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U.S. Department of Labor also in this issue: Older workers Average bnurly earnings Public service employment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau o f Labor Statistics I U.S. Department of Labor Alexis M. Herman, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review (usps 9 87-800) is published monthly by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics o f the U.S. Department o f Labor. The Review w elcomes articles on the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. 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Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119-3766 Phone: Fax: (415) 975-4350 (415) 975-4371 / RESEARCH LIBRARY M O lj m t e ^ FfeagB\@£a„k R ÉVTOW VolunQ£02Ô Su?00ft 10 October 2000 Articles Job search methods: Internet versus traditional 3 Half of all jobseekers with online access from home used the Internet to search for jobs in 1998 Peter Kuhn and Mikal Skuterud Replicate estimates of average hourly earnings 12 Average hourly earnings data are compared with similarly constructed measures based on employer costs for employee compensation data Anthony J. Barkume and Michael K. Lettau Older workers: employment and retirement trends 19 As the baby-boom generation begins to retire and collect benefits, changes may occur to both the public and private retirement systems Patrick J. Purcell Public service employment programs in selected countries 31 These programs are important in many OECD countries and, in some cases, may be the only effective way to aid the long-term unemployed Melvin M. Brodsky Departments Labor month in review At issue—Multiple jobholding Précis Book reviews Current labor statistics 2 42 44 45 47 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. Boles, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Ernestine Patterson Leary • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Kenneth A. Swinnerton, Michael Wald https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The O ctober Review The “New Economy” and its star icon, the Internet, have quite rapidly created a boom, at least in the economic analysis business. Until now, the most visible sign of this boom in the Review has been the increasingly frequent treatment of neweconomy-oriented papers in the Précis department. Now, Peter Kuhn and Mikal Skuterud have brought an analysis of the Internet's labor market impacts to the ar ticles section of the magazine. Among their findings, about 15 percent of unem ployed jobseekers use the Internet to look for a position, as do about 7 percent of employed workers. Also, it was much more common to search from home than outside one’s residence, even among those looking to change jobs. Economic statistics can be a subtle art. Differences in survey design, sample se lection, and even respondent interpreta tion of concepts can lead to measured dif ferences between what should be very similar series. Anthony J. Barkume and Michael K. Lettau investigate one such case: the 5.8-percent difference between two sets of estimates of the average hourly earnings of workers in the serviceproducing sector. They find that exclud ing “working supervisors” (those with only incidental supervisory duties) from the Employer Cost for Employee Compen sation program’s estimates of hourly earn ings reduces, but does not eliminate, the discrepancy with the average hourly earn ings estimates from the Current Employ ment Statistics program. Workers aged 55 and older are an in creasingly important source of potential labor supply. As Patrick J. Purcell notes, the 78 million baby-boomers now make up about 55 percent of the population aged 25 to 54. He goes on to say that the sheer size of this cohort implies signifi cant labor force impacts if this generation either retires earlier or remains in the labor force longer than earlier generations. The article by Melvin M. Brodsky catalogs the attempts of several mem bers of the Organization for Economic 2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cooperation and Development (OECD) to develop effective public-service em ployment programs. Some studies have suggested that such programs may be a useful strategy for helping many of the unskilled and less well educated among the long-term unemployed. three times as high as the 1.8 percent given by the under-35 age group. The share allocated to cash contribu tions is highest for the 65-and-older group, as is the level. This group contrib uted $1,529 on average in 1998, compared with $1,232 for the 35-to-64 group and $536 for the under-35 set. CPI corrected There were revisions to the Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) to correct an error dis covered in the software used to calcu late the residential rent and owner’s equivalent rent components of the in dex. The recalculated data were evalu ated in the context of Bureau of Labor Statistics guidelines for issuing correc tions to previously published c p i data. Although the corrections were large enough to require re-publication, the gen eral pattern of consumer price behavior this year was little affected. From Decem ber 1999 to August 2000, for example, the U.S. average Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) rose 2.7 percent based on corrected data, compared with 2.6 percent as originally published. Revisions were published for both the CPI-U and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Work ers (CPI-W) for the U.S. City Average, All Items Index, as well as selected lower-level indexes. Corrected indexes and additional information are available on the b l s website: http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm. Elders give more The 65-and-older age group allocated more of their expenditures to cash con tributions in 1998 than other age groups did. “Cash contributions” include cash given to persons outside of the house hold, charities, churches, and other or ganizations. Cash contributions by households headed by someone aged 65-and-older amounted to 6.2 percent of their total ex penditures in 1998. This figure is about twice as high as the 2.9 percent given by the 35- to 64-year-old group and more than October 2000 Multifactor productivity up in 1998 Multifactor productivity— measured as output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs— increased by 1.5 percent in the private nonfarm business sector in 1998. This was the seventh consecu tive year of growth. Output rose at its fastest rate since 1984, 5.2 percent. The growth of com bined units of capital and labor inputs, 3.7 percent, was slower than in 1997, but faster than the average for the 1990s. Labor input grew 2.7 percent in 1998; most of this growth was due to in creased employment. Capital services continued to accelerate, jumping 5.6 per cent, the largest gain since 1974. The fastest growing components of capital services were equipment and invento ries. Additional information is available in “Multifactor Productivity Trends, 1998” news release u s d l 00-267._____ Foreign wages co m p ared Average hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for manufacturing produc tion workers in 28 foreign economies re mained at 79 percent of the U.S. level in 1999. Wages in these economies, taken as a group, had declined in the previous 3 years. A lthough costs in E urope and Canada continued to decline relative to the United States, compensation costs in Mexico, Japan, and the Asian newly industrializing economies ( n i e s ) of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Tai wan increased at a faster rate than in the United States. □ Job Search Methods Job search methods: Internet versus traditional In 1998, 15 percent o f unemployed jobseekers used the Internet to seek jobs, as did half o f all jobseekers with online access from home; Internet search rates exceeded those of such traditional methods as the services of private employment agencies, contacting friends or relatives, and using the registers of unions or professional organizations Peter Kuhn and Mikal Skuterud Peter Kuhn is professor of economics. Department of Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara; and Mikal Skuterud is a graduate student, Department of Economics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n the c u rren t “ e-co m m erce” boom , • Contacted private employment agency much attention has been paid to how the • Contacted friends or relatives Internet is transform ing product m ar • Contacted school employment center kets. At the same time, the Internet also is • Sent resumes/filled applications transforming labor markets, altering the way • Checked union/professional registers workers look for jobs, and the way firms re • Placed or answered ads cruit workers. More than 2,000 Internet job • Used other active search methods search sites now exist, yet little is known of Note that there is a possibility of overlap be their effects on labor markets.1 What percent tween search for a job via the Internet and the ages of unemployed (and employed) Ameri traditional methods outlined in the CPS. For cans use the Internet to search for jobs? example, unemployed jobseekers who say they This article examines the frequency and in “contacted employers directly” may have done cidence of Internet job search among U.S. so through the Internet, perhaps submitting a workers, by race, gender, and other demo resume via e-mail (Internet search) or they may graphic characteristics, the location of the job have actually mailed or personally delivered a search (from home, from work, or from other copy of the resume to potential