cutters, $43; short-knife cutters, $39;
trimmers, $35; spreaders and pinners, $27. All markers, cutters, and other workers
in the cutting room are to receive an increase of $2 per week over their present wages.
2. The operators and pressers are pieceworkers, and section 4 of the agreement pro
vides that “ All pieceworkers shall be paid the piece rates for different kinds of work
fixed in the schedule attached.” The board feels that the schedule of prices for the
operators should be increased somewhat more than the rates for the pressers, and in
accordance with this conclusion the schedules of rates have been readjusted.
M e m o r a n d u m to A c c o m p a n y D e c i s i o n
No . 37, I s s u e d J u l y 10, 1923.
Since the preparation of Decision No. 37, deciding a requested wage increase, the
attention of the chairman has been called to two matters in connection therewith.
One is, that there are in some of the shops coming under the agreement a few weekly
wage workers doing operating, for whom no decision was made. The other matter
called to the chairman’s attention is a price list for operating on certain materials
which are worked in part of the shops coming under the agreement. This list was
not embraced in the schedule accompanying the decision.
Regarding the weekly wage workers doing" operating, it is decided that their wages
should also be increased. As the number of these week workers working on operating
is small, it is decided that a fiat 10 per cent increase shall be added to their wages on
and after the 16th day of July.
If it found that any rate or rates on operating have been omitted from the sched
ule in the decision, an increase of 10 per cent is to be added to said rates.
Street Railways—Chicago.
A N AWARD was made July 20, 1923, by the board of arbitration
in the case of the street railway men of Chicago, members of
Division No. 241 of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Elec
tric Railway Employees of America in the employ of the various
Chicago surface lines. The men had demanded a renewal of the old
contract for two years with the single change that the wages be
increased 10 cents per hour. Failing to obtain this, they signed an
agreement to arbitrate, with the provision that the chairman be
appointed by the mayor, who named the corporation counsel.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[684]
LABOE AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
115
The award was given five days after the signing of the agreement to
arbitrate, this speedy result having been reached through the efforts
of the chairman of the board. The findings are as follows:
We, the undersigned arbitrators, acting under and in pursuance of the terms of a
certain agreement dated June 15,1923, between the Chicago surface lines, representing
the Chicago Railways Co., Chicago City Railway Co., the Southern Street Railway
Co., and the Calumet & South Chicago Railway Co., party of the first part, and the
Amalgamated Association of Street and E lectric Railway Employees of America,
Division No. 241 of Chicago, 111., party of the second part, do now find and determine
the sole question submitted to us under said agreement and described in said agree
ment as follows:
“ The sole question of whether and to what extent, if at all, the demand of the men
for an increase of wages is reasonable.”
We hereby find and determine th at the wages of all members of the Amalgamated
Association of Street and E lectric Railway Employees of America, D ivisionA o. 241
of Chicago, 111., in all departments be increased as follows:
For the period June 1, 1923, to June 1, 1924, add 3 cents per hour to the rates pre
vailing at the date of said arbitration agreement.
For th e period June 1, 1924, to Ju n e 1, 1925, add an additional 2 cents per hour to
the rates above established for th e period ending June 1, 1924.
The amounts due from June 1 to Ju ly 31, 1923, inclusive, under the increases
hereby awarded shall be separately computed. Recognizing the clerical work neces
sary to make these computations, we direct th at at the pay day covering work per
formed in the first half of th e month of August, 1923, the employees’ compensation
for August shall be computed and paid at the rates created by this award, and at said
pay day there shall also be paid the amounts due in back pay from June 1 to Ju ly 31,
1923.
The report was signed by two of the arbitrators.
pended the following note over his signature:
The third ap
I dissent from the foregoing award, but as a matter of course the companies will
faithfully carry out the decision of the majority.
An award in identical terms was made by arbitrators similarly
appointed in the case of the elevated railroads of Chicago.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EM PLO Y M EN T AND U N EM PLO YM EN T.
Employment in Selected Industries in July, 1923.
T
HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received reports as to the volume
of employment in July, 1923, from 6,739 representative estab
lishments in 51 manufacturing industries, covering 2,353,258
employees whose total earnings during one week in Julv were
$61,174,094.
The same establishments in June reported 2,396,012 employees
and total pay rolls of $64,176,205. Therefore in July, as shown from
these unweighted figures for 51 industries combined, there was a
decrease as compared with June of 1.8 per cent in the number of
employees, a decrease of 4.7 per cent in total amount paid in wages,
and a decrease of 2.9 per cent in average weekly earnings.
This decrease in employment, the first appearing in this series of
reports since April, 1922, is largely a seasonal one—that is, many
establishments make a practice of temporarily shutting down soon
after July I for inventory or repairs and, also, employees’ vacations are
for the most part taken during July and August. In July, 1922, the
increase in employment was less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The
decrease in pay-roll totals is further accentuated by a circumstance
best illustrated by the iron and steel industry. Emplovees in this
industry generally expect a shutdown on the Fourth of July, and as
a considerable number of iron and steel establishments report for the
entire first half of each month, this holiday decidedly reduces the
total pay roll, even though the half-month pay rolls are reduced to a
weekly basis.
Comparing identical establishments for June and July, 22 of the
51 industries show increases in employment in July, while only 10
show increased pay-roll totals.
The greatest increase in employment was 8.4 per cent in the ferti
lizer industry, followed by electric-car building and repairing, 5,2
per cent; baking, 4.2 per cent; and women’s clothing, 3.9 per cent.
Among the 29 industries showing a falling off in employment auto
mobile tires leads with 10.3 per cent, followed by stoves, 8.3 per cent;
cotton goods, 7.8 per cent; and glass, 7.1 per cent.
i he fertilizer industry and women’s clothing show increased pay
roils of 12.4 per cent and 11.6 per cent, respectively, while chewing
and smoking tobacco, baking, cement, and flour follow with from
3.5 per cent to 2 per cent increases. The automobile-tire industry
leads in decreased pay-roll totals, with 19.3 per cent, while hosiery,
rubber boots and shoes, stamped ware, steel-ship building, sugar
refining, carriages and wagons, glass, iron and steel, and stoves
show decreases ranging from 9.7 to 17 per cent.
Only 10 industries out of 51 show increased per capita earnings in
July, as compared with 23 industries out of 50 in June.
For convenient reference the latest figures available relating to all
employees, excluding executives and officials, on Class I railroads,
drawn from Interstate Commerce reports, are given at the foot of the
first and second tables.
116
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[686]
117
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
C O M P A R ISO N
OF
E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
W E E K IN JU N E AND J U L Y , 1923.
In d u stry .
D U R IN G
ONE
Am ount of pay roll in
! E s ta b N um ber on pay roll
one week.
in one week.
lish
Per
Per
m ents
cent
cent
report
of
of
ing
Ju ly ,
jchange,
Ju n e,
change.
Ju ly ,
June,
both
1923.
1
1923.
1923.
1923.
m o n th s .
A gricultural im plem ents................
A utom obiles........................................
Autom obile tire s ...............................
B a k in g ...................................................
B o o ts and shoes, n ot including
rubber................................................
B o ots and shoes, ru b b er.................
B r ic k and tile .....................................
Car building and repairing, elec
tric-railroad......................................
Car building and repairing,
steam -railroad................................
Carpets...................................................
Carriages and wagons......................
C em ent..................................................
C hem icals.............................................
Clothing, m en ’s..................................
Clothing, wom en’s............................
Confectionery and ice cream .........
C o tton goods.......................................
D yeing and finishing te x tiles___
E lectrical m achinery, apparatus,
and supplies....................................
F ertiliz ers............................................
F lou r......................................................
Fou nd ry
and
machine-shop
products............................................
F u rn itu re .............................................
G lass......................................................
H ard w are.............................................
H osiery and k n it goods...................
Iro n and s te e l.....................................
L e a th e r.................................................
L u m ber, m illw ork............................
Lum ber, saw m ills............................
M achine tools......................................
M illinery and lace goods................
P ap er and pulp................................ .
P ap er b o x es...................................... .
Petroleum refining...........................
Pianos and organs............................
P o tte ry ................................................ .
P rin tin g, book and jo b ...................
Prin tin g, newspaper...................... .
Shipbuilding, steel..........................
Sh irts and collars...................... .
S ilk goods...........................................
Slaughtering and m eat packing..
Stam ped and enameled w a r e .. . .
Steam fittings and steam and hotwater heating apparatus..........
Stoves..................................................
Structural-iron w ork.................
Sugar refining, not including
beet sugar.......................................
Tobacco: Chewing and smoking
Tobacco: Cigars and cigarettes..
Woolen goods....................................
r> -i
a
i ^ U M a y 15, 1923.
Railroads,
class
I(JuIfel5; 1923.
74
190
67
249
23,435
274,250
41,565
34,177
21,725
265,740
37,289
35,609
-7 .3
-3 .1
- 1 0 .3
+ 4.2
$608,650
8,846,767
1,303,228
917,548
$556,097
8,619,994
1,051,112
942,787
154
7
304
82,521
5,113
24,194
80,847
4,964
24,501
- 2 .0
-2 .9
+ 1.3
1,854,580
119,263
630,714
1,719,027
107,733
621,398
119
12,723
13,388
+ 5 .2
374,114
377,295
217
23
38
68
92
175
161
123
252
63
177,489
21,171
3,282
21,256
19,433
55,643
14,244
12,812
165,166
25,372
175,036
21,285
3,070
21,899
18,938
55,714
14,801
12,516
152,214
25,457
- .8
+ 3 .9
- 2 .3
-7 .8
+ .3
5.351,411
590,641
74,032
604,474
505,564
1,552,282
349,250
258,230
2,945,577
595,446
5,157,713
566,798
65,677
619,511
501,753
1,521,516
389,935
256,943
2,695,252
570,845
114
96
280
94,821
6,270
12,854
98,331
6,794
13,143
+ 1.6
+8. 4
+ 2 .2
2,702,619
127,129
328,493.
2,652.706
142,855
334,953
25
52
204
197
29
96
183
73
32
148,659
38,680
27,795
21,357
72,572
232,563
29,037
26,275
69,982
10,251
9,061
54,285
14, 409
55,369
6,920
11,876
25,625
42,854
25,816
25,296
51,243
81,484
12,319
149,420
38,754
25,810
21,587
69,688
225,479
28,866
26,316
70,542
9.993
9,070
52,966
14,586
54,954
7,001
11, 418
25,863
42,322
24,908
25,022
50, 493
83,540
12,081
+ .5
+ .2
- 7 .1
+ 1 .1
- 4 .0
-3 .0
- .6
+ .2
+ .8
- 2 .5
+ .1
-2 . 4
+ 1.2
- .7
+ 1.2
-3 .9
+ .9
- 1 .2
- 3 .5
- 1 .1
- 1 .5
H-2. o
- 1 .9
4,446,203
879,297
697,691
545,200
1,202,216
6,994,531
734,482
650,141
1,447,082
286,775
191,258
1,427,412
299,019
1,766,977
196,009
297,549
841,613
1,590,940
765,241
392,308
1,087,978
2,043,874
280,824
4,368,926
869,838
612,464
523,258
1,085,275
6,037,143
712,065
636,313
1,437,094
269,819
186,031
1,384,180
298,333
1,787,665
184,809
276,497
851,794
1,564,107
682,617
383,472
1,025,878
2,057,507
251,600
98
80
119
34,917
16,680
12,911
34,657
15,288
12,589
- .7
-8 .3
- 2 .5
1,072,899
465,004
353,997
1,034,105
385,829
349,326
11
29
158
142
10,779
3,758
30; 643
64,825
10,058
3,820
29,769
64,127
- 0 .7
+ 1.6
- 2 .9
- 1 .1
319,039
56,517
554,905
1,649,214
283,917
58,499
529,166
1,574,666
260
95
32
222
176
133
184
230
72
172
142
1,879,927
1,895,977
—6.5
+ 3 .0
- 2 .5
i
'
+ 0 .9
i.$252,738,664
1249,044,288
- 3 .0
- 4 .0
11.3
+ 2 .5
- .8
-
2.0
-
+ 11,8
-.6
—8 .5
- 4 .1
- l.S
+ 12.4
+ 2 .9
- 1 .7
1.1
12.2
- 4 .0
-
—9 .7
- 1 3 .7
- 3 .1
- 2.1
- .7
- 5 .9
- 2 .7
-3 .0
- .2
+ 1.2
-
5.7
- 7 .1
+ 1.2
- 1 .7
-1 0 .8
-2 .3
-5 .7
+ .7
- 1 9 .4
—
3.6
-1 7 .0
-1 .3
-
11.0
+ 3 .5
- 4 .6
- 4 .5
— 1. 5
1 Am ount of pay roll for one month.
Comparing July, 1923, with July, 1922, of the 43 industries for \
which data are available, 37 industries show increases m employ
ment, and for the most part very large increases. Steam-railroad
car building and repairing (53.4 per cent) and ioundry and machineshop products (50.6 per cent) are the leaders, while 31 other industries^
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[687]
118
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
increased from 8 to 34 per cent. The two tobacco industries show
decreased employment of 10 per cent each, and millinery and lace
goods and women’s clothing of 3.9 per cent and 2.5 per cent, re
spectively.
In the matter of pay-roll totals, steam-railroad car building and
repairing increased in the 12 months 140.7 per cent,1 foundry and
machine-shop products /9.9 per cent, and electrical machinery, ap
paratus and supplies, iron and steel, and chemicals, all over 50 per
cent, while 33 other industries increased from 4 to 46.8 per cent in
pay rolls. Cigars and cigarettes lead in decreased pay rolls with
8.4 per cent and four other industries decreased from less than 1 to a
little over 3 per cent.
C O M P A R ISO N
OF
E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
W E E K IN J U L Y , 1922, AN D J U L Y , 1923.
In d ustry.
A gricultural im plem ents................
Autom obiles........................................
Autom obile tires..................
B a k in g ..........................................
Boots and shoes, not including
ru b b er................................................
B rick and t ile .................
Car building and repairing, steamrailroad. ...........................................
Carpets...................................................
-Carriages and wagons.......................
Chem icals.............................................
Clothing, m en’s..................................
Clothing, women’s............................
Cotton goods.......................................
Dyeing and finishing te x tile s . . . .
E lectrical m achinery, apparatus,
and supplies........'..........................
Fertilizers.............................................
F lou r........................
Foundry and machine-shop prod
ucts .....................................................
F u rn itu re .............................................
G lass......................................................
H ardw are.............................................
Hosiery and k n it goods..................
Iron and s te e l.....................................
L e a th e r.................................................
Lu m ber, m illw ork............................
Lu m ber, saw m ills.............................
M illinery and lace goods................
Paper and p u lp ................................
Paper b o x es........................................
Petroleum refining...........................
Pianos and organs.............................
P o tte ry ..............................................
Prin tin g, book and jo b ...................
Printing, newspaper.........................
Shipbuilding, s tee l...........................
Shirts and collars...............................
Silk goods.............................................
Slaughtering and m eat p a ck in g ..
Stam ped and enameled w are___
Stoves.......... ......................................
Tobacco: Chewing and sm oking.
Tobacco: Cigars and cig a re tte s...
W oolen goods.....................................
E stab
lish
m ents
report
ing both
months.
Number on pay
roil in one week.
Ju ly ,
1922.
Ju ly ,
1923.
41
106
30
13
15,887
146,625
28,331
5,050
17,945
172,336
28,257
5,273
99
137
59,686
12; 218
101
17
16
34
114
78
111
27
Per
cent of
change
D U R IN G
Am ount of pay roll
in one week.
ONE
Per
cent of
change.
Ju iv ,
1922.
Ju ly ,
1923.
+ 1 3 .0
+ 17.5
- .3
+ 4 .4
$363,568
4,394,135
763,507
130,763
$468,022
5,741,988
814,637
142,067
+ 2 8 .7
+ 3 0 .7
+ 6 .7
+ 8 .6
62,815
13,061
+ 5 .2
+ 6 .9
1,308,259
251,522
1,376,283
358,878
+ 0. 2
+ 4 2 .7
51,122
14.071
1,624
9,327
4L 280
8,695
71.077
14; 089
78.407
15,459
1,756
11,518
42,105
8,476
80,517
16,012
+ 5 3 .4
+ 9 .9
+ 8.1
+23. 5
+ 2 .0
- 2 .5
+ 1 3 .3
+ 13.6
942,349
358,282
35,764
205, 848
1,109; 664
266,082
1,096,338
280,071
2,268,623
419,554
40,335
311,770
1,195,947
262,296
1,453,234
355,725
+ 1 4 0 .7
+ 17.1
+ 1 2 .8
+ 5 1 .5
+ 7 .8
- 1 .4
+ 3 2 .6
+ 2 7 .0
62
16
34
54,069
1,737
4.438
71,492
1,926
4,511
+32. 2
+ 10.9
+ 1 .6
1,253,291
29,219
111,741
1,970,792
40,4.49
119,099
+ 5 7 .2
+ 3 8 .4
+ 6 .6
149
83
62
16
113
125
73
85
123
15
88
43
17
9
21
81
90
17
67
91
38
9
17
5
107
75
55,628
16,129
16,597
13.071
40,497
144,211
20^ 690
12,902
39,959
2.438
29,406
7,854
29,575
3,640
5,1.94
15,056
23,315
13,517
20,755
30,327
36.411
2,835
4,593
711
24,342
33,732
83,782
17,696
19,092
15,384
41,790
164,912
21,818
14,008
41, 864
2,344
31,896
8,660
34,190
4,420
5,174
15,108
25,432
15,300
20,859
34,040
42,163
3.407
4,644
640
21,918
45,118
+ 5 0 .6
+ 9 .7
+ 15.0
+ 17.7
+ 3 .2
+ 14.4
+ 5 .5
+ 8.6
! + 4 .8
- 3 .9
+ 8 .5
1 + 10.3
I + 15.6
! + 2 1 .4
! - .4
+. 3
+ 9 .1
+ 1 3 .2
+. 5
+ 1 2 .2
+15. 8
+ 2 0 .2
+ 1 .1
- 1 0 .0
- 1 0 .0 j
+ 3 3 .8 ;
1,422,561
355,237
335,113
266,326
637,095
2,810,359
448,337
310,121
673,220
52,123
666,167
161,681
1,053,210
96,388
136.996
496’ 404
807,334
350,918
297,925
537,930
775,406
56,338
115:612
11,526
429,007
7G1,883
2,559,794
437,683
432,308
372,916
720,663
4,337,431
533,963
356,848
780,656
51,691
838,404
195,340
1,128,083
116,038
136,167
516,284
935,936
447,581
327,506
697,177
1,029,365
71.533
125,508
11,144
393,135
1,118,799
+ 7 9 .9
+ 2 3 .2
+ 2 9 .0
+ 4 0 .0
+ 13.1
+ 5 4 .3
+ 19.1
+ 15.1
+ 16.0
- .8
+ 2 5 .9
+ 20.8
+ 7 .1
+ 2 0 .4
- .6
+ 4 .0
+ 1 5 .9
+ 2 7 .5
+ 9 .9
+ 2 9 .6
+32. 8
+ 2 7 .0
+ 8 .6
-3 .3
- 8 .4
+ 4 6 .8
f
Railroads, class i g ” ^
1 Strik e in 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,670,215
1,895,977
+ 13. 5
j
2 $216,523,528
2 249,044,288
2 A m ount of pay roll for one m onth.
[0 8 8 ]
+ 15.0
119
EM PLO YM EN T AND U N EM PLO YM EN T.
Per capita earnings increased in July as compared with June in only
10 industries out of 51, women’s clothing, dyeing and finishing
textiles, fertilizers, and petroleum refining leading in this list. Among
the industries showing decreased per capita earnings iron and steel
leads, followed by automobile tires, stoves, stamped ware, steel ship
building, rubber boots and shoes, pianos and. organs, and hosiery
and knit goods.
C O M P A R ISO N O F P E R C A P IT A E A R N IN G S —J U L Y , 1923, W IT H JU N E , 1923.
In d u stry .
Clothing, women’s ...............................
Dyeing and finishing te x tiles..........
Fertilizers................................................
Petroleum refin ing............ .............. Chem icals................................................
Confectionery and ice cream ............
Tobacco: Chewing and s m o k in g ...
Structural-iron w o rk ..........................
A utom obiles............._.............................
P rin tin g, book and jo b ......................
F lo u r...........................................- ...........
Prin tin g, new spaper...........................
C em en t......................... ..........................
Paper and p u lp .....................................
Cotton goods..........................................
F u rn itu re.................................... ...........
Shirts and collars.................................
Agricultural im plem en ts...................
B a k in g ......................................................
Paper b o x es............................................
Lu m ber, saw m ills................ ..; ...........
Slaughtering and m eat packing—
T obacco: Cigars and cigarettes
Clothing, m en’s .....................................
Foundry and machine-shop prod
ucts ............................ ...........................
Lum ber, m illw ork .............................
L e a th er....................................................
B rick and tile ........................................
P er cent of
change in Ju ly ,
1923, as com
pared w ith
Ju n e, 1923.
+ 7 .5
+ 4.5
+ 3 .7
+ 1.9
+ 1.8
+ 1.8
+ 1 .8
+ 1.2
+ .3
- .3
- .4
- .5
- .6
- .7
- 1 .2
- 1 .2
- 1 .4
- 1 .4
- 1 .4
- 1 .5
- 1 .8
- 1 .8
- 2 .1
- 2 .2
-2 .3
- 2 .5
- 2 .7
In d u stry .
Car building and repairing, steam railroad .................................................
M illinery and lace goods....................
Steam fittings and steam and botw ater heating ap p aratu s......... ..
P o tte ry .....................................................
E lectrical m achinery, apparatus,
and supplies.......................................
Machine to o ls........................................
W oolen goods........................................
Car building and repairing, electricrailroad .................................................
Silk goods................................................
C arpets.....................................................
Sugar refining, not including beet
sugar......................................................
H ardw are.................. .............................
Carriages and w agons.........................
B o ots and shoes, n ot including
ru b b er...................................................
G lass.........................................................
Hosiery and k n it goods.....................
Pianos and organs................................
B o ots and shoes, ru b b e r....................
Shipbuilding, s te e l..............................
Stam ped and enameled w a r e .........
Sto v es.......................................................
Autom obile tire s..................................
Iron and stee l........................................
P er cen t of
change in Ju ly ,
1923, as com
pared with
Ju n e, 1923.
—2. 8
-2 .8
- 2 .9
—3.3
—3.4
—3.5
—3.5
—4.1
- 4 .3
—4.6
—4.6
—5.1
—5.2
—5.4
—5. 5
- 6 .0
—6. 8
—7.0
—7.5
—8.6
—9.5
—10.1
—11.0
The amount of full-time and part-time operation in July, in
establishments reporting as to their operating basis, is shown by
industries in the followdng table. A combined total of reports
from the 51 industries shows that 80 per cent of the 5,521 establish
ments reporting were on a full-time basis, 18 per cent w ere on a parttime basis, and 2 per cent were not operating. Similar reports
received in June from 50 industries showed 83 per cent of the estab
lishments reporting on a full-time basis, and reports in May from 47
industries showed 85 per cent on a full-time basis.
In July from 90 to 100 per cent of the establishments reporting in
16 industries out of 51 were working full time, as compared with a
similar condition in 23 out of 50 in June and 20 industries out of
47 in May.
Petroleum refining, steel shipbuilding, and fertilizers all show
substantial gains in full-time operation, while carpets, automobile
tires, glass, iron and steel, shirts and collars, silk goods, stoves,
woolen goods, chewing and smoking tobacco, cotton goods, boots
and shoes, and automobiles show considerably decreased operation.
Some of these changes are seasonal, the chief causes of decreased
operating time being ‘‘inventory,” “ repairs,” and “ vacation.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[689]
Î20
M ON TH LY LABOR REVIEW .
F U L L AN D P A R T T IM E O P E R A T IO N IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T 'S IN J U L Y
1923.
*
’
E stab lish m en ts reporting.
In d ustry.
T o ta l.
Agricultural im p lem e n ts......................
A u tom obiles........................ ...
Autom obile tir e s ........................
B a d in g .........................
Boots and shoes, n o t including ru b b e r...........
B oots and shoes, ru b b er..............
B rick and tile ..................
Car building and repairing, electric-railroad
Car building and repairing, steam -railroad .
C arp ets...................................
Carriages and w agons.........
C em en t.......................
Chem icals..........................
Clothing, m en ’s . .
Clothing, w om en’s ........................
Confectionery and ice c r e a m ...
Cotton goods......................
Dyeing and finishing te x tiles.
E lectrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies.. . .
Eertilizers......................
'
............
F lo u r .........................
Foundry and machine-shop p rod u cts___
F u r n itu re .................
G la ss ...........................
H ardw are..............
H osiery and k n it goods...........
Iron and s te e l..........
L e a th e r.......................... ..
Lu m ber, m illw o rk ...............
Lu m ber, saw m ills................
Machine to o ls....................
M illinery and lace goods.............
Pap er and p u ip ............................
F ap er b o x e s...................
Petroleum refin ing................
Pianos and organs.............................
P o tte ry ..........................
Prin tin g, book and jo b ..........
Prin tin g, new spaper...............
Shipbuilding, s te e l................
Sh irts and co llars...............
S ilk goods..............................
Slaughtering and m eat p ack in g ...........
Stam ped and enam eled w are..............
Steam fittings and steam and hot-w ater heating apparatus
S to v e s...........................
Structural-iron work...........
Sugar refining, n o t including b eet su g a r. . . .
Tobacco: Chewing and sm oking........
Tobacco: Cigars and cig are tte s...............
W oolen goods................ ..
59
149
57
187
110
2
251
133
175
13
35
59
67
106
99
97
223
56
80
449
222
29
154
154
149
207
46
12S
115
56
19
155
125
25
67
151
69
26
80
71
103
7
33
121
130
1
P er cent
P er cent
operating operating P er cent
idle.
full tim e. p a rt tim e.
83
85
49
91
70
100
100
98
62
86
98
87
63
17
15
AA
/
9
30
1 Pi
/"IN
2
(i)
31
8
11
3
o
in ................ ..O
O
19
18
0
A
it
JjO
59
86
41
13
oI
92
66
8
11
io
o
97
90
19
8
1¿L
4
1z
19
28
7
5
98
¿o
15
97
72
61
o/
92
85
72
93
95
85
100
96
79
96
88
94
56
94
71
64
70
80
4.
18
C)A
4
12
6
44
0
14
27
26
19
1
8
3
C1)
i
25
11
0
1
1
1
q
O
£A
9
O
0
14
9
3
1
H e s s th an 1 per cen t.
increases in rates of wages, effective during the month ending
Jm y 15, were reported by establishments in 48 of the 51 industries
here considered. Rubber boots and shoes, paper and pulp, and sugar
refining reported no wage adjustments. These increases, ranging
from three-tenths of 1 per cent to 28 per cent, were reported by a
total of 302 establishments. The weighted average increase for the
48 industries combined was 8.5 per cent and affected 31,829 employees,
being 35.3 per cent of the employees in the establishments concerned,
and 1.4 per cent of the entire number in all establishments in the 51
industries covered by this report.
The greatest number of establishments reporting increases in any
one industry was 63 in foundry and machine-shop products, followed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
090]
121
EM PLO YM EN T AND UNEM PLOYM ENT,
by 24 in iron and steel, 14 in structural-iron work, and 13 each in
flour and furniture.
One cotton-goods establishment and two automobile-tire establish
ments reported decreases in rates of wages during the month.
W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N JU N E 15 AN D J U L Y 15, 1923.
P er cent of
increase.
E stab lish
m ents.
Em ployees affected.
1
Ind ustry.
N um
ber
re
T o tal
report port
in g
ing.
in
creases.
A gricultural im plem ents................
Autom obiles........................................
A utom obile t ir e s 1.............................
B a k in g ..................................................
B o ots and shoes, n ot including ru b b er.
B o ots and shoes, ru b b e r..........................
B rick and t i l e ....... .......................................
Car building and repairing, electricrailroad ........................................................
Car building and repairing, steam -rail
road ..............................................................
C arpets............................................ , .............
Carriages and wagons................................
C em ent............................................................
C hem icals......................................................
Clothing, m en ’s............................................
Clothing, women’s . . ..................................
Confectionery and ice cre a m ..................
Cotton goods3 ..............................................
Dyeing and finishing te x tile s .................
E le ctrica l m achinery, apparatus, and
supplies......................................................
F ertiliz e rs......................................................
F lo u r................................................................
F ou nd ry and machine-shop p ro d u cts. i
F u rn itu re ..................................................... .
G la ss............................................................
H ard w are.......................................................
H osiery and k n it goods............................
Iron and stee l................................................
L ea th er............................................................ 1
L u m ber, m illw ork......................................
L u m ber, s aw m ills......................................
Machine tools................................................
M illinery and lace goods..........................
P ap er and pulp............................................
Pap er b o x e s ..................................................
Petroleum refining......................................
Pianos and organs......................................
P o tte ry ............................................................
Printing, book and jo b .............................
Printing, new spaper..................................
Shipbuilding, stee l......................................
Sh irts and co llars........................................
S ilk goods......................................................
Slaughtering and m eat pack in g ............
Stam ped and enameled w are.................
Steam fittings and steam and hotw ater heating ap paratus......................
Stoves..............................................................
Structural-iron w o rk ................................
Tobacco: Chewing and sm okin g.
Tobacco: Cigars and cig arettes.. .
W oolen goods......................................
P er cent of em
ployees—
Range.
Aver
age.
T otal.
1.1-25
4 -1 2 .5
5 -10
2 -13
5 -20
9.8
9.7
8.9
7.8
14.0
95
181
233
80
916
12.8
7 .5
45.8
10.7
14.9
0.4
.1
.6
.2
1.1
5 -15
10.0
439
66.2
1.8
7.4
155
6.4
1.2
3
0
0
0
0
5
- 8
-11
-10
-10
-10
-10
.3-15
5 -20
20
20
3.5
11.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.6
2.1
11. 1
20.0
20.0
4,269
283
6
20
15
372
391
841
100
31
69.4
100.0
3.4
3 .8
10.1
40.4
83.0
64.5
14.4
5.0
2.4
1.3
.2
.1
.1
.7
2.6
6.7
.1
.1
5
9
6
7
2
.6-20
8.7-28
4 -15
4 -15
1.6-10
6 -10
10
5 -15
4 -20
4.5-10
5 -15
8 -20
5 -12
10
9 .8
11.1
11.7
10.2
4. S
7.3
10.0
10.5
9.6
5.8
7.8
10.0
8.9
10.0
406
209
412
6,009
396
97
80
135
9,510
175
410
701
34
15
13.1
94.1
78.9
27.3
30.2
32.9
11.7
22.0
48.4
31.7
17.9
62.8
8.7
11.5
.4
3 .0
3.1
4.0
1.0
.4
.4
.2
4.2
.0
1.6
1.0
.3
.2
6
i
4
4
1
1
2
7
2
1
2
5 -19
■5
5 - 7.1
7 -10
7.5
11. 4
5 - 7. 5
1.5-10
7
6
10 -11
9.5
5.0
6 .4
9 .0
7.5
11.4
5 .0
9.7
7.0
6 .0
10.5
75
59
360
237
10
24
2,315
325
175
206
80
9 .8
7.6
23.9
44.5
7.2
11.6
97.8
46.4
100.0
100.0
16.9
.5
.L
5.1
2.1
98
80
119
3
3
14
8 - 8
4 - S
2.5-10
7.4
7 .2
7.7
35
71
516
11.1
15.4
24.5
.1
.5
4.1
29
158
142
1
2
10
6 -10
8 -10
10.0
6.3
9,9
38
226
61
31.7
24.8
11.4
1.0
.8
.1
74
190
67
249
154
7
304
4
8
3
3
7
(2)
119
10
7
10
1
217
23
38
68
92
175
161
123
252
63
2
1
9
4
1
1
9
114
96
280
508
260
95
32
222
176
133
184
230
72
54
172
142
65
25
52
204
197
29
96
183
73
32
13
63
13
4
1
24
!
