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MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW
Volume 130, Number 10
October 2007
Import and export price trends in 2006
3
Import prices rose for the fifth consecutive year, and export prices
experiencd their largest increase in 18 years
Carol Rowan and Sonya Wahi-Miller
The rise and decline of auto parts manufacturing in the Midwest
14
Prior to its recent decline, the industry experienced two distinct
periods of employment and wage growth
Benjamin Collins, Thomas McDonald, and Jay A. Mousa
The economic impact of the creative arts industries: New York and Los Angeles
21
data are used to show the socioeconomic impact and value
of the creative arts industry on the New York and Los Angeles economies
QCEW
Michael L. Dolfman, Richard J. Holden, and Solidelle Fortier Wasser
Departments
Labor month in review 2
Précis 35
Book reviews 36
Current labor statistics 39
Editor-in-Chief: Michael D. Levi Executive Editor: William Parks II Managing Editor: Leslie Brown Joyner Editor: Brian
I. Baker Book Review Editor: James Titkemeyer Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters Contributors:
Ronald Johnson
Labor Month In Review
The October Review
The impact of globalization in several
of its manifestations—mainly economic, political, and cultural—continues to receive a great deal of attention. The interconnectedness of the
world’s economies, a recurring theme
in the journalism, research, and policymaking communities, underlies, to
some extent, the subjects of the three
articles in this month’s Review.
Carol Rowan and Sonya WahiMiller find that prices paid for imports into the United States rose in
2006 for the fifth consecutive year,
influenced once again by increasing
energy prices. Geopolitical instability and supply concerns drove energy
prices higher for the first 8 months
of the year, before they receded. Import prices for industrial metals and
for iron and steel remained high in
2006, due in part to strong international demand. The weakening of
the U.S. dollar in relation to the Euro
and other European currencies had
an impact on import prices for capital
and consumer goods. Prices of U.S.
exports had their largest rise in nearly
two decades, led by increases in corn
and soybean prices.
The Midwest region of the United
States has long been a center for an
industry with a global reach, both
productively and symbolically: the
manufacture of automobiles. Benjamin Collins, Thomas McDonald,
and Jay A. Mousa point out that employment in the complementary auto
parts manufacturing sector is roughly
3 times larger than the auto manufacturing sector. After showing strongto-modest job gains in the 1990s, the
auto parts manufacturing industry has
suffered steep declines in both em-
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
ployment and wages. The increased
penetration into auto parts production from countries such as Canada,
Japan, and China are contributors to
the domestic decline.
The influence of U.S. culture around
the world has long been a subject
of heated debate. Films, television
shows, and music produced domestically routinely reach global audiences.
The disproportionate concentration
of the U.S. creative arts industries in
New York City and Los Angeles is
the subject of the article by Michael
L. Dolfman, Richard J. Holden, and
Solidelle Fortier Wasser, who argue
that the clustering of resources for
those industries in those two locations magnifies their influence.
Profile of health educators
Health educators promote wellness
and healthy lifestyles. Covering a
wide range of topics, these workers teach individuals and communities about behaviors that encourage
healthy living and prevent diseases
and other problems.
Health educators held 57,900 jobs
in the United States in May 2006.
Median annual wages of health educators were $41,330. The highest
earning 10 percent made more than
$72,500, and the lowest earning 10
percent made less than $24,750.
The specific duties of health educators vary by work setting, but whether
they work in a hospital, school, business, or other setting, all health educators use similar skills and tools. In
general, health educators begin by
assessing their audience and planning
a program that suits its needs. Then,
they implement the program and
evaluate its success.
For more information about this
occupation, see “Health educators:
Working for wellness,” by Colleen
Teixeira, Occupational Outlook Quarterly, summer 2007.
Comparing metropolitan
area pay by occupation
Average pay in the San Francisco metropolitan area in 2006 was 19 percent
above the national average, and was
the highest among the metropolitan
areas studied by the National Compensation Survey (NCS). In contrast,
pay was lowest in the Brownsville,
Texas, metropolitan area, with a pay
relative of 78, meaning that Brownsville workers earned an average of 78
cents for every dollar earned by workers nationwide.
Using data from the NCS, pay relatives—a means of assessing pay differences—are available for each of the
9 major occupational groups within
78 metropolitan areas, as well as averaged across all occupations for each
area. Area-to-area comparisons have
been calculated for all 78 areas and
are available at www.bls.gov/ncs/
ocs/payrel.htm.
Find out more in “Occupational
Pay Comparisons Among Metropolitan Areas, 2006,” USDL news release
07–1455.
Coming soon in MLR
Next month, the Monthly Labor Review will be devoted to presenting
BLS employment and economic projections over the 2006–16 period. The
issue will include articles on projections of economic growth, the labor
force, occupational employment, and
industry output and employment.
Import and Export Price Trends
Import and export
price trends in 2006
Import prices rose for the fifth consecutive year,
and export prices experienced their largest increase in 18 years;
the rise in corn and soybean prices led the increase
in export prices, while the continued rise in costs
for energy and metals influenced overall increases
in both the import and export price indexes
Carol Rowan
and
Sonya Wahi-Miller
Carol Rowan is a supervisory
economist and Sonya WahiMiller is an economist in the
Division of International
Prices, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail: rowan.carol@bls.gov
wahi-miller.sonya@bls.gov
I
mport prices increased 2.5 percent
in 2006—the fifth consecutive annual increase for this index—following an increase of 8.0 percent in 2005.
Import prices excluding energy goods
increased 2.9 percent, compared with
a more modest 1.1-percent increase in
2005. Export prices were up 4.5 percent,
compared with a 2.8-percent increase
in 2005. The rise was the largest yearto-year increase since the index rose 5.5
percent in 1988. Excluding agricultural
products, export prices rose 3.7 percent,
following a 2.6-percent increase the year
before. (See table 1.)
As in 2005, the increase in energy
prices influenced the overall increase for
import prices in 2006. Geopolitical instability and supply concerns drove energy prices higher for the first 8 months
of 2006; however, due to price declines
that occurred later in the year, overall
price increases were much slower than in
2004 and 2005. Metals and energy prices
continued to increase in 2006, impacting overall increases for both import and
export prices. Prices for industrial metals, namely aluminum and copper, along
with prices for iron and steel remained
high in 2006 due to strong industrial
and international demand. The continued price increase for both metals and
energy prices put upward pressure on
finished goods prices, namely automotive vehicles and capital goods.
In contrast to 2005, the U.S. dollar weakened against the Euro, United
Kingdom (U.K.) pound, and Swiss franc
in 2006, impacting import prices for
capital goods, consumer goods, and, to a
lesser extent, automotive vehicles.
Other price measures
The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased at the
same rate as the Import Price Index in
2006. As was the case with the Import
Price Index, the CPI-U also experienced
smaller increases compared with the previous 2 years, with energy prices playing
a smaller role compared with 2004 and
2005. (See chart 1.)
Overall, the CPI-U increased 2.5 percent in 2006, slower than the 3.4-percent in 2005 and 3.3 percent in 2004.
The energy component of the CPI-U rose
2.9 percent in 2006, compared with 17.1
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Import and Export Price Trends
Table 1. U.S. import and export price indexes annual percent changes for selected categories of goods, 1997−2006
End
use
Description
Relative
importance,
November
20061
Percent change for 12 months ended in December—
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 2004
2005
2006
Imports
All commodities...................................... 100.000 −5.2
All imports excluding
petroleum............................................. 82.778 –2.8
All imports excluding fuels..................... 80.324 —
0 Foods, feeds, and beverages................
1 Industrial supplies and materials............
Excluding petroleum..........................
Excluding fuels..................................
10 Fuels and lubricants............................
100 Petroleum and petroleum products...
4.488
1.3
−6.4
7.0 3.2
−9.1
4.2
2.4
6.7
8.0
2.5
−3.3
.0
1.3
— — —
−4.5
—
.3
.0
1.2
1.0
3.7 2.4
3.0 1.1
1.9
2.9
−3.1
–4.7
5.9
3.0
8.0
5.4
4.3
–.3 -4.0
35.271 –10.4 –17.1 33.7
18.050 –1.7 –6.7
5.1
15.596
— —
—
13.8 –24.6 21.9
11.2 –14.6
5.8
—
—
3.6
9.5 22.0 25.5
7.2 16.4 11.3
6.3 13.4 4.4
5.0
4.6
11.1
19.675 −23.8 –36.5 114.7
27.1 –41.9 53.7 13.2 31.5 43.5
.9
17.221 −25.5 –40.8 137.2
17.6 −39.5 56.9
12.8 30.3 42.4 5.3
−1.1 −.8 −1.3 .5
2 Capital goods......................................... 21.560
Excluding computers, peripherals,
and Semiconductors........................ 15.091
−7.4 −5.0
−3.3
−2.1
−2.7
−4.7
−1.8
−1.1
−1.0 −1.3 1.2 2.0
3 Automotive vehicles, parts
and engines......................................... 14.691 .5
−2.1
.0 .7 .7
4 Consumer goods, excluding
automotives......................................... 23.989 −.9 −1.3
−.4
−1.2
−2.4
−.2 .5 .9
−.8 −.7 .1
1.8
1.2
2.3
.4 .7
.9 .6
1.4
Exports
All commodities....................................... 100.000
Agricultural commodities......................... 8.115
Nonagricultural commodities.................. 91.885
0 Foods, feeds, and beverages............... 7.350
1 Industrial supplies and materials............ 30.132
Nonagricultural industrial supplies
and materials........................................ 28.638
−1.2 −3.4
.5 1.1 −2.5 1.0
−2.9 −9.3 −6.8
3.1 −1.8 8.0
−1.0 −2.7 1.2
.9 −2.5 .4
2.2 4.0
13.4 −5.9
1.3 5.0
2.8 4.5
4.9
13.5
2.6 3.7
−3.3 −8.3 −5.7 1.7
4.3 13.8
−1.4 −7.1 5.3
3.6
−1.3 −6.9 6.3 3.3
2 Capital goods........................................... 39.585 −1.6 −1.8 −1.1
Excluding computers, peripherals,
and semiconductors........................... 30.193 −.3 −.7 −.4
−.5
7.9
12.6 −4.5
−8.6
5.0
6.8 15.1
8.4
9.0
−8.4 4.8
6.3 16.6
8.5
9.2
−.6 .7 −.5
1.1
.3
−.8
−1.3
.8
.0
.5
.9
2.1 2.1
3.0
3 Automotive vehicles, parts
and engines........................................... 10.683
.8
..5
1.0
.5
.4
.8
.5
1.1
1.0
1.5
4 Consumer goods, excluding
automotives.......................................... 12.250
.8
–.8
.6
–.4
.2
–.6
.6
.1.3
.7
2.1
1
Relative importance figures are based on 2004 trade values. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
percent in 2005 and 16.6 percent in 2004. Overall energy
costs advanced at a 22.8-percent annual rate in the first
half of 2006, then declined at a 13.4-percent annual rate
in the second half of the year. Excluding food and energy,
the CPI-U increased 2.6 percent in 2006, compared with
2.2 percent in both 2005 and 2004. (See chart 2.)
The Producer Price Index (PPI) also increased in 2006,
in a fifth consecutive annual increase. Unlike the Export
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Price Index, lower energy prices led to a smaller increase
in the PPI in 2006 than in past years. Finished goods
prices increased 1.1 percent in 2006, much slower than the
5.4-percent increase in 2005. The slower rate of increase
can be attributed to the index for finished energy goods,
which fell 2.0 percent in 2006 after climbing 23.9 percent
in 2005. Finished goods excluding foods and energy rose
2.0 percent in 2006, compared with 1.4 percent in 2005.
Chart 1.
Changes in the PPI, CPI, and import energy price indexes, 2002–06
12-month
percent change
100
12-month
percent change
100
PPI finished energy goods,
not seasonally adjusted
80
CPI energy, not seasonally
80
60
Import petroleum and
petroleum products
60
adjusted
40
40
20
20
0
0
–20
–20
–40
January
2002
Chart 2.
July
2002
January
2003
July
2003
January
2004
July
2004
January
2005
July
2005
January
2006
July
2006
–40
Changes in the CPI, PPI, and import and export price indexes, 2002–06
12-month
percent change
6
12-month
percent change
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
CPI less food and energy
–2
PPI for finished products less
–2
food and energy
Imports excluding petroleum
–4
–6
Exports excluding agricultural
products
January
2002
July
2002
January
2003
July
2003
January
2004
July
2004
January
2005
July
2005
January
2006
July
2006
–4
–6
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Import and Export Price Trends
Import price trends
Energy. Import petroleum prices rose 5.3 percent in
2006, a significantly smaller increase than the 42.4-percent advance in 2005 and the 30.3-percent rise in 2004.
The index movement during the first 8 months of the year
mirrored the increases seen during the last 2 years, but a
steep drop in petroleum prices in the fall led to the smaller
increase for the year. (See chart 3.) Despite the smaller
increase in petroleum, prices for energy products still had
a significant impact on import prices in 2006.
During the first two-thirds of the year, petroleum prices
continued to climb steeply as they had in the previous 2
years. Several factors led to fears that supply would not
be sufficient to meet continued strong demand, including
geopolitical instability and a forecast for an active hurricane season. Limited spare capacity also led to concerns
that supply disruptions could unbalance the market and
push prices higher.1 In light of these uncertainties, oil
market participants, fearing they would be unable to get
needed supplies, began to store additional inventories as a
buffer against possible future supply problems.2
Supply concerns stemmed from instability in the Middle
East and Africa,3 as well as the shut down of the British Petroleum (BP) oil field in Prudhoe Bay.4 The dispute
between Iran and much of the world community over
Iran’s resumption of its nuclear program raised fears that
Iran would face punitive actions from the United Nations Security Council or would halt exports as a political
tactic.5 A supply disruption from Iran could have had a
significant impact on prices because global spare production capacity was less than the amount of oil Iran, the
world’s fourth largest oil exporter, was exporting per day.6
Political instability in Nigeria, the world’s eighth largest oil exporter, also led to higher prices, as attacks on
pipelines and kidnappings of foreign oil workers reduced
Nigerian exports by approximately 20 percent in February 2006.7 Nigerian oil production remained significantly
below normal levels throughout the spring and summer.8
The war between Israel and Hezbollah, while not directly
affecting oil supplies, added to market anxiety as market
participants feared the hostilities would spread, affecting
oil exports from the region.9 BP’s August 6th announcement that it would be shutting down its Prudhoe Bay oil
field due to pipe erosion and a small leak, contributed to
the rise in petroleum prices as well.
The forecast for an active hurricane season also contributed to concerns about future supply problems and
higher prices for the first two-thirds of 2006. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
predicted that the 2006 hurricane season would be even
more active than in 2005, when hurricanes Katrina and
Rita significantly impacted oil production along the U.S.
Gulf Coast,10 an important source for U.S. production of
crude oil and natural gas.11 The past few hurricane seasons hampered activity in the Southern United States and
NOAA’s 2006 forecast gave energy markets another reason
to be cautious.
While it appeared that energy prices were poised to
end the year significantly higher as they had in 2004 and
2005, the last few months of 2006 saw a dramatic shift in
the upward trend that had marked the past few years. Petroleum prices fell sharply, 11.0 percent in September and
10.4 percent in October—the largest 2-month decline
since April and May 2003, when prices fell 23.8 percent.
Many of the geopolitical problems that had heightened
supply fears earlier in the year subsided in the fall.12 The
political situation in Iran abated somewhat as the United
Nations Security Council’s resolution deadline—giving
Iran until August 31st to suspend uranium enrichment
or face possible sanctions—passed without sanctions and
Iran renewed talks with the Western nations.13 The hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah ended in August.14
As for actual supply problems, BP, which had announced
it would be shutting down its Prudhoe Bay oil field in
August, was able to restore the oil field to full production
ahead of schedule.15 That announcement, coupled with
the fact that U.S. inventories were well above the 5-year
average for that time of year, contributed to the easing of
supply fears.16 Also, as the year came to an end, it became
apparent that the record-setting hurricane season of 2005
would not be repeated in 2006.17
While geopolitical issues remained a factor, especially
because the situation in Nigeria remained unstable, they
exerted less of an influence on oil prices.18 Previously, expectations of supply problems had led many oil market
participants to purchase additional inventories earlier in
the year. When the anticipated supply problems didn’t
occur, market participants then sold off contracts and
prices plunged.19
Natural gas prices fell in 2006, decreasing 28.4 percent,
partially reversing the large increases in 2004 and 2005
when prices jumped 42.5 percent and 54.9 percent, respectively. Natural gas prices had risen sharply following
Hurricane Katrina in 2005, due to damage to platforms
and underwater pipelines, but prices retreated in early
2006. Prices plummeted in February 2006, the largest
1-month drop since April 2003, and dropped further
in March when fears of shortages were reduced. Mild
weather coupled with high reserve levels held natural gas
Chart 3.
Changes in the import petroleum prices index, December 2005 to December 2006
1-month percent change
Percent change
15
Percent change
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
–5
–5
–10
–10
–15
December
2005
February
2006
April
2006
Percent change
June
2006
August
2006
October
2006
12-month percent change
–15
December
2006
Percent change
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
–10
December
2005
February
2006
April
2006
June
2006
August
2006
October
2006
–10
December
2006
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Import and Export Price Trends
prices down for most of the year.20 The mild hurricane
season also helped keep both demand and prices stable
later in the year.
Two brief departures from the temperate weather
caused natural gas prices to jump a couple of times in
2006. First, a heat wave in August caused demand for
air-conditioning to peak, helping to push up natural gas
prices. Later, the first cold spell in November also pushed
prices for natural gas up 43.2 percent, the largest advance
since November 2004.
Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials. The price index for import nonfuel industrial supplies and materials
rose 11.3 percent in 2006, after a 4.4-percent advance in
2005.
Higher metals prices were the largest factor moving
the index up throughout 2006. Unfinished metals prices
increased across the board for most of the year, rising 34.3
percent overall. (See chart 4.) Prices for industrial metals
such as aluminum, copper, zinc, and nickel remained high,
as they have since the latter half of 2005, due to strong
demand and low stock levels.21 Precious metal prices also
remained strong as investors turned to precious metals such as gold and silver as a hedge against inflation.22
Chart 4.
Prices for iron and steel mill products were below the record highs posted in 2004, but were still up 19.3 percent
for the year.
However, metals prices did not trend up throughout all
of 2006. Fears that interest-rate increases would lead to
diminished economic growth caused a market correction
in mid-May through mid-June.23 Most metals prices resumed their upward trend in July though, as investors regained confidence in the market. One exception was gold
prices which declined for several months in the fall as fuel
prices fell and the demand for hedge products weakened.
Gold prices resumed their upward trend in December and
increased 31.1 percent for the year.
Copper prices also diverged from the other metals
prices towards the end of the year, experiencing a 4month slide to close 2006. In May, strong industrial and
speculative demand as well as supply concerns pushed
copper prices to record levels on commodity markets,24
causing buyers to seek cheaper alternatives.25 As a result,
demand dampened and prices began to slide. A surplus in
the world refined copper market through October 2006
of 73,000 metric tons, compared with a 201,000 metricton market deficit for the same period in 2005, played a
role in the downward shift in prices as well.26 A slump
Changes in the import unfinished metals price index, 2006
12-month
percent change
12-month
percent change
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
January
0
March
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
May
July
September
November
in construction/housing starts also contributed to reduced
demand for copper.
Chemicals prices remained relatively high in 2006,
increasing 4.4 percent. Higher oil prices put pressure on
petroleum and natural gas-based products such as plastics.
Strong demand for these products also contributed to the
upward pressure on prices.
Lower prices for building materials dampened the
overall increase for nonfuel industrial supplies and materials. Prices for building materials fell 5.4 percent in
2006. Housing starts, which had been strong in recent
years, fell 12.9 percent in 2006 leading to softer demand.27
An excess of supply of softwoods spruce, pine, and fir also
helped to push prices lower. In order to avoid penalties
from the Softwood Lumber Agreement, Canadian producers exported aggressively to pre-empt the impact of
the agreement which was signed on September 12, 2006.
Capital goods. Prices for capital goods reversed directions in 2006, with a 0.5-percent increase, after a 1.3-percent decrease the previous year. (See chart 5.) The change
was the first annual increase for the index since 1995
and is primarily attributed to increases in raw material
costs. Prices for capital goods excluding computers and
Chart 5.
semiconductors increased 2.3 percent, almost double the
1.2-percent increase of 2005, and were the largest increase
for the index since 1994. Annual contract renegotiations
reflected higher material costs, namely for copper, steel,
aluminum, and fuel. However, a decline in copper prices
helped moderate increases in the index later in the year
as prices moved lower for the first time since June 2005.
For example, declining demand for copper used to make
wiring and other products for the depressed housing construction market, along with softer demand for appliances
and automotive vehicles, impacted the reverse in prices.28
Currency fluctuations impacted the index to a lesser extent. The Euro and U.K. pound contributed to upward price
movement, with the U.K. pound reaching a 14-month high
against the U.S. dollar in early December.29
Computers, peripherals, and semiconductors prices
declined 3.6 percent, following a much larger 6.5-percent decrease in 2005. The index declined throughout
the year with the exception of a 0.1-percent increase in
November—the first monthly advance for the index since
September 2003. Weak demand, market saturation, rapid
product innovation, increasing production efficiencies,
and intense competition continued to move prices downward in this industry.
Changes in the import capital goods, consumer goods, and automotive vehicles price indexes, 2006
12-month
percent change
2
12-month
percent change
2
1
1
0
0
Capital goods
–1
Consumer goods, excluding
automotives
–1
Automotive vehicles, parts and
engines
–2
January
March
May
July
September
November
–2
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Import and Export Price Trends
Automotive vehicles, parts and engines. The price index for
automotive vehicles, parts and engines increased 0.7 percent in 2006, the fifth consecutive annual increase for this
index. (See chart 5.) Strong sales for luxury cars in conjunction with higher raw material and energy costs pushed
prices for passenger vehicles and trucks up during most of
the year. The strengthening of the Euro against the U.S.
dollar also contributed to the increases at the beginning of
the year, while new model introductions in the latter part
of the year contributed to the upward movement.
The import parts index increased overall because of
higher metal and energy costs.
Consumer goods. Prices for import consumer goods, excluding automotives increased 1.4 percent in 2006, after
rising 0.6 percent in 2005. (See chart 5.) This was the
fourth consecutive and the largest increase since 2003.
Consumer goods prices were impacted more by changes
in the exchange rate than from raw materials prices, but
higher raw materials prices played a role in pushing up
import consumer prices in 2006.
Import consumer prices began the year higher, as typically many companies implement annual contract adjustments at the beginning of the year. Higher metals prices
began to impact import consumer goods prices in May
when a sharp upturn in costs for precious metals, specifically gold, pushed up prices for jewelry.
Most consumer goods categories increased over the
year, most notably coins, gems, and jewelry, which was
up 22.1 percent for 2006. Home entertainment equipment was the only area where prices declined, falling 3.6
percent over the year. Similar to 2005, production cost
savings pushed prices lower due to economies of scale and
competition.
Foods, feeds, and beverages. Prices for imported foods,
feeds, and beverages rose 4.3 percent in 2006, after larger
increases of 5.4 percent in 2005 and 8.0 percent in 2004.
This index has risen each year since 2002.
Vegetable prices had a significant upward impact on
the import foods, feeds, and beverages index, but the increase for vegetables was less than in recent years. Vegetable prices increased 7.0 percent in 2006, compared
with an 18.0-percent advance in 2005 and a 21.6-percent
increase in 2004 when several hurricanes battered Florida
and Mexico. Early in the year, vegetable prices fell sharply
when supply finally began to return back to pre-hurricane
levels and demand for imported produce diminished as
domestic production resumed.30 Prices then remained up
for most of the rest of the year. Both fruit and vegetable
10
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
prices increased as an excess of rain in the major growing
regions in Mexico and Central America put pressure on
supply.
Coffee prices ended the year up 13.8 percent despite
falling for most of the first half of 2006. After surging in
late 2005, coffee prices began to stabilize in February. Towards the end of the year, prices rose because of production problems in Vietnam and an anticipated reduction in
the 2007–08 Brazilian crop.31
Locality of Origin price indexes. As previously discussed,
petroleum prices moved upward during the beginning of
the year then dropped the latter half of the year, with a
number of Locality of Origin price indexes following the
same pattern. The indexes were driven upward by higher
petroleum prices from countries that export the product
to the United States, namely the European Union (EU),
Mexico, and Canada. However, increases from those
countries were smaller compared with 2004 and 2005, as
oil prices increased at a slower pace in 2006.
Manufactured goods from the EU rose 5.5 percent following a more moderate increase of 1.8 percent in 2005,
while nonmanufactured goods rose a modest 4.1 percent,
compared with the 17.2-percent increase in 2005 and the
37.3-percent increase in 2004. Increases in the EU price
index were also partially attributed to the strengthening of
the Euro and U.K. pound against the U.S. dollar. Manufactured goods from Latin America rose 3.0 percent, compared with 7.3 percent in 2005, while nonmanufactured
goods from the same region rose a modest 6.1-percent
in comparison with 41.9 percent in 2005. Manufactured
goods from Canada rose 2.7 percent, compared with 4.4
percent in 2005, rising for the fifth consecutive year, while
nonmanufactured goods declined 8.3 percent, reversing
the trend of increases over the past 4 years, when the index
rose 37.8 percent and 32.0 percent in 2005 and 2004, respectively. The Canadian price index for nonmanufactured
goods experienced its first decline in 5 years due to the
offsetting impact of lower natural gas and lumber prices
on higher petroleum prices.
Prices from Japan and China continued their downward trend, with both indexes falling 1.2 percent. The
annual change in prices for commodities from Japan has
consistently declined since November 2005. The annual
change in prices for commodities from China has steadily
declined since December 2004, the first month of annual index calculations available for China, with annual
declines ranging from 0.5 percent to 1.4 percent. Figures
from Chinese customs show that in the first 11 months
of 2005, China exported to the United States 1.29 billion
pieces of knit goods worth 3.93 billion U.S. dollars, with
average unit price reaching 3.05 U.S. dollars, down 43.69
percent from the previous year. 32
Export price trends
Agricultural goods. The export agricultural goods price
index rose 13.5 percent in 2006, after a more modest 4.9percent rise in 2005.
Corn prices led the overall advance, rising 60.4 percent in 2006. Corn prices remained flat for most of the
year, but strengthened in the last months of 2006 due to
strong demand as well as a downward revision in the 2006
harvest.33 Although output remained historically strong,
growing demand and fears of supply shortages pushed
corn prices higher. The surge in demand for corn came
from the world’s livestock producers, most notably China,
as well as from U.S. ethanol producers as ethanol became
increasingly important as a fuel additive.
Strong global demand for crude oil combined with the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Federal tax credits stimulated an expansion of ethanol production in the United
States. With mandated increases in the use of renewable
fuels and the lack of liability protection for the popular
fuel additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MBTE), the interest in ethanol as a replacement has increased.34
As in the past several years, soybean prices were also a
leading influence on the agricultural goods index. After
remaining stable in the latter months of 2005, soybean
prices fluctuated in the early part of the year. Prices slid
in April based on reaction to projections from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture that U.S. farmers planned
to increase soybean planting,35 but rose in May as rainy
weather force farmers to delay planting.36 Soybean prices
rose sharply in November and ended the year up 14.1
percent. The atypical fall price increase resulted from the
surge in corn prices which had a residual impact on soybeans as farmers switched acreage from soybeans to corn
to take advantage of higher prices in the corn industry.
Wheat rose 25.7 percent in 2006, compared with 4.9
percent in 2005. Wheat prices increased due to lower
projected crop yields in 2006 as a result of drought in
some parts of the country.
Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials. Export
nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices
were up 9.2 percent in 2006, after increasing 8.5 percent
in 2005. The rise was the fifth consecutive increase for
this index and the second largest increase over that 5-year
period after a 16.6-percent advance in 2004.
Much of the increase for export nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices can be attributed
to higher fuel prices. Prices for export petroleum and
petroleum products increased 11.6 percent in 2006. Export petroleum product prices reflected import petroleum
prices—that is, rising in the first two-thirds of the year
before declining—for the same reasons.
Higher gasoline prices, which make up a larger percent
of export trade than import trade, also contributed to the
increase. Strong demand and higher crude oil prices account for some of the advance, but reduced inventories
also contributed to higher gasoline prices. Lower inventories were due partly to refinery maintenance that had
been deferred from last fall.37 Reduced inventories also
resulted from the switch from MBTE to other gasoline
additives.38 Gasoline prices declined in the fall along with
crude petroleum prices; the end of the summer driving
season also contributed to the drop in prices.
Export nonferrous metals prices also continued to
increase, rising 41.5 percent in 2006, twice the increase
as the year before. As with import metals prices, robust
demand buoyed prices for industrial metals while investor
demand pushed up prices for precious metals as a hedge
against inflation.
Chemical prices increased slightly in 2006, rising 1.5
percent. Chemicals prices rose because of higher petroleum prices.
Capital goods. Prices for exported capital goods increased
1.1 percent in 2006, following a 0.5-percent decrease in
2005. This was the largest increase for the index since an
1.8-percent increase in 1995. The price index for capital
goods excluding computers, peripherals, and semiconductors increased 3.0 percent, compared with 2.1-percent
increases in both 2004 and 2005. The 2006 increase was
the largest for this index since 1991. As with imports, the
increase was dominated by rising material costs, namely
metals and energy; however, several price decreases took
place towards the end of the year, including a reversal in
copper prices, which helped to temper these increases.
The strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar also
contributed to the increase in the index. Because the indexes are priced in U.S. dollar terms, prices for a small but
growing number of items reported in foreign currencies
are converted to U.S. dollars, resulting in higher dollar
prices for the items.
Computers, peripherals, and semiconductors prices declined 4.8 percent, following a much larger 7.1-percent
decrease in 2005. As with imports, weak demand, market
saturation, rapid product innovation, increasing producMonthly Labor Review • October 2007 11
Import and Export Price Trends
tion efficiencies, and intense competition continued to
drive prices down in the industry overall. The computer
price index continued to decline and the semiconductor
price index moved down steadily throughout the year.
Price declines resulted from newer technology, manufacturing efficiencies, and weak demand. For example, in the
semiconductor industry, the newest chips on the market
have circuits with lines less than 0.13 microns across—less
than one-thousandth the width of a human hair. The finer
the lines, the more transistors can be packed onto the
same chip and the more transistors on a chip, the faster
the data can be processed. Fierce competition and new
technologies have the ability to lower the cost of production per chip within a matter of a month, causing the price
of a new chip to drop by half.39
Similar to capital goods prices, higher prices for export
consumer goods were partially attributable to the falling
dollar.
Services. Air passenger fares were driven by exchange
rates, higher fuel prices, and strong demand in 2006, after
being moved mainly by exchange rates in 2005. Import
air passenger fares rose 7.8 percent in 2006, almost twice
the 2005 increase of 4.1 percent. High fuel prices led the
advance, although higher demand also contributed to the
increase as well. Export air passenger fares rose 7.0 percent in 2006, resuming an upward trend, after declining
4.3 percent in 2005. Exchange rates were the primary
reason for the increases, as the weaker dollar led to higher
fares early in the year.
Air freight rates were affected by rising fuel surcharges
Automotive vehicles, parts and engines. The price index as well as the depreciation of the U.S. dollar versus several
for automotive vehicles, parts and engines continued to European currencies. Import air freight rates rose 1.8
trend upward, increasing 1.5 percent in 2006, compared percent in 2006, following a similar 1.7-percent increase
with a more moderate 1.0-percent rise the year before. in 2005. Export air freight rates rose 4.2 percent in 2006,
The only decline of the year occurred in November as a following a 5.6-percent increase in 2005.
result of a late-year downturn in steel prices, which imInbound ocean liner freight prices declined 10.1 perpacted auto parts. The index for automobiles and trucks cent in 2006, the first decrease since an 8.1-percent drop
increased 0.6 percent, with increased manufacturing and in 2001 (prices were up 3.3 percent in 2005). Early in
raw material costs as the primary contributor impacting the year, many companies renegotiated their contracts and
this index. Steel and fuel costs, along with other metals rates fell due to excess capacity and competition. These
costs were responsible for the material increases.
contract renegotiations impacted the index in late spring
The index for auto parts ended the year 2.3 percent and early summer, causing a 3-month drop of 10.4 percent
higher than in 2005, again with increased raw materials from May to July. Rates were expected to drop dramaticosts for steel, aluminum, plastics, fuel, and by July, rubber cally in 2006 due to forecasts of overcapacity,40 but strong
impacted prices as well.
demand moderated the fall in rates.
The inbound crude oil tanker price index fell 20.1 perConsumer goods. Export consumer goods prices increased cent in 2006, after falling 17.2 percent in 2005. Prices
2.1 percent in 2006 after rising 0.7 percent last year. The started 2006 on an upward trend due to the after effects
2006 advance was the fourth consecutive and largest in- of Hurricane Katrina. Oil production along the Gulf of
crease since the index began trending upward in 2003.
Mexico had been reduced for a period, thereby increasing
Export consumer goods prices increased for many of the demand for imported oil. However, prices dropped
the same reasons as the import measures—exchange rate significantly beginning in March as capacity began to
pressures and higher raw materials costs. The index began increase. Many refineries in the Northern Hemisphere
the year up and remained up for most of the year. The underwent routine maintenance in the spring which relargest increase occurred in January when the index rose sulted in excess capacity. The maintenance period came to
0.4 percent in conjunction with annual contract adjust- an end in June just as summer demand began to pick up,
ments. Sharply higher gold prices also led to a jump in pushing prices up. Prices remained steady throughout the
the prices of jewelry.
remainder of the year.
Notes
1
EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Agency), June 2006 (with data for March 2006).
12
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
2
EIA This Week in Petroleum (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Feb. 23, 2006) .
3
Steven Mufson, “Investors Push Oil Over $70 a Barrel; Worries about
Iran, Nigeria Contribute,” The Washington Post, Apr. 18, 2006, p. D01.
4
EIA This Week
in Petroleum, Aug. 9, 2006.
5
EIA
6
Ibid, Apil 2006 (with data for January 2006).
7
Ibid, May 2006 (with data for February 2006).
Petroleum Marketing Monthly, August 2006 (with data for May 2006).
8
See the following EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly: June 2006 (with data
for March 2006); July 2006 (with data for April 2006); September 2006 (with
data for June 2006); and October 2006 (with data for July 2006).
9
“Prices Soar as Tension in the Middle East Grows,” Petroleum Economist,
August 2006, p. 1.
10
NOAA Predicts Very Active 2006 North Atlantic Hurricane Season (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, May 22, 2006).
11
EIA This Week
in Petroleum, June 7, 2006.
Petroleum Marketing Monthly, December 2006 (with data for September 2006).
12
EIA
13
See Heather Timmons, “Oil Contract Dips Briefly Below $60 a Barrel, as Speculators Bet on Lower Prices,” The New York Times, Sept. 26, 2006,
p. C3; and EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly, December 2006 (with data for
September 2006).
14
EIA
2006).
Petroleum Marketing Monthly, November 2006 (with data for August
15
Heather Timmons, “Oil Contract Dips Briefly Below $60 a Barrel,” The
New York Times, Sept. 26, 2006, p. C3.
16
EIA This Week
in Petroleum, Oct. 18, 2006.
17
See Return of El Niño Yields Near Normal 2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Nov. 30, 2006) and
EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly, December 2006 (with data for September
2006).
18
EIA
2006).
19
Petroleum Marketing Monthly, January 2007 (with data for October
EIA This Week
in Petroleum, Oct. 4, 2006.
Natural Gas Year-In-Review 2006 (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, March 2007).
20
EIA
21
Platts staff, “Copper jumps to new highs on stock declines, supply fears,”
Platts Metals Week, Mar. 27, 2006, p. 1.
Ann Davis, “Rush of Investors to Commodities Fuels Gold Rally; Price of
Oil, Other Raw Materials Could Also be Buoyed by Stampede to Field Seen in
Past as too Risky,” The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 11, 2006, p. C.1.
22
Ann Davis, “Commodities Join Broader Decline; Some Experts See Resilience in Asset Class, Suggesting Global Growth Has Legs,” The Wall Street
Journal, June 9, 2006, p. C.4.
23
24
Platts staff, “Cochilco predicts average prices of 260–264¢/lb in 2006,”
Platts Metals Week, May 1, 2006, p. 10.
25
Platts staff, “Higher copper prices resulting in some substitution: trade,”
Platts Metals Week, May 8, 2006, p. 2.
26
“Copper prices will slip, but not collapse in 2007,” Purchasing, Feb. 15,
2007: B8, ProQuest, ProQuest-CSA LLC, May 30, 2007, on the Internet at
http://proquest.umi.com.
27
According to data obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, there were an
estimated 1,800,700 housing units started in 2006. This was a 12.9-percent decrease from 2005. See U.S. Census Bureau News Joint Release U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (U.S. Bureau of Census and U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development, Jan. 18, 2007).
28
“What you’ll pay,” Purchasing, Jan. 18, 2007: 46, ProQuest, ProQuest-CSA
30, 2007, on the Internet at http://proquest.umi.com.
LLC, May
29
“UK: Finance Outlook,” EIU ViewsWire, Dec. 12, 2006: ProQuest, ProQuest-CSA LLC, June 1, 2007, on the Internet at http://proquest.umi.com.
30
Domestic vegetable production was disrupted by the severe hurricanes of
the past few years leading to shortages that caused an increase in demand for
imported products.
31
2006.
Letter from the Executive Director, Coffee Market Report, November
32
“Slipping unit price of Chinese textile export may lead to antidumping
actions: organization,” People’s Daily Online, Jan. 20, 2006, on the Internet at
http://english.people.com.cn/200601/20/eng20060120_237044.html (visited
June 22, 2007).
33
“The decreased supplies and very strong cash and futures prices boosted
projected prices received by farmers 40 cents on both high and low ends of the
range to $2.80 to 3.20 per bushel, compared with $2.00 in 2005/2006,” Feed
Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nov. 14, 2006).
34
Paul C. Westcott, “Ethanol Expansion in the United States: How Will
the Agriculture Sector Adjust” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, May 2007),
p. 2
35
Oil Crops Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Apr. 11, 2006).
36
Ibid, May 15, 2006.
37
Some refineries deferred their routine fall maintenance in order to keep
operating after the 2005 fall hurricanes. Moreover, some refineries had not yet
become fully operational after being damaged by the hurricanes. EIA This Week
in Petroleum, May 24, 2006.
38
The switch from MBTE to ethanol “coincided with the seasonal changeover to less-evaporative summer-grade gasoline.” This resulted in a decrease in
the volume of gas produced. Beth Heinsohn, “A Respite at the Pump,” Barron’s,
Sept. 11, 2006, p. M16. See also Eliminating MTBE in Gasoline in 2006 (U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy information Agency, Feb. 22, 2008).
39
“The Industry Handbook–The Semiconductor Industry,” Investopedia,
June 22, 2007, on the Internet at www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/semiconductor.asp.
40
“A number of analysts and consultants predicted that freight rates would
collapse because of the massive oversupply of new ships scheduled for delivery during the year. Despite their own internal forecasts that supply would not
outstrip demand significantly, a number of liner companies cut freight rates
to maintain their market share.” Special Report: Trans-Pacific Maritime, on
the Internet at www.joc-digital.com/joc/20070305/templates/pafeviewer_
print?pg=15&pm=2 (visited June 5, 2007).
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 13
Midwest Auto Parts Manufacturing
The rise and decline of auto
parts manufacturing in the Midwest
Prior to its recent decline, the Midwest auto parts
manufacturing industry experienced two distinct periods
of employment and wage growth: strong expansion
from 1992 to 1995 and modest gains from 1995 to 2000
Benjamin Collins,
Thomas McDonald,
and
Jay A. Mousa
Benjamin Collins and
Thomas McDonald
are economists
in the Office of
Economic Analysis
and Information and
Jay A. Mousa is the
regional commissioner
at the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in Chicago.
E-mail:
collins.benjamin@bls.
gov
mcdonald.thomas@
bls.gov
mousa.jay@bls.gov
14
T
he Midwest region has a long reputation as a hub for the automobile
industry in the United States.1 Although the “Big Three” (General Motors,
Ford, and Chrysler) of the auto manufacturing sector garner a great deal of media attention, employment in the complementary
auto parts manufacturing sector is roughly
three times as large.2
The Midwest is the clear leader in the auto
parts manufacturing industry, with more than
half of the Nation’s auto parts workers employed in the five States (Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin) of the region.3
The region also has the industry’s highest
wages: since 1992, Midwest auto parts producers’ average weekly wages have been at
least 30 percent higher than those of their
non-Midwest counterparts.4 The country’s
three States with the largest number of auto
parts production jobs—Michigan, Ohio, and
Indiana—are also located in the Midwest.
Between 1992 and 2006, the Midwest’s
auto parts manufacturing industry lost more
than 52,200 jobs, or 12.7 percent, of its employment.5 This loss was not the result of an
ongoing decline; rather it was the sum of
three distinct periods. During the first period,
1992 to 1995, both employment and wages
experienced a healthy expansion, growing
faster than total employment in the private
sector, both in the Midwest and nationally.6
The second period, from 1995 to 2000, was
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
largely flat, with the industry experiencing
modest employment and wage growth at a
pace below that of the Nation as a whole.
The third period, 2000 to 2006, represented
an unabated decline for the industry in the
Midwest, with both employment and wages
suffering steep declines, erasing the gains
from the previous two periods. (See chart
1.)
Using employment and wage data from
the Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
program, this article examines employment
and wage trends in the auto parts industry
in the Midwest from 1992 to 2006, dividing the data into the three distinct periods
mentioned earlier. The annual data were derived from each year’s first quarter statistics.
Nominal wages were deflated using the U.S.
city average Consumer Price Index. The periods covered include the peaks and troughs
of the business cycle and, as such, contain a
recession beginning in March of 2001 and
ending in November 2001, as well as the
subsequent recovery. In addition to discussing the trends in the Midwest region as a
whole, the article discusses the auto parts
industry’s employment and wage trends in
three Midwestern States with the largest
employment. Also, the factors potentially
affecting the industry’s recent decline, such
as the increasingly prevalent foreign sector
and domestic competition, are discussed.
Chart 1.
Indexed employment, selected industries, 1992–2006
Index (1992 = 100)
130
Index (1992 = 100)
130
120
120
110
110
100
100
Midwest auto parts manufacturing
Non-Midwest auto parts manufacturing
90
90
National total private employment
80
80
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
SOURCE: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
The growth years: 1992–95
Employment. From 1992 to 1995, the Midwest auto
parts industry experienced 3 years of continuous growth.
Employment increases during this period were driven by
increased demand for new domestic cars and light trucks,
which rose 20.7 percent between 1992 and 1995.7 Over the
1992–95 period, employment in the Midwest auto parts
manufacturing industry expanded by more than 56,100
jobs, a gain of 13.6 percent. During this same period, total private employment growth in the Midwest was 9.6
percent and national total private employment growth
was 8.4 percent.8 The employment gains of the auto parts
industry are even more pronounced when compared with
the manufacturing sector as a whole: from 1992 to 1995,
employment in the manufacturing sector grew 3.0 percent
nationally.9 In comparison, the Midwest’s manufacturing
sector, including the burgeoning auto parts sector, grew 7.2
percent. (See table 1.)
Among the three largest auto parts producing States,
Indiana had the fastest growth at 15.4 percent. In terms
of net job growth, Michigan was the leader, adding almost
26,600 auto parts producing jobs, a gain of 14.5 percent.
Ohio’s auto parts industry grew by 13.0 percent, adding
more than 12,900 jobs.
Wages. Average weekly wages in the Midwest auto parts
manufacturing industry also experienced robust growth
during the 1992–95 period.10 After being adjusted for inflation, average weekly wages grew by 20.5 percent (from
$733 to $883).11 Outside the Midwest, auto parts production wages increased 6.6 percent. (See table 2.) Already the
highest in the Nation in 1992, the Midwest’s rapid wage
growth widened the wage differential between its auto parts
workers and those in the rest of the Nation. By 1995, Midwest auto parts producers were earning 60.6 percent more
per week than non-Midwest workers in the same industry.
During the same period, average weekly wages in manufacturing grew 9.1 percent (from $615 to $671) in the
Midwest and 4.4 percent (from $574 to $599) nationally.
National average weekly wages across all private industries rose 9.8 percent (from $478 to $525).
Among the region’s three leading States, Indiana’s auto
parts manufacturers experienced the largest wage growth
over the 3-year period, with average weekly pay increasing by 24.2 percent (from $707 to $878). Ohio’s weekly
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
15
Midwest Auto Parts Manufacturing
Table 1.
Employment levels in auto parts and other industries, 1992–2006
[Numbers in thousands]
Region
and industry
Midwest auto parts
manufacturing.................
Non-Midwest auto parts
manufacturing.................
Midwest manufacturing....
National manufacturing....
Total national private
employment....................
SOURCE:
BLS
Employment levels
1992
1995
2000
Net change
2006
1995–
2000
2000–06
1992–95
1995–
2000
2000–
06
412.5
468.6
488.5
360.3
56.2
19.8
–128.2
13.6
4.2
–26.2
282.7
3,723.5
16,599.1
339.7
3,999.1
17,099.9
354.6
4,041.7
17,263.9
301.6
3,203.2
14,074.8
57.0
267.6
500.8
14.9
50.6
164.0
–53.0
–838.4
–3,189.1
20.1
7.2
3.0
4.4
1.3
1.0
–14.9
–20.7
–18.5
86,915.6
94,238.7 107,239.0 110,187.4
7,323.1
13,000.4
2,948.4
8.4
13.8
2.7
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
wage increase was second at 20.3 percent (from $705 to
$848) and weekly pay for Michigan’s auto parts producers
increased 18.8 percent (from $810 to $962).
The plateau period: 1995–2000
Employment. During the second half of the nineties,
employment expansion in the Midwest’s auto parts industry slowed substantially. From 1995 to 2000, industry employment growth slowed to 4.2 percent. While
the growth rate during this period was below both the
industry’s robust growth of the early nineties and total
national private employment growth from 1995 to 2000
(13.8 percent), it still represented an increase of almost
20,000 jobs. It also outpaced the growth rate in both the
regional and national manufacturing sectors: during the
1995 to 2000 period, Midwest manufacturing industry
employment increased by 1.3 percent and national manufacturing employment grew by 1.0 percent.
As with the previous period, growth during the plateau
period was unevenly distributed across the region’s three
largest auto parts producing States. Michigan expanded
the most with 7.6 percent job growth, while Ohio grew
2.0 percent and Indiana expanded only 0.2 percent.
Wages. Average weekly wage growth in the Midwest auto
parts industry also slowed during the 1995–2000 period,
increasing a moderate 5.0 percent. All related industries
reported larger average weekly wage gains. Weekly wages
in auto parts outside the Midwest increased 7.3 percent.
National and Midwest manufacturing weekly wages rose
16
1992–95
Percentage change
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
15.4 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively, while total private national wages increased 7.6 percent.
Among the three largest auto parts producing States,
Michigan led with an 8.7-percent average weekly wage
increase. Indiana was second, with average weekly wage
gains of 3.4 percent, while Ohio was the only one of the
three largest States to experience a decline in its average
weekly wages, falling 2.6 percent.
The decline period: 2000–06
Employment. After 2000, a combination of the 2001
recession, foreign competition, domestic relocation, and
increased productivity through automation contributed to
a decline of jobs in the Midwest auto parts manufacturing sector. From 2000 to 2006, the sector lost more than
128,200 jobs, a decline of 26.2 percent. This decline represents a loss greater than the gain in the 1992–2000 expansion period. While not as severe as the losses in Midwest
auto parts production, most related industries also experienced sharp declines during this period. The auto parts
sector in other regions of the country lost 14.9 percent of
its jobs, while manufacturing employment in the Midwest
declined by 20.7 percent and the national manufacturing
sector fell 18.5 percent.
The Midwest auto parts industry began its decline
before the 2001 recession, losing almost 34,600 or 7.1
percent of its jobs between 2000 and 2001. The national
manufacturing sector also declined during this period,
losing 2.4 percent of its jobs.12 In this same period, total
private employment increased by 1.0 percent. During the
Table 2.
Real average weekly wage levels in auto parts manufacturing and related industries, 1992–2006
Average weekly wage (in 2000 dollars)
Region and industry
Midwest auto parts
manufacturing.........................
Non-Midwest auto parts
manufacturing…………...........
Midwest manufacturing............
National manufacturing............
Total national private
employment............................
SOURCE:
BLS
Percent change
1995–
2000
1992
1995
2000
2006
1992–95
2000–06
$733
$883
$927
$762
20.5
5.0
–17.8
516
615
574
550
671
599
590
719
691
583
706
712
6.6
9.1
4.4
7.3
7.2
15.4
–1.2
–1.8
3.0
478
525
565
589
9.8
7.6
4.2
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
2001–02 period, which includes the recession, the Midwest auto parts industry declined another 7.8 percent,
while total private employment fell 2.5 percent nationally. The subsequent national economic recovery did not
help the Midwest auto parts industry. Between 2002 and
2006, the industry suffered additional losses and saw its
employment decline 14.0 percent further. Weakness in
the manufacturing sector was not unique to the Midwest
region during that period. Employment in the manufacturing sector at the national level also declined, falling by
8.2 percent between 2002 and 2006.
The Midwest auto parts production industry’s largest
decline during the 2000–06 period in terms of both net
and percentage loss occurred in Michigan, which lost more
than 73,600 jobs, a decline of 32.5 percent. The region’s
other two leading States also experienced severe losses,
with Ohio losing 19.4 percent of its jobs and Indiana jobs
falling 22.9 percent.
Wages. Average weekly wages in the Midwest’s auto parts
production industry fell substantially along with employment. During the 2000–06 decline period, the Midwest
auto parts industry saw its average weekly wages drop 17.8
percent (from $927 to $762). Outside the Midwest, the
drop in average weekly wages in auto parts manufacturing
was far more restrained, declining only 1.2 percent (from
$590 to $583). This difference in wage declines greatly
reduced the aforementioned wage gap between Midwest
auto parts manufacturers and those outside the Midwest.
In 2006, average weekly wages in auto parts production in
the Midwest were 30.7 percent higher than those in the rest
of the country. While still a sizable gap, this was a decided
drop from the peak gap of 60.6 percent in 1995.
Among the three largest auto parts producing States,
Indiana had the largest average weekly wage decline at
18.0 percent and Ohio was second, with its average weekly
auto parts production wages falling 14.3 percent. Michigan, the State with the highest wages in the industry, experienced a decline of 13.9 percent.
Average weekly wages in the manufacturing sector followed a decidedly different path from those of auto parts
manufacturers. During the 2000 to 2006 period, average
weekly wages in manufacturing in the Midwest dropped
by only 1.8 percent, while average weekly manufacturing
wages increased 3.0 percent at the national level. During
this period, average weekly wages in all private industries
increased 4.2 percent nationally. (See chart 2.)
Likely causes of job loss
The decline in auto parts manufacturing employment was
not due to a decline in the overall demand for new automobiles. Auto purchases during the first half of the 2000
period were well above levels in the nineties and the auto
industry’s two highest demand years have occurred since
2000.13 Several other factors, however, may have contributed to the employment decline of the Midwest auto parts
industry.
The first and most often mentioned cause is the increasing presence of the foreign sector. In 2000, auto parts
imports to the United States totaled $48 billion, about 7
percent more than its export level of $45 billion. By 2006,
this gap had increased to 51 percent ($71 billion in imports versus $47 billion in exports).14 Midwest employment in auto parts manufacturing declined during this
same period. (See chart 3.)
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
17
Midwest Auto Parts Manufacturing
Chart 2.
Change in real average weekly wage in the auto parts manufacturing and related industries, 1992–2006
Percentage
change
Percentage
change
25
25
Midwest auto parts
20
20
Non-Midwest auto parts
Midwest manufacturing
15
15
National manufacturing
10
10
National all industries
5
5
0
0
–5
–5
–10
–10
–15
–15
–20
1992–95
1995–2000
–20
2000–06
SOURCE: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
Chart 3.
Imports, exports, and employment in the auto parts manufacturing industry, 1999–2006
Midwest
employment
(in thousands)
900
Imports/exports
(in billions)
$80
Imports
Exports
Employment
70
800
60
50
700
40
30
600
20
10
0
500
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
SOURCE: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages and U.S. International Trade Commission.
18
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
2005
2006
In addition to increased imports from historical players
in the auto parts industry such as Canada and Japan, other
countries also expanded their market share or entered the
auto parts market. The most notable case is China, which
until recently had only a very small presence in auto parts
manufacturing.15
In addition to the increased foreign presence, Midwest
auto parts producers also faced expanding domestic competition. While the largest domestic auto companies still
tend to get the bulk of their parts from the Midwest, an
increasing number of foreign-owned companies are locating auto parts plants in other regions. This can be seen
most clearly in recent developments in the neighboring
East South Central region (Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi) an area that offered a central location
similar to that of the Midwest, but as of 2000, had auto
parts manufacturing wages that were 38 percent lower.16
States in the East South Central region also offered new
companies generous tax benefits.17 While other regions
were experiencing declines during the 2000–06 period,
the East South Central region was able to maintain its
employment level.18 (See chart 4.)
Chart 4.
This stability in the East South Central region, coupled
with the Midwest’s declines has further delineated the
northern and southern components of what researchers
have dubbed the “auto corridor.”19 Collectively, these 12
States accounted for about 75 percent of the Nation’s auto
parts jobs throughout the 2000–06 period. During this
time, the southern corridor’s share of national auto parts
employment (which mostly consists of production for foreign-owned companies) increased from 17 percent to 21
percent and the share of the northern corridor (which primarily produces for domestic companies) dropped from
58 percent to 54 percent.20
Less obvious than the above discussed issues, but still
a factor possibly affecting auto parts employment, was increased automation and a resulting increase in productivity. From 2000 to 2005 (the last year for which data are
available), output per work hour in auto parts production
rose by 28.6 percent.21 This increased output per hour has
grown faster than demand for new cars and, therefore, reduced the need for workers.22
This combination of increased productivity and decreased employment was not unique to the auto parts
Percentage change in auto parts production employment, selected periods, 1992–2006
Percentage
change
30
Percentage
change
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1992–95
–10
–10
1995–2000
2000–06
–20
–30
Midwest
region
East South Central
region
–20
National
–30
SOURCE: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
19
Midwest Auto Parts Manufacturing
production industry. From 2000 to 2006, productivity in
the national manufacturing industry increased 27.1 percent
and employment (as mentioned above) fell 18.5 percent.23
OVER THE COURSE OF THE 14-YEAR STUDY, 1992 to
2006, the Midwest auto parts industry shed more than
52,200 jobs or 12.7 percent of its total workforce, while
its real wages increased by 4.0 percent. Among the region’s
leading States, Michigan lost the most jobs (almost 31,000)
and also had the highest percentage decline at 16.9 percent.
The long-term losses in the region’s other leading States
were less than in Michigan, but still were substantial, with
Indiana losing almost 9,000 (10.8 percent) of its auto parts
jobs and Ohio losing almost 7,000 (7.1 percent).
Outside the Midwest, the auto parts industry added
more than 18,900 new jobs, making for a modest 6.7percent gain over the 14-year period. Real wages in the
non-Midwest auto parts industry also increased, gaining
13.0 percent.
During the same 1992–2006 period, total private
Midwest manufacturing employment declined by more
than 520,000, or 14.0 percent. National manufacturing
employment decreased by about 2.5 million, or 15.2 percent. Conversely, real manufacturing wages grew both in
the Midwest and nationally, increasing 14.8 percent and
24.0 percent, respectively. Nationwide, total private employment increased 26.8 percent from 1992 to 2006 while
real wages grew 23.2 percent.
Notes
For the purposes of this article “Midwest region” is the East North
Central Division as specified by the U.S. Census Bureau: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The geographic areas referred to as
“regions” in this article are defined as “divisions” by the Census Bureau.
1
The auto manufacturing sector is classified in the North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) as 3361; auto parts manufacturing is classified as NAICS 3363.
2
For an example of a media account, see “Behind Ford’s Scary $12.7
billion loss,” Fortune Magazine, January 26, 2007. On the Internet at
http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/26/news/companies/pluggedin_
taylor_ford.fortune/index.htm (visited May 8, 2007).
The 3 to 1 ratio held true throughout the study period of this
article. According to the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages (QCEW), in 1992, there were 130,446 auto manufacturing
jobs and 414,474 auto parts manufacturing jobs. In 2006, there were
108,316 auto manufacturing jobs in the Midwest and 360,267 auto
parts jobs.
3
The “more than half ” statement held true throughout the study,
with 59 percent of the Nation’s auto parts producers in the Midwest in
1992 and 54 percent in 2006.
“Non-Midwest” or “outside of the Midwest” refers to the 45 nonMidwest States and the District of Columbia.
4
5
1992 was chosen as the beginning year for the study because of the
availability of industry-specific data.
Total private employment in this article refers to covered employment from the QCEW program, excluding government employment.
6
Sales for domestically-produced vehicles from domestically-owned
companies in 1992 were 9,268,000 and rose to 11,193,000 in 1995. See
Ward’s 2005 Automotive Handbook, Ward’s Communication, 2005.
7
8
9
Data are from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
Ibid.
Wage data used in this article are average weekly wages from the
BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 1992–2006.
10
11
Wage data used were deflated using the U.S. all city Consumer Price
Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U). All wages are in 1992 dollars.
20
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
For a more complete analysis of the manufacturing’s decline before and during the recession period, see David S. Langdon, Terence M.
McMenmin, and Thomas J. Krolik, “U.S. labor market in 2001: economy
enters a recession,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2002, pp. 3–33.
12
The auto industry’s highest demand was 17.8 million in 2000 and
17.5 million in 2001. See Ward’s 2005 Automotive Handbook, p. 239.
13
U.S. International Trade Commission. Data generated on web
site as “NAIC–3363: MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS, FAS Value by FAS Value,
For ALL Countries.”
14
15
Thomas Klier and James Rubenstein, “Competition and trade in
the U.S. auto parts sector,” Chicago Fed Letter, January 2006.
As of 2000, average weekly wages in the auto parts producing industry were $928 in the Midwest and $576 in the East South Central
region.
16
“New Directions for the Automotive Industry,” Business Facilities, August 2006. On the Internet at http://www.businessfacilities.
com/bf_06_08_news1.php.
17
18
2006
The region had 94,800 auto parts workers in 2000 and 95,000 in
The northern portion of the corridor includes the five Midwest
States and the Canadian province of Ontario. The southern portion of the corridor includes the four East South Central States as
well as Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Thomas Klier,
“Determinants of Supplier Plant Location: Evidence from the Auto
Industry,” Economic Perspectives (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago),
3rd quarter, 2005.
19
20
Data from BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
Ontario is not included in the northern corridor figures.
21
“Labor productivity, output per hour, motor vehicle parts manufacturing,” BLS Series IPUEN3363__L000.
22
During the first half of the 2000s, an average of 17,337 autos
were sold each year, compared with 15,272 from 1992 to 1999. This is
an increase of 13.5 percent. See Ward’s 2005 Automotive Handbook.
23
“Major sector productivity and costs,” BLS Series ID PR530006093.
Change is from the first quarter 2000 to first quarter 2006.
Arts and Entertainment Industry
The economic impact of the creative arts
industries: New York and Los Angeles
Data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
provide a fresh perspective on the impact and value of the creative arts
to the economies of New York and Los Angeles; one of every 4
creative arts industry jobs in the Nation operated out of either
of those locales in 2006
Michael L. Dolfman,
Richard J. Holden,
and
Solidelle Fortier
Wasser
Michael L. Dolfman
is Regional
Commissioner,
and Solidelle Fortier
Wasser is a senior
economist, New York
regional office,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics; Richard J.
Holden is Regional
Commissioner, San
Francisco regional
office, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. E-mail:
dolfman.michael@bls.
gov; holden.richard@
bls.gov; wasser.
solidelle@bls.gov
T
wo U.S. counties—New York and
Los Angeles1—have become image-producing, critical forces that
provide high visibility and a global reach for
American cultural values. By clustering arts,
entertainment, and cultural organizations,
these two regions have developed into major
strategic sites that consolidate vast concentrations of creative resources. The result is an infrastructure that has secured for them—and,
by extension, the United States—a dominant
place on the global cultural scene. These arts,
entertainment, and cultural organizations
form the core of three sectors whose interrelationships with each other magnify their
impacts. Awareness of these synergies has led
many to associate New York and Los Angeles
“with a distinctive aura and mystique in the
form of certain impressions, personae, memories, styles, [and] trends.”2 Although each of
the two counties is located within its own distinct geographic boundaries, the reach of the
cultural output of both New York and Los
Angeles has global implications. National
and international views of American cultural
patterns are often formed on the basis of
individual impressions of New York or Los
Angeles as places, through the presentation of
those impressions in artistic, entertainment,
and cultural venues.3
This article presents a critical examination of the arts, entertainment, and cultural
industries as industries within the economies
of both New York and Los Angeles. It does
not address the much-debated artistic merit
of these industries, nor does it focus on the
field of “cultural economics.”4 Instead, it
examines the labor market scope (that is,
employment and wages) of these creative
arts industries, demonstrating that they are
rooted in the same production processes that
characterize all American industry. However, it is also important to note that these
cultural industries, besides generating goods
and services, produce creative intellectual
content that may not be as readily quantified or measured. Cultural products can
directly articulate attitudes, opinions, ideas,
values, and creativity—essential inputs into
the creative industries, although they cannot
be transformed into commerce without the
aid of other inputs that respond to ordinary
economic incentives.5
The article uses the lens of employment
and wage data for the years 1990 and 2006,6
drawn from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages (QCEW) program database, to analyze the economic impact of these cultural
products as industries within New York and
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 21
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Los Angeles, and as basic export industries beyond their
geographic borders.