employers (tra access points), and the relation between ditional search). Internet search and traditional job search methods. Internet job search data are from a Labor force status and location special supplement to the December 1998 Current Population Survey (CPS), which asked The Internet and Computer Use Supplement to respondents about com puter and Internet the December 1998 CPS asked respondents if use.2 The traditional job search methods are they or anyone in their household used the from the monthly CPS, where they are used Internet for any of a variety of purposes, in by the b l s to determine if a respondent is an cluding job search. Respondents were also active jobseeker.3 The nine traditional meth asked where they conducted their Internet job ods are: search— from home, work, or some other site. • Contacted employer directly All of our discussion of these statistics pertains • Contacted public employment agency to the adult, civilian, noninstitutional popula- I Monthly Labor Review October 2000 3 Job Search Methods Internet job search rates and computer/lnteret access by labor force status. December 1998 [In percent] Item Employed Total Unemployed Not in the labor force At work Absent On layoff 4.0 1.8 5.5 5.2 2.3 7.1 5.4 2.1 7.0 2.9 1.9 4.8 11.0 4.6 15.0 0.3 .0 .3 1.1 .4 1.4 2.6 1.4 3.8 46.9 54.6 52.6 30.5 37.5 22.3 20.3 49.1 29.4 34.7 33.9 16.5 22.3 12.2 10.5 31.9 23.6 12.0 4.5 34.3 28.6 18.8 4.1 42.6 27.4 12.4 4.9 39.2 13.1 .0 8.6 21.7 18.7 .0 11.4 30.1 7.5 .0 1.0 8.5 6.1 .0 2.1 8.2 24.7 .0 9.6 34.3 10.1 14.6 18.0 16.1 11.2 15.9 19.1 16.7 12.2 16.6 20.4 17.9 31.2 49.5 59.1 49.9 1.3 2.3 3.7 3.5 6.1 10.4 17.7 17.3 6.5 9.0 11.3 11.2 Jobseeker Retired Disabled Other Internet use for job search Internet job search from: H o m e ....................................... Outside the h o m e .................. Any s o u rc e .............................. Computer/lnternet access Persons with a computer in the household....................... Persons with Internet access from home1 ................. Persons using the Internet (for any reason) from: H om e...................................... W o rk ....................................... Other locatio ns...................... Any location .......................... Internet job search rates among those with access2 Computer in ho u s e h o ld ............ Internet access from h o m e....... Internet use from h o m e ............ Internet use at any lo c a tio n ..... 9.5 17!6 22.2 22.0 1The respondent lives in a household in which someone uses the Internet from home. 2 Refers to Internet job search from any location. The data are computed by dividing the “Internet use for job search” rate by the “computer/lnternet access” rate. tion. Thus, individuals aged 15 or younger were dropped from our sample, as were adults serving in the Armed Forces. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Internet job search is more common among unemployed jobseekers (that is, unem ployed workers who are not “on layoff’) than in any other labor force status group. (See table 1.) In December 1998, about 15 percent of unemployed jobseekers used the Internet to look for a new job. This percentage exceeds the proportion of unemployed jobseekers who used six of the nine traditional methods listed in the basic CPS monthly survey.4 These six methods are: contacted pri vate employment agencies, contacted friends/relatives, contacted school/university employment centers, checked union/professional registers, placed or answered ads, used other active search methods. While Internet job search is most common among the unemployed, it also is substantial among the employed.5 In December 1998, about 7 percent of employed work ers searched for new jobs using the Internet. While this may not appear to be a large proportion, it exceeds all published estimates of on-the-job search (via all meth ods combined) of which we are aware. In particular, Carl Rossenfeld, using a special supplement to the May 1976 CPS, reported that 4.2 percent of workers who had been employed for at least 4 weeks said they were currently searching for a job.6 Matthew Black, using data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, reported in 1981 4 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that 5 percent of employed men looked for work. In an other study, C. A. Pissaridies and J. Wadsworth reported in 1994 that 5.3 percent of employed British men ac tively searched for work.7 Published statistics from the Canadian Labor Force Survey (which, up to 1995, regu larly asked employed workers if they searched for an other job in the last 4 weeks) show an average annual rate of 5.2 percent for the years from 1990 to 1995, with little year-to-year variation.8 As these statistics predate widespread use of the Internet for job search, they are consistent with the notion that the Internet has raised the fraction of employed workers who are looking for a new job in the economy.9 Internet job search is lower among persons out of the labor force compared with persons in the labor force— that is, persons who are employed or unemployed. How ever, if the retired or disabled are excluded from the cal culations, 3.8 percent of nonparticipants regularly look for jobs on the Internet, a figure that compares favorably with the non-Internet search rates found among employed workers in the studies discussed above. Finally, regard less of labor force status, most Internet job search oc curs from home. Of employed persons looking for work online, only 32 percent searched from a nonhome site. Even though unemployed jobseekers do not have the option of accessing the Internet from a workplace, 30 percent of this group used a nonhome site as well. Further detail on Internet job search among unem- ployed jobseekers is obtained by disaggregating that group according to their reason for being unemployed. (See table 2.) As shown, Internet job search is most fre quent among job losers, of whom about 1 in 5 used the Internet to look for work in December 1998. Perhaps sur prisingly, the lowest use rates are among persons enter ing the labor force. To the extent these new entrants are younger, one might expect them to have higher use rates (see, for example, table 6). The relatively low use rates among persons whose temporary job ended also is sur prising, as one might expect workers on a series of tem porary jobs to make greater investments in job search technologies than other workers. Again, regardless of the reason for unemployment, most Internet search occurs from home. Given the preponderance of the home as the main lo cation for conducting an online job search, one might conjecture that access to the Internet from home is a key determinant of whether an individual searches for jobs online. About 55 percent of employed persons had a com puter in their home in December 1998, compared with 38 percent of unemployed jobseekers.10 (See table 1.) Home Internet access is less common, at 35 percent of those employed and at work, 22 percent of unemployed jobseekers. Given access from home, 82 percent of em ployed persons, and 84 percent of unemployed jobseekers actually use the Internet from home. At the same time, access from home is far from a prerequisite for Internet use, even for the unemployed and for nonparticipants in the labor force, who do not have the option of access from work. In fact, the proportion of unem ployed jobseekers using the Internet— at 30 percent— substan tially exceeds the proportion with Internet access from home— 22 percent. The same is true, although much less dramatically, for persons not in the labor force who are not retired or disabled. Table 1 also presents Internet job search rates (from any location) conditional on three alternative measures of computer or Internet access. Especially for unem ployed jobseekers, these rates are much higher than the Table 2. Jobseekers using the Internet for job search by labor force status, December 1998 [In percent] Internet job search from: Characteristic Job lo s e r..................... Temporary job ended Job le a v e r.................. R e -e n tra n t................. New e n tra n t............... Home Outside home Any location 15.8 9.4 12.4 8.3 5.1 4.5 4.3 5.6 4.5 3.5 19.6 13.7 17.0 12.5 7.9 N o t e : The category “Any location” is im portant, because It is not just the sum of the other two rows, for there is overlap between them. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. [In percent] Internet access points for unemployed jobseekers who used the Internet for job search, December 1998 Location of search Total With Internet access at home1 Without Internet access at home H o m e ..................................... School: Kindergarten to grade 12... Other g ra d e s...................... 73.6 100.0 0.0 3.3 7.1 1.1 4.2 9.5 15.3 Public library.......................... Community ce n te r................ Someone else’s com puter............................ 