3
2 -10
1 Also, 2 establishm ents reduced th e rates of 50 of their 120 employees 11.1 per cent.
2 No wage changes reported.
8 Also, 1 establishm ent reduced the rates of its 115 employees 10 per cent.
4 Less th au one-tenth of 1 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In all
In estab estab
lishm ents lish
reporting m ents
increases. report
ing.
[891]
(4) .1,
9.3
1.3
.3
.7
122
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
Employment and Earnings of Railroad Employees, June, 1922, and
May and June, 1923.
T
HE following tables show the number of employees and the
earnings in various occupations among railroad employees in
June, 1923, in comparison with employment and earnings in
May, 1923, and June, 1922.
3 he figures are for Glass I roads— that is, all roads having operating
revenues of $1,000,000 a year and over.
C O M PA R ISO N
OF
E M P L O Y M E N T AN D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D
JU N E , 1923, W IT H JU N E , 1922, AN D M A Y , 1923.
EM PLOYEES
IN
[From m onthly reports of In te rstate Commerce Commission. As data for only th e m ore im portant occu
pations are shown separately, th e group totals are not th e sum of th e item s shown under th e respective
groups.]
*
P ro fe ssio n a l, clerical, an d general.
M onth and year.
Clerks.
Stenog
raphers
and
typists.
Total.
M ain ten an ce o f w ay an d stru ctu res.
Laborers
(extra gang
and work
train ).
T rack and
roadway
section
laborers.
Total.
N u m b e r of e m ployees at middle of mon t h .
Ju n e , 1922.
M ay, 1923.
Ju n e , 1923.
158,366
171, 750
173,248
23,847
25,045
25,237
266,108
284,889
287,280
50,508
61,079
69,637
224,681
225,488
238,184
397,626
418, 894
445,765
$17,130,717
17,185,166
18,395,460
$36,587,233
39,401,511
42,220,124
Total earnings.
Ju n e . 1922.
M ay, 1923.
Ju n e , 1923.
$20,083,342
21,680,083
21,594,139
$2,859,471
2,957,778
2,972,799
$35,435, 565
37, 801,139
37,758,586
$3, 987,217
5,215,671
5,981,136
M ain ten an ce o f equipm ent an d sto res.
Carmen.
Machinists.
Skilled
trades
helpers.
Common
Laborers
laborers
(shop, en
gine houses, (shops, en
gine
houses,
power
power
plants,
plants,
and stores).
and stores).
Total.
N u m b e r of e m p l o y e e s at m i d d l e of mon t h .
Ju n e, 1922.
M ay, 1923.
Ju n e , 1923.
118,257
138,623
141,396
55,413
69,024
68,707
102,461
135, 894
139,167
41,102
50,048
50,205
53,479
63,190
66,059
490,103
591,378
600,652
$4,373,941
5,361,617
5,508,569
$64, 903, 422
78,916,797
78,420,918
Total earnings.
Ju n e, 1922.
M ay, 1923.
Ju n e, 1923.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$17,938,273
20,406, 810
20,430,557
$8,828,949
11,582,709
11,259,000
$11,709,195
15,279,867
15,268,401
[692]
$3, 776,115
4,962,818
4,825,609
EM PLO YM EN T AND U N EM PLO YM EN T.
C O M P A R ISO N
123
O F E M P L O Y M E N T AN D E A R N IN G S O F R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S
JU N E , 1923, W IT H JU N E , 1922, A N D M A Y , 1923—Concluded.
Transportation, other than train, engine, and yard.
M onth and year.
Station
agents.
Truckers
Telegraph
Crossing
(stations,
and bridge
ers, tele
warehouses, flagmen and
p h o n e s, and
and
gatemen.
tower men.
platforms).
T otal.
IN
Transpor
tation
(yardm asters,
switchtenders,
and
hostlers).
N u m b e r of emplo y e e s at middle o] m o n t h .
31,409
31,647
31,593
Ju n e, 1922............................
M ay, 1923.............................
Ju n e , 1923............................
26,125
27,407
27,040
35,911
42,732
42,090
201, 290
216,431
217,208
22,238
26,295
26,134
$23,677,334
25,941,174
25,584,656
$3,811,150
4,667,071
4,586,579
22,115
22,886
22,652
Total earnings.
Ju n e, 1922............................
May, 1923............................
Ju n e, 1923............................
$4,604,751
4, 747,254
4,661,685
83,696,884
3,999,444
3,903,510
$3,358,636
4,044,375
3,921,618
81,717,836
1,702,322
1,688,114
Transportation, train and engine.
Road con
ductors.
Road brake- Y ard brake- Road engi
m en and
m en and
neers and
flagmen.
yard helpers. m otorinen.
Road fire
m en and
helpers.
Total.
N u m b e r of e mployees at middle of m o n t h .
Ju n e , 1922............................
M ay, 1923.............................
Ju n e, 1923............................
34,031
38,301
38,368
44,897
55,414
55,016
70,387
79,729
79,511
40,902
46,973
46,869
42,427
48, 843
48,800
292,850
342,040
340,548
$7,213,478
8,968,039
8,672,087
$52,108,874
66,010,972
63,585,957
Total earnings.
Ju n e, 1922............................
M ay, 1923............................
Ju n e, 1923............................
$7,342,266
8,896,143
8,605,918
«10,756,741
13,471,766
12,989,655
$6,784,086
9,227,681
8,836,435
$9,788,697
12,158,669
11,769,124
Extent of Operation of Bituminous Coal Mines, June 23 to July 14,
1923.
C
ONTINUING a series of tables which have appeared in previous
numbers of the Monthly Labor Review, the accompanying
table shows for a large number of coal mines in the bituminous
fields the number of mines closed the entire week and the number
working certain classified hours per week from June 23 to July 14,
1923. The number of mines reporting varied each week, and the
figures are not given as being a complete presentation of all mines,
but are believed fairly to represent the conditions as to regularity
of work in the bituminous mines of the country. The mines included
in this report ordinarily represent 55 to 60 per cent of the total
output of bituminous coal. The figures are based on data furnished
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the United States Geological
Survey.
59726°— 23-
-9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[6931
124
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
W O R K IN G T IM E IN B IT U M IN O U S COA L M IN E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S B Y W E E K S
JU N E 23 TO J U L Y 14, 1923.
[Th e m ines included ordinarily represent from 55 to 60 per cent of th e to ta l output. Prepared b y tha
Bu reau of Labor Statistics from d ata furnished b y the U n ited States Geological Survey.]
Mines—
W eek
end
ing—
1923.
Ju n e 23.
Ju n e 30.
Ju ly 7.
Ju ly 14.
Num
ber of
mines
report
ing.
2,620
2,541
2,499
2,390
Closed
entire
week.
W orking
less th an
8 hours.
W orking
8 and
less th an
16 hours.
W orking
16 and
less th an
24 hours.
No.
Per
cent.
Per
No. cen t. No. Per No.
cen t.
730
741
797
729
27.9
29.2
31.9
30.5
89
101
87
88
3.4
4.0
3.5
3.7
382 14.6
396 15.6
363 14.5
216 9.0
W orking
24 and
less th a n
32 hours.
W orking
32 and
less th a n
40 hours.
W orking
40 and
less th an
48 hours.
W orking
f ull tim e
of 48
hours or
more.
Per
cent.
No.
Per
Per
Per
Per
cen t. No. cent. No. cent. No. cent.
17.3
16.1
16.3
13.6
400
323
359
347
15.3
12.7
14.4
14.5
453
410
407
324
252 9 .6
281 11.1
276 11.0
234 9 .8
198 7 .6
180 7.1
195 7 .8
252 10.5
116
109
15
200
4.4
4.3
.6
8.4
Recent Employment Statistics.
Alaska.1
LABOR shortage was reported as prevailing in the fishing in
dustry in all parts of Alaska where local workers were depended
upon to meet the employers’ needs for the year 1922. In cer
tain sections of Southeastern Alaska, Prince William Sound, and
Cook Inlet this labor scarcity was especially evident, the salmon can
neries being particularly affected. The rapid expansion of the her
ring packing industry around Latouclie in 1922 was undoubtedly
largely instrumental in bringing about the shortage of labor among
the Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound canneries.
A
Illinois.
\ / GLUME of employment in Illinois in June, .1923, remained at the
high level of the preceding months. In fact, a moderate tendency
toward expansion was shown over the high point attained in May.
Wage earners not only found opportunities for steady work but their
rates of pay were higher than were paid since the State has been com
piling statistics of earnings.
The above information is taken from a press release of July 18,
1923, from the Illinois Department of Labor, which also states that
the “ Illinois workers had more money to spend in June than at any
time in the past 2 years. ”
The 1,497 establishments or firms making the returns on which
these statements are based had 397,444 employees in June, an increase
of 0.6 per cent over the number reported for May.
There was a decline in employment, however, in 29 industries, in a
number of cases, due to seasonal influences. On the whole, the wear
ing-apparel industries, with the exception of men’s ready-made
clothing, showed seasonal reductions, while the food industries in
general expanded.
-A laska.
L ab or Commissioner.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Biennial R eport, 1921-1922, Ju n eau , 1923, p. 4.
[694]
EM PLO YM EN T AND U N EM PLOYM ENT.
125
Massachusetts.
'"THE following table is compiled from a statistical report furnished
*
by the Department of Labor and Industries of Massachusetts on
the activities of the 4 public employment offices of the State for the
calendar year 1922 and the first half of 1923:
O P E R A T IO N S O F M A S S A C H U S E T T S S T A T E E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S F O R T H E F I R S T
AN D L A S T 6 M O N TH S O F 1922 AN D T H E F I R S T 6 M O N TH S O F 1923.
Applica
tions for
positions.
Period.
23,716
26,596
29,415
247,015
174,270
175,334
F irst 6 m onths of 1922..................................................................
L a st 6 m onths of 1922...................................................................
F irs t 6 m onths of 1923..................................................................
Persons
referred to
positions.
Help
wanted.
27,988
29,886
33,655
Persons
reported
placed.
18,442
20,027
22,950
N ew York.
rTvHE following figures from the May, 1923, issue of The Industrial
Bulletin of the New York State Department of Labor show the
changes in volume of employment and amount of pay rolls in the
priiicipal groups of industries in New York State and New York City
from April, 1922, to April, 1923; from February, 1923, to March, 1923;
and from March, 1923, to April, 1923:
CO U RSE
OF
E M P L O Y M E N T IN R E P R E S E N T A T I V E M A N U F A C T U R IN G
M E N T S IN N E W Y O R K S T A T E A N D N E W Y O R K C I T Y .
E S T A B L IS H
Percentage of change in —
Am ount of pay roll.
N um ber of employees.
Industry group.
M arch,
Febru1923, to a r y ,1923,
April, to March,
1923.
1923.
A pril,
1922,to
A pril,
1923.
March,
1923,to
A pril,
1923.
Februa rv , 1923,
to March,
1923.
A pril,
1922, to
A pril,
1923.
New Y o rk State.
Stone, clay, and glass products.......................
Metals, m achinery, and conveyances...........
Wood m anufactures............................................
F u rs, leath er, and rubber goods.....................
Chemicals, oils, paints, e tc ................................
P ap er........................................................................
Prin tin g and paper goods.................................
te x tile s .....................................................................
Clothing, m illinery, laundering, e t c .............
Food, beverages, and tobacco.........................
W ater, light, and pow er....................................
+ 7 .2
+ .3
(l )
-1 .0
+ 1.3
+3. 5
- .7
+ .3
- 1 .4
- 4 .2
+ 1.4
- 0 .4
+ 3 .3
+ 2.7
+ .3
+ 1 .8
+ 3 .1
C1)
+ 1.8
+ 3 .0
+ 2 .9
+ 1.3
+ 2 1 .7
+ 3 7 .8
+ 16.4
+ 14.6
+ 10.0
+ 23.0
+ 3 .9
+ 7.7
+ 9 .8
+ 2 .1
+ 1 4 .0
+ 10.7
+ 2 .0
+ .6
-1 .7
+ 3 .3
+ 7.9
- 1 .6
+ .2
-5 .8
-3 .8
+ 2 .2
+ 5 .4
+ 7.7
+ 6 .6
+ 5 .5
+ 3 .9
+ 3 .5
+ 4.6
+ 4.8
+ 7 .8
+ 6 .9
+ 1.8
+ 4 3 .1
+ 5 8 .9
+ 2 6 .7
+ 25.1
+ 1 6 .9
+ 3 4 .0
+ 10.1
+ 18.0
+ 22.7
+ 8.8
+ 1 4 .1
T o ta l.............................................................
- 0 .2
+ 2 .4
+ 18.3
+ 0 .1
4" 6» 5
+ 3 2 .3
+10
+11
+9
+9
+4
+5
+6
+10
+7
+1
+21
+33
+30
+22
+22
+9
+ 18
+ 21
4-5
+13
+8
+19
New Y o rk C ity.
Stone, clay, and glass products.......................
M etals, m achinery, and conveyances.........
W ood m anufactures............................................
F u rs, leather, and rubber goods.....................
Chemicals, oils, n ain ts, e tc ...............................
P ap er......................................................................... !
Prin tin g and paper goods................................. ï
T ex tiles.....................................................................
Clothing, m illinery , laundering, e t c .............
Food, beverages, and to bacco ........................
W ater, lig h t, and pow er....................................
T o ta l.............................................................
+6
+1
+1
-3
+ 3
1
(2)
+3
+3
+i
+i
(3)
+i
-2
—5
- ï
+ 1
+4
+3
(3)
+9
+23
+ 19
+9
+ 12
+2
+3
+9
—1
+ 12
+2
+9
- ï
1 Decrease of less than 0.05 per cen t.
2 Decrease of less than 0.5 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+9
4-2
+2
-4
+5
-3
4-4
-7
—6
(s)
-2
8 In crease of less th an 0.5 per cent.
[
695]
126
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
North Carolina.
LAW creating a public employment bureau in North Carolina
was passed in 1921. The activities of this agency in coopera
tion with the United States Employment Service from September 1,
1921, to October 1 , 1922, are shown in the table given below:1
A
R E C O R D O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T S E R V I C E IN N O R T H C A R O L IN A S E P T E M B E R
1921, TO O C T O B E R 1, 1922.
Registra
tion.
Sex.
Help
wanted.
Referred.
1,
Reported
placed.
M ales...........................................................................................
Fem ales..........................................
23,317
5,669
21,296
3,424
21,697
4,499
20,049
3,212
T o ta l...............................................................................
28,986
24,720
26,196
23,261
According to the 1921-1922 report, from which the above data are
taken, it was thought hardly probable that a sufficient number of
agricultural laborers could be mobilized to meet adequately the
farmers’ needs in North Carolina for “ the cropping year of 1923.”
The better wage opportunities in industrial and commercial centers
have attracted rural workers and tended to create a farm-help
shortage which is a handicap to agricultural progress and results
in the increase of the cost of food to consumers.
O hio.
T H E following statistics on the activities of the State-City EmployA ment Service of Ohio for the year ending June 30, 1923, are
taken from a mimeographed report furnished by the department of
industrial relations of that State:
R E C O R D O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S IN O H IO F O R Y E A R E N D IN G JU N E 30, 1923.
T otal
num ber of
applican ts.
Sex, and ty p e of labo r.
Help
wanted.
Persons
referred to
positions.
Persons
reported
placed.
Males, skilled, unskilled, clerical, and professional..........
Fem ales, dom estic, in dustrial, clerical, and professional..
F a rm and d a iry ..............................................................................
309,532
158,099
4,430
205,514
129,454
4,302
184,194
112,248
3,865
157,877
99,718
2,909
T o ta l................... ................................................................
T o ta l first 6 m onths of 1923............................................
472,061
242,848
339,270
186,606
300,307
163,628
260,504
141,163
In the following table are shown similar statistics for the month of
July, 1923:
A C T IV IT IE S
O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S IN O H IO , J U L Y , 1923.
T otal
num ber of
applicants.
S ex , and ty p e of labo r.
Males, unskilled, skilled, clerical, and professional . .
Fem ales, dom estic, in d u strial, clerical, and professional
F a rm and d airy ......................................................................
T o ta l.........................................................................
1 N orth Carolina.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D epartm ent of Labor and P rin tin g.
[698]
H elp
wanted
Persons
referred to
positions.
Persons
reported
placed.
30,426
15,935
543
15,736
8,899
477
15,204
8,404
485
13,289
7,416
402
46,904
25,112
24,093
21,107
R ep ort, 1921-1922, Raleigh, 1923.
P p . 356-358.
EM PLO YM EN T AND U N EM PLO YM EN T.
127
Wisconsin.
rT ,HE operations of public employment offices in Wisconsin for June 4
to June 30 and July 2-28, i 923, compared with June and July,
1922, are shown in the following table, which summarizes more
detailed statistics furnished by the industrial commission of that
State:
A C T IV IT IE S O F F E D E R A L -S T A T E -M U N IC IP A L E M P L O Y M E N T B U R E A U S IN W IS C O N S IN ,
JU N E A N D J U L Y , 1922 AND 1923.
Applica
tions for
work.
Period and sex.
Help
wanted.
Referred
to
positions.
Positions
secured.
Ju n e, 1922:
M ales...........................................................................................
F em ale s.....................................................................................
12,260
3,795
15,137
3,920
11,975
3,503
9,740
2,600
T o ta l.......................................................................................
16,055
19,057
15,478
12,340
J une 4-30, 1923:
M ales...........................................................................................
F em ale s......................................................................................
11,107
3, 279
12,985
3,465
10,888
2,972
8,649
2,209
T o ta l.......................................................................................
14,386
16,450
13,860
10,858
Ju ly , 1922:
M ales...........................................................................................
F em ales.....................................................................................
- 9,507
2,899
11,689
2,744
9,190
2,616
7,674
1,934
T o ta l.......................................................................................
12,406
14,433
11,806
9,608
Ju ly 2-28, 1923:
M ales...........................................................................................
F em ales.....................................................................................
10,216
2,913
11,171
2,838
9,828
2,598
7,976
1,931
T o ta l.......................................................................................
13,129
14, 009
12,426
9,907
Decasualisation of Dock Labor at Dutch Ports.1
rT ^H E organization called the “ Dock Reserve” was instituted at
the ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam at the end of 1918 to
A
deal with the excess of dock labor created by the increased
importance of these Dutch ports in the early years of the war. The
dock workers were divided into two classes, viz: (a ) Those who were
dock workers before the war, and (5) all other workers. The first class
was selected by the employers in consultation with the workers’ union;
the members of the second class have no particular privileges.
An estimate was first made of the number of workers necessary for
each day, and then allowance made for a certain “ reserve.” In 1921
there were 3,000 on the reserve at Amsterdam and 6,000 at Rotterdam.
Members of the reserve must place themselves at the disposal of the
shipping association which manages the organization and which pays
the members compensation for days on which they find no work.
The members of the reserve must report for duty three times a day:
At 7.30 a. m., for the morning shift; if they find no work, then at
11a. m., for the midday shift; and those still without work at 1 p. m.
in readiness for night work. They must undertake no work other than
that assigned to them by the manager of the employment exchange.
1 Q uoted from M inistry oi Labor G azette, London, Ju n e , 1923, pp. 200, 201.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 697]
128
m o n t h l y l a bo r r e v ie w
.
The arrangements for compensation for unemployment are as
follows:
(a) For complete unemployment, a sum of 1.75 florins (70 cents,
par) a shift (2.50 florins ($1.01, par) for Saturday), the total compen
sation not to exceed 20 florins ($8.04, par) a week.
(b) For partial unemployment, a sum equal to the difference be
tween 70 per cent of the wages earned and 30 florins ($12,06, par).
No compensation is paid if the worker earns 30 florins or more.
The Dutch Shipping Federation, which manages the reserve, is
divided into two associations, the North (Amsterdam) and the
South (Rotterdam). Labor is engaged by different methods in the
two ports. At Amsterdam all the workers are registered, and when
an employer requires, say, 50 men, he receives the first 50 on the list.
The next employer receives the next on the list, One advantage of
this method is that the reservists have the opportunity of handling
all sorts of goods and are not unduly specialized. Also it secures that
well-paid work is fairly distributed.
At Rotterdam the employer has the right of choice. He informs
the exchange of the number of workers required, and his foreman
comes to select them himself. Workers who are not engaged have
their work cards stamped.
Wages are paid once a week. Every day the employer notifies the
management of the reserve of the name and number of the workers
employed by him and the sum due to them. This is added up and
paid on Saturday.
Any frauds or contraventions of the reserve regulations by the
workers are punishable by expulsion from the organization. The
employers are obliged to engage their workers through the reserve,
subject to a penalty of 5,000 florins ($2,010, par) for each worker not
so engaged.
At both ports there are a considerable number of permanent workers
whose wages are slightly lower than those of the reservists on account
of the permanency of the work. If a company wishes to increase its
staff of permanent workers, it does so from the reserve.
In addition to compensation for unemployment the reservists
receive sick benefits through the reserve. A pension system also came
into operation on January 1 , 1920.
Expenses are borne by the shipping association which administers
the reserve. The workers are engaged in buildings provided by the
associations. Each shipping firm pays a contribution equal to 25
cents per ton of goods delivered in Holland. The purchaser pays the
same sum.
Unemployment Relief in Norway,
A
N ARTICLE, showing the extent of unemployment in Norway
since 1918, and the measures which have been taken to relieve
the situation, is contained in Sociale Meddelelser No. 4, 1923,
issued by the Norwegian Department of Social Affairs (Departe?nentet
f o r Sociale S aker). Figures given in the report show that from 1918
to the spring of 1922 there was a steady increase in the percentage of
unemployment reported by trade-unions among their membership.
This percentage rose from 1.4 in 1918 to 17.3 in 1921 and to 24.2 for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[698]
EM PLO YM EN T AND U N EM PLO YM EN T.
129
the first four months of 1922. It is pointed out that these percent
ages can not be taken as indicative of the situation for the whole pop
ulation, since the trade-union membership does not include all the
workers throughout Norway. Another source of information con
cerning the amount of unemployment is the reports of the employ
ment exchanges. These also do not cover the entire country, but the
author is of the opinion that a rough approximation of total employ
ment is obtained by increasing the employment exchanges’ figures by 60
per cent. The number of totally unemployed thus arrived at aver
aged about 29,600 each month during 1921 and 45,500 for each of
the first four months of 1922. Thereafter, during 1922, employment
improved, the number totally unemployed averaging about 24,700
for each of the remaining months of the year. In addition, many
were given employment on relief works of various kinds, this number
averaging about i0,300 per month in 1921 and 15,500 in 1922.
In 1906 the first law was passed which provided for State and
communal aid to unemployment funds, effective first in 1908, when
six funds, having about 10,000 members, were approved by the State
during the year and became eligible to tbe receipt of State aid. By
1914, 19 such funds, having 34,571 members, were in operation, and
in 1920 there were 27 such funds, with a membership of 116,425; but
by the end of 1922, the number of people who were members of
unemployment funds had decreased to about 65,000.
The State aid to communes may consist of grants for relief works
begun by the communes, grants for aid by the commune to unem
ployed who are not members of unemployment funds, loans for be
ginning relief works, and funds for courses for the unemployed.
Usually no interest is charged on loans made to communes for a
period of from one to two years; after that time interest must be paid.
Loans may be repaid in installments over a period of 10 years.
According to regulations now effective, State aid for communal
relief works consists of a fixed amount per work day, usually 2 kroner
(54 cents, par). In order to receive this aid, however, the com
mune must see to it that the wages paid to workers on relief works
are below the current wages for common labor in the commune and,
as far as possible, that they are in proportion to the workers’ economic
need.
During 1920-21 the maximum wage to be paid for an eight-hour
day was fixed at 12 kroner ($3.22, par), with 14 kroner ($3.75 par),
for piecework. In 1922-23 this was decreased to 9 kroner ($2.41,
par), in exceptional cases 10 kroner ($2.68, par), with piecework rates
in proportion, but no maximum was fixed.
Other laws, of temporary effect, have been passed permitting the
State to prolong the period of unemployment benefit beyond the
usual 90 days in 1 year; to reimburse the funds to the extent of twothirds of the expended benefits;1 to allow newly established funds
to pay benefits regardless of whether members had paid 26 weeks’
contributions, the State in this event granting to such funds sums
corresponding to the 26 weeks’ contributions of the total membership.
Grants by the State and communes have been expended partly
for direct benefits and partly for relief works. Since the middle of
1 D uring 1921-22, because oi th e extensive unem ploym ent, most of the funds received th e two-thirds refund.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[699]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
130
1921, between one-fourth and one-third of the total number unem
ployed have been given employment on relief works. I t is estimated
that one-third of the total number of unemployed have received
benefits from unemployment funds (with grants from State and
communes) or direct aid from the communes (with grants from the
State),so that practically two-thirds of the unemployed have been
aided through work or benefits. The remaining one-third, it is sup
posed, were able to care for themselves. The total expenditure for
1920-21 for unemployment relief was about 20,000,000 kroner
($5,360,000, par), of which 14,000,000 kroner ($3,752,000, par) was
spent for relief works and the rest for other aid. In 1921-22 the
expenditures of the State and communes amounted to about 70,000,000 kroner ($18,760,000, par). Of this amount 33,000,000 kroner
($8,844,000, par) was spent by the State, 22,000,000 kroner
($5,896,000, par) for relief works, 6,000,000 kroner ($1,608,000, par)
in grants to communes for relief works, 3,000,000 kroner ($804,000,
par) in other forms of aid, and 2,000,000 kroner ($536,000, par) in
grants to unemployment funds.
The communes spent 30,000,000 kroner ($8,040,000, par) for relief
works, 3,000,000 kroner ($804,000, par) for other relief measures,
and 4,000,000 kroner ($1,072,000, par) in grants to unemploymentfunds, a total of 37,000,000 kroner ($9,916,000, par). I t is assumed
that the money loaned from the State is included in commune ex
penditures.
The following figures give, approximately, the expenditures of
State and communes for relieving unemplovment from 1919-20 to
1922-23:
Kronen 2
1919192019211922-
20.................................
21...........................................................................
22.................................................
23............................................
Total........................................................................................
2 K rone at p a r= 2 6 .8 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[700]
1,000,000
20,000,000
70,000,000
59,000,000
150,000,000
H O U SIN G .
Housing Conditions in Copenhagen, 1914 to 1923.
S
OCIALE M EDDELELSERN o. 6,1923,issuedby the Department of
Social Affairs (De part em entetfor S ocialeS aker ) of Norway contains
a brief review of a report issued by the Copenhagen Statistical
Office on housing conditions in Copenhagen from 1914 to April, 1923.
During this period there was a net increase of 22,212 in the number
of apartments as compared with an increase of 82,000 in the popula
tion. I t is estimated that Copenhagen needs 4,200 more apartments
to reach the housing standard it had in 1914. Investigations indi
cated that overcrowded apartments were steadily on the increase.
The number of families with lodgers had increased to 5,007 in Febru
ary, 1923, as against 3,831 in 1921. About 60 per cent of these apart
ments were 2 and 3 room apartments and the number of persons per
room was 2.6 in the 2-room apartments and 1.9 in the 3-room apart
ments.
Operations of State Building Bureau in Sweden, 1917 to 1922.
S
OCIALA MEDDELANDEN No. 7, 1923, issued by the Swedish
Labor Bureau (Socialstyrelsen ) , reviews briefly the annual
report for 1922 on the operations of the State building bureau
(Statens byggnadsbyrd).
From 1917 to the end of 1922 public aid was extended in the
erection of 4,607 houses (3,844 of these being homes for the builders’
personal use), having 37,488 rooms and 12,757 apartments. The
total building costs amounted to about 160,000,000 kronor ($42,880,000, par); 44,700,000 kronor ($11,979,600, par) of this amount
was covered by public aid, 28,900,000 kronor ($7,745,200, par) being
given in the form of loans and 15,800,000 kronor ($4,234,400, par)
in the form of State aid.
In 1922, requests for loans totaling 20,000,000 kronor ($5,360,000,
par) were received from 103 communes and one private person
for building operations which it was estimated would amount to
about 47,000,000 kronor ($12,596,000, par).
Of the 11,500,000 kronor ($3,082,000, par) appropriated by the
State in 1912, about 9,600,000 kronor ($2,572,800, par) was given to
cities, 500,000 kronor ($134,000, par) to towns, and about 1,300,000
kronor ($348,400, par) to counties and rural communes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[7011
131
V O C A T IO N A L E D U C A T IO N .
juvenile Vocational Education in Norway.
S
OCIALE M ED D ELELSER No. 5, 1923, issued by the Depart
ment of Social Affairs (Departementet f o r S ociale SaTcer) of Nor
way, contains an article by the director of special schools on
juvenile vocational education in Norway.
The article states that Christiania has several trade schools of
different types. A school for barbers and hairdressers was estab
lished in 1912. Each class has about 20 pupils, directed by 3 teachers
(master barbers). After 3 months’ service under a master, if apti
tude for the trade is shown, a contract is made out, and during the
apprenticeship period the apprentice attends the trade school 1 day
each week for three or four winter seasons, working for the master the
other 5 days. It is stated that the school gives the apprentice the
highly necessary, thorough, practical, and theoretical trade instruction
which he could not very well receive from the master because of
consideration for the customers. Very little “ book instruction” is
given except in bookkeeping.
The bookbinders in Christiania are at present experimenting with a
trade school of the same type.1 There is also a trade school of an
entirely different type for shoemakers, which was established in
1914. This is wholly a trade school, furnishing full practical in
struction and preparing the pupils for the skilled workers’ test,
The instructor is both teacher and employer. The school period
lasts 3 years, with from 7 to 8 hours in the shop each day. In
addition, the pupils receive instruction in various subjects at the
regular 3-year evening schools. The receipts from the workshop work
cover expenditures for materials, and from the surplus the boys
receive, according to their need and skill, weekly sums for board and
lodging. The article states that this is a humane change from the
old apprenticeship system beset with difficulties.
Christiania has only one trade school of this type, and there is
little prospect of any more in the near future. The schools lately
established in Christiania are mostly “ preparatory schools” or socalled training schools (_forskoler ) of from 5 to 12 months’ duration.
A training school for tailors was established in Christiania in 1912,
one for carpenters in 1918, and one for masons in 1921. The school
for carpenters is attended by both cabinetmakers and building
carpenters. In this school about a dozen boys work from 8 until 4 or
5 o’clock for about 5 months. After the training-school work is
finished, from 3 to 4 years’ work is required in order to pass the
skilled workers’ probation test.
Christiania has similar half-year training schools for metal workers,
goldsmiths, copper and tin smiths, painters, blacksmiths, book
printers, and masons.
1 T his type m ay h e called “ Supplem entary p ractical apprenticeship school.”
132
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The article especially notes the effort of the masons toward cooper
ation with the trade. In choosing learners for the mason’s trade,
well-built boys over 16 years of age desiring to_ learn the trade as a
means of livelihood are usually selected. (This is usually true of the
other trades also.) For 2 months the learner receives practical
systematic training in building walls, arches, etc., making only
“ models,” which are later torn down and the material used again.
After this training the teacher and learners do regular house con
struction work, and under competent leadership eight boys with two
adult helpers can build an average 3 or 4 story house in 3 months.
The boys receive a small wage for this work. The length of the
working-day is the same as for adults.
Similar 5-month trade schools have been established, in a number
of other cities in Norway.2 In the training school for tailors a wholeyear course is given. Ail learners must also attend, the State trade
and industrial school, which has established a special evening class
for tailors. As soon as the learners become skilled enough to work
on orders they are paid board money of from 8 to 13 kroner ($2.14 to
$3.48, par) a week. The school has so far secured places as appren
tices for all pupils who left the school with a good record.
There is also a 1-year training school for carpenters and one for
butchers and sausage makers. The school for butchers has large and
modem rooms for making sausage and smoking meat and for sales
rooms. Instruction in slaughtering is given at the Christiania
municipal slaughterhouse.
The author of the article states that in a 5 to 6 months’ training
school the learner can get instruction equivalent to twice that time
spent in a workshop, and such pupils usually get one year’s credit on
their apprenticeship term. The article states that it is as yet too
soon to judge as to the positive effectiveness of these schools in recruit
ing for the trades and industries. The trades unanimously favor the
réintroduction of the old strict workshop training. Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway seem to hold to the opinion that trade schools
can never replace the old training but can aid and supplement it.