Some 27 detailed industry classifications have been
selected as meeting the criteria for cultural output industries inspired by the creative arts. Their significance to the
economies of New York and Los Angeles is supported by
the fact that their aggregate first-quarter, 2006, location
quotients were 6.34 for New York and 4.92 for Los Angeles, with a combined value of 5.4.7 (See table 1; location
quotients are useful statistical measures that compare the
proportion of a region’s workforce employed in a specific
industry with that industry’s employment concentration
nationwide. Location quotients greater than 1.0 demonstrate a greater concentration of workers than would be
required to meet local needs.)
There are important differences between the two counties. On the one hand, the dominance of the motion picture industry in Los Angeles relates to the history of the
cinema. The industry was established there in the 1920s as
Table 1.
a mass production industry not unrelated to other ones of
that era. On the other hand, New York inherits its cultural
orientation from its traditional role as a leading global financial services metropolis. New York’s cultural industries
are thus more evenly distributed across the 27 industries
selected for examination.
The creative arts industries: a definition
On what basis were the 27 industries selected? The classification of industries within the North American Industrial
Classification System (NAICS) provides insights into their
productive functions, but does not offer an overarching
definition of what constitutes an arts industry, an entertainment industry, or a creative industry. Compounding
the problem is that the term “arts, entertainment, and creativity” has been used broadly to describe not only industries, but also occupations and products.
In attempting to answer this definitional question, a
Creative arts industries and location quotients, Los Angeles and New York Counties, first quarter, 2006
Industry
Los Angeles
New York
Combined
Total . .....................................................................
4.92
6.34
5.40
Agents and managers for public figures............................
Art dealers.........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming......................
Dance companies.............................................................
Fine arts schools...............................................................
Independent managers for public figures..........................
Integrated record production and distribution....................
Internet publishing and broadcasting................................
Motion picture and video distribution.................................
Motion picture and video production.................................
Museums...........................................................................
Music publishers...............................................................
Musical groups and artists................................................
News syndicates...............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries.........................
Other sound recording industries......................................
Other specialized design services.....................................
Periodical publishers.........................................................
Promoters with facilities....................................................
Promoters without facilities...............................................
Radio networks.................................................................
Radio stations...................................................................
Record production.............................................................
Sound recording studios...................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services............
Television broadcasting.....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters...........................
SOURCE: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
8.99
1.48
2.23
.36
1.36
7.13
9.36
2.05
7.38
18.08
1.61
3.67
2.71
.79
12.81
5.82
3.18
1.25
.52
1.77
2.20
.63
2.65
4.95
14.52
2.13
.79
11.12
5.83
4.16
15.80
3.44
2.85
16.68
4.64
5.40
5.83
3.92
9.05
2.68
15.79
8.03
3.87
10.37
11.95
8.58
2.51
2.11
1.59
15.01
6.28
7.68
7.26
9.00
9.71
2.95
2.88
5.58
2.06
5.69
11.85
2.92
6.72
13.95
2.39
5.50
2.70
5.86
11.21
5.17
5.61
4.86
3.24
2.02
2.17
.95
6.86
5.41
12.22
3.86
3.56
22
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Creative Industries Task Force established in the United
Kingdom in 2001 defined creative industries as “activities
which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and
talent and which have the potential for wealth and job
creation through generation and exploitation of intellectual property.”8 Central to this definition is an emphasis
on commercial achievement or its potential and on the
overall strategic importance of the role of creative industries to a nation’s exports and international branding.9 The
analysis that follows builds on this definitional base to
bring out the importance of an industry’s “global, or export, profile,” as demonstrated by high location quotients.
Table 1 lists the 27 industries chosen for analysis, together
with their location quotients for New York, Los Angeles,
and the two counties combined.
Methodology
This study first assesses the extent of the clustering or
geographic concentration of the 27 creative arts industries
in New York and Los Angeles. Clustering provides economic advantages to business by increasing access to experienced labor pools, improving transfers of technology,
and customizing support services, among a host of other
benefits. Of interest is whether clustering increased or decreased over the 17-year study period from 1990 to 2006.
Next, the analysis examines the economic importance of
these creative arts industries to both New York and Los
Angeles. A key question is, In terms of employment and
wage generation, how influential are these industries to
the overall economic health of each region? Moreover,
over the 17-year period, did their importance increase or
decrease? The article concludes with substantive, if probative, answers to these questions.
Clustering of the creative arts industries
Over the past quarter century, the clustering of certain
kinds of economic activity in certain geographic regions
has become a notable feature of the global economy. With
regard to the creative arts industries, to what extent has
this clustering occurred in New York and Los Angeles
Counties? A starting point in seeking an answer to this
question is an assessment of the overall influence of these
creative arts industries in the American economy.
The creative arts industries nationwide
During the first quarter of 2006, about 1.2 million private-sector jobs (1.1 percent of total employment) in the
Nation were associated with creative arts industries, a decrease of about 50,000 jobs (4.0 percent) since 1990. (See
table 2.) During the same timeframe, total private-sector
employment increased by 21.2 percent, or approximately
24 million jobs. Within each of the individual sectors that
comprise the 27 creative arts industries, there were notable differences in employment patterns. Nationally, in
the creative arts industries in 2006, about 1 out of every
2 jobs (46.0 percent) was associated with one of the following four sectors: motion picture and video production (16.2 percent), periodical publishers (12.0 percent),
television broadcasting (10.6 percent), and radio stations
(7.2 percent). In 1990, the same four sectors accounted
for approximately 1 of every 3 jobs (36.8 percent) in those
industries.
A different pattern emerged for wages. For the Nation
as a whole, the average weekly wage in the private sector
during the first quarter of 2006 was $774, an increase of
75.1 percent over the 1990 figure of $442. (See table 3.)
In the 27 creative arts industries, the average weekly
wage in 2006 was $1,044, an amount 34.9 percent higher
than the comparable national private-sector wage. Over
the 17-year period examined, average weekly wages in the
creative arts industries increased by 108.0 percent from
the 1990 wage of $502. (Note that the average wage in
the creative arts industries was influenced by the relatively
high wages associated with the motion picture and video
industries.) Variations in average weekly wages were recorded in the 27 industries. Interestingly, the highest paying sector—record production, with an average weekly
wage of $1,972 in 2006—had the least employment, with
only 2,595 jobs in the entire Nation.
Other high-paying sectors included integrated record
production and distribution ($1,880), news syndicates
($1,612), Internet publishing and broadcasting ($1,458),
teleproduction and other postproduction services ($1,453),
independent managers for public figures ($1,443), and
agents and managers for public figures ($1,424).
Clustering in New York and Los Angeles
During the first quarter of 2006, 1 out of every 4 jobs
(25.8 percent) associated with the creative arts industries
in the country was located in either New York or Los
Angeles. New York accounted for 10.2 percent of these
jobs, while 15.6 percent were based in Los Angeles. (See
table 4.) These percentages represent a marked increase
over 1990 levels, when 1 out of every 5 jobs (20.4 percent) was located in either New York or Los Angeles. (See
table 5.) At that time, 8.7 percent were linked with New
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 23
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Table 2.
Employment in creative arts industries, United States, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
2006
1990
Average
monthly
employment
Arts
industry
share
Average
monthly
employment
Arts
industry
share
Total, all industries ................................................
Total private . .....................................................
106,906,249
88,984,929
...
...
134,505,148
113,016,365
...
...
Total arts ........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures..........................
Art dealers.......................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming....................
Dance companies...........................................................
Fine arts schools.............................................................
Independent managers for public figures........................
Integrated record production and distribution..................
Internet publishing and broadcasting..............................
Motion picture and video distribution...............................
Motion picture and video production...............................
Museums.........................................................................
Music publishers.............................................................
Musical groups and artists..............................................
News syndicates.............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries.......................
Other sound recording industries....................................
Other specialized design services...................................
Periodical publishers.......................................................
Promoters with facilities..................................................
Promoters without facilities.............................................
Radio networks...............................................................
Radio stations.................................................................
Record production...........................................................
Sound recording studios.................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services..........
Television broadcasting...................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters.........................
1,239,845
12,519
29,371
52,124
6,829
32,479
26,538
4,886
16,857
8,899
109,786
42,358
8,195
40,518
8,412
18,217
4,905
7,638
140,396
37,091
12,526
25,371
92,447
813
14,364
11,212
112,411
362,681
100.0
1.0
2.4
4.2
.6
2.6
2.1
.4
1.4
.7
8.9
3.4
.7
3.3
.7
1.5
.4
.6
11.3
3.0
1.0
2.0
7.5
.1
1.2
.9
9.1
29.3
1,189,837
17,628
23,360
89,669
8,523
63,615
47,530
3,715
34,075
8,506
192,849
72,804
4,221
39,299
11,166
3,774
3,392
12,284
142,711
59,419
20,995
25,302
85,963
2,595
7,161
15,820
125,556
62,369
100.0
1.5
2.0
7.5
.7
5.3
4.0
.3
2.9
.7
16.2
6.1
.4
3.3
.9
.3
.3
1.0
12.0
5.0
1.8
2.1
7.2
.2
.6
1.3
10.6
5.2
SOURCE:
BLS Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages.
York and another 11.7 percent with Los Angeles. During
the 17-year period studied, this increase in clustering was
compatible with findings which emphasized that, besides
providing a competitive edge, the clustering of industries
in specific geographic locations markedly increased those
industries’ access to knowledge, innovation, and expertise.
In both New York and Los Angeles, the extent of
clustering among individual creative arts industries demonstrated considerable variability. For example, in 2006,
almost 1 out of 5 (19.6 percent, or 27,910 jobs) national
jobs in periodical publishing was located in New York.
In contrast, approximately 6 of every 10 (58.7 percent, or
113,173 jobs) national jobs in motion picture and video
production were located in Los Angeles.
That an additional 4.0 percent (5,756 jobs) of all national jobs in periodical publishing were located in Los
24
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Angeles, while an additional 9.6 percent (18,572 jobs) of
all national jobs in motion picture and video production
were located in New York, indicates that the clustering of
these two sectors in New York and Los Angeles was even
greater.
In 1990,10 motion picture and video production was
not as important in Los Angeles, and was about as important in New York, as it was in 2006. In 1990, 48.8 percent
(53,567 jobs) of all national jobs associated with motion
picture and video production were located in Los Angeles,
while an additional 16.7 percent (18,296 jobs) were based
in New York. (See table 5.) During this timeframe, employment in the motion picture and video production sector grew by 111.3 percent in Los Angeles and remained
static in New York.
Given the dominance of motion picture and video pro-
Table 3.
Average weekly wages, creative arts industries, United States, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
Average weekly wage
1990
2006
Total, all industries ..................................................................
Total private . .......................................................................
$448
442
$784
774
Total arts ..........................................................................
Agents and managers for public figures............................................
Art dealers.........................................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming......................................
Dance companies.............................................................................
Fine arts schools...............................................................................
Independent managers for public figures..........................................
Integrated record production and distribution....................................
Internet publishing and broadcasting................................................
Motion picture and video distribution.................................................
Motion picture and video production.................................................
Museums...........................................................................................
Music publishers...............................................................................
Musical groups and artists................................................................
News syndicates...............................................................................
Other motion picture and video industries.........................................
Other sound recording industries......................................................
Other specialized design services.....................................................
Periodical publishers.........................................................................
Promoters with facilities....................................................................
Promoters without facilities...............................................................
Radio networks.................................................................................
Radio stations...................................................................................
Record production.............................................................................
Sound recording studios...................................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services............................
Television broadcasting.....................................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters...........................................
502
688
374
581
497
203
1,107
1,271
536
764
955
318
544
356
789
637
754
410
680
412
472
485
389
825
501
755
920
176
1,044
1,424
620
1,171
657
311
1,443
1,880
1,458
1,335
1,355
551
1,279
734
1,612
1,357
945
940
1,275
621
667
1,072
869
1,972
795
1,453
1,281
525
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
duction in Los Angeles, clustering theory predicts that affiliated industries will also locate in that region. In fact, that
has been the case: in 2006, 24.4 percent (2,074 jobs) of all
national jobs in motion picture and video distribution, 46.1
percent (7,297 jobs) of all national jobs in teleproduction
and other postproduction services, and 41.2 percent (1,555
jobs) of all national jobs in other motion picture and postproduction services were based in Los Angeles.
Associated with the movie and video industries are
agents and managers, so it is no surprise that Los Angeles
was also the base for 27.7 percent (4,890 jobs) of agents
and managers for public figures and 21.4 percent (10,170
jobs) of independent managers for public figures in 2006.
The influence of New York and Los Angeles is apparent
as well in the recording and music industries. For example,
in 2006, in the integrated record production and distribution industry, 27.3 percent (1,015 jobs) of all national
jobs were located in New York and another 30.2 percent
(1,120 jobs) were based in Los Angeles. In music publishing, 14.7 percent (620 jobs) of all national jobs were based
in New York and another 11.8 percent (497 jobs) were
based in Los Angeles.
Of note is the fact that New York was home to 26.0 percent (2,907 jobs) of all national jobs in news syndicates and
26.8 percent (2,287 jobs) in dance companies in 2006.
Changes over time
As noted previously, national employment in the creative
arts industries declined slightly, by 50,008 jobs, or 4.0 percent, between 1990 and 2006. However, in New York and
Los Angeles, the results were different: in New York, employment grew from 107,760 in 1990 to 121,433 in 2006,
a 12.7-percent increase, or a gain of 13,673 jobs; in Los
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 25
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Table 4.
Employment in creative arts industries, New York and Los Angeles, first quarter, 2006
Industry
Los Angeles
New York
Average
monthly
employment
Percent of
United
States
Average
monthly
employment
Percent of
United
States
Total, all industries ................................................
Total private . .....................................................
2,259,545
1,813,045
1.7
1.6
4,145,142
3,565,411
3.1
3.2
Total arts ........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures..........................
Art dealers.......................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming....................
Dance companies...........................................................
Fine arts schools.............................................................
Independent managers for public figures........................
Integrated record production and distribution..................
Internet publishing and broadcasting..............................
Motion picture and video distribution...............................
Motion picture and video production...............................
Museums.........................................................................
Music publishers.............................................................
Musical groups and artists..............................................
News syndicates.............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries.......................
Other sound recording industries....................................
Other specialized design services...................................
Periodical publishers.......................................................
Promoters with facilities..................................................
Promoters without facilities.............................................
Radio networks...............................................................
Radio stations.................................................................
Record production...........................................................
Sound recording studios.................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services..........
Television broadcasting...................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters.........................
121,433
3,073
2,148
6,089
2,287
3,690
2,132
1,015
2,491
771
18,572
4,438
620
1,585
2,907
496
212
2,002
27,910
8,325
715
869
2,250
622
728
1,962
15,021
8,475
10.2
17.4
9.2
6.8
26.8
5.8
4.5
27.3
7.3
9.1
9.6
6.1
14.7
4.0
26.0
13.1
6.3
16.3
19.6
14.0
3.4
3.4
2.6
24.0
10.2
12.4
12.0
13.6
185,183
4,890
1,074
6,415
104
2,865
10,170
1,120
2,194
2,074
113,173
3,588
497
3,219
286
1,555
618
1,210
5,756
985
1,036
1,783
1,752
216
1,124
7,297
8,665
1,466
15.6
27.7
4.6
7.2
1.2
4.5
21.4
30.2
6.4
24.4
58.7
4.9
11.8
8.2
2.6
41.2
18.2
9.9
4.0
1.7
4.9
7.0
2.0
8.3
15.7
46.1
6.9
2.4
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
Angeles, the increase was even greater—27.9 percent—as
employment rose from 144,736 in 1990 to 185,183 in
2006, a gain of 40,447 jobs. (See table 6.)
In Los Angeles, the job growth was focused largely in
motion picture and video production, which registered an
increase of 59,606 jobs, or 111.3 percent. Associated with
this job growth were increases in allied industries: teleproduction and other postproduction services (2,584 jobs,
or 54.8 percent), agents and managers for public figures
(2,635 jobs, or 116.9 percent), and independent managers for public figures (2,651 jobs, or 35.3 percent). Jobs in
museums grew by 1,373, or 62.0 percent, over the 17-year
period examined. However, decreases in employment were
noted in television broadcasting (673 jobs, or 7.2 percent)
and in radio stations (949 jobs, or 35.1 percent).
In New York, although the increase in total jobs in the
creative arts industries was less than that recorded for Los
26
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Angeles, it was spread over multiple sectors. Over the 17year period studied, employment increases were registered
in periodical publishers (986 jobs, or 3.7 percent), radio
stations (1,197 jobs, or 113.7 percent), news syndicates
(1,093 jobs, or 60.3 percent), promoters with facilities
(4,218 jobs, or 102.7 percent), museums (1,816 jobs, or
69.3 percent), and fine arts schools (1,707 jobs, or 86.1
percent). Job decreases occurred in television broadcasting
(745 jobs, or 4.7 percent), theater companies and dinner
theaters (516 jobs, or 5.7 percent), and dance companies
(372 jobs, or 14.0 percent).
Distribution of creative arts industries
In the Nation during 2006, the largest share of all creative arts jobs was in motion picture and video production, which accounted for 16.2 percent (192,849 jobs) of
Table 5.
Employment in creative arts industries, New York and Los Angeles, first quarter, 1990
Industry
Los Angeles
New York
Average
monthly
employment
Percent of
United
States
Average
monthly
employment
Percent of
United
States
Total, all industries .............................................
Total private . .....................................................
2,354,316
1,866,028
2.2
2.1
4,271,547
3,734,576
4.0
4.2
Total arts ........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures..........................
Art dealers.......................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming....................
Dance companies...........................................................
Fine arts schools.............................................................
Independent managers for public figures........................
Integrated record production and distribution..................
Internet publishing and broadcasting..............................
Motion picture and video distribution...............................
Motion picture and video production...............................
Museums.........................................................................
Music publishers.............................................................
Musical groups and artists..............................................
News syndicates.............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries.......................
Other sound recording industries....................................
Other specialized design services...................................
Periodical publishers.......................................................
Promoters with facilities..................................................
Promoters without facilities.............................................
Radio networks...............................................................
Radio stations.................................................................
Record production...........................................................
Sound recording studios.................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services..........
Television broadcasting...................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters.........................
107,760
2,557
1,484
3,736
2,659
1,983
3,371
1,429
676
1,228
18,296
2,622
543
3,078
1,814
845
196
1,078
26,924
4,107
373
1,013
1,053
84
645
1,208
15,766
8,991
8.7
20.4
5.1
7.2
38.9
6.1
12.7
29.2
4.0
13.8
16.7
6.2
6.6
7.6
21.6
4.6
4.0
14.1
19.2
11.1
3.0
4.0
1.1
10.4
4.5
10.8
14.0
2.5
144,736
2,255
2,181
3,094
139
2,248
7,519
1,685
133
2,264
53,567
2,215
1,016
4,862
253
15,844
304
803
7,105
533
3,382
905
2,701
79
1,558
4,713
9,338
14,042
11.7
18.0
7.4
5.9
2.0
6.9
28.3
34.5
.8
25.4
48.8
5.2
12.4
12.0
3.0
87.0
6.2
10.5
5.1
1.4
27.0
3.6
2.9
9.7
10.8
42.0
8.3
3.9
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
all national jobs. (See table 2.) This industry was followed
by periodical publishers (12.0 percent, or 142,711 jobs)
and television broadcasting (10.6 percent, or 125,556
jobs). These three sectors combined represented almost 4
of every 10 jobs (38.8 percent) associated with the creative
arts industries.
The 2006 distribution was markedly different from that
of 1990, when 29.3 percent (362,681 jobs) of all national
jobs in the creative arts were linked to theater companies and dinner theaters, with an additional 11.3 percent
(140,396 jobs) related to periodical publishing. Thus, these
2 sectors combined accounted for 4 out of every 10 jobs
(40.6 percent) in the creative arts at that time.
Over the 17-year period examined, there has been a
notable shift in creative arts employment in the Nation.
The importance of periodical publishers has remained
constant; however, the role of theater companies and dinner theaters has decreased considerably, with the industry
having lost 300,312 jobs, or 82.8 percent of its employment base, between 1990 and 2006. From its first-place
position as an employer in 1990, the theater company and
dinner theater industry has shrunk to providing just 5.2
percent of all creative arts jobs in 2006.
Over the 17-year study period, employment in the
cable and other subscription programming industry has
risen substantially. In 1990, the industry accounted for 4.2
percent (52,124 jobs) of all creative arts employment in
the country. By 2006, the figure had grown to 7.5 percent
of such jobs (89,669).
Museums also recorded an increase in employment:
in 1990, the industry accounted for 3.4 percent (42,358
jobs) of all national creative arts jobs; by 2006, museums’
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 27
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Table 6.
Employment in creative arts industries, New York and Los Angeles, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter,
2006
Average monthly employment
1990
Industry
2006
New York
Los Angeles
New York
Los Angeles
Total, all industries .................................................
Total private . ......................................................
2,354,316
1,866,028
4,271,547
3,734,576
2,259,545
1,813,045
4,145,142
3,565,411
Total arts .........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures...........................
Art dealers........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming.....................
Dance companies............................................................
Fine arts schools..............................................................
Independent managers for public figures.........................
Integrated record production and distribution...................
Internet publishing and broadcasting...............................
Motion picture and video distribution................................
Motion picture and video production................................
Museums..........................................................................
Music publishers..............................................................
Musical groups and artists...............................................
News syndicates..............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries........................
Other sound recording industries.....................................
Other specialized design services....................................
Periodical publishers........................................................
Promoters with facilities...................................................
Promoters without facilities..............................................
Radio networks................................................................
Radio stations..................................................................
Record production............................................................
Sound recording studios..................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services...........
Television broadcasting....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters..........................
107,760
2,557
1,484
3,736
2,659
1,983
3,371
1,429
676
1,228
18,296
2,622
543
3,078
1,814
845
196
1,078
26,924
4,107
373
1,013
1,053
84
645
1,208
15,766
8,991
144,736
2,255
2,181
3,094
139
2,248
7,519
1,685
133
2,264
53,567
2,215
1,016
4,862
253
15,844
304
803
7,105
533
3,382
905
2,701
79
1,558
4,713
9,338
14,042
121,433
3,073
2,148
6,089
2,287
3,690
2,132
1,015
2,491
771
18,572
4,438
620
1,585
2,907
496
212
2,002
27,910
8,325
715
869
2,250
622
728
1,962
15,021
8,475
185,183
4,890
1,074
6,415
104
2,865
10,170
1,120
2,194
2,074
113,173
3,588
497
3,219
286
1,555
618
1,210
5,756
985
1,036
1,783
1,752
216
1,124
7,297
8,665
1,466
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
employment share had grown to 6.1 percent (72,804 jobs).
New York. In 2006, the distribution of jobs in the creative arts industries in New York mirrored somewhat that
recorded for the Nation as a whole. One out of every 2
creative-industry jobs (50.7 percent) was associated with
periodical publishers, motion picture and video production, or television broadcasting, with almost half of the
jobs (23.0 percent) in periodical publishing. (See table 7.)
In 1990, these three industries, in aggregate, accounted for
56.6 percent of all creative-industry jobs.
The decline in employment share from 1990 to 2006
did not necessarily relate to a decline in overall employment: although the employment share held by periodical publishers declined from 25.0 percent to 23.0 percent
during the 17-year period examined, actual employment
28
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
in the industry increased by 3.7 percent. Similarly, in motion picture and video production, the 1990 employment
share of 17.0 percent declined to 15.3 percent, whereas
actual employment in the industry increased slightly (1.5
percent).
By contrast, television broadcasting registered declines
in both employment share and jobs: between 1990 and
2006, the industry’s employment share decreased from
14.6 percent to 12.4 percent, while jobs decreased by 5.0
percent.
In 1990, New York employment represented 8.7 percent (107,760 jobs) of all national jobs in the creative arts
industries. By 2006, this share had risen to 10.2 percent,
or 121,433 jobs, an increase in employment of 12.7 percent over the 17-year study period. Although three industries accounted for about half of the employment in
Table 7.
Employment in creative arts industries, New York, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
1990
Average
monthly
employment
2006
Percent
of
New York
Average
monthly
employment
Percent
of
New York
Total, all industries.................................................
Total private.........................................................
2,354,316
1,866,028
...
...
2,259,545
1,813,045
...
...
Total arts...........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures...........................
Art dealers........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming.....................
Dance companies............................................................
Fine arts schools..............................................................
Independent managers for public figures.........................
Integrated record production and distribution...................
Internet publishing and broadcasting...............................
Motion picture and video distribution................................
Motion picture and video production................................
Museums..........................................................................
Music publishers..............................................................
Musical groups and artists...............................................
News syndicates..............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries........................
Other sound recording industries.....................................
Other specialized design services....................................
Periodical publishers........................................................
Promoters with facilities...................................................
Promoters without facilities..............................................
Radio networks................................................................
Radio stations..................................................................
Record production............................................................
Sound recording studios..................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services...........
Television broadcasting....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters..........................
107,760
2,557
1,484
3,736
2,659
1,983
3,371
1,429
676
1,228
18,296
2,622
543
3,078
1,814
845
196
1,078
26,924
4,107
373
1,013
1,053
84
645
1,208
15,766
8,991
100.0
2.4
1.4
3.5
2.5
1.8
3.1
1.3
.6
1.1
17.0
2.4
.5
2.9
1.7
.8
.2
1.0
25.0
3.8
.3
.9
1.0
.1
.6
1.1
14.6
8.3
121,433
3,073
2,148
6,089
2,287
3,690
2,132
1,015
2,491
771
18,572
4,438
620
1,585
2,907
496
212
2,002
27,910
8,325
715
869
2,250
622
728
1,962
15,021
8,475
100.0
2.5
1.8
5.0
1.9
3.0
1.8
.8
2.1
.6
15.3
3.7
.5
1.3
2.4
.4
.2
1.6
23.0
6.9
.6
.7
1.9
.5
.6
1.6
12.4
7.0
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
the creative arts industries in New York in 2006, no single
industry dominated the employment scene. Over the 17year period, many sectors experienced growth.
Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, the motion picture and
video production industry accounted for 61.1 percent of
all jobs in the creative arts in 2006. (See table 8.) In 1990,
the industry’s employment share was 37.0 percent. During the 17-year span, employment in the motion picture
and video production industry increased by 111.3 percent
(59,606 jobs). The share of creative arts jobs based in Los
Angeles grew from 11.7 percent in 1990 to 15.6 percent in
2006—an increase of 40,447 jobs, or 27.9 percent—with
most of the growth related to the motion picture industry.
As mentioned earlier, employment in theater companies and dinner theaters declined sharply over the 17-year
period examined. In 1990, that industry accounted for
14,042 jobs, or an employment share of 9.7 percent of
all creative arts jobs, in Los Angeles. By 2006, employment in the theater company and dinner theater industry
had shrunk to 1,466 jobs, and the industry’s employment
share had fallen to less than 1.0 percent. Although this
decline reflected national trends for the industry, its severity was greater in Los Angeles than in the Nation or in
New York.
Economic impact of the creative arts
During the first quarter of 2006, the creative arts industries
generated about $16.2 billion dollars in wages nationwide
(see table 9)—1.4 percent of all private-sector wages earned
in the country. That amount was double the total wages
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 29
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Table 8.
Employment in creative arts industries, Los Angeles, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
1990
Average
monthly
employment
2006
Percent
of
Los Angeles
Average
monthly
employment
Percent
of
Los Angeles
Total, all industries ...............................................
Total private . .....................................................
4,271,547
3,734,576
...
...
4,145,142
3,565,411
...
...
Total arts .........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures...........................
Art dealers........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming.....................
Dance companies............................................................
Fine arts schools..............................................................
Independent managers for public figures.........................
Integrated record production and distribution...................
Internet publishing and broadcasting...............................
Motion picture and video distribution................................
Motion picture and video production................................
Museums..........................................................................
Music publishers..............................................................
Musical groups and artists...............................................
News syndicates..............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries........................
Other sound recording industries.....................................
Other specialized design services....................................
Periodical publishers........................................................
Promoters with facilities...................................................
Promoters without facilities..............................................
Radio networks................................................................
Radio stations..................................................................
Record production............................................................
Sound recording studios..................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services...........
Television broadcasting....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters..........................
144,736
2,255
2,181
3,094
139
2,248
7,519
1,685
133
2,264
53,567
2,215
1,016
4,862
253
15,844
304
803
7,105
533
3,382
905
2,701
79
1,558
4,713
9,338
14,042
100.0
1.6
1.5
2.1
.1
1.6
5.2
1.2
.1
1.6
37.0
1.5
.7
3.4
.2
10.9
.2
.6
4.9
.4
2.3
.6
1.9
.1
1.1
3.3
6.5
9.7
185,183
4,890
1,074
6,415
104
2,865
10,170
1,120
2,194
2,074
113,173
3,588
497
3,219
286
1,555
618
1,210
5,756
985
1,036
1,783
1,752
216
1,124
7,297
8,665
1,466
100.0
2.6
.6
3.5
.1
1.5
5.5
.6
1.2
1.1
61.1
1.9
.3
1.7
.2
.8
.3
.7
3.1
.5
.6
1.0
.9
.1
.6
3.9
4.7
.8
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
earned ($8.1 billion) in the first quarter of 1990. Interestingly, over the same 17-year timeframe, employment in these
industries decreased by about 4.0 percent. (See table 2.)
As a point of comparison, total private wages in the
United States during the same period increased by 122.5
percent, with total employment rising by 27.0 percent.
Thus, from a national perspective, in terms of wage generation, the creative arts industries performed similarly to
the overall private-sector economy. However, in terms of
job generation, the patterns differed notably: the importance of New York and Los Angeles as places of employment is underscored by the fact that almost 1 out of every
2 dollars (48.2 percent) generated in wages by the creative
arts industries during 2006 was earned in the two counties, 22.0 percent in New York and 26.4 percent in Los
Angeles. At the same time, 5.7 percent of all private-sec30
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
tor wages earned in the Nation were generated in New
York while 3.7 percent originated in Los Angeles.
The dominance of each region is underscored by the
fact that during the first quarter of 2006 New York earnings accounted for 42.7 percent of all national wages
earned in periodical publishing, 60.0 percent of wages
earned in record production, 70.0 percent of wages in integrated record production and distribution, 42.7 percent
in news syndicates, 43.5 percent in dance companies, and
33.6 percent in promoters with facilities.
A somewhat different pattern was associated with Los
Angeles, one in which the dominance of the motion picture industry in the region was emphasized by the fact
that Los Angeles earnings accounted for 72.9 percent
of all national wages earned in motion picture and video
production, 47.9 percent of all wages in motion picture
Table 9.
Total wages in creative arts industries, United States, New York, and Los Angeles, first quarter, 2006
Total wages
Industry
United
States
Total, all industries ......................... 1,371,075,231,215
Total private . .............................. 1,137,472,419,662
Total arts ..................................
16,150,747,765
Agents and managers for public figures....
326,246,357
Art dealers.................................................
188,175,828
Cable and other subscription
programming............................................
1,365,613,389
Dance companies.....................................
72,817,993
Fine arts schools.......................................
257,332,449
Independent managers for public figures..
891,578,057
Integrated record production and
distribution...............................................
90,816,789
Internet publishing and broadcasting........
645,972,205
Motion picture and video distribution.........
147,599,308
Motion picture and video production.........
3,396,851,065
Museums...................................................
521,887,704
Music publishers.......................................
70,212,318
Musical groups and artists........................
375,087,650
News syndicates.......................................
234,026,476
Other motion picture and video
industries.................................................
66,567,429
Other sound recording industries..............
41,670,415
Other specialized design services.............
150,182,348
Periodical publishers.................................
2,366,064,322
Promoters with facilities............................
479,990,405
Promoters without facilities.......................
181,992,065
Radio networks.........................................
352,470,372
Radio stations...........................................
970,842,758
Record production.....................................
101,622,960
Sound recording studios...........................
74,003,749
Teleproduction and other postproduction
services...................................................
298,840,406
Television broadcasting.............................
2,091,486,268
Theater companies and dinner theaters...
425,869,780
SOURCE:
BLS
Los Angeles
percent of
United
States
Los Angeles
New York
percent of
United States
71,196,249,503
65,398,688,804
3,546,267,144
60,292,001
45,515,784
50,681,629,045
42,800,854,699
4,261,611,516
126,716,309
9,789,457
5.2
5.7
22.0
18.5
24.2
3.7
3.8
26.4
38.8
5.2
264,135,437
31,651,873
23,218,129
113,338,338
156,757,081
503,375
18,133,059
472,732,567
19.3
43.5
9.0
12.7
11.5
.7
7.0
53.0
63,604,348
65,143,666
23,171,518
639,276,514
55,165,950
20,383,670
20,112,305
99,889,966
27,318,733
46,927,526
70,709,889
2,475,194,812
39,899,875
11,009,774
52,801,966
5,035,739
70.0
10.1
15.7
18.8
10.6
29.0
5.4
42.7
30.1
7.3
47.9
72.9
7.6
15.7
14.1
2.2
7,795,733
3,826,737
34,950,972
1,009,614,510
161,419,356
14,414,183
25,690,049
61,372,567
60,178,591
10,715,832
47,005,004
12,046,522
19,015,070
115,713,879
15,626,965
11,060,909
30,933,596
31,858,450
11,114,836
14,008,556
11.7
9.2
23.3
42.7
33.6
7.9
7.3
6.3
60.0
14.5
70.6
28.9
12.7
4.9
3.3
6.1
8.8
3.3
11.0
18.9
40,121,379
476,708,831
114,558,905
153,143,439
272,628,877
13,925,251
13.4
22.8
26.9
51.2
13.0
3.3
New York
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
and video distribution, 51.2 percent in teleproduction and
other postproduction services, and 70.6 percent in other
motion picture and video industries. In addition, 38.8
percent of total wages earned by agents and managers for
public figures and 53.0 percent of earnings of independent
managers for public figures were earned in Los Angeles.
New York. During the first quarter of 2006, the New York
private-sector economy generated approximately $65.4 billion in private-sector wages. (See table 10.) Within New
York, the creative arts industries accounted for 5.4 percent
of these wages and 6.7 percent of private employment.
Seventeen years earlier, in 1990, total private-sector
wages generated in New York amounted to $20.4 billion,
or 4.0 percent of all private-sector wages earned in the
country. At that time, the creative arts industries represented about 8.0 percent of all New York private-sector
wages and 5.8 percent of private employment.
During the 17-year span of the study, total private
wages in New York more than tripled. Within the creative
industries, the proportion of private wages fell from 8.0
percent to 5.4 percent, but the share of private employment rose from 5.8 percent to 6.7 percent.
Among New York’s 27 creative arts industries, the one
earning the largest share of wages in 2006 was periodical
publishers (28.5 percent), followed by motion picture and
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 31
Arts and Entertainment Industry
Table 10. Total wages and shares, creative arts industries, New York, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
1990
2006
Percent
of
New York
Total
wages
Total
wages
Percent
of
New York
Total, all industries ...............................................
Total private . .....................................................
24,433,909,958
20,398,312,647
...
...
71,196,249,503
65,398,688,804
...
...
Total arts .........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures...........................
Art dealers........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming.....................
Dance companies............................................................
Fine arts schools..............................................................
Independent managers for public figures.........................
Integrated record production and distribution...................
Internet publishing and broadcasting...............................
Motion picture and video distribution................................
Motion picture and video production................................
Museums..........................................................................
Music publishers..............................................................
Musical groups and artists...............................................
News syndicates..............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries........................
Other sound recording industries.....................................
Other specialized design services....................................
Periodical publishers........................................................
Promoters with facilities...................................................
Promoters without facilities..............................................
Radio networks................................................................
Radio stations..................................................................
Record production............................................................
Sound recording studios..................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services...........
Television broadcasting....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters..........................
1,640,186,384
29,397,567
19,766,076
53,151,647
26,251,947
8,383,610
38,613,886
32,793,392
6,233,628
18,551,886
295,349,901
18,207,904
5,271,132
15,905,146
23,063,841
7,638,282
1,668,161
11,319,597
420,152,257
30,198,289
3,471,459
12,884,730
12,602,714
774,584
5,062,237
17,578,849
466,244,127
59,649,535
100.0
1.8
1.2
3.2
1.6
.5
2.4
2.0
.4
1.1
18.0
1.1
.3
1.0
1.4
.5
.1
.7
25.6
1.8
.2
.8
.8
.0
.3
1.1
28.4
3.6
3,546,267,144
60,292,001
45,515,784
264,135,437
31,651,873
23,218,129
113,338,338
63,604,348
65,143,666
23,171,518
639,276,514
55,165,950
20,383,670
20,112,305
99,889,966
7,795,733
3,826,737
34,950,972
1,009,614,510
161,419,356
14,414,183
25,690,049
61,372,567
60,178,591
10,715,832
40,121,379
476,708,831
114,558,905
100.0
1.7
1.3
7.4
.9
.7
3.2
1.8
1.8
.7
18.0
1.6
.6
.6
2.8
.2
.1
1.0
28.5
4.6
.4
.7
1.7
1.7
.3
1.1
13.4
3.2
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
video production (18.0 percent) and television broadcasting (13.4 percent). These three industries together thus
accounted for 59.9 percent of all creative arts wages, and
3.3 percent of all New York wages, at that time.
In 1990, the same three sectors had dominated the creative arts scene in terms of total wages. The three combined
represented 72.0 percent of total wages, with television
broadcasting making up the largest share, 28.4 percent.
Los Angeles. During the first quarter of 2006, the Los
Angeles private-sector economy generated $42.8 billion
in wages (see table 11), about 65 percent of that earned in
New York. However, as regards wages earned in the creative arts industries, Los Angeles wages equaled $4.3 billion, about 10.0 percent of all wages earned in the county,
and an amount that was 20.2 percent higher than the total
32
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
wages earned in New York’s creative sectors.
In 1990, the Los Angeles private economy had generated
$25.2 billion, 123.5 percent of what was earned in New York at
that time. With total private wages of $1.7 billion, the creative
arts industries represented 6.7 percent of all wages earned in
Los Angeles and 3.9 percent of private employment.
The dominant motion picture and video production
industry accounted for about $2.5 billion in 2006, 72.9
percent of all wages earned in motion picture and video
production in the Nation and 58.1 percent of all wages
earned in the creative arts industries in Los Angeles. The
creative arts industries represented 10.0 percent of all private wages earned in Los Angeles at that time, accounting
for 5.2 percent of private employment.
During the 17-year period examined, the importance
of the motion picture and video production industry to the
Table 11. Total wages and shares, creative arts industries, Los Angeles, first quarter, 1990, and first quarter, 2006
Industry
1990
2006
Percent
of
Los Angeles
Total
wages
Total
wages
Percent
of
Los Angeles
Total, all industries .................................................
Total private . .....................................................
29,480,327,107
25,193,657,642
...
...
50,681,629,045
42,800,854,699
...
...
Total arts .........................................................
Agents and managers for public figures...........................
Art dealers........................................................................
Cable and other subscription programming.....................
Dance companies............................................................
Fine arts schools..............................................................
Independent managers for public figures.........................
Integrated record production and distribution...................
Internet publishing and broadcasting...............................
Motion picture and video distribution................................
Motion picture and video production................................
Museums..........................................................................
Music publishers..............................................................
Musical groups and artists...............................................
News syndicates..............................................................
Other motion picture and video industries........................
Other sound recording industries.....................................
Other specialized design services....................................
Periodical publishers........................................................
Promoters with facilities...................................................
Promoters without facilities..............................................
Radio networks................................................................
Radio stations..................................................................
Record production............................................................
Sound recording studios..................................................
Teleproduction and other postproduction services...........
Television broadcasting....................................................
Theater companies and dinner theaters..........................
1,666,802,049
35,672,721
10,902,594
21,104,392
1,476,658
9,609,207
209,949,011
35,012,826
1,350,500
33,106,519
765,106,673
11,547,922
5,805,505
32,030,730
2,610,387
135,090,831
6,762,466
3,543,753
69,045,830
3,703,178
5,830,917
9,229,635
26,244,397
2,953,723
10,942,246
56,509,421
122,804,502
38,855,505
100.0
2.1
.7
1.3
.1
.6
12.6
2.1
.1
2.0
45.9
.7
.3
1.9
.2
8.1
.4
.2
4.1
.2
.3
.6
1.6
.2
.7
3.4
7.4
2.3
4,261,611,516
126,716,309
9,789,457
156,757,081
503,375
18,133,059
472,732,567
27,318,733
46,927,526
70,709,889
2,475,194,812
39,899,875
11,009,774
52,801,966
5,035,739
47,005,004
12,046,522
19,015,070
115,713,879
15,626,965
11,060,909
30,933,596
31,858,450
11,114,836
14,008,556
153,143,439
272,628,877
13,925,251
100.0
3.0
.2
3.7
.0
.4
11.1
.6
1.1
1.7
58.1
.9
.3
1.2
.1
1.1
.3
.4
2.7
.4
.3
.7
.7
.3
.3
3.6
6.4
.3
SOURCE:
BLS
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
overall Los Angeles economy increased. In 1990, the industry
accounted for $765 million in wages, an amount that represented 45.9 percent of all creative arts wages and about 3.0
percent of all wages earned in Los Angeles. Over the 19902006 period, the proportion of private creative arts wages
earned in Los Angeles increased from 6.7 percent to 10.0
percent. At the same time, the share of private employment
rose from 3.9 percent to 5.2 percent. Thus, the Los Angeles
creative arts industries’ economic pie not only grew in size, but
also became richer in terms of average earnings.
THIS ARTICLE HAS EXAMINED THE CREATIVE ARTS
industries from the perspective of their economic impact
on two geographic regions: New York and Los Angeles.
By clustering, or concentrating, their resources in these
two locations, the creative arts industries have been able
to magnify their influence.
Of the 1.2 million jobs in the creative arts industries in
the Nation in 2006, 1 out of every 4 was located in either
New York or Los Angeles. Serving as a focal point for
employment, each of these two counties has assumed its
own unique character.
Los Angeles, for example, has become synonymous
with motion picture and video production and related activities. In that region, this industry dominates the creative
arts landscape to such an extent that no other creative arts
industry exerts as much economic influence.
In New York, a different picture has emerged. There,
periodical publishing (that is, publishers of periodicals),
as well as motion picture and video production and television broadcasting, dominates the creative arts landscape.
These three industries, however, although influential in
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 33
Arts and Entertainment Industry
terms of jobs, are much less influential in New York’s employment scene, compared with the movie industry in Los
Angeles. Unlike Los Angeles, New York has a broad array
of creative arts industries, many of which are economically
important.
Besides being important employers, the creative arts
industries are associated with high-paying wages. For
example, in Los Angeles, the average weekly wage in the
creative arts industries exceeded the average private-sector wage by more than 90 percent—obviously influenced
by the high wages associated with the movie industry.
In New York, the average weekly wage associated with
the creative arts industries is approximately 27 percent
higher than the comparable wage in Los Angeles, but about
23 percent lower than the average private-sector wage in
New York. This difference is partly the influence of the high
wages paid in New York’s financial services sector.
Between 1990 and 2006, the role of both New York
and Los Angeles as focal points of employment in the
creative arts industries increased. Although employment
in these industries decreased nationwide over the 17-year
period, job growth was robust in both locales. In Los Angeles, growth was related to the clustering and dramatic
increase in employment associated with the motion picture and video industries. New York’s growth was less, but
nonetheless was steady and associated with an array of
industries.
Finally, vital as the creative arts industries are economically, their overall importance to society transcends
economic analysis. The distinguishing aspect of the
creative arts industries is the set of talents possessed by
their labor force. Organizing those talents into a production process brings out the importance of geographic
concentration.
Notes
1
The smallest geographic units that can be analyzed with the
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) database are
counties. Thus, in this article, New York refers to New York County
(that is, Manhattan), whereas Los Angeles refers to the county of the
same name, which includes the city and surrounding suburbs.
Alan J. Scott, “The Craft, Fashion, and Cultural-Products Industries of Los Angeles: Competitive Dynamics and Policy Dilemmas in
a Multisectoral Image-Producing Complex,” Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, June 1996, pp. 306–23.
2
3
Ibid.
William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts, the
Economic Dilemma (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966).
4
Richard E. Caves, Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and
Commerce (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2000).
5
34
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
6
Hereafter, all references to 1990 and 2006 are to the first quarters
of those years. The first quarter of 1990 was selected because it is the
first quarter for which NAICS-based data are available. The first quarter
of 2006 was selected because it is the latest quarter containing comparable data.
7
QCEW.
See Stuart Cunningham, “From Cultural to Creative Industries: Theory, Industry, and Policy Implications,” on the Internet
at eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00000588/01/cunningham_from.
pdf (visited June 28, 2006).
8
9
Ibid.
In 1991, the QCEW introduced a Multiple Worksite Report form
that resulted in greater precision by detailed industry classification for
those employers with multiple establishments.
10
Précis
The role of small and large
businesses in economic
development
One of the models traditionally used
by U.S. communities to develop their
local economies has been to recruit
large businesses into their area by
offering them tax breaks and other
financial incentives. But in recent
years, many communities have abandoned this model and instead have
focused their efforts on developing
new, smaller businesses and fostering an environment in which existing
ones can grow. In a recent study in
the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas
City’s Economic Review, senior bank
economist Kelly Edmiston examines
the impact of this shift in development strategy by comparing the costs
and benefits of the two models.
Edmiston begins his study with a
discussion of the traditional model
and argues that when large (100 or
more employees) firms move into an
area, the “net economic impact” on
the local community is not always
positive. Although these firms create jobs and generate income, their
“indirect effects” on other firms tend
to offset some of the gains. Existing
companies will not expand as they
would have or they might go out of
business altogether. Other companies
that would have moved into the area
will locate elsewhere. Edmiston cites
one study, for example, in which a new
plant opening with 1,000 employees
led to a net gain of only 285 jobs over
a 5-year period. Other studies cited
by the author show that “negative effects dominate with many large-firm
locations.”
Edmiston also compares various
aspects of job creation in small and
large businesses and concludes that
while small firms are “potent job creators,” larger firms tend to offer better jobs in terms of compensation and
stability. He finds little evidence that
the net employment gains from small
businesses are any greater than those
from large businesses, and most net
employment gains come from the expansion of existing firms rather than
from newly established ones. The final
portion of the study looks at innovation and finds “little convincing evidence” that small firms are any more
innovative than large firms.
Boomers and the
economy’s future
As more baby boomers become eligible for retirement, what effects will
this have on the U.S. economy? Kevin
Kliesen, an economist at the Federal
Reserve Bank of St. Louis, considers this topic in a recent issue of the
Bank’s quarterly periodical, The Regional Economist.
Kliesen uses a standard growth
accounting framework to estimate
how gross domestic product (GDP)
growth can be expected to change as
the baby-boom generation—born between 1946 and 1964—heads towards
retirement. This framework combines
three factors: projected population
growth, a projection of labor force
participation growth, and projected
productivity growth. Adding these up
yields an estimate of future real GDP
growth.
Population projections cited by
Kliesen show a slowing of the rate
of adult population growth from 1.2
percent per year in the 1990–2006
period to 0.9 percent in the 2007–
2017 period and 0.8 percent in the
2018–2028 period. The labor force
participation rate dropped slightly
from 1990 to 2006; projections suggest a more rapid drop in labor force
participation between 2007 and 2017,
and an even faster decline between
2018 and 2028. He mentions that the
labor force participation rate could
decline less than projected, but considers this to be unlikely.
For the last piece of the puzzle,
productivity growth, Kliesen assumes that the average rate of growth
of about 1.8 percent per year in the
1990–2006 period will continue in
the two subsequent periods. Putting
it all together, Kliesen finds that “the
growth accounting framework projects that real GDP growth will slow
from an average of 3 percent per year
from 1990–2006 to 2.5 percent per
year from 2007–2017 and then to 2.2
percent per year from 2018–2028.” He
does acknowledge that faster productivity growth could have a mitigating
effect, but mentions several reasons
why this might not happen.
We are interested in your feedback on this column. Please let us
know what you have found most
interesting and what essential readings we may have missed. Write to:
Executive Editor, Monthly Labor
Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, DC 20212, or e-mail,
mlr@bls.gov
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 35
Book Reviews
Economic change
Understanding the Process of Economic
Change. By Douglass C. North.
Princeton, NJ, Princeton University
Press, 2005, 170 pp., $35/hardback.
Douglass C. North, a Professor of
Economics at Washington University in St. Louis, is a Nobel Prize
winner in Economics and prolific
author. His most well-known work,
Institutions, Institutional Change,
and Economic Performance, was written in 1990. His current work is a
very substantial extension of that
book, again focusing on institutional
change. North, in his own words,
“has placed institutions at the center
of understanding economies because
they are the incentive structure of
economies.” In fact, North’s ideas
have inspired the development of a
new subfield of economics known as
New Institutional Economics.
According to North, institutions
are the rules of the game and organizations are the players. Institutions
consist of formal rules, informal rules,
and their enforcement characteristics.
To reduce uncertainty in their lives,
human beings make innovations in
their institutions. People construct
elaborate beliefs about how their
political-economic systems “should”
work (how they would like them to
work) in contrast to how they “actually” work (how they perceive them
working).
The most powerful political and
economic entrepreneurs, who hold
society’s dominant beliefs, over time
construct “an elaborate structure of
institutions that determine economic
and political performance.” These institutions make it difficult for entrepreneurs to innovate by limiting their
set of choices. Change, therefore, although occurring continually, is typically incremental; the rate of change
36
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
depends on the level of competition
between the existing organizations
and their entrepreneurs. Economic
change gives rise to an alteration in
the institutional matrix, and hence
also to perceptions of the “reality” of
the political-economic system.
Perhaps North’s most important
contribution in this book is the concept that the process of economic
change can be best understood when
one is aware of the intentions of the
organizations (the “players”) enacting
institutional changes and when one
comprehends the issues. Countries
fail economically either because the
players’ intentions have been based
on self-interest, rather than societal
well-being, or because of their poor
comprehension of the issues.
North illustrates this with an
extensive analysis of the economic
history of the Soviet Union, the ultimate demise of which was a result
of both of these reasons. The Soviet
Union, led by Vladimir Lenin, in its
early years was guided by the principles of Marx and Engels, particularly in regards to property. However,
Marx and Engels did not provide any
details about how to construct a Socialist society. The Communist Party
leaders had a “primitive understanding … of the fundamental structure
of an operating economy and [an]
even more primitive understanding
of the necessary incentive structure
to accomplish their objectives.” To
make matters worse, Russia’s new
masters could not tolerate any dissent; in September 1922, there was a
mass expulsion of the country’s finest
economists, philosophers, scientists
and thinkers. Several early crises
caused a temporary retreat from
their guiding Marxist principles
with the New Economic Policy, but
by 1928, now under Stalin, the government had returned to ideological
orthodoxy. A gigantic state appara-
tus and complex institutional matrix
developed and had some successes,
notably in heavy industry, and other
failures, especially agriculture. Agriculture remained a problem throughout the history of the Soviet Union,
and eventually economic growth in
toto came almost to a standstill in the
Brezhnev era.
Being unwilling to change the
existing set of institutions, the Communist leaders attempted minor reforms, but could not stem the tide of
decline; the bureaucracy was too entrenched and powerful. Corruption,
which had always been a problem in
the Soviet state, became ubiquitous,
and organized crime grew and became more violent. Under Gorbachev, perestroika (reorganization) became the watchword, and economic
and political institutions were finally
liberalized. The legalization of some
private economic activity benefited
the nation little, however, as directors
of state enterprises took advantage of
increased opportunities to hide production and skim profits for personal
consumption. Furthermore, changing the political institutions led to
the rapid disintegration of the existing control system and the fall of the
Soviet state.
This reviewer has one major criticism of the organization of this book.
There are numerous examples of
terms that are crucial to the understanding of the book, but may very
well be unfamiliar to the reader, being used before being defined. For
example, “path dependence,” defined
as “the constraints on the choice set
in the present that are derived from
historical experiences of the past” is
used first on page 2 but not defined
until page 52. A second important
term, “adaptive efficiency,” defined as
“the flexibility of institutional structures to try various alternatives to
deal with novel problems that con-
tinue to emerge over time” is used
several times prior to being defined
on page 154. Even the definition of
institutions does not come until page
48, despite being referred to on almost every previous page.
Additionally, North makes statements in the book such as “Religious
fundamentalism, ethnic hatreds,
racist stereotypes, superstitions …”
that clearly portray religious fundamentalists as both ignorant and evil.
He also makes numerous references
to evolution, including a new theory
about the evolution of the brain
called neural Darwinism. Both positions could be considered offensive to
readers who don’t happen to share his
views.
This book seems to be intended
primarily for economists, although
people knowledgeable in political
science or cognitive science might
also find parts of it to be of value.
There is no question that Douglass
North, in this book and his numerous
other books and articles on economic
change, has had a powerful influence
on the study of economics. Many
readers obviously like this book, as
reviews with high praise for it can
be found on its cover or at Amazon.
com. My concern is that it is written
at a level beyond the understanding
of even a college graduate (B.A.) in
Economics. If the reader has a strong
background and interest in this field
and wants to keep informed on a
subject of growing importance, this is
a book well worth reading. For those
not so well read, North’s explanation
of the process of economic change
may prove intimidating and therefore unsatisfactory.
—Ronald Johnson
Office of Prices and Living
Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
37
The November
2007 issue will update
the 2004–2014 projections.
Four articles will present
projected aggregate economic
growth, labor force participation, industry output and employment, and structural
changes in occupational
employment.
Current Labor Statistics
Monthly Labor Review
October 2007
NOTE: Many of the statistics in the
following pages were subsequently
revised. These pages have not been
updated to reflect the revisions.
To obtain BLS data that reflect all revisions, see
http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm
For the latest set of "Current Labor Statistics,"
see http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/curlabst.htm
Current Labor Statistics
Notes on labor statistics ...................................
40
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators..................................................... 52
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in
compensation, prices, and productivity........................... 53
3. Alternative measures of wages and
compensation changes.................................................... 53
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.........
6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted.....
7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
seasonally adjusted .........................................................
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted.............
11. Employment of workers by State,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
12. Employment of workers by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.......
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
15. Average hourly earnings by industry..................................
16. Average weekly earnings by industry.................................
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
62
63
64
65
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 66
18. Job openings levels and rates, by industry and regions,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 67
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 67
20. Separations levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 68
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 68
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
10 largest counties . ........................................................ 69
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State... 71
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages, by ownership................................................ 72
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
establishment size and employment, by supersector........ 73
26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area .......................................... 74
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population........... 79
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry .................. 79
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level,
by industry...................................................................... 80
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
30.
31.
32.
33.
Employment Cost Index, compensation ..........................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries ....................
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry ..........
Employment Cost Index, private industry workers,
by bargaining status, and region.....................................
34. National Compensation Survey, retirement benefits,
private industry .............................................................
35. National Compensation Survey, health insurance,
private industry...............................................................
36. National Compensation Survey, selected benefits,
private industry..............................................................
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more.............
81
83
85
86
87
90
92
92
Price data
38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups.................. 93
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and
local data, all items ........................................................ 96
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major groups........................................................... 97
41. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................... 98
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups.............................................................. 99
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of processing..................................................... 100
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................... 100
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................... 101
46. U.S. international price indexes for selected
categories of services...................................................... 101
Productivity data
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.......................... 102
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity........................ 103
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices...................................................... 104
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries..... 105
International comparisons data
51. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 108
52. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, 10 countries........................... 109
53. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
16 economies................................................................. 110
Injury and Illness data
54. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness................... 112
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure .............. 114
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 39
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the
principal statistical series collected and
calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer,
producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness statistics. In the notes that follow,
the data in each group of tables are briefly
described; key definitions are given; notes
on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday
buying periods, and vacation practices, which
might prevent short-term evaluation of the
statistical series. Tables containing data that
have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of current and past experiences.
When new seasonal factors are computed
each year, revisions may affect seasonally
adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1–14, 17–21, 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted
labor force data in tables 1 and 4–9 and seasonally adjusted establishment survey data
shown in tables 1, 12–14, and 17 are revised
in the March 2007 Review. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology
appears in “Notes on the data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in table
54 are usually introduced in the September
issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and
quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index
series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes
are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data—such as the “real” earnings shown in
table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the effect
of changes in price. These adjustments are
made by dividing current-dollar values by
the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying
by 100. For example, given a current hourly
wage rate of $3 and a current price index
number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly
rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150
x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting
40
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or
“1982” dollars.
Sources of information
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety
of sources. Definitions of each series and
notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of
data. For detailed descriptions of each data
series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin
2490. Users also may wish to consult Major
Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are
published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue.
More information about labor force,
employment, and unemployment data and
the household and establishment surveys
underlying the data are available in the
Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment
and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted data from the household
survey are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/cps/
Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment
survey also are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ces/
Additional information on labor force data
for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic
Profile of Employment and Unemployment.
For a comprehensive discussion of the
Employment Cost Index, see Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the
Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms;
Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local
Governments.
More detailed data on consumer and
producer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the
1998 revision of the CPI, see the December
1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear
in monthly news releases.
Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found on
the Internet:
www.bls.gov/lpc/
For additional information on international comparisons data, see Interna-
tional Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
1979.
Detailed data on the occupational injury
and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States,
by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin.
Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries
analytical articles on annual and longer term
developments in labor force, employment,
and unemployment; employee compensation
and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness data.
Symbols
n.e.c. =
n.e.s. =
p =
r =
not elsewhere classified.
not elsewhere specified.
preliminary. To increase
the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued
based on representative but
incomplete returns.
revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability of later
data, but also may reflect other
adjustments.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1–3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in
compensation provided by the Employment
Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force
participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major
demographic groups based on the Current
Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and
average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The
Employment Cost Index (compensation),
by major sector and by bargaining status, is
chosen from a variety of BLS compensation
and wage measures because it provides a
comprehensive measure of employer costs for
hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it
is not affected by employment shifts among
occupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2.
Measures of rates of change of compensation
and wages from the Employment Cost Index
program are provided for all civilian nonfarm
workers (excluding Federal and household
workers) and for all private nonfarm workers.
Measures of changes in consumer prices for
all urban consumers; producer prices by stage
of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price
indexes are given. Measures of productivity
(output per hour of all persons) are provided
for major sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the
overall trend in labor costs, are summarized
in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope,
related to the specific purposes of the series,
contribute to the variation in changes among
the individual measures.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work
because they were on layoff are also counted
among the unemployed. The unemployment
rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as
employed or unemployed. This group includes
discouraged workers, defined as persons who
want and are available for a job and who
have looked for work sometime in the past
12 months (or since the end of their last job
if they held one within the past 12 months),
but are not currently looking, because they
believe there are no jobs available or there are
none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises
all persons 16 years of age and older who are
not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm,
or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian
noninstitutional population that is in the
labor force. The employment-population
ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
(Tables 1; 4–29)
Notes on the data
Household survey data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the
Current Population Survey figures to correct
for estimating errors during the intercensal
years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of
these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. For
a discussion of changes introduced in January
2003, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf).
Effective in January 2003, BLS began
using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment
program to seasonally adjust national labor
force data. This program replaced the X-11
ARIMA program which had been used since
January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally
Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion
of the introduction of the use of X-12 ARIMA
for seasonal adjustment of the labor force
data and the effects that it had on the data.
At the beginning of each calendar year,
historical seasonally adjusted data usually
are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data.
Description of the series
Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample
consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive
months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all those who
worked for pay any time during the week
which includes the 12th day of the month or
who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a
family-operated enterprise and (2) those who
were temporarily absent from their regular
jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial
dispute, or similar reasons. A person working
at more than one job is counted only in the
job at which he or she worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary illness
and had looked for jobs within the preceding
January–June period. The historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised for only
the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal
adjustment factors, which incorporate the
experience through June, are produced for
the July–December period, but no revisions
are made in the historical data.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
national household survey data, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202)
691–6378.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
Employment, hours, and earnings data in this
section are compiled from payroll records
reported monthly on a voluntary basis to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 160,000
businesses and government agencies, which
represent approximately 400,000 individual
worksites and represent all industries except
agriculture. The active CES sample covers
approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll workers. Industries are classified in
accordance with the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System. In most
industries, the sampling probabilities are
based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the
sample. (An establishment is not necessarily
a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example,
or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and
others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they
are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household
and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit which
produces goods or services (such as a factory
or store) at a single location and is engaged
in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick pay)
for any part of the payroll period including
the 12th day of the month. Persons holding
more than one job (about 5 percent of all
persons in the labor force) are counted in
each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in the goodsproducing industries cover employees, up
through the level of working supervisors,
who engage directly in the manufacture or
construction of the establishment’s product.
In private service-providing industries, data
are collected for nonsupervisory workers,
which include most employees except those
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
41
Current Labor Statistics
in executive, managerial, and supervisory
positions. Those workers mentioned in tables
11–16 include production workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining;
construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Production and
nonsupervisory workers account for about
four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory workers receive during
the survey period, including premium pay
for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
payments. Real earnings are earnings
adjusted to reflect the effects of changes
in consumer prices. The deflator for this
series is derived from the Consumer Price
Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W).
Hours represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and are
different from standard or scheduled hours.
Overtime hours represent the portion of
average weekly hours which was in excess
of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the
percent of industries in which employment
was rising over the indicated period, plus
one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with
Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while
those for the 12-month span are unadjusted.
Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries,
and a manufacturing index based on 84
industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
Establishment survey data are annually
adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The March
2003 benchmark was introduced in February
2004 with the release of data for January
2004, published in the March 2004 issue of
the Review. With the release in June 2003,
CES completed a conversion from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to
the North American Industry Classification
System (naics) and completed the transition
from its original quota sample design to a
probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruction
of historical estimates in order to preserve
42
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
time series for data users. Normally 5 years
of seasonally adjusted data are revised with
each benchmark revision. However, with this
release, the entire new time series history for
all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted
due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted
in the revision of all CES time series.
Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for
the national establishment data. Under this
methodology, the first preliminary estimates
for the current reference month and the
revised estimates for the 2 prior months will
be updated with concurrent factors with each
new release of data. Concurrent seasonal
adjustment incorporates all available data,
including first preliminary estimates for
the most current month, in the adjustment
process. For additional information on all of
the changes introduced in June 2003, see the
June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings
and “Recent changes in the national Current
Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3–13.
Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003
data. For information on the revisions for
the State data, see the March and May 2003
issues of Employment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan
Area CES survey,” Monthly Labor Review,
June 2003, pp. 14–19.
Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses
the X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This
procedure, developed by the Bureau of the
Census, controls for the effect of varying
survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus
5-week effect), thereby providing improved
measurement of over-the-month changes
and underlying economic trends. Revisions
of data, usually for the most recent 5-year
period, are made once a year coincident with
the benchmark revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates
for the most recent 2 months are based on
incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12–17 in the Review).
When all returns have been received, the
estimates are revised and published as “final”
(prior to any benchmark revisions) in the
third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in
January and February and as final in March.
For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the
first 2 months of publication and final in the
third month. Fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February
and as final in March.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
establishment survey data, contact the Division of Current Employment Statistics:
(202) 691–6555.
Unemployment data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in
cooperation with State employment security
agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis
for determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance
programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment
rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying
these data are those used in the national
estimates obtained from the CPS.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures
established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are
revised to new population controls, usually
with publication of January estimates, and
benchmarked to annual average CPS levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data
in this series, call (202) 691–6392 (table 10)
or (202) 691–6559 (table 11).
Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages
Description of the series
Employment, wage, and establishment data
in this section are derived from the quarterly
tax reports submitted to State employment
security agencies by private and State and
local government employers subject to State
unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from
Federal, agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
(ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the
information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration
of employment and wage information by
industry at the national, State, metropolitan
area, and county levels. They have broad
economic significance in evaluating labor
market trends and major industry developments.
Definitions
In general, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data
represent the number of covered workers
who worked during, or received pay for, the
pay period that included the 12th day of
the month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials,
executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece
workers, and part-time workers. It excludes
proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain
farm and domestic workers. Certain types
of nonprofit employers, such as religious
organizations, are given a choice of coverage
or exclusion in a number of States. Workers
in these organizations are, therefore, reported
to a limited degree.
Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday,
paid vacation, and the like, are included.
Persons on the payroll of more than one
firm during the period are counted by each
ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no
wages during the entire applicable pay period
because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs,
illness, or unpaid vacations.
Federal employment data are based on
reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State
agencies for all Federal installations with
employees covered by the Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe)
program, except for certain national security
agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies
for any given month is based on the number
of persons who worked during or received
pay for the pay period that included the 12th
of the month.
An establishment is an economic unit,
such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that
produces goods or provides services. It is
typically at a single physical location and
engaged in one, or predominantly one, type
of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses
two or more distinct and significant activities.
Each activity should be reported as a separate
establishment if separate records are kept
and the various activities are classified under
different NAICS industries.
Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the
predominant reporting unit or statistical
entity for reporting employment and wages
data. Most employers, including State and
local governments who operate more than
one establishment in a State, file a Multiple
Worksite Report each quarter, in addition
to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple
Worksite Report is used to collect separate
employment and wage data for each of the
employer’s establishments, which are not
detailed on the ui report. Some very small
multi-establishment employers do not file a
Multiple Worksite Report. When the total
employment in an employer’s secondary
establishments (all establishments other
than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer
generally will file a consolidated report for all
establishments. Also, some employers either
cannot or will not report at the establishment
level and thus aggregate establishments into
one consolidated unit, or possibly several
units, though not at the establishment level.
For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location
at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal
agencies follow slightly different criteria than
do private employers when breaking down
their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1)
all installations with 10 or fewer workers,
and 2) all installations that have a combined
total in the State of fewer than 50 workers.
Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers
in all secondary installations in a State, the
secondary installations may be combined and
reported with the major installation. Last, if a
Federal agency has fewer than five employees
in a State, the agency headquarters office
(regional office, district office) serving each
State may consolidate the employment and
wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters
is located. As a result of these reporting rules,
the number of reporting units is always larger
than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number
of actual establishments (or installations).
Data reported for the first quarter are
tabulated into size categories ranging from
worksites of very small size to those with
1,000 employees or more. The size category
is determined by the establishment’s March
employment level. It is important to note that
each establishment of a multi-establishment
firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level
of the reporting multi-establishment firm is
not used in the size tabulation.
Covered employers in most States report
total wages paid during the calendar quarter,
regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify
that wages be reported for, or based on the
period during which services are performed
rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or
regulations, wages include bonuses, stock
options, the cash value of meals and lodging,
tips and other gratuities, and, in some States,
employer contributions to certain deferred
compensation plans such as 401(k) plans.
Covered employer contributions for
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance
(oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private
pension and welfare funds are not reported as
wages. Employee contributions for the same
purposes, however, as well as money withheld
for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are
reported even though they are deducted from
the worker’s gross pay.
Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all
pay periods ending within the quarter. This
includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent
of any type of remuneration, severance pay,
withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for
workers in private industry.
Average annual wage per employee for
any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average
employment. A further division by 52 yields
average weekly wages per employee. Annual
pay data only approximate annual earnings
because an individual may not be employed
by the same employer all year or may work for
more than one employer at a time.
Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time
workers as well as the number of individuals
in high-paying and low-paying occupations.
When average pay levels between States and
industries are compared, these factors should
be taken into consideration. For example,
industries characterized by high proportions
of part-time workers will show average wage
levels appreciably less than the weekly pay
levels of regular full-time employees in these
industries. The opposite effect characterizes
industries with low proportions of part-time
workers, or industries that typically schedule
heavy weekend and overtime work. Average
wage data also may be influenced by work
stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive
payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments,
and so on.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the release of data for 2001,
publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have
switched to the 2002 version of the North
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
43
Current Labor Statistics
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and
tabulation of economic data by industry.
NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies
of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Due to difference in NAICS and Standard
Industrial Classification ( SIC) structures,
industry data for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based data for earlier years.
Effective January 2001, the program
began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and
related establishments to local government
ownership. This BLS action was in response
to a change in Federal law dealing with the
way Indian Tribes are treated under the
Federal Unemployment Tax Act. This law
requires federally recognized Indian Tribes
to be treated similarly to State and local
governments. In the past, the Covered Employment and Wage (CEW) program coded
Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments in the private sector. As a result of the
new law, CEW data reflects significant shifts
in employment and wages between the private sector and local government from 2000
to 2001. Data also reflect industry changes.
Those accounts previously assigned to civic
and social organizations were assigned to
tribal governments. There were no required
industry changes for related establishments
owned by these Tribal Councils. These
tribal business establishments continued to
be coded according to the economic activity
of that entity.
To insure the highest possible quality
of data, State employment security agencies
verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification
process are introduced with the data reported
for the first quarter of the year. Changes
resulting from improved employer reporting
also are introduced in the first quarter. For
these reasons, some data, especially at more
detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly
comparable with earlier years.
County definitions are assigned according
to Federal Information Processing Standards
Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas
shown as counties include those designated
as independent cities in some jurisdictions
and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the
Census Bureau where counties have not been
created. County data also are presented for
the New England States for comparative
purposes, even though townships are the
more common designation used in New
England (and New Jersey).
44
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) defines metropolitan areas for use
in Federal statistical activities and updates
these definitions as needed. Data in this table
use metropolitan area criteria established
by OMB in definitions issued June 30, 1999
(OMB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions
reflect information obtained from the 1990
Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census
Bureau population estimate. A complete list
of metropolitan area definitions is available
from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847.
OMB defines metropolitan areas in terms
of entire counties, except in the six New England States where they are defined in terms of
cities and towns. New England data in this
table, however, are based on a county concept
defined by OMB as New England County
Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed available
from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The NECMA is a county-based
alternative to the city- and town-based
metropolitan areas in New England. The
NECMA for a Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA) include: (1) the county containing
the first-named city in that MSA title (this
county may include the first-named cities of
other MSA, and (2) each additional county
having at least half its population in the
MSA in which first-named cities are in the
county identified in step 1. The NECMA is
officially defined areas that are meant to be
used by statistical programs that cannot use
the regular metropolitan area definitions in
New England.
For additional information on the
covered employment and wage data, contact
the Division of Administrative Statistics and
Labor Turnover at (202) 691–6567.
Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey
Description of the series
Data for the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and
compiled from a sample of 16,000 business
establishments. Each month, data are collected for total employment, job openings,
hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The JOLTS program covers all
private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal,
State, and local government entities in the
50 States and the District of Columbia. The
JOLTS sample design is a random sample
drawn from a universe of more than eight
million establishments compiled as part of
the operations of the Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program.
This program includes all employers subject to
State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and
Federal agencies subject to Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class.
Large firms fall into the sample with virtual
certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates
are controlled to the employment estimates
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment
is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS
data elements. Rates then are computed from
the adjusted levels.
The monthly JOLTS data series begin with
December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted
data on job openings, hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations levels and rates are available for
the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry
divisions and 2 government divisions based
on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and four geographic
regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job
openings, hires, total separations, and quits
levels and rates are available for the total
nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and
four geographic regions.
Definitions
Establishments submit job openings infor-mation for the last business day of the
reference month. A job opening requires
that (1) a specific position exists and there
is work available for that position; and (2)
work could start within 30 days regardless
of whether a suitable candidate is found;
and (3) the employer is actively recruiting
from outside the establishment to fill the
position. Included are full-time, part-time,
permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by
advertising in newspapers or on the Internet,
posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers,
promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs
are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with
start dates more than 30 days in the future,
jobs for which employees have been hired but
have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be
filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, or consultants. The job openings
rate is computed by dividing the number of
job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings, and multiplying that quotient
by 100.
Hires are the total number of additions
to the payroll occurring at any time during
the reference month, including both new and
rehired employees and full-time and parttime, permanent, short-term and seasonal
employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call
or intermittent employees who returned to
work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary
help agencies or employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The hires
rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment, and multiplying that
quotient by 100.
Separations are the total number of
terminations of employment occurring at
any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation—quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations.
Quits are voluntary separations by employees
(except for retirements, which are reported
as other separations). Layoffs and discharges
are involuntary separations initiated by the
employer and include layoffs with no intent
to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected
to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting
from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings
or other discharges for cause, terminations
of permanent or short-term employees, and
terminations of seasonal employees. Other
separations include retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations
due to disability. Separations do not include
transfers within the same location or employees on strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations rates are computed similarly,
dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Notes on the data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires,
and separations are relatively new. The full
sample is divided into panels, with one panel
enrolled each month. A full complement of
panels for the original data series based on
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system was not completely enrolled in
the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to
create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected
up until those points are from less than a
full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as
fewer sampled units were reporting data at
that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for
collecting hires and separations data were
revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may
not be comparable with estimates for March
2002 and later.
The Federal Government reorganization
that involved transferring approximately
180,000 employees to the new Department
of Homeland Security is not reflected in
the JOLTS hires and separations estimates
for the Federal Government. The Office of
Personnel Management’s record shows these
transfers were completed in March 2003. The
inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions
of hires and separations is intended to cover
ongoing movements of workers between
establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive
one-time event, and the inclusion of these
intergovernmental transfers would distort
the Federal Government time series.
Data users should note that seasonal
adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted
with fewer data observations than is customary. The historical data, therefore, may
be subject to larger than normal revisions.
Because the seasonal patterns in economic
data series typically emerge over time, the
standard use of moving averages as seasonal
filters to capture these effects requires longer
series than are currently available. As a result,
the stable seasonal filter option is used in the
seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS data. When
calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes
an average for each calendar month after
detrending the series. The stable seasonal
filter assumes that the seasonal factors are
fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient
data are available. When the stable seasonal
filter is no longer needed, other program features also may be introduced, such as outlier
adjustment and extended diagnostic testing.
Additionally, it is expected that more series,
such as layoffs and discharges and additional
industries, may be seasonally adjusted when
more data are available.
JOLTS hires and separations estimates
cannot be used to exactly explain net changes
in payroll employment. Some reasons why it
is problematic to compare changes in payroll
employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: (1)
the reference period for payroll employment
is the pay period including the 12th of the
month, while the reference period for hires
and separations is the calendar month; and
(2) payroll employment can vary from month
to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during
the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Additionally, research has found that
some reporters systematically underreport
separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their
payroll systems and practices. The shortfall
appears to be about 2 percent or less over a
12-month period.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Job Openings and Labor Turnover
Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202)
961–5870.
Compensation and
Wage Data
(Tables 1–3; 30–37)
The National Compensation Survey (NCS)
produces a variety of compensation data.
These include: The Employment Cost Index
(ECI) and NCS benefit measures of the incidence and provisions of selected employee
benefit plans. Selected samples of these
measures appear in the following tables. NCS
also compiles data on occupational wages and
the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC).
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation per hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It is a Laspeyres Index that
uses fixed employment weights to measure
change in labor costs free from the influence
of employment shifts among occupations
and industries.
The ECI provides data for the civilian
economy, which includes the total private
nonfarm economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the
Federal government. Data are collected each
quarter for the pay period including the
12th day of March, June, September, and
December.
Sample establishments are classified by
industry categories based on the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS).
Within a sample establishment, specific job
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
45
Current Labor Statistics
categories are selected and classified into
about 800 occupations according to the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
System. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate
aggregations, such as professional and related
occupations, or one of five higher level aggregations, such as management, professional,
and related occupations.
Fixed employment weights are used
each quarter to calculate the most aggregate
series—civilian, private, and State and local
government. These fixed weights are also
used to derive all of the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with the
March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were
introduced. From March 1995 to December
2005, 1990 employment counts were used.
These fixed weights ensure that changes in
these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among
industries or occupations with different levels
of wages and compensation. For the series
based on bargaining status, census region
and division, and metropolitan area status,
fixed employment data are not available. The
employment weights are reallocated within
these series each quarter based on the current eci sample. The indexes for these series,
consequently, are not strictly comparable
with those for aggregate, occupational, and
industry series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance,
retirement and savings plans, and legally
required benefits (such as Social Security,
workers’ compensation, and unemployment
insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as paymentin-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The ECI data in these tables reflect the
con-version to the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) and
the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data
46
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
shown prior to 2006 are for informational
purposes only. ECI series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates
starting in March 2006.
The ECI for changes in wages and salaries
in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total
compensation cost—wages and salaries and
benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages
and salaries and for total compensation in
the State and local government sector and
in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding
Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (December
2005=100) are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ect/
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Employment Cost Index is available at
http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or
by telephone at (202) 691–6199.
National Compensation Survey
Benefit Measures
Description of the series
NCS benefit measures of employee benefits are published in two separate reports.
The annual summary provides data on the
incidence of (access to and participation
in) selected benefits and provisions of paid
holidays and vacations, life insurance plans,
and other selected benefit programs. Data on
percentages of establishments offering major
employee benefits, and on the employer and
employee shares of contributions to medical
care premiums also are presented. Selected
benefit data appear in the following tables. A
second publication, published later, contains
more detailed information about health and
retirement plans.
Definitions
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as long as there
is some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term
care insurance paid entirely by the employee
are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium
rates are considered a benefit.
Employees are considered as having access to a benefit plan if it is available for their
use. For example, if an employee is permitted
to participate in a medical care plan offered
by the employer, but the employee declines to
do so, he or she is placed in the category with
those having access to medical care.
Employees in contributory plans are
considered as participating in an insurance
or retirement plan if they have paid required
contributions and fulfilled any applicable
service requirement. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating
regardless of whether they have fulfilled the
service requirements.
Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement
benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to
provide those benefits. Benefits are generally
based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula
for determining eventual benefits. Instead,
individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts
credited to these accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of
defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary
to an employer-sponsored plan and defer
income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as life
insurance, medical care, and vacation days,
and among several levels of coverage within
a given benefit.
Notes on the data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE NCS
benefit measures is available at http://www.
bls.gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm or by telephone
at (202) 691–6199.
Work stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the number
and duration of major strikes or lockouts
(involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring
during the month (or year), the number of
workers involved, and the amount of work
time lost because of stoppage. These data are
presented in table 37.
Data are largely from a variety of published sources and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effect of
stoppages on other establishments whose
employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages: The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers
involved in the stoppages.
Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays
lost as a percent of the aggregate number of
standard workdays in the period multiplied
by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more.
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on work
stop-pages data is available at http://www.
bls.gov/cba/home.htm or by telephone at
(202) 691–6199.
Price Data
(Tables 2; 38–46)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period—December 2003 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted),
1982–84 = 100 for many Consumer Price
Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990
= 100 for International Price Indexes.
Consumer Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure
of the average change in the prices paid by
urban consumers for a fixed market basket
of goods and services. The CPI is calculated
monthly for two population groups, one
consisting only of urban households whose
primary source of income is derived from
the employment of wage earners and clerical
workers, and the other consisting of all urban
households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is
a continuation of the historic index that was
introduced well over a half-century ago for
use in wage negotiations. As new uses were
developed for the CPI in recent years, the need
for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all-urban consumer
index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993–95 buying habits of about
87 percent of the noninstitutional population
of the United States at that time, compared
with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In
addition to wage earners and clerical workers,
the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and
technical workers, the self-employed, shortterm workers, the unemployed, retirees, and
others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares,
doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods
and services that people buy for day-to-day
living. The quantity and quality of these items
are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be
measured. All taxes directly associated with
the purchase and use of items are included
in the index.
Data collected from more than 23,000
retail establishments and 5,800 housing units
in 87 urban areas across the country are used
to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate
estimates for 14 major urban centers are
presented in table 39. The areas listed are as
indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area
indexes measure only the average change in
prices for each area since the base period,
and do not indicate differences in the level of
prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the
way in which homeownership costs are
meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence
method replaced the asset-price approach
to homeownership costs for that series. In
January 1985, the same change was made
in the CPI-W. The central purpose of the
change was to separate shelter costs from the
investment component of homeownership so
that the index would reflect only the cost of
shelter services provided by owner-occupied
homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were
introduced with release of the January 1987
and January 1998 data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes:
(202) 691–7000.
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic
producers of commodities in all stages of
processing. The sample used for calculating
these indexes currently contains about 3,200
commodities and about 80,000 quotations
per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced
in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity
and public utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing structure of PPI organizes products by
class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that
is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and
crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by
similarity of end use or material composition.
The industry and product structure of PPI
organizes data in accordance with the 2002
North American Industry Classification
System and product codes developed by the
U.S. Census Bureau.
To the extent possible, prices used in
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production
or central marketing point. Price data are
generally collected monthly, primarily by
mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies
on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices
generally are reported for the Tuesday of
the week containing the 13th day of the
month.
Since January 1992, price changes for
the various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1987.
The detailed data are aggregated to obtain
indexes for stage-of-processing groupings,
commodity groupings, durability-of-product
groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are
subject to revision 4 months after original
publication.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and
Price Indexes: (202) 691–7705.
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The International Price Program produces
monthly and quarterly export and import
price indexes for nonmilitary goods and
services traded between the United States
and the rest of the world. The export price
index provides a measure of price change
for all products sold by U.S. residents to
foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in
the national income accounts; it includes
corporations, businesses, and individuals, but
does not require the organizations to be U.S.
owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a
measure of price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U.S. residents.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manuMonthly Labor Review • October 2007
47
Current Labor Statistics
factures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price
data for these items are collected primarily
by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases,
the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases,
prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products,
the prices refer to transactions completed
during the first week of the month. Survey
respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to
the reported prices, so that the price used in
the calculation of the indexes is the actual
price for which the product was bought or
sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices
for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of
exports and imports. These categories are
defined according to the five-digit level of
detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis
End-use Classification, the three-digit level
for the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), and the four-digit level of
detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate
import indexes by country or region of origin
are also available.
BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services,
calculated on an international basis and on a
balance-of-payments basis.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The
trade weights currently used to compute both
indexes relate to 2000.
Because a price index depends on the
same items being priced from period to
period, it is necessary to recognize when a
product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason,
the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed
descriptions of the physical and functional
characteristics of the products being priced,
as well as information on the number of
units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms,
packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so
forth. When there are changes in either
the specifications or terms of transaction of
a product, the dollar value of each change
is deleted from the total price change to
obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is
determined, a linking procedure is employed
which allows for the continued repricing of
the item.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, con48
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
tact the Division of International Prices:
(202) 691–7155.
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 47–50)
Business and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real output
to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor
input measures, such as output per hour,
output per unit of labor input, or output per
unit of capital input, as well as measures of
multifactor productivity (output per unit
of combined labor and capital inputs). The
Bureau indexes show the change in output
relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the business, nonfarm
business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial
corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per hour of labor input.
Output per unit of capital services (capital
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the
quantity of goods and services produced per
combined inputs. For private business and
private nonfarm business, inputs include labor
and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs
include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy
materials, and purchased business services.
Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total
compensation equals the wages and salaries
of employees plus employers’ contributions
for social insurance and private benefit
plans, plus an estimate of these payments for
the self-employed (except for nonfinancial
corporations in which there are no selfemployed). Real compensation per hour
is compensation per hour deflated by the
change in the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a
unit of output and are derived by dividing
compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation,
interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output.
They are computed by subtracting compensa-
tion of all persons from current-dollar value
of output and dividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except
unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at work of payroll workers, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Labor inputs are hours of all persons
adjusted for the effects of changes in the
education and experience of the labor force.
Capital services are the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets—equipment, structures,
land, and inventories—weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by combining changes in
labor and capital input with weights which
represent each component’s share of total
cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy,
materials, and purchased business services are
similarly derived by combining changes in
each input with weights that represent each
input’s share of total costs. The indexes for
each input and for combined units are based
on changing weights which are averages of
the shares in the current and preceding year
(the Tornquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real
gross domestic product (GDP) the following
outputs: general government, nonprofit
institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied
dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes
farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government
enterprises. The measures are supplied by
the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau
of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of
manufacturing sectoral output are produced
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the
Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these
annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the
Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed
from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 47–50 describe the relationship between output in real terms and
the labor and capital inputs involved in its
production. They show the changes from
period to period in the amount of goods and
services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output
to hours and capital services, they do not
measure the contributions of labor, capital,
or any other specific factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many
influences, including changes in technology;
shifts in the composition of the labor force;
capital investment; level of output; changes
in the utilization of capacity, energy, material,
and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and
characteristics and efforts of the work force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
productivity series, contact the Division of
Productivity Research: (202) 691–5606.
Industry productivity measures
Description of the series
The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and
inputs for selected industries and industry
groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency over time. Industry measures include
labor productivity, multifactor productivity,
compensation, and unit labor costs.
The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity
measures for the major sectors because the
industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product
Accounts framework used for the major
sector measures.
compensation includes payroll as well as
supplemental payments, including both
legally required expenditures and payments
for voluntary programs.
Multifactor productivity is derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an index of combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases.
The measure of capital input represents the
flow of services from the capital stock used
in production. It is developed from measures
of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The
measure of intermediate purchases is a
combination of purchased materials, services,
fuels, and electricity.
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, with additional
data supplied by other government agencies,
trade associations, and other sources.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691–5618, or visit
the Web site at: www.bls.gov/lpc/home.
htm
International Comparisons
(Tables 51–53)
Labor force and unemployment
Definitions
Description of the series
Output per hour is derived by dividing an
index of industry output by an index of labor
input. For most industries, output indexes
are derived from data on the value of industry output adjusted for price change. For
the remaining industries, output indexes are
derived from data on the physical quantity
of production.
The labor input series is based on the
hours of all workers or, in the case of some
transportation industries, on the number of
employees. For most industries, the series
consists of the hours of all employees. For
some trade and services industries, the series
also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers.
Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output produced,
and are derived by dividing an index of labor
compensation by an index of output. Labor
Tables 51 and 52 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts for
the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan,
and six European countries. The Bureau adjusts the figures for these selected countries,
for all known major definitional differences,
to the extent that data to prepare adjustments
are available. Although precise comparability
may not be achieved, these adjusted figures
provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published
by each country. For additional information
on adjustments and comparability issues, see
Constance Sorrentino, “International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?”
Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20
(available on the BLS Web site at:
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.
pdf).
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor
force, employment, and unemployment, see
the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data.
Notes on the data
The foreign country data are adjusted
as closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with
the exception of lower age limits and the
treatment of layoffs. These adjustments include, but are not limited to: including older
persons in the labor force by imposing no
upper age limit, adding unemployed students
to the unemployed, excluding the military
and family workers working fewer than 15
hours from the employed, and excluding
persons engaged in passive job search from
the unemployed.
Data for the United States relate to the
population 16 years of age and older. The
U.S. concept of the working age population
has no upper age limit. The adjusted to U.S.
concepts statistics have been adapted, insofar
as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, and the
Swedish statistics have been adjusted to include persons older than the Swedish upper
age limit of 64 years. The adjusted statistics
presented here relate to the population 16
years of age and older in France, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom; 15 years of age and
older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and
the Netherlands. An exception to this rule
is that the Canadian statistics are adjusted
to cover the population 16 years of age and
older, whereas the age at which compulsory
schooling ends remains at 15 years. In the
labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios, the denominator is
the civilian noninstitutionalized working age
population, except for Japan and Germany,
which include the institutionalized working
age population.
In the United States, the unemployed
include persons who are not employed and
who were actively seeking work during
the reference period, as well as persons on
layoff. In the United States, as in Australia
and Japan, passive job seekers are not in the
labor force; job search must be active, such
as placing or answering advertisements,
contacting employers directly, or registering
with an employment agency (simply reading ads is not enough to qualify as active
search). Canada and the European countries
classify passive jobseekers as unemployed.
An adjustment is made to exclude them in
Canada, but not in the European countries
where the phenomenon is less prevalent.
In some countries, persons on layoff are
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
49
Current Labor Statistics
classified as employed due to their strong
job attachment. No adjustment is made for
the countries that classify those on layoff as
employed. Persons without work and waiting
to start a new job are counted as unemployed
under U.S. concepts if they were actively
seeking work during the reference period;
if they were not actively seeking work, they
are not counted in the labor force. Persons
without work and waiting to start a new job
are counted among the unemployed for all
other countries, whether or not they were
actively seeking work.
For more qualifications and historical
annual data, see Comparative Civilian Labor
Force Statistics, Ten Countries, on the Internet
at http:/www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
this series, contact the Division of Foreign
Labor Statistics: (202) 691–5654 or flshelp@
bls.gov
Manufacturing Productivity
and Labor Costs
Description of the series
Table 53 presents comparative indexes of
manufacturing output per hour (labor productivity), output, total hours, compensation
per hour, and unit labor costs for the United
States, Australia, Canada, Japan, The Republic
of Korea, Taiwan, and 10 European countries.
These measures are trend comparisons—that
is, series that measure changes over time—
rather than level comparisons. BLS does
not recommend using these series for level
comparisons because of technical problems.
BLS constructs the comparative indexes
from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures
refer to employees (wage and salary earners)
in Belgium and Taiwan. For all other economies, the measures refer to all employed
persons, including employees, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Definitions
Output. For most economies, the output
measures are real value added in manufacturing from national accounts. However,
output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the
Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of
industrial production. The manufacturing
value-added measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes
of industrial production.
For the United States, the output measure for the manufacturing sector is a
50
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
chain-weighted index of real gross product
originating (deflated value added) produced
by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the
U.S. Department of Commerce. Most of
the other economies now also use chainweighted as opposed to fixed-year weights
that are periodically updated.
The data for recent years are based on
the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). Manufacturing is generally defined according to the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). For
the United States and Canada, it is defined
according to the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS 97).
To preserve the comparability of the U.S.
measures with those of other economies,
BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States. The gross
product originating series differs from the
manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its quarterly news releases on U.S.
productivity and costs (and that underlies the
measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in
this section). The quarterly measures are on
a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output
less intrasector transactions.
Total hours refer to hours worked in all
economies. The measures are developed from
statistics of manufacturing employment and
average hours. For most other economies, recent years’ aggregate hours series are obtained
from national statistical offices, usually from
national accounts. However, for some economies and for earlier years, BLS calculates the
aggregate hours series using employment
figures published with the national accounts,
or other comprehensive employment series,
and data on average hours worked.
Hourly compensation is total compensation divided by total hours. Total compensation includes all payments in cash or in-kind
made directly to employees plus employer
expenditures for legally required insurance
programs and contractual and private benefit plans. For Australia, Canada, France,
and Sweden, compensation is increased
to account for important taxes on payroll
or employment. For the United Kingdom,
compensation is reduced between 1967 and
1991 to account for subsidies.
Unit labor costs are defined as the costs
of labor input required to produce one unit of
output. They are computed as compensation
in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit
labor costs can also be computed by dividing
hourly compensation by output per hour, that
is, by labor productivity.
Notes on the data
In general, the measures relate to to-
tal manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for
France include parts of mining as well.
The measures for recent years may be
based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production
indexes), employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation until national accounts
and other statistics used for the long-term
measures become available.
For additional information on these
series, go to http://www.bls.gov/news.
release/prod4.toc.htm or contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202)
691–5654.
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Tables 54–55)
Survey of Occupational Injuries
and Illnesses
Description of the series
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses collects data from employers about
their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries
and illnesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they
maintain under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees,
employers regulated by other Federal safety
and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from
the survey.
The survey is a Federal-State cooperative
program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified
random sample with a Neyman allocation
is selected to represent all private industries
in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of
employment.
Definitions
Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal
work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of
consciousness, restriction of work or motion,
transfer to another job, or medical treatment
other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that
results from a work-related event or a single,
instantaneous exposure in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal
condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by
exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses
or disease which may be caused by inhalation,
absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses are
cases that involve days away from work, or
days of restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workdays include the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which the
employee was either away from work or at
work in some restricted capacity, or both,
because of an occupational injury or illness.
BLS measures of the number and incidence
rate of lost workdays were discontinued
beginning with the 1993 survey. The number
of days away from work or days of restricted
work activity does not include the day of injury
or onset of illness or any days on which the
employee would not have worked, such as a
Federal holiday, even though able to work.
Incidence rates are computed as the
number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
work days per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
The definitions of occupational injuries and
illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines
for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986).
Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases,
lost workday cases, days away from work cases,
and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These
data also are shown separately for injuries.
Illness data are available for seven categories:
occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust
diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions
due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic
effects of toxic agents), disorders due to
physical agents (other than toxic materials),
disorders associated with repeated trauma,
and all other occupational illnesses.
The survey continues to measure the
number of new work-related illness cases
which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for
example, long-term latent illnesses caused
by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not
adequately recognized and reported. These
long-term latent illnesses are believed to be
understated in the survey’s illness measure. In
contrast, the overwhelming majority of the
reported new illnesses are those which are
easier to directly relate to workplace activity
(for example, contact dermatitis and carpal
tunnel syndrome).
Most of the estimates are in the form
of incidence rates, defined as the number
of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent
full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000
employee hours represent 100 employee years
(2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the
available measures is presented in the annual
bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses:
Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.
Comparable data for more than 40 States
and territories are available from the bls
Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data
on State and local government employees in
addition to private industry data.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are
included in both the national and State data
published annually.
With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents
resulting in days away from work. Included
are some major characteristics of the injured
and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the
circumstances of their injuries and illnesses
(nature of the disabling condition, part of
body affected, event and exposure, and the
source directly producing the condition). In
general, these data are available nationwide
for detailed industries and for individual
States at more aggregated industry levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the
Office of Occupational Safety, Health and
Working Conditions at (202) 691–6180,
or access the Internet at: http://www.bls.
gov/iif/
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the
fatally injured workers and the fatal events.
The program collects and cross checks fatality
information from multiple sources, including
death certificates, State and Federal workers’
compensation reports, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration and Mine Safety
and Health Administration records, medical
examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records,
and follow-up questionnaires to employers.
In addition to private wage and salary
workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program.
To be included in the fatality census, the
decedent must have been employed (that is
working for pay, compensation, or profit)
at the time of the event, engaged in a legal
work activity, or present at the site of the
incident as a requirement of his or her job.
Definition
A fatal work injury is any intentional or
unintentional wound or damage to the body
resulting in death from acute exposure to
energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic
energy from a crash, or from the absence of
such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a
specific event or incident or series of events
within a single workday or shift. Fatalities
that occur during a person’s commute to or
from work are excluded from the census,
as well as work-related illnesses,which can
be difficult to identify due to long latency
periods.
Notes on the data
Twenty-eight data elements are collected,
coded, and tabulated in the fatality program,
including information about the fatally
injured worker, the fatal incident, and the
machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event
characteristics are included in a national news
release that is available about 8 months after
the end of the reference year. The Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort.
Most States issue summary information
at the time of the national news release.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health,
and Working Conditions at (202) 691–
6175, or the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
51
Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
Selected indicators
2005
2005
2006
II
III
2006
IV
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
II
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional
population (household survey):
1
Labor force participation rate........................................................
Employment-population ratio........................................................
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….…
Men………………………………………………..…….….…………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Women……………………………………………….….……………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:
66.0
62.7
5.1
5.1
12.4
3.8
5.1
10.1
4.2
66.2
63.1
4.6
4.6
11.2
3.5
4.6
9.7
3.7
66.1
62.7
5.1
5.0
12.5
3.8
5.2
10.5
4.2
66.2
62.9
5.0
5.0
12.0
3.8
5.0
9.8
4.2
66.1
62.8
5.0
4.9
11.7
3.7
5.0
9.9
4.2
66.0
62.9
4.7
4.7
11.2
3.6
4.7
9.6
3.9
66.1
63.1
4.7
4.7
11.2
3.6
4.6
9.2
3.8
66.2
63.1
4.7
4.6
11.4
3.5
4.7
10.2
3.8
66.3
63.3
4.5
4.5
11.1
3.3
4.4
9.8
3.5
66.2
63.3
4.5
4.6
10.7
3.6
4.3
9.1
3.5
66.0
63.1
4.5
4.6
11.3
3.5
4.4
9.0
3.5
1
Total nonfarm…………………….................................................... 133,703
Total private....................................................................... 111,899
136,171
114,181
133,610
111,818
134,244
112,400
134,904
113,031
135,659
113,753
136,030
114,062
136,636
114,560
137,161
115,053
137,594
115,397
138,030
115,775
22,190
Manufacturing………….………………..………………………… 14,226
22,569
14,197
22,179
14,224
22,239
14,182
22,410
14,209
22,573
14,212
22,613
14,238
22,625
14,206
22,520
14,131
22,497
14,090
22,439
14,056
Service-providing……………………………………………….…………..…111,513
113,602
111,431
112,005
112,494
113,086
113,417
114,011
114,647
115,097
115,591
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………..
Average hours:
Total private........................................…………..........................
Manufacturing………...……………………………………………
Overtime……..………….………………...………………………
33.8
40.7
4.6
33.9
41.1
4.4
33.7
40.5
4.4
33.7
40.6
4.5
33.8
40.9
4.6
33.8
41.0
4.5
33.9
41.2
4.5
33.8
41.3
4.4
33.9
41.1
4.2
33.9
41.2
4.3
33.9
41.3
4.2
Civilian nonfarm ……………………………….…………………………….……
3.1
3.3
.6
.8
.6
.7
.9
1.1
.6
.9
.8
Private nonfarm……………...............………...............................
2.9
3.2
.7
.6
.5
.8
.9
.8
.7
.8
.9
3.2
2.5
1.0
.8
.2
.3
1.0
.7
.5
.4
1.0
1, 2, 3
Employment Cost Index
Total compensation:
4
5
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………
5
Service-providing ……………………………………………….…………
State and local government ……………….………………………
Workers by bargaining status (private nonfarm):
Union……………………………………………………………………
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………
1
2.8
3.4
.6
.6
.5
1.0
.8
.9
.7
.9
.9
4.1
4.1
.3
2.0
.9
.5
.4
2.3
.9
1.0
.6
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
.9
.6
.8
.6
.4
.5
.5
.9
1.3
.8
.6
.9
.6
.6
-.3
1.0
1.2
.9
Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter.
3
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are
for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the
official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
2
52
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
4
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries.
5
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population
controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC
based data.
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
Selected measures
2005
2006
2005
II
2006
III
IV
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
II
1, 2, 3
Compensation data
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
Civilian nonfarm...................................................................
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm……………………………………………….
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Price data
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.2
0.6
.7
0.8
.6
0.6
.5
0.7
.8
0.9
.9
1.1
.8
0.6
.7
0.9
.8
0.8
.9
2.6
2.5
3.2
3.2
.6
.6
.7
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
.8
1.0
1.1
.8
.6
.7
1.1
1.1
.7
.8
3.4
3.2
.6
2.2
–1.0
1.5
1.6
.0
-.5
1.8
1.5
4.8
5.7
2.3
8.0
14.6
3.0
3.4
1.5
6.5
1.8
.4
.6
.0
.9
-2.0
3.0
4.0
.2
4.2
19.9
-.1
–.4
.6
1.0
.2
.3
.2
.8
1.0
-11.1
1.7
2.1
.2
3.0
1.6
-.9
-1.3
.0
-.4
1.4
.1
-.2
1.3
-.8
4.0
2.2
2.8
.3
1.5
5.7
1.8
2.4
.2
3.4
3.2
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
.8
.8
-1.5
-1.6
1.2
1.8
.2
.7
2.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
3.0
2.1
2.2
3.1
-1.8
3.1
1.3
.2
-
1
Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items......
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods.....................................................................
Finished consumer goods.................................................
Capital equipment……………………………………………
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components…………
Crude materials.....................................................................
4
Productivity data
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector.....................................................................
Nonfarm business sector.......................................................
5
Nonfinancial corporations ……………….…………...………………
1
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are
calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not
seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded.
2
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
3
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American
Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes
only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in
March 2006.
4
Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly
percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are
seasonally adjusted.
5
Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly change
Components
2006
II
Four quarters ending—
2007
III
IV
I
2006
II
II
III
2007
IV
I
II
1
Average hourly compensation:
All persons, business sector..........................................................
All persons, nonfarm business sector...........................................
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
1.6
1.3
11.4
12.2
3.3
3.7
5.3
3.9
3.9
3.8
2.8
2.7
4.8
5.0
3.9
4.1
5.3
5.2
.9
.9
1.3
.8
.4
1.1
.8
.6
.9
2.3
.6
.7
.6
.6
.9
.9
.8
-.3
1.0
1.0
.8
.9
1.2
.9
.6
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.1
4.1
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.2
4.1
3.5
3.2
2.2
3.3
4.6
3.3
3.1
2.1
3.3
4.8
.8
1.0
.9
1.0
.5
1.1
.8
.5
.9
2.0
.6
.7
.6
.6
.7
1.1
1.1
.5
1.2
.6
.7
.8
.9
.8
.5
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.2
3.2
3.7
3.2
3.2
2.3
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.6
2.5
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.3
2.5
3.4
3.8
2
3
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
State and local government….....................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
3
-0.4
-.2
2
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
State and local government….....................................................
1
Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a
quarter ago, at an annual rate.
2
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002
North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard
Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown
prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
3
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 53
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
2006
Annual average
2005
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 226,082
Civilian labor force.............. 149,320
66.0
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 141,730
Employment-pop62.7
ulation ratio 2……………
7,591
Unemployed...................
5.1
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force........ 76,762
228,815 229,167
151,428 151,734
66.2
66.2
144,427 144,618
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
63.1
7,116
4.7
77,433
229,420 229,675 229,905 230,108 230,650 230,834 231,034 231,253 231,480 231,713 231,958 232,211
151,818 152,052 152,449 152,775 152,974 152,784 152,979 152,587 152,762 153,072 153,231 152,891
66.2
66.2
66.3
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.2
66.0
66.0
66.1
66.1
65.8
144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254 145,786 145,943 146,140 146,110 145,794
63.2
6,912
4.6
77,602
63.3
6,715
4.4
77,623
63.3
6,826
4.5
77,456
63.4
6,849
4.5
77,333
63.3
7,017
4.6
77,676
63.2
6,865
4.5
78,050
63.3
6,724
4.4
78,055
63.0
6,801
4.5
78,666
63.0
6,819
4.5
78,718
63.1
6,933
4.5
78,641
63.0
7,121
4.6
78,727
62.8
7,097
4.6
79,319
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 100,835
Civilian labor force.............. 76,443
75.8
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 73,050
Employment-pop72.4
ulation ratio 2……………
3,392
Unemployed...................
4.4
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 24,392
102,145 102,308
77,562
77,616
75.9
75.9
74,431
74,421
72.9
3,131
4.0
24,584
72.7
3,195
4.1
24,692
102,428 102,549 102,656 102,751 102,956 103,046 103,143 103,248 103,361 103,477 103,598 103,723
77,823
77,936
78,123
78,334
78,384
78,375
78,452
78,459
78,524
78,502
78,651
78,512
76.0
76.0
76.1
76.2
76.1
76.1
76.1
76.0
76.0
75.9
75.9
75.7
74,868
74,924
75,088
75,235
75,158
75,138
75,323
75,313
75,380
75,312
75,362
75,284
73.1
2,954
3.8
24,606
73.1
3,012
3.9
24,613
73.1
3,036
3.9
24,533
73.2
3,100
4.0
24,417
73.0
3,226
4.1
24,572
72.9
3,237
4.1
24,671
73.0
3,129
4.0
24,691
72.9
3,146
4.0
24,789
72.9
3,144
4.0
24,837
72.8
3,190
4.1
24,975
72.7
3,289
4.2
24,948
72.6
3,228
4.1
25,211
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 108,850
Civilian labor force.............. 65,714
60.4
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 62,702
Employment-pop57.6
ulation ratio 2……………
3,013
Unemployed...................
4.6
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 43,136
109,992 110,134
66,585
66,856
60.5
60.7
63,834
64,118
110,241 110,349 110,445 110,528 110,803 110,880 110,964 111,057 111,157 111,259 111,367 111,479
66,754
66,851
67,024
67,132
67,361
67,267
67,487
67,083
67,281
67,474
67,579
67,628
60.6
60.6
60.7
60.7
60.8
60.7
60.8
60.4
60.5
60.6
60.7
60.7
63,978
64,252
64,333
64,491
64,654
64,703
64,912
64,502
64,701
64,855
64,808
64,845
58.0
2,751
4.1
43,407
58.2
2,738
4.1
43,277
58.0
2,776
4.2
43,487
58.2
2,599
3.9
43,498
58.2
2,691
4.0
43,420
58.3
2,641
3.9
43,396
58.4
2,707
4.0
43,442
58.4
2,564
3.8
43,612
58.5
2,576
3.8
43,477
58.1
2,581
3.8
43,974
58.2
2,580
3.8
43,875
58.3
2,619
3.9
43,785
58.2
2,771
4.1
43,788
58.2
2,783
4.1
43,851
16,678
7,281
43.7
6,162
16,725
7,262
43.4
6,079
16,751
7,242
43.2
6,060
16,776
7,264
43.3
6,161
16,804
7,301
43.5
6,202
16,829
7,309
43.4
6,200
16,891
7,228
42.8
6,145
16,908
7,142
42.2
6,078
16,927
7,039
41.6
6,019
16,948
7,045
41.6
5,970
16,962
6,957
41.0
5,862
16,977
7,096
41.8
5,972
16,993
7,002
41.2
5,940
17,009
6,751
39.7
5,665
36.9
1,119
15.4
9,397
36.3
1,183
16.3
9,464
36.2
1,182
16.3
9,509
36.7
1,104
15.2
9,512
36.9
1,099
15.1
9,502
36.8
1,108
15.2
9,520
36.4
1,083
15.0
9,662
35.9
1,064
14.9
9,766
35.6
1,020
14.5
9,888
35.2
1,075
15.3
9,903
34.6
1,095
15.7
10,005
35.2
1,124
15.8
9,881
35.0
1,062
15.2
9,991
33.3
1,086
16.1
10,257
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 16,398
7,164
Civilian labor force..............
43.7
Participation rate...........
5,978
Employed........................
Employment-pop36.5
ulation ratio 2……………
1,186
Unemployed...................
16.6
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 9,234
White3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 184,446
Civilian labor force.............. 122,299
66.3
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 116,949
Employment-pop63.4
ulation ratio 2……………
5,350
Unemployed...................
4.4
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 62,148
186,264 186,500
123,834 124,149
66.5
66.6
118,833 119,023
186,669 186,840 186,988 187,115 187,471 187,582 187,704 187,843 187,993 188,148 188,312 188,479
124,062 124,364 124,536 124,783 124,908 124,676 124,888 124,450 124,618 124,922 124,966 124,593
66.5
66.6
66.6
66.7
66.6
66.5
66.5
66.3
66.3
66.4
66.4
66.1
119,164 119,511 119,636 119,813 119,767 119,669 120,115 119,547 119,724 119,872 119,747 119,349
63.8
5,002
4.0
62,429
63.8
5,127
4.1
62,350
63.8
4,898
3.9
62,607
64.0
4,853
3.9
62,476
64.0
4,900
3.9
62,452
64.0
4,970
4.0
62,333
63.9
5,141
4.1
62,562
63.8
5,007
4.0
62,905
64.0
4,773
3.8
62,817
63.6
4,904
3.9
63,393
63.7
4,893
3.9
63,375
63.7
5,050
4.0
63,226
63.6
5,219
4.2
63,346
63.3
5,243
4.2
63,887
27,007
17,314
64.1
15,765
27,065
17,361
64.1
15,839
27,109
17,225
63.5
15,659
27,153
17,378
64.0
15,902
27,193
17,444
64.2
15,950
27,231
17,512
64.3
16,045
27,276
17,639
64.7
16,226
27,310
17,549
64.3
16,154
27,346
17,436
63.8
15,988
27,385
17,510
63.9
16,065
27,422
17,433
63.6
15,946
27,459
17,493
63.7
16,005
27,498
17,645
64.2
16,229
27,541
17,523
63.6
16,175
58.4
1,549
8.9
9,693
58.5
1,522
8.8
9,705
57.8
1,565
9.1
9,884
58.6
1,476
8.5
9,774
58.7
1,494
8.6
9,749
58.9
1,466
8.4
9,719
59.5
1,412
8.0
9,637
59.2
1,395
7.9
9,761
58.5
1,448
8.3
9,910
58.7
1,444
8.2
9,875
58.2
1,487
8.5
9,988
58.3
1,488
8.5
9,966
59.0
1,416
8.0
9,854
58.7
1,349
7.7
10,018
Black or African American3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 26,517
Civilian labor force.............. 17,013
64.2
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 15,313
Employment-pop57.7
ulation ratio 2……………
1,700
Unemployed...................
10.0
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 9,504
See footnotes at end of table.
54
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Aug.
30,103
20,694
68.7
19,613
30,232
20,652
68.3
19,551
65.2
1,081
5.2
9,409
64.7
1,101
5.3
9,581
Sept.
2007
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
30,324
20,738
68.4
19,611
30,416
20,825
68.5
19,860
30,508
20,994
68.8
19,953
30,596
21,176
69.2
20,131
30,877
21,439
69.4
20,221
30,965
21,318
68.8
20,204
31,055
21,390
68.9
20,288
31,147
21,445
68.9
20,284
31,238
21,425
68.6
20,189
31,329
21,404
68.3
20,191
31,423
21,602
68.7
20,331
31,520
21,795
69.1
20,599
64.7
1,127
5.4
9,586
65.3
965
4.6
9,591
65.4
1,042
5.0
9,513
65.8
1,045
4.9
9,419
65.5
1,218
5.7
9,438
65.2
1,115
5.2
9,647
65.3
1,101
5.1
9,665
65.1
1,161
5.4
9,702
64.6
1,237
5.8
9,813
64.4
1,212
5.7
9,926
64.7
1,271
5.9
9,821
65.4
1,196
5.5
9,725
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 29,133
Civilian labor force.............. 19,824
68.0
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 18,632
Employment-pop64.0
ulation ratio 2……………
1,191
Unemployed...................
6.0
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force ………… 9,310
1
The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
3
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
race.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified
by ethnicity as well as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey.
2
5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Selected categories
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Characteristic
Employed, 16 years and older.. 141,730 144,427 144,618 144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254 145,786 145,943 146,140 146,110 145,794
Men....................................... 75,973
77,502
77,482
77,920
77,985
78,148
78,311
78,237
78,172
78,344
78,344
78,323
78,281
78,292
78,082
Women............................…… 65,757
66,925
67,136
66,986
67,352
67,475
67,615
67,720
67,747
67,911
67,442
67,620
67,859
67,819
67,712
Married men, spouse
45,483
45,700
45,514
45,645
45,548
45,802
45,864
46,066
46,231
46,527
46,500
46,531
46,527
46,330
46,192
34,773
35,272
35,304
35,421
35,277
35,363
35,383
35,536
35,728
36,167
36,037
36,194
36,217
35,997
35,826
4,350
4,162
4,157
4,099
4,305
4,183
4,232
4,246
4,212
4,278
4,374
4,484
4,290
4,313
4,516
2,684
2,658
2,683
2,630
2,770
2,711
2,706
2,753
2,729
2,769
2,849
2,963
2,790
2,724
2,933
1,341
1,189
1,163
1,151
1,203
1,168
1,234
1,185
1,208
1,215
1,248
1,265
1,203
1,217
1,168
reasons……………………… 19,491
19,591
19,625
19,631
19,467
19,780
19,885
19,761
19,907
20,088
19,948
19,626
20,112
20,014
19,835
4,271
4,071
4,083
3,981
4,233
4,091
4,159
4,155
4,088
4,196
4,308
4,403
4,194
4,240
4,459
2,636
2,596
2,638
2,563
2,717
2,661
2,653
2,686
2,662
2,698
2,811
2,904
2,737
2,683
2,903
1,330
1,178
1,155
1,142
1,196
1,140
1,221
1,165
1,187
1,196
1,236
1,256
1,204
1,211
1,147
reasons.................………… 19,134
19,237
19,235
19,289
19,170
19,423
19,512
19,410
19,521
19,677
19,570
19,200
19,758
19,660
19,569
present................................
Married women, spouse
present................................
Persons at work part time1
All industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions………….........
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions.......................
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 55
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
Selected categories
2005
2006
2006
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Characteristic
Total, 16 years and older............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................
Men, 20 years and older.........................
Women, 20 years and older...................
5.1
16.6
4.4
4.6
4.6
15.4
4.0
4.1
4.7
16.3
4.1
4.1
4.6
16.3
3.8
4.2
4.4
15.2
3.9
3.9
4.5
15.1
3.9
4.0
4.5
15.2
4.0
3.9
4.6
15.0
4.1
4.0
4.5
14.9
4.1
3.8
4.4
14.5
4.0
3.8
4.5
15.3
4.0
3.8
4.5
15.7
4.0
3.8
4.5
15.8
4.1
3.9
4.6
15.2
4.2
4.1
4.6
16.1
4.1
4.1
White, total 1………………………………
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
4.4
14.2
16.1
12.3
3.8
3.9
4.0
13.2
14.6
11.7
3.5
3.6
4.1
14.2
15.1
13.2
3.6
3.6
3.9
13.8
14.8
12.7
3.3
3.6
3.9
13.4
14.4
12.4
3.4
3.5
3.9
13.1
14.2
11.9
3.4
3.5
4.0
13.4
15.1
11.6
3.6
3.4
4.1
13.2
14.2
12.2
3.7
3.6
4.0
13.1
14.3
11.7
3.7
3.4
3.8
13.2
14.6
11.8
3.4
3.3
3.9
13.3
14.3
12.3
3.5
3.5
3.9
13.9
15.0
12.7
3.5
3.4
4.0
14.2
16.2
12.0
3.6
3.5
4.2
13.7
15.3
12.1
3.8
3.6
4.2
14.2
16.4
12.0
3.8
3.7
Black or African American, total 1………
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
10.0
33.3
36.3
30.3
9.2
8.5
8.9
29.1
32.7
25.9
8.3
7.5
8.8
28.9
32.2
26.0
8.3
7.2
9.1
31.6
38.8
26.2
8.2
7.7
8.5
26.3
34.0
19.7
8.2
6.9
8.6
27.6
32.7
23.0
7.8
7.4
8.4
26.2
27.7
25.1
7.3
7.6
8.0
29.1
34.4
24.6
7.5
6.5
7.9
29.0
35.7
22.6
7.4
6.4
8.3
25.0
25.7
24.4
9.0
6.2
8.2
30.6
34.0
27.4
8.4
6.0
8.5
30.4
35.3
25.5
8.2
6.8
8.5
31.2
33.5
29.0
8.6
6.3
8.0
26.5
30.8
22.8
7.6
6.8
7.7
31.2
32.9
29.7
6.8
6.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity………………
Married men, spouse present................
Married women, spouse present...........
Full-time workers...................................
Part-time workers..................................
6.0
2.8
3.3
5.0
5.4
5.2
2.4
2.9
4.5
5.1
5.3
2.5
2.9
4.6
5.1
5.4
2.3
2.9
4.5
5.1
4.6
2.3
2.8
4.3
5.1
5.0
2.3
2.7
4.4
5.0
4.9
2.5
2.7
4.4
4.8
5.7
2.5
2.8
4.5
5.0
5.2
2.7
2.7
4.4
4.9
5.1
2.5
2.5
4.4
4.5
5.4
2.5
2.7
4.4
5.0
5.8
2.6
2.7
4.4
4.9
5.7
2.4
2.7
4.5
4.6
5.9
2.7
2.8
4.6
5.0
5.5
2.4
3.1
4.6
4.9
Educational attainment2
Less than a high school diploma................
7.6
6.8
6.9
6.5
5.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
7.1
7.0
7.2
6.7
6.7
7.1
6.7
High school graduates, no college 3………
Some college or associate degree………..
4.7
3.9
4.3
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.2
3.6
4.1
3.4
4.3
3.3
4.3
3.4
4.2
3.7
4.3
3.6
4.1
3.6
4.1
3.6
4.5
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.4
3.5
4.3
3.7
Bachelor's degree and higher 4…………….
2.3
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.0
1
3
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
4
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
race.
2
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the
household survey.
Data refer to persons 25 years and older.
7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of
unemployment
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Less than 5 weeks...........................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..........................
15 to 26 weeks.............................
27 weeks and over.......................
2,667
2,304
2,619
1,130
1,490
2,614
2,121
2,266
1,031
1,235
2,615
2,198
2,345
1,036
1,309
2,582
2,077
2,264
1,010
1,254
2,588
2,064
2,062
974
1,088
2,517
2,135
2,152
1,006
1,145
2,707
2,037
2,081
991
1,090
2,642
2,283
2,118
986
1,133
2,600
2,192
2,135
905
1,230
2,327
2,159
2,177
954
1,223
2,432
2,141
2,268
1,072
1,196
2,450
2,204
2,230
1,104
1,126
2,488
2,125
2,286
1,166
1,120
2,473
2,213
2,413
1,105
1,308
2,595
2,166
2,385
1,138
1,247
Mean duration, in weeks...................
Median duration, in weeks...............
18.4
8.9
16.8
8.3
17.3
8.4
17.2
8.1
16.4
8.0
16.3
8.2
15.9
7.3
16.2
8.1
16.4
8.1
17.3
8.5
17.1
8.7
16.7
8.3
16.8
8.2
17.2
8.9
16.9
8.6
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
56
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason for
unemployment
1
Job losers …………………….…
On temporary layoff..............
Not on temporary layoff........
Job leavers..............................
Reentrants...............................
New entrants...........................
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Aug.
Sept.
2007
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
3,667
933
2,734
872
2,386
666
3,321
921
2,400
827
2,237
616
3,289
892
2,398
851
2,276
646
3,195
872
2,323
804
2,292
635
3,088
958
2,130
783
2,249
593
3,179
965
2,214
793
2,279
591
3,236
958
2,278
807
2,199
601
3,440
1,021
2,420
797
2,230
619
3,453
1,022
2,430
816
2,042
580
3,238
863
2,375
755
2,147
599
3,287
1,022
2,265
748
2,174
607
3,331
1,004
2,327
764
2,153
549
3,375
866
2,509
810
2,127
621
3,628
981
2,648
823
2,078
593
3,617
979
2,638
793
2,064
593
48.3
12.3
36.0
11.5
31.4
8.8
47.4
13.2
34.3
11.8
32.0
8.8
46.6
12.6
34.0
12.1
32.2
9.1
46.1
12.6
33.5
11.6
33.1
9.2
46.0
14.3
31.7
11.7
33.5
8.8
46.5
14.1
32.4
11.6
33.3
8.6
47.3
14.0
33.3
11.8
32.1
8.8
48.6
14.4
34.1
11.2
31.5
8.7
50.1
14.8
35.3
11.8
29.6
8.4
48.0
12.8
35.2
11.2
31.9
8.9
48.2
15.0
33.2
11.0
31.9
8.9
49.0
14.8
34.2
11.2
31.7
8.1
48.7
12.5
36.2
11.7
30.7
9.0
50.9
13.8
37.2
11.6
29.2
8.3
51.2
13.8
37.3
11.2
29.2
8.4
2.2
.6
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.0
.5
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.5
1.5
.4
2.3
.5
1.3
.4
2.1
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.5
1.4
.4
2.4
.5
1.4
.4
2.4
.5
1.3
.4
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Percent of unemployed
Job losers 1…………………….…
On temporary layoff...............
Not on temporary layoff.........
Job leavers...............................
Reentrants................................
New entrants............................
Percent of civilian
labor force
2.5
2.2
Job losers 1…………………….…
.6
.5
Job leavers...............................
1.6
1.5
Reentrants................................
.4
.4
New entrants............................
1
Includes persons who completed temporary jobs.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Sex and age
Annual average
2006
2005
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years...............................
16 to 19 years............................
16 to 17 years.........................
18 to 19 years.........................
20 to 24 years............................
25 years and older........................
25 to 54 years.........................
55 years and older..................
5.1
11.3
16.6
19.1
14.9
8.8
4.0
4.1
3.4
4.6
10.5
15.4
17.2
14.1
8.2
3.6
3.8
3.0
4.7
10.8
16.3
19.4
14.5
8.2
3.6
3.8
2.9
4.6
10.7
16.3
18.0
15.1
8.0
3.5
3.7
2.9
Men, 16 years and older.................
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years.......................
18 to 19 years.......................
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older................
5.1
12.4
18.6
22.0
16.5
9.6
3.8
3.9
3.3
4.6
11.2
16.9
18.6
15.7
8.7
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.7
11.5
17.1
18.6
16.5
8.9
3.5
3.7
3.0
Women, 16 years and older...........
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years…………………
18 t0 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older 1…………
5.1
10.1
14.5
16.5
13.1
7.9
4.2
4.4
4.6
9.7
13.8
15.9
12.4
7.6
3.7
3.9
3.4
2.9
1
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
July
Aug.
4.4
10.6
15.2
17.6
13.3
8.4
3.3
3.4
3.0
4.5
10.5
15.1
17.3
13.4
8.4
3.4
3.5
2.9
4.5
10.3
15.2
16.9
13.7
7.9
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.6
10.3
15.0
16.9
13.7
8.1
3.6
3.7
3.3
4.5
9.8
14.9
16.6
13.7
7.4
3.6
3.7
3.1
4.4
9.7
14.5
16.4
13.3
7.6
3.5
3.5
3.1
4.5
10.2
15.3
16.5
15.0
7.8
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.5
10.0
15.7
16.6
15.4
7.3
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.5
10.5
15.8
16.8
15.5
8.0
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.6
10.6
15.2
16.7
14.1
8.5
3.7
3.8
3.2
4.6
10.7
16.1
18.6
14.6
8.3
3.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
11.3
17.7
19.4
16.8
8.3
3.3
3.4
2.6
4.4
11.3
16.7
19.8
14.0
8.9
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
11.1
16.7
19.1
14.4
8.6
3.3
3.4
3.0
4.5
10.9
16.7
19.0
14.8
8.3
3.5
3.5
3.2
4.7
10.9
16.2
17.0
15.4
8.4
3.6
3.7
3.4
4.7
10.8
16.6
19.3
15.0
8.2
3.7
3.8
3.1
4.5
10.5
15.9
17.6
14.8
8.1
3.5
3.6
3.3
4.5
10.9
16.2
17.2
16.4
8.6
3.5
3.5
3.2
4.6
11.2
17.3
18.5
17.1
8.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
4.7
11.9
17.7
18.1
18.2
9.3
3.4
3.5
3.1
4.7
11.4
16.7
18.9
15.3
9.2
3.6
3.7
3.4
4.7
11.4
17.8
22.0
15.2
8.7
3.6
3.6
3.4
4.7
10.1
15.4
20.1
12.3
7.4
3.7
4.0
4.7
10.1
14.8
16.7
13.3
7.6
3.8
4.0
4.4
9.9
13.6
15.6
12.5
7.9
3.4
3.5
4.5
9.9
13.4
15.7
12.4
8.1
3.6
3.7
4.4
9.6
13.6
14.9
12.6
7.5
3.5
3.8
4.5
9.7
13.7
16.8
11.8
7.7
3.6
3.7
4.3
8.6
13.1
13.8
12.4
6.4
3.5
3.6
4.3
8.9
13.0
15.1
11.6
6.9
3.4
3.5
4.4
9.3
14.2
15.9
13.5
7.0
3.5
3.7
4.3
8.5
14.1
14.9
13.4
5.8
3.6
3.8
4.4
9.0
13.9
15.6
12.7
6.7
3.6
3.7
4.6
9.7
13.6
14.5
12.8
7.7
3.7
3.9
4.6
9.9
14.4
15.3
14.0
7.8
3.7
3.9
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.4
3.3
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
Data are not seasonally adjusted.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 57
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
July
2006
State
June
2007p
July
2007p
July
2006
State
June
2007p
July
2007p
Alabama............................…………………
Alaska........................................................