9.0 1.3 3.4 .0 24.4 5.0 15.1 4.6 44.6 O th e r...................................... 7.0 3.5 16.8 1The individual lives in a household in which someone uses the Internet from home. unconditional rates. For example, almost half (49.5 per cent) of unemployed jobseekers who had home Internet access used the Internet to look for work. Almost 60 per cent of unemployed jobseekers who used the Internet at home looked for work online. This high conditional use rate explains the fact that even though the unemployed were less likely to have access to the Internet, they were more likely to search online for jobs than were other workers. Jobseekers were asked their source of Internet access, 15 percent of whom reported using the Internet for job search. Of this group, 74 percent reported using the Internet from home. (See table 3.) Very few of those with home access used any other access site. But what of the unem ployed who (by definition) cannot access the Internet from work, and do not have home access? Ac cording to the data, by far the most common access point for these individuals is “someone else’s computer,” at nearly 45 percent of searchers. Public libraries and a col lege or university are the next most common access sites. Schools at the kindergarten to grade 12 level and com munity centers play relatively minor roles, smaller in both cases than the residual, “other” category. Presumably, an individual who conducted online search from a computer terminal in a public employment agency would be cat egorized under “other.” If so, these figures indicate that public employment agencies play a smaller role than in formal social networks (“someone else’s computer”) or public libraries in providing physical access to the Internet for unemployed workers’ job search. Approximately 19 percent of workers who used the Internet at work also used the Internet to look for a new job—historically, a very high rate of on-the-job search. (See table 4.) Less than half of these (45.5 percent), how ever, conducted this online job search from outside their homes. While it cannot be precisely determined what Monthly Labor Review October 2000 5 Job Search Methods proportion of employed workers looked for jobs online from their work site, the final row of data in table 4 pro vides a lower bound to this number. Overall, 7.6 percent of employed workers searched online from a nonhome location, and did not use a nonwork location either. Put another way, the final column of table 4 indicates that at least 1 in 5 employed workers who looked for jobs online did so from a computer at their workplace. with 40 percent of unemployed white jobseekers. Internet access from home is even more unequally distributed, at 7.5 percent of unemployed Hispanic jobseekers, com pared with 10.4 percent for blacks and 25.4 percent for whites. Similar, but less dramatic, gaps are evident among other labor force categories. Gender gaps in ac cess are comparatively, and uniformly, very small. Another finding to emerge from the data: conditional on most measures of access, and within most labor force categories, blacks and Hispanics are more likely than The ‘digital divide’ whites to use the Internet for job search. The difference Is there a “digital divide” along racial, ethnic, or gender is particularly dramatic for blacks, and among unem lines in Internet job search? The percentage distribution ployed jobseekers. Conditional on Internet access from home, 64 percent of unemployed blacks use the Internet among racial and ethnic characteristics clearly indicates that divisions do exist. Only 7 percent of unemployed to look for work, compared with only 48 percent of Hispanic jobseekers looked for jobs online in December whites. Conditional on using the internet (for any rea son and from any location), slightly more than 51 per 1998, compared with 9 percent of blacks and more than 16 percent of whites. (See table 5.) Unemployed black cent of both black and Hispanic unemployed jobseekers and Hispanic workers are taking advantage of the job use it to look for work, compared with 49.6 percent of search resources of the Internet to a much smaller de whites. Among employed persons who use the Internet gree than unemployed whites. These ethnic and racial (from any location), 23 percent of blacks use it to look gaps are less pronounced among employed persons, with for work, compared with 19 percent of Hispanics and 16 online search rates at 4 percent for Hispanics, 6 percent percent of whites. Again, the gender gap in conditional for blacks, and 7 percent for whites. The gender divide use is small. There is, however, some indication that, con is not nearly as stark as either the racial or ethnic ones. ditional on access, employed men are more likely than Internet job search among unemployed women equalled employed women to use the Internet to look for a new that of unemployed men: both were about 15 percent. job. These data suggest that the ethnic and racial gap in Among employed female jobseekers, 6.5 percent were Internet job search among the unemployed is explained looking for work online in December 1998, compared entirely by differences in access. Given equal access to with 7.6 percent of employed men. the technology, both blacks and Hispanics are highly Is the racial and ethnic divide in Internet job search likely to use the Internet in their search for a new job. driven primarily by differential access to technology, or Further details on the determinants of Internet job by differential use of technology conditional on access? search are provided by the probit models reported in table This issue is addressed by presenting disaggregated mea 6. To preserve degrees of freedom, these regressions are sures of access and conditional use. (See table 5.) By performed for the sample of all employed and unem any measure and in all labor force categories, blacks and ployed workers, although controls for labor force status Hispanics have less access to computers and the Internet. are used. Persons not in the labor force are excluded from Only 20 percent of unemployed black and Hispanic the sample. To illustrate the role played by access, three jobseekers have a computer in their household, compared alternative specifications are reported: the specification in the first two columns does not Table 4. control for access, while the speci Employed workers who use the Internet to search for jobs, by location of the search, December 1998 fications reported in the remaining [In percent] columns control for the presence of Employed workers who: All a computer in the household or for Have Internet Look for jobs Location of search employed Use the Internet access online (from Internet access from home. As be workers1 at work at home2 any location) fore, the dependent variable is Used the Internet whether the individual regularly to search for jobs: From any location...................... 7.1 19.1 16.0 100.0 conducted Internet job search from From h o m e ................................ 5.2 11.7 14.9 72.8 any location. For ease of interpre Away from hom e........................ 2.3 2.1 32.2 9.0 tation, coefficients are presented Away from home, and did not report using only nonwork as predicted changes in the prob location..................................... 1.5 1.6 7.6 20.6 ability of Internet search, rather 1Employed workers who are “at work” and “absent from work” combined. th a n the m ore c o m m o n ly -re 2The individual lives in a household in which someone uses the Internet from home. ported probit index coefficients. 6 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Internet job search rates and computer/lnternet access by labor force status and selected demographic characteristics, December 1998 [In percent] Employed Characteristic Unemployed Not in the labor force Total At work Absent On layoff Jobseeker Retired Disabled Other Internet use for job search1 W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 5.6 4.8 3.2 7.1 6.3 4.0 6.8 6.8 3.7 4.9 5.4 .0 16.5 9.2 7.2 0.3 .1 .0 1.7 .7 .3 3.9 2.8 2.0 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 6.5 4.7 7.6 6.5 8.7 5.6 3.9 6.6 15.2 14.7 .4 .2 1.8 1.1 5.7 3.1 Computer in the home W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 49.3 26.3 28.2 57.2 32.7 32.4 54.6 32.2 36.9 32.8 9.9 13.8 41.7 20.0 20.2 23.2 10.2 17.4 23.5 9.4 15.4 52.8 22.9 23.9 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 48.4 45.4 54.8 54.4 53.6 51.6 28.6 34.2 38.6 36.3 25.0 20.4 21.1 19.5 50.4 48.6 Internet access from home1 W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 31.4 12.7 13.9 36.9 16.3 16.5 35.7 15.2 19.8 18.5 2.0 4.2 25.4 10.4 7.6 12.9 3.9 6.8 12.5 3.2 6.9 35.0 10.4 11.3 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 31.0 28.0 35.7 33.6 34.6 33.2 15.8 17.8 23.3 21.1 13.8 11.1 11.2 9.7 32.6 31.6 Internet use from any location W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 36.1 20.7 18.0 44.6 27.6 21.6 41.3 22.6 27.0 22.9 16.6 7.8 33.2 18.1 14.0 9.3 1.7 1.8 9.8 2.7 3.3 37.0 17.2 17.1 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 36.2 32.6 42.5 42.8 38.8 39.6 22.0 21.1 31.0 28.9 10.5 7.1 8.3 8.0 41.4 31.5 Computer in the home W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 9.9 12.5 8.4 11.0 13.6 9.6 11.4 18.1 10.1 9.6 (2) (2) 31.2 33.3 20.5 1.3 .8 .0 6.8 1.2 1.9 6.4 6.5 4.8 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 11.8 8.5 12.4 9.9 15.2 9.4 9.6 9.4 30.9 31.5 1.7 .9 7.7 4.4 9.8 5.2 Internet access from home1 W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispan ic.................................................. 14.1 20.7 15.5 15.5 21.4 16.7 16.1 (2) (2) 17.0 (2) (2) 47.9 64.0 (2) 2.4 2.0 .0 11.2 (2) (2) 8.6 11.0 10.7 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 16.8 12.2 17.5 14.1 20.6 12.8 17.4 (2) 48.5 50.9 3.0 1.6 12.2 8.5 13.3 7.2 Internet use from any location W h ite ....................................................... B la c k ....................................................... H ispanic.................................................. 