« T h e so-called “ w orkshop” schools established in Sweden in 1920 are patterned a fter Norwegian
schools. Several offer one-year courses and in th is respect resem ble th e ta ilo rs', th e earjsenters’, and
th e bu tch ers’ schools.
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IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S A N D H Y G IE N E .
Health Hazards in Photo-Engraving.
T
HE effect of the use of poisonous acids on the health of workers
m the photo-engraving industry was made the subject of a
. special inquiry by the Industrial Hygiene Service of the Inter
national Labor Office. The results of this study, which was proposed
by the Italian Federation of Photo-Engravers because of the death of
a number of its members in a comparatively short space of time, are
published in the International Labor Review, July, 1923 (pp. 116-125).
Experts in industrial diseases in Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the
Netherlands, and Switzerland were consulted and supplied information
which was largely based on special investigations.
Photo-engraving, being only one branch of the printing industry,
may be carried on cither as a department of a large printing works or
in special plants^ In the majority of cases in Germany all the processes
are carried on in the same establishment, while in England and
Switzeiland both kinds of establishments are found. In Switzerland,
however, in 1921 there were in the entire country only 26 photo
engraving establishments, employing 174 workers and apprentices,
there is little separate trade-union organization of photo-engravers
and, because both in industrial and labor organizations the industry
is a subdivision of a much larger group, it was difficult to obtain
exact information on the hazards of the trade.
In the process of photo-engraving, a metal plate, usually of zinc
upon which the image ^to be reproduced has been transferred by
photographic methods, is placed in an acid bath. The image is pro
tected by a resistant, powdered bitumen, or different forms of resin
and the exposed parts of the plate are etched out by the acid. Nitric
acid of varying degrees of strength and sometimes containing hydrochloric acid, ammonium nitrate, chloride or acetic acid is ordinarily
used, while for deeper etching sulphuric acid solution is employed,
hem e chloride is also used for etching. There are various methods
m use for applying the acid. This is commonly done by means of
some form of automatic spraying device, the modem forms of which
are fitted with exhaust systems for carrying away the fumes. Rockinobaths are also m use, principally for finishing baths, and as the acid
solution is weaker than that used for spraying these baths are not
protected by lids or hoods, but the fumes are removed by general
ventilation, aided in some cases by fans.
Photographic work is carried on in photo-printing, lithographic
and other works and involves the use of a variety of more or less
poisonous chemicals, notably potassium cyanide, for which fixing
salt (sodium thiosulphate) is being substituted wherever possible, and
various compounds of iodine, salt solutions, especially chromium
compounds, and occasionally weak hydrofluoric acid or chloroform.
134
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135
Because acid solutions which give off fumes are essential to the
process of photo-engraving, good working conditions and ventilation
are of especial importance. In Great Britain it was found that the
necessity for adequate ventilation is generally recognized. In
Rome the etching baths were generally in the open air or an open
shed, so that there was sufficient ventilation, though conditions
were undesirable in cold weather. Of nine workshops visited, hy
gienic conditions were fairly good in seven, unsatisfactory in one,
and in one were very bad. German photo-engraving conditions were
said to be about the same as other branches of the printing industry,
and in the Netherlands baths rocked by hand were usually in the
open air. In Switzerland some of the establishments were very
old and equipment and hygienic conditions were poor, although in
some of the electrotype establishments conditions were satisfactory.
England appeared to have few cases showing ill-effects from the
fumes but this was due to the general use of modern etching baths.
Experiments made in Italy in regard to the quantity of nitric oxide
produced by contact of varying percentages of pure nitric acid with
zinc showed that only a small amount of nitric oxide, increasing in
proportion to the strength of the acid, is given off, with percentages
of nitric acid ranging from 5 to 15 per cent (250 milligrams per liter
of solution with 15 per cent nitric acid), but that the quantity sud
denly increases enormously after reaching that point and amounts
to approximately 4,000 milligrams of nitric oxide from a 2o per cent
solution of nitric acid. It is considered, therefore, that the high
mortality among Italian photo-engravers may be due to the use of
stronger acids for deep etchings than were formerly used or to inade
quate ventilation.
According to the Swiss report nitrous fumes are released when
nitric acid is used, and when hydrochloric acid is also used chloride is
produced. Red nitrous fumes caused by very strong acids are no
longer a danger in photo-engraving as these strong solutions are no
longer in use, but in metal works, where they are used in “ pickling”
copper and brass, they are considered very dangerous to health. In
the manufacture of electro blocks there is danger from graphite dust
and from fumes and gases. The etching of stainless steel blades has
been shown to give rise to symptoms in both the respiratory and
digestive tracts. These symptoms, however, were all mild and no
serious cases were reported. The use of liquid chemicals in photog
raphy causes lesions of the skin and eczema of the fingers and hands.
It proved difficult to secure exact statistical information on mortality
and morbidity among photo-engravers as separate statistics are
seldom kept for this class of workers. Statistics secured from the
German Union of Lithographers and Allied Workers for the years
1919 to 1921 showed that of a total of 63 deaths in the 3 years, 14
occurred in the age group 18 to 25; 12 between the ages of 26 to 35;
14 between 36 and 45; 18 between 46 and 60; and 5 oyer 60. Dis
eases of the lungs caused 21 deaths, 12 were due to diseases of the
heart, and 10 were caused by diseases of the stomach, intestines,
and kidneys. The average age at death was 39 } years and the
average duration of illness 25 weeks. Similar statistical information
for other groups of workers in this industry shows much the same
age distribution of the deaths and a preponderance of respiratory
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diseases. It was not sliown in the reports from any of the countries,
however, that there was any definite liability to disease among this
class of workers.
None of the countries investigated had any special legislation
designed to protect photo-engravers from the hazards incidental to
their trade, although in all the countries the factory inspectors have
general supervision of working conditions and may institute measures
to control special hazards. In general, the report points out the
need for adequate ventilation, cleanliness of the workmen and of the
workshop, and good lighting. Acid baths should be closed in and
provided with ventilating apparatus to carry off the fumes, and
resinous powders with which the plates are dusted should be kept in
separate rooms. Special attention should also be given to the
storage of acids and the workers should be instructed as to the dan
gerous nature of nitrous fumes and the methods of rendering acid
harmless if it is spilled.
Hydrogen Sulphide as an Industrial Poison.
RECENT report of the United States Bureau of Mines (Serial
No. 2491) deals with the toxicity of hydrogen sulphide gas,
the symptoms of poisoning, and the method of treatment in
acute and subacute cases. The gas, which is extremely poisonous,
is sometimes present in mines, railroad tunnels, sewers, and marshes.
I t is also present at different stages of the manufacture of sulphuric
acid and in the distillation of petroleum, particularly the oils known
as “high-sulphur crudes,” as well as about gas wells, gas plants, and
smelters. In mines it may be present in the coal or rock strata as
occluded gas, or it may be formed by decomposition of sulphides in
the presence of moisture.
Hydrogen sulphide is a colorless gas somewhat heavier than air,
and has the odor of rotten eggs. I t bums with a bluish flame, and in
seven parts of air a mixture is formed which explodes with violence
when ignited.
The danger of poisoning is always present wherever hydrogen sul
phide exists and its toxicity is similar to that of hydrocyanic acid
gas (prussic acid). Cases of poisoning from the gas may be divided
into two distinct types—acute, or asphyxiation, and subacute. In
acute poisoning there is almost immediate unconsciousness and
frequently death results before the victim can be rescued. In cases
whore rescue can be accomplished the victim usually recovers almost
immediately with no permanent after-effects, although headache and
nausea may persist for a few hours. In subacute cases irritation of
the eyes and respiratory tract occur, varying in degree according to
the concentration of the gas present and the length of exposure.
i Experiments conducted at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of
the Bureau of Mines on animals and in a few cases on men, using low
percentages of hydrogen sulphide, showed that in animals both acute
and subacute types of poisoning could be produced. Death in acute
cases was found to be due to respiratory failure, followed by cardiac
failure, and in subacute cases to irritation of the respiratory tract,
followed by edema (fluid in tissue) of the lungs.
A
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The approximate concentration of hydrogen sulphide which will
cause subacute symptoms in man. was found to vary from 0.01 to
0.06 per cent, while in the production of acute symptoms it ranged
from 0.06 to 0.1 per cent, the latter amount producing immediately
fatal results. The after-effects of severe subacute poisoning were
found to be worse than those from acute poisoning. In subacute
cases, when death did not occur, diabetes, nephritis, pneumonia,
and degeneration of the nervous system were among the effects
recorded.
I t was found that many acute cases could be saved even when the
respiration was completely paralyzed and there were signs of begin
ning cardiac failure. Removal to fresh air and the use of artificial
respiration usually resulted in recovery, while the use of oxygen
facilitated the return to consciousness and lessened the bad effects
of the poisoning. The treatment of subacute cases depends upon
the seat of irritation, and in most cases the patient should be under
the care of a physician. These cases include conjunctivitis, pharyn
gitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
A general knowledge of the extreme toxicity of the gas, the
report says, is necessary for the prevention of poisoning. Mechanical
devices have been designed for care of these fumes in different indus
tries, and the use of canister masks, hose masks, and oxygen-breath
ing apparatus have proved of value. The results of the study are
summed up as follows:
1. Hydrogen sulphide is an industrial poison, the toxicity of which has not been
fully realized. Cases of poisoning have occurred in relatively large numbers. Con
stant vigilance is required in order to prevent accidents.
2. The poisoning by hydrogen sulphide is of two types— namely, acute and sub
acute—causing asphyxiation and irritation (conjunctivitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and
depression of the central nervous system), respectively. Death from asphyxia is caused
by paralysis of the respiratory center, while death from subacute poisoning is asso
ciated with edema of the lungs. The exact low limit of hydrogen-sulphide concentra
tion at which it ceases to act as a poison has not as vet been determined, but in evi
dently below 0.005 per cent.
3. Hydrogen sulphide in low concentrations produces symptoms of headache,
sleeplessness, dullness, dizziness, and -weariness. Fain in the eyes, followed by con
junctivitis^ is fairly constant, while bronchitis and pains in the chest are frequent.
Further poisoning produces depression, stupor, unconsciousness, and death. Spasms—
clonic and tonic in character—are present, and death occurs following paralysis of
the respiratory center.
Metal-F ume Fever.
A
N ACCOUNT of a number of cases of metal-fume fever occurring
in a small copper rolling mill in Bavaria is given in The Journal
of Industrial Hygiene, July, 1923 (pp. 87-91). The report,
which was made by F. Koelsch, medical inspector of factories in
Bavaria, was translated by Dr. T. M, Legge, chief medical inspector
in Great Britain.
Tire complaint of “ fever and gastric disturbance” among the work
men in this factory was found to relate to the 10 workmen employed
on the hot rolls, who complained at the end of the day of a feeling of
oppression in the chest, of cold or shivering, of tiredness and occasion
ally nausea and vomiting and general pains throughout the body.
These symptoms disappeared after a night’s rest, during which time
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there was more or less sweating, leaving only a slight tired feeling,
which persisted, however, for some time.
A study of the temperature, pulse, and blood pressure taken on
days when no work was done on the rolls and after an eight-hour day
on the rolls showed that in 6 of the 10 workers when working on the
rolls there was a rise in temperature, varying in the different workers
from 1.1° to 3.6°, accompanied by accelerated heart action and
increased blood pressure, the pulse rate showing an increase of from
10 to 50 beats per minute. There was, however, no parallelism in
the degree of deviation in the individual workers.
These symptoms are similar to brass founders’ ague, which is caused
by the absorption of zinc or zinc oxide fumes. Brass founders’ ague
is not caused by the simple inhalation of zinc dust of the sort which is
produced by mechanical work and which is chemically identical with
the material turned out, but is caused by the formation of a new
chemical compound— an oxide— as the active agent. This zinc oxide,
in the finest state of division, is breathed in by the workmen and ab
sorbed in the air passages and lungs. The very fine state of division
and the absolute dryness of the zinc oxide produced in pouring brass
is considered to make it possible for the particles to penetrate deeply
into the lungs where they are absorbed. Ordinary zinc oxide is
less easily absorbed since the particles are larger and tend to agglomer
ate, although cases have been reported where the symptoms from the
inhalation of ordinary zinc oxide were similar to those produced by
vaporization.
Cases of poisoning from zinc fumes in acetylene cutting and welding
have been reported in recent German literature. In one case a work
man usino; an acetylene torch in cutting through a heavy zinc plate
in a ship’s boiler was overcome after working three and one-half
hours, while in the other case workmen who were welding galvanized
iron or brass articles showed symptoms of zinc poisoning—tiredness,
pallor, shivering, and loss of appetite—from the zinc oxide which was
like a cloud about the workers, while galvanizing by means of a metal
spray has produced the same symptoms.
In the present case the workers were engaged with another heavy
metal— copper. Cold water was allowed to drip on the red-hot rolls
to cool them and. the copper readily vaporized, while in the process
of rolling the breaking on of tiny particles of copper was unavoidable.
These particles passed into the atmosphere of the workroom as dust
and were deposited about the rolling plant either by the air currents
or by the droplets of steam. Copper dust has generally been con
sidered to cause only a local mechanical irritation, such as coughing
and oppression in the chest. A special study, made a number of
years ago of the effects of the inhalation of copper dust, showed that
it caused tickling in the throat, oppression in the chest, coughing and
expectoration, and, following the inhalation of fine copper or bronze
dust such as that produced in scraping metal parts with wire brushes,
there was difficulty in breathing, a sense of fullness, a desire to take
deeper breaths, and to cough in order to remove the dust from the
pharynx and the vocal cords. There were also symptoms of irrita
tion in the alimentary canal, such as metallic taste, salivation, chok
ing, vomiting, and abdominal pain. These effects are noticeably
different from those observed in the present case where the workmen
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INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND H YG IEN E.
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are evidently not affected by simple dust irritation, but where the
symptoms resemble brass founders’ ague. The hot metallic particles
in the finest state of division oxidize immediately upon coming in
contact with the air, are inhaled and enter the bronchial tubes, and
are absorbed from the lungs. I t has not been determined what part
the temperature plays, if any, nor whether metal vapor, in the presence
of the mass of oxides, is present in the air.
The effect of other heavy metals such as mercury, nickel, silver,
iron, cobalt, and antimony, when inhaled in vaporized form, has
been shown through animal experiments and in isolated instances
to be similar to that of zinc and copper. The reason that the pour
ing of these other metals seldom results in ill effects is due to the fact
that in most of them the melting point is reached long before the
boiling point or the point at which vaporization takes place.
The close relationship between symptoms of metal fever and
anaphylactic shock suggests that there is destruction or alteration
of the delicate cell lining of the air passages, the damaged protein
being absorbed and the reaction showing in a rise of temperature.
I t is possible, also, that particles of the metal may be swallowed and
absorbed in the gastrointestinal canal.
I t was found that in the rolling mill in question the use of exhaust
ventilation corrected the condition. I t was considered remarkable
that although the raw material and the method of working had been
the same and most of the workers had been employed for a long time
no trouble had been noted previous to the outbreak.
The conclusions of the report are summarized as follows:
'1 . Symptoms oi illness identical with those of brass founders’ ague were observed
in workers at a hot copper rolling plant in which the roils were directly water-cooled.
2. These observations, together with isolated observations in literature and results
of animal experiments, lead to the presumption that similar symptoms may occur
from inhalation of the vapor of all heavy metals.
3. The question as to how these symptoms of illness are resolved in the body is not
y et settled; probably absorption, effects from the gastrointestinal canal, and conse
quential protein absorption, play a part.
Effect oi Locomotive Smoke on Trainmen in Railroad Funnels.1
N INVESTIGATION of the atmospheric conditions in the
Aspen and the Wahsatch tunnels of the Union Pacific Railroad
was made recently by the United States Bureau of Mines.
The purpose of the study, which was made at the request of the
railroad authorities, was to determine the cause of gassing accidents
which had occurred in these tunnels and to provide a method of
protection for the men exposed. The study is a part of the safety
work pi the bureau in regard to atmospheres containing carbon
monoxide, and the results are considered to be of value not only to
railroads operating steam locomotives through tunnels but also to
other industries in which there are poisonous gases present in the
an* or where there is high temperature and humidity.
The tests which were made in cabs of freight locomotives showed
that carbon monoxide was present in the cab atmosphere in 34 out
L
-
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pixy C51UiU£iUclI
Ü IIU U IS
p ro -
Uuced on trainm en by locomotive smoke in th e Aspen and the W ahsatch tunnels of th e Union Pacific
Railroad.
59726°— 23-
-10
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M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW .
of 40 trips, the amount varying from 0.01 per cent to 0.35 per cent.3
Sulphur dioxide was present on all trips and hydrogen sulphide in
3 trips out of 40. The maximum amount of carbon dioxide found
present on any trip was 1.63 per cent.3
Tests of the air in the train air-brake line showed that, although
the temperature rose soon after the train entered the tunnel, the air
was of much better quality than that in the cab and might be depended
on as a source of air supply for breathing purposes for a period of 10
minutes. In combination with the air tanks in the train pipe, a
supply of pure air can be provided which will last 30 minutes.
The main causes of accidents occurring in the tunnels investigated
was found to be asphyxiation from carbon monoxide from the hot
exhaust gases, and exhaustion from high temperature and humidity.
The time consumed in the passage of trains through the tunnels
varied from 4^ to 25 minutes, and it was shown that an exposure of
44 to 81 minutes to air containing 0.05 to 0.29 per cent carbon mon
oxide would cause a blood saturation of 5 to 18 per cent. The tests
also showed that an exposure of 20 minutes might be sufficient to
cause asphyxiation or exhaustion, especially in cases where the engine
is stalled.
Carbon monoxide, when present in the air, is taken into the lungs and combines
with the red coloring matter (hemoglobin) of the blood. The subject, when exposed,
is unconscious of the fact that the blood is being saturated by the gas; but at a certain
point of saturation of the blood, about 60 per cent or less, the victim becomes un
conscious, collapsing suddenly.4
A previous investigation 5 of air conditions in tunnels of the
Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroads showed that owing to
different physical conditions there was not sufficient danger of ex
posure to carbon monoxide to make it necessary to provide masks
which would furnish protection against it and for these tunnels a
small soda-lime charcoal respirator was recommended, Various
types of these masks were used in the Union Pacific tests, but while
they were found to give protection against sulphur dioxide and smoke
they failed to provide protection, against the carbon monoxide
present and because of the altitude, high temperature, and humidity,
they caused great discomfort and difficulty in breathing.
The maximum cab temperature recorded in any of the 40 tests
was 136° and the lowest 98°, while the humidity ranged between
59° and 94°. I t was found that the use of smoke deflectors or
mechanical devices for deflecting the smoke from the locomotive
cab resulted in the reduction of the temperature of the cab atmos
phere from 20 to 30 degrees.
I t was decided by the investigators that gas masks which give
protection from carbon monoxide gas are not practical for use in
railroad tunnels because of their cost. The absorbent deteriorates
upon exposure to moisture and would require refilling after each
trip. The use of respirators attached to the train air-brake pipe
2 T he presence of five-tenths p art of carbon monoxide in 1,000 parts of atm ospheric air m arks th e begin
ning of danger, and 2 or 3 parts per 1,000 are perilous to life. See U nited S ta tes Bu reau of Labor Statistics
B u i. No. 209, Hygiene of th e P rin tin g Trades, p. 33.
T he safe lim it of carbon dioxide in th e working atm osphere was placed a t 0.2 per cent by Prof. G . O.
Higley in a paper read before th e Am erican P u blic H ealth Association in O ctober, 1916. See Monthly
L a b o r R e v ie w , March, 1917, p. 4 5 5 .
4 See a ls o M o n t h l y L a b o e . R e v i e w fo r August, 1923, p . 169.
6 U . S. B u reau of Mines T echnical Paper 292. See Monthly L abor R ev iew , February, 1923, pp. 228,229.
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INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND H YG IEN E.
141
line was, however, considered to offer the best means of protection
since it furnishes air to the wearer at atmospheric pressure, does
not increase resistance to breathing, and does not cause any expense
for upkeep. An air-line respirator has been devised consisting of
a funnel attached to a rubber hose leading from the air-brake pipe
line which gives the wearer free use of the hands and eyes. Three
of the four air tanks under the running board on either side of the
engine, which have altogether a capacity of 150 cubic feet, can be
used in connection with the supply taken directly from the train
pipe.
Owing to the necessity for special and immediate treatment of
victims of carbon monoxide poisoning, the report recommends that
engine crews, signal maintainers, and men working in the vicinity
of the tunnels should be trained in the use of apparatus and methods
of first-aid treatment for such cases.
industrial Medical Records.
n p H E report of a special committee on industrial medical records
appointed by the American Association of Industrial Physicians
A
and Surgeons is given in the Journal of Industrial Hygiene,
July, 1923 (pp. 106-108).
While the committee recognized the impossibility of developing
a record card which would be suitable for all industries, two forms
were decided upon, one giving the minimum information essential
to the operation of a medical department and the other the minimum
necessary for statistical purposes. The order of arrangement on.
the card is considered unimportant. A card 5 by 8 inches is recom
mended, although in some cases it may be necessary to use a larger
one. A smaller card using the suggested headings could hardly be
used to advantage, however. Additional items which the conditions
of the individual plant call for may be added.
The name and address of the company should appear on all cards,
particularly if the cards are sent to a central agency for tabulation
and analysis. The word £i age,” the report states, may be substituted
for “ year of birth,” but the latter is preferable if the data are to be
analyzed, and under the heading “ disability” it is suggested that
the kind of disability, whether sickness, industrial injury, or nonindustrial injury, should be entered. “ Date employed” and “ date
le ft” give information from which the amount of exposure of the
individual can be determined, while under “ defect” are to be entered
the defects found in the course of the physical examination or any
which may have been observed by the physician.
In addition to the classification of disability, the more important
types of sickness should be classified by season, sex, age, occupation,
length of time employed, etc. The amount of time and wages lost
and amount of compensation paid should also be determined, in
cooperation with the employment and time-keeping departments,
and the expense of caring for illness and accident, particularly medical
expense incurred outside the establishment.
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Following are the recommendations of the committee and the
suggested forms for the card records.
1. That medical records should be kept confidential and separate from records of
the employment department, even though this procedure entails a certain amount
of duplicated information on the record card.
2. That the information given on card No. 1 (Form 1) is the minimum information
that should Reconsidered in the operation of a medical department.
3. That the information given on card No. 2 (Form 2) is the minimum information
necessary for statistical purposes.
4. That there should be a uniform method of classifying physical findings and that
the following be adopted:
Class 1.— Physically fit for any employment.
Class II.— Physically underdeveloped or with some slight anatomical defect;
otherwise fit for any employment.
Clas$' III.— F it only for certain employment when specifically approved and
supervised by the medical department.
Class IV.— Unfit for any employment. Rejects.
* Form
1.
N am e....................... Address..................... Name of company..................................................
Departm ent.................... Check No......... Address of company..............................................
O ccu pation ..................................................................................................................................................
-Age.................... S e x .................... M. W. S. D....................... D efect.....................................
D ate of dispensary
visits.
Diagnosis.
[Card to be 5 " x 8 " .
T reatm en t.
Calendar
days lost.
Bo d y of card, front and back, to be ruled to facilitate entry of record.]
Form 2.
Name...................... Address.................. Name of company......................................
Department.......... (h eck No............. Occupation.......... Address of companv
Previous occupations, with dates.......................................................................................
Year of b irth .......... S e x .......... M. W. S. D............. Nationality........................
Date employed............................. Date left................ ....................................................
Phys. exam, class........................ Defect..........................................................................
D ate of dispensary
visits.
.........................................
[Card to be
5"
Diagnosis.
.
x 8".
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Treatm en t.
Bo d y of card, front and back, to be ruled to fa cilitate en try of record.]
[7 1 2 ]
Calendar
days lost.
W O R K M E N ’S
C O M P E N S A T IO N
IN SU R A N C E .
AND
S O C IA L
Occupational Morbidity Statistics of Norwegian Sick Funds.
AN INDICATION of the effect of occupation on the health of
workers may be obtained from morbidity (sickness) statistics.
^ ^ An article in Sociale Meddelelser No. 4, 1923, issued by the
Norwegian Department of Social Affairs (Departementet fo r Sociale
S aker ) contains such statistics taken from the reports of the Christi
ania district sick funds.
The following table, compiled from the annual report of the sick
funds, issued by the State Insurance Institute, shows the frequency
and duration of sickness among members of the funds, classified by
sex and by location of fund, in 1921:
FREQ U EN C Y
AND
D U R A T IO N O F S IC K N E S S AM ONG M E M B E R S
D IS T R IC T S IC K F U N D S , 1921.
1--------------------------- --------------------- ——
-----------------------------
OF
N O R W E G IA N
— ----------Average
Average duration
sick days
of
per
sickness
m ember. (days).
Sex, and type of fund.
N umber
of mem
bers.
Sickness
fre
quency.
Men:
................................................................
City d i qtric‘t sink funds.
Hnral district, sink funds.......
......................................................
138,861
205,281
0. 32
.2 8
8.67
7.29
27.27
25.89
T o ta l.......................................................................................................
314,142
.3 0
7.85
28.49
..........................................................
................................................
108,602
95,506
.3 8
.21
11.96
7.34
40.48
35.15
..............................................................
204,108
.26
9. 82
38.45
W omen:
fifty district sif'k funds
Rural Hist.rir*t SK*k funds
Total
__
The table indicates that as a general rule the men are sick some
what oftener than the women, but the women are sick somewhat
longer than the men. However, sickness of less than 3 days duration
is not included in the above figures. The difference is great between
town and country, especially as regards the morbidity rate for
women.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[713]
143
144
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
The statistics secured from the sick funds do not show the occu
pations of the members, but detailed statistics on this point are
available for the Christiania district sick funds for the years 1913 to
1919. These statistics are given in the table below:
R E L A T I V E M O R B I D IT Y AM ONG M E M B E R S O F C H R IS T IA N IA D IS T R IC T S IC K F U N D S .
1913 T O 1919, B Y S E X AN D O C C U PA TIO N .
[Number of days of sickness per m em ber among office w orkers= 100.]
Occupation.
Num
ber of
m em
bers.
Rela
tiv e
mor
bid
ity .
19,265
100
7, 254
16,554
1,631
962
9,662
2,358
2,619
1,008
1,149
990
3,022
1,136
3,365
5; 178
1,594
2,658
5,391
11,385
19,013
12,857
118
140
140
143
146
147
147
148
148
150
156
157
158
160
160
161
170
172
175
176
Occupation,
Men.
Office w orkers..........................................
Non essential occupations....................
B arbers, hairdressers, e t c ....................
Gold and silver s m ith s .........................
Shop workers............................................
Messengers, e t c .........................................
P ip e la y ers...............................................
Instrum en t and w atch m akers..........
W arehouse and depot w orkers..........
H otel and restaurant em ployees___
T ex tile w orkers........................................
B a k e rs.........................................................
Bu tch ers and delicatessen w orkers..
Tin and copper sm ith s..........................
Saddle m akers and upholsterers___
Planing and saw m ill w orkers...........
Tailors and sewing-trades employees
Footw ear w orkers. ; ..............................
Chemical in dustry em ployees............
Tobacco factory em ployees.................
P a i n t e r s ........................ ..........................
Wooden ware workers............................
T ransport workers..................................
Foundation w orkers..............................
D istillery , brewery, and m ineral
w ater w orkers.......................................
M echanicalindustry, foundry work
ers..............................................................
M asons........................................................
W atchm en and gatekeepers................
E x ca v a tin g and stone w orkers.........
Men
949
1,442
102
106
3,508
182
28,180
7,277
4,676
1,292
188
192
193
195
Num R e la
ber of tiv e
m em mor
bid
bers.
ity .
—Concluded.
G ardeners...................................................
Coal, refuse, ice, e tc., workers............
Y ard work, loading and u n lo a d in g ..
2,414
3,755
9,538
220
227
235
31,487
22,728
61,209
14,966
1,854
2,280
942
100
103
116
138
122
140
2,432
7,270
6,227
141
145
148
35,264
2,291
1,125
2,952
7,296
16,381
3,537
2,012
12,365
994
2,673
4,823
152
156
172
176
189
190
193
203
218
286
290
330
Women.
Offi ce w orkers.................... ......................
Shop workers...... ............... ......................
Serv an ts......................................................
H otel and restaurant employ ees___
Chem ical industry employees............
N onessential occupations....................
Saddle m akers and upholsterers, etc.
Bookbind ers,paper, andpasteboard
w o rk ers..................................................
W arehouse and depot workers..........
Messengers, e t c ......... ...............................
T ailoring an d sewing-trades employ ees....................................................
Footw ear w orkers..................................
B a k e rs .........................................................
Chocolate, cracker, etc. w o rk e r s.....
Tobacco w orkers...................................
W ashers and cleaners.............................
Nurses, masseuses, e t c .................. ..
M echanicalindustry em ployees.........
T ex tile w orkers......................................
T ransport workers..................................
D istillery and brewery em ployees. .
Telephone and telegraph em ployees.
100
The morbidity in the different groups varies greatly. Among the
men some groups of outdoor workers have twice as great morbidity
as office workers. Among the women, telephone and telegrapli
workers have three times as much sickness as office workers. I t is
stated that these statistics must be used with, caution when deter
mining the effect of the occupation on the health, because, for example,
a tubercular office worker may be able to continue at his work longer
than a tubercular blacksmith. Ages in the various occupations also
may affect morbidity.
The following table shows the number of days of sickness from
certain diseases per 100 members of the Christiania sick funds for all
occupations combined and for the iron and metal industry:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[714]
w o r k m e n ’s
c o m p e n s a t io n
a n d s o c ia l i n s u r a n c e .
145
N U M B E R O F D A Y S O F S IC K N E S S P E R 100 M E M B E R S O F C H R IS T IA N IA D IS T R IC T S IC K
F U N D S , 1913 A N D 1914, B Y N A T U R E O F D IS E A S E .
N um ber of days of sickness per 100 m em bers.
All occupa
tions.
N ature of disease.
Iron and steel industry.
In d ex num bers ( “ all oocu pations” =
100).
Men. W omen. Men. W omen.
Men. W omen.
A ll diseases............................................. .................
733
850
875
1,250
120
147
Acute contagious diseases...................................
T uberculosis............................................................
Diseases causing blood and organic changes.
Diseases of th e nervous sy stem ........................
Diseases of th e respiratory organs....................
Diseases of th e digestive organs........................
Accidents and injuries..........................................
27
73
88
27
162
81
120
33
84
129
45
130
175
47
25
69
104
20
225
84
166
58
92
243
29
265
233
68
93
95
118
74
137
103
138
175
110
188
49
204
130
157
The iron and metal industry shows a greater amount of sickness
than do all occupations combined, the sickness among men in this
industry being 20 per cent greater, and that among women being 47
per cent greater than the average. Considering each sickness group
and omitting accidents, diseases of the respiratory organs lead as a
cause of lost time through illness. These diseases caused 37 per cent
more sickness among the men and 104 per cent more sickness among
the women employed in the iron and metal industry than in all occu
pations combined. These figures, it is stated, must be used with
caution, as the statistics for the iron and metal industry include 6,170
men and only 600 women, and, inasmuch as the iron and metal
workers’ union has its own sick fund, only unorganized workers are
included. Also, these figures take no account of age.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[715]
L A B O R L A W S A N D C O U R T D E C ISIO N S.
Individual and Collective Bargaining Under Mexican State Labor
Laws.1
By
M arth a
D
o b b in
.
L abor Disputes.
O
F THE 12 available State laws which cover labor disputes, all
but three (Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan) specifically
recognize the right of workmen to strike and of employers to
suspend work, as guaranteed by article 123 of the Federal constitu
tion. The Queretaro law, however, declares that workers should
consider strikes the last resort in the defense of their interests, to be
resorted to only after peaceable means of settling the dispute have
failed. According to the Sinaloa and Sonora laws workers, before
going on strike, ought to procure sufficient food and other necessities
to sustain them while they are idle during the strike.