Arizona............................……………………
Arkansas....................................................
California............................…………………
3.6
6.6
4.1
5.3
4.8
3.5
5.9
3.4
5.0
5.2
3.7
6.1
3.7
5.5
5.3
Missouri………………………………………
Montana.....................................................
Nebraska............................…………………
Nevada......................................................
New Hampshire............................…………
4.8
3.1
3.1
4.2
3.5
4.8
2.4
3.2
4.6
4.0
4.9
2.7
3.2
4.9
3.9
Colorado....................................................
Connecticut............................………………
Delaware...................................................
District of Columbia............................……
Florida........................................................
4.4
4.4
3.6
6.0
3.3
3.5
4.3
3.3
5.6
3.5
3.8
4.5
3.4
5.7
3.9
New Jersey................................................
New Mexico............................………………
New York...................................................
North Carolina............................……………
North Dakota.............................................
4.7
4.2
4.6
4.8
3.3
4.3
3.2
4.7
4.9
3.3
4.6
3.7
4.9
5.0
3.1
Georgia............................…………………
Hawaii........................................................
Idaho............................………………………
Illinois.........................................................
Indiana............................……………………
4.6
2.4
3.4
4.4
5.1
4.3
2.4
2.5
5.1
4.7
4.6
2.6
2.3
5.2
4.6
Ohio............................………………………
Oklahoma..................................................
Oregon............................……………………
Pennsylvania.............................................
Rhode Island............................……………
5.6
4.0
5.4
4.7
5.2
6.1
4.5
5.1
4.1
4.7
5.8
5.0
5.5
4.3
5.0
Iowa............................………………………
Kansas.......................................................
Kentucky............................…………………
Louisiana...................................................
Maine............................……………………
3.7
4.5
5.7
3.3
4.7
3.8
4.6
5.4
3.8
4.4
3.9
4.6
5.7
3.9
4.8
South Carolina............................…………
South Dakota.............................................
Tennessee............................………………
Texas.........................................................
Utah............................………………………
6.3
3.2
5.2
4.9
2.9
5.5
3.0
4.1
4.1
2.6
5.9
3.0
4.1
4.4
2.7
Maryland............................…………………
Massachusetts...........................................
Michigan............................…………………
Minnesota..................................................
Mississippi............................………………
4.0
5.0
6.9
3.8
6.7
3.8
4.9
7.2
4.5
6.0
4.0
5.1
7.2
4.6
6.7
Vermont............................…………………
Virginia.......................................................
Washington............................………………
West Virginia.............................................
Wisconsin............................………………
Wyoming....................................................
3.7
3.0
5.0
5.1
4.6
3.3
3.8
3.0
4.5
4.3
5.0
3.3
4.1
3.1
4.9
4.8
5.0
3.7
p
= preliminary
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
State
July
2006
June
2007p
July
2007p
State
July
2006
July
2007p
Alabama............................………… 2,203,686 2,195,536 2,189,034
Alaska.............................................
346,776
345,549
346,738
Arizona............................…………… 2,983,696 3,008,488 3,039,015
Arkansas........................................ 1,361,767 1,367,801 1,367,848
California............................………… 17,905,841 18,180,399 18,198,045
Missouri……………………………… 3,032,798
Montana.........................................
495,439
Nebraska............................…………
974,199
Nevada........................................... 1,298,184
New Hampshire............................…
737,480
3,052,082
499,259
984,668
1,336,100
746,788
3,053,811
501,320
986,156
1,348,999
748,495
Colorado......................................... 2,659,979
Connecticut............................……… 1,847,240
Delaware........................................
440,973
District of Columbia........................
315,630
Florida............................................ 8,993,723
2,672,606
1,875,573
442,924
315,628
9,186,949
2,693,995
1,877,448
442,712
312,981
9,230,273
New Jersey.....................................
New Mexico............................……
New York........................................
North Carolina............................…
North Dakota..................................
4,524,601
935,455
9,512,397
4,466,458
358,336
4,499,940
937,452
9,470,452
4,533,682
365,454
4,478,948
944,696
9,446,129
4,522,704
364,059
Georgia............................………… 4,747,158
Hawaii.............................................
643,388
Idaho............................……………
751,050
Illinois............................................. 6,618,966
Indiana............................…………… 3,272,778
4,829,132
653,092
754,944
6,725,586
3,221,806
4,844,865
648,482
762,909
6,736,693
3,200,870
Ohio............................………………
Oklahoma.......................................
Oregon............................……………
Pennsylvania..................................
Rhode Island............................……
5,943,722
1,720,566
1,903,220
6,304,811
578,010
6,000,473
1,738,760
1,922,510
6,295,545
579,095
5,970,343
1,735,668
1,916,651
6,262,654
574,483
Iowa............................………………
Kansas...........................................
Kentucky............................…………
Louisiana........................................
Maine............................……………
1,665,777
1,466,591
2,040,329
1,974,379
711,508
1,661,438
1,483,908
2,053,944
1,969,834
712,333
1,660,327
1,479,545
2,051,371
1,979,552
710,849
South Carolina............................… 2,120,705 2,147,349 2,148,831
South Dakota..................................
431,599
437,050
437,322
Tennessee............................……… 2,997,813 3,028,052 3,023,121
Texas.............................................. 11,499,498 11,522,838 11,529,322
Utah............................……………… 1,314,562 1,345,320 1,352,388
Maryland............................…………
Massachusetts...............................
Michigan............................…………
Minnesota.......................................
Mississippi............................………
3,015,663
3,406,199
5,078,538
2,943,611
1,305,218
2,987,902
3,427,177
5,046,044
2,942,225
1,307,333
2,998,852
3,425,176
5,019,989
2,938,967
1,307,748
Vermont............................…………
361,027
Virginia........................................... 4,003,298
Washington............................……… 3,321,211
West Virginia..................................
809,418
Wisconsin............................……… 3,062,689
Wyoming........................................
285,559
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
p
58
June
2007p
= preliminary
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
360,925
4,050,773
3,378,147
813,057
3,075,165
288,081
359,743
4,051,204
3,399,531
814,146
3,074,187
290,198
12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2006
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Julyp
Aug.p
Aug.
Sept.
TOTAL NONFARM................. 133,703
TOTAL PRIVATE........................ 111,899
136,174
114,184
136,438
114,415
136,636 136,745 136,941 137,167 137,329 137,419 137,594 137,716 137,904 137,973 138,041 138,037
114,560 114,645 114,835 115,053 115,189 115,245 115,397 115,487 115,668 115,739 115,859 115,883
22,190
22,570
22,629
22,625
22,573
22,525
22,520
22,554
22,465
22,497
22,460
22,446
22,436
22,426
22,362
628
65.2
562.2
125.7
212.8
Mining, except oil and gas 1……
73.9
Coal mining……………………
Support activities for mining……
223.7
7,336
Construction................................
Construction of buildings........... 1,711.9
951.2
Heavy and civil engineering……
Speciality trade contractors....... 4,673.1
Manufacturing.............................. 14,226
Production workers................ 10,060
8,955
Durable goods...........................
6,219
Production workers................
559.2
Wood products..........................
505.3
Nonmetallic mineral products
466.0
Primary metals..........................
Fabricated metal products......... 1,522.0
1,163.3
Machinery……….....................
Computer and electronic
684
65.3
618.6
135.9
221.1
78.8
261.7
7,689
1,806.0
983.1
4,899.6
14,197
10,168
9,001
6,369
560.2
507.9
462.1
1,553.9
1,191.4
692
65.1
626.8
138.3
221.5
79.0
267.0
7,719
1,813.8
978.4
4,926.6
14,218
10,209
9,021
6,406
559.5
507.4
464.0
1,562.5
1,201.2
694
64.1
630.1
138.5
222.7
79.1
268.9
7,725
1,818.8
985.7
4,920.4
14,206
10,185
9,017
6,392
555.6
503.6
460.2
1,565.4
1,203.3
700
63.9
635.9
140.4
223.5
79.7
272.0
7,707
1,814.5
989.7
4,902.6
14,166
10,139
8,996
6,365
548.3
504.7
459.5
1,562.4
1,208.8
699
64.0
635.1
141.4
221.8
79.4
271.9
7,683
1,801.8
993.9
4,887.2
14,143
10,117
8,972
6,346
542.9
503.3
455.8
1,564.1
1,209.9
705
64.6
640.0
143.2
222.4
79.9
274.4
7,684
1,799.7
993.5
4,890.5
14,131
10,126
8,972
6,349
540.4
504.0
454.6
1,564.9
1,210.1
706
64.8
641.1
145.1
222.2
80.0
273.8
7,718
1,801.4
1,003.8
4,912.5
14,130
10,121
8,952
6,325
539.4
504.1
454.9
1,566.2
1,213.3
711
65.2
645.4
145.9
222.9
79.7
276.6
7,641
1,791.7
993.2
4,856.1
14,113
10,114
8,943
6,326
532.6
501.9
454.4
1,566.1
1,215.4
715
65.7
649.5
147.1
224.4
79.6
278.0
7,692
1,797.1
1,001.7
4,893.1
14,090
10,096
8,928
6,313
530.6
500.9
453.9
1,563.9
1,217.9
717
65.3
652.0
147.2
225.9
79.9
278.9
7,671
1,788.5
1,001.6
4,881.0
14,072
10,093
8,921
6,316
528.0
499.6
453.2
1,566.4
1,216.9
718
63.4
654.5
148.3
227.1
79.4
279.1
7,659
1,784.9
999.9
4,874.4
14,069
10,105
8,913
6,323
529.0
500.7
452.6
1,565.4
1,221.8
721
64.1
656.5
149.3
228.3
79.6
278.9
7,665
1,788.9
999.4
4,876.3
14,050
10,091
8,897
6,309
526.5
500.5
449.2
1,569.0
1,224.3
726
63.3
662.7
151.0
229.0
80.3
282.7
7,651
1,781.1
996.9
4,872.5
14,049
10,097
8,895
6,306
529.4
500.8
449.2
1,570.1
1,226.2
730
63.2
666.4
151.6
230.1
80.5
284.7
7,629
1,774.9
993.6
4,860.7
14,003
10,061
8,865
6,277
522.8
499.3
446.7
1,571.7
1,219.0
products 1……………………… 1,316.4
Computer and peripheral
1,316.4
1,320.0
1,318.9
1,316.6
1,320.4
1,319.9
1,319.4
1,317.5
1,313.5
1,310.6
1,308.6
1,306.4
1,306.0
1,306.7
Natural resources and
mining…………..……….......……
Logging....................................
Mining..........................................
Oil and gas extraction……………
Oct.
2007
2006
GOODS-PRODUCING………………
2005
equipment..............................
Communications equipment…
205.1
146.8
198.8
144.4
198.8
143.4
198.3
143.2
198.9
141.7
198.7
144.1
199.8
143.8
196.4
143.7
197.8
143.7
197.8
143.7
198.7
143.7
197.9
142.7
196.2
142.9
196.8
142.8
200.4
143.1
Semiconductors and
electronic components..........
Electronic instruments……….
452.0
435.6
462.8
437.5
466.8
438.3
467.1
438.4
466.5
437.6
468.0
437.7
466.2
438.3
470.5
437.5
468.8
436.8
467.8
434.4
465.7
433.8
465.3
435.4
464.2
435.5
462.6
435.1
459.1
434.5
Electrical equipment and
appliances...............................
Transportation equipment.........
433.5
1,771.2
435.5
1,765.0
438.8
1,761.2
438.3
1,764.4
438.1
1,752.8
436.4
1,739.8
437.4
1,741.0
437.3
1,722.3
436.4
1,724.4
437.3
1,717.9
437.6
1,718.1
436.9
1,708.4
436.0
1,702.9
436.4
1,695.0
434.5
1,686.5
Furniture and related
products.....……………………… 565.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing
652.2
Nondurable goods.....................
5,272
Production workers................
3,841
Food manufacturing.................. 1,477.6
556.3
651.6
5,197
3,799
1,484.3
554.8
651.6
5,197
3,803
1,486.6
553.3
653.5
5,189
3,793
1,491.8
550.0
654.6
5,170
3,774
1,487.8
542.4
657.1
5,171
3,771
1,491.6
541.1
658.2
5,159
3,777
1,485.1
536.6
658.2
5,178
3,796
1,493.9
535.8
658.9
5,170
3,788
1,492.8
533.5
658.9
5,162
3,783
1,495.0
533.2
657.7
5,151
3,777
1,493.5
533.0
656.3
5,156
3,782
1,499.8
529.4
652.9
5,153
3,782
1,502.4
528.3
653.5
5,154
3,791
1,510.1
524.3
653.8
5,138
3,784
1,502.7
Beverages and tobacco
products…………………………
Textile mills………………………
Textile product mills...................
Apparel………………………….
Leather and allied products.......
Paper and paper products.........
191.9
217.6
169.7
257.2
39.6
484.2
194.7
195.6
161.1
238.4
37.4
469.3
195.5
192.4
160.6
235.6
37.0
466.5
195.6
188.0
159.9
234.8
37.1
464.6
196.4
187.5
159.2
233.2
37.2
463.4
195.4
186.3
158.1
231.4
36.5
463.9
195.5
185.0
157.7
230.4
36.5
462.6
197.0
182.3
158.6
227.7
36.5
462.4
197.8
179.1
157.9
225.2
36.4
460.5
197.3
177.3
156.7
223.7
36.6
457.4
198.2
174.6
156.5
221.4
36.1
458.4
198.5
173.5
155.3
220.1
35.9
457.8
200.4
172.5
154.6
217.8
35.9
457.3
200.1
170.0
153.5
217.7
34.9
457.3
198.7
167.7
152.7
214.0
35.0
456.1
Printing and related support
activities…………………………
Petroleum and coal products.....
Chemicals..................................
Plastics and rubber products..
646.3
112.1
872.1
803.4
635.9
114.3
868.7
796.9
634.4
115.9
872.9
799.7
632.5
116.4
871.1
796.8
633.2
116.9
871.9
783.2
637.2
116.6
871.2
782.7
636.7
117.1
871.0
781.7
634.7
117.4
872.1
795.8
634.6
117.4
872.5
795.7
633.5
118.2
870.6
795.2
630.9
117.6
869.7
794.3
629.9
119.2
872.3
793.2
629.6
117.2
873.8
791.1
629.2
116.6
873.6
791.3
628.5
116.2
875.6
790.8
111,513
113,605
113,809
PROVIDING……………………… 89,709
91,615
91,786
91,935
92,072
92,310
92,533
92,635
92,780
92,900
93,027
93,222
93,303
93,433
93,521
26,231
5,897.6
3,076.5
2,040.1
26,227
5,908.8
3,084.0
2,042.0
26,241
5,919.2
3,093.8
2,041.3
26,258
5,919.6
3,093.6
2,040.8
26,320
5,934.7
3,097.7
2,048.5
26,345
5,955.0
3,104.3
2,055.0
26,378
5,949.0
3,102.5
2,050.5
26,393
5,960.0
3,112.0
2,049.7
26,436
5,961.3
3,114.0
2,050.1
26,427
5,978.7
3,124.7
2,052.2
26,459
5,990.5
3,134.5
2,053.4
26,465
6,007.4
3,141.5
2,061.4
26,486
6,016.0
3,146.4
2,062.7
26,498
6,018.7
3,147.2
2,064.3
SERVICE-PROVIDING...................
114,011 114,172 114,416 114,647 114,775 114,954 115,097 115,256 115,458 115,537 115,615 115,675
PRIVATE SERVICETrade, transportation,
and utilities................................
Wholesale trade.........................
Durable goods…………………..
Nondurable goods……………
25,959
5,764.4
2,999.2
2,022.4
Electronic markets and
agents and brokers……………
742.8
781.0
782.8
784.1
785.2
788.5
795.7
796.0
798.3
797.2
801.8
802.6
804.5
806.9
807.2
Retail trade................................. 15,279.6 15,319.3 15,298.2 15,289.8 15,297.8 15,327.9 15,323.7 15,357.5 15,364.6 15,403.7 15,376.9 15,394.5 15,383.3 15,388.3 15,400.8
Motor vehicles and parts
dealers 1………………………
Automobile dealers..................
1,918.6
1,261.4
1,907.9
1,246.7
1,906.2
1,246.2
1,906.2
1,245.4
1,906.4
1,245.0
1,904.2
1,244.0
1,908.5
1,244.8
1,906.8
1,244.1
1,910.3
1,244.9
1,907.2
1,243.5
1,911.2
1,246.9
1,911.5
1,247.7
1,909.0
1,246.7
1,907.3
1,246.3
1,911.2
1,248.4
Furniture and home
furnishings stores....................
576.1
588.5
589.2
587.9
589.9
586.5
591.4
588.1
587.6
585.6
586.7
585.2
584.3
585.3
587.7
Electronics and appliance
stores.......................................
535.8
538.4
537.4
535.8
534.0
531.6
531.4
535.3
538.2
538.4
540.7
539.3
535.9
537.1
534.1
See notes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 59
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2006
2007
2005
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Julyp
Aug.p
1,195.2
1,278.2
1,294.4
1,298.4
1,300.8
1,296.2
1,303.3
1,305.2
1,311.1
1,319.7
1,328.5
1,338.3
1,341.8
1,352.8
1,357.6
853.0
920.9
922.4
926.4
944.2
949.3
953.8
958.1
967.1
970.5
985.4
989.2
990.9
991.0
997.6
1,758.9
1,809.4
1,816.2
1,822.3
1,826.8
1,823.0
1,826.0
1,830.8
1,836.7
1,837.1
1,839.9
1,841.5
1,844.6
1,849.2
1,852.4
Administrative and waste
services…………………………… 8,141.5
Administrative and support
8,370.7
8,393.2
8,393.9
8,396.2
8,433.8
8,466.4
8,457.3
8,458.9
8,443.5
8,427.7
8,426.3
8,402.6
8,402.1
8,387.4
8,023.5
3,656.6
2,631.3
790.7
8,046.9
3,667.2
2,632.1
791.3
8,047.4
3,653.3
2,623.5
797.2
8,047.5
3,641.2
2,621.1
801.0
8,083.8
3,665.5
2,631.3
802.2
8,117.0
3,674.2
2,641.6
806.9
8,106.1
3,667.1
2,641.8
803.6
8,107.4
3,651.6
2,629.2
803.3
8,092.5
3,637.1
2,621.2
801.9
8,076.3
3,602.1
2,613.1
801.6
8,073.4
3,584.4
2,602.7
804.8
8,048.8
3,553.3
2,588.0
801.3
8,047.9
3,534.2
2,582.8
803.7
8,031.9
3,514.1
2,569.6
802.7
Computer systems design
and related services…………
Management and technical
consulting services……………
Management of companies
and enterprises……..……….....
services 1……………………… 7,803.8
Employment services 1……… 3,578.2
Temporary help services…… 2,549.4
766.4
Business support services……
Services to buildings
and dwellings…………………
1,737.5
1,797.1
1,803.5
1,803.0
1,807.9
1,811.2
1,817.7
1,812.1
1,823.8
1,819.7
1,829.7
1,835.1
1,840.8
1,846.4
1,850.9
Waste management and
remediation services………….
337.6
347.2
346.3
346.5
348.7
350.0
349.4
351.2
351.5
351.0
351.4
352.9
353.8
354.2
355.5
17,372
2,835.8
17,838
2,918.4
17,894
2,936.0
17,946
2,949.4
17,976
2,944.2
18,018
2,951.4
18,063
2,948.6
18,102
2,959.5
18,138
2,955.9
18,188
2,972.4
18,246
2,978.7
18,293
2,983.4
18,364
3,014.4
18,414
3,025.7
18,477
3,039.5
Educational and health
services………………...……….
Educational services…….………
Health care and social
assistance……….……………… 14,536.3 14,919.9 14,958.3 14,996.4 15,031.5 15,066.1 15,113.9 15,142.6 15,181.7 15,215.9 15,266.8 15,309.7 15,349.4 15,388.7 15,437.8
Ambulatory health care
services 1……………………… 5,113.5
Offices of physicians…………… 2,093.5
Outpatient care centers………
473.2
821.0
Home health care services……
Hospitals………………………… 4,345.4
5,283.1
2,153.6
489.4
867.1
4,427.1
5,299.4
2,159.0
490.0
872.8
4,440.8
5,321.0
2,172.5
492.1
877.7
4,451.7
5,332.6
2,174.1
494.1
880.7
4,458.2
5,344.6
2,179.4
492.4
883.5
4,461.7
5,369.2
2,185.5
493.6
890.9
4,469.5
5,375.3
2,187.4
494.1
896.4
4,478.3
5,395.6
2,196.7
496.8
901.1
4,484.4
5,409.2
2,204.3
494.8
904.1
4,490.8
5,428.4
2,210.5
495.8
907.2
4,499.7
5,446.7
2,214.7
495.1
911.3
4,511.0
5,455.1
2,213.2
495.5
918.8
4,526.3
5,483.5
2,223.7
495.9
925.8
4,537.5
5,501.3
2,228.8
497.4
932.0
4,548.7
2,900.9
1,584.2
2,308.9
806.7
13,143
2,905.8
1,583.8
2,312.3
804.3
13,188
2,906.9
1,584.7
2,316.8
802.0
13,209
2,915.9
1,587.5
2,324.8
802.8
13,257
2,927.8
1,591.8
2,332.0
805.1
13,324
2,940.5
1,596.4
2,334.7
803.6
13,373
2,947.6
1,600.1
2,341.4
804.3
13,396
2,957.5
1,605.7
2,344.2
802.7
13,425
2,961.4
1,603.9
2,354.5
804.9
13,449
2,972.4
1,609.1
2,366.3
810.5
13,481
2,973.2
1,606.5
2,378.8
812.3
13,537
2,983.7
1,608.0
2,384.3
811.6
13,554
2,985.9
1,612.1
2,381.8
811.5
13,560
2,992.2
1,614.9
2,395.6
809.6
13,572
Nursing and residential
care facilities 1………………… 2,855.0
Nursing care facilities………… 1,577.4
Social assistance 1……………… 2,222.3
Child day care services………
789.7
Leisure and hospitality………..
12,816
Arts, entertainment,
and recreation……….…….……
1,892.3
1,927.0
1,933.9
1,923.7
1,939.9
1,947.4
1,957.2
1,960.4
1,963.3
1,963.2
1,953.5
1,968.5
1,971.1
1,963.6
1,962.8
Performing arts and
spectator sports…………………
376.3
398.8
402.7
401.4
405.0
405.7
406.4
408.0
406.0
405.9
402.8
409.5
412.1
404.9
407.2
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks…………………
120.7
123.9
124.7
125.6
125.7
126.4
127.1
127.7
127.5
128.2
128.8
130.7
131.2
132.4
131.5
1,395.3
1,404.3
1,406.5
1,396.7
1,409.2
1,415.3
1,423.7
1,424.7
1,429.8
1,429.1
1,421.9
1,428.3
1,427.8
1,426.3
1,424.1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation………………………
Accommodations and
food services…………………… 10,923.0 11,216.2 11,253.6 11,284.8 11,316.9 11,376.8 11,415.9 11,435.8 11,461.3 11,486.0 11,527.9 11,568.5 11,582.5 11,596.3 11,609.6
Accommodations………………. 1,818.6
1,833.4 1,834.0 1,847.0 1,845.3 1,854.4 1,863.2 1,858.1 1,860.3 1,860.0 1,860.5 1,862.8 1,852.8 1,851.1 1,840.3
Food services and drinking
places…………………………… 9,104.4
Other services……………………
5,395
Repair and maintenance……… 1,236.0
Personal and laundry services
1,276.6
9,382.8
5,432
1,248.5
1,284.2
9,419.6
5,430
1,250.5
1,279.3
9,437.8
5,443
1,253.9
1,285.6
9,471.6
5,450
1,253.4
1,286.8
9,522.4
5,443
1,250.8
1,286.4
9,552.7
5,449
1,251.6
1,287.4
9,577.7
5,444
1,246.3
1,285.8
9,601.0
5,454
1,248.9
1,290.3
9,626.0
5,462
1,255.9
1,290.8
9,667.4
5,470
1,257.4
1,292.6
9,705.7
5,479
1,260.4
1,296.5
9,729.7
5,481
1,261.9
1,291.2
9,745.2
5,489
1,258.9
1,296.2
9,769.3
5,491
1,262.5
1,293.8
Membership associations and
organizations…………………… 2,882.2
Government..................................
Federal........................................
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service....................................
U.S. Postal Service………………
State...........................................
Education................................
Other State government..........
Local...........................................
Education................................
Other local government...........
2,899.3
2,899.7
2,903.1
2,909.3
2,905.4
2,909.7
2,912.3
2,915.2
2,915.7
2,919.5
2,921.9
2,927.6
2,933.5
2,934.7
21,804
2,732
21,990
2,728
22,023
2,730
22,076
2,729
22,100
2,725
22,106
2,719
22,114
2,713
22,140
2,718
22,174
2,718
22,197
2,716
22,229
2,716
22,236
2,713
22,234
2,708
22,182
2,714
22,154
2,712
1,957.3
774.2
5,032
2,259.9
2,771.6
14,041
7,856.1
6,184.6
1,958.3
770.1
5,080
2,294.9
2,785.2
14,182
7,938.5
6,243.0
1,960.4
769.6
5,088
2,298.8
2,789.5
14,205
7,951.6
6,252.9
1,959.0
770.2
5,113
2,321.1
2,791.5
14,234
7,970.7
6,263.0
1,954.7
770.2
5,109
2,314.3
2,794.3
14,266
7,995.1
6,270.9
1,949.5
769.0
5,107
2,313.1
2,793.5
14,280
8,003.7
6,276.3
1,948.6
764.5
5,111
2,311.8
2,798.9
14,290
8,015.6
6,274.1
1,951.1
767.1
5,117
2,311.4
2,805.7
14,305
8,018.7
6,286.4
1,951.8
766.5
5,133
2,324.0
2,809.4
14,323
8,025.1
6,298.0
1,949.7
766.5
5,134
2,324.5
2,809.2
14,347
8,044.1
6,302.9
1,950.0
766.4
5,140
2,326.4
2,813.7
14,373
8,056.0
6,317.0
1,947.5
765.5
5,133
2,321.7
2,811.3
14,390
8,062.7
6,327.7
1,943.5
764.0
5,139
2,326.5
2,812.7
14,387
8,043.1
6,344.0
1,951.2
762.4
5,131
2,322.9
2,807.9
14,337
7,992.8
6,344.6
1,950.0
761.7
5,129
2,320.0
2,808.9
14,313
7,961.0
6,352.0
1
Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
60
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2006
2007
2005
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Julyp
Aug.p
1,195.2
1,278.2
1,294.4
1,298.4
1,300.8
1,296.2
1,303.3
1,305.2
1,311.1
1,319.7
1,328.5
1,338.3
1,341.8
1,352.8
1,357.6
853.0
920.9
922.4
926.4
944.2
949.3
953.8
958.1
967.1
970.5
985.4
989.2
990.9
991.0
997.6
1,758.9
1,809.4
1,816.2
1,822.3
1,826.8
1,823.0
1,826.0
1,830.8
1,836.7
1,837.1
1,839.9
1,841.5
1,844.6
1,849.2
1,852.4
Administrative and waste
services…………………………… 8,141.5
Administrative and support
8,370.7
8,393.2
8,393.9
8,396.2
8,433.8
8,466.4
8,457.3
8,458.9
8,443.5
8,427.7
8,426.3
8,402.6
8,402.1
8,387.4
8,023.5
3,656.6
2,631.3
790.7
8,046.9
3,667.2
2,632.1
791.3
8,047.4
3,653.3
2,623.5
797.2
8,047.5
3,641.2
2,621.1
801.0
8,083.8
3,665.5
2,631.3
802.2
8,117.0
3,674.2
2,641.6
806.9
8,106.1
3,667.1
2,641.8
803.6
8,107.4
3,651.6
2,629.2
803.3
8,092.5
3,637.1
2,621.2
801.9
8,076.3
3,602.1
2,613.1
801.6
8,073.4
3,584.4
2,602.7
804.8
8,048.8
3,553.3
2,588.0
801.3
8,047.9
3,534.2
2,582.8
803.7
8,031.9
3,514.1
2,569.6
802.7
Computer systems design
and related services…………
Management and technical
consulting services……………
Management of companies
and enterprises……..……….....
services 1……………………… 7,803.8
Employment services 1……… 3,578.2
Temporary help services…… 2,549.4
766.4
Business support services……
Services to buildings
and dwellings…………………
1,737.5
1,797.1
1,803.5
1,803.0
1,807.9
1,811.2
1,817.7
1,812.1
1,823.8
1,819.7
1,829.7
1,835.1
1,840.8
1,846.4
1,850.9
Waste management and
remediation services………….
337.6
347.2
346.3
346.5
348.7
350.0
349.4
351.2
351.5
351.0
351.4
352.9
353.8
354.2
355.5
17,372
2,835.8
17,838
2,918.4
17,894
2,936.0
17,946
2,949.4
17,976
2,944.2
18,018
2,951.4
18,063
2,948.6
18,102
2,959.5
18,138
2,955.9
18,188
2,972.4
18,246
2,978.7
18,293
2,983.4
18,364
3,014.4
18,414
3,025.7
18,477
3,039.5
Educational and health
services………………...……….
Educational services…….………
Health care and social
assistance……….……………… 14,536.3 14,919.9 14,958.3 14,996.4 15,031.5 15,066.1 15,113.9 15,142.6 15,181.7 15,215.9 15,266.8 15,309.7 15,349.4 15,388.7 15,437.8
Ambulatory health care
services 1……………………… 5,113.5
Offices of physicians…………… 2,093.5
Outpatient care centers………
473.2
821.0
Home health care services……
Hospitals………………………… 4,345.4
5,283.1
2,153.6
489.4
867.1
4,427.1
5,299.4
2,159.0
490.0
872.8
4,440.8
5,321.0
2,172.5
492.1
877.7
4,451.7
5,332.6
2,174.1
494.1
880.7
4,458.2
5,344.6
2,179.4
492.4
883.5
4,461.7
5,369.2
2,185.5
493.6
890.9
4,469.5
5,375.3
2,187.4
494.1
896.4
4,478.3
5,395.6
2,196.7
496.8
901.1
4,484.4
5,409.2
2,204.3
494.8
904.1
4,490.8
5,428.4
2,210.5
495.8
907.2
4,499.7
5,446.7
2,214.7
495.1
911.3
4,511.0
5,455.1
2,213.2
495.5
918.8
4,526.3
5,483.5
2,223.7
495.9
925.8
4,537.5
5,501.3
2,228.8
497.4
932.0
4,548.7
2,900.9
1,584.2
2,308.9
806.7
13,143
2,905.8
1,583.8
2,312.3
804.3
13,188
2,906.9
1,584.7
2,316.8
802.0
13,209
2,915.9
1,587.5
2,324.8
802.8
13,257
2,927.8
1,591.8
2,332.0
805.1
13,324
2,940.5
1,596.4
2,334.7
803.6
13,373
2,947.6
1,600.1
2,341.4
804.3
13,396
2,957.5
1,605.7
2,344.2
802.7
13,425
2,961.4
1,603.9
2,354.5
804.9
13,449
2,972.4
1,609.1
2,366.3
810.5
13,481
2,973.2
1,606.5
2,378.8
812.3
13,537
2,983.7
1,608.0
2,384.3
811.6
13,554
2,985.9
1,612.1
2,381.8
811.5
13,560
2,992.2
1,614.9
2,395.6
809.6
13,572
Nursing and residential
care facilities 1………………… 2,855.0
Nursing care facilities………… 1,577.4
Social assistance 1……………… 2,222.3
Child day care services………
789.7
Leisure and hospitality………..
12,816
Arts, entertainment,
and recreation……….…….……
1,892.3
1,927.0
1,933.9
1,923.7
1,939.9
1,947.4
1,957.2
1,960.4
1,963.3
1,963.2
1,953.5
1,968.5
1,971.1
1,963.6
1,962.8
Performing arts and
spectator sports…………………
376.3
398.8
402.7
401.4
405.0
405.7
406.4
408.0
406.0
405.9
402.8
409.5
412.1
404.9
407.2
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks…………………
120.7
123.9
124.7
125.6
125.7
126.4
127.1
127.7
127.5
128.2
128.8
130.7
131.2
132.4
131.5
1,395.3
1,404.3
1,406.5
1,396.7
1,409.2
1,415.3
1,423.7
1,424.7
1,429.8
1,429.1
1,421.9
1,428.3
1,427.8
1,426.3
1,424.1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation………………………
Accommodations and
food services…………………… 10,923.0 11,216.2 11,253.6 11,284.8 11,316.9 11,376.8 11,415.9 11,435.8 11,461.3 11,486.0 11,527.9 11,568.5 11,582.5 11,596.3 11,609.6
Accommodations………………. 1,818.6
1,833.4 1,834.0 1,847.0 1,845.3 1,854.4 1,863.2 1,858.1 1,860.3 1,860.0 1,860.5 1,862.8 1,852.8 1,851.1 1,840.3
Food services and drinking
places…………………………… 9,104.4
Other services……………………
5,395
Repair and maintenance……… 1,236.0
Personal and laundry services
1,276.6
9,382.8
5,432
1,248.5
1,284.2
9,419.6
5,430
1,250.5
1,279.3
9,437.8
5,443
1,253.9
1,285.6
9,471.6
5,450
1,253.4
1,286.8
9,522.4
5,443
1,250.8
1,286.4
9,552.7
5,449
1,251.6
1,287.4
9,577.7
5,444
1,246.3
1,285.8
9,601.0
5,454
1,248.9
1,290.3
9,626.0
5,462
1,255.9
1,290.8
9,667.4
5,470
1,257.4
1,292.6
9,705.7
5,479
1,260.4
1,296.5
9,729.7
5,481
1,261.9
1,291.2
9,745.2
5,489
1,258.9
1,296.2
9,769.3
5,491
1,262.5
1,293.8
Membership associations and
organizations…………………… 2,882.2
Government..................................
Federal........................................
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service....................................
U.S. Postal Service………………
State...........................................
Education................................
Other State government..........
Local...........................................
Education................................
Other local government...........
2,899.3
2,899.7
2,903.1
2,909.3
2,905.4
2,909.7
2,912.3
2,915.2
2,915.7
2,919.5
2,921.9
2,927.6
2,933.5
2,934.7
21,804
2,732
21,990
2,728
22,023
2,730
22,076
2,729
22,100
2,725
22,106
2,719
22,114
2,713
22,140
2,718
22,174
2,718
22,197
2,716
22,229
2,716
22,236
2,713
22,234
2,708
22,182
2,714
22,154
2,712
1,957.3
774.2
5,032
2,259.9
2,771.6
14,041
7,856.1
6,184.6
1,958.3
770.1
5,080
2,294.9
2,785.2
14,182
7,938.5
6,243.0
1,960.4
769.6
5,088
2,298.8
2,789.5
14,205
7,951.6
6,252.9
1,959.0
770.2
5,113
2,321.1
2,791.5
14,234
7,970.7
6,263.0
1,954.7
770.2
5,109
2,314.3
2,794.3
14,266
7,995.1
6,270.9
1,949.5
769.0
5,107
2,313.1
2,793.5
14,280
8,003.7
6,276.3
1,948.6
764.5
5,111
2,311.8
2,798.9
14,290
8,015.6
6,274.1
1,951.1
767.1
5,117
2,311.4
2,805.7
14,305
8,018.7
6,286.4
1,951.8
766.5
5,133
2,324.0
2,809.4
14,323
8,025.1
6,298.0
1,949.7
766.5
5,134
2,324.5
2,809.2
14,347
8,044.1
6,302.9
1,950.0
766.4
5,140
2,326.4
2,813.7
14,373
8,056.0
6,317.0
1,947.5
765.5
5,133
2,321.7
2,811.3
14,390
8,062.7
6,327.7
1,943.5
764.0
5,139
2,326.5
2,812.7
14,387
8,043.1
6,344.0
1,951.2
762.4
5,131
2,322.9
2,807.9
14,337
7,992.8
6,344.6
1,950.0
761.7
5,129
2,320.0
2,808.9
14,313
7,961.0
6,352.0
1
Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 61
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
Industry
2006
Annual average
2005
2006
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Julyp Aug.p
TOTAL PRIVATE…………………………
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.7
33.9
33.8
33.8
33.9
33.8
GOODS-PRODUCING………………………
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.5
Natural resources and mining……………
45.6
45.6
45.3
45.1
45.7
46.1
45.6
45.0
45.9
45.9
45.8
45.7
45.9
45.8
45.6
Construction…………………………………
38.6
39.0
39.0
38.4
39.2
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.4
39.0
38.8
38.9
39.0
38.9
38.8
Manufacturing……………………..............
Overtime hours..................................
40.7
4.6
41.1
4.4
41.3
4.4
41.1
4.3
41.2
4.3
41.0
4.1
41.0
4.2
40.9
4.1
40.9
4.1
41.2
4.3
41.1
4.2
41.1
4.1
41.4
4.3
41.3
4.2
41.3
4.1
Durable goods..…………………............
Overtime hours..................................
Wood products.....................................
Nonmetallic mineral products...............
Primary metals.....................................
Fabricated metal products...................
Machinery…………………………………
Computer and electronic products……
Electrical equipment and appliances…
Transportation equipment....................
Furniture and related products………..
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............
41.1
4.6
40.0
42.2
43.1
41.0
42.1
40.0
40.6
42.4
39.2
38.7
41.4
4.4
39.8
43.0
43.6
41.4
42.4
40.5
41.0
42.7
38.8
38.7
41.6
4.4
39.8
43.2
43.7
41.7
42.6
40.5
40.9
42.9
39.1
38.8
41.3
4.3
39.6
43.0
43.5
41.3
42.3
40.4
40.7
42.6
38.8
38.6
41.4
4.3
39.7
42.7
43.6
41.6
42.7
40.4
40.8
42.4
39.2
38.7
41.2
4.1
39.1
42.3
43.5
41.2
42.3
40.2
40.7
42.5
39.0
38.8
41.2
4.2
39.3
42.7
43.3
41.0
42.3
40.4
40.4
42.5
39.0
38.7
41.1
4.1
38.7
42.0
42.8
41.0
41.8
40.3
40.7
42.8
38.9
38.5
41.1
4.1
39.1
41.6
43.0
41.1
42.3
40.3
40.9
42.5
38.8
37.9
41.4
4.3
39.5
42.4
43.2
41.6
42.3
40.4
40.9
42.8
38.9
38.5
41.2
4.2
39.6
42.2
43.0
41.4
42.4
40.4
41.1
42.3
38.9
38.6
41.3
4.1
39.5
42.3
42.8
41.4
42.3
40.4
41.3
42.9
38.9
38.6
41.7
4.4
39.7
42.5
43.3
41.6
42.5
40.7
41.9
43.3
39.2
39.0
41.6
4.2
39.7
42.6
43.2
41.7
42.5
40.4
41.6
43.2
39.3
39.0
41.6
4.1
39.4
43.1
42.9
41.7
42.3
40.6
41.5
43.0
39.7
39.3
Nondurable goods..................................
Overtime hours..................................
Food manufacturing............................…
Beverage and tobacco products..........
Textile mills………………………………
Textile product mills……………………
Apparel.................................................
Leather and allied products..................
Paper and paper products………………
39.9
4.4
39.0
40.1
40.3
39.0
35.7
38.4
42.5
40.6
4.4
40.1
40.7
40.6
40.0
36.5
38.9
42.9
40.7
4.3
39.9
41.1
41.2
40.5
36.6
39.5
43.4
40.7
4.2
40.3
40.7
40.7
39.8
36.7
38.8
43.0
40.7
4.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.2
37.0
38.8
42.9
40.6
4.2
40.5
40.9
40.4
39.8
36.9
37.8
42.6
40.6
4.3
40.4
40.7
41.0
39.2
36.7
38.2
42.4
40.6
4.1
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.3
37.5
38.2
42.5
40.6
4.2
40.5
40.5
40.7
39.5
37.0
38.0
42.4
40.9
4.3
41.0
40.7
40.5
39.6
36.7
37.9
43.1
40.9
4.2
40.7
41.3
40.2
39.9
37.3
37.6
43.0
40.8
4.1
40.6
40.5
40.2
39.8
37.3
38.9
42.9
40.9
4.2
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.5
37.7
37.8
43.0
40.9
4.1
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.5
37.7
37.2
43.0
40.8
4.2
40.6
40.4
39.6
40.5
37.5
37.5
43.0
Printing and related support
activities.............................................
Petroleum and coal products……………
Chemicals…………………………………
Plastics and rubber products……………
38.4
45.5
42.3
40.0
39.2
45.0
42.5
40.6
39.1
45.4
42.7
40.9
39.2
45.0
43.0
40.5
39.4
45.1
42.5
40.7
39.1
44.8
41.9
40.6
39.5
44.7
42.0
40.6
39.2
45.3
41.8
40.8
39.4
45.1
41.8
40.4
39.3
44.7
41.9
40.9
39.4
44.9
42.2
41.2
39.1
44.6
42.0
41.1
39.1
44.5
42.0
41.4
38.8
44.3
42.1
41.4
39.1
43.7
42.1
41.2
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING………………………………
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
Trade, transportation, and
utilities.......……………….......................
Wholesale trade........……………….......
Retail trade…………………………………
Transportation and warehousing…………
Utilities………………………………………
Information…………………………………
Financial activities…………………………
33.4
37.7
30.6
37.0
41.1
36.5
35.9
33.4
38.0
30.5
36.9
41.4
36.6
35.8
33.4
38.0
30.3
37.0
41.7
36.7
35.5
33.4
37.9
30.4
36.9
41.4
36.7
35.7
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
41.8
36.7
35.8
33.5
38.0
30.5
36.9
41.9
36.4
35.8
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
42.0
36.6
36.0
33.4
38.0
30.4
37.1
41.9
36.5
36.0
33.3
38.1
30.2
37.1
42.3
36.6
36.0
33.4
38.2
30.2
37.2
42.5
36.7
36.0
33.3
38.1
30.2
36.9
42.3
36.5
36.0
33.4
38.3
30.2
37.0
42.4
36.3
35.9
33.4
38.3
30.2
37.0
42.6
36.3
36.0
33.3
38.2
30.1
36.7
42.7
36.5
35.9
33.3
38.2
30.1
37.1
42.6
36.2
35.7
Professional and business
services……………………………………
Education and health services……………
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………........................
34.2
32.6
25.7
30.9
34.6
32.5
25.7
30.9
34.7
32.4
25.6
30.9
34.7
32.5
25.8
30.8
34.7
32.4
25.7
30.9
34.6
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.4
25.7
30.9
34.5
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.4
25.5
30.7
34.8
32.6
25.6
31.0
34.7
32.6
25.6
30.9
34.8
32.5
25.6
31.0
34.7
32.6
25.5
30.9
34.8
32.6
25.4
30.8
34.7
32.6
25.4
30.9
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers
in the service-providing industries.
62
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
p = preliminary.
33.8
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
Industry
2006
Annual average
2007
2005
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Julyp
Aug.p
TOTAL PRIVATE
Current dollars………………………
Constant (1982) dollars……………
$16.13
8.18
$16.76
8.24
$16.84
8.17
$16.88
8.25
$16.94
8.34
$16.99
8.36
$17.07
8.36
$17.10
8.36
$17.16
8.36
$17.21
8.32
$17.25
8.30
$17.32
8.26
$17.40
8.29
$17.45
8.31
$17.50
8.35
GOODS-PRODUCING...............................
17.60
18.02
18.06
18.08
18.15
18.21
18.29
18.34
18.37
18.45
18.53
18.61
18.65
18.66
18.70
18.72
19.46
16.56
15.68
17.33
15.27
19.90
20.02
16.80
15.95
17.67
15.32
20.02
20.11
16.83
15.98
17.72
15.30
20.11
20.17
16.83
15.99
17.73
15.29
20.26
20.24
16.88
16.04
17.78
15.33
20.43
20.37
16.89
16.09
17.79
15.35
20.52
20.44
16.95
16.12
17.86
15.41
20.60
20.55
16.98
16.17
17.90
15.44
20.77
20.57
17.03
16.22
17.96
15.47
20.77
20.68
17.09
16.24
18.03
15.49
20.81
20.73
17.18
16.34
18.12
15.60
20.85
20.91
17.20
16.38
18.15
15.60
20.90
20.92
17.26
16.41
18.22
15.63
20.96
20.93
17.28
16.44
18.22
15.68
21.02
21.01
17.29
16.47
18.23
15.70
PRIVATE SERVICE-PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING..........………………..............
15.74
16.42
16.51
16.56
16.62
16.67
16.74
16.77
16.84
16.88
16.91
16.98
17.07
17.13
17.18
Trade,transportation, and
utilities…………………………………....
Wholesale trade....................................
Retail trade...........................................
Transportation and warehousing………
Utilities……………………………………
Information..............................................
Financial activities..................................
14.92
18.16
12.36
16.70
26.68
22.06
17.94
15.40
18.91
12.58
17.28
27.42
23.23
18.80
15.49
19.00
12.64
17.40
27.42
23.36
18.88
15.52
19.10
12.65
17.47
27.35
23.44
19.02
15.55
19.09
12.69
17.47
27.39
23.51
19.11
15.54
19.14
12.64
17.50
27.47
23.47
19.20
15.58
19.20
12.67
17.53
27.33
23.60
19.29
15.59
19.25
12.69
17.49
27.40
23.72
19.32
15.61
19.22
12.71
17.50
27.50
23.77
19.42
15.66
19.32
12.72
17.54
27.66
23.83
19.51
15.69
19.39
12.75
17.57
27.68
23.86
19.53
15.71
19.38
12.75
17.65
27.71
23.87
19.59
15.80
19.54
12.77
17.76
27.77
23.99
19.68
15.84
19.58
12.81
17.81
27.85
24.01
19.70
15.88
19.68
12.82
17.82
27.94
24.02
19.76
Professional and business
services.................................................
18.08
19.12
19.20
19.31
19.42
19.51
19.64
19.63
19.80
19.83
19.84
20.03
20.13
20.21
20.34
Education and health
services.................................................
Leisure and hospitality..........................
Other services.........................................
16.71
9.38
14.34
17.38
9.75
14.77
17.47
9.80
14.80
17.51
9.83
14.86
17.56
9.87
14.89
17.63
9.94
14.94
17.67
10.02
15.02
17.74
10.08
15.03
17.75
10.16
15.06
17.78
10.19
15.07
17.80
10.29
15.10
17.89
10.32
15.14
17.96
10.38
15.20
18.02
10.46
15.27
18.05
10.49
15.32
Natural resources and mining...............
Construction...........................................
Manufacturing.........................................
Excluding overtime...........................
Durable goods……………………………
Nondurable goods………………………
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-providing industries.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 63
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2005
TOTAL PRIVATE……………………………… $16.13
Seasonally adjusted…………………….
–
2006
2007
May
June
Julyp
Augp
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
$16.76
–
$16.74
16.84
$16.91
16.88
$17.02
16.94
$16.99
16.99
$17.07
17.07
$17.16
17.10
$17.21
17.16
$17.22
17.21
$17.34 $17.28 $17.30 $17.43 $17.39
17.25 17.32 17.40 17.45 17.50
GOODS-PRODUCING......................................
17.60
18.02
18.12
18.20
18.26
18.26
18.37
18.27
18.26
18.35
18.48
18.59
18.67
18.70
18.76
Natural resources and mining……………..
18.72
19.90
19.90
20.01
20.26
20.45
20.61
20.72
20.81
20.85
20.94
20.86
20.80
20.86
20.84
Construction.…………..................................
19.46
20.02
20.23
20.35
20.45
20.42
20.52
20.42
20.45
20.53
20.62
20.84
20.89
20.99
21.12
Manufacturing…………………………………… 16.56
16.80
16.79
16.88
16.89
16.93
17.09
17.04
17.03
17.06
17.19
17.19
17.25
17.21
17.26
Durable goods..…………………..................
Wood products .........................................
Nonmetallic mineral products ………………
Primary metals .........................................
Fabricated metal products …....................
Machinery …………..………………………
Computer and electronic products ...........
Electrical equipment and appliances ........
Transportation equipment ........................
Furniture and related products .................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................
17.33
13.16
16.61
18.94
15.80
17.03
18.39
15.24
22.10
13.45
14.08
17.67
13.40
16.59
19.35
16.17
17.20
18.96
15.53
22.41
13.79
14.36
17.69
13.46
16.72
19.34
16.10
17.14
19.08
15.65
22.44
13.84
14.51
17.80
13.53
16.51
19.67
16.21
17.26
19.18
15.61
22.59
13.98
14.47
17.81
13.61
16.59
19.39
16.26
17.45
19.25
15.63
22.51
14.04
14.47
17.87
13.67
16.51
19.73
16.29
17.56
19.22
15.53
22.57
14.12
14.38
18.04
13.64
16.73
19.45
16.44
17.78
19.57
15.72
22.76
14.13
14.47
17.94
13.71
16.73
19.43
16.33
17.62
19.59
15.73
22.47
14.11
14.54
17.95
13.55
16.81
19.33
16.31
17.63
19.57
15.87
22.53
14.05
14.50
18.01
13.58
16.95
19.33
16.35
17.68
19.62
15.91
22.62
14.29
14.57
18.10
13.60
16.86
19.66
16.40
17.71
19.84
15.93
22.87
14.37
14.41
18.12
13.61
17.03
19.57
16.49
17.64
19.91
15.97
22.85
14.34
14.42
18.21
13.71
17.21
19.65
16.45
17.61
19.96
15.99
23.13
14.40
14.73
18.10
13.63
17.08
19.78
16.53
17.92
20.13
16.00
22.58
14.35
14.82
18.20
13.63
16.88
19.69
16.63
17.84
20.09
15.99
23.01
14.25
14.72
Nondurable goods………………………......
Food manufacturing ...........................……
Beverages and tobacco products .............
15.27
13.04
18.76
15.32
13.13
18.19
15.25
13.15
17.93
15.31
13.16
18.21
15.32
13.13
18.45
15.34
13.18
18.20
15.47
13.33
18.34
15.51
13.42
17.92
15.46
13.33
17.91
15.45
13.36
18.49
15.65
13.49
18.45
15.60
13.51
18.58
15.62
13.51
18.22
15.73
13.57
18.63
15.69
13.59
18.06
12.38
11.67
10.24
11.50
17.99
15.74
24.47
19.67
14.80
12.55
11.94
10.61
11.44
18.01
15.80
24.08
19.60
14.96
12.64
11.96
10.58
11.65
17.93
15.81
23.30
19.19
15.02
12.59
12.02
10.61
11.44
18.15
15.80
23.87
19.43
15.03
12.82
11.84
10.60
11.64
18.10
15.87
24.17
19.57
14.98
12.74
11.98
10.53
11.58
18.05
15.93
24.44
19.61
15.04
12.63
11.90
10.64
11.70
18.23
15.91
23.96
19.87
15.16
12.90
11.98
10.87
11.89
18.18
15.84
24.90
19.67
15.22
12.87
11.96
10.82
11.82
18.10
15.87
24.73
19.55
15.22
12.81
11.93
10.70
11.81
18.16
15.87
24.66
19.46
15.19
13.00
11.93
10.80
11.87
18.47
16.00
25.01
19.71
15.32
12.89
11.92
10.91
11.85
18.45
15.92
24.78
19.52
15.29
12.97
11.97
10.92
11.97
18.46
15.99
24.44
19.60
15.36
13.15
12.07
11.05
12.18
18.70
16.18
25.01
19.68
15.29
13.23
11.89
11.03
12.08
18.54
16.28
25.23
19.47
15.35
Textile mills ..............................................
Textile product mills .................................
Apparel .....................................................
Leather and allied products ………………
Paper and paper products …………………
Printing and related support activities…...
Petroleum and coal products ………………
Chemicals ……………………………………
Plastics and rubber products ....................
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING …………………………………….
15.74
16.42
16.35
16.56
16.68
16.65
16.73
16.87
16.94
16.92
17.05
16.93
16.94
17.10
17.03
Trade, transportation, and
utilities…….……..........................................
Wholesale trade ………………………………
Retail trade ……………………………………
Transportation and warehousing ……………
Utilities ………..…..….………..………………
14.92
18.16
12.36
16.70
26.68
15.40
18.91
12.58
17.28
27.42
15.45
18.93
12.62
17.45
27.13
15.57
19.09
12.70
17.51
27.47
15.59
19.14
12.70
17.48
27.51
15.44
19.16
12.52
17.48
27.44
15.41
19.24
12.51
17.47
27.38
15.61
19.30
12.69
17.48
27.39
15.65
19.25
12.72
17.42
27.50
15.66
19.24
12.74
17.51
27.73
15.82
19.53
12.86
17.56
27.88
15.70
19.28
12.77
17.55
27.75
15.77
19.42
12.78
17.77
27.52
15.92
19.69
12.87
17.95
27.74
15.85
19.62
12.78
17.93
27.71
Information………………………………….....
22.06
23.23
23.27
23.60
23.68
23.53
23.68
23.84
23.80
23.74
23.93
23.82
23.76
23.86
23.87
Financial activities……..………....................
17.94
18.80
18.79
19.02
19.22
19.19
19.27
19.29
19.42
19.49
19.66
19.54
19.55
19.69
19.66
18.08
19.12
18.96
19.19
19.50
19.44
19.67
19.81
19.95
19.88
20.13
19.95
19.96
20.32
20.09
services………………………………………… 16.71
Professional and business
services…………………………………………
Education and health
17.38
17.45
17.53
17.55
17.62
17.68
17.78
17.76
17.79
17.80
17.84
17.92
18.07
18.03
Leisure and hospitality ………………………
9.38
9.75
9.69
9.83
9.90
10.00
10.13
10.15
10.24
10.23
10.30
10.33
10.29
10.34
10.37
Other services…………………......................
14.34
14.77
14.70
14.89
14.91
14.93
15.06
15.07
15.10
15.11
15.20
15.15
15.13
15.17
15.22
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-providing industries.
64
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2005
2006
2007
June
Julyp
Aug.p
$582.34
585.42
$588.20
589.86
$596.11
589.81
$591.26
591.50
742.90
754.75
765.47
757.35
767.28
946.59
954.86
953.30
960.96
955.39
958.64
794.51
791.81
819.01
829.33
827.01
836.35
689.72
701.17
704.79
706.51
715.88
703.89
714.56
733.75
522.35
685.93
839.38
667.90
736.52
730.57
514.90
680.81
827.32
663.82
740.46
743.81
532.34
708.51
835.06
678.53
749.63
745.72
537.20
711.49
845.38
678.96
750.90
750.17
541.68
723.78
835.64
682.69
746.17
763.00
553.88
741.75
850.85
685.97
750.19
743.91
543.84
731.02
846.58
682.69
758.02
758.94
539.75
739.34
840.76
695.13
751.06
808.24
785.56
784.76
792.65
797.57
802.37
812.37
805.20
815.65
638.28
961.48
653.95
992.34
641.78
961.72
641.15
953.02
647.54
972.66
654.72
969.69
656.37
668.38
984.84 1,008.47
659.20
939.33
660.39
989.43
550.37
552.09
560.96
546.06
540.93
554.45
554.68
553.52
568.80
562.52
572.85
559.99
561.44
560.82
568.67
558.34
548.10
563.86
554.79
556.61
577.42
570.57
578.50
629.24
538.24
626.59
535.70
627.41
543.02
635.82
547.86
629.71
539.48
619.95
529.20
628.82
541.08
638.52
540.95
634.92
545.80
638.86
547.16
638.64
550.94
641.72
555.83
747.68
519.50
481.99
388.29
460.18
778.16
744.79
514.93
480.80
388.33
441.58
787.71
745.38
516.65
464.13
395.38
452.80
778.30
746.20
513.42
480.40
390.66
443.51
777.96
740.94
524.15
477.19
390.49
452.79
783.89
718.59
523.74
472.01
406.54
449.44
772.65
709.24
521.24
470.03
399.26
445.61
754.77
745.15
520.09
474.81
394.83
449.96
775.43
774.90
525.20
473.62
403.92
447.50
792.36
761.78
519.47
470.84
408.03
463.34
789.66
757.95
526.58
488.38
413.87
454.86
795.63
763.83
519.43
485.21
412.17
447.01
802.23
733.24
523.91
483.92
412.52
450.58
797.22
615.01
627.26
630.04
627.64
634.81
620.93
625.28
625.28
628.80
617.70
620.41
621.31
636.55
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Nov.
Dec.
$567.87
–
$570.83
569.19
$573.25
570.54
$582.08
574.27
$574.26
574.26
$578.67
578.67
$573.14
577.98
$574.81
578.29
$580.31
583.42
$587.83
583.05
705.31
729.87
741.11
742.56
746.83
739.53
753.17
728.97
723.10
741.34
853.71
908.01
750.22
781.04
909.43
912.46
940.06
942.75
939.82
924.11
942.69
807.18
799.76
811.87
792.30
806.44
773.92
764.83
673.37
690.83
693.43
698.83
697.56
697.52
712.65
695.23
712.95
526.65
Wood products .........................
700.78
Nonmetallic mineral products....
Primary metals…………………… 815.78
647.34
Fabricated metal products.........
Machinery………………………… 716.55
731.81
533.44
713.34
842.94
668.84
728.99
735.90
542.44
734.01
839.36
669.76
725.02
740.48
535.79
719.84
859.58
674.34
733.55
740.90
543.04
715.03
843.47
679.67
745.12
738.03
533.13
698.37
858.26
674.41
744.54
757.68
540.14
709.35
857.75
685.55
768.10
735.59
767.86
767.02
778.71
781.55
778.41
618.97
938.03
635.87
957.43
640.09
962.68
641.57
973.63
643.96
961.18
527.35
535.35
548.06
549.41
manufacturing..........................
545.21
556.16
562.99
Nondurable goods.......................
608.95
508.55
621.78
526.02
620.68
527.32
751.54
498.47
455.52
366.17
441.96
764.04
741.31
509.41
477.56
387.27
445.50
772.26
604.73
618.81
TOTAL PRIVATE………………… $544.33
Seasonally adjusted..........
–
GOODS-PRODUCING……………
Natural resources
and mining………………………..
CONSTRUCTION
Manufacturing……………………
Durable goods……………………
Oct.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Computer and electronic
products..................................
Electrical equipment and
appliances...............................
Transportation equipment………
Furniture and related
products………………………..
Miscellaneous
Food manufacturing...................
Beverages and tobacco
products..................................
Textile mills………………………
Textile product mills……………
Apparel……………………………
Leather and allied products.......
Paper and paper products…….
Printing and related
support activities………………
Petroleum and coal
products………………………… 1,114.51 1,084.03 1,046.17 1,093.25 1,099.74 1,109.58 1,054.24 1,115.52 1,088.12 1,082.57 1,115.45 1,102.71 1,094.91 1,115.45 1,089.94
833.59
815.58
833.55
825.85
823.62
842.49
824.17
817.19
815.37
833.73
817.89
821.24
822.62
819.69
Chemicals………………………… 831.76
Plastics and rubber
products…………………………
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING…………....................
Trade, transportation,
and utilities………………………
Wholesale trade......…………......
Retail trade…………………………
591.58
607.82
612.82
614.73
609.69
609.12
626.11
622.50
610.32
621.27
632.72
628.42
638.98
622.30
630.89
509.58
532.84
533.01
536.54
545.44
537.80
542.05
539.84
543.77
544.82
555.83
546.84
550.55
560.88
553.48
498.43
685.00
377.58
514.61
718.30
383.16
520.67
719.34
387.43
523.15
723.51
388.62
523.82
734.98
386.08
515.70
728.08
379.36
517.78
731.12
384.06
513.57
723.75
378.16
514.89
727.65
376.51
518.35
729.20
380.93
526.81
751.91
387.09
522.81
738.42
384.38
529.87
743.79
388.51
538.10
760.03
393.82
532.56
749.48
388.51
Transportation and
warehousing……………………… 618.58
637.14
650.89
649.62
652.00
648.51
648.14
639.77
637.57
646.12
647.96
645.84
659.27
665.95
670.58
Utilities……………………………… 1,095.90 1,136.08 1,131.32 1,145.50 1,160.92 1,149.74 1,144.48 1,136.69 1,157.75 1,170.21 1,184.90 1,179.38 1,172.35 1,187.27 1,183.22
Information…………………………
805.00
850.81
856.34
868.48
878.53
856.49
864.32
863.01
866.32
864.14
880.62
857.52
860.11
885.21
864.09
Financial activities………………… 645.10
672.40
665.17
673.31
699.61
683.16
689.87
688.65
695.24
695.79
719.56
693.67
699.89
718.69
697.93
Professional and
business services………………
618.87
662.23
659.81
663.97
684.45
672.62
678.62
673.54
686.28
687.85
706.56
692.27
694.61
713.23
699.13
Education and Education and
health services…………………… 544.59
564.95
567.13
569.73
572.13
570.89
572.83
576.07
573.65
576.40
582.06
576.23
582.40
594.50
587.78
Leisure and hospitality………….
241.36
250.11
253.88
251.65
256.41
253.00
257.30
251.72
257.02
258.82
264.71
263.42
265.48
271.94
269.62
Other services……………………… 443.37
456.60
457.17
458.61
462.21
459.84
463.85
461.14
462.06
465.39
469.68
468.14
469.03
471.79
473.34
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing,
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-
Dash indicates data not available.
providing industries.
p = preliminary.
septTAB16
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 65
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
Timespan and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries
Over 1-month span:
2002...............................................