15.4 23.0 18.0 16.0 22.8 18.7 16.6 30.3 13.8 21.2 (2) (2) 49.6 51.1 51.5 3.5 (2) (2) 17.1 (2) (2) 10.6 16.3 11.9 M e n ......................................................... W om en.................................................... 17.9 14.4 18.0 15.1 22.3 14.1 17.6 (2) 49.1 50.8 4.1 2.9 21.0 13.6 13.9 9.8 Computer and Internet access Internet job search rates among those with access 1The individual lives in a household in which someone uses the Internet from home. 2Data not shown where the base is less than 75,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review October 2000 7 Job Search Methods Table 6. Probit estimates of the probability of Internet job search among labor force participants Access controls None Variable1 Coefficient t-statistic (dF/dX) Primary school................ Did not complete high s c h o o l..................... Completed high school ... Did not complete college............................ Associate d e g re e ............ Computer in household Coefficient t-statistic (dF/dX) Internet access at home2 Coefficient t-statistic (dF/dX) -0.052 -9.39 -0.041 -7.57 -0.036 -7.04 -.052 -.050 -16.61 -19.56 -.041 -.036 -14.27 -15.44 -.036 -.030 -13.32 -13.61 in table 5) reverses it for blacks. Given access to the Internet, and controlling for ethnic differences in labor force status, blacks are more likely, and Hispanics are no less likely, to use the Internet for a job search than whites. Internet versus traditional search methods Motivated (at least in part) by a desire to understand the process by which unemployed workers become M a rrie d ............................ -.012 -5.51 -.019 -9.83 -.019 -10.37 employed, the Current Population M a le.................................. .017 7.98 .013 7.12 .010 5.86 Survey has been collecting informa B lack................................ -.004 -1.16 .009 2.68 .013 4.32 tion about methods used to search Hispanic........................... -.016 —4.54 -.006 -.002 -1.85 -.6 8 for jobs since 1967. Clearly, the N ortheast......................... -.005 -1.88 -.006 -2.52 -.006 Internet, with its search capabilities -2.99 M idw e st........................... -.004 -1.75 -.005 -2.11 -.003 -1.57 and low-cost communications, has W e s t................................ .014 5.02 .008 3.24 .006 2.71 the potential to dramatically change Unemployed— looking the methods workers use to search for w o rk .......................... .117 16.04 .120 17.27 .113 17.50 for work. Some traditional methods, Unemployed— on layoff... .021 1.42 .030 2.01 .029 2.09 such as contacting friends and rela Age in years tives, conceivably could be partly dis 16-25 ............................. .214 8.76 .163 7.71 .143 7.08 26-35 ............................. .193 8.84 .159 placed by the Internet. Other tradi 8.23 .142 7.64 .141 3 6 -4 5 ............................. 7.26 .106 6.32 .093 5.81 tional methods, such as sending 46-55 ............................. .120 6.05 .089 5.24 .076 4.73 resumes, could be complementary 56-65 ............................. .069 3.58 .051 3.09 .041 2.67 with the Internet, and could increase Computer in h o m e .......... .063 30.02 in use as the Internet expands. Internet access in hom e.. .101 43.31 The relation between Internet Number of observations.. 62,246 62,246 62,246 and traditional job search meth ods is investigated in two ways. 'O m itte d categories are “university degree,” “ not married,” “females,” “ non-black,” “ non-Hispanic,” First, for December 1998 only (the “South,” and “ employed” for the various sets of dummy variables respectively. The regression also date of Internet job search ques included sixteen dummy variables for the respondent’s industry and thirteen for his/her occupation. For ease of interpretation, coefficients are presented as predicted changes in the probabilities of tion), we ask which of the tradi Internet search, rather than the more commonly reported probit index coefficients. tional job search methods were 2The individual lives in a household in which someone uses the Internet from home. overrepresented, and which were underrepresented, among persons The data (columns 1 and 2) show that Internet job search conducting an online job search. Second, we examine is about 5 percentage points lower among workers with trends that emerged in the use of traditional search meth high school education or less, than among college gradu ods for 1994 through 1999 for any “internet effect,” us ates. Online job search is less common among married ing the December CPS files of each year. In both cases, people, and is more common among men and young our an aly sis is re stric te d to u n em ployed, activ e people. Regionally, it is most common in the West. As jobseekers only. This is because the CPS traditional search controls for access are added to the data, the effects of method questions pertain only to this group. The data education, age, and gender on use remain qualitatively begin with 1994, because earlier surveys used a different list of search methods. the same, but somewhat smaller in magnitude: some of the difference in access is related to these three factors. The proportion of Internet and non-Internet jobseekers When observable characteristics (but not access) are held using each of the nine traditional methods listed in the constant, blacks are not significantly less likely than other basic monthly CPS in December 1998 is shown in table 7. racial groups to use the Internet for job search, but His(Note that to be classified as an unemployed jobseeker, panics are. Adding access controls eliminates the “digi an individual must report using at least one of these meth tal job search divide” for Hispanics, and (as suggested ods). While most of the differences between those who 8 -.021 -.013 —8.44 -4.14 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -.015 -.008 -6.92 -2.81 -.012 -.004 -5.94 -1.66 searched online and those who did not are small, Internet searchers are more likely to use seven of the nine tradi tional search methods than are job searchers who do not search online. The two underrepresented methods among Internet searchers are “contacted firms directly” and “contacted friends or relatives,” with a particularly dra matic difference in the former method. Among the meth ods that are substantially overrepresented among Internet searchers are “sent resumes,” “placed or answered ads,” and “used other active search methods.” One interpretation of the above results is that the Internet is complementary with most traditional search strategies. (It may even be the vehicle by which some searches are conducted, for example, sending out resumes and answering ads). Apparently, this complementarity extends even to public employment agencies, which are used by 25 percent of Internet searchers versus only 19 percent of jobseekers who do not use the Internet. An other possibility, however, is that jobseekers who use the Internet as a search method are a selected sample of per sons who choose to look for work more intensely than other jobseekers. Indeed, the average number of tradi tional search methods reported by Internet users is 2.15, compared to 1.69 for non-Internet users. If the patterns of relative method use in the 1998 CPS su p p lem en t re fle c t true co m p lem en taries or substitutabilities with Internet search, then those tradi tional methods which are overrepresented among Internet users should exhibit increasing use during a period of rapid Internet expansion, while other methods should show a decline in usage. To explore this issue, table 8 reports trends in the use of traditional search methods by unemployed jobseekers between 1994 and 1999. For reference, the table also presents data on trends in Internet access and labor market conditions. Clearly, this was a period of rapidly expanding Internet access, with over all Internet access almost quadrupling from 14 percent of adults in 1995 to 54 percent in 1999. As noted, how ever, Internet job search rates among unem ployed jobseekers lagged far behind this trend, attaining only 15 percent by the end of 1998. As the unemployment statistics indicate, 1994-99 was also a period of con tinuous economic expansion. This makes it difficult to disentangle secular from cyclical effects, and the results must be viewed with this caveat in mind. The table shows increases in the use of only two tradi tional search methods over the 1994-99 period: “sent resumes/filled applications” and “used other active search methods.” Both methods were substantially overrepre sented among Internet searchers in 1998, so some of the increased usage could be attributable to the growth of the Internet. This seems more likely for the “other ac tive” category, which increased relatively constantly throughout the period. For “sent resumes,” however, most https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of the increase occurred between 1994 and 1995, which is less suggestive of an Internet effect. The remaining seven search methods declined in use over the period 1994-99.11 Among these, two (contacted union/professional registers and school/university em ployment centers) are less popular methods, used by less than 3 percent of jobseekers in all years. Private employ ment agencies are also a lesser utilized method of job search, and a closer examination of the time trends for this method provides very little evidence of a secular decline. Of the four remaining methods for which usage declined, two— “direct employer contact” and “friends/ relatives”— are consistent with the cross-sectional use patterns in the 1998 supplement. However, the decline in direct employer contact is very small, and could also be easily explained by the expanding economy of the late 1990s.12 The other two— “placed/answered ads” and “public employment agencies”—declined despite being overrepresented among Internet searchers. Clearly, further research with careful