Strikes.
When lawful. —The laws of nine States (Campeche, Chiapas,
Chihuahua, Michoacan, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora,
and Yucutan) define lawful strikes as those which are for the purpose
of securing a “ balance between the different agents of production,
harmonizing the rights of labor with those of capital.” Some of the
laws specify definite objects for which strikes may be called: (1) To
compel the employers to comply with the obligations imposed by
individual or collective contracts (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Puebla,
San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz); (2) to obtain a
modification of the contract for the general benefit of the workers,
if the contract is unfair or prejudicial to their interests (Chihuahua,
Coahuila, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz);
(3) to compel the employers to modify the organization of their
establishments or the mode of payment, hours, rest periods, or the
customary services furnished to the workers, if the latter consider
such systems or practices unfair or prejudicial to their collective
interests (Chihuahua, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, and Sonora); (4) to
secure the strict observance of the provisions of the labor laws or
faithful compliance with the awards and decisions of the boards of
conciliation and arbitration and commissions on minimum wage
and profit sharing (Coahuila and Puebla); (5) to support another
lawful strike (Coahuila, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora,
and Vera Cruz).
According to the laws of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Puebla, San Luis
Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz, strikes will be considered
i This article is th e conclusion of an article w ith th e same title in th e August num ber of the Monthly
L
abo r
R eview
( p p . 189 t o 2 0 4 ).
146
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[716]
LABOE LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS,
147
lawful only when they meet certain requirements: (1) If they are
without violence on the part of a majority of the workers; (2) if they
are for one of the purposes named in the law; (3) if, before declaring
the strike, the workers submit to their employer a written statement
of the purpose of the strike (Yucatan also); (4) if the employer refuses
to grant the petition of the workers or fails to reply within one week
after receiving it (Puebla— “ does not answer within the legal period ’;
Yucatan—“ within three days”); and (5) if, before declaring the
strike, the workers inform the president of the city council of their
petition and the employer’s reply or failure to reply (Yucatan—‘‘in
cluding the day and hour of beginning the strike”). The Chihuahua
law contains one other proviso—“ if in case of war the strikers do not
belong to Government establishments and services.”
In San Luis Potosi when a strike is imminent the workers must,
personally or through their representatives, request the board of __
conciliation and arbitration to attempt a settlement, and if concilia
tion fails, give 10 days’ notice to the employer and the board of their
intention to stop work.
_
.
When unlaw ful .—When strikes will be considered unlawful is
implied in most of the laws, but four of them specify under what
circumstances they will be held unlawful. They define unlawful
strikes as (1) those in which a majority of the strikers engage m
violent acts against persons or property (Campeche, Chiapas, Michoacan, and Queretaro); (2) those in Government establishments and
services in time of war (the same four States, but the Queretaro law
specifies “ foreign” war); (3) those in establishments manufacturing
military supplies for the Federal Government (Chiapas); (4) those
in which the syndicates, or unions, abuse their power and make
unjustifiable demands (Queretaro).
Inducing other workers to join strike .—Only two laws (those of
Michoacan and Queretaro) contain provisions relating to means of
inducing other workers to join a strike. Both laws provide that,
even if there are excellent reasons for striking, workers may not
lawfully use any other means than persuasion to induce their com
panions to join 'in their strike (the Queretaro law adds “ and never
by force”). Both laws enjoin respect of person and property on the
part of the strikers, the Queretaro law adding ‘ without in any way
affecting the public peace and order.”
Effect on contracts -—Nine laws (those of Chihuahua, Coanuila,
Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and
Vera Cruz) contain practically identical provisions concerning the
effect of a strike on a labor contract, viz., it merely suspends the effect
of the contract during the strike, without terminating it or extinguish
ing the rights and obligations under it. The Puebla law excepts
those cases in which the purpose of the strike is to attack the contract.
Strikes in 'public services .—All 12 laws (Queretaro, merely by imp ication) require workers employed in the public services to give
notice to the specified authorities 10 days in advance of the date
set for a strike. In San Luis Potosi the board of conciliation may
authorize the employer temporarily to replace the strikers for the
sake of the public interest. In only one law (that of Puebla) are the
public services enumerated. They are communication; hospitals;
water, light, and power plants: burial of the dead; and public hygiene.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17171
148
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
P ublic employees not to strike .-—Two States (Chihuahua and Queretaro) deny the right to strike to State arid municipal employees. The
Queretaro law also provides that for the sake of public order and
security the defensive forces of the State and the police shall not have
the right to strike. Persons who violate this provision will he guilty
of rebellion, sedition, or mutiny.
P ending settlement o f disputes .—Under the Chiapas law employers
and employers’ organizations are prohibited from suspending work
during the period of conciliation or arbitration and from dismissing
workers during this period except for incompetence, violation of the
labor law, or failure to fulfill their obligations. The San Luis Potosi
law contains somewhat similar provisions, to the effect that after
the workers have given notice of their intention to strike, employers
may not suspend operations while the matter is before the board of
conciliation nor may they dismiss any workers during this period.
The workers are also prohibited from quitting before the date set for
the strike. In Sinaloa, members of workers’ organizations may not
abandon their employment while the dispute is before the central
board of conciliation and arbitration.
Ten of the laws (all but those of Campeche and Chiapas) prohibit
the hiring of other workers, pending the settlement of a lawful strike,
to replace those on strike. However, some of them make exceptions.
The Puebla law makes provision for the carrying on of work the
sudden suspension of which would work serious injury or endanger
the security of the establishment. The Coahuila law permits ex
ceptions in “ those cases in which there is imminent danger of the
destruction of the property.” The provision in the Yucatan law
includes the clause “ or resume operations until the strike is settled.”
Term ination .—The laws of eight States (Chihuahua, Coahuila,
Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz)
contain practically identical provisions concerning the termination of
strikes. They may be terminated by private agreement between the
employers and workers, by conciliation through the respective local
board of conciliation, or by award of the central board of conciliation
and arbitration.
_Effect o f aw ard on contract o f employment.— In six of the laws (those
of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz)
there are identical provisions concerning the effect of an award of the
board of conciliation and arbitration on the contract of employment.
These provisions are as follows: (1) If the award is wholly favorable
to the employer the contract is terminated without obligation on his
part; (2) if it is wholly favorable to the workers, the contract will
continue with such modifications as the board directs; (3) in the
latter case the contract may be terminated if tire employer pays the
strikers an indemnity equivalent to three months’ wages; (4) if the
award is not wholly favorable to either party, the contract continues
with such changes as the award directs; (5) in the last-mentioned
case if the workers refuse to continue the contract with the new terms
it is terminated without obligation on the part of the employer, and if
the employer refuses to continue it, he must pay three months’ wages
as indemnity.
Under the Chiapas law if the employer refuses to accept the award
the contract will be terminated and he must pay three months’ wages
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[718]
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS,
149
as indemnity, besides still being liable for damages; if the workers
refuse, the contract is terminated. The Queretaro law contains the
first, second, and fourth provisions in identical form, and adds to the
third the requirement that the indemnity be paid in a lump sum.
The law contains only the first part of the fifth provision above
mentioned, that relating to termination by the workers.
P en alties .—The Campeche law fixes a penalty of two weeks’
imprisonment for violence in organizing, maintaining, or opposing
strikes, but if the act constitutes a violation of the penal law the
penal laws will apply. In these cases the strikers will not have the
right to return to work.
According to the Chiapas law, promoters of violent strikes and
those who commit violence against person or property will be liable
for offenses against the freedom of commerce and industry under
article 925 of the Penal Code, in addition to being liable for crimes
committed collectively. If it is proved that workers participated in
a collective violation of the law or that they committed infractions of
the law apart from the collective act, they will be held liable accord
ingly.
Seven laws (those of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Puebla, San Luis
Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Vera Cruz) provide that strikes shall be
limited to the mere act of suspending work, with no civil liability
for lawful suspension of work. Violence of the strikers toward
persons or property makes them liable under civil and penal law.
The Michoacan and Queretaro laws merely state that there will be
no civil liability for lawful strikes.
Under the Puebla law if an employer hires new workers to replace
those on strike he must pay the strikers three months’ wages as
indemnity besides being held for the resulting civil liability.
The Yucatan law prescribes a penalty of two weeks’ imprisonment
for those guilty of using violence or threats to check strikes, provided
the acts do not constitute violations of the penal law. If the penal
law is violated, the penal law will apply. If the offenders occupy any
public office, they will be fined from 10 to 500 pesos ($5 to $249, par)
in addition to being imprisoned, and will be dismissed from office.
Shutdowns.
When the suspension of operations is at the instance of the employer,
whether for lawful reasons or not, the term “ paro” (shutdown) is
applied.
When lawful. —Under the laws of Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua,
Coahuila, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Yucatan, shutdowns will be con
sidered lawful when overproduction necessitates the suspension of
operations in order to maintain prices at a profitable level, the pre
vious approval of the local board of conciliation or the central board
of conciliation and arbitration (as specified) being required in every
State except Coahuila, which, however, requires notice of the inten
tion to suspend operations.
With the approval of the central board of conciliation and arbitra
tion (except in Coahuila), shutdowns caused by force majeure will be
considered lawful (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sinaloa, and Sonora). In
the Michoacan, Queretaro, and San Luis Potosi laws, shutdowns are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[719]
150
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW .
classified as temporary and absolute. If, because of overproduction
or lack of raw materials or fuel, employers wish to suspend operations
temporarily, they must prove the necessity of so doing to the boards
of conciliation and arbitration as well as give two weeks’ notice of
their intention to cease operations. The San Luis Potosi law includes
force majeure as a cause for temporary shutdowns. Absolute sus
pension for serious causes must be approved by the board of con
ciliation and arbitration and two weeks’ notice given, except in the
case of force majeure. This exception does not appear in the Queretaro law. The San Luis Potosi law provides that when employers
need to curtail operations because of overproduction or scarcity of
raw materials, they may reduce the hours or days of labor, and in
agreement with their workers or their representatives may distribute
the available work equally among the whole force.
When unlawful .— Under most of the laws shutdowns are considered
unlawful when they are for any other purpose than those permitted
by law. Three of the laws, however, specify certain conditions under
which shutdowns will be unlawful. They are as follows: (1) For the
purpose of unlawfully dismissing one or more workers or represen
tatives of labor organizations (Michoaean, Queretaro, and San Luis
Potosi); (2) to avoid complying with the awards of boards of con
ciliation and arbitration, or paying the minimum wage or share in
profits fixed by the special commissions (Michoaean and Queretaro);
(3) to avoid granting workers’ petitions, based on the guaranties and
rights given by the labor law (Michoaean, Queretaro, and San Luis
Potosi); (4) to avoid complying with awards of the boards of con
ciliation and arbitration or fulfilling obligations imposed by the labor
laws (San Luis Potosi).
Reemployment o f form er workers when resuming operations .—The
Coahuila law provides that upon the resumption of work after a
shutdown the former employees and workers shall be given preference
and their rights will not be impaired by the break in employment.
Under the Michoaean, Queretaro, and San Luis Potosi laws the former
workers are to have preference in employment after a lawful shut
down. To this end employers in Michoaean must give 10 days’
notice and in Queretaro and San Luis Potosi two weeks’ notice of
their intention to resume operations.
P en alties .—In Campeche violence in organizing, maintaining, or
opposing shutdowns will be punished with two weeks’ imprisonment,
but if the act constitutes a violation of the penal law, the penal law
will apply. In Chihuahua employers who suspend operations with
out lawful cause will be fined from 50 to 500 pesos ($25 to $249, par)
or imprisoned, and if the stoppage occurs in a public service, the
State executive or city councils will administer the undertaking until
the dispute is settled.
In Coahuila when an employer suspends operations without lawful
cause the workers will be entitled to three months’ wages as indem
nity, and if they are occupying houses furnished by the employer
they may continue to occupy them until work is resumed or other
work is found, meanwhile paying the rent fixed in the labor law.
Moreover, if the employer should have a concession from the State, it
will be void if the board of conciliation and arbitration declares there
was fraud on the part of the employer.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 720]
LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS.
151
Under the Yucatan law every agricultural, commercial, or indus
trial undertaking that suspends work for an unlawful reason will be
compelled by the Government to carry on its work under Govern
ment administration to avoid losses to the workers.
Settlement of L ab o r Disputes.
IN the Mexican States the submission of labor disputes to boards of
conciliation and arbitration for settlement is compulsory and is
based on sections 20 and 21 of article 123 of the Federal constitution.
These provisions are as follows:
20. Differences or disputes between capital and labor shall be submitted for settle
ment to a board of conciliation and arbitration, to consist of an equal number of
representatives of the workmen and of the employers and of one representative of the
Government.
21. If the employer shall refuse to submit his differences to arbitration or to accept
an award rendered by the board, the labor contract shall be considered as terminated,
and the employer shall be bound to indemnify the workman by the payment to him
of three months’ wages, in addition to the liability which he may have incurred by
reason of the dispute. If the workman shall reject the award the contract will be
held to have terminated.
Of the available State laws on this subject (those of Campeche,
Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Mexico (State), Michoacan,
Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan)
all except Campeche, Coahuila, and Mexico (State) provide for
central boards of conciliation and arbitration. The Federal law also
provides for such boards in the Federal District and the two Ter
ritories. Campeche has a tribunal of labor (tribunal del trabajo)
which functions as a board of conciliation, a central board of con
ciliation, and a court of arbitration. The State of Mexico is divided
into four districts, in each of which there is a permanent board of
conciliation and arbitration.
In addition to the central boards, most of the States have local
boards. Six States (Chiapas, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Michoacan,
Queretaro, and Yucatan) have boards of conciliation and arbitra
tion in each municipality and three (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Yera
Cruz) have municipal boards of conciliation. In San Luis Potosi
temporary boards of conciliation may be formed when needed. Chiapas
has also rural commissioners, appointed by the respective city councils,
one for each estate, ranch, or other labor center, whose duty it is to
hear the complaints of the workers and employers, or their representa
tives, concerning nonperformance of contract and settle disputes in
which the amount involved is not more than 10 pesos ($4.99, par).
Instead of municipal boards the Puebla law provides for permanent
boards of conciliation in each industry, shop, and commercial or
agricultural establishment employing at least 25 workers, and tem
porary boards when the number employed is less than 25.
In every case the central boards are permanent organizations, as
are also the four district boards in the State of Mexico. In three
States (Chiapas, Coahuila, and Yucatan) the local boards are per
manent, and in seven States (Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Michoacan,
Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, and Vera Cruz) they are tem
porary, being formed as occasion demands.
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Organization.
L ocal hoards .—The employer and labor members of the permanent
local boards are elected annually at general assemblies of the em
ployers and workers or their organizations. In the case of the
temporary boards the representatives of the parties to the dispute
are to be named within 24 hours after the municipal authorities
receive notice of the dispute, in Guanajuato, Michoacan, and Queretaro, and within three days in Chihuahua, Sonora, and Vera Cruz.
The number of members varies. On the municipal boards of
Chiapas, Chihuahua, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan and on the permanent
and temporary boards established in the industries, shops, etc., in
Puebla there are two representatives each of employers and workers,
while in Guanajuato each side has only one representative. The
Michoacan and Queretaro boards consist of five representatives each
of capital and labor, and the district boards of the State of Mexico
have three representatives of each side. The Coahuila law requires an
equal number of employer and labor members, but does not specify
the number. If the employers and workers fail to agree on the
number the governor or president of the municipality is to determine
the size of the board. The temporary boards in San Luis Potosi are
to consist of two or more representatives for each side. With, the
exception of those of Puebla and San Luis Potosi, each board has
one member appointed by the municipal government, who serves as
president of the board. In Michoacan and Queretaro the president
and secretary of the city council are ex officio and permanent members
of the municipal board in their respective capacities, and in Sonora
and Vera Cruz the syndic of the city council is ex officio president of
the board. The Government representative on each of the district
boards of Mexico (State) is appointed by the Government from a
list of three names proposed by the other members of the board.
Women are declared eligible to membership on the boards of Michoa
can and Queretaro.
Central hoards .—Except in the Federal District and the Territories,
where the law does not specify the term of office, the members of the
central boards of conciliation and arbitration are elected for one-year
terms and may be reelected. The number of members is not uniform,
In three States (Campeche, Chiapas, and Yucatan) there are two
representatives each of employers and workers, in five States (Chi
huahua, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, and Vera Cruz) three repre
sentatives each, and in three States (Guanajuato, Michoacan, and
Queretaro) five each. In the Federal District and the Territories the
boards consist of one employer and one labor member for each
industry. In every case there is one Government representative, who
is ex officio president of the board, except in Guanajuato, where the
president is elected by the members of the board. In the lastmentioned State a list of three names is submitted to the workers’
representatives from which to choose the Government representative.
The employer and labor members of the boards are usually elected
in general assemblies of the employers and workers or by their
respective organizations. In a few States, however, the procedure is
slightly different. In Michoacan the employers and workers elect
one representative each from each municipality. The State legis
lature then chooses from the list of representatives five members and
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five substitutes for each side. In Queretaro 20 candidates are nomi
nated in the assemblies of employers and an equal number by the
workers. Later five members and five substitutes each for the
employers and workers are chosen by ballot from among these candi
dates. In San Luis Potosi the city councils call meetings of the
workers, at which they elect one delegate for each 1,000 workers or
fraction thereof. The governor then calls a meeting of the delegates
in the capital, at which they choose three representatives from among
their own number. The employers of each municipality choose three
representatives. From these six representatives the board of con
ciliation selects three. Most of the laws provide that if the employer
and labor members are not named by a specified date the governor
shall appoint them, but this does not deprive the employers and
workers of the right to elect their members later.
Powers and Duties of Boards.
L ocal boards .—In Chiapas the municipal boards of conciliation and
arbitration serve also as the special municipal commissions on mini
mum wage and profit sharing. As conciliation and arbitration
boards they have the following powers and duties: (1) To compel the
performance of contracts when there is no good cause for rescission;
(2) on petition of either party, to declare contracts annulled when
there is lawful cause; (3) with the assistance of the rural commis
sioners, to take a census of the workers in the respective munici
palities; (4) to supply workers free of charge to those requesting them
and to see that the provisions of the contract concerning wages, etc.,
are performed; (5) to see that registered workers have employment;
and (6) to hear appeals from the decisions of the rural commissioners.
In five States (Chihuahua, Michoacan, Queretaro, Sonora, and Vera
Cruz) it is the duty of the local boards to settle disputes by concilia
tion when they are wholly within the limits of the municipality.
When they affect two or more municipalities, the local boards merely
make an investigation and submit the information to the central
board, which will then act on the case. In Michoacan and Queretaro
the boards also register employer and labor organizations, and revise
works regulations, in Coahuiia they examine and approve such
regulations. The Michoacan arid Queretaro laws require the presi
dents of the boards to make monthly reports to the central board
concerning the activities of their respective boards, the cost of living
for the laboring class, industrial accidents and occupational diseases,
and strikes and shutdowns. The Coahuiia boards settle all disputes
between capital and labor, there being no central board, and name
from among their members labor inspectors to enforce the labor laws.
The other laws contain no special provisions on this subject.
Central boards .—In four States (Chiapas, Guanajuato, Michoacan,
and Queretaro) the central board acts on appeals from the decisions of
the local boards of conciliation and arbitration; in Chihuahua, Micho
acan, Queretaro, and Vera Cruz on appeals from the awards of the
special municipal commissions on minimum wage; and in Chihuahua,
Puebla, Sonora, and Vera Cruz on cases which local boards of con
ciliation have been unable to settle. The central boards of Chihua
hua, Michoacan, Queretaro, Sonora, and Vera Cruz have original
jurisdiction in disputes affecting two or more municipalities. In
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Chiapas and Guanajuato the central boards see that the local boards
are elected, and in Chiapas, Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Sonora, and
Vera Cruz, they supervise the work of these boards. In most of the
States the central boards also have jurisdiction over the special
municipal commissions on minimum wage. Other duties are to ap
prove works regulations (Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Michoacan,
Queretaro, Sonora, and Vera Cruz), register federations of syndicates
or unions, etc. (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Vera Cruz), and make monthly
reports to the secretary of state or the department of labor on the
activities of the board, and on other subjects on which the local
boards are required to report (Michoacan and Queretaro). It is also
the duty of the central board of Guanajuato to propose to the Govern
ment measures for improving the condition of the working classes
and to decide cases of doubtful interpretation of the labor law in
accordance with the spirit of the law and of article 123 of the Federal
constitution. In San Luis Potosi the central board has original
jurisdiction in all disputes, unless the parties agree first to submit
the dispute to a temporary conciliation board of their own choosing.
Procedure.
B efore local hoards .—The procedure before temporary and perma
nent boards is practically identical. Following the submission of
the dispute to the president of the board and the convening of the
board, the parties to the dispute are summoned to appear before it
within a specified period, with appropriate penalties for not respond
ing to the summons. For example, in Chihuahua, Sonora, and Vera
Cruz, if either party fails to appear during the period of investiga
tion, the case goes to the central board for settlement by arbitration,
and if neither party appears at the first meeting, the board is dis
solved and neither party will have the right to submit the same
matter to a new board.. In Coahuila, if the defendant fails to appear,
without good cause, he will be fined from 1 to 30 pesos (49.9 cents to
$14.96,_ par) , while in Yucatan the board certifies his absence and
authorizes the plaintiff to carry the case to the central board. In
both these States the plaintiff’s claim will be dismissed if he does
not respond to the summons of the board. In Guanajuato if one of
the parties fails to appear at the sessions devoted to conciliation the
board will consider that he has totally refused the claims of the
otheiy party and will make its award on that basis. In San Luis
Potosi the failure of either party to respond to the summons to ap
pear before the board will not lead to a suspension of the proceedings,
since in such a case the absent party loses his rights in the case.
In Chihuahua, Sonora, and Vera Cruz the first two sessions of the
board are devoted to investigation. At the third session the board
attempts to bring about an agreement of the parties and if successful
puts the agreement in writing, which is signed by, and is binding
on, both parties. If no agreement is reached, the case goes to the
central board for settlement by arbitration. In either case the
board is dissolved. When the period of investigation shows that the
dispute affects more than one municipality, the board will complete
the investigation but will not attempt conciliation. Instead, it will
submit the information to the central board, which will act on the
case.
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In San Luis Potosi it is optional with the parties to the dispute
whether they shall first submit their differences to a board of con
ciliation, the members of which they themselves select. If, during
the period fixed in the agreement to choose such a board, a settle
ment is not effected, the board will fix a period of not more than 10
days within which the case must be submitted to the central board.
If a municipal board in Yucatan fails to settle a dispute by con
ciliation the plaintiff may take the case to the central board, to
which the local board will submit a copy of the proceedings. In
Chiapas, however, the board proceeds to settle the matter by arbitra
tion, making the award within one week after complaint is received,
provided the amount involved is not more than 50 pesos ($24.93,
par). If the amount is larger, the board draws up an affidavit
setting forth the facts and passes the case on to the competent
judicial authority. The awards of the local boards are binding, but
appeal may be taken to the central board. The procedure in Guana
juato is very similar, five days being allowed for settling the dispute
by conciliation, after which, if no agreement has' been reached,
the board becomes a board of arbitration. A maximum period of two
weeks is allowed for obtaining evidence and proof and making the
award. Every award must specify the period during which it shall
be in force. If the members can not reach a decision, each shall sub
mit his own vote to the central board, which will make the final
decision. If either party is dissatisfied with the award of the local
board, he may appeal within five days to the central board, the
municipal board being required to submit a copy of the proceedings
to the higher board.
In Coahuila, where there is no central board, the municipal boards
are entirely responsible for settling disputes. A period of five days
(or less in case of urgency) is allowed for submitting the information
requested by the boards. A period of 72 hours after receiving the
full report of the dispute is allowed for conciliation and for arbitra
tion.
Following the organization of a temporary municipal board in
Michoacan and Queretaro, the parties to the dispute are brought
before the board, and if the defendant agrees to the plaintiff’s demands
he is given three days in which to comply with them. If he refuses
in whole or in part he is allowed a specified period for presenting
testimony and proof (three and four days, respectively), after which
the parties meet for conciliation. If an agreement is reached it is
binding and without appeal. If the parties can not agree within
the period allowed for conciliation (two days in Michoacan and three
in Queretaro), the board proceeds to settle the dispute by arbitration,
the Michoacan board being required to make its award the following
day and the Queretaro board within three days. The awards of the
municipal boards may be revised by the central board if appeal is
made within 24 hours. If the dispute affects more than one munici
pality, the municipal president merely notifies the central board of
the existence of the dispute.
In the State of Mexico, where there are only the four district
boards, the parties to the dispute are allowed two weeks for furnishing
information requested by the boards. Then they meet with the
board and the president either seeks personally to effect a settlement
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or allows them until the next meeting of the board (usually one
week) to reach an agreement by themselves. If no agreement is
thus reached, the president gives both sides an opportunity to present
their cases and to question each other. Then the board members
discuss the case in the presence of the interested parties, following
which the room is cleared and the award is made. Either party
may, within three days, appeal from the decision of the board to the
governor, who must render his decision within one week.
In Puebla, where the local boards are organized according to
industries or establishments, rather than by municipalities, a period
of not more than 10 days is devoted to investigation, after which
not more than two hearings may be held for the purpose of effecting
a settlement by conciliation. If no agreement is reached during
this period the parties may, either voluntarily or at the suggestion
of the board of conciliation, submit the case to an arbitrator or
arbitrators. The decision of the arbitrators has the effect of a
contract between the two parties. Members of the conciliation
board may serve as arbitrators. If the cases which can not be
settled by conciliation are not submitted to local arbitrators, the
board sends the proceedings to the central board.
B efore central hoards .—The procedure before the central boards of
conciliation and arbitration is similar to that before the local boards.
Ordinarily, in cases over which they have original jurisdiction and
in those which local boards of conciliation have been unable to
settle, conciliation is first employed, and if this fails an arbitral
award is made. In those cases in which appeal is taken from the
decision of the local boards, the board examines the evidence and
the proceedings before the local board and then confirms or revises
the award as it sees fit.
Although the tribunal of labor of Campeche functions as a board
of conciliation, a central board of conciliation and arbitration, and
an arbitration tribunal, it will be classed as a central board of con
ciliation and arbitration for the purposes of this study. I t acts first
as a board of conciliation, summoning the parties to appear before
it within 48 hours. A longer time may be allowed if the parties
live outside the capital. The penalties for failure to respond to
this summons are very similar to those in the case of the local boards.
At the meeting of the parties concerned the board attempts to effect
a compromise, and if successful both parties are bound by the terms
of the settlement. In case the parties fail to agree, the plaintiff
may present his claims to the court of arbitration. A concise account
of the proceedings of the board of conciliation will be used as part
of the evidence by the court of arbitration. The latter will summon
both parties to appear before it within 48 hours (with an extension
of time if needed because of distance), and at the request of either
side may grant a period of not more than two weeks for the parties
to submit proof of their contentions and to examine the witnesses.
Within 48 hours after the conclusion of this period of proof, the
court will hold a hearing, at which the parties will make their allega
tions either orally or in writing, following which the court will
announce its award within three days.
In the Federal District and the Territories, also, there is only a
central board of conciliation and arbitration, which, however, is dif-
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ferently constituted from those in the States. Though the board con
sists of one employer and one labor member for each industry, the
full board does not often meet, only the Government representative
and the representatives of the industry or industries affected by the
dispute being called together when needed. The parties to the con
flict are allowed three days for presenting claims, proofs, etc. Within
24 hours from the close of this period the board renders its decision,
from which there is no a
When disputes are to
ttled by arbitration, periods of varying
length are allowed for presenting evidence and proof (five days in
Queretaro; one week in Chihuahua, San Luis Potosi, Vera Cruz, and
Yucatan; and from one week to 30 days in Sonora) and for making the
award (three days in San Luis Potosi, five days in Queretaro, from
five to ten days in Puebla, and one week in Chiapas, Chihuahua,
Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Yucatan).
The laws of four States (Chihuahua, Michoaean, Queretaro, and
Vera Cruz) contain detailed provisions concerning the settlement of
minimum wage cases by the central boards. The party who is dis
satisfied with the rate fixed by the municipal minimum wage com
mission and wishes to carry the matter to the central board must pre
sent a written statement of his claims to the president of the commis
sion within one week after the rates are posted. The latter will sub
mit the claim and the proceedings to the central board, after which
the complainant has one week for establishing his claims (in Michoacan and Queretaro the wage board may also present its side of the
case), and within the following week the board will give its decision
confirming or modifying the rate fixed by the commission. In the
Queretaro law periods of 10 days instead of one week are specified.
In the State of Mexico the district board which is located in the
capital is considered as the central board, under whose jurisdiction the
minimum wage commissions are placed.
Effect of Awards.
The awards of the local boards of conciliation and arbitration are
binding upon both parties unless appeal is taken to the central board
within a specified time, while the awards of the central boards are
final and have the same force as a court verdict, except that in Puebla
an injunction (am paro ) may be brought within a fixed period. The
resolutions of the municipal boards of Coahuila, which has no central
board, must be complied with within 72 hours after notification of the
award.
Penalties.
Mention has already been made (p. 154) of the penalties for failure to
appear before the boards when the case is called. The Michoaean
law also prescribes penalties for refusal to name representatives on the
local conciliation and arbitration boards. If the defendant refuses, the
municipal president declares the contract terminated. If an employer
refuses, he must pay three months’ wages as indemnity, besides still
being liable for damages. If a worker refuses, he is held civilly liable.
The Puebla law imposes a fine of not more than 50 pesos ($24.93, par)
for this offense and authorizes the other party to carry the case to the
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central board, which will render a decision on the basis of the informa
tion submitted by the one party. Eight of the laws (those of Cam
peche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Puebla,
and Queretaro) contain the constitutional provisions already quoted
(p. 151) concerning the effect of refusal to submit a dispute to arbitra
tion or to accept an award of a board of conciliation and arbitration.
The Coahuila law requires the employer to pay costs and damages in
addition to indemnity, and the Guanajuato law provides that in case
contracts are terminated because of the workers’ refusal to arbitrate
or accept an award, the authorities shall take the necessary steps to
guarantee the employer the right to make new contracts and to see
that new workers are not interfered with. In Michoacan the indem
nity must be paid within 72 hours after the award is made and in
Queretaro within 10 days. . For failure to pay within this time the law
of the former State imposes a fine of double the amount of the indem
nity and still holds the employer liable for the indemnity. Half of
the fine goes to the worker or workers in question.
Government Operation During Shutdowns.
When in contravention of the constitution industrial establish
ments are closed either temporarily or absolutely, the law of the
Federal District and Territories authorizes the national executive to
take over and administer the same for such time as the owners refuse
to resume operations. The Guanajuato law has a somewhat similar
provision authorizing the State to take over lands, factories, indus
trial establishments, and public services which are not under Federal
jurisdiction, and everything connected with them, and administer
them on its own account in cases of lawful strikes or temporary or
absolute shutdowns not authorized by the constitution or approved
by the proper board of conciliation until the employers agree to
resume operations or accept an unfavorable award. I f they refuse
to resume operations, the Government may return the management
of the business to them after they have indemnified the workers.
In cases of lawful suspension of public services, both laws authorize
the Government to take over and administer the establishments
concerned in order to avoid paralyzation of the service.
Conclusion.
IT ROM the foregoing study of individual and collective bargaining
under Mexican State labor laws, it will be seen that the laws con
tain detailed provisions regulating both the making of individual and
collective contracts, and employer and labor organizations, only those
“ syndicates” which are organized and registered according to law
being considered legal persons apart from their members and author
ized to make collective agreements. The laws also clearly define
lawful and unlawful strikes and shutdowns, and provide elaborate
machinery for the compulsory settlement of disputes by conciliation
and arbitration.
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Yugoslav Law for the Protection of Workers.1
COMPREHENSIVE labor law was enacted in Yugoslavia on
February 28, 1922, becoming operative on June 14, 1922.