2003..............................................
2004..............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
43.5
51.6
52.5
64.2
54.9
37.2
50.2
61.3
64.6
54.7
33.6
62.1
52.7
64.0
55.0
38.8
64.9
60.8
62.8
52.9
40.8
59.9
54.9
56.7
57.9
38.5
57.6
58.5
55.9
51.8
39.2
56.5
59.0
59.4
57.4
41.7
51.4
60.4
55.9
53.2
48.0
56.5
53.6
55.8
50.2
55.0
53.1
57.7
52.2
51.4
62.2
53.6
52.9
55.6
60.4
57.6
Over 3-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
39.6
55.9
51.3
70.5
64.6
33.8
53.2
55.9
66.7
60.6
34.9
57.0
56.8
66.0
61.2
33.8
64.2
61.3
66.9
59.4
35.3
70.3
57.2
63.3
60.1
42.3
65.6
59.4
62.4
56.5
39.2
59.9
62.8
60.3
57.4
34.4
55.2
63.7
62.6
56.3
42.6
57.9
59.9
57.7
48.6
59.0
53.4
59.0
48.7
60.4
57.2
57.7
50.2
55.8
62.2
59.9
Over 6-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.7
49.8
54.1
63.8
62.2
33.1
51.8
57.2
63.3
60.3
31.1
55.0
57.6
67.1
65.3
33.3
60.8
56.3
68.2
62.8
33.5
63.5
56.5
67.1
61.7
36.5
63.7
58.1
67.1
61.3
32.7
63.3
65.8
63.5
58.8
32.4
62.6
63.8
62.9
57.0
40.8
58.3
61.9
62.6
44.8
62.1
59.2
62.1
47.7
55.4
62.8
61.5
47.5
55.2
60.8
61.0
Over 12-month span:
2002...............................................
2003..............................................
2004..............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.5
40.3
60.1
67.3
64.6
31.5
42.1
61.0
65.3
64.4
32.9
44.8
59.5
66.0
63.8
33.5
48.4
58.8
64.7
64.0
34.2
50.7
58.3
65.8
62.6
35.1
57.7
60.3
65.3
62.2
32.7
57.0
60.6
67.6
62.1
33.1
55.2
62.8
66.4
62.2
37.1
56.7
60.3
66.5
36.7
58.3
58.8
66.4
37.2
60.1
59.7
65.5
39.2
60.3
61.3
65.1
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries
Over 1-month span:
2002...............................................
2003..............................................
2004..............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.5
41.1
36.9
63.1
52.4
17.3
45.2
48.2
48.2
38.7
17.3
47.0
43.5
56.0
30.4
10.7
63.1
48.2
53.0
33.3
22.0
50.0
38.7
47.0
42.3
17.3
48.2
37.5
58.9
42.9
17.3
56.5
42.3
51.2
51.8
31.5
43.5
45.8
44.6
29.2
26.8
41.7
44.0
40.5
38.1
43.5
44.6
47.6
42.3
40.5
48.2
43.5
42.3
42.3
51.8
38.7
Over 3-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
15.5
45.2
35.1
56.5
48.2
11.3
42.9
39.9
52.4
38.1
13.7
43.5
40.5
52.4
42.9
9.5
57.7
42.3
51.2
31.0
8.9
60.1
35.1
47.6
33.3
11.9
58.3
33.9
54.8
38.1
15.5
55.4
40.5
48.2
37.5
15.5
46.4
41.7
52.4
33.3
17.9
47.0
42.3
39.3
29.2
42.9
40.5
42.3
30.4
42.9
39.9
35.7
33.3
37.5
43.5
39.9
Over 6-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
11.9
28.0
31.5
42.9
39.9
11.3
32.7
35.1
41.7
37.5
7.1
35.1
36.3
50.0
37.5
8.3
47.0
34.5
50.6
36.9
9.5
50.0
32.1
51.2
36.3
10.7
52.4
33.3
53.0
38.1
7.1
54.2
44.0
45.8
35.1
9.5
52.4
39.3
45.8
29.2
12.5
48.8
32.1
47.6
16.1
51.2
36.9
45.2
25.0
41.1
34.5
44.6
24.4
38.7
39.3
39.9
Over 12-month span:
2002...............................................
2003..............................................
2004..............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
10.7
13.1
44.6
44.6
41.7
6.0
14.3
44.6
40.5
42.3
6.5
13.1
41.7
40.5
39.3
6.0
20.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
8.3
23.2
37.5
39.3
36.3
7.1
35.7
36.3
42.3
33.3
7.1
36.9
32.1
48.8
32.7
8.3
38.1
33.9
48.8
33.3
10.7
36.3
32.7
44.6
10.7
44.0
33.3
45.2
9.5
44.6
33.3
43.5
10.7
44.6
37.5
41.7
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with
employment increasing plus one-half of the industries
with unchanged employment, where 50 percent
indicates an equal balance between industries with
increasing and decreasing employment.
66
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data"
for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Data for the two most recent months are preliminary.
18. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
Feb.
2
Total ………………………………………………
Percent
2007
Mar.
Apr.
2007
May
June
p
July
Feb.
Aug.
Mar.
2.9
Apr.
2.9
May
2.9
June
2.9
July
3.0
2.9
p
Aug.
4,149
4,176
4,170
4,095
4,280
4,186
4,146
2.9
Total private 2…………………………………
3,666
3,702
3,683
3,627
3,810
3,711
3,671
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.1
3.1
Construction………………………………
229
152
154
157
139
167
152
2.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.1
2.0
Manufacturing……………………………
330
316
350
345
344
340
323
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
660
677
669
609
676
684
706
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.6
Professional and business services……
642
758
735
654
763
693
665
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.5
4.1
3.7
3.6
Education and health services…………
670
685
706
703
711
717
701
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
Leisure and hospitality……………………
566
574
512
571
568
547
559
4.0
4.1
3.7
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
482
470
488
468
465
475
470
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.6
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region 3
Northeast…………………………………
717
703
675
674
732
741
681
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
South………………………………………
1,631
1,658
1,670
1,648
1,635
1,612
1,678
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
Midwest……………………………………
783
797
779
799
805
754
766
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
1,011
1,027
1,038
970
1,106
1,120
1,024
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.2
West………………………………………
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas,
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the
month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month
as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
P
= preliminary.
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
Percent
2007
Feb.
2
Total ……………………………………………… 4,815
Mar.
Apr.
May
2007
June
July
p
Aug.
4,815
4,832
4,982
4,741
4,802
4,741
Feb.
3.5
Mar.
3.5
Apr.
3.5
May
3.6
June
3.4
July
3.5
Aug.p
3.4
Industry
Total private 2…………………………………
4,509
4,416
4,423
4,503
4,335
4,443
4,318
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.7
Construction………………………………
298
356
330
351
358
408
377
3.9
4.6
4.3
4.6
4.7
5.3
4.9
Manufacturing……………………………
371
318
350
356
355
359
351
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 1,018
1,006
1,028
1,044
910
924
909
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.4
3.5
3.4
Professional and business services……
953
881
828
935
865
879
766
5.3
4.9
4.6
5.2
4.8
4.9
4.3
Education and health services…………
518
497
507
507
493
502
507
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
Leisure and hospitality……………………
934
867
903
873
854
874
875
7.0
6.4
6.7
6.5
6.3
6.4
6.4
379
404
421
409
395
385
398
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
Government…………………………………
Region 3
Northeast…………………………………
709
740
759
705
684
750
756
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.9
South………………………………………
1,837
1,835
1,894
1,960
1,842
1,898
1,816
3.7
3.7
3.8
4.0
3.7
3.8
3.7
Midwest……………………………………
1,184
1,105
1,069
1,101
1,082
1,039
1,055
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.3
West………………………………………
1,156
1,157
1,122
1,143
1,117
1,135
1,125
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.6
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, Wyoming.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate is
the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
p
= preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 67
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
20. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
Percent
2007
Feb.
Total2………………………………………………
Mar.
Apr.
May
2007
June
July
p
Aug.
Feb.
3.3
Mar.
Apr.
3.4
May
3.3
June
3.3
p
July
3.3
Aug.
4,556
4,741
4,524
4,544
4,543
4,507
4,476
3.3
3.2
Total private 2…………………………………
4,263
4,417
4,227
4,233
4,234
4,173
4,147
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
Construction………………………………
322
344
360
346
363
384
383
4.2
4.5
4.7
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.0
Manufacturing……………………………
422
400
380
396
382
379
381
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
943
974
975
950
974
987
936
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.5
Professional and business services……
862
876
805
775
728
733
727
4.8
4.9
4.5
4.3
4.1
4.1
4.1
Education and health services…………
419
429
414
437
473
414
431
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.3
Leisure and hospitality……………………
835
846
861
833
850
837
826
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.1
294
315
311
315
310
323
326
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region 3
Northeast…………………………………
675
667
640
642
634
622
660
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.6
South………………………………………
1,763
1,829
1,904
1,798
1,699
1,744
1,745
3.6
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
Midwest……………………………………
1,054
1,006
981
1,024
1,033
1,014
1,021
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
West………………………………………
1,041
1,165
1,040
1,062
1,191
1,149
1,073
3.4
3.8
3.4
3.4
3.9
3.7
3.5
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
Wyoming.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
NOTE: The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire
month; the total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire
month as a percent of total employment.
p
= preliminary
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels1 (in thousands)
Industry and region
Feb.
2
Total ………………………………………………
Percent
2007
Mar.
Apr.
May
2007
June
July
p
Aug.
Feb.
2.0
Mar.
2.0
Apr.
1.9
May
1.9
June
1.9
July
1.9
Aug.p
2,705
2,763
2,637
2,686
2,627
2,640
2,594
1.9
Total private 2…………………………………
2,571
2,591
2,486
2,530
2,475
2,493
2,443
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
Construction………………………………
120
131
126
124
129
176
147
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.9
Manufacturing……………………………
212
216
199
216
195
186
203
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
606
608
600
606
618
572
556
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
Professional and business services……
486
461
418
424
411
418
396
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
Education and health services…………
280
267
274
284
271
276
275
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
Leisure and hospitality……………………
579
590
592
551
595
597
590
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.1
4.4
4.4
4.3
139
155
153
157
152
148
150
.6
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
1.3
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region 3
Northeast…………………………………
322
352
350
331
380
314
327
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
South………………………………………
1,152
1,150
1,163
1,162
1,049
1,097
1,094
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
2.2
Midwest……………………………………
599
588
544
551
555
553
548
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
West………………………………………
629
665
590
643
648
669
629
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia;
68
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits
rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total
employment.
p
= preliminary.
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, third quarter 2006
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-062
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-062
United States3 ..............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
8,841.2
8,562.2
124.0
882.5
363.4
1,899.4
144.9
852.0
1,437.6
799.9
711.4
1,128.5
279.0
134,988.9
113,752.0
1,895.7
7,852.5
14,152.6
25,982.1
3,034.8
8,175.1
17,684.7
16,992.1
13,290.1
4,373.4
21,236.9
1.5
1.7
3.3
3.2
-.5
1.1
-.7
1.0
3.1
2.6
2.0
.8
.8
$784
776
761
829
947
685
1,217
1,133
938
748
334
510
832
0.9
.8
3.7
1.7
.1
.4
.7
1.9
1.0
.4
.9
1.0
1.7
Los Angeles, CA ..........................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
392.8
389.1
.6
14.2
15.9
55.6
9.0
25.2
43.4
28.2
27.1
169.9
3.7
4,161.2
3,608.2
12.2
160.0
463.8
807.9
206.4
247.2
603.5
469.4
392.5
245.1
553.0
.7
.8
7.4
2.8
-1.7
.8
-1.6
-.2
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
.2
894
872
1,184
896
937
750
1,486
1,440
978
834
513
413
1,038
1.7
1.2
-1.9
1.8
3.3
.8
1.3
3.0
-1.4
2.2
2.8
2.2
4.6
Cook, IL ........................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
135.0
133.8
.1
11.8
7.2
27.5
2.5
15.5
27.6
13.2
11.3
13.4
1.2
2,553.4
2,241.8
1.6
100.6
245.6
477.6
58.6
219.5
441.4
363.4
236.1
93.8
311.5
.7
.9
-.9
3.1
-1.8
.3
-3.0
.4
2.5
1.8
2.0
-1.9
-.8
928
925
1,036
1,147
956
784
1,275
1,433
1,135
813
411
670
(4)
1.0
1.3
7.2
3.1
-.1
3.3
-2.8
2.9
-.1
1.0
2.2
1.1
( 4)
New York, NY ...............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
116.2
115.9
.0
2.2
3.0
21.3
4.2
17.8
23.2
8.3
10.7
16.8
.2
2,292.3
1,852.5
.1
32.4
38.9
241.0
132.4
369.7
464.3
276.2
198.8
85.3
439.9
1.9
2.4
-7.3
5.1
-7.5
1.2
.5
3.2
2.9
1.5
2.1
1.2
-.5
1,421
1,519
1,571
1,395
1,105
1,081
1,825
2,619
1,637
967
685
855
1,010
.3
.9
15.5
2.0
2.2
1.1
2.9
.7
.7
-.9
-.3
4.3
-4.6
Harris, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.7
92.3
1.4
6.3
4.6
21.2
1.3
10.1
18.0
9.7
7.0
10.6
.4
1,959.1
1,708.2
73.7
142.0
178.4
409.4
31.9
117.4
320.2
204.0
170.1
56.0
250.9
4.2
4.5
10.7
7.1
5.5
3.4
.7
.2
5.1
3.6
4.3
1.4
2.1
950
960
2,286
917
1,204
846
1,169
1,182
1,074
812
358
551
878
2.0
1.6
-6.3
6.3
1.4
1.7
1.0
5.2
1.4
.9
.6
.7
4.9
Maricopa, AZ ................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.3
91.7
.5
9.5
3.4
19.7
1.5
11.3
19.9
8.9
6.4
6.4
.6
1,819.1
1,605.4
8.1
177.8
136.9
366.7
31.3
150.3
316.8
188.6
174.0
47.8
213.7
4.4
4.8
2.2
5.9
2.3
4.1
-1.3
2.7
5.8
6.2
4.2
3.0
1.2
792
779
682
804
1,082
750
1,024
1,027
756
835
368
550
897
.5
-.4
12.9
1.4
.6
-1.8
3.7
-.1
-.4
-.4
-1.6
.5
7.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 69
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
22. Continued—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, third quarter 2006
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-062
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-062
Orange, CA ..................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
95.9
94.5
.2
7.1
5.6
17.9
1.4
11.5
19.4
9.9
7.1
14.4
1.4
1,517.9
1,378.8
5.1
111.0
183.4
271.2
31.1
137.0
280.4
138.9
172.2
48.5
139.0
1.1
1.2
-16.5
3.7
.5
.2
-2.3
-5.1
3.7
4.8
3.0
-1.7
.3
$897
893
636
972
1,083
826
1,199
1,381
931
849
387
549
938
-1.1
-1.0
1.4
1.1
2.4
.2
-3.5
-5.9
.1
.4
.0
.5
-1.6
Dallas, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
67.0
66.5
.6
4.3
3.2
14.8
1.7
8.5
14.0
6.4
5.1
6.4
.4
1,466.0
1,306.9
7.4
80.4
148.8
303.9
52.7
140.8
263.3
139.2
128.1
38.9
159.1
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.4
2.0
1.4
-2.0
3.3
4.4
4.1
4.6
1.2
.3
961
969
3,640
877
1,099
907
1,300
1,285
1,050
876
436
608
894
2.2
2.1
48.6
2.5
-3.9
1.8
2.9
6.4
2.2
-1.9
3.1
.7
3.4
San Diego, CA .............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.5
91.0
.8
7.3
3.3
14.6
1.3
10.1
16.6
8.0
6.8
22.0
1.5
1,321.7
1,106.4
11.6
95.0
103.6
220.1
37.1
83.8
215.6
123.5
160.0
56.0
215.3
.9
.9
-1.6
.7
-.7
.4
-.7
-.8
1.2
1.3
3.5
1.2
1.2
850
832
527
877
1,112
695
1,554
1,041
1,052
816
397
479
944
-.7
-.8
.6
-1.7
1.6
-.3
-19.2
-3.5
4.9
1.6
-.3
1.3
-.1
King, WA ......................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
75.6
75.2
.4
6.6
2.5
14.7
1.7
6.8
12.4
6.3
5.9
17.8
.5
1,167.1
1,015.2
3.1
70.5
112.4
221.2
74.0
76.0
183.7
118.2
110.8
45.2
151.9
3.6
4.2
-3.7
11.0
11.5
1.9
5.2
-.4
5.7
2.3
2.6
.0
-.4
1,044
1,052
1,193
954
1,198
876
2,812
1,247
1,095
796
423
537
984
4.7
4.6
17.4
.1
-3.5
2.8
19.4
6.5
.3
.8
2.4
2.7
4.5
Miami-Dade, FL ............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
84.1
83.8
.5
5.8
2.6
22.9
1.6
10.1
16.9
8.6
5.6
7.5
.3
1,008.4
858.2
8.4
53.2
47.5
249.0
21.4
71.3
138.2
133.1
98.4
34.5
150.2
.6
1.0
-2.6
13.6
-3.2
1.7
-5.4
3.4
-5.7
3.4
-.3
1.9
-1.4
792
760
487
795
700
705
1,139
1,085
943
763
450
490
988
1.5
1.7
4.1
-.9
-2.2
-.8
3.5
.3
7.8
1.6
(4)
2.3
1.6
1
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
2
Percent changes were computed from quarterly employment and pay data
adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.
3
70
Average weekly wage1
Employment
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Virgin Islands.
4
Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are
preliminary.
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, third quarter 2006
State
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-06
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-06
United States2 ...................................
8,841.2
134,988.9
1.5
$784
0.9
Alabama ............................................
Alaska ...............................................
Arizona ..............................................
Arkansas ...........................................
California ...........................................
Colorado ...........................................
Connecticut .......................................
Delaware ...........................................
District of Columbia ...........................
Florida ...............................................
117.3
21.1
150.6
81.9
1,270.4
176.9
111.9
30.2
32.0
588.1
1,938.9
324.8
2,629.0
1,183.9
15,655.0
2,260.1
1,680.7
424.6
674.2
7,941.7
1.6
1.4
4.2
1.5
1.5
2.2
1.6
.5
.7
1.9
682
798
753
603
892
819
957
850
1,307
713
1.9
.1
1.1
.7
.6
1.4
-.9
3.4
3.6
.7
Georgia .............................................
Hawaii ...............................................
Idaho .................................................
Illinois ................................................
Indiana ..............................................
Iowa ..................................................
Kansas ..............................................
Kentucky ...........................................
Louisiana ...........................................
Maine ................................................
264.5
37.4
55.3
350.2
155.4
92.8
85.6
110.7
122.5
49.4
4,039.3
621.2
661.2
5,883.6
2,922.7
1,480.7
1,347.3
1,795.1
1,835.7
610.2
2.0
2.3
4.1
1.1
.3
1.2
2.4
.9
3.7
.6
752
722
613
831
687
641
662
656
683
636
.5
1.1
1.3
.7
-.3
.0
.6
.6
7.1
.8
Maryland ...........................................
Massachusetts ..................................
Michigan ............................................
Minnesota .........................................
Mississippi .........................................
Missouri .............................................
Montana ............................................
Nebraska ...........................................
Nevada ..............................................
New Hampshire ................................
161.5
208.8
261.0
165.5
69.1
172.1
41.4
57.8
72.4
48.9
2,545.0
3,228.1
4,278.9
2,685.1
1,134.3
2,725.1
434.4
906.9
1,287.6
634.9
.7
.9
-1.8
.0
2.9
1.1
2.3
1.1
3.7
.6
858
950
790
784
585
691
581
633
751
774
.5
.3
.3
-.6
2.1
.0
3.0
.0
.0
.3
New Jersey .......................................
New Mexico ......................................
New York ..........................................
North Carolina ...................................
North Dakota .....................................
Ohio ..................................................
Oklahoma ..........................................
Oregon ..............................................
Pennsylvania .....................................
Rhode Island .....................................
279.8
52.6
573.2
241.5
24.7
291.7
97.3
128.6
335.9
36.0
3,984.7
826.1
8,471.7
3,982.6
342.2
5,350.9
1,517.6
1,729.2
5,644.8
490.8
.7
4.4
.8
1.8
2.0
-.1
2.2
2.7
.8
.8
931
654
950
700
589
725
633
719
768
763
.3
4.0
1.1
1.6
1.4
.3
3.3
.7
.5
3.7
South Carolina ..................................
South Dakota ....................................
Tennessee ........................................
Texas ................................................
Utah ..................................................
Vermont ............................................
Virginia ..............................................
Washington .......................................
West Virginia .....................................
Wisconsin ..........................................
132.4
29.8
137.1
536.7
88.1
24.7
220.0
214.5
48.2
161.8
1,866.0
389.6
2,761.1
10,019.0
1,188.7
305.8
3,649.5
2,911.9
711.8
2,800.8
1.8
2.1
1.4
3.6
4.8
.6
1.0
3.3
1.2
.5
642
571
698
786
660
672
815
823
599
687
1.1
.7
1.2
2.5
2.0
1.4
-.1
2.7
1.7
.1
Wyoming ...........................................
24.1
274.1
4.6
706
10.0
Puerto Rico .......................................
Virgin Islands ....................................
60.6
3.4
1,020.9
43.2
-1.9
-2.0
439
692
1.2
12.5
1
2
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico
or the Virgin Islands.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI)
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE)
programs. Data are preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 71
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership
Year
Average
establishments
Average
annual
employment
Total annual wages
(in thousands)
Average annual wage
per employee
Average
weekly
wage
Total covered (UI and UCFE)
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
7,189,168
7,369,473
7,634,018
7,820,860
7,879,116
7,984,529
8,101,872
8,228,840
8,364,795
8,571,144
117,963,132
121,044,432
124,183,549
127,042,282
129,877,063
129,635,800
128,233,919
127,795,827
129,278,176
131,571,623
$3,414,514,808
3,674,031,718
3,967,072,423
4,235,579,204
4,587,708,584
4,695,225,123
4,714,374,741
4,826,251,547
5,087,561,796
5,351,949,496
$28,946
30,353
31,945
33,340
35,323
36,219
36,764
37,765
39,354
40,677
$557
584
614
641
679
697
707
726
757
782
$28,658
30,058
31,676
33,094
35,077
35,943
36,428
37,401
38,955
40,270
$551
578
609
636
675
691
701
719
749
774
$28,582
30,064
31,762
33,244
35,337
36,157
36,539
37,508
39,134
40,505
$550
578
611
639
680
695
703
721
753
779
$31,397
32,521
33,605
34,681
36,296
37,814
39,212
40,057
41,118
42,249
$604
625
646
667
698
727
754
770
791
812
$28,320
29,134
30,251
31,234
32,387
33,521
34,605
35,669
36,805
37,718
$545
560
582
601
623
645
665
686
708
725
$40,414
42,732
43,688
44,287
46,228
48,940
52,050
54,239
57,782
59,864
$777
822
840
852
889
941
1,001
1,043
1,111
1,151
UI covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
7,137,644
7,317,363
7,586,767
7,771,198
7,828,861
7,933,536
8,051,117
8,177,087
8,312,729
8,518,249
115,081,246
118,233,942
121,400,660
124,255,714
127,005,574
126,883,182
125,475,293
125,031,551
126,538,579
128,837,948
$3,298,045,286
3,553,933,885
3,845,494,089
4,112,169,533
4,454,966,824
4,560,511,280
4,570,787,218
4,676,319,378
4,929,262,369
5,188,301,929
Private industry covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
6,946,858
7,121,182
7,381,518
7,560,567
7,622,274
7,724,965
7,839,903
7,963,340
8,093,142
8,294,662
99,268,446
102,175,161
105,082,368
107,619,457
110,015,333
109,304,802
107,577,281
107,065,553
108,490,066
110,611,016
$2,837,334,217
3,071,807,287
3,337,621,699
3,577,738,557
3,887,626,769
3,952,152,155
3,930,767,025
4,015,823,311
4,245,640,890
4,480,311,193
State government covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
62,146
65,352
67,347
70,538
65,096
64,583
64,447
64,467
64,544
66,278
4,191,726
4,214,451
4,240,779
4,296,673
4,370,160
4,452,237
4,485,071
4,481,845
4,484,997
4,527,514
$131,605,800
137,057,432
142,512,445
149,011,194
158,618,365
168,358,331
175,866,492
179,528,728
184,414,992
191,281,126
Local government covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
128,640
130,829
137,902
140,093
141,491
143,989
146,767
149,281
155,043
157,309
11,621,074
11,844,330
12,077,513
12,339,584
12,620,081
13,126,143
13,412,941
13,484,153
13,563,517
13,699,418
$329,105,269
345,069,166
365,359,945
385,419,781
408,721,690
440,000,795
464,153,701
480,967,339
499,206,488
516,709,610
Federal government covered (UCFE)
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
51,524
52,110
47,252
49,661
50,256
50,993
50,755
51,753
52,066
52,895
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
72
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
2,881,887
2,810,489
2,782,888
2,786,567
2,871,489
2,752,619
2,758,627
2,764,275
2,739,596
2,733,675
$116,469,523
120,097,833
121,578,334
123,409,672
132,741,760
134,713,843
143,587,523
149,932,170
158,299,427
163,647,568
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by
supersector, first quarter 2005
Size of establishments
Industry, establishments, and
employment
Total
Fewer than
5 workers1
5 to 9
workers
10 to 19
workers
20 to 49
workers
50 to 99
workers
100 to 249
workers
250 to 499
workers
500 to 999
workers
1,000 or
more
workers
Total all industries2
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
8,203,193
108,400,665
4,937,585
7,342,119
Natural resources and mining
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
122,314
1,591,414
69,037
110,672
23,171
153,458
15,130
203,615
9,542
285,777
3,024
207,152
1,679
254,726
505
175,153
170
114,603
56
86,258
Construction
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
831,198
6,801,693
541,438
788,401
136,884
897,445
81,651
1,095,463
49,546
1,480,278
13,963
946,712
6,186
911,056
1,178
393,664
279
185,993
73
102,681
Manufacturing
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
365,703
14,154,939
139,265
241,424
62,539
419,954
55,531
763,046
53,217
1,655,600
25,598
1,792,309
19,498
2,996,843
6,468
2,232,678
2,432
1,644,836
1,155
2,408,249
Trade, transportation, and utilities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,857,536
25,178,580
986,399
1,648,596
378,634
2,519,528
243,020
3,253,554
154,658
4,670,426
53,059
3,660,431
32,572
4,845,270
6,921
2,356,307
1,746
1,132,759
527
1,091,709
Information
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
141,249
3,044,649
80,206
111,997
20,516
136,803
16,131
220,670
13,347
410,443
5,569
384,425
3,553
539,896
1,153
393,212
518
352,742
256
494,461
Financial activities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
801,843
7,920,659
514,145
838,192
145,932
961,226
80,803
1,069,124
39,849
1,186,061
11,798
805,249
6,105
917,119
1,872
647,897
884
614,198
455
881,593
Professional and business services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,352,317
16,461,563
914,425
1,277,785
186,219
1,223,193
116,874
1,575,508
77,281
2,339,310
29,848
2,069,104
19,141
2,908,692
5,588
1,909,120
2,075
1,412,210
866
1,746,641
Education and health services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
758,591
16,369,857
356,913
659,950
171,672
1,139,990
109,414
1,470,423
69,888
2,099,073
25,217
1,757,066
17,969
2,693,346
3,985
1,355,658
1,810
1,260,059
1,723
3,934,292
Leisure and hospitality
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
683,022
12,325,005
265,161
421,191
115,748
780,979
124,094
1,739,011
128,070
3,861,338
37,122
2,485,398
10,332
1,460,338
1,563
528,449
624
422,549
308
625,752
Other services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,097,218
4,284,985
889,756
1,069,170
117,854
769,066
56,303
741,466
24,642
715,321
5,518
375,264
2,603
380,117
429
143,056
95
62,317
18
29,208
1
Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2005.
2
Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately.
1,368,471
900,660
620,350
210,747
119,647
29,663
9,060,122 12,154,050 18,712,178 14,484,991 17,908,651 10,135,444
10,633
5,437
7,202,266 11,400,844
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 73
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Metropolitan areas4 ..............................................................
$40,917
$42,253
3.3
Abilene, TX ............................................................................
Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastian, PR ...................................
Akron, OH ..............................................................................
Albany, GA ............................................................................
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY ..............................................
Albuquerque, NM ...................................................................
Alexandria, LA .......................................................................
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ ....................................
Altoona, PA ............................................................................
Amarillo, TX ...........................................................................
27,103
18,579
36,548
30,930
38,557
34,530
29,003
37,461
29,115
30,780
27,876
18,717
37,471
31,741
39,201
35,665
30,114
38,506
29,642
31,954
2.9
0.7
2.5
2.6
1.7
3.3
3.8
2.8
1.8
3.8
Ames, IA ................................................................................
Anchorage, AK ......................................................................
Anderson, IN ..........................................................................
Anderson, SC ........................................................................
Ann Arbor, MI ........................................................................
Anniston-Oxford, AL ..............................................................
Appleton, WI ..........................................................................
Asheville, NC .........................................................................
Athens-Clarke County, GA ....................................................
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA .....................................
32,689
40,652
31,719
28,937
44,926
29,915
33,618
29,989
31,702
43,250
33,889
41,712
31,418
29,463
45,820
31,231
34,431
30,926
32,512
44,595
3.7
2.6
-0.9
1.8
2.0
4.4
2.4
3.1
2.6
3.1
Atlantic City, NJ .....................................................................
Auburn-Opelika, AL ...............................................................
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ......................................
Austin-Round Rock, TX .........................................................
Bakersfield, CA ......................................................................
Baltimore-Towson, MD ..........................................................
Bangor, ME ............................................................................
Barnstable Town, MA ............................................................
Baton Rouge, LA ...................................................................
Battle Creek, MI .....................................................................
35,700
28,785
33,513
42,144
33,707
41,815
29,882
34,598
33,162
36,576
36,735
29,196
34,588
43,500
34,165
43,486
30,707
35,123
34,523
37,994
2.9
1.4
3.2
3.2
1.4
4.0
2.8
1.5
4.1
3.9
Bay City, MI ...........................................................................
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX .....................................................
Bellingham, WA .....................................................................
Bend, OR ...............................................................................
Billings, MT ............................................................................
Binghamton, NY ....................................................................
Birmingham-Hoover, AL ........................................................
Bismarck, ND .........................................................................
Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA ................................
Bloomington, IN .....................................................................
32,386
34,675
29,957
30,084
30,290
32,168
37,983
30,825
30,906
29,288
33,572
36,530
31,128
31,492
31,748
33,290
39,353
31,504
32,196
30,080
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
4.8
3.5
3.6
2.2
4.2
2.7
Bloomington-Normal, IL .........................................................
Boise City-Nampa, ID ............................................................
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH ......................................
Boulder, CO ...........................................................................
Bowling Green, KY ................................................................
Bremerton-Silverdale, WA .....................................................
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT .........................................
Brownsville-Harlingen, TX .....................................................
Brunswick, GA .......................................................................
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ......................................................
38,823
33,614
52,976
47,264
30,695
35,599
67,223
24,222
30,408
34,923
39,404
34,623
54,199
49,115
31,306
36,467
71,095
24,893
30,902
35,302
1.5
3.0
2.3
3.9
2.0
2.4
5.8
2.8
1.6
1.1
Burlington, NC .......................................................................
Burlington-South Burlington, VT ............................................
Canton-Massillon, OH ...........................................................
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL ....................................................
Carson City, NV .....................................................................
Casper, WY ...........................................................................
Cedar Rapids, IA ...................................................................
Champaign-Urbana, IL ..........................................................
Charleston, WV .....................................................................
Charleston-North Charleston, SC ..........................................
30,218
37,319
31,304
33,932
36,799
32,284
36,546
32,595
34,236
32,233
31,084
38,582
32,080
35,649
38,428
34,810
37,902
33,278
35,363
33,896
2.9
3.4
2.5
5.1
4.4
7.8
3.7
2.1
3.3
5.2
Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC ....................................
Charlottesville, VA .................................................................
Chattanooga, TN-GA .............................................................
Cheyenne, WY ......................................................................
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI .......................................
Chico, CA ..............................................................................
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN .........................................
Clarksville, TN-KY .................................................................
Cleveland, TN ........................................................................
Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH .................................................
41,897
35,743
32,701
31,007
45,181
29,082
39,170
28,353
31,529
39,172
43,728
37,392
33,743
32,208
46,609
30,007
40,343
29,870
32,030
39,973
4.4
4.6
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.2
3.0
5.4
1.6
2.0
Coeur d’Alene, ID ..................................................................
College Station-Bryan, TX .....................................................
Colorado Springs, CO ...........................................................
Columbia, MO ........................................................................
Columbia, SC ........................................................................
Columbus, GA-AL ..................................................................
Columbus, IN .........................................................................
Columbus, OH .......................................................................
Corpus Christi, TX .................................................................
Corvallis, OR .........................................................................
27,505
27,716
36,318
30,462
32,619
30,263
38,076
38,687
31,907
37,248
28,208
29,032
37,268
31,263
33,386
31,370
38,446
39,806
32,975
39,357
2.6
4.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
3.7
1.0
2.9
3.3
5.7
See footnotes at end of table.
74
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
2005
Cumberland, MD-WV ............................................................
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ............................................
Dalton, GA .............................................................................
Danville, IL .............................................................................
Danville, VA ...........................................................................
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL .....................................
Dayton, OH ............................................................................
Decatur, AL ............................................................................
Decatur, IL .............................................................................
Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL .........................
$28,143
43,925
31,972
31,218
27,855
34,555
36,996
32,772
36,487
29,346
$28,645
45,337
32,848
31,861
28,449
35,546
37,922
33,513
38,444
29,927
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.1
2.1
2.9
2.5
2.3
5.4
2.0
Denver-Aurora, CO ................................................................
Des Moines, IA ......................................................................
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI ....................................................
Dothan, AL .............................................................................
Dover, DE ..............................................................................
Dubuque, IA ...........................................................................
Duluth, MN-WI .......................................................................
Durham, NC ...........................................................................
Eau Claire, WI .......................................................................
El Centro, CA .........................................................................
44,568
38,499
45,798
29,492
32,358
31,596
32,512
45,892
30,161
28,935
45,940
39,760
46,790
30,253
33,132
32,414
32,638
46,743
30,763
29,879
3.1
3.3
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.6
0.4
1.9
2.0
3.3
Elizabethtown, KY .................................................................
Elkhart-Goshen, IN ................................................................
Elmira, NY .............................................................................
El Paso, TX ............................................................................
Erie, PA .................................................................................
Eugene-Springfield, OR .........................................................
Evansville, IN-KY ...................................................................
Fairbanks, AK ........................................................................
Fajardo, PR ...........................................................................
Fargo, ND-MN .......................................................................
30,144
34,626
31,048
27,988
31,247
31,344
34,388
37,847
20,331
31,571
30,912
35,573
32,989
28,666
32,010
32,295
35,302
39,399
20,011
32,291
2.5
2.7
6.3
2.4
2.4
3.0
2.7
4.1
-1.6
2.3
Farmington, NM .....................................................................
Fayetteville, NC .....................................................................
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO ...............................
Flagstaff, AZ ..........................................................................
Flint, MI ..................................................................................
Florence, SC ..........................................................................
Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL ..................................................
Fond du Lac, WI ....................................................................
Fort Collins-Loveland, CO .....................................................
Fort Smith, AR-OK .................................................................
32,281
29,506
33,678
29,121
38,243
31,838
28,586
31,760
35,522
28,251
33,695
30,325
34,598
30,733
37,982
32,326
28,885
32,634
36,612
29,599
4.4
2.8
2.7
5.5
-0.7
1.5
1.0
2.8
3.1
4.8
Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL ..............................
Fort Wayne, IN ......................................................................
Fresno, CA ............................................................................
Gadsden, AL ..........................................................................
Gainesville, FL .......................................................................
Gainesville, GA ......................................................................
Glens Falls, NY ......................................................................
Goldsboro, NC .......................................................................
Grand Forks, ND-MN .............................................................
Grand Junction, CO ...............................................................
31,163
34,204
31,429
27,904
30,832
32,849
30,288
27,461
27,601
29,965
32,976
34,717
32,266
28,438
32,992
33,828
31,710
28,316
28,138
31,611
5.8
1.5
2.7
1.9
7.0
3.0
4.7
3.1
1.9
5.5
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI ..................................................
Great Falls, MT ......................................................................
Greeley, CO ...........................................................................
Green Bay, WI .......................................................................
Greensboro-High Point, NC ...................................................
Greenville, NC .......................................................................
Greenville, SC .......................................................................
Guayama, PR ........................................................................
Gulfport-Biloxi, MS .................................................................
Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV .........................................
36,302
27,060
32,593
34,861
34,129
30,592
33,557
22,359
28,857
32,088
36,941
28,021
33,636
35,467
34,876
31,433
34,469
23,263
31,688
33,202
1.8
3.6
3.2
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
4.0
9.8
3.5
Hanford-Corcoran, CA ...........................................................
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA ..........................................................
Harrisonburg, VA ...................................................................
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT .............................
Hattiesburg, MS .....................................................................
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC ..............................................
Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA ...................................................
Holland-Grand Haven, MI ......................................................
Honolulu, HI ...........................................................................
Hot Springs, AR .....................................................................
29,655
38,204
29,145
48,381
27,973
29,568
28,058
35,505
36,618
26,176
29,989
39,144
30,366
50,154
28,568
30,090
30,062
36,362
37,654
27,024
1.1
2.5
4.2
3.7
2.1
1.8
7.1
2.4
2.8
3.2
Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA ......................................
Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX ........................................
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH ...........................................
Huntsville, AL .........................................................................
Idaho Falls, ID .......................................................................
Indianapolis, IN ......................................................................
Iowa City, IA ..........................................................................
Ithaca, NY ..............................................................................
Jackson, MI ...........................................................................
Jackson, MS ..........................................................................
31,689
44,656
30,434
40,964
28,937
38,968
33,777
36,071
35,031
32,178
33,696
47,157
31,415
42,401
29,795
39,830
34,785
36,457
35,879
33,099
6.3
5.6
3.2
3.5
3.0
2.2
3.0
1.1
2.4
2.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 75
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Jackson, TN ...........................................................................
Jacksonville, FL .....................................................................
Jacksonville, NC ....................................................................
Janesville, WI ........................................................................
Jefferson City, MO .................................................................
Johnson City, TN ...................................................................
Johnstown, PA .......................................................................
Jonesboro, AR .......................................................................
Joplin, MO .............................................................................
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI .........................................................
$32,525
36,870
23,969
34,022
30,027
29,293
28,315
27,540
28,386
36,113
$33,286
38,224
24,803
34,107
30,991
29,840
29,335
28,550
29,152
36,042
2.3
3.7
3.5
0.2
3.2
1.9
3.6
3.7
2.7
-0.2
Kankakee-Bradley, IL ............................................................
Kansas City, MO-KS ..............................................................
Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA ...........................................
Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX ...............................................
Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA ............................................
Kingston, NY ..........................................................................
Knoxville, TN .........................................................................
Kokomo, IN ............................................................................
La Crosse, WI-MN .................................................................
Lafayette, IN ..........................................................................
31,322
38,650
37,611
28,883
33,100
29,506
34,718
44,394
30,445
34,064
31,802
39,749
38,453
30,028
33,568
30,752
35,724
44,462
31,029
35,176
1.5
2.8
2.2
4.0
1.4
4.2
2.9
0.2
1.9
3.3
Lafayette, LA .........................................................................
Lake Charles, LA ...................................................................
Lakeland, FL ..........................................................................
Lancaster, PA ........................................................................
Lansing-East Lansing, MI ......................................................
Laredo, TX .............................................................................
Las Cruces, NM .....................................................................
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV .......................................................
Lawrence, KS ........................................................................
Lawton, OK ............................................................................
33,042
32,077
31,163
34,296
36,706
25,954
27,492
37,066
27,665
27,276
34,729
33,728
32,235
35,264
38,135
27,401
28,569
38,940
28,492
28,459
5.1
5.1
3.4
2.8
3.9
5.6
3.9
5.1
3.0
4.3
Lebanon, PA ..........................................................................
Lewiston, ID-WA ....................................................................
Lewiston-Auburn, ME ............................................................
Lexington-Fayette, KY ...........................................................
Lima, OH ...............................................................................
Lincoln, NE ............................................................................
Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ...........................................
Logan, UT-ID .........................................................................
Longview, TX .........................................................................
Longview, WA ........................................................................
30,239
28,995
30,415
36,051
31,618
32,108
34,019
25,281
29,925
32,742
30,704
29,414
31,008
36,683
32,630
32,711
34,920
25,869
32,603
33,993
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.8
3.2
1.9
2.6
2.3
8.9
3.8
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA .............................
Louisville, KY-IN ....................................................................
Lubbock, TX ..........................................................................
Lynchburg, VA .......................................................................
Macon, GA .............................................................................
Madera, CA ...........................................................................
Madison, WI ...........................................................................
Manchester-Nashua, NH .......................................................
Mansfield, OH ........................................................................
Mayaguez, PR .......................................................................
45,085
36,466
29,061
30,956
32,275
28,108
37,250
43,638
32,352
19,066
46,592
37,144
30,174
32,025
33,110
29,356
38,210
45,066
32,688
19,597
3.3
1.9
3.8
3.5
2.6
4.4
2.6
3.3
1.0
2.8
McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX ..................................................
Medford, OR ..........................................................................
Memphis, TN-MS-AR ............................................................
Merced, CA ............................................................................
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL ..............................
Michigan City-La Porte, IN .....................................................
Midland, TX ...........................................................................
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI ....................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ...........................
Missoula, MT .........................................................................
24,529
29,786
38,292
29,122
38,557
30,065
35,566
39,315
45,064
28,625
25,315
30,502
39,094
30,209
40,174
30,724
38,267
40,181
45,507
29,627
3.2
2.4
2.1
3.7
4.2
2.2
7.6
2.2
1.0
3.5
Mobile, AL ..............................................................................
Modesto, CA ..........................................................................
Monroe, LA ............................................................................
Monroe, MI ............................................................................
Montgomery, AL ....................................................................
Morgantown, WV ...................................................................
Morristown, TN ......................................................................
Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA ...............................................
Muncie, IN .............................................................................
Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI ................................................
31,925
33,127
27,917
39,106
32,694
30,516
31,112
30,016
30,742
32,578
33,496
34,325
29,264
39,449
33,441
31,529
31,215
31,387
32,172
33,035
4.9
3.6
4.8
0.9
2.3
3.3
0.3
4.6
4.7
1.4
Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC ....................
Napa, CA ...............................................................................
Naples-Marco Island, FL .......................................................
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN .................................
New Haven-Milford, CT .........................................................
New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA .........................................
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA ......
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI ........................................................
Norwich-New London, CT .....................................................
Ocala, FL ...............................................................................
26,074
39,026
34,856
37,394
43,007
34,487
55,431
34,718
41,443
29,013
26,642
40,180
38,211
38,753
43,931
37,239
57,660
35,029
42,151
30,008
2.2
3.0
9.6
3.6
2.1
8.0
4.0
0.9
1.7
3.4
See footnotes at end of table.
76
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
2005
Ocean City, NJ ......................................................................
Odessa, TX ............................................................................
Ogden-Clearfield, UT .............................................................
Oklahoma City, OK ................................................................
Olympia, WA ..........................................................................
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA ................................................
Orlando, FL ............................................................................
Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................................
Owensboro, KY .....................................................................
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA ...................................
$30,227
31,744
30,406
32,328
35,033
35,208
35,041
38,135
30,606
42,805
$31,033
33,475
31,195
33,142
36,230
36,329
36,466
38,820
31,379
44,597
2.7
5.5
2.6
2.5
3.4
3.2
4.1
1.8
2.5
4.2
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL ........................................
Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL ...............................................
Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH ..............................................
Pascagoula, MS ....................................................................
Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL ...........................................
Peoria, IL ...............................................................................
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ...............................................
Pine Bluff, AR ........................................................................
Pittsburgh, PA ........................................................................
37,912
30,257
30,427
32,323
30,361
37,182
45,008
38,816
29,892
37,821
38,287
31,894
30,747
34,735
32,064
39,871
46,454
40,245
30,794
38,809
1.0
5.4
1.1
7.5
5.6
7.2
3.2
3.7
3.0
2.6
Pittsfield, MA ..........................................................................
Pocatello, ID ..........................................................................
Ponce, PR .............................................................................
Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME ................................
Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA ...............................
Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL ................................................
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY ............................
Prescott, AZ ...........................................................................
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA ..........................
Provo-Orem, UT ....................................................................
34,672
26,784
19,430
34,983
39,973
31,726
36,773
27,906
36,841
29,501
35,807
27,686
19,660
35,857
41,048
33,235
38,187
29,295
37,796
30,395
3.3
3.4
1.2
2.5
2.7
4.8
3.8
5.0
2.6
3.0
Pueblo, CO ............................................................................
Punta Gorda, FL ....................................................................
Racine, WI .............................................................................
Raleigh-Cary, NC ..................................................................
Rapid City, SD .......................................................................
Reading, PA ..........................................................................
Redding, CA ..........................................................................
Reno-Sparks, NV ...................................................................
Richmond, VA ........................................................................
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA .................................
30,463
29,998
37,082
38,450
27,945
35,414
31,036
37,260
39,629
34,287
30,165
31,937
37,659
39,465
28,758
36,210
32,139
38,453
41,274
35,201
-1.0
6.5
1.6
2.6
2.9
2.2
3.6
3.2
4.2
2.7
Roanoke, VA .........................................................................
Rochester, MN .......................................................................
Rochester, NY .......................................................................
Rockford, IL ...........................................................................
Rocky Mount, NC ..................................................................
Rome, GA ..............................................................................
Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA ...........................
Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI ..................................
St. Cloud, MN ........................................................................
St. George, UT ......................................................................
32,801
40,176
37,243
34,150
30,569
32,930
41,317
36,322
31,693
24,518
32,987
41,296
37,991
35,652
30,983
33,896
42,800
36,325
31,705
26,046
0.6
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.4
2.9
3.6
0.0
0.0
6.2
St. Joseph, MO-KS ................................................................
St. Louis, MO-IL .....................................................................
Salem, OR .............................................................................
Salinas, CA ............................................................................
Salisbury, MD ........................................................................
Salt Lake City, UT ..................................................................
San Angelo, TX .....................................................................
San Antonio, TX ....................................................................
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA ...................................
Sandusky, OH .......................................................................
29,047
38,640
30,490
34,681
31,118
35,562
28,990
33,919
42,382
32,586
30,009
39,985
31,289
36,067
32,240
36,857
29,530
35,097
43,824
32,631
3.3
3.5
2.6
4.0
3.6
3.6
1.9
3.5
3.4
0.1
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA ...................................
San German-Cabo Rojo, PR .................................................
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ..................................
San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo, PR .........................................
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA ........................................
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA ................................
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA ..................................................
Santa Fe, NM ........................................................................
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA ....................................................
Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL ............................................
55,793
18,158
69,637
23,219
32,942
37,471
37,386
32,590
38,512
32,118
58,634
18,745
71,970
23,952
33,759
39,080
38,016
33,253
40,017
33,905
5.1
3.2
3.4
3.2
2.5
4.3
1.7
2.0
3.9
5.6
Savannah, GA .......................................................................
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA ..................................................
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA ..............................................
Sheboygan, WI ......................................................................
Sherman-Denison, TX ...........................................................
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA ..................................................
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD .............................................................
Sioux Falls, SD ......................................................................
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI ..............................................
Spartanburg, SC ....................................................................
32,839
31,329
45,095
34,844
31,623
31,435
30,830
32,030
33,812
34,984
34,104
32,057
46,644
35,067
32,800
31,962
31,122
33,257
34,086
35,526
3.9
2.3
3.4
0.6
3.7
1.7
0.9
3.8
0.8
1.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 77
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Spokane, WA .........................................................................
Springfield, IL .........................................................................
Springfield, MA ......................................................................
Springfield, MO ......................................................................
Springfield, OH ......................................................................
State College, PA ..................................................................
Stockton, CA ..........................................................................
Sumter, SC ............................................................................
Syracuse, NY .........................................................................
Tallahassee, FL .....................................................................
$31,643
38,256
35,793
29,298
30,287
33,042
34,175
26,770
35,863
32,610
$32,621
39,299
36,791
30,124
30,814
34,109
35,030
27,469
36,494
33,548
3.1
2.7
2.8
2.8
1.7
3.2
2.5
2.6
1.8
2.9
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL ..................................
Terre Haute, IN ......................................................................
Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR ..............................................
Toledo, OH ............................................................................
Topeka, KS ............................................................................
Trenton-Ewing, NJ .................................................................
Tucson, AZ ............................................................................
Tulsa, OK ...............................................................................
Tuscaloosa, AL ......................................................................
Tyler, TX ................................................................................
35,328
29,839
30,185
35,122
32,071
50,467
33,992
34,014
32,223
33,704
36,374
30,597
31,302
35,848
33,303
52,034
35,650
35,211
34,124
34,731
3.0
2.5
3.7
2.1
3.8
3.1
4.9
3.5
5.9
3.0
Utica-Rome, NY .....................................................................
Valdosta, GA .........................................................................
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ...............................................................
Vero Beach, FL ......................................................................
Victoria, TX ............................................................................
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ .............................................
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC .....................
Visalia-Porterville, CA ............................................................
Waco, TX ...............................................................................
Warner Robins, GA ...............................................................
30,174
24,779
37,118
31,812
33,316
36,228
33,458
27,927
30,709
34,535
30,902
25,712
38,431
32,591
34,327
36,387
34,580
28,582
32,325
36,762
2.4
3.8
3.5
2.4
3.0
0.4
3.4
2.3
5.3
6.4
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ...............
Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA .......................................................
Wausau, WI ...........................................................................
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH ...............................................
Wenatchee, WA .....................................................................
Wheeling, WV-OH .................................................................
Wichita, KS ............................................................................
Wichita Falls, TX ....................................................................
Williamsport, PA ....................................................................
Wilmington, NC ......................................................................
53,134
32,322
32,399
30,173
26,440
28,772
34,618
28,144
30,050
30,379
55,525
33,123
33,259
30,596
27,163
29,808
35,976
29,343
30,699
31,792
4.5
2.5
2.7
1.4
2.7
3.6
3.9
4.3
2.2
4.7
Winchester, VA-WV ...............................................................
Winston-Salem, NC ...............................................................
Worcester, MA .......................................................................
Yakima, WA ...........................................................................
Yauco, PR .............................................................................
York-Hanover, PA ..................................................................
Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA ...............................
Yuba City, CA ........................................................................
Yuma, AZ ...............................................................................
32,396
36,559
40,428
26,497
18,274
34,966
31,943
30,913
25,978
33,787
36,654
41,094
27,334
17,818
36,834
32,176
32,133
27,168
4.3
0.3
1.6
3.2
-2.5
5.3
0.7
3.9
4.6
1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment
Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation
for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
2 Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (MSA) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (PMSA) as defined by OMB Bulletin No.
99-04. In the New England areas, the New
England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA)
definitions were used.
78
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
3 Each year’s total is based on the MSA
definition for the specific year. Annual changes
include differences resulting from changes in
MSA definitions.
4 Totals do not include the six MSAs within
Puerto Rico.
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population...........
Civilian labor force............................……
Labor force participation rate...............
Employed............................…………
Employment-population ratio..........
Unemployed............................………
Unemployment rate........................
Not in the labor force............................…
1
1996
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,647
19971
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,837
19981
19991
20001
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,547
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,385
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4
69,994
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,359
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,707
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6
74,658
223,357
147,401
66
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,956
226,082
149,320
66
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,762
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
Not strictly comparable with prior years.
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total private employment............................…
100,169
103,113
106,021
108,686
110,996
110,707
108,828
108,416
109,814
111,899
114,184
Total nonfarm employment……………………
Goods-producing............................………
Natural resources and mining.................
Construction............................……………
Manufacturing............................…………
119,708
23,410
637
5,536
17,237
122,776
23,886
654
5,813
17,419
125,930
24,354
645
6,149
17,560
128,993
24,465
598
6,545
17,322
131,785
24,649
599
6,787
17,263
131,826
23,873
606
6,826
16,441
130,341
22,557
583
6,716
15,259
129,999
21,816
572
6,735
14,510
131,435
21,882
591
6,976
14,315
133,703
22,190
628
7,336
14,226
136,174
22,570
684
7,689
14,197
Private service-providing..........................
76,759
Trade, transportation, and utilities..........
24,239
Wholesale trade............................……… 5,522.00
Retail trade............................………… 14,142.50
Transportation and warehousing.........
3,935.30
Utilities............................………………
639.6
Information............................……………
2,940
Financial activities............................……
6,969
Professional and business services……
13,462
Education and health services…………
13,683
10,777
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………………………
4,690
79,227
24,700
5,663.90
14,388.90
4,026.50
620.9
3,084
7,178
14,335
14,087
11,018
4,825
81,667
25,186
5,795.20
14,609.30
4,168.00
613.4
3,218
7,462
15,147
14,446
11,232
4,976
84,221
25,771
5,892.50
14,970.10
4,300.30
608.5
3,419
7,648
15,957
14,798
11,543
5,087
86,346
26,225
5,933.20
15,279.80
4,410.30
601.3
3,631
7,687
16,666
15,109
11,862
5,168
86,834
25,983
5,772.70
15,238.60
4,372.00
599.4
3,629
7,807
16,476
15,645
12,036
5,258
86,271
25,497
5,652.30
15,025.10
4,223.60
596.2
3,395
7,847
15,976
16,199
11,986
5,372
86,599
25,287
5,607.50
14,917.30
4,185.40
577
3,188
7,977
15,987
16,588
12,173
5,401
87,932
25,533
5,662.90
15,058.20
4,248.60
563.8
3,118
8,031
16,395
16,953
12,493
5,409
89,709
25,959
5,764.40
15,279.60
4,360.90
554
3,061
8,153
16,954
17,372
12,816
5,395
91,615
26,231
5,897.60
15,319.30
4,465.80
548.5
3,055
8,363
17,552
17,838
13,143
5,432
19,664
19,909
20,307
20,790
21,118
21,513
21,583
21,621
21,804
21,990
Government……………………………………
19,539
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 79
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Private sector:
Average weekly hours.......……................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)........................
34.3
12.04
413.28
34.5
12.51
431.86
34.5
13.01
448.56
34.3
13.49
463.15
34.3
14.02
481.01
34
14.54
493.79
33.9
14.97
506.72
33.7
15.37
518.06
33.7
15.69
529.09
33.8
16.13
544.33
33.9
16.76
567.87
Goods-producing:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
40.8
13.38
546.48
41.1
13.82
568.43
40.8
14.23
580.99
40.8
14.71
599.99
40.7
15.27
621.86
39.9
15.78
630.04
39.9
16.33
651.61
39.8
16.8
669.13
40
17.19
688.17
40.1
17.6
705.31
40.5
18.02
729.87
Natural resources and mining
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Construction:
46
15.1
695.07
46.2
15.57
720.11
44.9
16.2
727.28
44.2
16.33
721.74
44.4
16.55
734.92
44.6
17
757.92
43.2
17.19
741.97
43.6
17.56
765.94
44.5
18.07
803.82
45.6
18.72
853.71
45.6
19.9
908.01
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Manufacturing:
38.9
15.11
588.48
38.9
15.67
609.48
38.8
16.23
629.75
39
16.8
655.11
39.2
17.48
685.78
38.7
18
695.89
38.4
18.52
711.82
38.4
18.95
726.83
38.3
19.23
735.55
38.6
19.46
750.22
39
20.02
781.04
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Private service-providing:
41.3
12.75
526.55
41.7
13.14
548.22
41.4
13.45
557.12
41.4
13.85
573.17
41.3
14.32
590.65
40.3
14.76
595.19
40.5
15.29
618.75
40.4
15.74
635.99
40.8
16.15
658.59
40.7
16.56
673.37
41.1
16.8
690.83
Average weekly hours..………................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
32.6
11.59
377.37
32.8
12.07
395.51
32.8
12.61
413.5
32.7
13.09
427.98
32.7
13.62
445.74
32.5
14.18
461.08
32.5
14.59
473.8
32.4
14.99
484.81
32.3
15.29
494.22
32.4
15.74
509.58
32.5
16.42
532.84
Trade, transportation, and utilities:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Wholesale trade:
34.1
11.46
390.64
34.3
11.9
407.57
34.2
12.39
423.3
33.9
12.82
434.31
33.8
13.31
449.88
33.5
13.7
459.53
33.6
14.02
471.27
33.6
14.34
481.14
33.5
14.58
488.42
33.4
14.92
498.43
33.4
15.4
514.61
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Retail trade:
38.6
13.8
533.29
38.8
14.41
559.39
38.6
15.07
582.21
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631.4
38.4
16.77
643.45
38
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657.29
37.8
17.65
667.09
37.7
18.16
685
38
18.91
718.3
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Transportation and warehousing:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Utilities:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Information:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Financial activities:
38.6
13.8
533.29
38.8
14.41
559.39
38.6
15.07
582.21
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631.4
38.4
16.77
643.45
38
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657.29
37.8
17.65
667.09
37.7
18.16
685
38
18.91
718.3
39.1
13.45
525.6
39.4
13.78
542.55
38.7
14.12
546.86
37.6
14.55
547.97
37.4
15.05
562.31
36.7
15.33
562.7
36.8
15.76
579.75
36.8
16.25
598.41
37.2
16.52
614.82
37
16.7
618.58
36.9
17.28
637.14
42
19.78
830.74
42
20.59
865.26
42
21.48
902.94
42
22.03
924.59
42
22.75
955.66
41.4
23.58
977.18
40.9
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
23.96
24.77
25.61
26.68
27.42
979.09 1,017.27 1,048.44 1,095.90 1,136.08
36.4
16.3
592.68
36.3
17.14
622.4
36.6
17.67
646.52
36.7
18.4
675.32
36.8
19.07
700.89
36.9
19.8
731.11
36.5
20.2
738.17
36.2
21.01
760.81
36.3
21.4
777.05
36.5
22.06
805
36.6
23.23
850.81
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Professional and business services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Education and health services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Leisure and hospitality:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Other services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
35.5
12.71
451.49
35.7
13.22
472.37
36
13.93
500.95
35.8
14.47
517.57
35.9
14.98
537.37
35.8
15.59
558.02
35.6
16.17
575.51
35.5
17.14
609.08
35.5
17.52
622.87
35.9
17.94
645.1
35.8
18.8
672.4
34.1
13
442.81
34.3
13.57
465.51
34.3
14.27
490
34.4
14.85
510.99
34.5
15.52
535.07
34.2
16.33
557.84
34.2
16.81
574.66
34.1
17.21
587.02
34.2
17.48
597.56
34.2
18.08
618.87
34.6
19.12
662.23
31.9
12.17
388.27
32.2
12.56
404.65
32.2
13
418.82
32.1
13.44
431.35
32.2
13.95
449.29
32.3
14.64
473.39
32.4
15.21
492.74
32.3
15.64
505.69
32.4
16.15
523.78
32.6
16.71
544.59
32.5
17.38
564.95
25.9
6.99
180.98
26
7.32
190.52
26.2
7.67
200.82
26.1
7.96
208.05
26.1
8.32
217.2
25.8
8.57
220.73
25.8
8.81
227.17
25.6
9
230.42
25.7
9.15
234.86
25.7
9.38
241.36
25.7
9.75
250.11
32.5
10.85
352.62
32.7
11.29
368.63
32.6
11.79
384.25
32.5
12.26
398.77
32.5
12.73
413.41
32.3
13.27
428.64
32
13.72
439.76
31.4
13.84
434.41
31
13.98
433.04
30.9
14.34
443.37
30.9
14.77
456.6
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system. N AICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data.