controls for mac roeconomic conditions is required to fully understand recent changes in the mix of search methods over time. Even absent such research, however, it is very unlikely that the effects of the Internet on 1994-99 trends in tra ditional search methods were very large. One reason is simply that the cross-sectional patterns of methods used are not dramatically different between Internet users and nonusers. Another is that Internet search had only attained 15 percent of jobseekers by the end of 1998. Thus, most of the change is yet to occur. It also seems unlikely that the decline in the use of public employment agencies observed in table 8 is driven by private, Internet competition. First, the observed de cline in public agency use is confined to the last year of our sample. Second, recall that public agency use was actually overrepresented among Internet searchers in our 1998 cross-section data. Finally, one researcher docu mented a secular decline in the use of public employ ment agencies well before the late 1990s.13 An InternetUse of traditional search methods by Internet job searchers and non-Internet job searchers [In percent] Traditional search method Contacted employer d ire ctly........................... Contacted public employment agency........... Contacted private employment a g e n c y ......... Contacted friends or relatives......................... Contacted school / university employment c e n te r........................................ Sent out r6sum6s / filled out applications..... Checked union / professional registers.......... Placed or answered a d s ................................. Used other active search m ethods................ Monthly Labor Review Internet job search Total No Yes 64.5 20.4 6.6 13.5 65.0 19.5 6.0 13.8 62.0 25.2 10.2 11.9 2.3 48.3 1.5 14.5 4.4 2.0 45.5 1.2 12.7 3.4 3.5 64.1 3.1 24.5 10.1 October 2000 9 Job Search Methods “someone e lse’s computer,” fol lowed by a public library. [In percent] B ecause m ost In te rn e t jo b search takes place in the home, 1994 1997 Traditional search method1 1995 1996 1998 1999 overall use of this search method is highly conditioned by Internet Contacted employer d ire c tly .......................... 67.4 64.7 65.1 67.3 64.5 65.1 20.4 Contacted public employment a g e n c y ......... 20.1 18.9 19.1 20.4 15.9 access at home. For example, to 7.2 7.1 7.5 6.6 6.6 7.0 Contacted private employment a g e n c y ........ tal Internet job search rates rise 15.7 13.4 Contacted friends or re la tiv e s ....................... 18.0 16.6 14.6 13.5 Contacted school employment c e n te r.......... 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.3 1.6 to 31 percen t o f unem ployed Sent out r6sum6s / filled out applications .... 40.2 46.9 48.3 46.6 48.3 47.6 jobseekers if attention is restricted 2.4 Checked union / professional re gisters........ 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.9 Placed or answered a d s ................................ 16.7 17.7 17.3 16.3 12.5 14.5 to computer owners, and to almost 4.4 5.7 Used other active search m ethods............... 3.5 2.9 3.9 4.6 60 percent if looking only at un Internet diffusion measures employed jobseekers who use the 14 42 54 23 36 Percent of adults online2 ............................ internet at home. Among em Percent of unemployed jobseekers searching for jobs online3 .......................... 15 p lo y ed p e rso n s, In te rn e t job search also rises with access: just Civilian unemployment rate4 ......................... 5.2 4.4 3.7 5.1 5.0 4.0 under one-fifth (19 percent) of em ployees with access to the 1Results are from the December CPS of each year. Internet at work use the Internet 2 Data from 1995 to 1998 are from surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People and to search for a new job. At least the Press. See http://www.people-press.org/tech98que.htm (visited Oct. 5, 2000). Survey months are June, July, November and December respectively. 1999 data are for April and are from Bruce 7 percent of them do so from a Bimber, “ Information and Political Engagement in Am erica:The Search for Effects of Information Tech com puter in their w orkplace. nology at the Individual Level,” unpublished paper, Department of Political Science, Univeresity of Cali fornia, Santa Barbara, Feb. 11,2000. See also http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/bimber/research/ There is, indeed, a racial and diffusion.html (visited Oct 5, 2000). ethnic divide in In te rn e t jo b 3 Data are from table 1. search: am ong u n em p lo y ed jobseekers, 16 percent of whites, 4 BLS unemployment statistics for December of each year. See http://stats.bls.gov/top20.html (vis ited Oct. 21 ,200 0). 9 percent of blacks, and 7 percent of Hispanics used the Internet to look for a new job. Statistically, this gap is completely induced demise in public employment agencies may yet explained by differential access to technology: when data occur, but does not appear to have been a major factor are restricted to computer owners, black jobseekers are up to December 1999. more likely than white jobseekers to search online; when data are restricted to persons with Internet access at Online search a realistic option home, 64 percent of black jobseekers regularly look for work on the Internet, compared with 48 percent of whites. The Internet is used by both the employed and unem In short, there is absolutely no indication that given ac ployed to look for jobs. In December 1998, 13 percent cess to the technology, blacks or Hispanics are less in of unemployed Americans, and 7 percent of employed clined than whites to use the Internet for job search. Americans looked for a new job via the Internet. This R ath er than ab andoning other m ethods o f jo b proportion rises to 15 percent if the data are restricted to search, unem ployed jobseekers who search for jobs active jobseekers, that is, if unemployed persons who online are more likely than other jobseekers to use are not actively looking for work are excluded. Employed m ost traditional methods of job search as well. It is workers’ Internet job search rate exceeds all estimates possible that online searchers are sim ply a selected of employed job search (via all methods combined) of sample of persons who search more intensely than which we are aware, all of which were derived from pe others; in contrast, Internet search may genuinely be riods before Internet search was a realistic option for the com plem entary with these other m ethods. The only vast majority of the population. search m ethods that are underrepresented among Most Internet job search is conducted from home. For Internet searchers are “direct em ployer contact” and both the employed and unemployed, almost three-quar “friends and relatives.” ters of Internet jobsearchers conducted at least some of this search from a computer in their home. About 30 Between 1994 and 1999, unemployed jobseekers ex panded their use of only two job search methods— “sent percent searched from a computer outside their home, resumes” and “other active”— and decreased their use and a small fraction (3 to 5 percent) searched from both locations. For unemployed jobseekers without Internet of all other methods. While some of these changes may be partly connected to increased Internet search, it appears access at home, the most common access point was Table 8. Trends in the use of traditional search methods, 1994-99 10 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unlikely that such an effect has been very large. One reason is sim ply that the cross-sectional patterns of method use noted above are not very different between Inernet users and nonusers; another is that Internet search had only attained 15 percent of unem ployed jobseekers by Decem ber 1998. Finally, in some cases the time trends run in an opposite direction to what is suggested by cross-sectional patterns: use of public employment agencies declined during the 1994-99 pe riod despite being overrepresented among Internet jobseekers in Decem ber 1998. Certainly, it is prem a ture to conclude that the expansion of the Internet has caused a decline in the use of public em ploym ent agencies. □ Notes 1 For a list o f the sites, see http://ww w.internetpost.com / Internetpost/AlphaList.html (visited July 19, 2000). 2 The questions on Internet job search were part of a series of longer questions about general Internet use. The December 1998 CPS Com puter and Internet Use Supplement questionnaire is available online at http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/computer/1998/smethdocz.htm (visited Oct. 5, 2000). 3 To be classified as an “active” jobseeker, the individual must report using at least one of the nine traditional search methods (see bulleted list on page 3). 4 See table 6, column 3. The small differences between Internet search (15.0 percent) and “placed or answered ads” (14.5 percent), and between Internet search and “friends and relatives” are not, however, statistically significant (t-statistics for a test of zero difference are 0.44 and 1.23 respec tively). The four remaining differences are highly significant. 5 See Joseph R. Meisenheimer and Randy Ug,'“Looking for a better job: job-search activity of the unemployed,” Monthly Labor Review, Sep tember 2000, pp. 3-14. 6 Carl Rossenfeld, “The extent of job search by unemployed work ers,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1977, pp. 58-62. See also “Look ing fo r a job while employed,” Bureau of Labor Statistics Report 97-14, November 1977. 