The law bears the official title “ Law for the protection of
workers,” but as, in addition to protective regulation proper, dealing
with hours of labor, woman and child labor, and hygiene of labor,
it contains lengthy provisions on the right of combination of workers,
labor chambers, employment offices, works councils, and workers’
identification cards, it might more properly be called a labor code.
A brief summary of the principal provisions of the law is here given.
A
Scope of the L aw .
'T ’HE law is applicable to all enterprises engaged in handicrafts,
*
industry, commerce, transport, mining, and similar activities
within Yugoslavia in which workers are employed, irrespective of
whether they belong to private individuals or public bodies, whether
they are carried on permanently or temporarily, and whether they
are principal enterprises or subsidiary businesses carried on in con
nection with other enterprises. It is not applicable to enterprises in
which only members of a single family are employed.
The law considers as employees all persons, without distinction of
sex, who work either regularly or temporarily in one of the enter
prises mentioned above either for remuneration or for the purpose of
learning a trade. Persons to whom duties of a relatively high grade
are intrusted, such as managers, bookkeepers, cashiers, engineers, etc.,
are not considered employees within the meaning of this law.
In the enterprises coming under this law employers shall guarantee
to their employees the conditions of employment prescribed by this
law and shall fulfill all the other obligations prescribed therein. The
relations between employers and employees in enterprises coming
under this law are to be governed by individual or collective con
tracts, which shall not be contrary to the provisions of this law.
Hours of L abor.
INDUSTRIAL and mining establishments the hours of labor may
not exceed 8 per day or 48 per week. Industrial establishments,
within the meaning of the law, are all establishments employing an
average of not less than 15 persons during any three consecutive
months. If four-fifths of the persons employed in an industrial
or mining establishment by secret ballot give their consent to an
extension of the hours of labor, they may be extended by means
of overtime for not more than one ïiour in mining establishments
and two hours in industrial establishments.
The hours of labor in transport and communication enterprises
(railroads, shipping, traction lines, posts, telegraphs, telephones,
and similar institutions) are to be fixed by the proper minister in
consultation with the Minister of Social Welfare in accordance with
the provisions and spirit of this law. In all other enterprises the
IN
1 The data on w hich this article is based are from Sluzbene Novine (Official Gazette) Belgrade, Ju n e 14,
1922; Intern ation al Labor Office, Geneva, Legislative Series, 1922, S C S .l; Soziale P ra x is und A rchiv für
Volksw ohlfahrt, B erlin , May 10, 1923, pp. 436-437.
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hours of labor shall he from 8 to 10 per day, according to the nature
and exigencies of the work. The Minister of Social Welfare, in
consultation with the Minister of Commerce and Industry, after
hearing^ the chambers of commerce, industry, handicrafts, and labor,
shall within six months of the going into "effect of this law, issue
an order fixing the hours of labor for each class of these enterprises.
In enterprises where the daily hours of labor are fixed at eight or
nine, one or two hours overtime daily may be worked by agreement
between employer and employees.
The hours of labor may not be extended except in certain cases,
such as force majeure, unforeseen emergencies, seasonal industries,
continuous-operation establishments, and work necessary to insure
the normal^ starting and ending of work in the establishment (clean
ing of workplaces, cleaning and maintenance of boilers, machines,
etc.) . Such overtime may be worked only with the approval of the
Minister of Social Welfare or of the proper authorities, and may
not exceed 2 hours per day, nor may the weekly hours of labor
exceed 60.
Juvenile workers under 16 years of age may under no conditions
be employed longer than 8 hours a day, and "the Minister of Social
Welfare may reduce the hours of such juvenile workers below 8
per day or 48 per week in particular kinds of work specified by him
Overtim e and Piecew ork P ay .
E M P L O Y E R S are to pay for overtime at a rate not less than 50
' per cent above that fixed for regular work.
On piecework one forty-eighth, one fifty-fourth, or one-sixtieth
of the average weekly wage shall be deemed to be the standard
hourly wage.
R est Periods.
O EST periods prescribed by law or agreement, or which are locally
customary, are not to be reckoned in the hours of labor.
A rest period of one hour must be granted to workers in the course
of every eight hours work. It work is carried on in the open air
and in direct sunlight this rest period shall amount in summer to
not less than two hours.
Sunday and H oliday Rest.
IN ES rABLISHMENTS coining under this law employees are as
a rule prohibited from working on Sundays. For particular
establishments the Minister of Social Welfare may, however, if
three-fourths of the employees of the establishment in question
demand it, fix another rest day in place of Sunday. On these days
the employees shall be granted an uninterrupted rest of not less
than 36 hours for a single holiday and not less than 60 hours for
two consecutive holidays. As regards other holidays than Sundays,
the period during which work shall cease on such days is to be deter
mined by agreement between employers and employees.
The prohibition of Sunday work does not apply to establishments
which by their nature require continuous operation or to cafés,
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restaurants, hotels, and photographers’ and undertakers’ estab
lishments. In bakeries, barbers’, butchers’, and florists’ establish
ments, and provision, tobacco, and newspaper businesses the em
ployees may work till noon on Sundays. In communes with less
than 10,000 inhabitants the Minister of Social Welfare may authorize
commercial establishments to remain open for two hours on Sundays.
In such cases the employers shall grant their employees who are
employed during part or all of the general rest days an equivalent
rest period during the week. In establishments with continuous
operation the workers must be released at least every third Sunday
and be granted an annual leave period consisting of a number of
days not less than the number of Sundays on which they were at
work during the year.
Work on Sundays may also be permitted in cases of unforeseen emer
gency or force majeure, when the stock taking of the establishment
must by law be completed on any such day, in case of the cleaning
and maintenance of the work places, and in the case of work necessary
to prevent the spoiling of raw materials or products.
Night Work of Women and Young Persons.
TY/OMEN, irrespective of their age, and male young persons under
^
18 years of age may not be employed at night from 10 p. m.
to 5 a. m. in establishments coming under this law. Deviations from
this provision may be permitted in respect of adult women and male
young persons between 16 and 18 years of age in case of force majeure,
when necessary to save the establishment from danger of serious dam
age, in connection with the handling of raw materials which deterio
rate quickly (on not more than 30 occasions in a year), and in case of
urgent State need.
Minimum Age for the Employment of Children.
/CH ILD REN under 14 years of age may not be employed in enter^
prises coming under this law. Approved trade schools are not
deemed to be enterprises under this law, and are exempt from this
provision.
Register of Employees.
rfO R the purpose of supervision every employer must keep a regis*
ter of all persons employed in his establishment, classified by
ages—not more than 16 years of age, not more than 18 years of age,
and over 18 years of age—stating the year of birth, exact times of
beginning and ending of the daily hours of labor and of rest periods,
and exact particulars of overtime. This register must be displayed
in an easily accessible and visible place on the premises of the estab
lishment, or if work is carried on in the open air, in the office of the
establishment.
Employment of Women Before and After Confinement.
IN ESTABLISHMENTS coming under this law women are
prohibited from working during the two months before and the
two months after their confinement. A woman who is ill for more
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
than two months after her confinement may not be dismissed by
her employer while she is sick, unless the illness lasts for more than
a year.
Employers must afford mothers facilities for nursing their children.
In addition to the regular rest periods, nursing mothers must be
granted every four or five hours a rest period of 30 minutes if the
child is kept at home and of 15 minutes if the child is kept in the
crèche of the establishment where the mother works.
Creches.
|N ALL establishments in which more than 100 persons are emA })loyed and at least 25 of them have small children and no person
at home to whom they can be intrusted while the mothers are at
work, the employer, at his own expense, shall establish and main
tain a crèche in the immediate vicinity of the establishment, where
such children may be cared for during working hours, and provide
the necessary staff. If State or other public crèches are located in
the immediate vicinity of an establishment, the proper factory
inspection office may exempt the employer from the obligation
of establishing a special crèche, provided that he obligates himself
to maintain in the State or public crèche all children of the persons
employed by him who are entitled to such care under this law.
Hygiene of Employment.
T H E provisions of the law relating to hygiene of the work places
A (cleanliness, air space, lighting, ventilation, safety, etc.) cor
respond to modern requirements.
The law also provides that in establishments employing at least
100 persons and situated not less than 3 kilometers from the boundary
of a town the employer shall at his own expense install and main
tain an emergency hospital for first aid in case of illness or injury
of 'workers, the requisite number of dwellings for the accommo
dation of the employees of the establishment, and a canteen to
provide the employees with cheap food. The prices of dwellings
and food are to be fixed by the proper factory inspection office.
Employees’ Right of Organization.
EM P L O Y E E S working in establishments coming under this law
may unite in special associations to defend their economic,
social, and moral interests. These associations may be formed ac
cording to occupations or irrespective thereof, and they may combine
into local or provincial federations. Only persons, irrespective of
their sex, employed in establishments that come under this law are
eligible to membership in such associations.
Chambers of Labor.
r’F H E law provides for the establishment of a chamber of labor in
each of the eight administrative divisions of Yugoslavia. These
chambers are to safeguard the economic, social, and intellectual
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS.
163
interests of all wage-earning and salaried employees within thenareas, and, in particular, to furnish reports and opinions and make
proposals to the proper State and local government authorities
concerning the regulation of relations between employers arid em
ployees and the settlement of questions respecting workers’ in
surance, the labor market, workers’ dwellings, public health, the
food supply, the education of workers, and all other questions
directly or' indirectly affecting the interests of wageworkers and
salaried employees; to insist upon the proper administration of labor
laws; to participate in the making of collective agreements and in
the settlement of labor disputes; to compile statistics and collect
information relating to wageworkers and salaried employees and to
report to the Ministry of Social Welfare on their activities; to collect
and file all collective agreements within their respective area; to
keep a register of labor and trade unions, to keep in touch with such
unions, and to exercise directive influence over their activities; to
negotiate and intervene directly with all State offices, institutions,
and employers whenever this may be desirable in the interests of
wageworkers and salaried employees; on their own initiative to found
and organize institutions for the improvement of the economic, social,
and cultural condition of wageworkers and salaried employees.
The State authorities shall submit to the chambers of labor for
their consideration all bills, decrees, and administrative orders
directly or indirectly affecting the interests of wageworkers or salaried
employees before ratifying them.
The law gives to the chambers of labor the character of bodies
corporate with all the rights of such. They are, however, not liable
beyond the amount of their assets.
Each chamber of labor is to consist of not less than 30 nor more
than 60 members and an equal number of alternate members, elected,
by secret ballot, by the salaried and wage-earning employees of the
various branches of industry who are over 18 years of age and
subject to compulsory sickness and accident insurance. All persons
entitled to vote under this provision are eligible to membership in a
chamber of labor, provided they are citizens of Yugoslavia, are 25
years of age, and have resided at least one year within the adminis
trative territorial division for which the chamber has been established.
The term of office of members is three years. The office is honorary,
but members may be recompensed for loss of earnings and for travel
ing expenses.
A chamber of labor acts through its general meeting and its
executive committee. General meetings are to be called by the
chairman either on his own initiative or upon demand of at least
one-half of the members of the chamber. The meetings are, as a
rule, to be public. The members of the executive committee and
their alternates are elected by the general meeting of the chamber.
The members of the executive committee elect from among them
selves a chairman, a vice chairman, and a treasurer. The executive
committee is the business medium of the chamber. It must meet at
least once a month and special meetings must be held on demand of
at least half its members.
The general meeting appoints, on proposal of the executive com
mittee, a permanent paid secretary of the chamber of labor who may
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
not be a member of the executive committee. The secretary must
have received a legal training and be thoroughly familiar with all
branches of social science. He directs the administration of the
chamber of labor in accordance with the chairman’s instructions,
and assists the chairman and the executive committee in the per
formance of their duties by giving expert advice.
The funds for the operation of the chambers of labor are to be
raised by means of a tax paid by the wageworkers and salaried
employees and which may not exceed 0.5 per cent of the earnings
on which the sickness insurance contributions are based. This tax
shall be collected through the employers by the carriers of the sick
ness insurance.
The law gives to the Ministry of Social Welfare, with the assistance
of special commissioners, supervision of the chambers of labor. The
ministry must be notified in advance of general meetings of the
chambers and is entitled to send special representatives to these
meetings.
The chambers of labor within the territory of Yugoslavia may
establish a joint secretariat at Belgrade to facilitate their dealings
with the central authorities.
Em ployees’ Representatives.
’T'TIE law provides that in all establishments coming under it the
1 employees shall be entitled to elect “ representatives” (works
committees or councils). The provisions regulating the election,
rights, and duties of these works councils are largely patterned after
those of the German works council law. Since the German works
council law was discussed at length in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
for May, 1920 (pp. 172-181), there seems to be no needforsummarizing
here the nearly identical provisions of the Yugoslav law regulating
works councils.
Employment Exchanges.
p O R the purpose of regulating the labor market for workers of all
kinds, irrespective of sex, the law provides that there shall be
established the following State employment exchanges: (1) A central
employment exchange for the whoLe Kingdom, with its headquarters
at Belgrade, and (2) local employment exchanges in all localities
which display considerable industrial development. In localities in
which no local employment exchange exists, with the approval of
the central employment exchange an agency or branch of the nearest
employment exchange may be established, and this agency or branch
shall assist the local employment exchange and perform its duties in
accordance with instructions issued by the local exchange.
The State employment exchange shall perform all its duties
impartially and may not charge any fees. State employment
exchanges shall not direct workers to establishments affected by
strikes or lockouts until such labor disputes have been finally settled.
The State employment exchanges shall be subordinate to the
Ministry of Social Welfare, which shall exercise direct supervision
over their activities and bear all the expenses of their maintenance.
The central employment exchange shall act as liaison office between
the various local employment exchanges with respect to the proper
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LABOE LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS.
165
distribution of labor and provide for the establishment of local
exchanges and supervise their activities. It shall compile monthly
and annual statistics of unemployment for the whole country and
forward them to the Ministry of Social Welfare for publication. It
shall cooperate with similar institutions in other countries for the
purpose of procuring necessary information respecting movements
of the labor markets of the various countries, methods of grantingunemployment benefits, and all measures taken in other countries to
combat unemployment and ameliorate the situation of unemployed
workers.
The duties of the local employment exchanges shall be as follows:
1. They shall receive registrations of employees in search of work
and of employers in search of workers, and on the basis of these
registrations shall act as intermediaries between employees and
employers.
2. They shall grant unemployment benefits in accordance with
this law.
3. They shall give any information required in connection with the
making of contracts of employment, and shall participate therein if
requested by both parties.
4. They shall keep a register of all the establishments and enter
prises in their districts.
5. They shall keep records of the movements of the labor market
in their districts and forward them to the central employment
exchange.
6. They shall investigate the causes of unemployment in their
district and make recommendations to the central employment
exchange for combating it.
7. They shall make monthly and annual reports of their activities
to the central employment exchange and carry out the instructions
of the latter.
The central employment exchange is to consist of an administra
tive directorate, an executive committee, and a general meeting.
A secretary, who shall be assigned the requisite staff, shall be in
charge of the central employment exchange. The executive com
mittee, which shall assist the secretary, shall consist of 12 members,
six of whom shall be elected by the employers and six by the employ
ees through the chambers of labor. The chairman shall be a nonpar
tisan, elected by the committee. The national general meeting shall
consist of the secretaries of all the existing employment exchanges,
two representatives of the executive committee of each local exchange,
and one representative of the Ministry of Social Welfare. The general
meeting shall be convened at least once a year by the chairman of
the central employment exchange.
The local employment exchanges shall each consist of an adminis
trative directorate and an executive committee. The latter shall
consist of three employers’ and three employees’ representatives
elected by the respective local organizations and a nonpartisan chair
man. A secretary, who shall be assigned the requisite staff, shall be
in charge of each local exchange.
The officials of all employment exchanges shall be State officials.
As far as their budgets permit it and in accordance with regulations
to be issued by the Ministry of Social Welfare, the local employment
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
exchanges may grant benefits in the form of money, provisions,
shelter, etc., to unemployed workers who are registered with them.
Every local exchange may also grant special half-fare transportation
permits, good on all State owned or operated means of transporta
tion, to unemployed workers for whom work can not be found in
their district and who wish to go elsewhere in search of work.
Every employer or State or local governing body dismissing more
than five workers at one time is required by the law to notify the
nearest employment exchange thereof on the day of notice of dis
missal, stating the number of workers dismissed' and the nature of
their employment. Every State and local government authority and
every enterprise holding a concession shall engage labor in the first
place through the State employment exchanges.
Workers may be imported from abroad and national workers
recruited for employment abroad only by special permission of the
Ministry of Social Welfare. The conditions under which workers may
be engaged either individually or in groups on behalf of foreign
employers shall be prescribed by the ministry.
The granting of licenses for employment agencies for gain shall
cease in all localities in which local State labor exchanges or agencies
have been established and also in the immediate vicinity of such local
ities, and all private employment agencies therein existing shall be
closed without compensation within one year after the establishment
of State labor exchanges. In other localities employment agencies
may be carried on for gain only by special permission of the Ministry
of Social Welfare and when the regulations issued by that ministry
are strictly observed.
Employment exchanges established by communes, public bodies of
all kinds, philanthropic and benevolent societies, or workers’ organi
zations may continue to exist side by side with the State exchanges.
Em ployees’ Identification Cards.
IT VERY person employed in an enterprise coming under this law
shall be provided by the communal authorities of his place of
residence with a special identification card showing his surname and
Christian name, the day, year, and place of his birth, conjugal condi
tion, and occupation, and, in the case of persons under 16 years of
age, particulars of the permit under which said person was admitted to
employment. Accurate registers of these cards shall be kept by the
communes.
Every employer is required to issue a certificate of service to any
employee leaving his employment. The employer may not insert in
any such certificate, either explicitly or by means of marks, any
particulars other than those relating to the duration of employment
and the rate of wages, unless the employee expressly desires the
insertion of particulars.
P en al Provisions.
PT 'H E law provides fines ranging between 50 and 5,000 dinars
($9.65 and $965, par) for first-time violations of its provisions,
and for repeated violations it provides in addition prison terms of
from two weeks to three months.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[736]
L A B O R O R G A N IZ A T IO N S .
Membership oi Trade-Unions in Denmark in 1922.
T
HE organ of the National Federation of Trade-Unions in Sweden.
Fackfôreningsrôrelsen, states in its issue of June 28, 1923
(p. 612), that in 1922 the Confederation of Trade-Unions in
Denmark had 52 unions with 2,227 branches and a membership of
232,574. During 1922 the confederation decreased by 33 branches
and 11,798 members— 5,786 men and 6,012 women, a reduction of 2.9
per cent in the number of men and 13.6 per cent in the number of
women.
Outside of the Confederation of Trade-Unions there were 21 unions
with 76 branches comprising 64,734 members and also 11 separate
unions with a membership of 8,062. Organizations outside of the con
federation lost 5,906 members during the year.
Trade-Union Membership in Finland, 1922.
S OCIAL Tidskrift No. 5, 1923, issued by the Ministry of Social
Affairs (Socialm inisteriet ) of Finland gives an account of the
operations of the National Federation of Trade-Unions in Fin
land in 1922. The table below gives the membership of the various
unions affiliated to the federation in 1922.
M E M B E R S H IP
O F T R A D E -U N IO N S A F F I L I A T E D TO 'N A T IO N A L
T R A D E -U N IO N S IN F IN L A N D IN 1922.
F E D E R A T IO N
Num her of m em bers, 1922.
N umber
of
branches.
Trade-union.
Male.
Glass w orkers............................................................................
Road nod waterworks workers _ _
..........................
Woodworkers.............................................................................
Dj vers
......................
Saw m ills transport e tc .; w orkers
..........................
Pap er workers
..........................
W orkers in fine m eta ls...........................................................
Pood products workers
..............................
Rt^no workers
..................
T'pytilc* workp.rs
..................
M etal w orkers............................................................................
P rin ters, b o o k ...............................................- .........................
Masons oto
..............................................
L eath er w orkers.......................................................................
Glofthinp' workprs
..................................
P ain ters
..............................................
■ Railway workprs
..............................
^ L a u fR n rs and tppmst.pr.s
_ _______ _
ftepmen Qpjd sfoUprs
_______
F S J workshops pmpioypps
________ _
T)nmpstips p I p
____________ . . .
Agricultural w orkers...............................................................
280
46
7
36
32
21
101
31
35
39
33
23
11
11
5
8
44
24
117
952
3,373
44
13,872
1,695
212
892
1,066
530
7,617
1,934
1,335
1,131
651
961
290
716
508
577
590
399
T o ta l.................................................................................
897
39,462
3
24
83
Fem ale. T otal.
6
1,084
104
120
1,096
3,410
44
16,308
2,487
244
1.391
1.066
1,833
7,730
2,810
1,335
1,537
1,500
961
311
725
508
583
1,674
503
8,714
48,176
3
144
37
2,436
792
32
499
1,303
113
876
408
849
21
9
Appren
tices.
Increase
( + ) or
decrease
—) as
com
pared
w ith
1921.
8
36
61
192
526
15
7
87
i 935
i T his is n ot th e ex act sum of th e figures, bu t is as prin ted in th e report.
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OF
167
-5 3
-1 4 1
—1
-8 9
+289
-2 8
+630
-5
-1 5 7
-7 9 5
+ 134
+7
-1 6 9
—97
-2 1
-1 1 6
+21
-2 3
-1 3 2
-1 7 0
+503
-4 1 3
168
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
The trade-unions affiliated with the national federation paid out
for various benefits a total of 1,079,089 Finnish marks ($208,264, par)
of which 69,650 ($13,442, par) went to foreign countries.
The total resources of the trade-unions at the end of 1922 was
5,558,097 Finnish marks ($1,072,713, par).
Five trade-union unemployment funds received public aid during
1922; unemployment benefits paid out by four of these during the
year amounted to 257,928 marks ($49,780, par).
German Federation of Woman Salaried Employees.1
CONGRESS of the Federation of Woman Salaried Employees
( Verband Weiblicher A ngestdlten), affiliated with the General
Federation of German Christian Trade-Unions, was held at
Brandenburg on May 26 and 27, 1923.
A report submitted to the congress stated that the federation has a
membership of 102,626, and that it is the largest women’s occupa
tional organization at present in existence. In 1922 its employment
exchange found employment for 10,986 woman nonmanual workers
arid its legal section dealt with 32,000 applications for its interven
tion in the defense of the rights of members. The federation took
part in the conclusion of a large number of collective agreements.
It also devoted considerable attention to the development of tradeunion ideals and the vocational training of its members and did a
large amount of work in establishing homes for members no longer
able to work.
A report on the general economic situation and on labor and working
conditions of woman salaried employees declared that wages are
being fixed without adequate consideration of the depreciation of
the mark and urged that the efforts of the federation be directed to
obtaining the highest possible real wages that the present difficult
economic situation permits.
A report on the labor market and unemployment relief was sub
mitted which stated that, although the employment situation does
not appear to be serious at present as far as woman nonmanual
workers are concerned, there is a certain amount of unemployment
in individual districts. The congress protested against the different
treatment accorded to male and female salaried employees, and urged
that both should be treated alike with respect to dismissals and
unemployment benefit.
A
Trade-Union Membership in Sweden in 1922.
S
OCIALA Meddelanden No. 6, 1923, issued by the Swedish Labor
Bureau (Socialstyrelsen) , contains the following statistics as to
the membership of the National Federation of Trade-Unions
in Sweden for 1922:
1 Intern ation al Labor Office.
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In d u strial and Labor Inform ation.
[7381
Geneva, Ju n e 20, 1923, p. 19.
169
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
M E M B E R S H IP O F N A T IO N A L F E D E R A T I O N O F T R A D E -U N IO N S IN S W E D E N IN 1922.
N um ber of—
M onth.
Members.
Branches.
Men.
Ja n u a ry ..............................................................................
F eb ru a ry ...........................................................................
M arch..................................................................................
A pril....................................................................................
M a y .....................................................................................
Ju n e .....................................................................................
J u l y ......................................................................................
A u gu st................................................................................
Sep tem ber.........................................................................
O ctober...............................................................................
N ovem ber.........................................................................
D ecem ber..........................................................................
3,099
3,103
3,116
3,125
3,123
3,119
3,137
3,137
3,145
3,160
3,181
3,207
274,000
272,000
272,000
270,000
269,000
269,000
267,000
267,000
267,000
267,000
268,000
268,000
W omen.
26,000
26,000
26,000
26,000
26,000
25,000
26,000
26,000
261000
25,000
25,000
25,000
T otal.
300,000
298,000
298,000
296,000
295,000
294,000
293,000
293,000
293,000
292,000
293,000
293,000
There were 33 unions affiliated with the National Federation in
1922 as against 32 in 1921. The total membership, which at the end
of 1921 was 252,361, on December 31, 1922, was 292,917, an increase
of 16 per cent. However, if January 1, 1922, is taken, after 2 new
organizations had joined the federation, it means a loss during the
year of 11,000 members, or 3.6 per cent. On January 1, 1922, the
railwayman’s union and the paper-industry union joined the National
Federation of Trade-Unions. This increased the male membership
of the National Federation of Trade-Unions by 18 per cent over the
previous year, but aside from the increase because of the 2 new
unions the proportionate reduction of male and female membership
of the unions was approximately the same.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[739]
- S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U T S .
Schenectady Street-Car Strike.
ST R E E T railway strike presenting some unusual features has
been in progress in Schenectady, N. Y., since May 16, 1923.
The State industrial commissioner, Bernard L. Shientag, who
conducted a public inquiry into the causes of the strike, has made a
report under date of July 16, 1923, the main features of which are
given in the following summary.
The Department of Labor of the State of New York has no power
of compulsion in an industrial dispute, and while it may make sug
gestions it can not compel either party to the controversy to adopt
them. The department, however, has three lines of procedure open
to it. I t may attempt to avert the strike before it takes place, it
may endeavor to bring about a settlement of the strike after it does
occur, and it has the power to investigate the causes of the strike
and bring the facts before the public so that public opinion may be
exerted to bring about a settlement when other means have failed.
The department, therefore, through its bureau of mediation endeav
ored to prevent the strike and cooperated with a committee appointed
by the mayor of Schenectady for this purpose. As these efforts
failed, a protracted public inquiry was held in which officials of the
street-railway company and of the union and their counsel were
examined. The most important factor in the situation was the
ownership of the railway company, the stock being equally divided
between the Delaware & Hudson Co. and the New York State
Railways, a subsidiary of the New York Central Railroad Co. The
board of directors consists of 12 members, six members each repre
senting the two companies. The testimony at the hearings is said
to have shown a surprising lack of knowledge on the part of the
directors of conditions leading up to the strike, due to the fact that
none of the directors reside in Schenectady and all are men having
large interests elsewhere to take up their time and attention.
Since the organization of the local branch of the Amalgamated
Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America
in 1911, and following a strike at that time, a series of written con
tracts had been concluded between the company and its employees.
These contracts, which continued in force until May 1, 1922, provided
that the company should deal with representatives of the union in
all cases of grievances and that disputes which could not be adjusted
by the company and the union should be submitted to arbitration.
Detailed provisions in regard to working conditions were also con
tained in the contracts.
In May, 1920, the pay of the men, which was 45 cents an hour,
was increased to 60 cents following an increase in the rate of fares
A
170
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS.
171
granted by the common council of Schenectady for the purpose of
increasing the wages of the employees. Assurances were given the
members of the union by the general manager of the company at
that time that wages would not be reduced so long as the increased
fares were in effect. A«t the expiration of the contract in May, 1921,
it was renewed for another year but as a dispute arose as to wages
the matter was referred to arbitration, and pending the outcome of
the arbitration proceedings the company reduced the wages to 45
cents an hour. The arbitration award, handed down in September,
1921, restored the wages to the original figure but considerable bit
terness had been created as a result of the delay in reaching the
decision and also because there was further delay on the part of the
company in complying with the terms of the award, particularly in
making the retroactive payments.
On March 28, 1922, the union was notified by officials of the
company that after April 30 the company would not enter into
contractual relations with the Amalgamated Association or with
its employees through this association.
Since that time there has been no contract between the company
and the union, and the company has refused to deal with the union
representatives. In August, 1922, the wages of the shop and bam
men were reduced and in December a reduction of 5 cents an hour
was made in the wages of motormen and conductors. Efforts on
the part of the employees to obtain recognition of the union and a
contract having proved unavailing, the strike was called on May 16,
and the following day 420 of the 450 employees of the company went
out on strike. About 360 of these men were members of the union.
Before the strike was called, and in the midst of the negotiations,
the president of the company, who represented the New York Central
interests, resigned and a representative of the Delaware & Hudson
interests was elected in his place. The retiring president stated that
his refusal to renew the written agreement was based upon his
inability to get along with the union’s officers and upon the inter
ference of the union leaders with the management of the company
in delaying the installation of one-man cars. At the same time he
stated that he was not opposed to recognition of the union, that he
believed in labor unions and in the right of collective bargaining,
and that at the time the strike was called he, as president of the
New York State Railways, was negotiating written contracts with
local unions of the same national organization in three other cities
of the State.
The new president opposed recognition of the union on the ground
that the union had broken the contract in 1921, in that its members
who were employees of the company refused to operate cars into
Albany and Troy during the strike on the lines of the United Traction
Co. in those cities, which began in January, 1921, and lasted about
six months. In reply the union officials explained that the failure
to operate cars in those cities was due to the serious disorders occur
ring during the strike and pointed out that the Schenectady company
had renewed the written agreement with, its employees in May, 1921,
some months after the strike had begun.
The inquiry brought out the fact that there was the same division
of opinion among the board of directors, on the question of recog59726
23------ 12
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
nition of tile union as had been expressed by the two presidents of
the company, the representatives of the New York Central being
in favor of recognizing the union, while the representatives of the
Delaware & Hudson opposed its recognition.
Attempts at adjustment of the strike were ¿nade more difficult by
action taken both by the president of the company and by the union
officials. While negotiations were in progress the local officials
of the Schenectady union went to Albany to assist in organizing
the employees of the Albany-Troy systems, while on the other hand
the president of the company served notice that the men who were
out on strike would lose their seniority rights unless they returned
to work by June 4. Up to the present time it has been impossible
to arrive at a settlement, the president of the company rejecting
every proposition which involved a written contract or recognition
of the union, while the men, fearing that without a written contract
their organization would be destroyed, have refused to settle except
upon that basis.
The report, in conclusion, emphasizes the paramount interest of the
public in a strike of this character and states that the citizens of a
community should have a greater part in the control and regulation
of their public utilities. During the past two and a half years the
most disastrous strikes in the State occurred on street railways, the
Albany and Troy strikes of 1921, the Buffalo strike of 1922, and the
Schenectady strike having cost the companies about $10,000,000,
while the loss to business can not be estimated nor can the hardship
and inconvenience to the traveling public be measured. The sug
gestion is made that, in the future, contracts entered into between
the public service corporations and local communities should pro
vide for representation of the public on the directorate so that the
rights of the public, so frequently lost sight of by both parties in
these controversies, may be protected. I t is also recommended that
legislation should be enacted providing for a short, fixed period after
a strike on a public utility is declared before it may become opera
tive, during which time an impartial tribunal shall make a public
investigation of the facts and endeavor by mediation to bring about
an adjustment of the dispute.
Strike of Railway, Postal, and
telegraph and Telephone Workers
in Belgium/'
SERIO U S strike, which largely paralyzed the transportation
system and the commercial life of the country, took place in
Belgium in April and May. The strike affected employees of
the railway, postal, and telegraph and telephone systems, which are
owned and operated solely by the Government through the Ministry
of Railways, Marine, Posts and Telegraphs. The workers in these
services are strongly organized, and the strike, which lasted about
six weeks, was directed by the National Syndicate of Railway
Workers.
A
1Belgium , Ministère de l’Industrie et du T rav ail, Revue du T rav ail Ju n e 30, 1923, pp. 1083-1090- report
from the A m erican consul a t Antwerp, Belgium , Ju n e 7,1923.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[742]
STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS.
173
The strike began on April 22 among the telephone linemen in the
port of Antwerp, who refused to work outside the city limits unless
their pay was increased, and was extended as a sympathetic strike
among the personnel of the repair and installation branch of the
telephone and telegraph system in other cities. A few days later
the shopmen in the locomotive repair shops in Antwerp went on strike
demanding an increased allowance on account of the high cost of
living, and on May 1 the transport workers in Antwerp struck,
followed the next day by the track laborers in the Province of
Antwerp.