80
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
30. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
2
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
98.6
99.4
100.0
100.7
101.6
102.7
103.3
104.2
105.0
0.8
3.3
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
98.5
99.4
98.1
98.4
97.9
98.7
99.4
99.7
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.3
100.7
100.5
99.9
100.9
101.6
101.9
101.4
101.6
101.1
101.9
103.0
102.7
103.2
102.4
101.7
102.8
103.7
103.2
104.0
103.0
102.3
103.5
104.7
104.4
104.9
103.8
102.4
104.7
105.5
105.2
105.7
104.8
103.6
105.5
.8
.8
.8
1.0
1.2
.8
3.8
3.2
4.2
3.1
2.5
3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.8
98.5
99.1
99.0
99.1
98.8
98.3
99.5
99.4
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.8
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.7
100.9
100.4
100.4
100.5
100.8
102.0
102.0
102.0
101.1
101.0
101.3
101.4
103.0
103.0
103.0
101.8
101.6
102.2
102.5
103.6
103.7
103.6
102.4
102.0
102.8
103.5
104.1
104.3
103.7
102.7
102.1
103.4
104.8
105.1
105.7
104.4
103.5
102.8
104.4
105.5
1.0
1.3
.7
.8
.7
1.0
.7
3.0
3.6
2.4
2.4
1.8
3.1
4.0
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
99.0
99.1
98.5
97.6
98.5
98.2
98.3
97.0
96.7
99.8
99.8
99.3
99.1
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.1
100.9
100.6
101.1
101.2
101.0
100.2
100.2
101.3
101.0
101.6
101.3
102.0
101.9
101.4
100.7
100.5
102.0
101.4
102.9
103.5
103.5
103.2
102.6
103.4
103.5
102.5
101.8
103.5
104.2
104.3
104.0
103.7
104.1
104.2
102.9
102.0
104.4
104.9
105.4
105.1
104.5
104.5
104.6
103.9
102.9
105.2
105.5
106.1
105.7
105.0
104.9
105.0
1.0
.9
.8
.6
.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
2.6
1.9
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.7
3.6
4.2
4.5
97.5
99.0
100.0
100.6
101.2
102.4
103.8
105.6
106.6
.9
5.3
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.8
101.7
102.5
103.2
104.0
104.9
.9
3.1
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
99.1
99.6
98.8
98.5
97.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
99.3
99.0
99.1
99.0
99.0
99.6
99.7
99.5
99.3
99.2
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.8
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
101.3
101.0
100.5
99.9
100.9
100.8
100.7
100.9
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.8
101.9
102.0
101.8
101.6
101.1
101.9
102.1
102.2
102.1
101.1
101.0
101.2
101.5
102.9
102.7
103.1
102.3
101.7
102.7
103.0
103.1
103.0
101.7
101.6
102.0
102.3
103.5
103.1
103.9
102.9
102.3
103.4
103.6
103.7
103.4
102.3
102.0
102.6
103.1
104.6
104.3
104.9
103.7
102.4
104.5
104.0
104.4
103.5
102.5
102.1
103.1
104.5
105.5
105.1
105.9
104.7
103.6
105.4
105.0
105.7
104.1
103.3
102.8
104.1
105.2
.9
.8
1.0
1.0
1.2
.9
1.0
1.2
.6
.8
.7
1.0
.7
3.5
3.0
4.0
3.1
2.5
3.4
2.8
3.4
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.9
3.6
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
99.0
99.2
98.0
98.9
99.2
99.8
100.2
99.7
99.6
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
99.9
100.6
100.3
101.3
100.7
102.7
101.9
101.0
102.0
101.6
102.1
102.7
101.6
102.5
102.0
102.8
103.3
102.0
102.9
102.7
103.0
104.0
102.1
103.9
103.8
103.7
105.3
102.9
1.0
1.1
.7
1.2
.8
2.6
3.1
1.0
3.3
1.9
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
98.5
99.1
98.9
98.7
99.2
99.3
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.5
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.1
100.0
99.5
100.1
100.2
101.9
101.0
100.5
102.8
100.8
100.9
103.0
101.4
101.3
101.3
101.5
101.5
103.6
101.8
101.4
102.1
102.1
101.9
104.7
102.0
102.0
102.4
101.7
101.9
105.9
102.9
103.3
103.2
102.4
102.6
1.1
.9
1.3
.8
.7
.7
3.9
1.9
2.8
.4
1.6
1.7
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
98.9
99.1
98.5
99.0
98.8
99.0
99.5
99.5
99.3
99.4
99.6
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
101.3
100.6
101.2
100.6
100.9
101.8
102.2
101.5
102.5
101.3
101.5
102.7
103.2
102.3
103.6
101.9
102.3
103.4
103.8
102.9
104.0
102.6
103.1
104.3
105.0
103.7
104.0
103.0
104.5
105.2
105.9
104.8
104.5
104.0
105.3
.9
.9
1.1
.5
1.0
.8
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.0
2.7
3.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
98.5
99.4
100.0
100.8
101.4
102.4
103.0
103.1
104.2
1.1
2.8
3
Public administration ………………………………………
Private industry workers………………………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 81
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
30. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
Wholesale trade…………………………………………… 97.7
Retail trade………………………………………………… 98.8
Transportation and warehousing………………………
98.6
Utilities……………………………………………………… 99.3
Information…………………………………………………
99.2
Financial activities…………………………………………
99.4
Finance and insurance…………………………………
100.0
Real estate and rental and leasing……………………
96.7
Professional and business services………………………
99.5
Education and health services……………………………
98.4
Education services………………………………………
97.5
Health care and social assistance……………………
98.5
Hospitals………………………………………………
98.2
Leisure and hospitality……………………………………
99.1
Accommodation and food services……………………
98.9
Other services, except public administration……………
98.6
99.2
99.5
99.7
99.5
99.5
99.2
99.5
98.6
99.6
99.3
99.6
99.3
99.2
99.6
99.5
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.6
100.4
107.8
100.9
101.2
101.5
99.8
101.1
101.0
100.7
101.1
101.3
100.6
100.5
101.4
100.8
101.2
101.0
109.3
102.1
101.8
102.4
99.3
102.2
101.8
101.5
101.9
102.0
101.3
101.4
102.7
102.4
101.9
101.6
110.1
103.0
102.1
102.6
100.2
102.9
103.2
103.2
103.2
103.2
102.4
102.5
103.6
102.9
102.7
102.2
110.4
103.2
102.5
102.9
100.8
103.5
104.1
104.2
104.1
103.9
103.7
104.0
104.0
103.7
102.9
102.8
102.8
104.3
104.2
104.6
102.2
104.7
105.1
104.5
105.2
105.0
105.3
105.8
105.7
104.6
103.9
104.0
104.7
105.6
104.6
104.9
103.0
105.9
105.7
104.9
105.9
105.6
106.0
106.4
106.1
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.8
1.2
.4
.3
.8
1.1
.6
.4
.7
.6
.7
.6
.4
3.8
2.7
3.0
-4.2
3.4
2.8
2.4
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.3
3.9
3.5
4.6
4.9
3.3
97.2
99.1
100.0
100.5
100.9
103.2
104.1
105.1
105.7
.6
4.8
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
97.3
97.1
97.6
97.5
96.7
99.0
98.9
99.3
99.2
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.9
101.0
100.6
100.8
100.8
101.5
101.6
101.2
103.3
103.4
103.3
103.5
103.1
104.0
104.0
104.1
104.2
104.5
104.9
104.8
105.6
105.7
105.4
105.4
105.3
106.2
106.4
106.3
.5
.5
.6
.7
.9
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.0
Workers by industry
Education and health services………………………………
Education services………………………………………
Schools…………………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
97.0
96.9
96.9
96.6
98.0
98.0
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.8
99.5
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.2
101.3
100.9
100.8
100.5
100.5
100.5
102.9
101.3
103.7
103.5
103.5
103.6
105.1
103.3
104.3
104.1
104.1
104.2
105.7
104.3
104.8
104.6
104.6
104.7
107.1
105.6
105.3
105.0
104.9
105.0
107.6
106.3
.5
.4
.3
.3
.5
.7
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.9
97.5
99.0
100.0
100.6
101.2
102.4
103.8
105.6
106.6
.9
5.3
State and local government workers…………………………
3
Public administration ………………………………………
1
Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of
wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
3
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
82
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS
estimates starting in March 2006.
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
1
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
98.7
99.4
100.0
100.7
101.5
102.6
103.2
104.3
105.0
0.7
3.4
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
98.8
99.5
98.3
98.4
97.8
98.8
99.4
99.6
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.2
100.6
100.4
99.8
100.8
101.6
102.0
101.4
101.6
101.3
101.8
102.9
102.7
103.1
102.4
102.0
102.6
103.6
103.1
103.8
103.0
102.5
103.3
104.7
104.7
104.7
103.8
102.7
104.5
105.4
105.4
105.3
104.8
103.9
105.3
.7
.7
.6
1.0
1.2
.8
3.7
3.3
3.8
3.1
2.6
3.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.7
98.4
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
99.4
99.3
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.7
100.6
100.6
100.7
100.5
100.5
101.8
101.9
101.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.2
102.7
102.9
102.6
101.9
101.8
102.1
102.2
103.4
103.7
103.1
102.5
102.3
102.7
103.2
104.3
104.6
103.8
103.2
103.2
103.3
104.6
105.1
105.7
104.4
103.9
103.6
104.2
105.3
.8
1.1
.6
.7
.4
.9
.7
3.2
3.7
2.8
2.7
2.4
3.0
4.1
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
98.7
98.9
98.7
98.0
98.5
98.2
98.4
97.6
97.3
99.5
99.6
99.4
99.1
99.2
99.2
99.1
99.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.8
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.0
101.8
101.7
101.5
101.1
101.8
101.7
101.2
100.5
100.3
102.3
101.9
102.7
103.1
103.2
102.9
102.2
103.0
102.9
102.9
102.3
103.3
103.8
104.1
103.8
103.3
103.5
103.4
103.9
103.3
104.3
104.4
105.1
104.8
104.1
103.7
103.6
104.7
103.9
105.1
104.9
105.9
105.6
104.7
104.0
103.8
.8
.6
.8
.5
.8
.8
.6
.3
.2
2.8
2.2
3.5
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
98.3
99.3
100.0
100.5
101.1
102.0
103.5
104.5
105.2
.7
4.1
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.7
101.7
102.5
103.2
104.3
105.1
.8
3.3
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
99.2
99.7
98.8
98.5
97.8
99.0
98.7
98.5
99.1
98.9
98.9
98.9
99.0
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.3
99.2
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
101.3
100.9
100.4
99.8
100.9
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.6
100.7
100.4
100.6
102.0
102.2
101.8
101.6
101.3
101.9
101.8
102.0
101.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.3
103.0
102.8
103.1
102.4
102.0
102.6
102.8
103.0
102.6
101.8
101.7
102.0
102.0
103.6
103.1
104.0
103.0
102.6
103.3
103.4
103.7
103.0
102.4
102.2
102.6
102.9
104.9
104.7
105.1
103.8
102.8
104.5
104.2
104.7
103.7
103.1
103.1
103.2
104.6
105.8
105.5
106.0
104.8
104.0
105.4
105.1
105.8
104.2
103.8
103.6
104.1
105.3
.9
.8
.9
1.0
1.2
.9
.9
1.1
.5
.7
.5
.9
.7
3.7
3.2
4.1
3.1
2.7
3.4
3.2
3.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.9
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
98.7
98.8
97.9
98.6
98.9
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.4
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
101.1
99.8
100.7
100.7
101.8
101.7
103.4
101.9
101.3
102.3
102.4
102.2
102.7
101.9
102.9
102.8
103.1
103.4
102.4
103.9
104.4
103.4
104.4
103.2
104.7
105.3
104.1
105.6
103.7
.8
.9
.7
1.1
.5
2.8
3.5
.7
3.6
2.4
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
98.3
98.9
98.9
98.6
98.6
99.0
99.4
99.6
99.9
100.0
99.1
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
100.7
101.1
99.5
100.9
100.7
102.0
101.7
101.5
103.8
101.7
101.3
102.9
101.9
102.2
101.1
102.3
101.8
103.7
102.3
102.3
102.0
103.0
102.3
104.9
103.3
103.8
102.4
103.8
103.1
106.0
103.9
104.6
103.2
104.3
103.6
1.0
.6
.8
.8
.5
.5
3.9
2.2
3.1
-.6
2.6
2.3
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
99.0
99.2
98.5
98.9
98.9
99.1
99.5
99.6
99.3
99.4
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.1
100.5
100.7
100.4
100.6
101.7
102.0
101.4
101.8
101.0
101.3
102.6
103.1
102.4
103.0
101.7
102.0
103.3
103.7
102.9
103.4
102.4
102.9
104.4
105.0
103.8
103.9
103.0
104.6
105.3
105.9
104.9
104.3
104.0
105.3
.9
.9
1.1
.4
1.0
.7
3.5
3.8
3.5
2.5
3.0
3.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
98.4
99.5
100.0
100.4
100.9
102.1
102.7
103.2
104.3
1.1
3.4
2
Public administration ………………………………………
Private industry workers………………………………………
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 83
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
31. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
Wholesale trade…………………………………………… 97.4
Retail trade………………………………………………… 98.8
Transportation and warehousing………………………
98.8
Utilities……………………………………………………… 99.2
Information…………………………………………………
99.2
Financial activities…………………………………………
99.8
Finance and insurance…………………………………
100.7
Real estate and rental and leasing……………………
96.2
Professional and business services………………………
99.7
Education and health services……………………………
98.4
Education services………………………………………
97.8
Health care and social assistance……………………
98.6
Hospitals………………………………………………
98.1
Leisure and hospitality……………………………………
98.8
Accommodation and food services……………………
98.3
Other services, except public administration……………
98.4
99.0
99.6
99.9
99.5
99.3
99.4
99.7
98.3
99.7
99.3
99.7
99.2
99.1
99.5
99.3
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.5
100.1
100.8
101.0
101.3
101.6
99.8
101.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.9
100.6
100.5
101.3
100.7
100.9
100.7
102.1
101.7
102.3
102.8
99.9
102.3
101.6
101.4
101.6
101.8
101.3
101.3
102.6
102.7
101.9
101.4
103.0
102.6
102.5
102.9
100.8
103.0
103.0
103.1
103.0
102.9
102.3
102.2
103.4
103.0
102.8
101.9
103.5
102.4
102.8
103.2
101.4
103.5
104.0
104.1
103.9
103.7
103.7
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.1
102.5
104.3
103.8
104.7
105.4
101.6
104.8
104.8
104.2
104.9
104.6
105.7
106.0
105.7
104.8
104.2
103.7
105.5
104.9
104.9
105.5
102.4
105.9
105.6
104.6
105.8
105.4
106.4
106.5
106.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
.2
.1
.8
1.0
.8
.4
.9
.8
.7
.5
.4
4.1
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.5
3.5
3.9
3.2
4.1
3.5
5.0
5.1
3.4
97.8
99.1
100.0
100.3
100.8
102.8
103.5
104.1
104.6
.5
3.8
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
97.8
97.7
98.0
97.9
97.7
99.0
98.9
99.4
99.3
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.2
100.6
100.7
100.3
100.7
100.7
101.2
101.4
100.8
102.9
103.0
102.6
102.7
102.4
103.5
103.6
103.2
103.4
103.9
104.0
103.9
104.5
104.7
104.5
104.3
104.2
104.8
105.0
105.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.7
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.6
4.4
Workers by industry
Education and health services………………………………
Education services………………………………………
Schools…………………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
97.6
97.5
97.5
97.2
98.5
98.6
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.9
99.4
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.0
101.0
100.9
100.7
100.4
100.4
100.3
103.0
101.4
103.1
103.0
103.0
103.0
104.8
103.1
103.6
103.4
103.4
103.4
105.5
104.4
104.0
103.7
103.6
103.6
106.6
105.7
104.2
103.9
103.9
103.8
107.2
106.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.6
.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.1
5.0
98.3
99.3
100.0
100.5
101.1
102.0
103.5
104.5
105.2
.7
4.1
State and local government workers…………………………
2
Public administration ………………………………………
1
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
2
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
84
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official
BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
32. Employment Cost Index, benefits, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
Civilian workers………………………………………………….
98.3
99.5
100.0
100.9
101.6
102.8
103.6
104.0
105.1
1.1
3.4
Private industry workers…………………………………………
99.0
99.7
100.0
101.0
101.7
102.5
103.1
103.2
104.3
1.1
2.6
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
99.0
98.5
99.3
99.3
99.8
99.3
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.3
100.8
101.1
100.1
101.8
101.6
102.7
101.0
102.8
102.0
103.5
101.6
103.4
102.9
104.0
102.0
103.8
103.4
103.4
101.2
104.9
104.3
104.8
102.4
1.1
.9
1.4
1.2
3.0
2.7
2.0
1.4
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.9
99.5
100.0
101.5
102.2
103.0
103.6
104.2
105.1
.9
2.8
99.6
99.4
98.7
100.4
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
99.0
101.5
100.4
99.7
102.3
101.3
100.5
103.0
101.7
100.8
103.7
100.9
99.6
104.1
102.2
101.0
105.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.3
2.8
96.0
99.0
100.0
100.7
101.3
104.1
105.2
107.0
108.0
.9
6.6
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
State and local government workers…………………………
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to
the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and
SOC data shown prior
to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official
BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 85
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status and region
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
June
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
June 2007
COMPENSATION
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.8
98.8
99.1
98.8
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.5
99.9
99.3
101.0
101.8
101.2
100.1
102.2
102.4
101.8
100.5
102.9
103.0
102.2
100.8
103.6
102.7
101.5
99.2
103.7
103.9
102.8
100.0
104.7
1.2
1.3
.8
1.0
2.1
1.6
-.1
2.4
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.9
99.0
99.1
98.9
99.5
99.9
99.8
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
100.5
100.3
101.0
101.7
101.4
101.3
101.8
102.6
102.0
101.7
102.7
103.2
102.5
102.1
103.4
104.2
103.3
102.8
104.4
105.1
104.2
103.7
105.3
.9
.9
.9
.9
3.3
2.8
2.4
3.4
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
98.5
99.3
98.4
99.3
99.2
99.7
99.5
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.0
100.7
100.6
101.8
101.6
101.7
101.8
102.5
102.8
102.3
102.5
103.3
103.5
102.8
103.0
104.0
104.3
103.3
104.2
105.1
105.3
104.2
104.9
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
3.2
3.6
2.5
3.0
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.7
98.5
98.3
99.0
99.5
99.2
99.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.5
100.6
100.1
101.2
101.6
101.2
100.9
101.7
101.9
101.4
101.6
102.3
102.3
101.7
102.2
102.8
102.7
102.0
102.9
103.7
103.6
102.5
103.8
.9
.9
.5
.9
2.5
2.0
1.3
2.9
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.9
98.7
99.0
99.0
99.5
99.6
99.8
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.7
100.7
100.8
101.8
101.9
101.8
101.7
102.7
102.4
102.0
102.7
103.3
103.0
102.5
103.4
104.5
104.2
103.6
104.6
105.3
105.0
104.2
105.4
.8
.8
.6
.8
3.4
3.0
2.4
3.6
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
98.6
99.3
98.2
99.3
99.2
99.7
99.4
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.0
100.4
100.7
101.7
101.6
101.4
102.1
102.5
102.9
102.0
102.7
103.1
103.6
102.6
103.2
104.0
104.6
103.6
104.8
105.0
105.6
104.4
105.4
1.0
1.0
.8
.6
3.2
3.9
3.0
3.2
WAGES AND SALARIES
1
The indexes are calculated differently from those for the
occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of
the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical
Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,"
May 1982.
86
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American
Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The
NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
34. National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry by
access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
All retirement
Percentage of workers with access
All workers………………………………………………………
57
59
60
60
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
67
69
70
69
-
-
-
-
-
76
64
Management, professional, and related ……………….
61
Sales and office ……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………
59
59
60
62
-
-
-
-
-
61
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
65
28
31
32
34
36
Full-time…………………………………………………………
67
68
69
69
70
Part-time………………………………………………………
24
27
27
29
31
Union……………………………………………………………
86
84
88
84
84
Non-union………………………………………………………
54
56
56
57
58
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
45
46
46
47
47
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
76
77
78
77
76
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
70
70
71
73
70
Service-providing industries…………………………………
53
55
56
56
58
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
42
44
44
44
45
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
75
77
78
78
78
All workers………………………………………………………
49
50
50
51
51
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
59
61
61
60
-
-
-
-
-
69
54
Percentage of workers participating
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………
50
50
51
52
-
-
-
-
-
51
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…...
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
54
21
22
22
24
25
Full-time…………………………………………………………
58
60
60
60
60
Part-time………………………………………………………
18
20
19
21
23
Union……………………………………………………………
83
81
85
80
81
Non-union………………………………………………………
45
47
46
47
47
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
35
36
35
36
36
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
70
71
71
70
69
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
63
63
64
64
61
Service-providing industries…………………………………
45
47
47
47
48
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
35
37
37
37
37
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
65
67
67
67
66
Take-up rate (all workers) 3……………………………………
-
-
85
85
84
20
21
22
21
21
23
24
25
23
-
-
-
-
-
29
19
Defined Benefit
Percentage of workers with access
All workers………………………………………………………
2
White-collar occupations ……………………………………
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
2
Blue-collar occupations ………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
-
-
-
-
24
26
26
25
-
-
-
-
-
26
26
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations……………………………………………
8
6
7
8
8
Full-time…………………………………………………………
24
25
25
24
24
Part-time………………………………………………………
8
9
10
9
10
Union……………………………………………………………
74
70
73
70
69
Non-union………………………………………………………
15
16
16
15
15
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
12
11
12
11
11
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
34
35
35
34
33
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
31
32
33
32
29
Service-providing industries…………………………………
17
18
19
18
19
9
9
10
9
9
34
35
37
35
34
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 87
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
34. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2007
2006
1
Percentage of workers participating
All workers………………………………………………………
2
White-collar occupations ……………………………………
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations…………………………………………
Full-time………………………………………………………
Part-time………………………………………………………
Union……………………………………………………………
Non-union………………………………………………………
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
20
22
24
7
24
8
72
15
11
21
24
25
6
24
9
69
15
11
21
24
26
7
25
9
72
15
11
20
22
25
7
23
8
68
14
10
20
28
17
25
25
7
23
9
67
15
10
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
33
35
34
33
32
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
31
31
32
31
28
Service-providing industries…………………………………
16
18
18
17
18
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
8
9
9
9
9
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
33
34
36
33
32
Take-up rate (all workers) 3……………………………………
-
-
97
96
95
All workers………………………………………………………
51
53
53
54
55
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
62
64
64
65
-
-
-
-
-
71
60
Defined Contribution
Percentage of workers with access
Management, professional, and related ……………….
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………
Sales and office ……………………………………………
49
49
50
53
-
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
-
-
-
-
51
56
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations…………………………………………
23
27
28
30
32
Full-time………………………………………………………
60
62
62
63
64
Part-time………………………………………………………
21
23
23
25
27
Union……………………………………………………………
45
48
49
50
49
Non-union………………………………………………………
51
53
54
55
56
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
40
41
41
43
44
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
67
68
69
69
69
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
60
60
61
63
62
Service-providing industries…………………………………
48
50
51
52
53
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
38
40
40
41
42
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
65
68
69
70
70
All workers………………………………………………………
40
42
42
43
43
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
51
53
53
53
-
-
-
-
-
60
47
Percentage of workers participating
Management, professional, and related ……………….
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………
Sales and office ……………………………………………
38
38
38
40
-
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
-
-
-
-
40
41
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations…………………………………………
16
18
18
20
20
Full-time………………………………………………………
48
50
50
51
50
Part-time………………………………………………………
14
14
14
16
18
Union……………………………………………………………
39
42
43
44
41
Non-union………………………………………………………
40
42
41
43
43
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
29
30
29
31
30
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
57
59
59
58
57
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
49
49
50
51
49
Service-providing industries…………………………………
37
40
39
40
41
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
31
32
32
33
33
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
51
53
53
54
53
-
-
78
79
77
Take-up rate (all workers) 3……………………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
88
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
34. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
Employee Contribution Requirement
Employee contribution required…………………………
Employee contribution not required………………………
Not determinable……………………………………………
-
-
61
31
8
61
33
6
65
35
0
Percent of establishments
Offering retirement plans……………………………………
Offering defined benefit plans………………………………
Offering defined contribution plans……………………….
47
10
45
48
10
46
51
11
48
48
10
47
46
10
44
1
The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable.
Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system.
Only service occupations are considered comparable.
2
The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007.
3
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 89
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
Table 35. National Compensation Survey: Health insurance benefits in private industry
by access, particpation, and selected series, 2003-2007
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2007
2006
1
Medical insurance
Percentage of workers with access
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
60
69
70
71
2
White-collar occupations ………………………………………………………
65
76
77
77
-
-
-
-
-
85
71
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
71
-
-
-
-
64
76
77
77
-
-
-
-
-
76
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
78
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
38
42
44
45
46
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
73
84
85
85
85
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
17
20
22
22
24
Union………………………………………………………………………………
67
89
92
89
88
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
59
67
68
68
69
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
51
57
58
57
57
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
74
86
87
88
87
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
68
83
85
86
85
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
57
65
66
66
67
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
49
58
59
59
59
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
72
82
84
84
84
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
45
53
53
52
52
White-collar occupations 2 ………………………………………………………
50
59
58
57
-
-
-
-
-
67
48
Percentage of workers participating
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
-
-
-
-
51
60
61
60
-
-
-
-
-
61
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
60
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
22
24
27
27
28
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
56
66
66
64
64
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
9
11
12
13
12
Union………………………………………………………………………………
60
81
83
80
78
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
44
50
49
49
49
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
35
40
39
38
37
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
61
71
72
71
70
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
57
69
70
70
68
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
42
48
48
47
47
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
36
43
43
43
42
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
55
64
65
63
62
-
-
75
74
73
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
40
46
46
46
46
2
White-collar occupations ………………………………………………………
47
53
54
53
-
-
-
-
-
62
47
3
Take-up rate (all workers) ………………………………………………………
Dental
Percentage of workers with access
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
2
Blue-collar occupations ………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
-
-
-
47
47
46
-
-
-
-
-
43
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
49
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
22
25
25
27
28
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
49
56
56
55
56
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
9
13
14
15
16
Union………………………………………………………………………………
57
73
73
69
68
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
38
43
43
43
44
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
30
34
34
34
34
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
55
63
62
62
61
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
48
56
56
56
54
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
37
43
43
43
44
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
27
31
31
31
30
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
55
64
65
64
64
See footnotes at end of table.
90
40
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
Table 35. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Health insurance benefits in
private industry by access, particpation, and selected series, 2003-2007
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2007
2006
1
Percentage of workers participating
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
32
37
36
36
White-collar occupations 2 ………………………………………………………
37
43
42
41
-
Management, professional, and related ……………………………………
-
-
-
-
51
33
Sales and office…………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2…………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………………………
36
-
-
-
-
33
40
39
38
-
-
-
-
-
36
Production, transportation, and material moving……………………………
-
-
-
-
38
Service occupations………………………………………………………………
15
16
17
18
20
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………
40
46
45
44
44
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………
6
8
9
10
9
Union………………………………………………………………………………
51
68
67
63
62
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
30
33
33
33
33
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
22
26
24
23
23
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
47
53
52
52
51
Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………
42
49
49
49
45
Service-providing industries………………………………………………………
29
33
33
32
33
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
21
24
24
24
24
Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………
44
52
51
50
49
Take-up rate (all workers) 3…………………………………………………………
-
-
78
78
77
Percentage of workers with access………………………………………………
25
29
29
29
29
Percentage of workers participating………………………………………………
19
22
22
22
22
Percentage of workers with access………………………………………………
-
-
64
67
68
Percentage of workers participating………………………………………………
-
-
48
49
49
Percent of estalishments offering healthcare benefits …………………......…
58
61
63
62
60
Vision care
Outpatient Prescription drug coverage
Percentage of medical premium paid by
Employer and Employee
Single coverage
Employer share……………………………………………………………………
82
82
82
82
81
Employee share…………………………………………………………………
18
18
18
18
19
Family coverage
Employer share……………………………………………………………………
70
69
71
70
71
Employee share…………………………………………………………………
30
31
29
30
29
1
The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable.
Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system.
Only service occupations are considered comparable.
2
The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007.
3
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 91
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
Table 36. National Compensation Survey: Percent of workers in
private industry with access to selected benefits, 2003-2007
Year
Benefit
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Life insurance……………………………………………………
50
51
52
52
58
Short-term disabilty insurance…………………………………
39
39
40
39
39
Long-term disability insurance…………………………………
30
30
30
30
31
Long-term care insurance………………………………………
11
11
11
12
12
Flexible work place………………………………………………
4
4
4
4
5
Flexible benefits………………………………………………
-
-
17
17
17
Dependent care reimbursement account…………..………
-
-
29
30
31
33
Section 125 cafeteria benefits
Healthcare reimbursement account……………………...…
-
-
31
32
Health Savings Account………………………………...………
-
-
5
6
8
Employee assistance program……………………….…………
-
-
40
40
42
Paid leave
Holidays…………………………………………...……………
79
77
77
76
77
Vacations……………………………………………..………
79
77
77
77
77
Sick leave………………………………………..……………
-
59
58
57
57
Personal leave…………………………………………..……
-
-
36
37
38
Paid family leave…………………………………………….…
-
-
7
8
8
Unpaid family leave………………………………………..…
-
-
81
82
83
Employer assistance for child care…………………….………
18
14
14
15
15
Nonproduction bonuses………………………...………………
49
47
47
46
47
Family leave
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not
meet publication criteria.
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Annual average
Measure
2005
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period.............................
In effect during period…......................
2006
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
Aug.p
July
22
24
20
23
4
6
1
6
3
5
1
5
0
3
0
2
1
2
2
3
3
4
0
0
2
2
1
1
1
1
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in thousands)…..
99.6
In effect during period (in thousands)… 102.2
70.1
191.0
19.6
25.8
3.9
22.2
15.0
19.9
1.9
20.6
.0
16.3
.0
3.7
2.8
4.6
7.8
9.6
5.5
12.0
.0
.0
4.0
4.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
Days idle:
Number (in thousands)….................... 1,736.1
2,687.5
215.4
247.7
342.7
349.2
326.0
58.8
73.4
142.8
101.1
.0
19.6
6.6
9.0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Percent of estimated working time ……
.01
1
Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed
and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are
excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of
the total time
92
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review ,
October 1968, pp. 54–56.
NOTE:
p = preliminary.
38. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers:
U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
2006
Annual average
Series
2005
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
All items..........................................................................
All items (1967 = 100).....................................................
Food and beverages......................................................
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
202.416
606.348
199.198
198.812
196.671
216.276
189.609
203.499
609.594
200.402
200.000
198.193
219.041
190.491
205.352
615.145
200.869
200.403
198.766
218.458
192.508
206.686
619.140
201.292
200.820
199.020
220.494
193.665
207.949
622.921
202.225
201.791
200.334
220.939
195.886
208.352
624.129
202.885
202.441
200.950
222.605
197.175
208.299
623.970
203.533
203.121
201.401
223.297
196.690
207.917
622.827
204.289
203.885
202.126
223.981
197.204
195.3
585.0
191.2
190.7
189.8
209.0
184.7
201.6
603.9
195.7
195.2
193.1
212.8
186.6
203.9
610.9
196.0
195.5
193.1
214.6
187.1
202.9
607.9
196.7
196.2
194.1
213.6
188.0
201.8
604.6
197.5
197.1
195.1
214.6
188.1
201.5
603.6
197.2
196.8
194.3
214.5
188.4
201.8
604.5
197.4
197.0
194.3
214.8
188.6
Dairy and related products ……….…………………………
Fruits and vegetables…............................................
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
182.4
241.4
181.4
252.9
180.0
249.2
179.9
258.2
182.0
261.6
180.6
256.8
181.0 183.453 183.779 185.724 185.821 187.266 191.435 197.899 201.739
257.2 262.949 268.565 263.910 261.967 264.710 258.337 254.616 252.845
materials….............................................................
Other foods at home…..............................................
Sugar and sweets…................................................
Fats and oils…........................................................
Other foods…..........................................................
144.4
167.0
165.2
167.7
182.5
147.4
169.6
171.5
168.0
185.0
146.9
170.6
173.5
167.5
186.1
147.5
169.8
172.1
167.9
185.0
148.3
170.1
172.5
169.1
185.2
148.9
169.2
172.7
168.1
184.0
148.5
168.7
172.4
166.7
183.5
111.3
113.9
113.8
114.2
113.7
113.8
115.1 114.655 114.939 114.331 115.310 114.692 116.101 115.017 116.072
193.4
131.3
195.9
195.7
224.4
217.3
199.4
136.6
200.7
203.2
232.1
225.1
200.2
137.3
201.2
205.1
234.2
226.2
200.5
137.6
201.4
205.0
233.9
227.1
201.1
138.0
201.9
204.4
234.8
228.0
201.6
138.6
201.6
204.5
234.9
228.9
202.2
139.1
201.1
204.8
235.1
230.0
130.3
136.0
141.1
135.0
135.7
130.7
127.7 133.633 139.160 142.247 144.832 144.112 148.622 153.016 150.236
230.2
238.2
239.7
240.4
241.3
242.1
242.8 243.345 244.020 244.602 244.993 245.236 245.690 246.149 246.815
117.6
179.0
161.6
208.6
166.5
126.1
119.5
116.1
110.8
116.5
194.7
177.1
234.9
182.1
127.0
119.5
114.1
110.7
116.2
199.0
181.5
245.3
186.4
127.1
116.1
110.8
105.7
116.4
199.6
182.0
237.1
187.4
127.1
121.7
114.4
114.6
116.2
190.1
171.5
227.9
176.4
127.4
123.3
116.4
116.4
118.3
190.6
172.1
227.2
177.0
127.2
121.7
115.6
113.9
117.1
192.6
174.2
233.2
179.0
127.0
118.6
113.2
110.2
117.417
194.378
175.718
227.930
181.064
127.093
115.988
110.327
105.891
117.320
194.890
176.092
231.800
181.232
127.495
119.017
111.233
110.871
117.333
196.414
177.635
236.863
182.624
127.655
122.582
113.685
116.911
117.559
196.393
177.515
240.090
182.283
127.423
122.934
115.190
117.118
116.386
198.574
179.798
241.473
184.737
127.309
121.452
114.342
114.444
117.106
206.199
188.040
241.589
193.911
127.361
117.225
110.869
107.826
116.577
206.140
187.624
245.680
193.184
126.894
113.500
109.568
101.291
116.926
204.334
185.453
246.542
190.710
126.520
114.439
109.032
103.237
116.7
122.6
173.9
170.2
116.5
123.5
180.9
177.0
115.6
120.6
188.5
184.5
116.5
124.2
180.6
176.5
119.4
125.6
174.8
170.7
117.6
124.5
173.9
170.0
114.1
123.0
175.4
171.8
112.444
120.915
174.463
170.562
115.416
121.930
174.799
170.775
117.996
123.505
180.346
176.468
115.489
123.672
185.231
181.478
113.632
123.041
189.961
186.376
111.546
120.602
189.064
185.175
108.759
119.375
187.690
183.619
110.221
120.329
184.480
180.408
95.6
137.9
139.4
195.7
194.7
111.9
206.9
217.3
323.2
276.0
336.7
281.7
439.9
109.4
104.2
113.7
95.6
137.6
140.0
221.0
219.9
117.3
215.6
226.6
336.2
285.9
350.6
289.3
468.1
110.9
104.6
116.8
95.5
136.4
142.4
254.4
253.2
118.2
216.2
234.3
337.7
287.6
352.1
290.2
471.1
111.3
104.7
117.5
95.3
136.3
141.0
220.1
219.0
118.7
217.0
229.5
338.3
288.1
352.7
290.6
472.0
111.1
104.5
118.4
95.2
136.8
139.3
193.8
192.7
118.9
218.5
226.9
339.3
288.1
354.0
291.4
474.2
111.2
104.1
118.5
94.9
136.8
137.3
191.4
190.3
119.5
218.5
220.4
340.1
286.6
355.6
291.9
477.7
111.2
103.7
118.1
94.8
137.1
136.2
199.3
198.1
119.5
218.8
217.8
340.1
285.9
356.0
292.4
477.2
110.8
102.8
118.0
94.840
137.603
135.257
193.900
192.806
119.759
219.262
221.403
343.510
288.088
359.757
295.219
482.258
111.012
102.784
117.815
94.591
137.340
134.597
195.377
194.282
120.196
220.530
224.061
346.457
287.703
363.908
298.393
487.881
111.174
103.144
117.971
94.493
137.228
134.382
220.515
219.473
120.485
221.160
225.893
347.172
286.940
365.164
298.990
490.104
111.244
102.886
118.231
94.307
136.963
134.363
242.944
241.897
120.714
221.508
227.567
348.225
288.349
366.070
299.248
492.110
111.481
103.181
118.301
93.981
136.295
134.481
265.781
264.830
120.990
221.999
228.251
349.087
288.661
367.127
299.700
494.122
111.659
103.560
118.787
93.842
135.820
135.067
260.655
259.686
120.885
222.553
233.389
349.510
288.508
367.758
300.052
494.916
111.563
103.416
118.734
93.961
135.415
136.024
252.909
251.883
121.514
223.487
235.767
351.643
290.257
370.008
301.131
499.400
111.347
102.779
119.025
94.121
135.204
137.138
238.194
237.108
121.730
224.019
233.112
352.961
291.164
371.461
302.259
501.026
111.139
102.311
120.311
152.7
365.6
162.1
388.9
163.9
391.3
166.6
393.9
167.1
398.4
167.4
398.5
167.6 167.624 167.927 168.114 168.152 168.403 168.601 169.490 172.873
399.5 405.668 407.809 413.665 414.217 414.694 415.635 418.394 427.425
440.9
84.7
468.1
84.1
473.4
84.3
481.7
84.2
482.9
84.0
483.7
83.3
484.0 483.705 484.459 484.532 484.601 485.337 485.868 488.382 498.071
83.1 82.778 82.845 83.122 83.203 83.772 83.594 83.553 83.655
82.6
94.9
81.7
95.8
81.8
95.9
81.7
96.1
81.5
96.8
80.8
96.5
80.6
96.8
80.246
96.898
80.311
97.096
80.601
97.514
80.683
97.617
81.151
98.491
80.880
98.485
80.840
98.570
80.944
98.813
13.6
12.5
12.5
12.3
11.9
11.4
11.2
10.900
10.853
10.860
10.869
10.787
10.597
10.528
10.487
12.8
313.4
502.8
10.8
321.7
519.9
10.6
321.7
521.1
10.5
323.3
520.8
10.4
324.3
521.1
10.3
324.3
519.4
10.3 10.259 10.174 10.191 10.172
9.971
9.700
9.601
9.524
326.7 329.198 330.459 331.144 331.743 332.785 333.378 333.415 333.325
527.3 543.477 548.896 550.021 547.663 549.703 552.314 553.987 555.217
185.6
154.4
203.9
190.2
155.8
209.7
190.1
154.9
210.1
191.3
156.4
210.7
192.0
156.6
211.7
192.2
156.1
212.3
193.3 193.560 193.987 194.390 195.058 195.641 195.835 195.704 195.521
159.0 157.699 158.038 158.592 158.657 158.594 158.771 158.457 157.788
212.5 214.045 214.616 215.091 215.380 216.228 215.860 216.720 217.028
Food..................…........................................................
Food at home…..........................................................
Cereals and bakery products…................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…...............................
1
Other miscellaneous foods
1,2
……….…………………
1
Food away from home ……….…………………………………
1,2
Other food away from home ……….……………………
Alcoholic beverages….................................................
Housing..........................................................................
Shelter...............…......................................................
Rent of primary residence….....................................
Lodging away from home………………………………
3
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence ………
1,2
Tenants' and household insurance ……….…………
Fuels and utilities…..................................................
Fuels...............….....................................................
Fuel oil and other fuels…......................................
Gas (piped) and electricity….................................
Household furnishings and operations…..................
Apparel ..........................................................................
Men's and boys' apparel…........................................
Women's and girls' apparel…...................................
1
Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….……………………
Footwear…...............................................................
Transportation................................................................
Private transportation...............…...............................
2
New and used motor vehicles ……….……………………
New vehicles….......................................................
1
Used cars and trucks ……….………………………………
Motor fuel…..............................................................
Gasoline (all types)…..............................................
Motor vehicle parts and equipment….......................
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…..................
Public transportation...............….................................
Medical care...................................................................
Medical care commodities...............…........................
Medical care services...............…...............................
Professional services…............................................
Hospital and related services…................................
2
Recreation ……….………………………………………….………
1,2
Video and audio ……….………………………………………
2
Education and communication ……….………………………
2
Education ……….………………………………………….………
Educational books and supplies…..........................
Tuition, other school fees, and child care…............
1,2
Communication ……….………………………………………
1,2
Information and information processing
……….…
1,2
Telephone services ……….……………………………
Information and information processing
other than telephone services
1,4
……….……………
151.127
170.878
175.151
170.152
185.499
203.171
140.919
202.968
206.057
236.504
230.806
151.716
171.483
174.300
171.667
186.358
203.909
141.626
204.385
207.177
237.972
231.739
153.894
171.819
174.633
170.851
186.962
204.082
141.366
205.663
208.080
238.980
232.495
151.799
172.633
175.932
169.817
188.103
204.725
143.155
206.166
208.541
239.735
232.980
152.869
172.657
175.453
171.495
187.921
205.233
143.160
206.599
208.902
239.877
233.549
153.104
173.790
176.665
171.581
189.353
205.934
143.157
207.383
210.649
240.980
234.071
153.384
174.440
178.235
173.691
189.518
206.931
144.785
207.624
211.286
242.067
234.732
154.791
174.686
178.256
174.251
189.781
207.756
145.376
208.264
211.098
242.238
235.311
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
equipment ……….…………………………………
Other goods and services..............................................
Tobacco and smoking products...............…...............
1
Personal care ……….………………………………………….…
1
Personal care products ……….……………………………
1
Personal care services ……….……………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 93
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
2006
Annual average
Series
2005
2006
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov. Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
303.0
313.6
314.4
316.4
317.6 318.2 318.7 320.047 320.725 321.299 323.321 324.661 325.259 324.579 325.566
160.2
191.2
142.5
168.4
119.5
164.0
195.7
145.9
176.7
119.5
166.6
196.0
149.4
184.5
116.1
164.4
196.7
146.0
177.7
121.7
162.5
197.5
143.0
171.2
123.3
161.8
197.2
142.1
169.7
121.7
162.1
197.4
142.5
170.9
118.6
161.978
199.198
141.529
168.788
115.988
162.890
200.402
142.290
170.479
119.017
165.710
200.869
146.037
178.548
122.582
167.777
201.292
148.749
184.555
122.934
169.767
202.225
151.136
190.075
121.452
168.921
202.885
149.669
187.249
117.225
167.938
203.533
148.016
183.947
113.500
166.955
204.289
146.317
180.480
114.439
202.6
115.3
230.1
233.7
225.7
268.4
216.3
114.5
238.9
241.9
230.8
277.5
231.2
114.3
240.9
244.1
232.2
279.1
216.6
113.8
241.1
243.8
231.7
280.8
205.0
113.8
240.9
244.7
232.3
281.2
203.5
113.5
240.9
244.7
231.5
281.1
207.3
113.3
241.2
245.0
230.8
280.9
205.498
113.263
242.540
246.476
231.367
281.282
206.395
113.210
243.793
248.024
232.077
281.864
217.451
113.163
244.671
249.087
232.200
282.431
227.113
112.989
245.265
249.877
232.217
283.271
237.116
112.637
245.793
250.055
231.777
284.541
235.097
112.375
247.450
251.200
233.202
284.656
231.983
112.177
248.331
252.358
234.632
284.859
225.694
112.036
248.555
252.530
234.563
286.492
196.0
186.1
188.7
144.5
170.1
201.2
180.2
243.2
221.2
177.1
198.7
200.9
140.3
197.4
236.6
202.7
191.9
194.7
148.0
178.2
213.9
186.7
253.3
229.6
196.9
203.7
205.9
140.6
223.0
244.7
205.4
194.4
197.1
151.4
185.5
227.3
191.0
255.4
231.6
214.7
204.4
206.7
139.9
255.0
246.5
204.1
193.1
196.0
148.0
179.1
214.2
187.8
256.2
231.8
199.1
204.9
207.2
140.9
222.3
246.6
202.6
191.2
194.9
145.1
173.1
203.8
184.8
254.4
231.5
181.3
205.6
207.8
141.2
196.9
247.5
202.3
190.7
194.5
144.3
171.7
202.5
183.8
254.6
231.5
180.4
205.3
207.6
140.6
194.6
247.5
202.6
191.1
194.8
144.7
172.7
205.8
184.5
254.9
231.7
185.2
205.1
207.3
139.9
202.4
247.5
203.035
191.328
195.295
143.775
170.878
204.403
184.284
256.164
232.892
183.567
205.993
208.009
139.628
196.983
248.836
204.101
192.272
196.298
144.558
172.552
205.347
185.751
257.147
233.963
184.451
207.106
209.112
140.305
198.617
250.199
206.195
194.482
198.179
148.240
180.197
215.400
190.212
257.864
234.809
196.929
207.850
209.923
141.056
222.620
251.026
207.680
196.062
199.512
150.894
185.861
224.126
193.570
258.261
235.378
207.265
208.243
210.311
140.995
243.957
251.714
208.991
197.783
200.779
153.228
191.064
233.150
196.916
259.262
235.870
219.071
208.400
210.316
140.518
265.562
252.050
209.353
197.913
201.178
151.825
188.463
231.414
195.749
261.677
237.565
221.088
208.636
210.474
139.589
260.739
252.955
209.179
197.408
201.042
150.225
185.382
228.641
194.326
262.284
238.357
217.274
208.980
210.756
138.757
253.696
253.998
208.607
196.803
200.598
148.591
182.170
223.057
192.869
262.588
238.507
209.294
209.399
211.111
138.895
239.885
254.491
191.0
568.9
190.5
190.1
188.9
208.9
184.7
197.1
587.2
194.9
194.4
192.2
213.1
186.1
199.6
594.6
195.2
194.7
192.2
214.8
186.7
198.4
591.0
195.9
195.5
193.3
214.1
187.5
197.0
586.7
196.7
196.2
194.2
214.9
187.5
196.8
586.1
196.5
196.0
193.4
214.9
188.0
197.2
587.3
196.5
196.1
193.2
215.2
188.0
197.559
588.467
198.280
197.886
195.531
216.416
189.119
198.544
591.403
199.540
199.111
197.044
219.191
189.996
200.612
597.561
200.056
199.589
197.735
218.799
192.013
202.130
602.083
200.488
200.009
197.989
220.926
193.089
203.661
606.643
201.478
201.043
199.355
221.259
195.331
203.906
607.374
202.185
201.722
200.059
223.009
196.660
203.700
606.759
202.823
202.409
200.569
223.663
196.323
203.199
605.267
203.610
203.207
201.321
224.220
196.844
Dairy and related products ……….…………………
Fruits and vegetables…......................................
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
182.2
238.9
180.9
251.0
179.4
247.9
179.4
257.3
181.4 179.9 180.3 182.711 183.185 185.095 185.326 186.948 191.235 198.027 201.598
260.8 255.1 254.7 260.176 266.159 261.627 260.068 262.669 256.565 252.703 251.575
materials….......................................................
Other foods at home….......................................
Sugar and sweets….........................................
Fats and oils…..................................................
Other foods…...................................................
1,2
Other miscellaneous foods ……….……………
1
Food away from home ……….……………………………
143.7
166.5
164.3
167.8
182.8
111.8
193.3
146.7
169.1
170.5
168.7
185.2
114.2
199.1
146.3
170.0
172.5
168.2
186.2
114.2
199.9
146.8
169.3
171.3
168.6
185.3
114.5
200.2
147.7
169.5
171.4
169.8
185.3
113.8
200.8
148.3
168.7
171.3
168.9
184.3
114.1
201.4
147.8
168.1
171.3
167.3
183.7
115.3
202.0
150.620
170.242
173.929
170.559
185.681
114.759
202.905
150.968
170.861
173.081
172.380
186.473
115.151
203.689
153.329
171.183
173.248
172.005
187.026
114.402
203.838
150.995
171.898
174.459
170.574
188.165
115.432
204.519
152.173
172.024
174.084
172.401
188.049
115.035
205.046
152.501
173.049
175.073
172.222
189.456
116.366
205.691
152.829
173.727
176.736
174.109
189.667
115.355
206.657
154.152
173.997
176.664
174.872
189.941
116.348
207.533
131.1
195.8
191.2
217.5
216.5
130.0
136.2
200.6
198.5
224.8
224.2
135.3
136.7
200.7
200.3
226.5
225.3
141.1
137.1
200.9
200.4
226.6
226.2
134.0
137.5
201.8
199.6
227.5
227.1
134.7
138.3
201.9
199.9
227.8
228.0
129.3
138.7
201.1
200.5
228.3
229.1
127.1
140.499
202.821
201.509
229.359
229.921
132.607
141.274
204.616
202.370
230.472
230.860
138.083
141.119
205.729
203.203
231.315
231.634
141.335
142.991
206.342
203.588
231.957
232.126
144.370
143.031
206.636
204.033
232.181
232.690
143.880
143.018
207.767
205.711
233.040
233.188
148.948
144.439
207.647
206.183
233.848
233.855
153.107
144.938
208.253
206.054
234.169
234.457
149.919
208.8
117.9
177.9
159.7
208.1
165.4
121.8
119.1
115.6
110.4
216.0
116.8
193.1
174.4
234.0
180.2
122.6
119.1
114.0
110.3
217.3
116.6
197.2
178.6
244.6
184.3
122.7
115.7
110.9
105.4
218.0
116.8
197.7
179.0
235.8
185.3
122.7
121.4
114.5
114.3
218.8
116.6
188.1
168.7
226.6
174.3
122.8
123.1
116.4
115.9
219.5
118.6
188.9
169.4
226.3
175.1
122.8
121.8
115.8
114.2
220.1
117.4
190.9
171.5
232.2
177.1
122.6
118.6
113.0
110.4
220.602
117.748
192.895
173.352
226.971
179.457
122.623
115.315
109.762
105.697
221.185
117.622
193.330
173.654
231.136
179.550
122.962
118.211
111.079
110.214
221.704
117.653
194.963
175.303
236.103
181.092
123.134
122.021
113.921
116.275
222.062
117.945
194.974
175.223
239.516
180.803
122.881
122.475
115.103
116.826
222.264
116.828
197.052
177.372
241.052
183.103
122.786
120.931
113.986
114.316
222.671
117.503
204.396
185.178
241.249
191.771
122.826
116.389
110.739
107.422
223.093
116.912
204.272
184.725
245.633
191.010
122.550
113.157
109.580
101.709
223.693
117.287
202.397
182.518
246.382
188.511
122.190
114.146
108.556
103.960
119.3
121.8
173.0
170.3
94.7
118.6
123.1
180.3
177.5
94.7
117.7
120.3
188.6
185.8
94.8
118.5
123.9
180.1
177.1
94.5
121.8
125.2
173.7
170.7
94.3
120.5
124.2
172.7
169.9
93.9
116.8
122.6
174.4
171.7
93.7
114.948
120.506
173.182
170.321
93.709
118.037
121.679
173.518
170.588
93.459
120.167
122.870
179.541
176.695
93.365
117.530
123.339
184.930
182.156
93.234
115.555
122.983
190.265
187.595
93.000
113.427
120.367
189.205
186.374
92.917
110.906
119.278
187.606
184.684
93.042
112.879
119.831
184.147
181.218
93.229
Miscellaneous personal services...............…....
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........…............................................
Food and beverages….........................................
Commodities less food and beverages….............
Nondurables less food and beverages…............
Apparel ….........................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages,
and apparel….................................................
Durables…..........................................................
Services…..............................................................
3
Rent of shelter ……….……………………………………
Transportation services…....................................
Other services…..................................................
Special indexes:
All items less food…............................................
All items less shelter…........................................
All items less medical care…...............................
Commodities less food….....................................
Nondurables less food….....................................
Nondurables less food and apparel….................
Nondurables….....................................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….…………………
Services less medical care services…................
Energy…..............................................................
All items less energy…........................................
All items less food and energy….......................
Commodities less food and energy…..............
Energy commodities......................................
Services less energy…....................................
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN
WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS
All items....................................................................
All items (1967 = 100)...............................................
Food and beverages................................................
Food..................…..................................................
Food at home…....................................................
Cereals and bakery products…..........................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs….........................
1
1,2
Other food away from home ……….………………
Alcoholic beverages…...........................................
Housing....................................................................
Shelter...............…................................................
Rent of primary residence…...............................
2
Lodging away from home ……….……………………
3
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence …
1,2
Tenants' and household insurance ……….……
Fuels and utilities…...........................................
Fuels...............…..............................................
Fuel oil and other fuels…................................
Gas (piped) and electricity…..........................
Household furnishings and operations…............
Apparel ...................................................................
Men's and boys' apparel….................................
Women's and girls' apparel….............................
1
Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….………………
Footwear….........................................................
Transportation..........................................................
Private transportation...............….........................
2
New and used motor vehicles ……….………………
See footnotes at end of table.
94
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
2006
Annual average
Series
2005
New vehicles…............................................
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
138.9
138.6
137.4
137.4
137.8
137.9
138.2 138.722 138.451 138.315 138.077 137.535 137.060 136.663 136.414
140.3
196.3
195.4
111.5
209.3
215.5
140.8
221.6
220.7
116.9
218.1
225.0
143.2
255.1
254.1
117.8
218.6
231.4
141.9
220.8
219.7
118.4
219.4
227.8
140.1
194.4
193.4
118.6
221.1
225.6
138.1
192.0
191.0
119.2
221.1
219.7
137.0
199.8
198.8
119.2
221.4
217.4
136.063
194.278
193.262
119.464
221.769
220.809
135.411
195.934
194.923
119.897
223.054
223.338
135.203
221.011
220.052
120.170
223.683
224.973
135.192
243.574
242.613
120.367
224.086
226.521
135.320
266.737
265.874
120.709
224.623
227.024
135.917
261.679
260.799
120.666
225.172
231.549
136.880
253.893
252.957
121.350
226.090
233.390
137.999
239.097
238.100
121.584
226.636
231.082
322.8
269.2
337.3
284.3
436.1
335.7
279.0
351.1
291.7
463.6
337.3
280.6
352.5
292.5
466.7
337.8
281.1
353.1
292.8
467.5
338.9
281.0
354.6
293.6
469.9
339.8
279.7
356.3
294.2
473.9
340.0
279.1
356.7
294.7
473.0
343.138
281.098
360.251
297.335
477.603
346.191
280.597
364.519
300.720
482.895
346.946
279.762
365.827
301.339
485.074
348.109
281.216
366.870
301.599
487.336
348.801
281.502
367.696
301.979
488.523
349.145
280.862
368.384
302.346
489.292
351.346
282.662
370.696
303.481
493.563
352.704
283.379
372.261
304.677
495.191
106.8
108.2
108.5
108.3
108.4
108.5
108.1 108.281 108.484 108.461 108.680 108.905 108.681 108.403 108.179
103.4
103.9
104.1
103.9
103.5
103.3
102.4 102.334 102.653 102.363 102.690 103.137 103.001 102.358 101.923
111.4
113.9
114.5
115.3
115.4
114.9
114.8 114.703 114.870 115.161 115.280 115.830 115.746 115.980 116.981
Education ……….………………………………………
Educational books and supplies…..............
151.0
367.1
160.3
390.7
161.7
393.0
164.7
395.4
165.2
400.9
165.4
401.0
165.5 165.789 166.144 166.341 166.441 166.667 166.758 167.527 170.635
402.0 409.068 411.130 417.027 417.583 417.791 418.705 421.529 431.089
Tuition, other school fees, and child care…
427.1
86.4
453.3
86.0
457.7
86.2
466.6
86.2
467.4
86.1
468.0
85.4
468.3 468.417 469.284 469.224 469.472 470.148 470.329 472.395 480.960
85.2 85.030 85.112 85.408 85.523 86.140 85.999 86.015 86.148
84.9
84.3
84.5
84.4
84.4
83.7
83.5
83.256
83.337
83.645
83.760
84.304
84.095
84.111
84.248
95.0
95.9
96.0
96.2
96.9
96.7
96.9
97.045
97.233
97.625
97.738
98.610
98.603
98.721
98.964
14.2
13.0
13.1
12.9
12.4
11.9
11.6
11.321
11.272
11.292
11.322
11.243
11.062
11.001
10.965
12.6
322.2
504.2
10.7
330.9
521.6
10.5
331.0
522.9
10.3
332.2
522.4
10.2
333.1
522.7
10.2
332.9
521.1
10.2 10.081
9.997 10.040 10.036
9.843
9.583
9.495
9.421
335.7 339.084 340.917 341.719 342.057 343.096 343.939 344.221 344.214
528.6 544.568 550.097 551.161 548.812 550.888 553.538 555.366 556.517
1
Used cars and trucks ……….……………………
Motor fuel…...................................................
Gasoline (all types)…..................................
Motor vehicle parts and equipment…............
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair….......
Public transportation...............….....................
Medical care.......................................................
Medical care commodities...............…............
Medical care services...............…...................
Professional services….................................
Hospital and related services….....................
2
Recreation ……….………………………………………
Video and audio
1,2
……….……………………………
2
Education and communication ……….……………
2
1,2
Communication ……….……………………………
1,2
Information and information processing …
1,2
Telephone services ……….…………………
Information and information processing
other than telephone services
1,4
……….…
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
equipment ……….………………………
Other goods and services..................................
Tobacco and smoking products...............…....
1
184.0
188.3
188.2
189.2
189.9
190.0
191.1 191.311 191.922 192.411 193.075 193.595 193.858 193.792 193.598
1
154.5
155.7
155.0
156.3
156.5
156.0
158.6 157.505 157.992 158.528 158.578 158.566 158.739 158.445 157.813
1
204.2
303.4
209.8
314.1
210.2
315.1
210.8
316.8
211.9
317.9
212.5
318.5
212.7 214.254 214.773 215.318 215.658 216.489 216.174 217.040 217.354
318.7 319.885 321.269 322.090 324.252 325.617 326.572 326.135 327.235
161.4
190.5
144.7
173.2
119.1
165.7
194.9
148.7
182.6
119.1
168.8
195.2
153.0
191.8
115.7
166.1
195.9
148.9
183.6
121.4
163.8
196.7
145.3
176.0
123.1
163.1
196.5
144.4
174.6
121.8
163.5
196.5
145.0
176.1
118.6
210.6
115.1
226.1
114.6
243.4
114.5
226.2
114.0
212.7
113.9
211.2
113.6
215.7 213.546 214.738 227.564 238.898 250.737 248.347 244.695 237.329
113.3 113.270 113.178 113.107 112.945 112.686 112.485 112.425 112.362
Personal care ……….…………………………………
Personal care products ……….…………………
Personal care services ……….…………………
Miscellaneous personal services...............…
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........….......................................
Food and beverages…....................................
Commodities less food and beverages…........
Nondurables less food and beverages…......
Apparel …...................................................
163.212
198.280
143.764
173.542
115.315
164.171
199.540
144.567
175.371
118.211
167.350
200.056
148.836
184.604
122.021
169.746
200.488
152.034
191.650
122.475
172.126
201.478
154.964
198.237
120.931
171.216
202.185
153.367
195.053
116.389
170.252
202.823
151.724
191.603
113.157
169.122
203.610
149.781
187.515
114.146
Nondurables less food, beverages,
and apparel…............................................
Durables…....................................................
Services….........................................................
3
Rent of shelter ……….………………………………
Transporatation services…............................
Other services….............................................
225.7
234.1
235.9
236.3
235.8
236.2
236.6 237.761 238.783 239.586 240.106 240.672 242.241 242.901 243.118
209.5
225.9
260.0
216.6
230.6
268.2
218.3
231.1
269.6
218.4
231.3
271.0
219.3
232.2
271.4
219.5
231.9
271.2
220.0 221.062 222.150 222.970 223.590 223.833 224.655 225.455 225.760
231.4 231.783 232.362 232.332 232.218 231.542 232.623 233.737 233.831
270.9 271.323 271.921 272.474 273.342 274.697 274.670 274.766 276.015
191.0
183.4
185.4
146.5
174.6
208.4
182.5
197.5
189.2
191.3
150.6
183.8
223.0
189.5
200.4
192.0
193.8
154.8
192.5
238.7
194.4
198.8
190.3
192.5
150.8
184.7
223.1
190.5
196.9
188.0
191.0
147.3
177.6
210.9
186.9
196.7
187.6
190.8
146.4
176.3
209.5
186.1
197.2
188.0
191.2
147.0
177.7
213.5
186.9
197.317
188.108
191.475
145.822
175.341
211.702
186.434
198.258
189.058
192.389
146.653
177.171
212.940
187.995
200.616
191.591
194.481
150.856
185.979
224.712
193.028
202.335
193.443
195.998
153.999
192.687
235.083
196.887
203.955
195.463
197.543
156.872
198.945
245.886
200.781
204.121
195.489
197.783
155.339
195.988
243.806
199.476
203.750
194.913
197.504
153.730
192.714
240.471
198.000
203.011
194.109
196.949
151.846
188.873
233.817
196.266
215.9
217.2
177.2
193.5
194.6
140.6
197.7
232.3
224.7
225.3
196.8
198.0
199.2
141.1
223.0
239.9
226.3
227.0
215.3
198.6
199.8
140.4
255.4
241.4
227.2
227.4
198.7
199.2
200.4
141.4
222.3
241.7
225.2
226.9
180.6
199.9
201.0
141.7
196.7
242.6
225.5
227.1
179.8
199.7
200.9
141.1
194.4
242.8
225.8
227.6
184.7
199.6
200.7
140.4
202.1
243.0
226.994
228.608
182.878
200.245
201.110
139.999
196.605
244.080
227.801
229.453
183.842
201.238
202.056
140.680
198.398
245.211
228.479
230.221
196.940
201.948
202.816
141.482
222.509
245.923
228.811
230.708
207.932
202.300
203.154
141.450
244.148
246.539
229.694
231.253
220.348
202.489
203.163
141.011
266.260
246.894
231.965
232.848
221.832
202.582
203.132
140.019
261.460
247.606
232.367
233.415
217.795
202.849
203.310
139.352
254.282
248.434
232.450
233.562
209.441
203.319
203.710
139.557
240.247
248.977
Special indexes:
All items less food….......................................
All items less shelter…...................................
All items less medical care…..........................
Commodities less food…...............................
Nondurables less food…................................
Nondurables less food and apparel…............
Nondurables…...............................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….……………
Services less medical care services…...........
Energy…........................................................
All items less energy…...................................
All items less food and energy…..................
Commodities less food and energy…........
Energy commodities.................................
Services less energy…...............................
1
Not seasonally adjusted.
2
Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base.
3
Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base.
4
Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base.
NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 95
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Pricing
All Urban Consumers
Urban Wage Earners
sched-
2007
2007
ule
U.S. city average……………………………………………
1
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
M
205.352 206.686 207.949 208.352 208.299 207.917 200.612 202.130 203.661 203.906 203.700 203.199
Northeast urban……….………………………………………….………
M
218.334 219.501 220.591 221.579 221.945 221.559 214.517 215.802 217.008 217.794 217.879 217.379
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
220.936 222.001 222.924 224.036 224.229 224.246 215.629 216.766 217.739 218.624 218.523 218.445
M
128.691 129.563 130.488 130.893 131.391 130.519 128.888 129.856 130.881 131.234 131.521 130.684
M
196.389 197.405 199.194 199.263 198.989 198.551 191.145 192.379 194.553 194.538 194.219 193.663
M
198.335 199.378 200.818 200.666 200.369 199.823 192.051 193.403 195.325 195.105 194.725 194.084
M
125.151 125.724 127.247 127.372 127.111 126.886 124.508 125.159 126.897 126.995 126.738 126.435
Region and area size2
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
4
Midwest urban ……….………………………………………….…………
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
M
190.365 191.685 193.467 194.442 194.815 194.716 188.484 189.901 191.801 192.455 192.804 192.437
South urban…….…..............................................................
M
197.904 199.618 200.804 201.675 201.571 201.041 194.734 196.730 198.175 198.838 198.673 198.063
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
200.538 201.818 202.840 204.152 203.953 203.579 198.254 199.837 201.167 202.215 201.867 201.384
M
125.726 127.000 127.893 128.265 128.226 127.833 124.185 125.598 126.639 126.930 126.878 126.445
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
M
198.204 200.366 200.919 201.445 201.576 200.771 197.902 200.520 201.358 201.709 201.809 201.006
West urban…….…...............................................................
M
210.778 212.036 213.063 212.680 212.542 212.406 205.173 206.521 207.795 207.311 206.927 206.624
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
214.393 215.540 216.640 215.901 215.855 215.825 207.180 208.393 209.674 208.726 208.388 208.225
M
127.848 128.843 129.129 129.262 129.067 128.939 127.333 128.376 128.962 129.097 128.840 128.546
M
M
M
188.309 189.327 190.327 190.637 190.571 190.382 186.331 187.531 188.791 188.909 188.642 188.338
126.424 127.440 128.347 128.628 128.601 128.216 125.513 126.624 127.710 127.942 127.866 127.419
196.999 198.516 200.118 200.800 200.893 200.311 195.247 197.059 198.771 199.237 199.207 198.559
Chicago–Gary–Kenosha, IL–IN–WI…………………………..
Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA……….…………
M
M
202.483 204.019 205.686 206.092 205.561 205.813 195.472 197.067 199.109 199.279 198.700 198.630
216.500 217.845 218.596 217.273 217.454 217.330 208.929 210.195 211.145 209.614 209.444 209.240
New York, NY–Northern NJ–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA…
M
224.551 225.780 227.146 228.258 228.628 228.326 218.510 219.791 221.396 222.322 222.237 221.905
Boston–Brockton–Nashua, MA–NH–ME–CT……….…………
1
226.427
– 226.247
– 226.929
– 225.918
– 225.395
– 226.465
–
Cleveland–Akron, OH……………………………………………
1
194.244
– 196.216
– 197.010
– 184.014
– 186.889
– 187.344
–
Dallas–Ft Worth, TX…….………………………………………
1
190.156
– 192.779
– 194.286
– 191.750
– 195.216
– 196.198
–
Washington–Baltimore, DC–MD–VA–WV ……….………………
1
131.945
– 132.982
– 134.442
– 131.234
– 132.330
– 133.766
–
Atlanta, GA……………………..…………………………………
2
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size classes:
5
A ……….………………………………………….…………..……………
3
B/C ……………………….….………………………………………….…
D…………….…………......................................................
Selected local areas 6
7
– 199.039
– 201.258
– 197.856
– 200.943
– 200.162
Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI……………………………………
2
– 200.418
– 201.585
– 199.679
– 195.417
– 196.701
– 194.798
Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX………………………………
2
– 184.140
– 184.529
– 183.740
– 182.774
– 183.380
– 182.425
Miami–Ft. Lauderdale, FL……………...………………………
2
– 210.904
– 212.820
– 213.127
– 208.921
– 210.938
– 211.041
Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD……
2
– 215.270
– 217.255
– 218.692
– 214.668
– 216.511
– 217.331
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA…….…………………
2
– 215.842
– 216.123
– 216.240
– 211.189
– 211.422
– 211.620
Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA………………...……………
2
– 215.767
– 215.510
– 215.978
– 210.388
– 210.550
– 210.220
1
Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other
goods and services priced as indicated:
M—Every month.
1—January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2—February, April, June, August, October, and December.
Report :
Anchorage,
AK;
Cincinnatti,
OH–KY–IN;
Kansas
City,
MO–KS;
Milwaukee–Racine, WI; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN–WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land–Salem,
OR–WA; St Louis, MO–IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL.
2
Regions defined as the four Census regions.
3
Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local
index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling
and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than
the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use
in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Dash indicates data not available.
4
The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the
Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities.
5
Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base.
6
In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and
appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed
96
– 202.200
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
7
Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base.
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
[1982–84 = 100]
Series
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index..................……...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Food and beverages:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Housing:
Index....………………...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Apparel:
Index........................…….........................................
Percent change............................……………………
Transportation:
Index........................………......................................
Percent change............................……………………
Medical care:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Other goods and services:
Index............…….....................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items:
Index....................……………...................................
Percent change............................……………………
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
156.9
3.0
160.5
2.3
163.0
1.6
166.6
2.2
172.2
3.4
177.1
2.8
179.9
1.6
184.0
2.3
188.9
2.7
195.3
3.4
201.6
3.2
153.7
3.2
157.7
2.6
161.1
2.2
164.6
2.2
168.4
2.3
173.6
3.1
176.8
1.8
180.5
2.1
186.6
3.3
191.2
2.5
195.7
2.4
152.8
2.9
156.8
2.6
160.4
2.3
163.9
2.2
169.6
3.5
176.4
4.0
180.3
2.2
184.8
2.5
189.5
2.5
195.7
3.3
203.2
3.8
131.7
–.2
132.9
.9
133.0
.1
131.3
–1.3
129.6
–1.3
127.3
–1.8
124.0
–2.6
120.9
–2.5
120.4
–.4
119.5
–.7
119.5
.0
143.0
2.8
144.3
0.9
141.6
–1.9
144.4
2.0
153.3
6.2
154.3
0.7
152.9
–.9
157.6
3.1
163.1
3.5
173.9
6.6
180.9
4.0
228.2
3.5
234.6
2.8
242.1
3.2
250.6
3.5
260.8
4.1
272.8
4.6
285.6
4.7
297.1
4.0
310.1
4.4
323.2
4.2
336.2
4.0
215.4
4.1
224.8
4.4
237.7
5.7
258.3
8.7
271.1
5.0
282.6
4.2
293.2
3.8
298.7
1.9
304.7
2.0
313.4
2.9
321.7
2.6
154.1
2.9
157.6
2.3
159.7
1.3
163.2
2.2
168.9
3.5
173.5
2.7
175.9
1.4
179.8
2.2
184.5
5.1
191.0
1.1
197.1
3.2
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 97
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
41. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Grouping
Finished goods....……………………………
Finished consumer goods.........................
Finished consumer foods........................
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Mayp Junep Julyp Aug.p
155.7
160.4
155.7
160.4
166.0
156.7
162.3
168.8
158.3
160.3
165.9
159.2
158.9
163.8
158.4
159.8
164.5
157.9
160.5
165.5
160.1
160.1
164.9
161.1
161.8
167.1
163.9
164.1
170.2
166.3
165.9
172.7
166.8
167.8
175.2
167.3
167.1
174.2
166.2
168.2
175.7
166.1
165.8
172.6
165.8
excluding foods.....................................
Nondurable goods less food.................
Durable goods......................................
Capital equipment...................................
161.9
172.0
136.6
144.6
169.2
182.6
136.9
146.9
172.5
188.4
135.1
146.4
168.2
181.7
135.6
146.7
165.5
177.1
136.9
147.5
166.7
177.8
139.1
148.8
167.2
178.9
138.5
148.6
166.0
177.1
138.3
148.9
167.9
180.0
138.4
149.2
171.2
185.2
138.2
149.1
174.5
190.4
137.7
149.1
177.9
195.4
137.8
149.2
176.9
193.9
137.8
149.4
179.1
197.2
137.6
149.1
174.8
191.1
137.4
149.2
Intermediate materials,
supplies, and components........…………
154.0
164.0
167.4
165.4
162.9
163.3
164.1
163.3
164.3
166.6
169.1
171.0
172.2
173.5
171.5
for manufacturing......................................
Materials for food manufacturing..............
Materials for nondurable manufacturing...
Materials for durable manufacturing.........
Components for manufacturing................
146.0
146.0
163.2
158.3
129.9
155.9
146.2
175.0
180.5
134.5
158.6
146.8
178.1
186.7
135.7
158.4
148.1
176.3
186.9
136.0
158.1
147.7
175.1
187.3
136.0
157.4
148.1
173.8
185.3
136.2
157.1
147.9
172.9
185.0
136.2
157.3
150.3
174.0
183.1
136.5
157.6
152.8
174.5
183.8
136.0
158.7
155.5
176.3
186.3
135.8
160.6
157.5
177.7
192.9
136.0
162.7
161.6
182.3
194.8
136.2
164.0
163.7
185.6
195.2
136.4
164.5
164.2
187.5
194.3
136.3
163.3
164.8
185.4
191.1
136.4
Materials and components
for construction.........................................
Processed fuels and lubricants...................
Containers..................................................
Supplies......................................................
176.6
150.0
167.1
151.9
188.4
162.8
175.0
157.0
190.7
171.5
177.1
157.5
191.0
161.6
178.0
157.5
190.4
149.9
177.5
158.2
189.6
153.9
176.8
158.6
189.6
157.5
176.8
159.3
190.3
152.0
178.1
159.6
190.6
156.1
178.1
160.1
191.2
164.6
178.1
160.4
192.1
171.6
179.2
160.7
192.9
176.0
179.4
160.6
193.5
177.8
179.6
161.2
193.8
182.3
180.2
161.7
193.6
175.5
180.7
161.8
Crude materials for further
processing.......................…………………
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...........................
Crude nonfood materials............................
182.2
122.7
223.4
184.8
119.3
230.6
191.1
119.3
241.8
183.8
121.3
227.1
167.0
124.8
194.7
186.6
127.5
227.2
191.2
126.9
235.7
180.0
128.7
212.9
197.0
138.8
235.1
202.1
142.0
241.5
204.2
143.7
243.9
208.4
147.9
247.7
208.5
148.0
247.7
210.6
150.0
249.8
204.3
147.9
240.3
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding foods................
Finished energy goods...............................
Finished goods less energy........................
Finished consumer goods less energy.......
Finished goods less food and energy.........
155.5
132.6
155.9
160.8
156.4
161.0
145.9
157.9
162.7
158.7
163.1
155.0
157.8
162.7
158.0
160.3
144.3
158.2
163.3
158.3
158.8
136.8
158.6
163.5
159.1
160.0
137.9
159.4
164.0
160.3
160.3
139.1
159.9
164.9
160.3
159.6
135.6
160.4
165.5
160.6
161.0
139.0
161.6
167.0
161.2
163.2
147.4
162.1
167.8
161.0
165.3
155.4
162.2
168.0
161.0
167.6
162.8
162.5
168.4
161.2
167.0
160.3
162.3
168.1
161.4
168.4
165.7
162.2
168.0
161.2
165.5
155.0
162.3
168.1
161.4
and energy................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food
164.3
166.7
165.8
166.1
166.9
168.1
168.1
168.5
169.2
169.0
169.0
169.3
169.5
169.4
169.7
and energy..............................................
187.1
191.5
191.6
191.8
192.0
192.2
192.7
193.6
195.1
194.9
195.4
196.0
196.3
196.3
197.1
Intermediate materials less foods
and feeds..................................................
Intermediate foods and feeds.....................
Intermediate energy goods.........................
Intermediate goods less energy..................
155.1
133.8
149.2
153.3
165.4
135.2
162.8
162.1
169.0
134.6
170.9
164.4
166.9
135.2
161.3
164.3
164.2
135.7
149.7
164.2
164.6
138.6
153.9
163.7
165.3
140.4
156.8
163.9
164.3
142.6
151.8
164.1
165.2
147.2
155.7
164.4
167.5
149.8
164.0
165.2
170.0
151.0
170.5
166.7
172.0
151.9
176.5
167.5
173.1
154.5
178.8
168.4
174.4
156.0
183.5
168.8
172.3
156.4
177.2
168.0
and energy................................................
154.6
163.8
166.2
166.1
166.0
165.3
165.4
165.5
165.5
166.2
167.7
168.5
169.3
169.6
168.8
Crude energy materials..............................
Crude materials less energy.......................
Crude nonfood materials less energy.........
234.0
143.5
202.4
226.9
152.3
244.5
240.2
153.9
250.9
218.1
156.2
253.8
174.3
157.2
247.9
220.5
159.2
248.1
230.9
159.9
252.3
195.9
162.1
255.5
223.9
172.3
265.6
224.7
179.3
284.5
226.5
181.6
288.4
234.3
183.7
283.5
235.3
183.3
281.5
237.8
185.1
282.4
224.4
184.2
285.9
Finished consumer goods
Materials and components
Finished consumer goods less food
Intermediate materials less foods
p = preliminary.
98
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups
[December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
NAICS
Industry
2006
Aug. Sept.
Total mining industries (December 1984=100).............................
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Mayp Junep July p
p
Aug
220.4
270.1
151.8
175.6
204.8
242.1
152.9
173.2
176.1
191.7
150.8
174.0
205.5
244.5
149.3
177.1
212.2
256.2
150.7
175.3
188.2
217.7
149.1
172.4
207.8
248.3
150.8
177.9
210.6
252.4
153.7
175.5
214.1
257.1
158.2
172.1
219.3
267.4
156.9
166.7
220.4
267.9
158.5
170.3
222.0
270.3
159.6
168.0
213.6
255.7
162.0
167.0
159.8
147.5
105.5
107.0
100.6
146.8
107.4
113.7
105.8
268.3
156.8
147.9
105.9
106.9
100.6
147.0
107.5
114.1
105.9
227.1
155.9
147.6
105.9
107.1
100.9
147.3
105.9
114.3
106.3
213.0
156.4
149.0
106.5
107.3
100.8
147.4
105.8
114.1
106.3
211.8
156.9
149.8
106.9
106.8
100.8
147.6
106.0
114.3
106.3
216.6
156.4
151.6
107.5
107.0
101.4
148.6
106.6
114.7
106.3
203.2
157.7
153.8
109.0
107.5
101.5
148.8
106.5
114.7
106.1
212.3
160.1
155.8
108.5
107.7
101.4
149.3
106.8
114.5
106.3
237.2
162.2
156.9
109.1
107.4
101.6
149.7
107.0
114.7
106.6
259.3
164.2
159.1
110.0
107.5
101.4
149.7
106.9
114.7
106.7
277.3
163.9
160.0
109.8
108.2
101.8
149.3
107.5
115.1
106.4
268.8
164.9
160.2
109.1
108.3
101.6
149.4
108.7
115.5
106.6
282.3
163.0
160.1
109.6
108.7
101.7
149.4
107.7
115.5
106.9
257.9
325
326
(December 1984=100)………………………………….…………
Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………… 197.8
150.5
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
197.9
150.6
197.2
151.2
196.5
151.1
197.0
150.6
197.3
149.9
198.1
149.6
199.4
149.4
201.1
149.4
201.9
149.5
203.2
149.8
204.0
150.2
205.0
151.0
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100)………………
Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100)…
Machinery manufacturing………………………..……………………
Computer and electronic products manufacturing…………………
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing
Transportation equipment manufacturing……………………………
Furniture and related product manufacturing
186.9
157.3
109.1
96.5
119.2
101.9
163.0
188.1
157.7
109.4
96.6
119.5
102.2
163.1
189.1
158.3
109.9
96.4
119.7
103.2
163.5
186.3
158.5
110.1
96.3
119.4
105.1
163.6
186.5
159.0
110.2
96.2
119.2
104.8
163.6
183.6
160.0
111.0
96.3
119.2
105.0
164.5
184.6
160.7
111.5
95.4
119.3
105.0
165.3
187.2
161.3
111.7
95.1
119.7
104.8
165.2
194.1
161.9
112.0
95.1
120.5
104.5
165.5
196.8
162.5
112.2
94.5
121.7
104.6
165.8
196.7
162.8
112.4
94.6
122.7
104.6
165.5
195.1
162.5
112.2
94.2
123.6
104.3
165.9
190.8
162.6
112.4
93.8
124.0
104.3
165.6
339
Miscellaneous manufacturing………………………………………… 105.2
104.9
104.8
105.3
105.4
106.1
106.5
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.1
107.0
113.5
118.4
96.2
119.3
52.4
120.0
113.3
118.8
100.5
120.3
63.6
134.1
113.3
118.4
96.7
119.8
55.4
121.4
113.5
115.7
104.4
119.4
50.9
123.9
112.2
115.6
93.7
119.5
52.5
130.2
113.4
115.4
102.0
121.8
73.0
134.8
114.1
115.2
104.6
121.6
60.1
131.0
114.9
115.8
101.8
122.1
66.1
128.7
115.7
115.7
97.9
122.2
71.1
130.5
115.1
115.9
99.3
123.4
98.9
129.8
116.0
117.0
98.6
122.4
90.6
132.1
115.7
116.9
112.7
123.0
84.8
121.9
116.9
117.1
110.4
124.9
84.8
129.4
Air transportation (December 1992=100)…………………………… 185.6
Water transportation…………………………………………………… 111.9
Postal service (June 1989=100)……………………………………… 164.7
176.4
112.2
164.7
176.9
112.5
164.7
179.0
111.6
164.7
172.0
111.4
164.7
177.0
110.6
164.7
178.6
111.2
164.7
181.5
111.4
164.7
182.4
111.4
164.7
175.7
112.7
175.4
181.5
112.3
175.4
190.6
112.6
175.5
190.0
115.5
175.5
123.3
116.3
121.4
122.9
122.0
125.6
124.4
124.5
125.2
129.3
130.8
131.0
117.8
104.5
121.8
153.6
110.2
108.9
117.7
104.5
121.8
153.8
110.4
109.2
117.6
104.5
122.3
155.7
110.8
109.3
117.6
104.5
122.2
155.8
110.8
109.9
118.0
104.6
122.3
156.0
110.8
110.0
121.9
106.7
122.9
157.2
112.6
111.1
122.3
106.7
123.6
157.5
112.9
111.3
122.4
106.7
123.6
157.3
113.4
111.5
122.2
106.7
123.6
157.4
113.7
111.5
122.3
106.7
122.9
157.4
113.2
110.5
122.4
106.7
123.4
157.8
113.3
111.3
122.1
106.5
123.8
158.3
114.3
111.4
122.1
107.7
123.8
158.0
114.6
112.1
106.5
100.9
98.7
100.2
114.7
109.2
111.3
102.8
112.9
145.4
108.2
106.7
102.7
99.0
100.2
114.6
110.4
110.7
102.9
113.5
146.3
108.9
106.9
106.8
99.3
100.1
115.8
108.9
110.7
102.7
117.5
146.3
107.7
107.2
105.2
99.2
100.0
115.9
107.1
110.7
102.6
117.9
146.7
108.0
107.0
103.8
99.7
99.9
116.1
108.0
110.7
102.9
121.4
146.9
110.1
107.5
102.7
99.3
100.1
117.8
105.7
110.5
103.1
119.7
151.7
110.3
107.7
103.1
99.5
100.1
117.3
105.7
110.8
102.7
116.7
152.5
109.0
107.8
102.5
99.7
100.2
117.3
105.8
111.4
103.4
116.7
152.8
109.8
108.0
101.1
100.4
100.1
118.1
105.9
111.4
103.6
117.0
153.0
110.6
108.8
102.0
100.9
100.5
118.7
105.4
110.5
103.2
113.0
153.7
111.5
108.2
102.1
101.1
100.4
118.8
107.2
112.2
102.5
113.4
153.5
110.8
108.1
98.8
102.3
100.4
120.3
107.2
113.5
103.5
118.2
153.4
111.9
108.1
99.1
101.2
100.5
120.8
107.2
111.0
101.6
119.7
153.9
112.3
(December 1996=100)……………………………………………… 135.5
54181
Advertising agencies…………………………………………………… 104.7
5613
Employment services (December 1996=100)……………………… 120.0
56151
Travel agencies………………………………………………………… 98.6
56172
Janitorial services……………………………………………………… 104.2
5621
Waste collection………………………………………………………… 104.5
721
Accommodation (December 1996=100)…………………………… 139.1
p = preliminary.
135.5
104.7
119.9
98.3
104.3
104.5
138.1
136.1
104.7
120.1
102.5
104.6
104.7
138.7
136.3
104.7
120.2
102.3
104.8
106.1
138.3
136.4
104.7
120.7
99.1
104.8
106.0
136.1
138.3
104.4
120.8
100.5
105.1
106.1
138.7
138.3
104.4
121.0
100.2
105.1
106.2
138.4
139.4
105.1
121.2
100.5
105.3
106.6
139.1
139.7
105.1
121.3
101.2
105.3
107.2
140.7
139.9
105.1
121.1
101.2
105.6
107.2
139.8
139.8
105.1
121.3
101.1
105.4
107.2
146.0
140.0
105.1
121.7
100.9
105.7
107.3
148.9
140.4
105.1
121.8
100.1
105.6
107.9
148.8
211
212
213
311
312
313
315
316
321
322
323
324
Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) .............................
Mining, except oil and gas……………………………………………
Mining support activities………………………………………………
Total manufacturing industries (December 1984=100)................
Food manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………………
Beverage and tobacco manufacturing...........................................
Textile mills....................................................................................
Apparel manufacturing………………………………...………………
Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100)
Wood products manufacturing………………………………………
Paper manufacturing.....................................................................
Printing and related support activities...........................................
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
(December 1984=100)………….…………………………………
(December 1984=100)………………………………………………
Retail trade
441
442
443
446
447
454
Motor vehicle and parts dealers………………………………………
Furniture and home furnishings stores………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores……………………………………
Health and personal care stores………………………………………
Gasoline stations (June 2001=100)…………………………………
Nonstore retailers………………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing
481
483
491
Utilities
221
Utilities…………………………………………………………………… 126.2
Health care and social assistance
6211
6215
6216
622
6231
62321
Office of physicians (December 1996=100)…………………………
Medical and diagnostic laboratories…………………………………
Home health care services (December 1996=100)…………………
Hospitals (December 1992=100)……………………………………
Nursing care facilities…………………………………………………
Residential mental retardation facilities………………………………
Other services industries
511
515
517
5182
523
53112
5312
5313
5321
5411
541211
5413
Publishing industries, except Internet ………………………………
Broadcasting, except Internet…………………………………………
Telecommunications……………………………………………………
Data processing and related services………………………………
Security, commodity contracts, and like activity……………………
Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse)………
Offices of real estate agents and brokers……………………………
Real estate support activities…………………………………………
Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100)………
Legal services (December 1996=100)………………………………
Offices of certified public accountants………………………………
Architectural, engineering, and related services
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 99
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Index
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Finished goods
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
131.3
133.6
83.2
142.0
131.8
134.5
83.4
142.4
130.7
134.3
75.1
143.7
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
140.7
141.3
96.8
150.0
138.9
140.1
88.8
150.2
143.3
145.9
102.0
150.5
148.5
152.7
113.0
152.7
155.7
155.7
132.6
156.4
160.3
156.7
145.9
158.6
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Total...............................................................................
Foods............……………………………………….….…
Energy…...............................………………………….…
Other.................…………...………..........………….……
125.7
125.3
89.8
134.0
125.6
123.2
89.0
134.2
123.0
123.2
80.8
133.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
127.8
123.2
95.9
135.8
133.7
134.4
111.9
138.5
142.6
145.0
123.2
146.5
154.0
146.0
149.2
154.6
164.0
146.3
162.6
163.9
113.8
121.5
85.0
105.7
111.1
112.2
87.3
103.5
96.8
103.9
68.6
84.5
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121.0
106.1
122.3
101.5
108.1
99.5
102.0
101.0
135.3
113.5
147.2
116.9
159.0
127.0
174.6
149.2
182.2
122.7
234.0
176.7
185.4
119.3
228.5
210.0
Crude materials for further processing
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
Category
2006
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
112.1
111.7
111.4
111.8
112.5
113.0
113.9
114.7
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.1
116.3
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
129.5
129.8
126.9
128.8
129.1
126.0
130.2
130.9
124.5
135.8
137.4
122.4
138.7
140.5
123.5
139.0
140.8
123.6
143.5
145.6
125.6
146.9
149.2
128.0
145.3
146.8
133.9
145.1
147.0
129.8
148.6
151.0
128.5
149.2
151.5
130.1
151.4
153.8
131.7
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 141.2
100
139.5
137.3
137.8
139.4
140.3
143.0
145.5
147.2
148.3
149.0
148.6
148.8
Agricultural industrial supplies and materials…........
118.8
118.1
117.8
120.2
123.9
127.2
126.8
127.3
126.9
125.1
128.7
138.8
137.2
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
207.2
191.1
177.5
180.5
183.5
173.8
182.1
188.8
198.6
199.1
201.1
202.9
197.8
Nonagricultural supplies and materials,
excluding fuel and building materials…………...…
Selected building materials…...............................…
136.0
110.1
136.3
110.0
135.5
110.5
135.5
110.5
136.8
111.5
139.1
111.8
141.3
112.2
143.5
112.7
144.3
112.9
145.7
113.3
146.1
113.9
144.6
114.1
145.7
114.1
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 98.3
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 104.9
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 92.4
98.5
105.1
92.6
98.7
105.9
92.7
98.8
106.0
92.6
98.8
106.2
92.6
99.1
105.9
92.7
99.2
105.9
92.7
99.2
106.0
92.8
99.3
106.5
92.7
99.5
106.4
92.9
99.6
106.5
92.9
99.7
106.6
93.1
99.8
106.7
93.1
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
105.1
105.2
105.3
105.3
105.5
105.7
105.8
105.9
106.0
106.0
106.1
106.2
106.2
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 103.9
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 103.7
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 102.9
104.0
103.8
103.1
103.9
103.6
103.0
103.9
103.7
102.9
104.0
104.0
102.8
104.8
105.0
103.5
104.8
105.1
103.3
104.8
105.0
103.4
105.4
105.7
103.9
105.7
106.4
104.0
105.8
106.7
103.7
106.1
107.0
104.0
106.2
107.2
104.1
Agricultural commodities……………...…………………
Nonagricultural commodities……………...……………
127.1
110.6
128.4
110.1
134.1
110.2
137.3
110.7
138.1
111.2
142.0
111.9
145.0
112.6
142.9
113.2
142.8
113.6
146.7
113.8
149.0
113.7
150.6
113.8
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
127.7
111.0
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2006
Category
Aug.
Sept.
2007
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
118.8
116.2
113.3
113.8
115.1
113.7
114.1
115.9
117.5
118.6
120.0
121.5
121.1
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
120.6
129.9
99.8
120.9
130.4
99.8
121.1
130.9
99.2
121.6
132.2
98.1
122.6
133.7
97.9
124.5
135.5
99.8
124.8
135.4
101.1
124.6
135.1
101.3
126.3
137.6
100.9
127.4
139.1
101.2
127.8
139.5
101.5
129.5
141.4
102.7
130.1
142.1
103.3
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 182.8
172.2
160.4
162.2
166.6
160.4
162.0
169.8
176.4
180.5
185.6
190.8
188.7
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
Petroleum and petroleum products…………...……
240.9
253.7
216.3
225.9
192.3
202.5
195.5
199.2
204.3
207.1
190.1
193.5
194.0
196.8
209.6
213.6
222.1
228.2
228.2
234.3
238.2
245.6
249.8
260.3
244.7
257.5
Paper and paper base stocks…...............................
112.9
113.1
113.0
113.2
112.8
111.4
111.4
111.5
110.6
110.6
110.8
110.2
110.7
Materials associated with nondurable
supplies and materials…...............................………
Selected building materials…...............................…
Unfinished metals associated with durable goods…
Nonmetals associated with durable goods…...........
121.4
115.2
188.7
101.5
121.8
115.8
194.4
101.3
122.1
112.1
192.4
101.5
123.0
110.8
193.7
101.6
123.0
110.6
195.9
101.7
123.5
111.5
197.9
101.9
123.8
111.0
197.7
102.0
124.0
111.4
202.9
101.8
124.5
111.4
209.4
101.6
125.1
111.2
217.1
101.7
125.4
113.1
219.7
101.6
126.4
116.8
215.1
102.1
126.4
116.1
215.3
102.1
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 91.3
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........
102.1
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 87.9
91.3
102.7
87.8
91.3
102.6
87.8
91.4
102.9
87.8
91.5
103.0
87.9
91.5
104.2
87.8
91.2
104.1
87.4
91.1
104.3
87.2
90.9
104.9
86.9
91.1
105.2
87.0
91.3
105.7
87.2
91.6
105.8
87.4
91.8
106.4
87.6
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
104.1
104.1
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.4
104.4
104.5
104.6
104.7
104.8
105.0
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………...
100.4
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 103.0
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 97.7
Nonmanufactured consumer goods…………...……… 100.1
100.5
103.0
97.8
100.5
100.6
102.9
98.0
101.8
100.7
103.1
98.1
101.7
101.0
103.4
98.2
101.8
101.2
104.2
98.0
102.1
101.2
104.0
98.1
102.1
101.3
104.1
98.3
102.2
101.3
104.1
98.2
102.3
101.3
104.3
98.1
102.4
101.4
104.3
98.2
102.6
101.6
104.8
98.3
103.1
101.8
104.9
98.4
103.4
46. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[2000 = 100, unless indicated otherwise]
Category
2005
June
Sept.
2006
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Air freight (inbound)……………......................................
Air freight (outbound)……………...………………………
125.6
107.2
127.5
112.4
124.6
112.0
124.6
113.5
129.2
117.2
128.9
116.9
127.1
113.8
126.6
112.3
127.3
114.8
Inbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)…………
Outbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)…......
Ocean liner freight (inbound)…………...………..........…
116.1
120.5
128.5
118.3
120.1
127.9
108.5
110.8
126.8
110.5
110.6
125.4
121.0
128.7
114.9
123.9
126.4
114.2
118.5
119.3
114.0
119.5
119.3
112.6
136.9
140.3
112.5
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 101
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
[1992 = 100]
2004
Item
II
2005
III
IV
I
132.3
155.8
118.4
117.7
125.3
120.5
132.7
157.8
119.2
118.9
124.7
121.1
133.4
160.2
120.0
120.1
125.4
122.1
134.4
161.4
120.3
120.1
128.2
123.1
131.7
154.9
117.7
117.6
125.9
120.6
132.0
156.8
118.5
118.8
125.7
121.4
132.2
158.9
119.0
120.2
126.5
122.5
138.9
152.8
116.2
109.8
110.0
109.4
145.8
119.1
113.1
140.7
154.9
117.1
109.8
110.1
109.2
150.6
120.3
113.5
162.7
159.8
121.4
98.2
163.8
163.5
123.6
99.8
II
2006
III
IV
I
134.3
161.7
119.4
120.4
129.8
123.9
135.9
164.2
119.6
120.8
132.0
125.0
135.5
165.4
119.4
122.0
133.0
126.1
136.4
168.2
120.9
123.4
133.0
127.0
133.4
160.3
119.5
120.2
129.6
123.6
133.5
160.9
118.8
120.5
131.3
124.5
135.0
163.2
118.8
120.9
133.7
125.6
134.5
164.2
118.6
122.1
134.8
126.8
140.2
156.9
117.6
111.3
111.9
109.7
148.4
120.1
114.6
140.3
158.0
117.8
112.3
112.6
111.5
151.9
122.3
115.9
141.1
158.5
117.0
112.1
112.3
111.7
161.7
125.1
116.6
140.5
160.8
117.1
114.6
114.4
115.1
147.5
123.7
117.6
166.4
165.8
124.2
99.7
168.3
166.2
123.9
98.7
170.9
167.8
123.9
98.2
172.4
170.2
124.0
98.7
II
2007
III
IV
I
II
136.6
168.1
119.3
123.0
136.5
128.0
136.1
168.7
118.9
124.0
136.6
128.7
136.5
173.4
122.8
127.0
132.2
128.9
136.6
174.8
122.6
128.0
134.0
130.2
137.5
177.0
122.4
128.8
134.8
131.0
135.3
167.1
120.1
123.5
135.0
127.7
135.6
167.0
118.6
123.2
138.7
128.9
135.0
167.5
118.0
124.0
138.6
129.4
135.6
172.4
122.1
127.1
133.6
129.5
135.9
174.0
122.1
128.1
135.1
130.6
136.5
175.7
121.5
128.7
136.0
131.4
141.4
161.8
116.9
114.0
114.5
112.8
159.5
125.3
118.1
142.4
163.8
117.8
114.4
115.0
112.5
164.4
126.4
118.8
141.8
163.9
116.4
115.2
115.6
114.3
164.8
127.8
119.7
142.9
164.6
115.9
114.8
115.2
113.8
172.6
129.5
120.0
143.3
169.3
119.9
117.1
118.1
114.5
150.0
124.0
120.1
143.4
170.8
119.9
118.0
119.1
114.7
154.5
125.4
121.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
173.7
168.8
121.9
97.2
175.4
172.6
124.1
98.4
177.0
170.1
120.8
96.1
179.8
170.7
120.2
94.9
180.7
176.4
125.0
97.6
181.5
179.4
125.8
98.8
182.2
180.6
124.9
99.1
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
102
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Item
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons......……………..............
87.2
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 105.6
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
93.9
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.8
87.4
104.4
93.7
79.2
90.0
104.5
95.3
82.8
91.7
104.7
96.2
87.2
94.3
103.3
97.4
91.5
97.2
102.2
98.7
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.8
96.1
100.2
100.5
107.1
95.0
101.9
102.0
111.2
95.9
104.6
105.2
114.7
98.0
107.3
109.9
117.1
99.1
109.2
114.1
119.1
99.9
110.4
118.4
86.3
72.8
81.8
82.6
88.8
75.8
84.5
83.8
90.6
79.2
86.9
86.1
94.2
83.3
90.7
87.6
96.4
88.5
93.9
91.2
99.0
94.2
97.5
95.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
104.5
100.3
106.9
97.2
107.4
100.2
112.7
96.9
109.7
100.6
116.0
98.4
112.2
102.4
117.1
100.2
115.1
104.5
118.1
102.8
118.6
107.3
119.2
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........……………………… 87.7
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 106.5
94.5
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.7
88.2
105.5
94.5
79.3
90.5
105.3
95.8
82.8
92.0
105.1
96.4
87.2
94.5
103.7
97.7
91.5
97.3
102.4
98.8
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
96.1
100.1
100.5
107.1
94.9
101.9
102.1
111.0
95.7
104.4
105.2
114.4
97.7
107.1
109.9
116.8
99.1
109.1
114.1
118.7
99.8
110.2
118.4
85.7
72.1
81.2
82.4
88.2
75.2
83.9
83.6
90.2
78.7
86.5
86.0
93.9
82.9
90.4
87.5
96.2
88.2
93.7
91.1
99.0
94.0
97.5
95.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.7
104.6
100.4
106.9
97.2
107.6
100.2
112.8
97.1
110.0
100.7
116.1
98.6
112.4
102.5
117.0
100.4
115.1
104.6
117.9
103.0
118.7
107.5
119.0
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons...…………………………
Output per unit of capital services………………………
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.1
96.6
89.0
76.4
79.4
98.2
90.6
80.4
82.4
97.6
91.0
83.1
86.9
100.2
93.6
89.2
91.7
100.5
95.8
93.8
95.8
100.3
96.5
97.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.5
93.6
98.7
94.9
108.6
92.5
102.4
94.3
115.3
93.5
105.3
95.2
117.9
95.9
109.2
96.9
123.4
99.6
113.0
100.3
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Hours of all persons.....................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Energy……………….……….........................................
Nonenergy materials....................................................
Purchased business services.......................................
Combined units of all factor inputs…………...………...
100.3
79.0
110.4
74.8
84.7
85.8
101.2
81.8
113.7
78.8
88.9
88.7
100.8
85.2
110.3
86.0
88.5
91.3
102.6
89.0
108.2
92.9
92.1
95.3
102.3
93.4
105.4
97.7
95.0
98.0
101.6
97.1
105.5
102.6
100.0
100.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.5
101.4
90.6
93.3
100.7
96.2
86.8
101.9
89.3
88.3
98.2
92.1
82.6
101.8
84.4
87.7
99.1
90.5
82.2
101.1
81.1
85.5
95.2
88.7
81.3
100.7
78.5
86.3
96.5
88.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons.......................……………
Private nonfarm business
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons......…………………………
Manufacturing [1996 = 100]
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 103
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
[1992 = 100]
Item
1961
1971
1981
1991
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
50.6
14.4
63.1
28.5
25.3
27.3
69.0
25.1
80.9
36.3
34.1
35.5
80.8
59.3
89.6
73.5
69.1
71.8
95.9
95.1
97.5
99.1
96.7
98.2
109.5
119.9
105.2
109.5
110.0
109.7
112.8
125.8
108.0
111.5
109.4
110.7
116.1
134.7
112.0
116.0
107.2
112.7
119.1
140.4
113.5
117.9
110.0
114.9
123.9
145.3
115.7
117.3
114.1
116.1
128.7
151.2
117.7
117.5
118.3
117.8
132.6
156.9
119.0
118.3
125.1
120.8
135.4
163.5
119.9
120.7
130.4
124.3
137.7
171.6
121.9
124.6
132.5
127.5
53.5
15.0
65.3
28.0
24.8
26.8
70.7
25.2
81.4
35.7
33.8
35.0
81.7
59.7
90.2
73.1
67.7
71.1
96.1
95.0
97.4
98.9
96.8
98.1
109.4
119.6
104.9
109.3
111.0
109.9
112.5
125.2
107.5
111.3
110.9
111.1
115.7
134.2
111.6
116.0
108.7
113.3
118.6
139.5
112.8
117.7
111.6
115.4
123.5
144.6
115.1
117.1
116.0
116.7
128.0
150.4
117.1
117.5
119.6
118.3
131.8
155.9
118.2
118.3
126.0
121.1
134.6
162.3
119.1
120.6
132.2
124.9
136.7
170.4
121.0
124.6
134.5
128.2
57.9
16.7
73.0
27.5
28.8
23.8
50.3
30.9
29.5
72.7
27.3
88.1
36.5
37.6
33.6
50.5
38.1
37.8
82.9
62.4
94.3
74.8
75.3
73.5
81.0
75.5
75.4
97.4
95.5
97.9
99.3
98.0
102.7
93.2
100.2
98.7
113.7
118.3
103.8
102.9
104.1
99.5
137.0
109.5
105.9
117.9
124.1
106.6
104.0
105.3
100.4
129.1
108.0
106.2
122.4
133.0
110.6
107.4
108.6
104.2
108.7
105.4
107.5
124.7
138.6
112.1
111.6
111.2
112.6
82.2
104.5
108.9
129.7
143.6
114.3
110.7
110.7
110.8
98.0
107.4
109.6
134.6
149.5
116.3
111.0
111.0
111.1
109.9
110.7
110.9
138.8
154.2
116.9
110.7
111.1
109.7
139.5
117.7
113.3
142.0
160.6
117.8
113.1
113.1
112.9
157.1
124.7
117.0
145.5
168.3
119.5
114.7
115.6
112.3
176.2
129.4
120.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
96.3
95.6
98.0
99.2
98.5
98.7
127.9
118.8
104.2
92.9
102.7
99.5
133.5
123.4
106.0
92.4
103.0
99.5
139.4
134.7
112.0
96.7
103.7
101.4
141.5
137.9
111.5
97.4
102.2
100.6
151.5
147.9
117.7
97.6
100.4
99.5
160.9
158.3
123.2
98.4
102.3
101.0
163.8
161.4
122.3
98.5
110.5
106.6
171.6
168.9
123.9
98.4
–
–
178.4
175.7
124.8
98.5
–
–
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Dash indicates data not available.
104
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
Mining
21
211
212
2121
2122
2123
Mining…………………………………………..………
Oil and gas extraction……………………….…………
Mining, except oil and gas………………….…………
Coal mining…………………………………..…………
Metal ore mining………………………………………
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying…………
2211
2212
Power generation and supply…………………………
Natural gas distribution…………………………………
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
Animal food…………………………………….………
Grain and oilseed milling………………………………
Sugar and confectionery products……………………
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty………
Dairy products…………………………………………
1987
1990
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
85.5
80.1
69.8
58.4
71.2
88.5
85.1
75.7
79.3
68.1
79.9
92.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
101.2
104.5
106.5
109.3
101.3
111.4
107.9
105.8
110.3
112.3
101.2
111.0
119.4
106.3
115.8
122.0
96.2
109.1
121.6
109.0
114.6
131.9
99.3
113.6
123.8
111.0
112.4
139.0
103.6
116.0
130.1
113.6
113.2
142.8
108.1
106.7
111.7
115.7
112.8
136.1
114.2
95.9
107.9
113.5
107.6
130.2
116.8
-
65.6
67.8
71.1
71.4
100.0
100.0
103.7
99.0
103.5
102.7
107.0
113.2
106.4
110.1
102.9
115.4
105.1
114.1
107.5
118.3
114.2
123.5
-
83.6
81.1
87.6
92.4
82.7
91.5
88.6
89.5
87.6
91.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.0
107.5
103.5
107.1
100.0
110.9
116.1
106.5
109.5
93.6
109.7
113.1
109.9
111.8
95.9
131.4
119.5
108.6
121.4
97.1
142.7
122.4
108.0
126.9
105.0
165.8
123.9
112.5
123.0
110.5
149.5
130.3
118.2
126.2
107.4
166.0
137.7
131.3
132.1
109.5
-
3116
3117
3118
3119
3121
Animal slaughtering and processing…………………
97.4
Seafood product preparation and packaging……… 123.1
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing…………………
100.9
Other food products…………………….……………… 97.5
Beverages……………………………………………..
77.1
94.3
119.7
94.5
92.5
87.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
120.2
103.8
107.8
99.0
101.2
131.6
108.6
111.4
90.7
102.6
140.5
108.3
112.6
90.8
103.7
153.0
109.9
106.2
92.7
107.3
169.8
108.9
111.9
99.4
106.6
173.2
109.3
118.8
108.3
108.0
162.2
113.8
119.3
114.1
117.4
186.2
115.4
115.4
119.4
-
3122
3131
3132
3133
3141
Tobacco and tobacco products………………………
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills…………………………
Fabric mills……………………………….……………
Textile and fabric finishing mills………………………
Textile furnishings mills………………………………
71.9
66.5
68.0
91.3
91.2
79.1
74.4
75.3
82.0
88.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
102.1
104.2
101.2
99.3
91.0
103.9
110.0
102.2
99.1
95.9
101.3
110.1
104.4
104.5
98.2
109.1
110.3
108.5
103.1
67.0
133.3
125.4
119.8
105.5
78.7
148.8
137.2
125.1
114.4
82.4
154.1
138.6
127.7
122.3
93.1
150.4
150.5
139.9
135.1
-
3149
3151
3152
3159
3161
Other textile product mills………………………………
Apparel knitting mills……………………………………
Cut and sew apparel……………………………………
Accessories and other apparel………………………
Leather and hide tanning and finishing………………
92.2
76.2
69.8
97.8
79.8
91.4
86.2
70.1
101.3
64.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
96.1
102.3
109.0
100.0
107.6
101.4
114.6
99.2
104.8
108.9
108.9
119.8
98.3
115.1
103.1
105.6
119.5
105.2
114.9
105.1
112.0
103.9
76.1
83.2
104.2
105.9
117.2
78.8
80.8
120.4
96.8
108.4
70.9
82.2
127.9
119.8
113.1
81.7
90.7
-
3162
3169
3211
3212
3219
Footwear………………………………..………………
76.7
Other leather products…………………………………
99.4
Sawmills and wood preservation……………………
77.6
Plywood and engineered wood products……………
99.7
Other wood products…………………………………… 103.0
78.1
102.9
79.4
102.8
105.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
113.2
100.3
105.1
101.0
117.3
105.8
104.7
98.7
104.5
122.3
113.4
105.4
98.8
103.0
130.7
109.1
108.8
105.2
104.7
102.7
95.0
114.4
110.3
113.9
104.8
101.0
121.3
107.0
113.9
100.7
135.8
118.2
102.9
119.6
107.6
155.0
127.9
110.3
125.8
-
3221
3222
3231
3241
3251
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills……………………
Converted paper products……………………………
Printing and related support activities………………
Petroleum and coal products…………………………
Basic chemicals…………………………………………
81.7
89.0
97.6
71.1
94.6
84.0
90.1
97.5
75.4
93.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.5
100.6
102.2
102.7
111.1
100.1
102.8
107.1
115.7
116.3
101.1
104.6
113.5
117.5
119.9
100.5
105.3
112.1
108.8
133.1
105.6
110.2
118.0
123.8
141.4
109.5
111.1
119.2
136.0
148.0
112.9
114.5
123.4
154.4
148.9
115.3
119.7
123.8
163.1
-
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers……………………
Agricultural chemicals…………………………………
Pharmaceuticals and medicines………………………
Paints, coatings, and adhesives………………………
Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries……………
77.4
80.4
87.3
89.3
84.4
76.4
85.8
91.3
87.1
84.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.0
98.8
93.8
100.1
98.0
109.8
87.4
95.7
100.3
93.0
109.8
92.1
95.6
100.8
102.8
106.2
90.0
99.5
105.6
106.0
123.1
99.2
97.4
108.9
124.1
122.2
108.4
101.5
115.2
118.2
121.9
117.4
104.1
119.1
135.3
127.8
134.1
107.8
123.5
152.6
-
3259
3261
3262
3271
3272
Other chemical products and preparations…………
Plastics products………………………………………
Rubber products………………………………………
Clay products and refractories………………………
Glass and glass products………………………………
75.4
83.1
75.5
86.9
82.3
77.8
85.2
83.5
89.4
79.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
104.2
99.4
101.2
101.4
109.3
109.9
100.2
102.7
106.7
119.7
112.3
101.7
102.9
108.2
110.4
114.6
102.3
98.4
102.8
120.8
123.8
107.1
99.7
107.4
123.0
129.5
111.0
103.5
115.2
121.3
131.9
114.4
109.2
113.9
123.5
135.6
119.3
116.5
122.7
-
3273
3274
3279
3311
3312
Cement and concrete products………………………
Lime and gypsum products……………………………
Other nonmetallic mineral products…………………
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production………
Steel products from purchased steel…………………
93.6
88.2
83.0
64.8
79.7
96.6
85.4
79.5
70.2
84.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.1
114.9
99.0
101.3
100.6
105.9
104.4
95.6
104.8
93.8
101.6
98.5
96.6
106.0
96.4
98.0
101.8
98.6
104.4
97.9
102.4
99.0
106.9
125.1
96.8
108.3
107.1
113.6
130.4
93.9
102.8
104.2
110.6
164.9
88.6
105.5
116.9
118.3
160.5
90.4
-
3313
3314
3315
3321
3322
Alumina and aluminum production……………………
Other nonferrous metal production……………………
Foundries……………………………..…………………
Forging and stamping…………………………………
Cutlery and hand tools…………………………………
90.5
96.8
81.4
85.4
86.3
90.7
96.3
86.5
89.0
85.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.5
111.3
101.2
103.5
99.9
103.5
108.4
104.5
110.9
108.0
96.6
102.3
103.6
121.1
105.9
96.2
99.5
107.4
120.7
110.3
124.5
107.6
116.7
125.0
113.4
126.8
120.5
116.3
133.1
113.2
137.3
122.9
123.9
142.0
107.6
153.8
122.2
128.0
146.7
116.4
-
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
Architectural and structural metals……………………
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers………………
Hardware……………………….………………………
Spring and wire products………………………………
Machine shops and threaded products………………
88.7
86.0
88.7
82.2
76.9
87.9
90.1
84.8
85.2
79.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.0
100.5
110.6
99.6
102.0
96.5
105.2
111.4
104.2
100.7
94.2
114.3
112.6
108.2
101.7
94.4
113.5
111.9
108.8
106.0
98.9
115.5
125.7
114.8
108.8
101.6
125.4
135.3
115.7
105.4
93.6
126.0
133.8
114.6
108.1
94.0
132.5
146.3
115.3
-
Utilities
Manufacturing
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 105
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[1997=100]
NAICS
106
Industry
1987
1990
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
3328
3329
3331
3332
3333
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals…………
Other fabricated metal products…………………………
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery………
Industrial machinery………………………………………
Commercial and service industry machinery……………
75.5
91.0
74.6
75.1
86.9
81.3
86.5
83.3
81.6
95.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.9
103.3
95.1
105.9
101.0
99.6
94.3
105.8
109.8
105.5
99.9
100.3
130.0
100.9
107.3
96.7
100.3
105.8
94.3
116.1
106.5
103.7
117.6
97.6
118.3
111.6
116.1
117.0
104.4
125.3
111.2
125.4
126.5
106.4
136.0
112.6
130.8
121.9
113.4
-
3334
3335
3336
3339
3341
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment………
Metalworking machinery…………………………………
Turbine and power transmission equipment……………
Other general purpose machinery………………………
Computer and peripheral equipment……………………
84.0
85.1
80.2
83.5
11.0
90.6
86.5
85.9
86.8
14.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.2
99.1
105.0
103.7
140.4
110.2
100.3
110.8
106.0
195.8
107.9
106.1
114.9
113.7
234.9
110.8
103.3
126.9
110.5
252.0
118.6
112.7
130.7
117.9
297.4
130.0
115.2
143.0
128.1
373.8
132.8
117.1
126.4
127.1
416.6
137.7
126.6
131.1
137.2
576.5
-
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
Communications equipment………………………………
Audio and video equipment………………………………
Semiconductors and electronic components……………
Electronic instruments……………………………………
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction………
39.8
61.7
17.0
70.2
85.7
48.4
77.0
21.9
78.5
83.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.1
105.4
125.8
102.3
106.4
135.4
119.6
173.9
106.7
108.9
164.1
126.3
232.4
116.7
105.8
152.9
128.4
230.4
119.3
99.8
128.2
150.1
263.7
118.1
110.4
143.1
171.0
324.2
125.3
126.1
148.4
239.3
361.1
145.4
142.6
144.4
239.2
386.6
139.8
143.6
-
3351
3352
3353
3359
3361
Electric lighting equipment………………………………
Household appliances……………………………………
Electrical equipment………………………………………
Other electrical equipment and components……………
Motor vehicles………………………..……………………
91.1
73.3
68.7
78.8
75.4
88.2
76.5
73.6
76.1
85.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.4
105.2
100.2
105.8
113.4
102.7
104.0
98.7
114.7
122.6
102.0
117.2
99.4
119.7
109.7
106.7
124.6
101.0
113.1
110.0
112.4
132.3
101.8
114.0
126.0
111.2
146.7
103.4
116.2
140.7
122.9
159.6
110.8
115.6
142.1
133.8
165.1
116.7
121.7
147.0
-
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers…………………………
Motor vehicle parts…………………………………………
Aerospace products and parts……………………………
Railroad rolling stock………………………………………
Ship and boat building……………………………………
85.0
78.7
87.2
55.6
95.5
75.9
76.0
89.1
77.6
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.9
105.0
119.1
103.3
99.3
103.1
110.0
120.8
116.5
112.0
98.8
112.3
103.4
118.5
121.9
88.7
114.8
115.7
126.1
121.5
105.4
130.5
118.6
146.1
131.0
109.8
137.0
119.0
139.8
133.9
110.7
138.0
113.0
131.5
138.7
114.2
144.4
125.8
121.0
133.2
-
3369
3371
3372
3379
3391
3399
Other transportation equipment…………………………
Household and institutional furniture……………………
Office furniture and fixtures………………………………
Other furniture-related products…………………………
Medical equipment and supplies…………………………
Other miscellaneous manufacturing……………………
73.7
85.2
85.8
86.3
76.3
85.4
62.9
88.2
82.2
88.9
82.9
90.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.5
102.2
100.0
106.9
108.7
102.1
113.8
103.1
98.2
102.0
110.4
105.0
132.4
101.9
100.2
99.5
114.6
113.6
140.2
105.5
98.0
105.0
119.3
111.8
150.9
111.8
115.9
110.2
127.3
118.0
163.0
114.7
125.1
110.0
137.0
124.7
168.3
113.6
131.1
121.3
137.5
128.6
182.8
121.3
136.7
123.3
148.2
139.0
-
42
423
4231
4232
4233
Wholesale trade……………………...……………………
Durable goods…………………………..…………………
Motor vehicles and parts…………………………………
Furniture and furnishings…………………………………
Lumber and construction supplies………………………
73.2
62.3
74.5
80.5
109.1
79.9
67.5
78.6
90.1
108.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.4
107.1
106.4
99.9
105.4
111.2
119.2
120.4
102.3
109.3
116.6
125.1
116.7
112.5
107.7
117.7
129.0
120.0
110.7
116.6
123.3
140.2
133.4
116.0
123.9
127.5
146.7
137.6
123.9
133.0
134.3
161.5
143.5
130.0
139.4
135.2
167.3
146.7
127.2
140.2
141.1
175.8
165.7
136.6
136.7
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
Commercial equipment…………………………………… 28.0
Metals and minerals……………………………………… 101.7
Electric goods………………………..……………………
42.8
Hardware and plumbing…………………………………
82.2
Machinery and supplies…………………………………
74.1
34.2
103.1
50.3
88.0
81.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.6
100.9
105.9
101.8
104.3
162.2
94.0
127.5
104.4
102.9
182.2
93.9
152.8
103.7
105.5
218.4
94.4
147.6
100.5
102.9
265.2
96.3
159.5
102.6
100.3
299.5
97.4
165.7
103.9
103.4
353.2
106.3
194.1
107.3
112.4
401.0
103.2
204.1
104.9
118.8
441.1
99.9
225.6
105.8
123.3
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
Miscellaneous durable goods……………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Paper and paper products………………………………
Druggists' goods……………………………………………
Apparel and piece goods…………………………………
89.8
91.0
85.6
70.7
86.3
90.5
98.9
81.0
80.6
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
99.1
98.4
94.2
103.6
113.7
100.8
100.1
93.1
105.1
114.7
105.1
100.9
85.9
108.8
116.8
105.1
104.6
84.9
115.2
124.6
105.8
116.6
89.8
122.8
119.6
110.5
119.7
100.2
125.9
135.0
113.6
130.9
105.8
131.0
133.5
114.3
139.0
112.3
140.4
119.8
117.4
137.2
119.8
149.9
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
Grocery and related products……………………………
Farm product raw materials………………………………
Chemicals…………………………………………..………
Petroleum…………………………………………….……
Alcoholic beverages………………………………………
87.9
81.6
90.4
84.4
99.3
96.2
79.4
101.1
109.8
110.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
94.3
97.1
88.5
106.5
101.0
101.6
93.3
102.9
105.6
102.4
105.1
87.9
138.1
108.4
101.9
102.1
85.3
140.6
106.4
98.6
98.1
89.1
153.6
106.8
104.9
98.2
92.2
151.1
107.9
104.1
109.1
91.2
163.2
103.1
104.3
108.2
87.9
152.5
104.8
105.1
120.9
89.0
157.7
107.5
4249
425
Miscellaneous nondurable goods………………………
Electronic markets and agents and brokers……………
111.2
64.3
109.0
74.3
100.0
100.0
105.4
102.4
106.8
112.4
115.0
120.1
111.9
110.7
106.1
109.8
109.8
104.1
120.7
97.0
124.2
87.3
126.8
93.6
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
Retail trade………………………………….………………
Motor vehicle and parts dealers…………………………
Automobile dealers………………………………………
Other motor vehicle dealers………………………………
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores…………………
79.1
78.3
79.2
70.6
71.8
81.4
82.7
84.1
69.7
79.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.7
106.4
106.5
109.6
105.1
112.7
115.1
116.3
114.8
107.6
116.1
114.3
113.7
115.3
108.4
120.1
116.0
115.5
124.6
101.3
125.6
119.9
117.2
133.6
107.7
131.6
124.3
119.5
133.8
115.1
137.9
127.3
124.7
143.3
110.1
141.5
127.0
123.8
135.1
115.9
148.5
129.8
126.8
136.3
115.8
442
4421
4422
443
444
Furniture and home furnishings stores…………………
Furniture stores……………………….……………………
Home furnishings stores…………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores…………………………
Building material and garden supply stores……………
75.1
77.3
71.3
38.0
75.8
79.0
84.8
71.0
47.7
79.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.1
104.3
104.1
122.6
107.4
110.8
107.5
115.2
150.6
113.8
115.9
112.0
121.0
173.7
113.3
122.4
119.7
126.1
196.7
116.8
129.3
125.2
134.9
233.5
120.8
134.6
128.8
142.6
292.7
127.1
146.7
139.2
156.8
334.1
134.5
151.4
143.4
161.9
369.6
134.9
162.6
155.5
172.6
416.2
143.6
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[1997=100]
NAICS
1987
1990
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
4441
4442
445
4451
4452
Building material and supplies dealers…………………………
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores……………
Food and beverage stores………………………………………
Grocery stores……………………………………………..……
Specialty food stores……………………..………………………
Industry
77.6
66.9
110.8
111.1
138.5
81.6
69.0
107.4
106.9
127.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.3
102.3
99.9
99.6
100.5
115.3
105.5
101.9
102.5
96.4
115.1
103.1
101.0
101.1
98.5
116.7
118.4
103.8
103.3
108.2
121.3
118.3
104.7
104.8
105.3
127.5
125.7
107.2
106.7
112.2
134.0
140.1
112.9
112.2
120.3
134.9
135.6
118.3
117.1
127.7
142.9
150.1
122.1
119.2
153.3
4453
446
447
448
4481
Beer, wine and liquor stores……………………………………
Health and personal care stores………………………………
Gasoline stations………………………………….……………
Clothing and clothing accessories stores……………………
Clothing stores…………………………….……………………
93.6
84.0
83.9
66.3
67.1
97.6
91.0
84.2
69.8
70.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.6
104.0
106.7
106.3
108.7
99.1
107.1
110.7
114.0
114.2
105.7
112.2
107.7
123.5
125.0
107.1
116.2
112.9
126.4
130.3
110.1
122.9
125.1
131.3
136.0
117.0
129.5
119.9
138.9
141.8
127.8
134.3
122.2
139.1
140.9
141.8
133.2
124.6
147.8
153.1
148.8
139.7
121.8
163.3
169.9
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
Shoe stores………………………………………..……………
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores…………………
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores……………
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores………………
Book, periodical, and music stores……………………………
65.3
64.5
74.9
73.2
78.9
70.8
68.1
82.3
82.2
82.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.2
108.7
107.9
111.5
101.0
104.9
122.5
114.0
119.8
103.2
110.0
130.5
121.1
129.4
105.8
111.5
123.9
127.1
134.5
113.0
125.2
118.7
127.6
136.0
111.6
132.5
132.9
131.5
141.1
113.7
124.8
144.3
151.1
166.0
123.6
132.9
139.0
164.8
181.7
133.7
149.3
148.8
175.3
203.1
124.9
452
4521
4529
453
4531
General merchandise stores……………………………………
Department stores…………………………...…………………
Other general merchandise stores……………………………
Miscellaneous store retailers……………………………………
Florists……………………………………………………….……
73.5
87.2
54.8
65.1
77.6
75.1
83.9
61.2
69.5
73.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.3
100.4
114.7
108.9
102.3
113.4
104.5
131.0
111.3
116.2
120.2
106.2
147.3
114.1
115.2
124.8
103.8
164.7
112.6
102.7
129.1
102.0
179.3
119.1
113.8
136.9
106.8
188.8
126.1
108.9
140.7
109.0
192.9
130.8
103.4
145.0
109.9
199.7
142.0
120.6
152.3
113.1
210.4
159.3
125.3
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores……………………
Used merchandise stores………………………………………
Other miscellaneous store retailers……………………………
Nonstore retailers……………………………...…………………
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses…………………
Vending machine operators……………………………………
Direct selling establishments……………………………………
61.4
64.5
68.3
50.7
39.4
95.5
70.8
66.4
70.4
75.0
54.7
43.4
95.1
74.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.5
119.1
105.3
114.3
120.2
106.3
101.9
119.2
113.4
103.0
128.9
142.6
105.4
104.2
127.3
116.5
104.4
152.2
160.2
111.1
122.5
132.3
121.9
96.9
163.6
179.6
95.7
127.9
141.5
142.0
94.4
182.1
212.7
91.2
135.0
153.9
149.7
99.9
195.5
243.6
102.3
127.0
172.8
152.6
96.9
215.5
273.0
110.5
130.3
187.9
159.5
103.5
218.4
285.2
105.1
121.5
215.5
166.6
118.5
256.3
337.1
110.7
135.6
481
482111
48412
48421
491
492
Air transportation……………………………...………………… 81.1
Line-haul railroads………………………….…………………… 58.9
General freight trucking, long-distance………………………
85.7
Used household and office goods moving…………………… 106.7
U.S. Postal service………………...……………………………
90.9
Couriers and messengers……………………………………… 148.3
77.5
69.8
89.2
112.6
94.2
138.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.6
102.1
99.4
91.0
101.6
112.6
98.2
105.5
99.1
96.1
102.8
117.6
98.1
114.3
101.9
94.8
105.5
121.9
91.9
121.9
103.2
84.0
106.3
123.4
102.1
131.9
107.0
81.6
106.4
131.1
112.7
142.0
110.7
86.2
107.8
134.1
126.0
146.4
110.7
88.7
110.0
126.9
135.7
138.5
112.6
88.5
111.2
124.7
-
5111
5112
51213
515
5151
5152
5171
5172
5175
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers………………… 105.0
Software publishers……………….……………………………
10.2
Motion picture and video exhibition…………………………… 90.7
Broadcasting, except internet…………………………………
99.5
Radio and television broadcasting……………………………
98.1
Cable and other subscription programming………………… 105.6
Wired telecommunications carriers…………………………… 56.9
Wireless telecommunications carriers………………………… 75.6
Cable and other program distribution………………………… 105.2
95.5
28.5
109.2
98.2
97.7
100.3
66.0
70.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.9
134.8
99.8
100.8
91.5
136.2
107.7
110.5
97.1
104.1
129.2
101.8
102.9
92.6
139.1
116.7
145.2
95.8
107.7
119.2
106.5
103.6
92.1
141.2
122.7
152.8
91.6
105.8
117.4
101.6
99.2
89.6
128.1
116.7
191.9
87.7
104.7
122.1
99.8
104.0
95.1
129.8
124.1
217.9
95.0
109.6
138.1
100.6
107.9
94.6
145.9
130.5
242.5
101.2
106.7
160.7
103.8
112.5
96.6
158.6
133.9
292.0
113.7
108.4
171.0
102.7
117.6
101.5
162.4
140.2
392.4
110.4
-
52211
Commercial banking…………………..…………………………
72.8
80.7
100.0
97.0
99.8
102.7
99.6
102.1
103.7
108.5
108.4
-
532111
53212
53223
Passenger car rental………………..…………………………… 92.7
Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing……………………… 60.4
Video tape and disc rental……………………………………… 77.0
90.8
68.6
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
115.2
113.2
112.2
120.6
129.4
112.3
121.1
134.9
111.1
113.7
133.3
114.6
113.5
130.3
121.2
115.1
148.5
118.3
135.7
154.5
110.5
145.5
155.6
-
541213
54131
54133
54181
541921
Tax preparation services………………………………………
Architectural services…………………….………………………
Engineering services……………………………….……………
Advertising agencies……………………………..………………
Photography studios, portrait……………………………………
82.9
90.0
90.2
95.9
98.1
76.2
93.8
99.4
107.9
95.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.6
111.4
98.2
89.2
124.8
105.8
106.8
98.0
97.9
109.8
100.9
107.6
102.0
107.5
108.9
94.4
111.0
100.1
106.9
102.2
111.4
107.6
100.5
113.1
97.6
110.0
112.6
100.5
120.8
104.2
100.0
118.3
107.8
133.0
93.2
106.9
123.9
114.2
131.2
93.6
-
56131
56151
56172
Employment placement agencies………………………………
Travel agencies…………………………………………...……
Janitorial services………………………………...………………
89.3
75.1
94.6
94.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.8
111.4
95.3
93.2
115.5
98.6
89.8
119.4
101.0
99.6
115.2
102.1
116.8
127.6
105.6
115.4
147.3
118.8
119.8
167.4
116.6
117.9
188.2
122.0
-
6215
621511
621512
Medical and diagnostic laboratories……………………………
Medical laboratories……………………...………………………
Diagnostic imaging centers……………………………………
-
-
100.0
100.0
100.0
118.8
117.2
121.4
124.7
121.4
129.7
131.9
127.4
139.9
135.3
127.7
148.3
137.6
123.1
163.3
140.8
128.6
160.0
140.8
130.7
153.5
138.8
127.1
154.8
-
71311
71395
Amusement and theme parks……………….………………… 112.0
Bowling centers………………………………..………………… 106.0
112.5
94.0
100.0
100.0
110.5
89.9
105.2
89.4
106.0
93.4
93.0
94.3
106.5
96.4
113.2
102.4
101.4
107.9
110.0
106.1
-
Transportation and warehousing
Information
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and technical services
Administrative and waste services
Health care and social assistance
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 107
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
Accommodation and food services
7211
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
Traveler accommodations………………………………………
Food services and drinking places………………………………
Full-service restaurants……...…………………………………
Limited-service eating places……………………………………
Special food services…………..…………………………………
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages…………………………
8111
81211
81221
8123
81292
Automotive repair and maintenance……………………………
Hair, nail and skin care services…………………………………
Funeral homes and funeral services……………………………
Drycleaning and laundry services………………………………
Photofinishing……………………………….……………………
Other services
1987
1990
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
85.2
96.0
92.1
96.5
89.9
136.7
82.1
102.4
99.4
103.6
99.8
123.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.9
101.2
100.6
99.7
105.5
100.9
100.8
100.4
105.2
98.8
111.7
103.5
103.0
102.0
115.0
100.6
107.6
103.8
103.6
102.5
115.3
97.6
112.0
104.4
104.4
102.7
114.9
102.9
114.3
106.3
104.2
105.4
117.6
118.6
120.8
107.0
104.8
106.8
118.0
112.2
115.8
108.2
105.6
107.8
119.2
121.1
110.9
108.6
111.2
116.4
124.2
85.9
83.5
103.7
97.1
95.8
89.9
82.1
98.4
94.8
107.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
108.6
106.8
100.1
69.3
106.1
108.6
103.3
105.0
76.3
109.4
108.2
94.8
107.6
73.8
108.9
114.6
91.8
110.9
81.2
103.7
110.4
94.6
112.5
100.5
104.1
119.7
95.7
103.8
100.5
112.0
125.0
92.9
110.6
102.0
112.5
130.4
93.2
120.8
113.2
-
NOTE: Dash indicates data are not available.
51. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, nine countries, seasonally adjusted
[Percent]
2005
2006
IV
III
II
I
IV
III
II
I
United States………
5.1
4.6
5.3
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.5
Canada………………
6.0
5.5
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.4
Australia………………
5.1
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
Japan…………………
4.5
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
France………………
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.0
9.8
9.6
9.3
11.4
11.4
11.2
10.9
10.9
10.5
10.0
9.6
6.6
11.2
10.3
Italy……………………
7.8
6.9
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.3
7.0
6.8
Sweden………………
7.7
7.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom……
4.8
5.5
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.5
Germany……………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Italy are calculated by
applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and
therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of
unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures.
There are breaks in series for Germany (2005) and Sweden (2005).
For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report
Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 19602006 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 19, 2007), available on the
Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further
qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also
available at this site.
108
2006
2005
Annual Averages
Country
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
For monthly unemployment rates, as well as the quarterly and annual
rates published in this table, see the report Unemployment rates in
nine countries, civilian labor force basis, approximating U.S. concepts,
seasonally adjusted, 1995-2007, (Bureau of Labor Statistics),
available on the Internet at
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/flsjec.txt.
Data may differ between the two reports mentioned, because the
former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is updated
monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data.
52. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and country
Civilian labor force
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
136,297
14,863
9,204
67,200
25,116
39,415
22,753
7,612
4,418
28,401
137,673
15,115
9,339
67,240
25,434
39,752
23,004
7,744
4,402
28,474
139,368
15,389
9,414
67,090
25,791
39,375
23,176
7,881
4,430
28,777
142,583
15,632
9,590
66,990
26,099
39,302
23,361
8,011
4,489
28,952
143,734
15,891
9,752
66,860
26,393
39,459
23,524
8,098
4,530
29,085
144,863
16,367
9,907
66,240
26,645
39,413
23,728
8,186
4,544
29,335
146,510
16,729
10,092
66,010
26,904
39,276
24,020
8,255
4,567
29,557
147,401
16,956
10,244
65,770
26,954
39,711
24,084
8,279
4,576
29,775
149,320
17,114
10,524
65,850
27,071
40,760
24,179
8,291
4,693
30,087
151,428
17,351
10,714
65,956
24,362
8,353
4,745
30,525
66.8
64.6
64.6
63.0
55.7
57.1
47.3
60.2
64.0
62.4
67.1
64.9
64.3
63.2
55.6
57.3
47.3
61.1
63.3
62.5
67.1
65.3
64.3
62.8
56.0
57.7
47.7
61.8
62.8
62.5
67.1
65.7
64.0
62.4
56.4
56.9
47.9
62.5
62.8
62.8
67.1
65.8
64.4
62.0
56.6
56.7
48.1
63.1
63.8
62.9
66.8
65.9
64.4
61.6
56.8
56.7
48.3
63.3
63.7
62.7
66.6
66.7
64.4
60.8
56.9
56.4
48.5
63.5
64.0
62.9
66.2
67.3
64.6
60.3
57.0
56.0
49.1
63.7
64.0
63.0
66.0
67.3
64.7
60.0
56.7
56.4
49.1
63.6
63.7
63.0
66.0
67.0
65.4
60.0
56.6
57.6
48.7
63.4
64.9
63.1
66.2
67.4
65.7
60.0
48.8
63.7
65.0
63.5
United States……………………………………………… 126,708
Canada……………………………………………………
13,309
Australia……………………………………………………
8,364
Japan………………………………………………………
64,200
France……………………………………………………
22,036
Germany…………………………………………………
35,637
Italy………………………………………………………… 20,124
Netherlands………………………………………………
6,966
Sweden……………………………………………………
4,019
United Kingdom…………………………………………
25,941
129,558
13,607
8,444
64,900
22,176
35,508
20,169
7,189
3,973
26,413
131,463
13,946
8,618
64,450
22,597
36,059
20,370
7,408
4,034
26,686
133,488
14,314
8,762
63,920
23,080
36,042
20,617
7,605
4,117
27,051
136,891
14,676
8,989
63,790
23,714
36,236
20,973
7,781
4,229
27,368
136,933
14,866
9,091
63,460
24,167
36,350
21,359
7,875
4,303
27,599
136,485
15,221
9,271
62,650
24,311
36,018
21,666
7,925
4,310
27,812
137,736
15,579
9,481
62,510
24,337
35,615
21,972
7,895
4,303
28,073
139,252
15,864
9,677
62,640
24,330
35,604
22,124
7,847
4,276
28,358
141,730
16,087
9,987
62,910
24,392
36,185
22,290
7,860
4,333
28,628
144,427
16,393
10,190
63,206
22,701
7,979
4,413
28,859
63.2
59.0
59.3
60.9
49.1
52.0
42.0
56.2
57.7
57.3
63.8
59.5
59.0
61.0
49.1
51.6
41.9
57.7
56.9
58.2
64.1
60.3
59.3
60.2
49.7
52.3
42.2
59.1
57.6
58.5
64.3
61.2
59.6
59.4
50.4
52.1
42.6
60.3
58.4
59.1
64.4
61.9
60.3
59.0
51.4
52.2
43.2
61.3
60.1
59.4
63.7
61.9
60.1
58.4
52.0
52.2
43.8
61.5
60.5
59.5
62.7
62.4
60.3
57.5
51.9
51.5
44.3
61.5
60.7
59.6
62.3
63.0
60.7
57.1
51.6
50.8
44.9
62.8
60.3
59.8
62.3
63.4
61.2
57.1
51.2
50.6
45.1
60.3
59.5
60.0
62.7
63.4
62.1
57.3
51.0
51.2
44.9
60.1
59.9
60.0
63.1
63.6
62.5
57.5
45.5
60.8
60.4
60.0
7,236
1,295
751
2,250
2,946
3,505
2,555
489
440
2,298
6,739
1,256
759
2,300
2,940
3,907
2,584
423
445
1,987
6,210
1,162
721
2,790
2,837
3,693
2,634
337
368
1,788
5,880
1,075
652
3,170
2,711
3,333
2,559
277
313
1,726
5,692
956
602
3,200
2,385
3,065
2,388
231
260
1,584
6,801
1,026
661
3,400
2,226
3,110
2,164
223
227
1,486
8,378
1,146
636
3,590
2,334
3,396
2,062
261
234
1,524
8,774
1,150
611
3,500
2,567
3,661
2,048
360
264
1,484
8,149
1,092
567
3,130
2,624
4,107
1,960
422
300
1,417
7,591
1,027
537
2,940
2,679
4,575
1,889
432
361
1,459
7,001
958
524
2,750
1,662
374
332
1,666
5.4
8.9
8.2
3.4
11.8
9.0
11.3
6.6
9.9
8.1
4.9
8.4
8.3
3.4
11.7
9.9
11.4
5.6
10.1
7.0
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
11.2
9.3
11.5
4.4
8.4
6.3
4.2
7.0
6.9
4.7
10.5
8.5
11.0
3.5
7.1
6.0
4.0
6.1
6.3
4.8
9.1
7.8
10.2
2.9
5.8
5.5
4.7
6.5
6.8
5.1
8.4
7.9
9.2
2.8
5.0
5.1
5.8
7.0
6.4
5.4
8.8
8.6
8.7
3.2
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.9
6.1
5.3
9.5
9.3
8.5
4.4
5.8
5.0
5.5
6.4
5.5
4.8
9.7
10.3
8.1
5.1
6.6
4.8
5.1
6.0
5.1
4.5
9.9
11.2
7.8
5.2
7.7
4.8
4.6
5.5
4.9
4.2
9.2
10.3
6.8
4.5
7.0
5.5
United States……………………………………………… 133,943
Canada……………………………………………………
14,604
Australia……………………………………………………
9,115
Japan………………………………………………………
66,450
France……………………………………………………
24,982
Germany…………………………………………………
39,142
Italy………………………………………………………… 22,679
Netherlands………………………………………………
7,455
Sweden……………………………………………………
4,459
United Kingdom…………………………………………
28,239
Participation rate1
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Unemployed
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Unemployment rate
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
1
Labor force as a percent of the working-age population.
2
Employment as a percent of the working-age population.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. There are breaks in series for the United States
(1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004), Australia (2001), Germany (1999, 2005), and
Sweden (2005). For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report
Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2006
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 19, 2007), available on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual
data, see the full report, also available at this site. Data in this report may not be
consistent with data in Unemployment rates in nine countries, civilian labor force basis,
approximating U.S. concepts, seasonally adjusted, 1995-2007, (Bureau of Labor
Statistics), because the former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is
updated monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 109
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
53. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies
[1992 = 100]
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
68.4
74.0
68.5
63.6
–
49.1
65.4
82.0
66.0
77.2
75.3
69.5
78.5
67.3
73.1
57.3
93.5
94.7
92.4
94.4
82.7
89.8
96.8
98.5
95.3
99.0
97.3
98.0
98.3
93.1
94.6
90.1
102.8
104.5
104.5
101.7
108.3
101.3
102.5
100.3
101.8
101.0
102.8
103.7
99.9
101.8
107.3
104.1
108.2
110.4
107.0
103.3
118.1
105.2
107.9
112.7
109.5
108.5
107.6
113.3
99.9
104.9
118.2
106.7
112.3
111.7
106.4
111.0
129.7
112.9
112.7
112.7
114.9
110.2
111.1
117.7
98.7
108.6
125.1
105.0
116.7
111.2
112.3
116.1
142.6
121.5
114.3
109.0
115.5
113.3
112.5
120.3
101.6
107.2
130.2
104.1
121.7
116.3
115.4
120.2
160.8
126.5
121.5
117.7
122.3
119.9
113.3
120.7
101.8
108.3
142.0
105.1
130.1
121.8
118.5
121.4
179.3
132.7
122.9
117.1
128.7
120.4
112.5
124.2
99.2
110.2
150.7
106.4
136.7
127.0
119.7
124.7
199.4
140.9
121.5
119.0
134.4
123.4
112.5
129.3
102.7
112.1
164.1
111.6
147.1
134.7
128.1
131.4
216.4
148.4
125.7
123.2
143.7
132.0
116.1
138.6
105.9
113.2
176.8
117.2
148.6
132.2
131.4
128.6
214.8
155.1
126.9
123.4
146.0
135.4
116.6
139.2
108.9
115.8
172.6
122.2
164.4
134.8
137.1
133.3
235.8
169.0
131.1
124.2
152.0
136.7
114.8
143.5
111.9
116.3
190.7
125.7
174.8
134.0
140.1
142.4
252.2
174.5
134.5
129.3
158.7
141.6
112.1
146.5
121.6
118.8
204.5
132.1
186.8
134.1
142.3
152.2
281.2
183.2
141.0
138.8
162.3
146.6
110.4
156.3
128.8
120.6
227.9
140.0
193.2
139.1
143.7
158.2
300.4
196.5
144.9
141.6
169.2
154.8
110.3
161.7
132.0
121.5
241.9
145.0
197.9
139.1
144.1
161.9
332.7
209.9
147.9
147.2
175.4
165.1
111.8
166.8
136.3
126.1
257.7
151.5
Output
United States…………………..…… 73.6
Canada……………………………… 85.6
Australia……………………………… 89.8
Japan………………………………… 60.8
Korea………………………………… 28.6
Taiwan……………………………… 45.4
Belgium……………………………… 78.2
Denmark…………………………… 92.0
France……………………………… 88.3
Germany…………………………… 85.3
Italy…………………………………… 81.0
Netherlands………………………… 77.3
Norway……………………………… 105.7
Spain……………………………….. 78.6
Sweden……………………………… 90.7
United Kingdom…………………… 87.3
98.2
106.7
104.2
97.1
88.1
91.0
101.0
101.7
100.5
99.1
100.5
98.3
101.7
98.4
110.1
105.3
104.2
105.4
103.8
96.3
105.1
100.9
97.0
97.0
96.6
92.0
97.6
99.4
102.0
96.1
101.9
101.4
112.2
113.5
109.1
94.9
117.1
106.9
101.4
107.5
100.7
94.9
104.1
104.7
104.7
97.8
117.5
106.2
117.3
118.7
108.5
98.9
130.8
112.7
104.2
112.7
105.2
94.0
109.1
108.6
105.2
101.5
132.5
107.9
121.6
120.3
111.9
103.0
139.2
118.7
104.6
107.5
105.2
92.0
107.8
110.2
109.4
104.0
137.1
108.6
129.0
127.8
114.5
105.6
146.0
125.5
109.5
116.3
110.1
96.1
109.6
111.7
114.1
110.7
147.6
110.6
137.7
134.3
117.8
100.1
134.5
129.5
111.3
117.2
115.4
97.2
109.9
115.5
113.3
117.4
159.5
111.3
143.7
145.5
117.5
99.7
163.7
139.0
111.2
118.2
119.3
98.2
109.6
119.8
113.2
124.1
173.9
112.3
152.7
160.1
123.1
104.9
191.5
149.2
115.7
122.5
124.8
104.8
112.9
127.8
112.6
129.6
189.7
115.0
144.2
153.9
121.9
99.1
195.7
138.1
115.7
122.5
126.0
106.6
111.8
127.6
111.8
133.7
185.6
113.5
148.2
155.2
127.8
97.6
210.5
150.4
114.8
119.0
125.9
104.4
110.4
127.7
111.2
133.5
196.4
110.5
149.9
154.2
130.1
102.8
222.2
158.4
113.4
115.7
128.3
105.2
107.8
126.2
114.9
134.7
203.6
110.7
159.6
157.1
130.1
108.8
246.8
173.8
117.9
119.6
129.4
108.8
106.4
130.6
121.4
135.2
224.4
113.0
163.0
158.3
130.3
111.7
264.3
185.3
117.3
121.6
131.2
112.3
103.7
130.6
125.8
135.6
233.5
111.6
168.5
156.2
128.7
117.1
286.5
198.7
120.2
127.7
133.2
118.5
107.6
133.7
131.4
140.0
246.8
113.1
Total hours
United States……………………… 107.6
Canada……………………………… 115.8
Australia……………………………… 131.1
Japan………………………………… 95.5
Korea………………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 92.4
Belgium……………………………… 119.7
Denmark…………………………… 112.1
France……………………………… 133.8
Germany…………………………… 110.5
Italy…………………………………… 107.6
Netherlands………………………… 111.2
Norway……………………………… 134.7
Spain……………………………….. 116.7
Sweden……………………………… 124.0
United Kingdom…………………… 152.3
104.9
112.6
112.7
102.9
106.4
101.4
104.3
103.3
105.5
100.1
103.3
100.4
103.4
105.7
116.4
116.9
101.3
100.9
99.3
94.7
97.1
99.6
94.7
96.8
94.8
91.1
95.0
95.9
102.1
94.4
94.9
97.4
103.7
102.8
102.0
91.9
99.2
101.7
94.0
95.4
91.9
87.5
96.8
92.5
104.8
93.2
99.4
99.5
104.4
106.3
101.9
89.1
100.9
99.8
92.4
100.0
91.6
85.3
98.2
92.3
106.6
93.5
105.9
102.7
104.2
108.1
99.7
88.8
97.6
97.7
91.5
98.6
91.0
81.3
95.8
91.6
107.7
97.0
105.3
104.4
106.0
109.9
99.2
87.9
90.8
99.2
90.2
98.8
90.1
80.1
96.7
92.6
112.1
102.2
103.9
105.2
105.8
110.2
99.4
82.4
75.0
97.6
90.5
100.1
89.7
80.8
97.7
93.0
114.2
106.5
105.9
104.6
105.1
114.5
98.2
79.9
82.1
98.7
91.5
99.4
88.7
79.6
97.4
92.7
110.3
110.7
106.0
100.6
103.8
118.9
96.0
79.8
88.5
100.5
92.1
99.4
86.8
79.4
97.2
92.2
106.4
114.4
107.3
98.1
97.0
116.4
92.8
77.1
91.1
89.0
91.2
99.3
86.3
78.7
95.9
91.7
102.7
115.4
107.5
92.9
90.1
115.1
93.2
73.3
89.3
89.0
87.5
95.8
82.8
76.4
96.2
89.0
99.3
114.8
103.0
88.0
85.7
115.0
92.8
72.2
88.1
90.8
84.3
89.5
80.8
74.3
96.1
86.2
94.5
113.4
99.6
83.8
85.4
117.2
91.4
71.5
87.8
94.9
83.6
86.2
79.7
74.2
96.4
83.5
94.2
112.2
98.5
80.7
84.4
113.8
90.7
70.6
88.0
94.3
80.9
85.9
77.5
72.6
94.1
80.8
95.3
111.6
96.5
77.0
85.1
112.3
89.3
72.3
86.1
94.6
81.3
86.8
75.9
71.8
96.2
80.2
96.4
111.0
95.8
74.6
90.5
89.2
87.5
90.6
68.0
85.2
90.1
93.6
88.5
89.4
87.7
89.8
92.3
79.9
87.8
88.7
102.0
101.2
105.2
102.7
115.9
105.9
104.8
102.4
104.3
106.2
105.7
104.4
101.5
109.4
97.4
104.5
105.3
104.1
106.1
104.7
133.1
111.1
105.6
106.0
108.0
111.0
107.3
108.9
104.5
113.4
99.8
107.0
107.3
106.6
113.5
108.3
161.6
120.2
108.6
108.2
110.7
117.0
112.0
111.8
109.2
118.3
106.8
108.9
109.3
108.2
121.7
109.1
188.1
128.2
110.6
112.6
112.5
122.5
120.0
113.8
113.8
121.1
115.2
108.7
112.2
110.8
126.0
112.8
204.5
132.1
114.7
116.5
116.3
124.9
124.1
116.4
118.8
124.0
121.0
112.3
118.7
116.5
128.4
115.6
222.7
137.1
116.5
119.6
117.2
126.7
123.3
121.4
125.8
124.9
125.5
121.2
123.4
119.0
132.9
115.5
223.9
139.6
118.0
122.6
121.0
129.6
125.6
125.7
133.0
124.7
130.1
128.3
134.7
123.0
140.2
114.9
239.1
142.3
120.1
125.0
127.0
136.3
128.7
132.1
140.5
126.6
136.7
133.8
137.8
126.7
149.2
116.4
246.7
151.4
126.4
130.9
130.6
140.6
134.0
138.1
149.0
131.6
143.8
140.7
147.8
131.2
156.0
117.2
271.6
146.7
131.9
136.5
136.9
144.0
137.5
146.1
157.9
135.4
151.6
149.0
158.2
135.2
161.4
114.6
285.0
149.1
135.8
145.7
141.0
147.2
141.6
151.9
164.3
142.2
159.2
156.9
161.5
136.9
169.1
115.7
325.5
151.6
138.8
150.6
144.6
148.0
145.7
158.1
169.7
147.0
163.4
165.1
168.3
142.1
177.6
117.0
351.5
158.2
144.6
153.7
143.7
149.7
150.2
161.3
176.2
153.0
167.2
172.2
172.4
145.9
189.2
117.6
375.5
161.5
147.7
157.6
147.5
153.2
152.9
165.8
184.3
158.3
172.1
184.2
Output per hour
United States………………………
Canada………………………….……
Australia…………………….………
Japan…………………………………
Korea…………………………..……
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium…………………………...…
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany………………………...……
Italy……………………………...……
Netherlands…………………...……
Norway………………………………
Spain………………………………..
Sweden……………………………..
United Kingdom……………….……
Hourly compensation
(national currency basis)
United States………………………
Canada………………………………
Australia………………………………
Japan…………………………………
Korea…………………………………
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium………………………………
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany……………………………
Italy……………………………………
Netherlands…………………………
Norway………………………………
Spain………………………………..
Sweden………………………………
United Kingdom……………………
See notes at end of table.
110
55.9
47.4
–
58.6
–
29.6
52.5
44.5
36.7
53.6
30.6
60.6
39.0
28.0
37.3
35.8
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
53. Continued— Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Unit labor costs
(national currency basis)
United States……………………… 81.8
Canada……………………………… 64.1
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 92.1
Korea………………………………… 44.4
Taiwan……………………………… 60.3
Belgium……………………………… 80.3
Denmark…………………………… 54.3
France……………………………… 55.6
Germany…………………………… 69.4
Italy…………………………………… 40.7
Netherlands………………………… 87.1
Norway……………………………… 49.7
Spain……………………………….. 41.5
Sweden……………………………… 51.0
United Kingdom…………………… 62.4
96.7
94.2
94.6
95.9
82.1
94.9
93.0
95.0
92.8
90.3
90.2
91.7
93.9
85.8
92.9
98.5
99.2
96.9
100.6
101.0
107.0
104.6
102.3
102.2
102.4
105.2
102.9
100.7
101.6
107.4
90.8
100.4
97.3
94.3
99.2
101.4
112.7
105.6
97.9
94.1
98.6
102.4
99.8
96.2
104.6
108.1
84.5
100.2
95.5
95.4
106.6
97.6
124.6
106.5
96.4
96.0
96.3
106.2
100.8
95.0
110.7
108.9
85.3
103.7
93.7
97.3
108.4
94.0
131.9
105.5
96.8
103.3
97.4
108.2
106.6
94.6
112.0
112.9
88.5
104.4
92.2
95.3
109.2
93.8
127.1
104.5
94.5
98.9
95.0
104.2
109.5
96.5
116.7
114.5
85.2
106.8
91.2
95.6
108.4
95.2
124.2
103.4
94.8
102.1
91.0
105.2
109.6
97.7
126.8
113.4
83.3
113.9
90.3
93.7
111.0
92.7
112.3
99.1
97.2
103.0
90.0
105.1
111.7
97.3
129.5
111.2
79.3
115.0
91.6
91.3
109.4
87.5
110.5
95.9
95.6
101.4
88.4
103.3
110.9
95.3
132.7
111.8
77.3
114.2
92.7
95.8
113.6
90.5
114.8
97.6
99.6
106.1
89.4
103.8
114.9
99.2
136.8
113.6
83.3
115.1
89.9
97.4
113.8
87.9
115.2
86.8
100.6
109.9
90.1
105.3
119.8
101.8
141.0
116.4
79.5
118.6
90.5
100.9
115.2
80.5
113.0
85.5
101.0
112.7
88.9
104.0
126.3
103.7
135.1
119.7
77.8
118.8
86.4
102.0
118.9
76.0
115.8
82.7
98.4
108.5
89.1
100.9
132.0
101.2
131.7
122.0
71.7
117.9
87.1
102.2
123.6
73.9
117.0
80.5
99.8
108.5
85.0
96.7
136.2
99.8
133.5
125.9
69.1
118.7
87.2
104.9
131.2
72.6
112.8
76.9
99.9
107.0
84.1
92.8
136.7
99.4
135.2
125.5
66.8
121.6
Unit labor costs
(U.S. dollar basis)
United States……………………… 81.8
Canada……………………………… 66.3
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 51.5
Korea………………………………… 57.3
Taiwan……………………………… 42.1
Belgium……………………………… 88.3
Denmark…………………………… 58.1
France……………………………… 69.6
Germany…………………………… 59.6
Italy…………………………………… 58.5
Netherlands………………………… 77.1
Norway……………………………… 62.6
Spain……………………………….. 59.3
Sweden……………………………… 70.3
United Kingdom…………………… 82.2
96.7
97.5
100.5
83.9
90.7
88.7
89.5
92.7
90.2
87.3
92.7
88.5
93.3
86.2
91.4
99.5
99.2
90.7
93.0
115.3
104.2
99.6
95.1
95.1
95.7
99.3
80.6
95.2
88.9
86.3
67.9
85.3
97.3
83.4
98.7
125.8
109.6
100.4
94.2
89.4
94.1
98.6
76.3
93.0
92.1
82.6
63.8
86.9
95.5
84.0
107.4
131.7
126.5
101.1
105.2
103.5
102.2
115.8
76.2
104.1
108.6
89.5
69.6
92.7
93.7
86.3
115.4
109.6
128.6
96.7
100.4
107.6
100.7
112.3
85.2
98.6
107.7
91.3
76.8
92.3
92.2
83.2
110.4
98.3
105.3
91.3
84.8
90.4
86.2
93.8
79.2
86.9
102.3
80.0
64.9
99.0
91.2
77.9
92.7
92.2
69.6
77.5
83.9
92.0
81.7
93.4
77.7
86.6
104.3
77.7
61.0
106.9
90.3
76.2
97.5
103.3
74.0
77.2
82.5
89.0
77.4
89.4
75.7
82.7
103.1
72.9
55.9
105.3
91.6
74.3
86.5
102.9
76.7
77.2
70.3
75.6
65.8
76.2
65.1
70.2
93.6
63.5
49.1
98.0
92.7
74.8
79.8
94.4
69.7
72.6
71.1
76.9
64.6
74.2
65.5
70.9
94.5
62.6
46.9
93.8
89.9
74.9
84.1
89.0
72.3
63.2
75.8
84.2
68.7
79.5
72.1
76.8
109.8
67.7
47.6
100.9
90.5
87.1
102.2
88.0
74.4
62.5
91.1
103.4
81.2
94.0
91.0
93.7
118.6
83.4
56.1
109.9
86.4
94.7
119.1
89.1
79.3
62.4
97.5
109.4
89.5
100.2
104.5
100.4
121.4
93.3
56.9
122.4
87.1
102.0
128.2
85.1
89.7
63.0
99.0
109.3
85.4
96.1
107.9
99.1
128.8
96.4
53.9
122.3
87.2
111.8
134.5
79.2
92.8
59.5
100.0
108.7
85.3
93.1
109.3
99.7
131.1
97.0
52.8
126.9
NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1993 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1993 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available.
augTAB54B
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 111
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
1
54. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers
Industry and type of case 2
1989
1
1990
1991
1992
1993
4
1994
4
1995
4
1996
4
1997
4
3
1998
4
1999
4
2000
4
2001
4
5
PRIVATE SECTOR
8.6
4.0
78.7
8.8
4.1
84.0
8.4
3.9
86.5
8.9
3.9
93.8
8.5
3.8
–
8.4
3.8
–
8.1
3.6
–
7.4
3.4
–
7.1
3.3
–
6.7
3.1
–
6.3
3.0
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.7
2.8
–
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
10.9
5.7
100.9
11.6
5.9
112.2
10.8
5.4
108.3
11.6
5.4
126.9
11.2
5.0
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.7
4.3
–
8.7
3.9
–
8.4
4.1
–
7.9
3.9
–
7.3
3.4
–
7.1
3.6
–
7.3
3.6
–
Mining
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
8.5
4.8
137.2
8.3
5.0
119.5
7.4
4.5
129.6
7.3
4.1
204.7
6.8
3.9
–
6.3
3.9
–
6.2
3.9
–
5.4
3.2
–
5.9
3.7
–
4.9
2.9
–
4.4
2.7
–
4.7
3.0
–
4.0
2.4
–
Construction
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
14.3
6.8
143.3
14.2
6.7
147.9
13.0
6.1
148.1
13.1
5.8
161.9
12.2
5.5
–
11.8
5.5
–
10.6
4.9
–
9.9
4.5
–
9.5
4.4
–
8.8
4.0
–
8.6
4.2
–
8.3
4.1
–
7.9
4.0
–
General building contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
13.9
6.5
137.3
13.4
6.4
137.6
12.0
5.5
132.0
12.2
5.4
142.7
11.5
5.1
–
10.9
5.1
–
9.8
4.4
–
9.0
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.4
3.9
–
8.0
3.7
–
7.8
3.9
–
6.9
3.5
–
Heavy construction, except building:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
13.8
6.5
147.1
13.8
6.3
144.6
12.8
6.0
160.1
12.1
5.4
165.8
11.1
5.1
–
10.2
5.0
–
9.9
4.8
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.8
–
7.6
3.7
–
7.8
4.0
–
Special trades contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
14.6
6.9
144.9
14.7
6.9
153.1
13.5
6.3
151.3
13.8
6.1
168.3
12.8
5.8
–
12.5
5.8
–
11.1
5.0
–
10.4
4.8
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.1
4.1
–
8.9
4.4
–
8.6
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
Manufacturing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
13.1
5.8
13.2
5.8
12.7
5.6
12.5
5.4
12.1
5.3
12.2
5.5
11.6
5.3
10.6
4.9
10.3
4.8
9.7
4.7
9.2
4.6
9.0
4.5
8.1
4.1
Lost workdays........………...........................................
113.0
120.7
121.5
124.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.1
6.0
116.5
14.2
6.0
123.3
13.6
5.7
122.9
13.4
5.5
126.7
13.1
5.4
–
13.5
5.7
–
12.8
5.6
–
11.6
5.1
–
11.3
5.1
–
10.7
5.0
–
10.1
4.8
–
–
–
–
8.8
4.3
–
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.4
9.4
177.5
18.1
8.8
172.5
16.8
8.3
172.0
16.3
7.6
165.8
15.9
7.6
–
15.7
7.7
–
14.9
7.0
–
14.2
6.8
–
13.5
6.5
–
13.2
6.8
–
13.0
6.7
–
12.1
6.1
–
10.6
5.5
–
Furniture and fixtures:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
16.1
7.2
–
16.9
7.8
–
15.9
7.2
–
14.8
6.6
128.4
14.6
6.5
–
15.0
7.0
–
13.9
6.4
–
12.2
5.4
–
12.0
5.8
–
11.4
5.7
–
11.5
5.9
–
11.2
5.9
–
11.0
5.7
–
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
15.5
7.4
149.8
15.4
7.3
160.5
14.8
6.8
156.0
13.6
6.1
152.2
13.8
6.3
–
13.2
6.5
–
12.3
5.7
–
12.4
6.0
–
11.8
5.7
–
11.8
6.0
–
10.7
5.4
–
10.4
5.5
–
10.1
5.1
–
Primary metal industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.7
8.1
168.3
19.0
8.1
180.2
17.7
7.4
169.1
17.5
7.1
175.5
17.0
7.3
–
16.8
7.2
–
16.5
7.2
–
15.0
6.8
–
15.0
7.2
–
14.0
7.0
–
12.9
6.3
–
12.6
6.3
–
10.7
5.3
11.1
Fabricated metal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.5
7.9
147.6
18.7
7.9
155.7
17.4
7.1
146.6
16.8
6.6
144.0
16.2
6.7
–
16.4
6.7
–
15.8
6.9
–
14.4
6.2
–
14.2
6.4
–
13.9
6.5
–
12.6
6.0
–
11.9
5.5
–
11.1
5.3
–
Industrial machinery and equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
12.1
4.8
86.8
12.0
4.7
88.9
11.2
4.4
86.6
11.1
4.2
87.7
11.1
4.2
–
11.6
4.4
–
11.2
4.4
–
9.9
4.0
–
10.0
4.1
–
9.5
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.2
3.6
–
11.0
6.0
–
Electronic and other electrical equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
9.1
3.9
77.5
9.1
3.8
79.4
8.6
3.7
83.0
8.4
3.6
81.2
8.3
3.5
–
8.3
3.6
–
7.6
3.3
–
6.8
3.1
–
6.6
3.1
–
5.9
2.8
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.7
2.9
–
5.0
2.5
–
Transportation equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
17.7
6.8
138.6
17.8
6.9
153.7
18.3
7.0
166.1
18.7
7.1
186.6
18.5
7.1
–
19.6
7.8
–
18.6
7.9
–
16.3
7.0
–
15.4
6.6
–
14.6
6.6
–
13.7
6.4
–
13.7
6.3
–
12.6
6.0
–
Instruments and related products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
5.6
2.5
55.4
5.9
2.7
57.8
6.0
2.7
64.4
5.9
2.7
65.3
5.6
2.5
–
5.9
2.7
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.1
2.3
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.0
1.9
–
4.0
1.8
–
4.5
2.2
–
4.0
2.0
–
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
11.1
5.1
97.6
11.3
5.1
113.1
11.3
5.1
104.0
10.7
5.0
108.2
10.0
4.6
–
9.9
4.5
–
9.1
4.3
–
9.5
4.4
–
8.9
4.2
–
8.1
3.9
–
8.4
4.0
–
7.2
3.6
–
6.4
3.2
–
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
5
Durable goods:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Lumber and wood products:
See footnotes at end of table.
112
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
54. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States
Industry and type of case2
Incidence rates per 100 workers 3
1989
1
1990
1991
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4
1992
Nondurable goods:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
11.6
5.5
107.8
11.7
5.6
116.9
11.5
5.5
119.7
11.3
5.3
121.8
10.7
5.0
–
10.5
5.1
–
9.9
4.9
–
9.2
4.6
–
8.8
4.4
–
8.2
4.3
7.8
4.2
–
7.8
4.2
–
6.8
3.8
–
Food and kindred products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
18.5
9.3
174.7
20.0
9.9
202.6
19.5
9.9
207.2
18.8
9.5
211.9
17.6
8.9
–
17.1
9.2
–
16.3
8.7
–
15.0
8.0
–
14.5
8.0
–
13.6
7.5
12.7
7.3
–
12.4
7.3
–
10.9
6.3
–
Tobacco products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.7
3.4
64.2
7.7
3.2
62.3
6.4
2.8
52.0
6.0
2.4
42.9
5.8
2.3
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.6
2.6
–
6.7
2.8
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.4
3.4
-
5.5
2.2
–
6.2
3.1
–
6.7
4.2
–
Textile mill products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
10.3
4.2
81.4
9.6
4.0
85.1
10.1
4.4
88.3
9.9
4.2
87.1
9.7
4.1
–
8.7
4.0
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.6
–
6.7
3.1
–
7.4
3.4
–
6.4
3.2
–
6.0
3.2
–
5.2
2.7
–
Apparel and other textile products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.6
3.8
80.5
8.8
3.9
92.1
9.2
4.2
99.9
9.5
4.0
104.6
9.0
3.8
–
8.9
3.9
–
8.2
3.6
–
7.4
3.3
–
7.0
3.1
–
6.2
2.6
-
5.8
2.8
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.0
2.4
–
Paper and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
12.7
5.8
132.9
12.1
5.5
124.8
11.2
5.0
122.7
11.0
5.0
125.9
9.9
4.6
–
9.6
4.5
–
8.5
4.2
–
7.9
3.8
–
7.3
3.7
–
7.1
3.7
–
7.0
3.7
–
6.5
3.4
–
6.0
3.2
–
Printing and publishing:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.9
3.3
63.8
6.9
3.3
69.8
6.7
3.2
74.5
7.3
3.2
74.8
6.9
3.1
–
6.7
3.0
–
6.4
3.0
–
6.0
2.8
–
5.7
2.7
–
5.4
2.8
–
5.0
2.6
–
5.1
2.6
–
4.6
2.4
–
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
7.0
3.2
63.4
6.5
3.1
61.6
6.4
3.1
62.4
6.0
2.8
64.2
5.9
2.7
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.5
2.7
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.2
2.1
–
4.4
2.3
–
4.2
2.2
–
4.0
2.1
–
Petroleum and coal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.6
3.3
68.1
6.6
3.1
77.3
6.2
2.9
68.2
5.9
2.8
71.2
5.2
2.5
–
4.7
2.3
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.6
2.5
–
4.3
2.2
–
3.9
1.8
–
4.1
1.8
–
3.7
1.9
–
2.9
1.4
–
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
16.2
8.0
147.2
16.2
7.8
151.3
15.1
7.2
150.9
14.5
6.8
153.3
13.9
6.5
–
14.0
6.7
–
12.9
6.5
–
12.3
6.3
–
11.9
5.8
–
11.2
5.8
–
10.1
5.5
–
10.7
5.8
–
8.7
4.8
–
Leather and leather products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
13.6
6.5
130.4
12.1
5.9
152.3
12.5
5.9
140.8
12.1
5.4
128.5
12.1
5.5
–
12.0
5.3
–
11.4
4.8
–
10.7
4.5
–
10.6
4.3
–
9.8
4.5
–
10.3
5.0
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.4
–
Transportation and public utilities
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
9.2
5.3
121.5
9.6
5.5
134.1
9.3
5.4
140.0
9.1
5.1
144.0
9.5
5.4
–
9.3
5.5
–
9.1
5.2
–
8.7
5.1
–
8.2
4.8
–
7.3
4.3
–
7.3
4.4
–
6.9
4.3
–
6.9
4.3
–
Wholesale and retail trade
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
8.0
3.6
63.5
7.9
3.5
65.6
7.6
3.4
72.0
8.4
3.5
80.1
8.1
3.4
–
7.9
3.4
–
7.5
3.2
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.7
3.0
–
6.5
2.8
–
6.1
2.7
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.6
2.5
–
Wholesale trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
7.7
4.0
71.9
7.4
3.7
71.5
7.2
3.7
79.2
7.6
3.6
82.4
7.8
3.7
–
7.7
3.8
–
7.5
3.6
–
6.6
3.4
–
6.5
3.2
–
6.5
3.3
–
6.3
3.3
–
5.8
3.1
–
5.3
2.8
–
Retail trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
8.1
3.4
60.0
8.1
3.4
63.2
7.7
3.3
69.1
8.7
3.4
79.2
8.2
3.3
–
7.9
3.3
–
7.5
3.0
–
6.9
2.8
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.5
2.7
–
6.1
2.5
–
5.9
2.5
–
5.7
2.4
–
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
2.0
.9
17.6
2.4
1.1
27.3
2.4
1.1
24.1
2.9
1.2
32.9
2.9
1.2
–
2.7
1.1
–
2.6
1.0
–
2.4
.9
–
2.2
.9
–
.7
.5
–
1.8
.8
–
1.9
.8
–
1.8
.7
–
Services
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
5.5
2.7
51.2
6.0
2.8
56.4
6.2
2.8
60.0
7.1
3.0
68.6
6.7
2.8
–
6.5
2.8
–
6.4
2.8
–
6.0
2.6
–
5.6
2.5
–
5.2
2.4
–
4.9
2.2
–
4.9
2.2
–
4.6
2.2
–
1
Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data
for the years 1985–88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification
Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement.
2
Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and
illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address
fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries.
-
-
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays;
EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks
per year).
4
Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992,
BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work
by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities.
5
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
3
The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where:
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007 113
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1996-2005
20053
1996-2000
(average)
2001-2005
(average)2
All events ...............................................................
6,094
5,704
5,734
100
Transportation incidents ................................................
Highway ........................................................................
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment .........
Moving in same direction ......................................
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming ..............
Moving in intersection ...........................................
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment on
side of road .............................................................
Noncollision ...............................................................
Jack-knifed or overturned--no collision .................
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) ........................
Noncollision accident ................................................
Overturned ............................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment ................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
roadway ..................................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
parking lot or non-road area ....................................
Water vehicle ................................................................
Aircraft ...........................................................................
2,608
1,408
685
117
247
151
2,451
1,394
686
151
254
137
2,493
1,437
718
175
265
134
43
25
13
3
5
2
264
372
298
378
321
212
376
310
335
274
335
277
175
369
345
318
273
340
281
182
391
6
6
5
6
5
3
7
129
136
140
2
171
105
263
166
82
206
176
88
149
3
2
3
Assaults and violent acts ...............................................
Homicides .....................................................................
Shooting ....................................................................
Suicide, self-inflicted injury ............................................
1,015
766
617
216
850
602
465
207
792
567
441
180
14
10
8
3
Contact with objects and equipment ............................
Struck by object ............................................................
Struck by falling object ..............................................
Struck by rolling, sliding objects on floor or ground
level .........................................................................
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects .......
Caught in running equipment or machinery ..............
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials ................
1,005
567
364
952
560
345
1,005
607
385
18
11
7
77
293
157
128
89
256
128
118
94
278
121
109
2
5
2
2
Falls ..................................................................................
Fall to lower level ..........................................................
Fall from ladder .........................................................
Fall from roof .............................................................
Fall to lower level, n.e.c. ...........................................
714
636
106
153
117
763
669
125
154
123
770
664
129
160
117
13
12
2
3
2
Exposure to harmful substances or environments .....
Contact with electric current ..........................................
Contact with overhead power lines ...........................
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances
Oxygen deficiency .........................................................
535
290
132
112
92
498
265
118
114
74
501
251
112
136
59
9
4
2
2
1
Fires and explosions ......................................................
Fires--unintended or uncontrolled .................................
Explosion ......................................................................
196
103
92
174
95
78
159
93
65
3
2
1
Event or exposure1
Number
Percent
1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual.
2 Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
3 The BLS news release of August 10, 2006, reported a total of 5,702 fatal work injuries for calendar year
2005. Since then, an additional 32 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality
count for 2005 to 5,734.
NOTE: Totals for all years are revised and final. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not
shown separately. Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. N.e.c. means
"not elsewhere classified."
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State, New York City,
District of Columbia, and Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
114
Monthly Labor Review • October 2007
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Title of Publication: Monthly labor Review
Publication Number: 987–800
Date of Filing: October 10, 2007
Frequency of Issue: Monthly
Number of Issues Published Annually: 12
Annual Subscription Price: $49
Complete Mailing Address of Known: Office of Publications and Special Studies: U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20212–0001
Attention: William Parks II, Room 2850, (202) 691–7911
8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters of General Business Office of Publisher: U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20212–0001
9. Names of Complete Addresses of Publishers, Editors, and Executive Editor: Publisher: U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Publications, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E., Washington, DC
20212–0001; Editor: Michael D. Levi, same address; Executive Editor: William Parks II, same address
10. Owner: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E.,
Washington, DC 20212–0001
11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total
Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None
12. Purpose, Function and Nonprofit Status: Not applicable
13. Publication Title: Monthly Labor Review
14. Issue Date for Circulation Date Below: September 2007
15. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
Average number
Number of copies
of copies of each
of single issue
issue during
published nearest
preceding 12 months
to filing date
A. Total number of copies (net press run)................................................................
B. Paid and/or requested circulation:
1. Paid/requested outside-county mail subscriptions
(includes advertiser’s proof and exchange copes)............................................
2. Paid-in-county subscriptions (includes advertiser’s proof
and exchange copies)......................................................................................
3. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors, counter sales, and
other non-USPS paid distribution.................................................................
4. Other classes mailed through the USPS........................................................
C. Total paid and/or requested circulation (sum of B)..............................................
D. Free distribution by mail:
1. Outside-county...............................................................................................
2. In-county.........................................................................................................
3. Other classes mailed through the USPS..........................................................
E. Free distribution outside the mail........................................................................
F. Total free distribution (sum of D and E)............................................................
G. Total distribution (sum of C and F)....................................................................
H. Copies not distributed.........................................................................................
I. Total (sum of G and H)......................................................................................
J. Percent paid and/or requested circulation...........................................................
3,701
3,719
2,599
2,629
–
–
594
–
3,195
574
–
3,203
455
–
–
40
495
3,688
13
3,701
86.6
455
–
–
36
491
3,694
25
3,719
86.7
I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete:
[signed] William Parks II, Executive Editor
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Employer-provided "Quality-of-life" Benefits for Workers in Private Industry, 2007
by George I. Long
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Originally Posted: October 24, 2007
The National Compensation Survey provides data on "quality-of-life" benefits in its annual benefits summary publications.
Although a relatively small percent of workers have access to these kinds of benefits, the data give insight into ways that
employers and employees are working toward more family- and environmentally friendly work arrangements.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics National Compensation Survey (NCS) collects data on the percent of employees with access
to a wide range of employer-provided benefits.1 Some types of employer-provided benefits are more commonly available
than others. As shown in the most recent NCS publication of benefits data, 61 percent of workers in private industry have
access to retirement benefits, 71 percent have access to medical plans, and 77 percent have access to paid holidays and
paid vacation time.2 By comparison, employee access to various "quality-of-life" benefits is relatively uncommon. (See chart
1.)
Nevertheless, the NCS quality-of-life benefits data give insight into the type of work arrangements that workers value and
some employers promote. These benefits have a potential for influencing how people get to work, how they conduct their
work, and the extent to which they are connected with their families and fellow workers. Therefore, a closer look at worker
access to quality-of-life benefits--by occupation, bargaining status, wage level, establishment size, and area in which the
worker is employed--is of value.
Quality-of-life Benefits For Private Industry Workers
Chart 1 shows the percent of workers with access to a variety of quality-of-life benefits for all workers in private industry.
Long-term care insurance, childcare assistance, and adoption assistance are more than twice as likely to be available than
are subsidized commuting, flexible workplace, and employer-provided home personal computer (PC) benefits. (See exhibit
for NCS definitions of these benefits.)
Employer assistance for childcare. Parental participation in the workforce often depends on access to formal childcare
arrangements.3 In 2007, 15 percent of workers in private industry had access to employer-provided childcare assistance,
which includes funds, on-site or off-site childcare, and resource and referral services. For some workers, childcare needs
Page 1
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
may be covered by a different employee benefit, dependent care reimbursement accounts, which set aside money to be used
to pay for expenses including childcare, eldercare, or services to a disabled dependent. In 2007, 31 percent of workers in
private industry had access to dependent care reimbursement accounts.4
Adoption assistance. Of the more than 72 million children under 18 years old in the United States,5 1.6 million (or 2.2
percent) are adopted.6 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that 51,000 children were adopted with
public agency involvement in Fiscal Year 2005.7 The cost of adopting a child can range from $5,000 to $40,000, depending
on the agency and source.8 In 2007, 11 percent of all private industry workers had access to employer-provided adoption
assistance.
Long-term care insurance. Long-term care insurance has become a sought-after form of insurance as baby boomers
prepare for retirement.9 NCS data on access to long-term care insurance includes workers who have access to a group plan
as well as those whose employer subsidizes the cost of individual plans. In 2007, 12 percent of private industry workers had
access to such plans.
Subsidized commuting. The American public made 9.8 billion trips on public transit in 2005.10 By this measure, public
transit use has increased steadily over the past decade. Approximately half of these trips were for commuting to and from
work.11 With current concerns about the global impact of modern living, gasoline price uncertainty, and increasing traffic
congestion, commuting by public transit may offer some solutions.12 In 2007, only 5 percent of private industry workers had
access to commuter subsidies.
Flexible workplace. With the advent of the personal computer and the Internet, it became possible for more types of work,
particularly those of professional and technical workers, to be conducted effectively off site, and often from home.13
Increased employee productivity, reduced stress, cost savings, and emergency preparedness have been cited as some of
the positive effects of flexible workplace programs.14 Flexible workplace arrangements are sometimes referred to as
"teleworking" or "telecommuting," although it is uncertain to what extent flexible workplaces are displacing the traditional daily
commute to work.
The NCS definition of flexible workplace is quite restrictive, requiring a formal program; informal plans are not included. In
2007, 5 percent of workers in private industry had access to flexible workplace benefits. By contrast, the Office of Personnel
Management reports that approximately 70 percent of Federal workers were eligible to telework during 2005, and 6.6 percent
of the Federal workforce (9.5 percent of those eligible) participated in teleworking. Of those who participated, 60 percent
teleworked at least 1 day per week.15
Employer-provided home personal computer (PC). Only 2 percent of employers provide workers with a home PC in 2007.
This does not include a personal home computer provided by an employer only as part of a flexible workplace arrangement.
Quality-of-life Benefits By Worker And Establishment Characteristics
While most subsets of workers followed a similar pattern of access to quality-of-life benefits as did all workers in private
industry, some groups showed notable differences. Chart 2 shows employee access to quality-of-life benefits by major
occupational group.16 Management, professional, and related occupations had greater access to each of the quality-of-life
benefits than did any other occupational group. Sales and office workers were the next most likely to have access to the
quality-of-life benefits. Workers in service occupations; natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations; and
production, transportation, and material moving occupations had less access to these benefits.
Page 2
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Chart 3 shows that about 15 percent of full-time workers had access to childcare and long-term care benefits, while fewer
than 10 percent of part-time workers had access to these benefits. Part-time workers were less than half as likely as full-time
workers to have access to adoption assistance.
Chart 4 shows that union workers had greater access to childcare assistance, adoption assistance and long-term care
insurance than did nonunion workers. Flexible workplace arrangements, while relatively uncommon, are more prevalent
among nonunion workers than among union workers, most likely due to union workers’ greater representation in
manufacturing and construction occupations, which require work on site, than in professional, managerial, and office and
administrative occupations, which had a lower percentage of unionized workers.17
Page 3
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Chart 5 shows that more than 20 percent of workers earning $15 or more per hour had access to childcare assistance, while
less than 10 percent of workers earning less than $15 per hour had such access. The disparity among workers by wage level
was notable in each of these benefit categories.
Chart 6 shows that workers employed in establishments with 100 or more workers had much greater access to almost every
type of quality-of-life benefit than workers employed in smaller firms. Workers in large firms were 4 to 5 times as likely as
workers in smaller firms to have access to childcare, adoption, and long-term care insurance benefits.
Page 4
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Chart 7 shows that workers in metropolitan areas were more likely to have each of the quality-of-life benefits than did workers
in nonmetropolitan areas. Public transit systems are more common in metropolitan than nonmetropolitan areas, which might
account for the greater access to subsidized commuting among workers in metropolitan areas.
Occupational and establishment characteristics and location of establishment are factors that are most likely to influence the
percent of workers who have access to quality-of-life benefits; however, these factors overlap to some extent. For example,
workers in metropolitan areas receive average wages of more than $15 per hour, and workers in larger firms earn, on
average, more than those in smaller firms. Thus, if workers who earn more than $15 per hour are more likely to receive
certain benefits, it could be related to the fact that many of them work in larger firms and in metropolitan areas.18
NOTE: Standard errors have not been calculated for NCS benefits estimates. Consequently, none of the statistical inferences
made in this report could be verified by a statistical test.
George I. Long
Economist, Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of
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U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Labor Statistics.
Telephone: (202) 691-6210; E-mail: Long.George@bls.gov
Notes
1 As defined by the National Compensation Survey, "an employee has access to a benefit plan if the employee is in an occupation that is
offered the plan." By definition, either all employees in an occupation have access to a benefit or none has access.
2 National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, March 2007, Summary 07-05 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, August 2007), tables 1, 5, and 19; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/sp/ebsm0006.pdf.
3 See "The National Economic Impacts of the Child Care Sector," (The National Child Care Association, Fall 2002), p.2.; available on the
Internet at http://www.nccanet.org/NCCA%20Impact%20Study.pdf; also, Women in the Labor Force: A Databook, Report 985 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, May 2005), tables 5-7, pp. 13-21; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2005.pdf.
4 National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, March 2007, table 24; available on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/sp/ebsm0006.pdf. See technical note for the NCS definition of dependent care reimbursement accounts.
5 See "America’s Families and Living Arrangements, March 2000", Current Population Report P20-537 (U.S. Census Bureau, June 2001),
table C1, detailed tables, on the Internet at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/p20-537_00.html.
6 See "Adopted Children and Stepchildren: 2000", Census 2000 Special Report CENSR-6RV (U.S. Census Bureau, October 2003),
supplemental tables, table 1, "Selected Characteristics of Children of the Householder by Type of Relationship and Sex of Child for the United
States: 2000"; available on the Internet at http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t21/tab01.pdf.
7 The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2005 Estimates as of September 2006 (13), (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Children’s Bureau); available on the Internet at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report13.htm.
8 For more information on adoption-specific expenses, see Child Welfare Information Gateway, Costs of Adopting: Factsheet for Families
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau); available on the Internet at http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/s_cost/
s_costb.cfm.
9 For more information, see Jordan Pfuntner and Elizabeth Dietz, "Long-term Care Insurance Gains Prominence," Compensation and Working
Conditions Online (Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 28, 2004); available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/
cm20040123ar01p1.htm.
10 See "Unlinked Passenger Trips by Mode" (American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC); available on the Internet at http://
www.apta.com/research/stats/ridership/trips.cfm.
11 See "Purpose of Trips by Population Group" (American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC); available on the Internet at
http://www.apta.com/research/stats/ridership/purpose.cfm.
12 "Linking Solutions to Problems: Traffic Congestion and Reliability: Linking Solutions to Problems," prepared for the Federal Highway
Administration by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., 100 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 400, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140; with Texas
Transportation Institute, July 19, 2004.
13 For more information on workers using computers and the Internet, see Computer and Internet Use at Work in 2003, USDL 05-1457 (U.S.
Department of Labor), August 2, 2005; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ciuaw.pdf.
14 Status of Telework in the Federal Government: Report to the Congress (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, June 2007), pp. 11-13;
available on the Internet at http://www.telework.gov/surveys/2006_TW20Report.pdf.
15 Ibid., pp. 2, 5-8.
16 For recent changes in the NCS occupational classifications, see "Change is coming to the NCS benefits products," on the Internet at http://
www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/ebsm0005.htm.
17 Union Members in 2006, USDL 07-0113 (U.S. Department of Labor), January 25, 2007, table 3; available on the Internet at http://
www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm.
18 See National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, June 2005, Bulletin 2581 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
August 2006), table 1; available on the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/sp/ncbl0832.pdf.
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U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Exhibit. National Compensation Survey definitions:
Childcare provided by the employer can be as follows:
• Assistance in the form of funds only;
• Child care in an on- or off-site facility; or
• Resource or referral services
Adoption assistance is financial aid to either single or married employees, as reimbursement for all or part of the cost of
adopting a child.
Long-term care insurance pays full or partial benefits for long-term (more than 1 year) custodial care, home care, or nursing
home care. Premiums are generally, though not necessarily always, employee paid. Coverage may be extended to active
employees, retirees, parents of active employees, or to dependents of active employees and retirees. These plans are
separate from coverage for extended care facilities or home health care found in health insurance plans. Typically, health
insurance plans provide post-hospitalization benefits for a limited period (such as 60 or 120 days) and are usually restricted
to convalescent rather than custodial care.
Flexible workplace is a formal program that allows employees who would otherwise work on-site at the establishment to
work part or all of their work schedule at home. The following situations are typical, but not required, to meet the NCS
definition:
• Flexible workplace may be associated with occupations or establishments in which work can be done by computer
and electronically transmitted to the work site;
• Some employers may require workers on flexible workplace to be at the work site for a specified amount of time each
week, month, etc.;
• An employer may pay costs associated with flexible workplace, such as computer installation costs.
Employer-provided personal home computers is a benefit that helps the employer by giving the employee access to
company data and the employee’s work projects. If the employee cannot go to the office, he or she may still be productive by
using a personal home computer. Employers may purchase the computers outright and provide them to employees. This
does not include home personal computers loaned by the employer as part of a flexible workplace agreement. Other options
include the following:
• Allowing employees to lease computers at a nominal rate with the employee owning the computer at the end of the
lease.
• Providing loans to employees at low or no interest rates.
• Employer-provided subsidies or grants to employees for purchasing a computer.
Subsidized commuting provides full or partial payment for the cost of an employee's commute to work via public
transportation, a company sponsored van pool, discount subway fares, or bus tokens. Use of a company car does not qualify
as subsidized commuting.
Data for Chart 1. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, all workers, private industry,
March 2007
Employer assistance
for childcare
All
Workers
15
Adoption
assistance
11
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
12
5
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Employer-provided
home PC
2
Subsidized
commuting
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COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Data for Chart 2. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by occupational group, private
industry, March 2007
Employer
assistance for
childcare
Adoption
assistance
Management,
professional and related
occupations
27
20
22
11
6
11
Sales and office
occupations
14
12
15
5
2
6
Production,
transportation, and
material moving
occupations
10
9
9
2
2
2
Service occupations
10
3
5
1
(-)
2
6
7
7
1
1
4
Occupation
Natural resources,
construction, and
maintenance occupations
Long-term
care insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employerprovided home
PC
Subsidized
commuting
Data for Chart 3. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by full- and part-time status,
private industry, March 2007
Employer assistance for
childcare
Adoption
assistance
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employer-provided
home PC
Subsidized
commuting
Fulltime
16
12
15
5
3
6
Parttime
9
5
6
2
1
2
Data for Chart 4. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by bargaining status, private
industry, March 2007
Employer assistance
for childcare
Adoption
assistance
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employer-provided
home PC
Subsidized
commuting
Union
21
15
17
2
2
6
Nonunion
14
10
12
5
3
5
Data for Chart 5. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by wage group, private industry,
March 2007
Employer assistance
for childcare
Less than
$15 per
hour
$15 per
hour or
higher
Adoption
assistance
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employer-provided
home PC
Subsidized
commuting
9
5
7
2
1
2
22
17
19
8
5
9
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COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Data for Chart 6. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by size of establishment, private
industry, March 2007
Employer assistance
for childcare
Adoption
assistance
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employer-provided
home PC
Subsidized
commuting
1 to 99
workers
5
4
4
3
1
3
100
workers
or more
25
18
21
6
4
8
Data for Chart 7. Percent of workers with access to selected "quality of life" benefits, by area, private industry, March
2007
Employer assistance
for childcare
Metropolitan
Nonmetropolitan
Adoption
assistance
Long-term care
insurance
Flexible
workplace
Employerprovided home PC
Subsidized
commuting
16
12
14
5
3
6
7
4
6
(1)
(1)
2
Footnotes:
(1) Less than 0.5 percent.
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