7 M atthew Black, “An E m pirical Test o f the Theory o f On-theJob S earch ,” Journal o f H um an Resources, W inter 1981, pp. 12940; C. A. P issaridies and J. W adsworth, “O n-the-job search: some em pirical evidence from B rita in ,” European E conom ic Review, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis February 1994, pp. 385-401. 8 The actual numbers for 1990-95 are 4.96, 4.99, 5.06, 5.42, 5.57, and 5.46 respectively (see Statistics Canada, The Labour Force, 19901995). The figure for December 1995, which is most directly compa rable with our December 1998 CPS data, is 4.84. Examination of long term trends in this series shows a secular increase, from 2.24 percent in 1977, most of which however occurs before 1989. Further information may be found by researching various issues of Statistics Canada, The Labour Force, 1977-1995, catalogue no. 71-001. 9 Clearly, more recent U.S. data on job search by employed workers would constitute more convincing evidence on this point. We are not aware of any such data. 10 When discussing statistics for the employed in what follows, we refer (unless otherwise indicated) to the employed and “at work.” In almost all cases, the employed but “temporarily absent” are very similar to the employed. 11 Contrary to what one might expect from a tightening labor market, this does not reflect a decrease in the number of methods used over the period in question. The average number of methods used, by year, were 1.76, 1.82, 1.82, 1.79, 1.75, and 1.71 from 1994 to 1999. Instead, large increases in the use of the two earlier methods seem to be counterbal anced by small decreases in all the rest. 12 Michelle Ports documents this cyclical pattern in chart 3 of “Trends in job search methods, 1970-92,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1993, pp. 63-67. 13 Ibid, chart 2. Monthly Labor Review October 2000 11 Replicate Estimates of Hourly Earnin Replicate estimates of the av e ra g e hourly earnings series Average hourly earnings data are compared with similarly constructed measures ( “replicates”) based on employer costs for employee compensation data Anthony J. Barkume and Michael K. Lettau Anthony J. Barkume and Michael K. Lettau are economists in the Compensation Research and Program Develop ment Group, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12 verage hourly earnings data, produced each month as part of the Current Em ployment Statistics ( c e s ) program, have become an integral part of U.S. economic intelli gence.1 Besides their customary use in assess ing the economic outlook, average hourly earn ings data have been incorporated into a wide variety of analyses, such as simulations of the effects of policy changes (for example, the intro duction of the North American Free Trade Agree ment, n a f t a ) on locality and industry earnings levels. The c e s program is based on employment, hours, and earnings data from a sample of non farm establishments, including government. How ever, the c e s has always restricted the coverage of both earnings and jobs to those most likely to be reflected in employer’s current payroll records on a regular basis.2 Earnings coverage excludes “bonuses, commissions, and other lump-sum payments (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period or month).”3 Job coverage (for the reporting of earnings) is restricted to production workers in goods-producing industries and nonsupervisory workers in the service-produc ing industries. In recent years, several analysts4 have noted that the trend rate of growth in the private indus try aggregate of the average hourly earnings mea sure has been slower than that of other economy wide average wage measures, such as those de rived from unemployment insurance records or Current Population Survey data. The slower growth in the average hourly earnings relative to A Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 other aggregate earnings measures may simply reflect the restrictions on job coverage if the rela tive earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers have fallen relative to all workers over time. However, this divergence between the se ries may also reflect differences in how employ ers, who report payroll data in the c e s , define “pro duction and nonsupervisory” employees from what data users assume is the case. For example, employers are instructed to include earnings and hours data for “working supervisors,” defined as workers whose supervisory duties are incidental to their job. But some employers may not include hours and earnings of working supervisors in their payroll records because such employers might consider those employees as supervisors in the organization. If working supervisors gener ally received above-average earnings, then an employer’s omission of these earnings from their statistical reports would tend to reduce reported average hourly earnings. Katharine G. Abraham, James R. Spletzer, and Jay C. Stewart constructed several “replicate es timates” for average hourly earnings concepts using c p s labor force data and different defini tions for production and nonsupervisory work ers.5 The job coverage and wage levels of the replicate estimates were compared with the actual average hourly earnings series. For example, re stricting job coverage to workers paid hourly, Abraham and others found that the replicate esti mate from c p s data generally matched the trend of the actual average hourly earnings data, but that the job coverage and wage levels of this replicate Table 1. Earnings levels and job coverage of average hourly earnings and employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimates, March 1988 though September 1999 Job type All production and nonsupervisory jobs In private nonfarm industry: Average earnings (dollars per hour).... Job coverage (percent of sector employment)....................................... Production worker jobs in goods production: Average earnings (dollars per hour) . Job coverage (percent of sector employment)..................................... Nonsupervisory worker jobs in services production: Average earnings (dollars per hour) . Job coverage (percent of sector employment)..................................... Actual average hourly earnings data' Employer costs for employee compensation replicate of average hourly earnings2 $11.09 $11.48 82.1 86.1 $12.68 $12.48 70.5 71.2 $10.52 $11.12 86.1 91.3 Limitations of cps-based replicates 1 From the Current Employment Survey. 2 Standard job coverage. estimate were both lower than the actual average hourly earn ings data. This article reports the results of additional research on the “replicate estimate” approach to investigate job coverage in average hourly earnings. We use earnings, hours, and detailed information on the types of jobs from the b l s em ployer costs for employee compensation program. Data from this program can produce earnings and employment estimates that are measured similarly to those produced for the average hourly earnings series. This article compares average earn ings levels (in dollars per hour) for these employer costs for employee compensation replicates with the actual average hourly earnings series over the March 1988 to September 1999 period. We focus on long-term comparisons because differ ences in sample sizes and sample designs in the two data programs generate differences in short-term fluctuations. We also outline our methodology for constructing these estimates and indicate the limitations of the data for this purpose. Our primary findings reveal that for the 1988-99 period as a whole, the earnings estimates produced by the employer costs for employee compensation replicates of average hourly earnings correspond fairly closely to the actual average hourly earnings series. For production workers in goods production (mining, manufacturing, and construction), the employer costs for employee compensation earnings replicate was on average 1.5 percent lower than the actual average hourly earn ings for this group of workers—about $0.20 per hour lower, on average. For nonsupervisory workers in the rest of the private nonfarm economy, the employer costs for employee https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis compensation earnings replicate was on average 5.8 percent higher than the actual corresponding average hourly earn ings series—about $0.60 per hour higher on average. (The average dollar values for the estimates are displayed in table 1.) The earnings estimate for nonsupervisory workers from employer costs for employee compensation data is reduced when excluding jobs that have incidental supervisory duties (that is, excluding the higher pay of “working supervisors” in average earnings). Excluding “working supervisors” from the employer costs for employee compensation replicate for nonsupervisory workers reduces, but does not eliminate, the discrepancy with the actual average hourly earnings. These results indicate to us that factors other than job coverage may be contributing to the differences in worker pay between average hourly earnings and estimates of worker pay from other data sources. The different frames of reference used by household members and employers when reporting on work hours and earnings complicate the use of replicate estimates from c p s labor force data to make inferences about the coverage of the average hourly earnings. An important problem is that hours paid is measured in the average hourly earnings series, while hours worked is measured in the c p s . However, consistent compari sons between the two series may be possible because the b l s Hours at Work Survey, which collects data on both hours paid and hours worked, shows that the ratio of