On May 1 the heads of the union conferred with the Minister of
Railways, Marine, Posts and Telegraphs, and threatened a general
strike unless their demands, which included an increase in the mini
mum wage from 10.50 to 12 francs ($2.03 to $2.32, par) a day, fixing
the cost-of-living bonus according to the weighted index instead of
the simple index, and full recognition of the union, were met by the
Government. Up to this time the strike had been one of “ folded
arms,” that is, the strikers appeared at their posts every day but
refused to work, but the Government refused to deal with the strikers
until work was resumed, and ordered the pay of all these workers
stopped.
The strike spread gradually to postal employees, to telephone oper
ators, and to employees of the freight and passenger services of the
railroads. I t was largely centered in the city of Antwerp, this being
the strategic point for the strikers, as Antwerp is the principal port
and the industrial center of the country. The freight trains stopped
running in the Province of Antwerp on May 5, and on May 7 the
passenger trains were stopped. The freight congestion in the port
became so great that vessels were unable to unload their cargoes and
were forced to go to other ports to discharge.
On May 12 the Minister of National Defense ordered out eight
classes of railway battalions of the army reserve, comprising 6,600
men, who were distributed through the branches of the service most
affected by the strike.
On May 15 the Minister of Railways, Marine, Posts and Telegraphs
issued an order that all strikers who did not return to work within
48 hours should be considered to have resigned. During this time
the passenger service had been partially maintained through the use
of the military and volunteer employees, but the freight service was
more disorganized and the loss of receipts for freight during the entire
period of the strike amounted to about 40,000,000 francs ($7,720,000,
par). The following week the strikers began to desert the unions and
return to their places, while the military were slowly clearing up the
congestion at the port. On May 24 the ministry refused to receive
a delegation of the unions until the members had returned to work,
and the Minister of National Defense called out 12,000 additional
troops. This had the result of bringing more of the strikers back
to work and by May 31, the total number on strike in all branches of
the service was reduced to about 15,000. It was impossible to esti
mate the total number of strikers as the number varied greatly from
day to day, the strike being planned so that at no time were all the
workers out in any one service throughout the country.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
743]
174
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
The committee of action of the National Syndicate issued an order
on May 31 to the striking members of the unions directing them to
return to work the next day. The Department of Railways issued a
reply stating that although the position of the Government had not
changed since the beginning of the strike, employees who were not
guilty of any acts of violence, and who wished to return without
making any conditions could do so provided they reported for work
on the first day of June.
Work was completely resumed by June 2, the strikers returning to
work without being able to impose any conditions upon the Govern
ment, although the effects of the strike in disorganizing the business
of the country had been far-reaching.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[744]
C O N C IL IA T IO N A N D A R B IT R A T IO N ,
Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in July, 1923.
By
H
ugh
L.
K
e r w in
, D
ir e c t o r
of
C o n c il ia t io n .
T
HE Secretary of Labor, through .the Division of Conciliation,
exercised his good offices in connection with 46 labor disputes
during July, 1923. These disputes affected a total of 64,521
employees. The following table shows the name and location of the
establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature
of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having
reached strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the
cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the
date of beginning and ending, and the number of workmen directly
and indirectly affected.
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F
T H R O U G H I T S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , J U L Y , 1923.
Company or industry, and location.
Street cars, Murphysboro, 111..............
Madeira Colliery, Plains, P a ................
N ature of
controversy.
Threatened
strike.
S trik e..........
Building trades, Chicago, 111................ Controversy.
Craft concerned.
Cause of dispute.
Present
statu s.
Traction workers.
W orking conditions.
A djusted.
M iners....................
W ages and condi
tions.
W age scale and rec
ognition of union.
W ages.........................
W age scale................
Asked $2 per day in
crease; conditions.
W ages and condi
tions.
W orking conditions
........ do..........................
Asked 48-hour week
and recognition.
N ot reported............
Building trad es. .
Lath ers, Des Moines, Io w a .................. Strik e............ L a th e rs ....................
M achinists, Oakland, C alif................... Controversy. M ach inists..............
Cigar m akers..........
E . Goss & Co., Los Angeles, Calif___ S trik e..........
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co.,
Plym outh, P a .
Lehigh V alley R . R ................................
G illette Safety Razor, Boston , M ass.
Ic e Cream Cone Co., New Y o rk C ity .
H orton Ic e Cream Co., New Y o rk
City.
Commercial telegraphers, New Y o rk
City.
Miners, P ittsto n , P a ...............................
Icem en, Des Moines, Iow a....................
___ do............
___ do............
Chauffeurs...............
T hreatened
strike.
S trik e.......... .
___ do..........
Telegraphers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Do.
Do.
Do.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Do.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
Coal m in ers.
Icem en..........
W ages? hours, and
conditions.
Seniority rig h ts____
W ages.........................
Coal m in ers............
Yardage ra te s............
M achinists..............
W age rate; asked 10
cents per hour in
crease.
N ot reported..............
P a rtia lly
adjusted.
Stationary firemen W age increase and
overtim e.
Threaten ed Traction employ Asked 30 per cent
increase and 6
ees.
strike.
days a week.
Controversy. Em ployees.............. Asked wage increase
of 20 per cent.
S trik e............ Boiler m akers........ 5 J cen ts per hour
increase asked.
........do............ Shoe workers.......... Asked restoration of
10 per cent cut
m ade in 1921.
U nable to
adjust.
Pending.
Manhasset Manufacturing Co., P u t- .........do.
nam , Conn.
W riting paper m ills, H olyoke, M ass........... do.
Jea n e tte R u bber Co., Greensburg,
P a.
B ay w ay Refinery (Standard Oil),
E lizabeth , N. J .
F oo t Schulze Co., S t. Pau l, M inn__
Coal m in ers............
Controversy. Shop crafts..............
Em ployees..............
Strik e........
___ do............ ........ do........................
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co., .........do.
W anam ie, P a.
Todd D ry D ock, Seattle, W ash ....................do.
New Jersey P u blic Service Corporation, Newark, N. J .
LA BO R
T ex tile w orkers. . .
[745]
Pending.
U nable to
adjust.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
Pending.
175
176
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
L A B O R D I S P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
T H R O U G H I T S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , J U L Y , 1923—Concluded.
Company or industry, and location.
N ature of
controversy.
Craft concerned.
Monongahela & W est P en n P u blic
Service Co., Pittsburgh , P a .
Tugs of fishing fleet, D unkirk, N. Y .
S tr ik e ..........
T hreatened
strike.
Tugs of fishing fleet, E rie, P a .............. ____do..........
Naumkeag Steam M anufacturing
Co., Salem , Mass.
M utual Silk Throwing Co., Scran
ton, P a.
Plu m bers’ helpers, New Y o rk C ity ..
S trik e..........
___ do..........
Cause of dispute.
Present
statu s.
W irem en..................
W ages...........................
Pending.
Tugboat m e n .___
T ex tile w orkers. . .
P rice of fish; “ out Adjusted.
la w ” dispute.
D ispute betw een en
Do.
gineers and fishers.
W orking conditions .
Do.
____do........................
Increase asked...........
____d o ......................
Do.
___ do..........
Plu m bers’ helpers. Asked wage increase Pending.
and recognition.
R ichm ond Ligh t & R y . Co., New .........do............ L in em en ................ . Discharge of em Adjusted.
Y o rk City.
ployee.
Jo b printers, Chicago, 111...................... Controversy. T y p o g r a p h i c a l Asked wage increase Pending.
workers.
and 44 hours per
week.
Furriers, 14 firms, Cleveland, O h io .. Strike.
Furriers.
44 hours per week, Adjusted.
m inim um wage,
7 legal holidays.
Cloak and suit firms, Boston , M ass.. Threatened
G arm ent workers . W ages and overtim e.
Do.
strike.
H olland F urnace Co., Cedar Rapids, Strik e............ H old ers.................... W orking conditions. Pending.
Iow a.
Plum bers and steam fitters, P itts Controversy. P l u m b e r s and Jurisdictional trade Adjusted.
burgh, P a.
steam fitters.
dispute.
U nited R y . Co., St. Louis, M o........... Strik e............ E lectrical workers. Asked 14 cents per
Do.
hour increase.
K eifer Paper Mill, Brow nstow n, In d . ........ do............ Paper-m ill work- Hours and condi Pending.
ers.
tions.
C incinnati T eam & Motor T ruck Co., T hreatened Drivers,
W ages and condi A djusted
Cincinnati, Ohio.
strike.
tions.
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co., S trik e.......... . M iners.
W orking conditions.
Do.
Plym outh, P a .
Hudson Coal Co., Plym outh, P a ___
.do.
.do.
. . . . d o . . . . ? ..................
Do.
Madeira Coal Co., Hudson, P a ............
.do.
do.
Requested discharge
Do.
of 1 m an.
R oot Blow er Co., Connersville, Ind ,
M ach inists.
.do.
Asked in crease..........
Do.
B o ston & Maine R . R . Co., New
.do.
Shop crafts.
General strike of Unable to
England States.
1922.
adjust.
Bricklayers, D ayton, O h io............
do.
Bricklayers.
Discharges, e tc .......... Adjusted.
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co.,
.do.
Coal miners
W orking conditions.
Do.
Ashley, P a .
S atin & K elm an, H ackensack, N. J .
do.
Em ployees.
W age cu t and union Pending.
dispute.2
Cigar m akers, Boston, Mass
.do.
Cigar makers.
Asked $3 per 1,000
Do.
increase.
D uration.
Company or industry, and location.
Street cars, Murphysboro, 111...............
Madeira Colliery, Plain s, P a ................
Agreed to settle in conference
Company agreed to correct
conditions.
Bu ilding trades, Chicago, 111................ Bonuses offered; tem porary
compromise.
L ath ers, Des Moines, Io w a.................... R etu rn at former scale...........
M achinists, Oakland, Calif..................
E . Goss & Co., Los Angeles, C alif___ $2 increase allowed; condi
tions improved.
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co., Returned to work; adjust
P lym outh , P a.
later.
Begin
ning.
Ending.
D i
rectly.
1923.
J une 1
Ju n e 23
1923.
Ju ly 1
Ju ly 2
57
349
Mar.
1
G illette Safety Razor, Boston , Mass. Discharged man reemployed
Ice Cream Cone Co., New Y o rk C ity .
Horton Ice Cream Co., New' York
City.
1 N ot reported.
2 Claim wages are below New Y o rk City scale.
[746J
18
366
1
6,000
Ju ly 10
Ju ly
2
50
I1)
54
10
Ju ly
Ju ly
5
420
30
3
Ju n e
In d i
rectly.
■ June 28
Ju ly 2
A pr. 8
1922.
Ju ly 1
Lehigh V alley R . R .................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Men involved.
Term s of settlem en t.
1923.
Ju n e 28
C1)
C1)
C1)
Ju ly
9
300
«
C1
1,200
CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION.
177
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F
T H R O U G H I T S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , J U L Y , 1923—Concluded.
Men involved.
Duration.
Com pany or industry, and location.
Com mercial telegraphers, New Y o rk
C ity.
Miners, P ittsto n , P a .............................. .
Ice m en, Des Moines, Io w a ..................
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co.,
W anam ie, P a.
Todd D ry D ock, Seattle, W ash .........
M anhassett Manufacturing Co., P u t
nam , Conn.
W riting paper m ills, Holyoke, Mass.
New Jersey P u blic Service Corpora
tion, N ewark, N. J .
Jea n e tte R u b b e r Co., Greensburg,
Pa.
B a y w ay Refinery (Standard Oil),
E lizab eth , N. J .
F oot Schulze Co., S t. P au l, Minn —
Monongahela & W est Penn P u blic
Service Co., P ittsburgh , P a.
Tugs of fishing fleet, D unkirk, N. Y .
Term s of settlem ent.
1.70 per week increase al
lowed; vacation retained.
Strike still pending................
R eturned; aw aiting confer
ences.
Awaiting developm ents___
Conferences pending..............
Conferences pending.
LA BOR
D i
rectly.
In d i
rectly.
Begin
ning.
Ending.
1923.
1923.
Ju ly 17
210
2,850
Ju ly 17
1,500
30
950
300
0)
C
1)
Ju ly
2
Ju ly 15
50
May 8
Ju ly 10
9)
Ju ly 24
A pr. 20
80
6,000
4,920
3,000
0)
Ju ly 19
Returned, pending indi vid
ual adjustm ents.
Ju ly 17
Rem ained a t work as per
contract.
___ do............................................
Satisfactorily arranged..........
Ju ly 19
Ju ly 20
50
Ju ly 20
Ju ly 20
Ju ly 23
300
173
Ju ly 16
Ju ly 21
Ju n e
0
Tugs of fishing fleet, E r ie , P a ..............
N aum keag Steam M anufacturing
Co., Salem , Mass.
M utual Silk Throwing Co., Scranton, No increase; returned under
same conditions.
Pa.
Plu m bers’ helpers, New Y o rk C i t y ..
Richm ond L ig h t & R y . Co., New R eturned, pending confer
ences.
Y o rk C ity.
J o b p r in te r s , C hicago, 111..........................
0)
)
Ju ly 10
Ju ly 14
Ju ly 1
Ju ly 11
Furriers, 14 firms, Cleveland, O h io ... Demands granted by 7 firms,
7 refused.
Cloak and suit firms, Boston, M ass.. Wages adjusted; gentle Ju ly 1
m en’s agreement on hours.
H olland Furnace Co., Cedar R apid s, In ju n ction pending; 12 re(D
employed.
Iow a.
Plum bers and steam fitters, P itts Decision of umpire to be
final.
burgh, P a.
U nited R y . Co., S t. Louis, Mo............ Returned; agreed to arb i Ju ly 16
trate, if necessary.
K eiter Pap er M ill, Brow nstow n, In d . 15 m en returned to w ork----- Ju n e 20
Cincinnati T eam & Motor T ruck Co., %2 per week increase; im Ju ly 15
proved conditions.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co., Company agreed to reinstate Ju ly 24
Plym outh , P a.
m en discharged.
Hudson Coal Co., Ply m o u th , P a ........ Returned, pending confer Ju ly 28
ences.
Madeira Coal Co., H udson, P a ............ R eturned, pending corn- Ju ly 9
pan j^’s decision.
R o ot Blow er Co., Connersville, I n d .. R eturned on com pany’s Ju n e 20
term s.
1922.
Boston & Maine R . R . Co., New Places filled, strikers em Ju ly 1
ployed elsewhere.
England States.
1923.
Ju ly 19
B rick layers, D ayton. Ohio.................... Men rein stated ........................
Lehigh & W ilkes-Barre Coal Co., R eturned, pending confer Ju ly 9
ences.
A shley, P a.
Ju ly 11
Satin & K elm an, H ackensack, N. J . .
Cigar m akers, Boston, M ass................. T aken up by S ta te board of
arbitration.
C1)
0)
26
371
1
(>)
135
Ju ly 20
1,000
100
Ju ly 21
1.500
150
Aug.
3
1,000
Ju ly 25
1,050
Ju ly 24
180
6,000
26
Ju ly 30
24
1,800
41
Ju ly 24
420
30
Ju ly 30
2.500
175
6
400
22
Ju ly 21
150
Aug.
12,000
Ju ly 30
Ju ly 11
14
750
40
1,600
41,819
T o tal.
50
3,000
22,702
1 N ot reported.
On August 1, 1923, there were 64 strikes before the department for
settlement and in addition 22 controversies which had not reached
the strike or lockout stage. Total number of cases pending, 86.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
747]
178
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Activities of Arbitration Boards in Czechoslovakia, 1922.1
T
HE Czechoslovak works committees act of August 12, 1921,2
which requires that works committees be set up in all establish
ments employing regularly not less than 30 workers, contains a
clause providing ior the institution of arbitration boards to deal with
disputes which arise in connection with the provisions of the act.
In 1922, the first year of the effectiveness of the act, 192 boards were
set up. These were distributed as follows over the various provinces:
Bohemia 107, Moravia 37, Silesia 9, Slovakia 38, Sub-Carpathian
Russia 1. The following table illustrates the activities of these
arbitration boards in 1922:
A C T IV IT IE S O F A R B IT R A T IO N B O A R D S E S T A B L IS H E D U N D E R T H E W O R K S COM
M I T T E E S A C T IN C Z E C H O SL O V A K IA , 1922.
Province.
N umber of
N um ber of
boards to
N um ber of N um ber of
which ap N umber of cases sub agreements N um ber of eases set
sittings.
awards.
tled out of
peals were
m itted.
reached.
court.
made.
B o h em ia..........................................
Moravia................................ ............
Silesia................................................
Slovakia...........................................
86
27
8
6
743
202
62
33
974
246
81
31
205
65
12
11
503
147
46
15
266
34
23
5
T o ta l.....................................
127
1,010
1,332
293
711
328
As shown in the above table 127 boards were appealed to. No
complaints were lodged with the remaining 65 boards. Fourteen
boards had cases in which complaints were lodged and discussed but
no award made as the parties had come to an agreement or the
complaint had been withdrawn. These cases are included in the
above table.
1 Czechoslovakia. M inisterstva Socialni Pe6e. Socialni Revue.
2 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R eview , N ovember, 1921, p p . 2 0 3 , 2 0 4 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[748]
V ol. 4, No. 2, p. 150.
Prague, 1923.
C O O P E R A T IO N .
Position
of
Employees
in
the
Cooperative
Movement.
PAMPHLET 1 recently issued by the Fabian Society deals with
the position of the employees of the cooperative societies,
this being, it is stated, “ among the chief problems of the
cooperative movement to-day.” Though the pamphlet is written
with special reference to the British cooperative movement, many
of the points made are also of interest to cooperators generally, in
their position of employers. The author feels that “ a frank recog
nition of the demand of the workers for a new position in industry
and a determination to find methods for establishing it would stimu
late a great power for increased efficiency and production.” She
states that the business advantages of such a relationship would be:
(1) Cordial cooperation between the management committee and the workers in
introducing all the modern developments of the application of science to the methods
of industry and of expert organization.
(2) The utilizing of the technical knowledge of the workers in shop and factory
organization and methods.
(3) The full development of the special power of the employees to act as propa
gandists for increasing cooperative membership, capital, and sales of cooperative
productions.
(4) The removal of the existing friction between management committees and large
sections of the employees.
M embership of Em ployees on M anagem ent Committees.
|X ATTAINING the new relationship between employees and the
societies, the “ most obvious ” method is to arrange that employees
should have full power to vote for members of the management
committees of the societies and be eligible for election to them.
The author feels, however, that little progress could be made at
present in this way, for “ even if adopted, such representation does
not give the employees the personal part, knowledge, and interest
needed to arouse the sense of partnership which would result in
greater efficiency, energy, and loyalty.”
Works Committees.
\Y7QRKS committees are thought to offer a hopeful means of
**
giving the workers a greater share in the control of their
working conditions and at the same time of creating greater efficiency.
Such committees have already been adopted by a number of British
cooperative societies and appear to have been successful.
1 Fabian Society. T ract No. 204: The position of employees in the cooperative m ovem ent, by Lilian
Harris. London, 1923.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[740]
179
180
M ON TH LY LAB OF, REVIEW .
The writer emphasizes the importance of having the works com
mittee “ based on trade-union organization and closely connected
with it.”
Otherwise it will he suspected of being a means of undermining trade-unionism,
which has been the object of some employers. I t is therefore necessary (1) that all
the workers should be trade-unionists (a principle already recognized by cooperators,
many societies making trade-unionism a condition of employment); (2) that, the con
stitution and rules of the works committee should be drafted in consultation with the
trade-unions concerned and approved by them; (3) that it should be laid down that
general wage rates, hours, and other questions dealt with by trade-unions, should con
tinue to be negotiated with them; (4) that arrangements made by works committees
do not debar further trade-union action in regard to the points at issue. In practice it
is found that recognition of these principles secures amicable working with tradeunions, and that works committees accepting them are able to remove many causes of
friction.
Such committees may be composed of workers only or may be
representative of both workers and management, the essential points
being that the workers’ representatives should have the power to
meet separately when, they desire and also to call general meetings of
the employees for consultation, and that they have free access to the
management whenever necessary.
The functions of the committee might include (1) advisory dis
cussions of financial and commercial matters and working conditions;
(2) consideration of proposals from employees for technical improve
ments in organization, methods, or machinery; (3) consideration of
complaints, grievances, and matters of discipline; (4) welfare work;
(5) education of employees so as to strengthen their interest in the
society; and (6) consideration of the “ conditions under which science
and expert organization should be applied to methods of work.”
Oilier Necessary Developments.
for the works committee to become fully effective the
author believes that other developments are necessary in both
trade-union and cooperative organization. The societies must estab
lish certain new machinery such as cost departments, employment
departments, and wage departments. This could be done by local
federations of societies or through a central efficiency department.
A joint labor policy should be decided upon by the trade-unions in
the cooperative field and the movement itself, with regard to works
committees, wage boards, and the settlement of disputes.
IN O R D E R
Membership of Farmers’ Marketing Associations.
T
HE July 16, .1923, issue of Agricultural Cooperation (Washington,
D. 0.) contains membership figures for 21 State-wide or region
wide marketing associations nanciimg tobacco, cotton and
wheat. These figures show that on June 1, 1923, nearly half a million
farmers were banded together for the marketing of these commodities,
ihe report states that ‘‘ if to the half million mentioned above were
added the number of producers in other commodity associations, as,
for example, those handling milk, citrus fruits, cranberries, rice,
potatoes, etc., the grand total would be in the neighborhood of one
million.”
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The following statement shows the membership of each associa
tion, on June 1, 1923, by commodity handled:
Tobacco:
Membership.
Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative Association........................................................... 90,226.
Burley Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative Association.. ........................................ 85,042
Dark Tobacco Growers’ Association......................................................................... 58, 000
Northern Wisconsin Cooperative Tobacco Pool...................................................
6, 672
Connecticut Valley Tobacco Association...............................................................
3,389
T otal................................................................................................................................. 243,329
Cotton:
Oklahoma Cotton Growers’ Association...................................................
North Carolina Cotton Growers’ Cooperative Association...............
Georgia Cotton Growers’ Cooperative Association...............................
Mississippi Farm Bureau Cotton Association........................................
Arkansas Cotton Growers’ Association.....................................................
Tennessee Cotton Growers’ Association.................... ..............................
Louisiana Farm Bureau Cotton Growers’ Cooperative Association
Staple Cotton Cooperative Association (Miss. ) .....................................
Arizona Pimacotton Growers.......................................................................
40.531
SO; 733
26,282
13,923
6, 607
6,000
4, 927
2, 470
853
Total................................................................................................................................. 132,326
Wheat :
North Dakota W heat Growers’ Association
Oklahoma W7heat Growers’ Association---Montana W heat Growers’ Association.........
Idaho W heat Growers’ Association..............
Oregon Cooperative Grain Growers..............
Washington Wheat Growers’ Association..
Arizona Grain Growers.....................................
Total................................................................................................................................
9,230
8, 310
6, 500
3,296
3,170
2,980
227
33,713
Grand total..................................................................................................................... 199, 368
Court Decisions as to Contracts with Cooperative Associations.
North Carolina.
I N A case (Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative Association v. Jones, 117
S. E. 174) recently before the Supreme Court of North Carolina,
W. T. Jones appealed from a decision of the superior court of Nash
County. The Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative Association had brought
suit against Jones, one of its members, to enjoin him from selling to
others, in violation of his contract with it, portions of his 1922 crop
of tobacco, and asking liquidated damages for the tobacco sold by
him prior to the commencement of the suit. The injunction was
granted and Jones appealed, contending that the cooperative market
ing act under which the association was formed was unconstitutional
and void and that the contract between himself and the association
was invalid because in restraint of interstate and intrastate commerce.
Judge Clark of the supreme court analyzed the cooperative law
and found that—
The act establishes a complete plan of organization for cooperative marketing of
agricultural products under the fullest public supervision and control. E v ery possible
safeguard against private profit, manipulation by a few powerful members, and
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•“squeezing out” of the weaker members and abuse of powers are embraced in the law.
* * * There was no intention, and it is clear there is nothing in this statute, to en
able the producers to combine to sell their products at a profit beyond what would be
a fair and reasonable market price. Indeed, this would be impossible on the part of
the producers, as only a part of them would in any event belong to such an organiza
tion. * * * An examination of this statute shows, we think, that this association is
authorized for the purpose, not of creating a monopoly, but to protect the tobacco
producers against oppression by a combination of those who buy, and not to author
ize, and does not empower, those who produce the raw material to create a monopoly
in themselves. Indeed, it seems to us plain that the plaintiff under the provisions
of its charter is not and never can become a monopoly for many reasons.
With, regard to the question of liquidated damages, the judge
cited the decision in the case of Bradshaw v. Millikin (173 N. C. 432,
92 S. E. 161, L. R. A. 1917E, 880), saying:
We need not more fully discuss it, as it does not directly arise in this appeal; but
the rule is stated, which has been laid down in all the cases, that an agreement for
liquidated damages will be held valid “ in the absence of any evidence to show that
the amount of damages claimed is unjust or oppressive, or that the amount claimed
is disproportionate to the damages that would result from the breach or breaches of
the several covenants of agreement.”
With regard to the attempt of Jones to draw an analogy between
the association and certain great combines, as being equally a com
bination in restraint of trade, the judge held:
It is an entire misunderstanding of the facts to assert that an orderly, systematized
cooperation among the producers to prevent a sacrifice of their products and to realize
a living wage for the laborer and a reasonable profit for the producers has any analogy
to the system by which great combinations of capital have prevented the laborer and
the farmer alike from realizing a reasonable reward and a decent living.
In fact, the cooperative system is the most hopeful movement ever inaugurated to
obtain justice for, and improve the financial condition of, farmers and laborers. * * *
Naturally the cooperative movement among the farmers has aroused the opposition
of the financial combinations, from whose unlimited power in fixing prices the farmers
are seeking to free themselves, and also among some of the owners of the public ware
houses, who are more or less allied with the big buyers. See Gray v. Warehouse Co.,
181 N. 0 . 166, 106 S. E . 657. Besides, the establishment of their own warehouses by
the cooperative associations will curtail the profits of the public warehouse business.
The same contentions presented in this case have been also argued at this term in four
other cases, more or less fully, to wit: The Same Plantiff as Herein v. Z. A. Harrell,
from Edgecombe, appeal from Daniels, J .; Same v. Maynard Mangum, from Wake,
appeal from Lyon, J .; Same Plantiff v. W. J. Ball, from Wake, appeal from the same
judge; and Peanut Growers’ Association v. C. T. Harrell, from Bertie, appeal from
Kerr, J . In these four cases substantially the same points were presented, and in
each of them the judge below reached the same conclusion, and judgment wfill be
entered in all five cases, affirming the action of the court below.
1 exas.
'"THE Texas Farm Bureau Cotton Association brought suit against
1 J. C. Stovall, one of its members, seeking the specific perform
ance of his contract with it and also an injunction restraining him
from disposing of his cotton crop otherwise than to the association.
From the judgment of the trial court, denying the injunction and dis
missing the petition, appeal was taken to the Court of Civil Appeals
of Texas (Texas Farm Bureau Association v. Stovall, 248 S. W. 1109).
The appeal, it was stated, was rested upon the contention that the
court was in error in the construction placed upon the contract, for
the following reasons: 11) That the contract was not unilateral, (2)
that the agreement was certain and definite and not void for uncer-
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tainty, (3) that it was a contract of purchase and sale, and (4) that
it was a contract between appellant and appellee.
The court analyzed the contract and came to the conclusion that
“ the only definite obligations revealed in this contract rest altogether
upon appellee. We can discover nothing in its terms when they are
subjected to careful analysis, remotely imposing upon appellant any
mutuality of burden.” It was therefore held that the contract was,
from its terms, unilateral, also that certain terms of the contract
excluded the idea of its being a mutual purchase and sale agreement
at the time it was made.
From what we have already said, it follows that in our view there can be no specific
performance required of appellee in this case because the contract is lacking both in
mutuality of obligation and mutuality of remedy; and, as we understand the rule,
specific performance will not be required in a case where mutuality is lacking either
as to the obligation or as to the remedy.
It was therefore held that the injunction applied for had been
properly denied, and the judgment of the lower court was affirmed.
Motion for a rehearing was overruled.
Washington.
'T'H E Pierce County Dairymen’s Association brought suit in the superior court for Pierce County for an injunction restraining A. R.
Templin, one of its members, from selling his milk through any
agency other than the association, in violation of his contract with it.
The injunction was granted by the trial court, and Templin appealed.
It appeared that the contract was entered into on April 1, 1 9 2 1 , some
time after the association had commenced business, although Tem
plin had previously become a member. For a period of 14 months
Templin delivered his milk to the society in pursuance of his contract.
After that time, although continuing to be a dairyman, he refused to
fulfill his contract. In the present case (Pierce County Dairymen’s
Association v. Templin, 2 1 5 Pac. 3 5 2 ) it was contended (1 ) that the
contract was not enforceable because at the time the agreement was
made the association did not have three-fourths of its capital stock
subscribed for nor one-fourth of such stock paid in, as prescribed by
the State cooperative law; (2) that the association was not entitled
to the injunctive remedy because of the liquidated-damages provision
of the contract; and (3) that the contract tended to create a monop
oly in restraint of trade and was therefore unenforceable against him.
As regards (1), the court held that the association had not fully com
plied with the provisions of the statute. However, the court felt
that since Templin had fulfilled his contract for 14 months without
challenging the validity of the contract on this ground, “ this is not a
question which [he] can raise at this time.”
With regard to the second contention, reference was made to an
earlier case (Washington Cranberry Growers’ Association v. Moore,
2 0 4 Pac. 8 1 1 ; see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December, 1 9 2 2 , p. 2 3 8 )
which, it was stated, answered the present contention, the right of
the association to an injunction being even clearer in the present case.
Far from having a tendency to create a monopoly in restraint of
trade, “ we think the purposes of the association, as evidenced by its
articles of incorporation, its by-laws, and the making of these con
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tracts, and what the association has in fact done, look to the efficient
economical bringing of the producer and consumer of milk close
together, and the avoiding of intervening profits to the loss of the
producer, rather than to the unlawful controlling of the price of
milk to the consumer. We conclude that there is no impediment to
the enforcement of this contract because of its tendency to create a
monopoly in restraint of trade. ”
With a minor modification restricting the effect of the injunction
to Pierce County only, the decree of the lower court was affirmed and
the case remanded to the trial court, accordingly, for the correction
of the decree.
Cooperative Congresses.
Belgium .3
T
HE congress of the Belgian cooperative union was held at Mons,
June 2 3 - 2 5 , 1 9 2 3 . According to the report of the director of
the union, there were at the end of 1 9 2 2 , 71 consumers’
societies in affiliation with that organization, having a combined
membership of 1 6 9 ,0 8 6 . There are still 8 0 socialist societies, not in
membership with the union; these have 5 5 ,9 1 4 members. The
business of these 1 5 1 societies in 1 9 2 2 amounted to 2 6 6 ,3 5 5 ,8 3 0 francs
( $ 5 1 ,4 0 6 ,6 7 5 , ^ par). It was pointed out that the purchases of the
cooperative family average only about 1 ,2 0 0 francs ($ 2 3 1 .6 0 , par)
per year; that is, that only about one-fifth of the average workers’
income was spent at the cooperative stores.
The need of unity, not only within the consumers’ cooperative
movement but between the consumers’ movement and the agri
cultural cooperative movement was emphasized at the congress, as
were also the advantages of publicity for the purposes of educating
the public in cooperation.
France .2
"T H E tenth congress of the societies forming the National Federation
1 of Consumers’ Cooperative Societies ( Federation N ationale des
Cooperatives de Consommation) was held at Bordeaux, May 1 0 - 1 3 ,
and was attended b y 4 3 0 delegates, representing 1 ,9 6 9 societies.
Among the subjects discussed were the organization of woman
cooperators, the situation of the Bank of the Cooperative Societies
of France and of the Cooperative Wholesale Society, the modern
forms of production and distribution, the education of the public
with a view to extending the cooperative movement, and the report
of the committee which has been studying the conditions of operation
and development of cooperative associations.
The central council of the national federation reported that on
February 15, 1 9 2 3 , there were in affiliation with the federation 1 ,9 6 9
local societies, 129 less than on the same date in 1 9 2 2 ; the decrease
was due to dissolutions and amalgamations. Among the members
of the federation were 5 0 so-called “ fusion societies, ” organizations
1 D ata are from L a Cooperation Beige, Brussels, issues of Ju ly 7, and Aug. 1, 1923.
2 D ata are from L ’inform ation Sociale, Paris, May 24, 1923, pp. 4-6, and International Cooperative
B u lletin , Ju n e, 1923, pp. 128-132.
1
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formed by the amalgamation of all or practically all of the societies in
a given district. The sales of 46 of these societies formed more than a
quarter of the combined sales of all the affiliated societies throughout
France. During 1922, the business of the Cooperative Wholesale
Society ( M agasin de Gros) amounted to 217,947,418 francs ($42,063,852, par).
The reading of this report was the occasion for an attack upon the
policy of the directors of the federation by a small group of com
munist members. These were of the opinion that the cooperative
movement should declare itself in favor of the class struggle, and
that it should cease returning dividends on purchases and use these
to build up a reserve “ for critical periods. ” They charged the direc
tors with having already departed from the time-honored policy of
political neutrality 3 and with collaborating with capitalism instead
of fighting it. In reply, protest was made against the introduction
of “ a political propaganda” into a purely economic movement
like cooperation. It was pointed out that cooperation “ sees only
the consumer and does not concern itself with the struggle of classes. ”
The question of the future policy was then put to the vote and the
“ neutrality” of the federation as heretofore interpreted by the
directors was reindorsed, 4,145 to 335. The congress also passed
the following resolution:
In approving the report of the central council, the congress affirms once again the
determination of French cooperation to pursue its ideal of social transformation by
its own action, in grouping all consumers without distinction and irrespective of
their political or religious opinions.
Cooperation will be able to find in its organic strength and in its activities the
elements which will permit it to fight in defense of the interests of consumers which
are identical with the general interest. I t will Ire able to repel the open or concealed
attacks of all those who would diride and weaken the movement by introducing
into it questions external to it.
The congress therefore charges the central council to see to it that the pact of unity
adopted atTthe Tours congress, the rules of the National Federation, and the decisions
of congress be strictly applied. I t relies on each society and each individual to
remain loyal to the charter which cooperators have given themselves in complete
sovereignty and independence.
The importance of education in cooperation was emphasized and
the congress passed the following resolution :
The congress invites cooperative societies to consider the problem of cooperative
education in all its aspects:
1. Technical cooperative instruction, with a view to arranging public lectures, in
collaboration, where possible, with other organizations for technical instruction.
2. General technical instruction with a view to providing lecturers and scholarships.
3. Higher education and the promotion of courses of university lectures with scholar
ships.
.
.
4. Secondary and elementary instruction to determine the form in which the his
tory and methods of cooperati on can be taught and its spirit imparted ; preparation
of a list of books to be included in school libraries, and also of films; ultim ately, the
initiative in the publication of articles and useful works.
The congress requests th at a column in l’Action Cooperative be regularly devoted
to special educational work.
_
.
I t invites societies to seek for credits which they could devote to the services of
the national committee for assisting and coordinating regional efforts, as well as to
the promotion of local education.
» T h e F éd ération N ationale des Coopératives de Consommation was formed in 1912 b y th e fusion of the
Bourse des Coopératives Socialistes de F rance and th e “ n eu tral” Union Coopérative des Sociétés f r a n
çaises de Consommation. I t has been th e avowed policy of th e federation, from th e first, to ta ^ e no active
part in either political or religious m ovem ents. I t was also decided, at the tim e of am algam ation, tfiat
“ no society can be adm itted w hich obliges its m embers to belong to any political or religious organization.
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The Government social insurance bill was unanimously indorsed
and its passage urged, and the regional cooperative federations were
instructed to take the matter up with their senators and deputies.
G reat B ritain .4
rT'H E fifty-fifth annual cooperative congress was held at Edinburgh,
A May 21-23, 1923, with some 1,560 delegates present, representing
570 societies.
Among the cpiestions that were considered was that of a daily
cooperative newspaper, which has already been up for discussion at
preceding congresses. The point at issue was whether the newspaper
should be an expansion of the existing weekly, The Cooperative News,
or an independent journal more or less identified with labor polities.
Last year’s congress favored a special cooperative daily to be issued
by the National Cooperative Publishing Society. At the present
meeting the central board of the Cooperative Union and the National
Cooperative Publishing Society submitted a resolution advocating the
establishment of a new paper to be issued by the publishing society,
and directing that the plan worked out be submitted to the constit
uent societies for action in 1924. An amendment urging that, pend
ing the starting of such a paper, the movement support the official
organ of the Labor Party was defeated and the original resolution
was carried by a vote of 2,074 to 1,507.
The subject of trade boards was considered and the congress passed
a resolution to the effect that it “ ‘views with grave concern the pro
posal of the Government to adopt the recommendations of the Cave
committee concerning trade boards, and places on record its convic
tion that from the experience of the cooperative movement the urgent
need is not to reduce the scope and powers of trade boards, but to
extend them and to make the awards of such trade boards binding
upon all traders.’ With regard to cooperative labor conditions and
disputes, a resolution was moved proposing the appointment of a com
mittee to examine the existing machinery of the national joint commit
tee of trade-unionists and cooperators.” This resolution, which in
view of the strike now on in the factories of the Cooperative Wholesale
Society was of especial interest to the congress, was debated at
length, but upon vote was lost.
When the subject of cooperative education came up a resolution
was passed urging the societies to place their appropriations for this
work on a membership basis instead of basing them upon trading
surpluses. It is the custom of British societies to allocate for edu
cational purposes 2\ per cent of the net trading surplus, so that the
amounts fluctuate with the “ profits” and in bad times this work
must therefore be greatly cut down or eliminated altogether. The
adoption of a method which would provide “ a certain and regular
fund for the purpose” was therefore considered urgent.
The next congress will be held in Nottingham, the famous lace
making center.
4 D ata are from M inistry of Labor Gazette, Ju n e, 1923; Intern ation al Cooperative B u lletin , Ju n e and
Ju ly , 1923; and Copartnership, Ju ly , 1923.
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COOPERATION.
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Cooperation in Foreign Countries.
Austria.
T
HE 1923 yearbook of the Austrian Statistical Office 1 contains a
table (p. 42) showing the number of registered cooperative
societies of each type within the country at the end of 1921.
The data from this table are shown below:
N U M B E R O F R E G I S T E R E D C O O P E R A T IV E S O C IE T IE S O F E A C H T Y P E IN A U S T R IA
A T T H E E N D O F 1921, B Y L O C A T IO N O F S O C IE T Y .
Credit societies.
Province.
Schulze- R aiff
T otal.
D e
litzsch. eisen.
Consumers*
socie
ties.
Agri
cul Indus Bu ild
O th
ing
tu ra l tria l
T otal.
socie socie socie ers
ties.
ties.
ties.
V ien n a.................................
Lower A u stria........................
Upper A u stria............................................
Salzburg..................
S ty ria .......................
C arinthia........................
T yrol......................
V orarlberg......................
131
109
34
10
71
38
9
6
i
549
272
60
283
170
178
79
132
658
306
70
354
208
187
85
70
65
49
13
59
20
21
73
18
573
122
21
170
66
44
54
265
102
99
33
190
41
21
13
74
37
20
6
12
5
9
3
14
3
3
2
3
2
1
573
1,438
'599
145
788
342
283
228
T otal, 1921..............................
1920........................................
408
406
1,592
1,589
2,000
1,995
370
338
1,068
974
764
648
166
125
28
28
4,396
4,108
B ulgaria .2
IN 1922 the General Union of Agricultural Cooperative Societies
(■Obstchsoyus n a zemledelskite K ooperacii), founded in 1907, had
in affiliation 664 cooperative societies with a total membership of
about 600,000. The number of societies of various types belonging
to the union was as follows :
N um ber.
Federations of cooperative societies................................................................
7
Credit societies........................................................................
631
Distributive societies............................................................................................. 15
Stock-breeding societies........................
2
Viticultural societies..............................................................................................
3
Tobacco-growing societies....................................................................................
6
In 1922 the business of the union amounted to 518,615,662 lev as
(8100,092,823, par), as compared with 137,217,241 levas ($26,482,928,
par) in 1921. Its chief activities are the export of grain and the sale
to its members of agricultural machinery, salt, oil, sugar, sulphate of
copper, etc. During the year, exports of grain amounted to
412241,000 levas ($7,959,513,"par).
During 1922 the turnover of the affiliated societies amounted in
all to about 2,006,000,000 levas ($386,000,000, par).
1 A u stria. Bundesam t fü r S ta tistik . Statistisches H andbuch fü r die Republik Österreich. I I I . Ja h r
gang. V ienna, 1923.
2 Intern ation al Labor Office. In d ustrial and Labor Infon nation . Geneva, Ju n e 15, 1923, pp. 31, 32.
59726°— 23------13
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
Denmark.
IN AN article in the July, 1923, issue of the International Cooperative Bulletin (pp. 165-167) it is stated that the year 1922, like
all of the past few years, was one of many economic and financial
difficulties which have been felt all over Denmark and which have
naturally affected the cooperative movement.
The consumers’ societies are an important part of the Danish co
operative movement, with an approximate membership of 300,000
and a business for 1922 of from 180,000,000 to 200,000,000 kroner
($48,240,000 to $53,600,000, par). Of these societies 1,799 are affili
ated to the Cooperative Wholesale Society, their purchases from it
during the year amounting to 123,410,344 kroner ($33,073,972, par).
The surplus savings made by the wholesale amounted to 6,245,174
kroner ($1,673,707, par). The report states that “ there is hardly
another enterprise in Denmark which has a sounder basis than the
Cooperative Wholesale Society. ”
A number of other consumers’ societies are federated in the Ringkjobing Goods Purchase Association, with a yearly business of about
6,386,000 kroner ($1,711,448, par).
The following table shows the progress made by the Danish Cooper
ative Bank since its establishment in 1920:
D E V E L O P M E N T O F D A N IS H C O O P E R A T IV E B A N K , 1920 T O 1922.
[K rone a t p a r = 2 6 .8 cents.]
1920
1921
1922
Kroner.
K roner.
Kr o n e r .
Item .
13,624,000
2,000,000
115,237,000
1,740,000
Original ca p ita l....................................................................
R eserve fu n d .........................................................................
D eposits..................................................................................
P rofits......................................................................................
15,046,000
3,000,000
123,582,000
2,253,000
15,689,000
1,000,000
140,149,000
2,588,000
The Danish Cooperative Seed Supply Association supplied its mem
bers during the year with 5,502,917 kilograms (12,131,731 pounds) of
seeds, its sales to them amounting to 5,586,872 kroner ($1,497,282,
par).
The export activities of the Danish cooperative movement are very
considerable, those of bacon amounting to 112,468 tons in 1922, ap
proximately the pre-war figure; other meats to the value of 9,146,713
kroner ($2,451,319, par) were also shipped abroad. Exports of eggs
for 1922 reached the highest figure ever recorded in that branch of the
Danish movement, their value being 17,000,000 kroner ($4,556,000,
par).
Finland.
À CCORDING to the 1922 annual report of the Finnish Cooperative
Wholesale Society (the S. O. K .), summarized in the Inter
national Cooperative Bulletin for July, 1923 (pp. 163, 164), the status
of that society at the end of 1922, as compared with 1921, was as
follows:
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COOPERATION.
1921.
Number of affiliated societies..........................................
490
F. mks.2
Paid-in share capital..........................................................................................
Sales.......................... ................................................................
359,143, 294
Output of productive departments...............................
20, 339,090
Surplus....................................................................................................................
1922.
1 470
F. mks.2
717,
416,599,
34,847,
5, 455,
800
251
769
501
The production carried on by the S. O. K. includes that of matches,
brushes, preserves, bags and envelopes, lumber, flour, hosiery,
crackers, and macaroni. It also operates a power station which
supplies power and light to its factories and to the neighborhood, a
machinery-repair shop, a plant for packing fruit, spices, and domestic
dyes, a chicory factory and a coffee-roasting establishment. So
great has been the demand for its products that, as it has not yet
been possible to enlarge the factories to the necessary capacity, many
of the plants have had to work two shifts the greater part of the year.
In 1922, the society employed 1,281 persons. All its regular
employees are insured against sickness, accident, and old age; funeral
benefits are also provided. The society runs a “ vacation home”
for its staff, as well as two vacation homes for children.
Poland.
in the International Cooperative Bulletin for July,
F IS1923reported
(pp. 173, 174), that since the war, the Polish cooperative
movement "has won new ground” and is developing successfully.
At the end of 1922, the Union of Workingmen’s Consumers’ Societies
at Warsaw had in affiliation 124 societies with a combined member
ship of 169,774. Its own capital amounted to 81,500,000 marks,
and its loan capital to 264,300,000 marks. The combined share
capital of its affiliated societies at the end of 1922 amounted to
45,113,335 marks.
1 Decrease due to am algam ation and to th e exclusion of certain societies.
2 Fin nish m ark a t p a r= 1 9 .3 cents.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[759]
IM M IG R A T IO N ,
Statistics of Immigration for Fiscal Y ear Ended June 3 0 , 1923. 1
B y W. W.
H
u sba n d
, Com
m is s io n e r
Gen
era l op
I
m m ig r a t io n
.
T
HE following tables show the total number of immigrant aliens
admitted into the United States and emigrant aliens departed
from the United States from July, 1922, to June, 1923. The
tabulations are presented according to the countries of last permanent
or future permanent residences, races or peoples, occupations, and
States of future permanent or last permanent residence. The last
table (Table 6) shows the number of aliens admitted under the per
centum limit act of May 19, 1921, from July 1 to 31, 1923.
T able 1. — IN W A R D A N D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V E M E N T , J U L Y , 1922, TO JU N E , 1923.
Arrivals.
Period.
D epartures.
Im m i Nonim
grant m igrant United Aliens
aliens
aliens
de
States
ad
ad
citizens. barred.
m itted . m itted .
Ju ly -D ecem ber, 1922.. 271,732
Jan u ary, 1923................. 28,773
F eb ru ary , 1923.............. 30,118
March, 1923....................
42, 888
April, 1923......................
52, 433
M ay, 1 9 2 3 ..................... 52, 809
J une, 1923.......................
44,166
80,865
9,480
8,642
10,442
12,702
14, 045
14,311
181,101
15, 645
20, 217
26,181
24, 563
21,161
19, 603
T o ta l..................... 522,919
150,487
308,471
T otal.
E m i
grant
aliens.
Nonem i
grant
aliens.
United
States
citizens.
Total.
542,665
55,467
60,267
81,-355
91,698
90,376
80, 668
55,139
4,232
2,794
3, 610
4,509
5, 752
5,414
66,401
7,270
6, 050
7,020
9, 254
10, 582
12, 559
143,762
16,120
21, 257
19, 583
19, 209
20,603
30, 067
265,302
27,622
30; 101
30; 213
32', 972
36; 937
48; 040
20,619 1,002,496
81,450
119,136
270,601
471,187
8,967
1,569
1,290
1,844
2,000
2, 361
2,588
T a b l e 2 — L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S I D E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AND
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S I D E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , D U R IN G
J U N E , 1923, A N D T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D JU N E 30, 1923, B Y C O U N T R IE S .
Im m igran t.
Country.
Ju n e , 1923.
A u stria .................................................................................
H u n g ary ...................................................................
B e lg iu m ....................................................................................
Bitig a ria .............................................................................................
Czechoslovakia......................................................
D e n m a rk .................................................................
F in la n d ..............................................................................................
F ra n ce .in clud ing Corsica...........................................................
G erm an y ............................................................................................
G ree ce.................................................................................................
Ita ly ,in c lu d in g Sicily and Sard in ia .....................................
20
22
14
1
31
564
13
292
8,262
21
1,200
Ju ly 1,
1922,
to
Ju n e 30,
1923.
8,103
5,914
1,590
392
13,840
4, 523
3,644
4 ,3 8 0
48, 277
3,333
46,674
Em igrant.
Ju n e , 1923.
19
41
97
9
111
67
68
136
124
23
918
Ju ly 1,
1922,
to 7
Ju n e 30,
1923.
247
895
672
156
2,074
'511
396
1,507
1,529
2,988
23,329
1 F or figures showing th e num ber of aliens admissible and adm itted under th e per centum lim it a ct during
th e year 1922-23 see Monthly L abor R ev iew for August, 1923, p p . 237-240.
190
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[760]
IMMIGRATION,
191
T able
2 — L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S I D E N C E O P IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , D U R IN G
J U N E , 1923, A N D T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D JU N E 30, 1923, B Y C O U N T R IE S — Concluded.
Im m igrant.
Country.
Ju n e , 1923.
Em igran t.
Ju ly 1,
1922,
to
Ju n e 30,
1923.
Ju n e , 1923.
J u ly 1,
1922,
to
Ju n e 30,
1923.
N etherlands......................................................................................
Norway..............................................................................................
Poland................................................................................................
Portugal, including Cape V erde and Azores Islands.......
R u m a n ia...........................................................................................
R u ssia .............................................................................
Spain, including Canary and B alearic Islan d s..................
Sw eden.............T.............' .......................................
Sw itzerland......................................................................................
T urkey in Europe..........................................................................
U nited Kingdom :
E n g lan d .....................................................................................
Irelan d ........................................................................................
S co tlan d .....................................................................................
W ales..........................................................................................
Y ugoslavia........................................................................................
O ther E u ro p e..................................................................................
46
1,223
277
34
18
117
39
699
58
17
3,150
11,745
26,538
2,'384
11,947
17,507
841
17,916
3,349
3' 743
87
113
289
146
66
74
197
195
62
4
482
946
5,439
2,620
1 169
2^434
2,557
1,179
546
125
174
55
35
9
19
17
21,558
15,740
* 23,019
1 182
6' 181
'450
684
153
52
2
105
1
5,505
1 368
705
34
2 064
179
T o tal E u ro p e.......................................................................
13,277
307,920
3,843
61,656
C hina...................................................................................................
Ja p a n ............................................................................................... .
In d ia ....................................................................................................
T u rk ey in A sia................................................................................
O ther A sia ........................................................................................
270
453
18
17
4
4,986
5 ,809
257
2,183
'470
323
141
3
46
21
3,715
2,869
146
773
90
T o ta l A sia.............................................................................
762
13,705
534
7,593
A frica..................................................................................................
A ustralia, T asm ania, and New Zealand...............................
Pacific Islands, h ot specified.....................................................
B ritish North A m erica................................................................
Central A m erica..............................................................................
Mexico...........................................................................................
South A m erica................................................................................
W est In d ies......................................................................................
O ther countries...............................................................................
15
50
4
19,157
222
8,248
534
1,897
548
711
48
117,011
1,275
63', 768
4,737
13,181
15
11
39
2
211
53
218
137
365
]
113
442
22
2,775
550
2,660
1 447
4,183
9
T o tal........................................................................................
44,166
522,919
5,414
81,450
M ale....................................................................................................
Fem ale................................................................................................
27,631
16,535
307,522
215,397
3,121
- 2,293
54,752
26,698
T able 3 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D T O AND E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU N E , 1923, AND T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D J U N E
30, 1923, B Y R A C E S O R P E O P L E S .
Im m igrant.
R ace or people.
June, 1923.
African (black).........................................................................
A rm enian..................................................................................
Bohem ian and Moravian (C z e ch ).................................
Bulgarian, Serbian, and M ontenegrin...........................
C h i n e s e . .............. ' .................................................... ............
Croatian and Slovenian.......................................................
C uban.........................................................................................
D alm atian, Bosnian, and H erzegovinian....................
D utch and F le m is h ..................... .~.....................................
E a st In d ian ..............................................................................
En glish .......................................................................................
F in n ish ......................................................................................
French ........................................................................................
German................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[761]
1,264
20
39
25
269
13
168
4
254
10
6,333
48
6,441
8; 910
Em igrant.
Ju ly 1,1922,
Ju ly 1, 1922,
June, 1923.
to
to
Ju n e 30,1923.
Ju n e 3 0 ,1923.
7,554
2,396
5,537
1, 893
4,074
4,163
l ' 347
'571
5,804
156
60,524
3, 087
34,371
65,543
178
3
113
95
308
52
19
218
4
850
64
136
200
1,525
69
1,716
1,864
3,788
233
751
201
1,252
113
7,979
445
1,896
2,217
192
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 3 . —IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D T O AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU N E , 1923, A N D T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D JU N E
30, 1923, B Y R A C E S O R P E O P L E S —Concluded.
Im m igrant.
R ace or people.
Ju n e, 1923.
G reek..........................................................................................
H ebrew ......................................................................................
Ir is h ............................................................................................
Ita lia n (n orth ).........................................................................
Ita lia n (sou th).........................................................................
Jap an ese............................................................................ ........
Korean........................................................................................
Lith u anian ................................................................................
M agyar.......................................................................................
M exican......................................................................................
Pacific Islan d er......................................................................
Polish..........................................................................................
Portuguese................................................................................
R u m an ian ................................................................................
Russian................................................ * ....................................
R uthenian (R u s s n ia k ).........................................................
Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes, and Swede3)__
Scotch.........................................................................................
Slo v ak .................................. .....................................................
Span ish ......................................................................................
Spanish A m e rica n ................................................................
Sy rian .........................................................................................
T u rk is h .....................................................................................
W elsh..........................................................................................
W est In d ian (excep t C u b an )............................................
O ther peoples..........................................................................
321
125
40
225
156
2,914
2,627
27
413
272
26
2
118
214
42
T o ta l................................................................................
44,166
Em igrant.
Ju ly 1,1922,
to
Jun e 30,1923.
42
926
1,758
200
1,235
442
13
24
71
8,135
4,177
49,719
30,386
9,054
39,226
5,652
104
1,828
6,922
62,709
14
13,210
2,802
1,397
4,346
1,168
37,630
38,627
6,230
3,525
1,990
1,207
237
1,622
1,467
650
522,919
Ju n e, 1923.
Ju ly 1, 1922,
to
Jun e 30, 1923.
20
16
146
31
908
138
6
22
46
160
296
158
69
125
2
412
88
14
258
80
35
10
9
86
39
3,060
413
1.511
2,538
21,029
2,844
55
1,109
1,039
2,479
6
5,278
2,721
1,098
1,611
29
2,936
1,129
387
3,193
1,071
651
124
66
716
308
5,414
81,450
T able 4 . —IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU N E , 1923, A N D
JU N E 30, 1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S.
T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D
Im m igrant.
Occupation.
Ju n e, 1923.
E m i grant.
Ju ly 1,1922,
Ju ly 1, 1922,
to
Ju n e , 1923.
to
Ju n e 30,1923.
Ju n e 30,1923.
Professional:
A ctors.................................................................................
A rchitects..........................................................................
Clergy.................................................................................
E d ito rs...............................................................................
E lectrician s......................................................................
Engineers (professional)..............................................
Law yers.............................................................................
L iterary and scientific persons.................................
M usicians..........................................................................
Officials (G overnm ent)................................................
Ph ysician s........................................................................
Sculptors and a rtists....................................................
T eachers............................................................................
O ther professional.........................................................
49
37
120
2
259
166
12
43
70
39
63
8
178
282
731
283
1,709
74
2,409
2,483
166
621
1,076
550
704
287
2,589
2,860
13
7
36
1
3
19
1
7
19
14
8
43
47
43
136
34
440
19
64
235
34
97
138
200
118
108
396
518
T o ta l....................................................................... ........
1,325
16,542
261
2,537
Skilled:
B ak ers................................................................................
Barbers and hairdressers.............................................
B lack sm ith s............................................................... ..
Bookbinders.................................................................. ..
Brew ers..............................................................................
B u tch ers.................................................. .........................
Cabinetm akers................................................................
Carpenters and jo in e rs.................................................
Cigarette m akers............................................................
Cigar m akers....................................................................
Cigar p ackers...................................................................
257
154
170
17
5
209
24
1,148
2
24
1
2,928
1,898
2,296
183
33
2,055
370
12,305
39
269
8
29
17
7
2
1
14
4
33
235
266
108
iO
3
181
64
518
1
223
3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[762]
14
193
IMMIGRATION,
4 . —IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU N E , 1923, A N D T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D
J U N E 30, 1923, B Y O C C U P A T IO N S—Concluded.
ta ble
Im m igrant.
Occupation.
Ju n e, 1923.
Em igrant.
Ju ly 1, 1922,
Ju ly 1,1922,
to
Ju n e , 1923.
to
Ju n e 30,1923.
Ju n e 30,1923.
Skilled—Concluded.
Clerks and accountants................................................
D ressm akers.....................................................................
Engineers (locomotive, marine, and stationary).
Furriers and fur w orkers............................................
Gardeners..........................................................................
H at and cap m akers.....................................................
Iron and steel workers.................................................
Jew elers..............................................................................
Locksm iths ....................................................................
M achinists.............................................................- .........
Mariners.............................................................................
Masons...............................................................................
Mechanics (not specified)............................................
M etal workers (other th an iron, steel, and tin )..
Millers ............................................................................
Milliners ........................................................................
M iners............................................................................ -.
Pain ters and glaziers....................................................
Pattern m a.kers ..........................................................
Photographers .
........................................
Plasterers..........................................................................
Plu m bers...........................................................................
P rin ters..............................................................................
Saddlers and harness m akers....................................
Seam stresses....................................................................
Shoem akers......................................................................
Stokers . .
..........................................................
Sto necu tters.....................................................................
T ailo rs................................................................................
Tanners and cu rriers....................................................
T extile workers (not specified)...........
T in n e rs...........................? .................................................
Tobacco w orkers.
..............................................
U pholsterers....................................................................
W atch and clock m ak ers............................................
W eavers and spinners..................................................
W h eel wri gh t s
Woodworkers (not specified)....................................
Other skilled....................................................................
1,763
216
121
9
71
12
233
15
305
410
658
279
497
71
43
24
288
262
6
33
44
144
122
23
171
144
55
44
227
4
18
56
2
20
22
138
4
17
319
16,470
4,189
2,817
271
900
238
4,076
278
1,952
4,418
6,288
3,276
4,644
764
309
632
5,423
2,550
237
343
503
1,197
930
226
2,074
3,307
729
521
5,559
164
351
512
27
20S
345
1,930
62
283
4,826
T o ta l...............................................................................
8,901
Miscellaneous:
A gents.............................................................. -■...............
B a n k ers..............................................................................
D raym en, hackm en, and team sters........................
F arm laborers..................................................................
F a rm ers.............................................................................
F ish erm en ........................................................................
H otel keepers..................................................................
Lab orers............................................................................
M anufacturers.................................................................
M erchants and dealers.................................................
Servants.............................................................................
Other miscellaneous......................................................
1
4
67
1,505
262
113
15
134
10
75
35
11
351
385
181
314
11
12
35
803
183
2
29
18
43
58
4
74
376
48
17
489
6
7
23
2
17
34
460
1
21
17
510
106,213
611
8,281
142
9
97
1,833
1,248
375
24
8,569
24
580
3,036
1,802
1,461
118
943
25,905
12,503
2,165
187
83,552
320
8,856
52,223
20,346
11
12
6
78
88
6
1
1,366
8
169
306
382
130
95
54
943
1,705
60
35
32,912
84
2,546
3,507
3,321
45,392
90
17
7
12
1
10
2
32
31
7
33
1
57
3
9
3
1
7
24
42
1
T o ta l...............................................................................
17,739
208,579
2,433
No occupation (including women and children)-----
16,201
191,585
2,109
25,240
Grand to ta l..................................................................
44,166
522,919
5,414
81,450
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[763]
194
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 5 . —F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D 4.ND
L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , D U R IN G J U N E
1923, A N D T H E F IS C A L Y E A R E N D E D JU N E 30, 1923, B Y S T A T E S A N D T E R R I T O R I E S .
Im m igrant.
State or Territory.
Ju n e, 1923.
Em igran t.
J u ly 1,1922,
Ju ly 1, 1922,
to
Ju n e, 1923.
to
Ju n e 30, 1923.
Ju n e 30, 1923.
A lab am a................................................................................
A la sk a ...................... .......................
A rizona................................
A rk an sas...................................................
C alifornia..................................
Colorado............................ ...................................................
Connecticut....................
D elaw are.........................
D istrict of Colum bia.......................................
F lo rid a ...................................
G eorgia...........................
H aw aii...................................................
Id a h o ..............................
Illin o is..................................
In d ia n a ........................
Io w a ................................
K a n s a s .........................................................
K e n tu ck y ..................
L o u isian a........................
M aine................................................
M aryland ..............................
M assachusetts....................
Michigan................................
M innesota.........................
M ississippi....................
M issouri...............................
M on tan a..............................
N eb rask a.................
N ev ad a..............................
New H am p sh ire.................
New Je r s e y ...........
New M exico...........
New Y o r k ...............
North Carolina..........................
N orth D ak ota....................
O h io ............................
O klahom a.........................................
O regon...............................
P en n sylv an ia.............................................. ........
Philippine Isla n d s.............................................................
Porto R ic o ....................................
Rhode Is la n d .........................
South Carolina..............
South D ak ota..........................
Tennessee..................................................................
T e x a s ......................................................
U ta h ......................................
V erm o n t........................
V irginia..........................................
Virgin Is la n d s .................................................................
W ashington................................................................
W est V irginia......................................................................
W isconsin .............................................................................
W yom ing..............................................................................
11
35
699
7
3,902
99
675
14
90
324
32
217
91
2.151
'311
424
158
41
86
1,557
136
4,474
3, 661
831
41
253
242
210
14
1,114
1,354
99
8,493
19
170
917
48
439
1,190
1,262
59
689
37
3,735
1,982
2,018
'325
5,452
25,274
1,055
130,142
289
1,534
17,455
525
4,178
36,834
6
229
6,426
160
893
359
45,198
1,061
2,101
1,324
23
11,004
1, 582
7,089
525
T o ta l...........................................................................
44,166
522,919
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
689
9
89
18
6,168
84
290
122
[ 764]
385
219
8,952
202
39, 093
1,471
9,554
473
1,356
3,020
451
2,565
750
35,612
4,430
3,861
1,451
510
1,027
9,322
2, 483
41, 602
37, 034
7,975
343
97
20
46
7
44
69
395
19
7,524
287
1,639
67
370
1,464
62
442
106
4,582
457
290
124
69
391
159
325
7,300
2,413
648
37
475
238
218
65
97
3,288
78
32,228
41
134
2,725
69
446
6,316
6
194
1,027
18
71
43
1,325
254
53
134
5
1,327
482
720
90
5,414
81,450
4
2
37
5
458
13
91
37
206
8
25
11
250
25
18
10
1
42
12
22
614
173
53
5
29
8
5
i
185
1
2,106
6
8
137
4
33
364
1
12
104
2
7
78
17
4
10
195
IMMIGRATION.
T able 6 — S T A T U S O F T H E IM M IG R A T IO N O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S
U N D E R T H E P E R C E N T U M L I M I T A C T O F M A Y 19, 1921, A S E X T E N D E D B Y P U B L IC
R E S O L U T IO N NO. 55, S I X T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R E S S , A P P R O V E D M A Y 11, 1922, J U L Y 1
TO 31, 1923.
M aximum
m onthly
quota.
Country or region of birth.
A dm itted
Ju ly 1-31,
1923.
Annual
quota.
B alan ce
for y ea r.1
........................................................................................
Albania
Arm p/ni a, (R n ssian ) ........................................................................
A u stria ...............................................................................................
Belgium
......................................................................
'Bulgaria
........................................................................
Czechoslovakia................ ...................................................
..................................................................................
Danzig.
D en m ark ...........................................................................................
Til«thorn a
. ..................................................................................
Finland
..........................................................................
Fin mp,
........................................................................
F ra n ce.
..................................................................................
....................................................................
G erm an y...........
Groat. B ritain and Troland..
............................................
Greece . .
............................................................................
......................................................................
TTnnparv.
Tool and ..
..................................................................
It a ly .
..............................................................................
L a tv ia . . .
................................................................................
Lithuania
..........................................................
Luxem burg
..............................................................
Netherlands......
...................................................................
Nor w a v ..
..................................................................
..................................................................
Poland . .
P o rtu g al. .
..................................................................
■ Rumania.........
..............................................................
■ Russia.....
................................................................
S p a in . .
..........................................................
..........................................................
S wed on.
Switzerland
..................................................................
Y ugoslavia....
..........................................................
Other Europe ..............................................................................
P alestine....
.............................................................................
Sy ria....................................................................................................
T u rk e y .......
......................................................
Other A sia.........................................................................................
Africa...................................................................................................
E g y p t___
.
..........................................................
......................................................
A tlan tic Isla n d s..
Australia.....
..........................................
Now Zealand and Pacific Islands..............................................
58
40
1,468
313
61
2,871
60
1,124
• 270
784
14
1,146
13, 521
15,468
613
1,149
15
8,411
308
526
19
721
2,440
6,195
493
1,484
4, 881
182
4,008
750
1,285
17
12
177
531
19
21
4
24
56
10
2 58
22
1,093
2 313
59
1,788
55
515
61
2 784
2 14
465
7,480
2 15,468
2 613
660
4
6,932
173
467
18
2 721
2,395
4,020
2 493
1,398
2 4,881
2 182
3,910
2 750
388
217
2 12
2 177
2 531
219
2 21
24
2 24
2 56
216
288
230
7,342
1,563
302
14,357
301
5,619
1,348
3,921
71
5,729
67,607
77,342
3,063
5,747
75
42,057
1,540
2,629
92
3.607
12,202
30,977
2,465
7,419
24,405
912
20,042
3,752
6,426
86
57
882
2,654
92
104
18
121
279
80
212
205
6,238
1,208
242
12,528
244
5,050
1,285
3,133
52
5,237
60,035
61,296
2,402
5,077
71
35,012
1,353
2,148
74
2,879
9,798
26,824
1,900
6,021
19,268
530
16,128
2,979
6,023
60
32
658
1,995
59
69
13
90
217
54
T o tal........................................................................................
71,561
57,057
357,803
298,699
1 A fter a ll pending cases for w hich quotas have been granted, and adm issions under th e a ct during the
current fiscal year, have been deducted from th e annual quota.
2 M axim um m onthly quota exhausted for Ju ly .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[765]
W H A T S T A T E L A B O R B U R E A U S A R E D O IN G .
Alaska.
T H E labor commissioner of Alaska states in his biennial report
for 1921-32 that the surveys of labor conditions and the collec
tion of statistics in that Territory are confined to the two principal
industries, namely, fishing and mining, other enterprises employing
only a small percentage of wage earners. Labor data in connection
with mining are published in the annual reports of the territorial
mine inspector. The above-mentioned report of the labor commis
sioner of Alaska takes up the following subjects for the fish in g
industry: Number and nationalities of workers, their wages and
earnings, labor supply, labor disturbances, union labor, suggested
legislation, oriental labor contracts, seasonal nature of employment,
and accidents. The volume also contains a list of the fish in g com
panies reporting for 1922. Extracts from this publication may be
found on pages 83, 84, and 124 of this issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v ie w .
The annual report of the territorial mine inspector for the calendar
year 1922 was transmitted to the Governor of Alaska on May 26,
1923. Data on wages, cost of a u grubstake/’ and value of various
mineral productions, taken from this volume, are published elsewhere
in th is number of the R e v i e w .
Massachusetts.1
rT",H E Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries has
adopted a lighting code for workshops, factories, and manufac
turing, mechanical, and mercantile establishments, in accordance with
the law requiring the department to “ make reasonable rules, regula
tions, and orders applicable either to employers or employees or
both for the prevention of accidents and the prevention of industrial
or occupational diseases.” The adopted code, which will become
effective January 1 , 1924, sets up minimum standards as to illumina
tion intensities and provides for distribution of light, for protection
from glare, and lor entrance and exit lighting.
fhe membership of the committee which aided the department in
the preparation of the code included an electrical engineer, who lec
tures on public lighting at Harvard University, two oculists of the
Harvard Medical School, a physician to outpatients at the Massa
chusetts General Hospital, the director of the industrial clinic of the
same institution, a director of safety of a large industrial establish
ment, an expert on lighting from a manufacturers’ association, a
staff engineer from a federation of industries, an assistant engineer
from an insurance company, and two labor representatives.
1 Inform ation furnished b y th e Massachusetts D epartm ent of L abor and Industries.
196
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[766]
W H A T STATE LABOR BU R EAU S ARE DOING.
N ew
197
York.1
rT 'H E State industrial commissioner has received an appropriation
*
of $2,909,528 for next year, of which $389,200 is for main
tenance and operation and $1,820,328 for personal service.
The total appropriation exceeds by $695,838 that made to the
former industrial commissioner during the last year of his adminis
tration. At least $725,000 of next year’s appropriation will be
returned to the State by insurance carriers, such carriers paying in
full the administration expenses of the workmen’s compensation act.
The amount the State appropriates in this connection may be looked
upon as merely in “ the nature of an advance.” .
Of the $556,670 increase which is to be expended for personal
service, $211,888 will be devoted to the bureau of workmen’s com
pensation. The decrease in appropriation for this office two years
ago resulted in confusion and chaos in the administration of the act.
Every effort is to be made for a prompt and liberal determination of
claims.
The bureau of inspection will receive $186,000 of the $556,670,
the State employment offices $60,000, the bureau of women in
industry $13,000, and the remainder of the increase for personal
service is to go to the industrial board, the bureau of mediation and
arbitration, and the department’s administrative branches.
The bureau of statistics and information will receive an increase
of over $20,000. New York is among the few States that has never
made a comprehensive study of its statistics of accidents, although
the records show that about 300,000 industrial accidents are reported
annually to the labor department.
North Carolina.
T H E thirty-third report of the department of labor and printing
of the State of North Carolina for the biennial period 19211922 has 12 chapters which deal with the following subjects: I.
Cotton, cordage, silk and woolen mills; II. Knitting mills; III.
Furniture factories; IV. Tobacco manufactures; V. Miscellaneous
factories; VI. Mines and mining; V II. Waterpower; V III. Fisheries
and fishing; IX . Farms and farm laborp X . Free employment
service; X I. Newspapers and periodicals; X II. State printing. The
volume also contains a directory of State officials, and a classification
of industries which covers 52 of the 452 pages of the publication.
A brief notice of this report, which was taken from the Raleigh News
and Observer of December 19, 1922, appeared in the February, 1923,
issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w . Additional data from the
volume are published on pages 87, 88, and 126 of this number of the
R e v ie w .
i N ew Y o rk .
In dustrial commissioner.
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Ind ustrial B u lletin , A lbany, M ay, 1923, pp. 164,165.
[767]
198
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW .
Texas.
T ’HE seventh biennial report of the Texas Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics for the years 1921 and 1922 contains a summary of a
survey made in January, 1922, of wages and working conditions in
the lumber camps of East Texas. The investigation included 91
sawmills, 77 of which were in operation, employing 12,765 persons.
The average daily wage in January, 1922, was $2.48 as compared to
$3.18 in January, 1921. The workday averaged 10 hours. Com
missaries were operated by 62 concerns, the prices charged comparing
favorably with Beaumont and Houston prices. Sixty-one of the
sawmills have houses which they rent to their employees, the average
rent for such houses being $4.26 a month.
In 54 mills the average deductions for medical services, physician
and hospital, were $1.45 a month for married workers and $1 for
single men.
The survey also included production costs and retail prices of lum
ber, 26 mills and 87 retail lumber yards being investigated in this
connection.
The average production cost at the mills was $22.04 per 1,000 feet.
The average price delivered to retailers on the cars at the mills was
$26.01 per 1,000 feet, based on No. 1 common lumber.
Beaumont, Nacogdoches, Palestine, and Texarkana are the dis
tributing points for practically all the sawmills of Texas. The
average freight rates from such points to certain towns, together with
the average cost (including freight) of No. 1 common lumber to retail
lumber yards in these towns and the prices asked for such lumber
by local dealers are given below:
A V ER A G E F R E IG H T R A T E S P E R 1,000 F E E T O F NO. 1 COMMON GTTMRFR f r o m a t a t o .
R l^ A m 'p R I C E ^ T O 8 P U B L I C ™ T ° WNS’ AVERAGE* C O STS1T O L O c S YARDS,4 AND
Town.
A m arillo...................................
A u stin ...................................
Childress.......................
D allas....................................
F o rt W o rth .............................
H ouston................................
San A ntonio..................................
W aco......................................
W ich ita F alls..............................
Average freight
rate from
distributing
points.
Average cost
to lum ber
yards (freight
included).
«Q
i
po. 7fi
io
¡So U T T u
Q . AO
O
Q
a. Q9
ait
................
ft
O. oCQ
o
8 42
5 27
8 69
8.44
9 24
34. 43
3o. 93
32. 84
34. 43
31. 22
34. 70
34.45
35. 25
R eta il price
to public.
$54.08
50.18
57.43
46.39
50.64
39.28
52.57
54.08
50.34
Certain data from the report were published in the May, 1922
(pp. 224, 225), and the March, 1923 (pp. 89, 174), issues of the
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , from advance notes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 768]
C U R R E N T N O T E S O F IN T E R E S T T O L A B O R .
N ew Chairm an of California Industrial A ccident Commission.
OHN A. McGILVRAY was elected chairman of the Industrial
J Accident Commission of California, June 30, succeeding Will J.
French, who had held the chairmanship since 1920. While no longer
chairman Mr. French will continue as one of the members of the
commission.
Reorganization of Department of L ab o r and Industry of Pennsylvania.
'"PHFi Legislature of Pennsylvania at its recent session enacted an
A administrative code providing for the entire reorganization of
the executive and administrative work of the Commonwealth.
Existing bureaus and positions, etc., abolished were: The chief
inspector of the department of labor and industry, the bureaus of
inspection, mediation and arbitration, rehabilitation, workmen’s
compensation, and employment in the department of labor and
industry; also the division of industrial hygiene and engineering; the
manager, assistant manager, and actuary and counsel for the State
workmen’s insurance board.
In the department of labor and industry are now found the
workmen’s compensation board, workmen’s compensation referees,
and the State workmen’s insurance board, besides the advisory body
known as the industrial board. The title of the commissioner is
changed to secretary of labor and industry. He is given the power to
appoint a deputy or deputies in such number as the executive board
shall approve, to appoint and fix the compensation of directors,
bureau chiefs, experts, clerks, etc., all subject to the approval of the
governor and ratings by the executive, board. The secretary of labor
and industry is ex officio a member of the workmen’s compensation
board, of the State welfare commission and the State workmen’s
insurance board, besides being chairman of the industrial board.
The salary of the commissioner is continued at $10,000 a year.
The act of 1913 (No. 267) is repealed in so far as it provides for the
organization of the department, the surviving sections being only
those which relate to the term of appointment (4 years), certain
powers of the industrial board, supervision of the construction of
buildings, etc., where labor is employed, and the penal clause.
The result is both an expansion and a consolidation of control of
industrial conditions as regards hygiene, safety, accident prevention
and reporting, the compilation of statistics, the work of mediation
and arbitration, employment service, and the administration of the
workmen’s compensation law, including the rehabilitation of persons
injured in industrial pursuits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[769]
199
200
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Resumption of Activities by the International Association of Unemployment.1
■ "THE work of this association was interrupted by the war, but has
recently been resumed, and a general reconstitutive assembly is
to be held in Luxemburg in September.
In 1913 the association had 17 national sections and 1 inter
national section which consisted of other international bodies
interested in the prevention of unemployment. It included repre
sentatives of the national administrations of 9 sovereign States; 30
States, Provinces, or departments; 130 municipalities; a number of
local institutions for the prevention of unemployment; employers'
and workers' organizations; and individuals prominent in the scientific
and political world. The recommendations of the association as to
unemployment insurance, employment exchanges, and the systematic
distribution of public works had a considerable influence on the
resolutions relating to these questions adopted by the first Inter
national Labor Conference at Washington.
The agenda of the next assembly include the following items :
(1) Emigration and settlement as remedies for unemployment.
(2) The relations between unemployment relief and the develop
ment of opportunities for employment.
(3) Unemployment among intellectual workers (technicians, salaried
employees, etc.).
(4) Vocational guidance in relation to the needs of the labor
market.
Reports on these points will be submitted by the various countries
represented in the association.
1 In tern atio n al L ab or Office.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In te rn atio n al L ab or R ev iew , G eneva, Ju n e , 1923, p. 931.
[770]
P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G T O L A B O R .
Official—United States.
A l a b a m a . —Department
of Education. Vocational education under the State and
Federal acts, 1922-1927. Montgomery, 1922. 95 pp.-
The Smith-Hughes A ct was accepted by the Alabama Legislature in February,
1919, and the outline of the vocational education work to be followed by the State
during the five-year period beginning July 1, 1922, is given in this pamphlet. This
plan, which was approved by the Federal Board for Vocational Education, shows
the scheme for the administration of the act by the State and the general conditions
under which the funds are to be expended, and gives a full description of the forms
of vocational work to be undertaken. The appendixes give the te x t of the Federal
and State acts.
.—Labor commissioner. Biennial report, 1921-1922. [Covering two years ending
March 1, 1923.] Juneau [1923]. 16 pp.
Ala sk a
E xtracts from this report are published on pages 83, 84, and 124 of this issue of
the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
—— Mine inspector. Annual report, 1922. Juneau [1923]. 175 pp.
E xtracts from this report are published on pages 53 and 85 of this issue of the
M o n thly L a b o r R e v ie w .
A r i z o n a . —Mine inspector.
1923.] 48 pp.
Report for the year ending November 30, 1922. [Phoenix,
The above volume includes the following statistics:
Mines inspected, Dec. 1, 1921-Dec. 1, 1 9 2 2 .. . .
Inspections m ade.......................... _............- .................
Men employed, surface, at last inspection.
Men employed, underground, at last inspection
Fatal accidents...............................................................
Serious and minor accidents......................................
N um ber.
80
102
1, 931
6, 621
30
376
N e w Y o r k .—Department
of Labor. Court decisions on workmen's compensation law,
July,' 1921-April, 1923. Constitutionality and coverage. Albany, 1923. 239 pp.
Special bulletin No. 118.
N o r t h C a r o l in a .— D e p a r t m e n t of Labor and Printing. Report, 1921-1922. Raleigh,
1923. xix, 452 pp.
Information taken from this publication is given on pages 87, 88, and 126 of this
issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
T e x a s .—Bureau
77 pp.
of Labor Statistics. Biennial report, 1921—
1922. Austin [1923?].
E xtracts from this report are published on pages 88 of this issue of the M o n t h l y
L a bo r
R e v ie w .
S t a t e s .— Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistics of
industrial accidents in the United States. Washington, 1923. 60 pp. Bulletin
No. 339. Industrial accidents and hygiene series.
U n it e d
Advance data from this report were published in the December, 1922, issue of the
(pp. 159-173).
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1771]
201
202
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
U n it e d S t a t e s .— 7 department
of the Interior. Bureau of Mines. Atmospheric condi
tions and physiological effects produced on trainmen by locomotive smoke in the Aspen
and the Wahsatch tunnels of the Union Pacific Railroad, by S. P. Kinney. Wash
ington, 1923. 15 pp., mimeographed. Serial No. 2494.
A digest of this publication is given on pages 139 to 141 of this issue of the M o n t h l y
L a bo r R e v ie w .
Comparison of gas masks, hose masks, and oxygen-breathing apparatus, by
S^ II. Katz and J. J. Bourquin. Washington, 1923. 5 pp., mimeographed. Serial
---------------------- -
This pamphlet describes the use of these three types of respiratory apparatus which
are designed for protection against noxious gases, vapors, and smoke. A tabular
statement gives a comparison of their advantages and limitations and the conditions
under which the different types of apparatus may be used most successfully.
■---------- -— ;------ Hydrogen
sulphide as an industrial poison, by R. R. Sayers and others.
Washington, 1923. 6 pp., mimeographed. Serial No. 2491.
A summary of the findings of this investigation is given on pages 136 and 137 of
this issue of the M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v i e w .
"—
-------- The pyro-tannic acid methodfor the quantitative determination of carbon
monoxide in blood and air, by R. R. Sayers and others. Washington, 1923. 6 pp.,
mimeographed. Serial No. 2486.
In a report of the Bureau of Mines on the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning,
which was summarized in the August, 1923, issue of the M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w
(pp. 1 6 8 -1 6 9 ), reference is made to the method of determining the quantity of carbon
monoxide in the blood which has been developed by experts of the bureau. The
description of this apparatus and the method of using it is given in this report, which
states that it should fill the needs of hospitals, industrial surgeons, safety engineers,
coroners, departments of public safety, boards of health, and other allied organiza
tions. The apparatus, which is ready for immediate use at all times and which is
sufficiently simple in operation to be used without special training, is arranged in a
small compact pocket case. B y its use it is possible to detect the presence of carbon
monoxide in the blood in 3 minutes and to determine the exact amount present within
15 minutes.
Official— F oreign Countries.
Caisse Generale d’Épargne et de Retraite. Compte rendu des opérations et
de la situation. Année 1922. Brussels, 1923. 57 pp.
B e l g iu m .
An account of the operations of the General Savings and Retirement Fund of Bel
gium for the year 1922 is given in this report which covers savings funds, agricultural
credit, loans on workingmen’s houses, loans to war invalids, old-age retirement,
and various kinds of insurance.
C a n a d a ( B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ) . —Department of Labor.
Report for year ending December
31, 1922. Victoria, 1923. 72 pp.
C h i l e . — Oficina del Trabajo. Boletín núm. 19, año 1922. Santiago, 1922. 359 pp.
This bulletin contains a series of studies which were made in the year 1921 for
the international section of the Chilean Bureau of Labor. I t includes subjects such
as immigration, the condition of the agricultural laborer, the salaried employee, and
the brain worker, the weekly rest day, and especially the work of the third Interna
tional Labor Conference held in Geneva in October, 1921.
C z e c h o s l o v a k ia .— Assemblée
Nationale. Exposé sommaire ■ des travaux législatifs,
session d'automne 1922-23. Prague, 1923. 54 pp.
A summary of the principal laws passed and of the treaties and conventions ratified
by the Czecho-Slovak National Assembly during its fail session of 1922-23. Of interest
to labor are the law of December 1, 1922, appropriating 100,000,000 crowns for unem
ployment relief, that of December 20,1922, regulating the salaries and wages of Govern
ment employees, and that of December 21, 1922, regulating transfers of employees in
the Government service.
[7721
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
203
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
D e n m a r k .—Statistiske
239 pp.
Departement. Statistisk aarbog, 1923. Copenhagen, 1923.
Statistical yearbook for the Kingdom of Denmark for 1923. With the exception of
some new tables added and some which have been revised, this yearbook follows the
same plan as those of previous years. I t contains statistics on cost of living, social
insurance, unemployment, strikes and lockouts, housing, wages, trade-unions, etc.
I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O f f ic e .—
G en ev a ,
1923. 87
p p .
S tu d ie s
W a ge
a n d
ch a n g es
re p o rts ,
in
s eries
v a rio u s
D(
c o u n trie s ,
W a ges
a n d
1914
h o u rs ),
to
N o .
1922.
10.
This report gives the movement of nominal or money wages and of real wages—
that is, the index numbers of wages based on changes in the cost of living—for 16
countries. The principal European countries, with the exception of Russia, are
included, and among the non-European countries for which statistics are given are
the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and India. No direct interna
tional comparisons of the wages in different industries are made owing to the differences
in the standards of living of the workers in the various countries and to the lack of
uniformity in the calculation of the index numbers used to measure the changes in
the cost of living. An attem pt has been made to divide the countries into groups:
Those in which there is a considerable increase over pre-war wages, those in which
wages are about the same or only slightly higher than in 1914, and those in which the
real wages are lower. Only general tendencies can be shown in the grouping, how
ever, as conditions vary widely in different industries within each country.
J a p a n .—
37e
D ire c tio n
a n n é e .
de
la
T o k y o ,
S ta tis tiq u e
G én éra le.
1923. ix, 181
R é s u m é s ta tis tiq u e
d e
V E m p ir e
d u
J a p o n .
p p .
This statistical yearbook of Japan gives tables covering the number of industrial
establishments, the number of employees, and wages and hours of labor for different
periods between 1911 and 1921.
S w e d e n . —Statistiska
Centralbyran. Statistisk ârsbok for Sverige tionde àrgângen,
1923. Stockholm, 1923. x, 298 pp.
Statistical yearbook for Sweden for 1923. Contains statistics on wages, employ
ment and unemployment, strikes, hours of work, housing, cooperation, retail prices
of food and other commodities, index numbers of cost of living, and other information.
Unofficial.
Academ y
of
paging.]
P o litic a l S c ie n c e .
The railroad problem. New York, 1922.
[Various
This volume contains a collection of papers on various aspects of the railroad prob
lem, reprinted from Proceedings of the Academy published in 1920 and 1922, and from
the Political Science Quarterly for September, 1921. Phases of the problem covered
include (1) railroad legislation, including regulation, earnings and credit, the labor
problem, the railroads, and the public; (2) railroads and business prosperity, including
discussions of the labor provisions of the transportation act, railway policies, freight
rates, and business revival.
Problems in personnel management.
Wilson Co., 1923. xvi, 557 pp.
B l o o m f ie l d , D a n ie l .
N ew
Y o rk ,
JT.
W .
This volume supplements one previously published on employment management
and affords a view of the most significant developments which have recently taken
place in the management field. The compilation of articles, which have been care
fully chosen by the editor for the purpose of showing the ideas, ideals, and practices
which have been taking shape in the past few years, forms a valuable work of reference
for executives or others interested in this problem.
59726°—23----- 14
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
e g i e E n d o w m e n t f o r I n t e r n a t io n a l P e a c e .
Division of Economics and
History. Trade-unionism and munitions, by G. D. H. Cole. Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 1923. xii, 251 pp.
Ca r n
This study belongs to the series of monographs dealing with the economic history
of different phases of the war and of its effect upon society. The unprecedented de
mand for labor and the great change in workshop practices in England caused by the
necessity for enormously increased production altered the situation of the skilled and
unskilled workers. Dilution resulted not only in the introduction of new classes of
workers or the “ up-grading” of workers from one process to another, but in changes in
the method of manufacture which resulted in a subdivision of processes, so that in
many instances the work was performed by the less skilled workers. The conse
quences of dilution not only in the manufacture of munitions but throughout the
whole range of industry and its effect upon the trade-union movement, and the rela
tions between the skilled and less skilled workers, form the subject of this study.
Industrial history of the United States. New York, Ronald
Press Co., 1923. viii, 414- pp.
C o w d r ic k , E d w a r d S.
This history of industrialism in the United States covers practically every phase
of the development of this country. Beginning with the economic background in
England, it treats of all events of importance down to the end of the sixty-seventh
Congress, March, 1923. The author interprets historical events in the light of their
subsequent effects in such a way that the solution of current problems which depend
upon a historical background for their proper perspective is facilitated.
Cooperative education, by Lilian A. Dawson. London, 1923. 17
pp. Fabian tract No. 205.
F a b ia n S o c ie t y .
An account of what has been done and what remains to be done in cooperative educa
tion. The author feels that “ cooperative education, if it is to exist, must take as its
subjects those which do not fall within the curriculum of a general education and which
have some definite connection with the objects or principles of cooperation.” An
immense amount of work could be done in improving the technical organization of
the movement and in teaching the members what the principles and aims of coopera
tion are. I t is pointed out that “ in the vast majority of societies no organized or
consistent effort is made to provide this kind of instruction.”
The inadequacy of the cooperative press is touched upon and measures suggested
for its greater effectiveness as an educative factor.
------
The constitutional problems of a cooperative society, by.Sidney Webb. London,
1923. 23 pp. Fabian tract No. 202.
Some of the constitutional problems which the cooperative society encounters as it
increases in size and complexity of operations are those of obtaining an experienced
executive committee, of overcoming the apathy of the membership, and how far and
in what way the employees should be represented in the control and activities of the
society. (The question of the status of the cooperative employee is the subject of
another Fabian tract— No. 204— which is summarized on pages 179 and 180 of this
issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w .)
The author feels that the “ most vital and most revolutionary in its constitutional
potentialities of all the constitutional changes going on in the cooperative world”
is the tendency toward the establishment of an “ elected representative assembly,
intermediate between the electorate and the execu tive.”
------
The needfor Federal reorganization in the cooperative movement, by Sidney Webb.
London, 1923. 27 pp. Fabian tract No. 203.
While the English cooperative movement has evidenced a genius for federation,
as a student of the movement the author feels that there is in some respects need for a
Federal reorganization. The existing machinery is, he finds, “ cumbersome and
dilatory, ” giving rise to overlapping and conflict between the two Federal bodies, the
Cooperative Union and the Cooperative Wholesale Society, so th at important work is
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PUBLICATION'S RELATING TO LABOR.
205
left undone and opportunities are missed. Two remedies have been proposed: Amal
gamation of the two bodies and the formation of a national cooperative society for each
kingdom. The author feels, however, that neither of these is practicable and that the
remedy is to be found “ in the adoption of the principle of parallellism in federation”
and in the setting up of a “ twin federation” with joint committees to deal with such
subjects as organization and propaganda; conditions of cooperative employment;
literature, press, and publicity; and “ cooperative progress A’
F a b ia n S o c ie t y .
E a r n s .
T h e
L o n d o n ,
p o s itio n
1923. 31
o f e m p lo y e e s
p p .
i n
F a b ia n
th e
tra ct
c o o p e ra tiv e
No. 204.
m o v em en t,
by
L ilia n
A review of th is p a m p h let is g iv en on pages 179 and 180 of th is issue of th e M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w .
F
C o u n c il of t h e C h u r c h e s o f Ch r is t in A m e r ic a . Research Department.
The 12-hour day in the steel industry; Lts social consequences and the practicability
its abolition. New York, 105 E. 22dSt., 1923. 78 pp. Bulletin No. 3.
ed era l
o f
In this bulletin the recent report of the American Iron and Steel Institute committee
on the 12-hour day in the steel industry is analyzed in relation to the findings of
various commissions and individuals regarding employment conditions in the steel
industry.
F
J u l ie n . L’orientation professionnelle. Paris, Delachaux
A. [1921]. 263 pp.
on teg n e,
S .
&
N ie s tU
'The vocational guidance of children is treated in this volume from the standpoint
oi the physical and mental attributes of the child and the various factors influencing
the choice of a profession. In the second part of the book the development of voca
tional guidance in France and in other countries is outlined, and the various industrial
and commercial occupations are discussed, including a detailed study of the w ork
of telephone operators. The appendixes contain various forms for recording examina
tions and questionnaires used in psychological and other studies.
H o p e , E . W.
1923.
L n d u s tria l
m ii,
766 pp.
h y g ie n e
a n d
m e d ic in e .
N e w
Y o rk ,
W illia m
W o o d
& Co
L llu s .
The most recent developments in the field of industrial hygiene and medicine are
included in this comprehensive work. The introduction contains a historical survey
of the growth and exten t of protective legislation and practices. Chapters I I and I I I
contain vital statistics of occupations and a discussion of general hygienic considera
tions. The following chapters take up industrial poisonings and their effects; dust
as a cause of disease; industrial infections, such as phthisis, pneumonia, anthrax,
hookworm disease, skin affections, e tc .; occupational affections of the skin and special
senses; miscellaneous occupations in relation to health; industrial physiology, includ
ing fatigue and nervous diseases due to occupation; industrial welfare; and accidents.
The appendixes contain summaries of English action affecting health and w e lfa re legislation, regulations, special rules, and orders. E ach chapter is followed by a bib
liography relating to the particular subject under discussion.
I n s t it u t e _ f o r G o v e r n m e n t R
a c tiv itie s ,
k in s
m e n t
a n d
P re s s ,
N o .
o rg a n iz a tio n ,
1923.
x iii,
298
esea rch .
by
p p .
L a u re n c e
T h e
F .
S e rv ic e
P u b lic
H e a lth
S c h m e c k e b ie r.
m o n o g ra p h s
o f
S e rv ic e :
B a ltim o re ,
th e
U n ited
I t s
h is to ry ,
J o h n s
S ta te s
H o p
G o v e rn
1 0 .
The development of the United States Public Health Service and the extent of its
activities form the subject of this monograph which is one of a series dealing with the
administration of the different services of the Government. The history of the organ
ization is given as well as an account of its varied activities, including medical treat
ment, disease prevention and control, sanitation, scientific work, which includes
the study of occupational diseases and industrial hygiene, and public health educa
tion. An outline of the organization, a classification of its activities, of its publica
tions, and of the laws governing its operation, an account of the plantand equipment,
and a bibliography are included in the appendixes.
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775]
206
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
International aspects of unemployment. London, George
Allen & Unwin {Ltd.), 1923. 217 pp.
K ir k c o n n e l l , W a t s o n .
The author traces the gradual development of industrialism from the Middle Ages
to the present industrial era with a discussion of related problems such as the growth
of population and the increasing interdependence of nations. The aftermath of the
war, the effects of the “ uneconomic p eace,” and the breakdown of national currencies
are discussed in relation to the possible reconstruction of the different nations. The
remedy for the present distress and unemployment is seen in the accumulation of
greater capital, greater thrift on the part of individuals and nations, increased pro
duction as well as better distribution of the world’s goods, and an effective association
of the different nations to insure peace.
Stabilization: An economic policy for producers and consumers.
London, George Allen & Unwin {Ltd.), 1923. 128 pp.
L l o y d , E . M. H.
The causes and the results of the present instability of prices and production are
analyzed by the writer, who, arguing from the success of governmental control of
production during the war, advocates international control of prices through the cen
tral banks of the world which would be linked up in a common system, and the cen
tralized control of commodity prices such as oh, rubber, coal, other raw material, and
agricultural products.
DëlnicM Otâzka a nâs Prûmyal, by Václav Verunâc.
Prague, 1923. 260 pp. Ctislo spisu 11. Odbor nârodohospodârsky a sociâlni. Ct.2.
M a s a r y k o v a A k a d e m ie P r â c e .
A treatise on “ The labor question and Czecho-Siovak industry,” published by
the department of national economy and social science of the Masaryk Academy of
Labor at Prague. The treatise discusses the wage problem, the relations between
employers and employees, social insurance, unemployment and its remedies, pro
tection of workers, and the democratization of industry.
Contains summaries in French and English.
o f.
College of Agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station.
Cooperative live-stock shipping associations in Missouri. Columbia, 1923. 10
pp. Bulletin 199.
M i s s o u r i , U n iv e r s it y
A short account of the economic conditions leading to the formation of live-stock
shipping associations. Contains figures showing cost of marketing, business done,
and estimated savings by certain Missouri associations.
R oss, E d w a rd A l s w o r t h .
1923. xiii, 474 pp.
The outlines of sociology. New York, Century Co.,
This volume comprises the subject m atter of the author's earlier book, Principles
of Sociology, cut down about a third by the author and rearranged in textbook form.
It is divided into sections treating of the social population, forces, processes, and
products, and sociological principles.
V .-T h .
Anthologie coopérative. Guide théorique et pratique de la
coopération de consommation d,e production et de crédit agricole. Paris, J. Povolozky & Cie [1921]. x , 253 pp. 3d ed.
T o to m ia n tz ,
An anthology from such writers as Holyoake, Webb, Schulze-Delitzsch, Wolff,
Gide, and Luzzatti, the excerpts being chosen so as to give an account of the history
and principles of the cooperative movement and of its various aspects and phases.
Tow, J . S. The real Chinese in America. New York, Academy Press, 1923. 168 pp.
An account of the living conditions, morality and behavior, occupations, business,
and organizations of Chinese residents in this country. The book is written for the
purpose of correcting erroneous impressions concerning the Chinese, in order to pro
mote a better relationship between the two peoples.
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