hours worked to hours paid for production and nonsupervisory workers has not varied greatly over time. Also, c p s labor force data provide limited historical infor mation on multiple jobholders in the labor force. A particular problem with comparing job coverage in the in the c e s with job coverage in the c p s (prior to the redesign of the c p s in 1994) stems from difficulties in identifying the occupations of all nonagricultural wage and salary jobs in the c p s before 1994. The average hourly earnings series is a measure of earnings for all production and nonsupervisory jobs but, prior to 1994, the c p s only obtained information on the “main” job of em ployed workers, with no regularly collected data available on any additional jobs that the worker held. Thus, Abraham and others restricted their analysis to workers whose main jobs were in the nonagricultural wage and salary sector. Agricul tural wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers who take second jobs in nonagricultural wage and salary employment were excluded. M ethodology Data collection for the Employer Costs for Employee Com pensation as well as the Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is de signed to obtain a representative sample of the jobs nation- Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 13 Replicate Estimates of Average Hourly Earnings wide and to measure hours of work and hours of paid leave. Because the e c i is a fixed weight index, it cannot be directly compared with the average hourly earnings, which is an aver age wage measure. In contrast, employer costs for employee compensation does reflect the current distribution of the em ployment in the economy.6 Thus, individual (micro) data records, collected to produce the employer costs for employee compensation measure, were used to construct replicate esti mates of the average hourly estimates. In constructing these replicate estimates, definitions of earnings used for employer costs for employee compensa tion had to be correctly aligned with those used in the aver age hourly earnings. Published employer costs for employee compensation statistics measure a different pay concept from those in the average hourly earnings. Average hourly earn ings are the average earnings per hour paid, which include overtime pay, any pay differentials for shift work, and cash payments for hours of paid leave. In the employer costs for employee compensation, wages and salaries refer to straighttime pay per scheduled hour of work, while paid leave, over time, and shift premiums are defined as components of ben efits. Therefore, to derive data comparable with average hourly earnings, we combined the pay components for the individual employer costs for employee compensation data records to express each record as average earnings per hour paid. To better approximate procedures used for the actual aver age hourly earnings, we used data on scheduled work hours plus typical overtime on the individual job in the employer costs for employee compensation data records. The estimat ing formula for average hourly earnings is an hours-weighted aggregate; the average hourly earnings series reflect the dis tribution of paid hours across part-time and full-time jobs.7 Thus, we also constructed an hours-weighted aggregate from the em ployer costs for em ployee com pensation data. (Abraham and others also constructed hours worked-weighted aggregates of c p s data to compare with the average hourly earnings series.8) An alternative approach, employmentweighted averages from employer costs for employee com pensation data, would produce lower pay levels than hours worked-weighted aggregates because full-time jobs receive more weight than part-time jobs and full-time jobs tend to have higher pay than part-time jobs. Both employer costs for employee compensation and av erage hourly earnings data are collected in the same reference week, but the compensation data are collected only for the months of March, June, September, and December. We as sembled average hourly earnings data for these months from March 1988 to September 1999, thus allowing 46 direct com parisons over a 12-year period. Chart 1 plots this time series of employer costs for employee compensation earnings repli- Chart 1. Comparison of actual average hourly earnings with replicate estimates, quarterly periods, March 1988 to September 1999 Hourly earnings Hourly earnings $14.00 $13.00 $ 12.00 $11.00 $10.00 $9.00 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 cates for all production and nonsupervisory employment in U.S. private industry, along with corresponding the actual average hourly earnings series from the c e s program. We limit our comparisons to long-term average levels of earnings. Even though both the c e s and the employer costs for employee compensation generate statistics on the same subject of interest— earnings of workers in the U.S. economy— differences in data collection procedures and sampling approaches between the two statistical programs limit the ability to make comparisons of short-term movements. Data on hours of work— including overtime— in the employer costs for employee compensation series are obtained only at the initial data collection. Because surveyed jobs can remain in the employer costs for employee compensation sample for up to 5 years, overtime hours reported for the job may not be accurate. In contrast, average hourly earnings should reflect the current use of overtime. However, when making compari sons over longer time periods, employer costs for employee compensation hours should better reflect the usual schedule of hours worked because new jobs are initiated with sample replacement. Over most of the 1988-99 period, the employer costs for employee compensation sample was replenished through an industry rotation scheme so that variation in earn ings over short time periods reflects replacement of the sample.9 (In contrast, primary e c i data are changes in earn ings for the same job, and thus are unaffected by sample replacement.) The sample used to construct the actual aver age hourly earnings is also replenished, but the estimating formula reduces the impact of sample replacement in monthto-month comparisons by heavily weighting earnings in samples which can be matched from one month to the next.10 The effects of the second aspect of employer costs for employee compensation data collection— sample replace ment— are evident in chart 1. In 1994, a considerable number of new sample units in the employer costs for employee com pensation measure had lower wage levels than comparable jobs in previous samples so that between March 1994 and March 1995 the replicate estimates of average earnings using employer costs for employee compensation data actually de clined. As is also evident in chart 1, the 1994-95 shift in sample composition also affected the growth rate of earnings in the employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimate. From March 1988 to March 1994, the employer costs for em ployee compensation earnings replicate grew faster than the corresponding average hourly earnings data, but from March 1995 until September 1999 the reverse pattern held.11 How ever, throughout either of these periods, the employer costs for employee compensation replicate earnings estimate was always higher than the corresponding average hourly earn ings; it is this long-term difference in earnings levels pattern on which we focus our analysis. When making comparisons over long periods of time, the direct control over sample selection in the employer costs for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employee compensation measure provides a diagnostic aid to investigate various hypotheses concerning job coverage in the average hourly earnings. Because e c i sample weights are benchmarked to c e s employment at the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (sic) level, total employment for the employer costs for employee compensation replicates is es sentially the same as total employment published for the c e s . 12 Each sample job in the employer costs for employee compensation measure is classified by occupation, so that replicates can be estimated for production jobs in the goodsproducing sector and nonsupervisory jobs in service-pro ducing sector. Using the sample weights attached to jobs, the employment associated with a particular employer cost for employee compensation replicate of the average hourly earn ings also can be estimated. Results with usual job coverage We can compare both earnings levels and job coverage be tween the actual average hourly earnings and employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimates, employing the standard definitions of production and nonsupervisory jobs. Reflecting the pattern evident in chart 1, the mean employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimate for all pro duction and nonsupervisory jobs is higher (by 3.6 percent) than the corresponding average hourly earnings statistic. (See table 1.) However, this pattern does not hold when making separate comparisons for production jobs and nonsupervisory jobs. For production jobs in the goods producing sector, the employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimate was on average 1.5 percent lower than the corresponding av erage hourly earnings measure. In contrast, the employer costs for employee compensation replicate for nonsupervisory jobs in the services producing sector—representing about 80 per cent of all production and nonsupervisory employment—was on average 5.8 percent higher than the corresponding average hourly earnings figure. The lower employer costs for employee compensation rep licate earnings estimates for production jobs in goods pro duction could be the result of undercounting actual overtime payments in the data collection. As discussed earlier, over time hours for any job in employer costs for employee com pensation data collection is held constant while the job re mains in the sample. However, comparison of additional em ployer costs for employee compensation and average hourly earnings data for the manufacturing component of goods pro duction (that is, not including mining or construction) does not support this hypothesis. For the manufacturing sector, overtime hours are separately collected in the c e s s o two vari ants of the average hourly earnings series are produced; ac tual hourly earnings and an estimate of the average straighttime wage. Employer costs for employee compensation data also can be used to construct replicates for these two series. Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 15 Replicate Estimates of Average Hourly Earnings The employer costs for employee compensation replicate es timates of average hourly earnings for production jobs in manufacturing, either including or excluding overtime costs, are virtually identical to the corresponding average hourly earnings series. For the March 1988 through September 1999 period, the mean level of the actual average hourly earnings for production jobs in manufacturing was $11.98; slightly higher than the mean of the corresponding employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimates, $11.94. In the same period, the estimated straight-time wage (exclusive of overtime costs) from the average hourly earnings was $11.38, while the corresponding employer costs for employee com pensation replicate estimate was $11.40. The employer costs for employee compensation replicate earnings estimates for nonsupervisory jobs may be higher because some employers may not report earnings to the c e s for some of these jobs having higher pay. (This explanation would also account for the higher employment coverage in the employer costs for employee compensation earnings rep licate.) As discussed earlier, employers providing data in the c e s are instructed to include earnings and hours data for nonsupervisory workers who are designated as “working su pervisors” (workers whose supervisory duties are incidental to their job). However, employers also may not have the hours and earnings for these jobs located with the payroll records of the workers they supervise. Job coverage for the employer costs for employee compensation replicates is higher than that for the actual average hourly earnings for both goodsproduction jobs and nonsupervisory service jobs, but the discrepancy is more substantial for nonsupervisory jobs in services. On average, over the March 1988 to September 1999 period, job coverage in the average hourly earnings series was 86.1 percent, compared with 91.3 percent of sector em ployment for the employer costs for employee compensation replicate. Because the service-producing sector is so large, these differences in shares translate to a much larger number of jobs included in the employer costs for employee compen sation replicate, compared with that in the average hourly earnings. For example, in September 1999, about 4.7 million more jobs in the service-producing sector were covered in the employer costs for employee compensation replicate of the average hourly earnings.13 If these additional workers tended to receive higher pay, their exclusion from c e s earnings report ing could account for part of the discrepancy between the average hourly earnings and estimates of worker pay from other data, such as the c p s . costs for employee compensation replicates that excluded jobs that were classified as “working supervisors.” To mimic the possible exclusion of “working supervisors” by employ ers reporting in the c e s , we identified all production and nonsupervisory jobs in the employer costs for employee com pensation database that included the term “supervisors” in their occupational title. Table 2 lists these occupations and their estimated share of total private nonfarm employment in March 1997. Total private industry employment represented by these “working supervisors” is similar to the difference in job coverage between the average hourly earnings and the employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimates shown in table 1. For example, table 2 shows that the working supervisor jobs constituted about 4.8 percent of all employ ment in March 1997. In contrast, for that same period, job T a b le 2. | C e n s u s o c c u p a t io n s c h o s e n to s im u la te “ w o r k in g s u p e rv is o r” jo b s , w ith e s tim a te c i p e r c e n t s h a re o f t o t a l p r iv a te n o n fa r m e m p lo y m e n t, M a r c h 1997 Census code O c c u p a tio n a l title Percent share Total, all working supervisor jo b s .............................. 4.8 C243 D303 D305 Supervisors, sales occupations..................................... Supervisors, general o ffic e ............................................ Supervisors, computer equipment op e ra to rs............... 1.58 .49 .21 D307 Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting cle rk s ................................................... .17 Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.......................... Supervisors, brickmasons, stonemasons, and tilesetters............................................................ .26 Supervisors, carpenters and related w o rke rs .............. Supervisors, electricians and power transmission installers...................................................................... .06 .05 E556 E557 Supervisors, painters, paperhangers, and plasterers. Supervisors, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ... .01 .04 E558 Supervisors, construction trades, n.e.c........................ .19 E613 E628 G803 H498 Supervisors, Supervisors, Supervisors, Supervisors, extractive occupations............................ production occupations........................... motor vehicle operators........................... forestry and logging occupations........... .08 .71 .12 .02 H864 Supervisors, handlers, equipment cleaners, and laborers, n.e.c...................................................... .17 E503 E553 E554 E555 .01 .05 Supervisors, guards........................................................ Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations................................................................. .35 K448 Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers .... .18 K456 Supervisors, personal service occupations................. .05 K415 K433 Results with alternative job coverage To investigate whether a more restrictive definition of pro duction and nonsupervisory jobs would yield a replicate that would have job coverage and wage levels closer to the actual average hourly earnings, we estimated additional employer 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 Note: “ Percent share” is estimated share of total private nonfarm em ployment using Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata with March 1997 sample weights. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Table 3. Earnings and job coverage, average hourly earnings and employer costs for employee compensation replicates, 1994 to September 1999 Job type1 Actual average hourly earnings (Current Employment Survey) data Employer costs for employee compensation replicate of average hourly earnings Standard definition for job coverage Exclusion of supervisors from coverage All production and nonsupervisory jobs in private nonfarm industry: Average earnings (dollars per hour)........................................................... Job coverage (percent of sector em ploym ent)....................................... $12.32 82.4 $12.56 86.8 $12.32 82.2 Production worker jobs in goods production: Average earnings (dollars per h our)........................................................... Job coverage (percent of sector em ploym ent)........................................ $13.86 70.8 $13.55 72.0 $13.13 67.6 Nonsupervisory jobs in services: Average earnings (dollars per h our)........................................................... Job coverage (percent of sector em ploym ent)........................................ $11.80 86.2 $12.24 91.5 $12.06 86.9 1 The data are based on alternative definitions of production and nonsupervisory jobs. N o te: The number of comparisons is less than that shown in table 1 coverage in the employer costs for employee compensation replicate estimate exceeded that of the actual average hourly earnings by 4.1 percent. The results of calculating employer costs for employee compensation earnings replicates using available data to ex clude “working supervisors” are illustrated in table 3. The detailed occupational information necessary to exclude work ing supervisors from the employer costs for employee com pensation measure is not available every period, so compari sons are limited to 10 months. For this limited set of compari sons, job coverage and earnings level for the aggregate se ries are both virtually identical to these statistics for the ac tual average hourly earnings. However, this matching of the two series breaks down when comparing production and nonsupervisory jobs separately. Excluding working supervi sors in production jobs increases the discrepancy of the em ployer costs for employee compensation earnings replicate with the comparable average hourly earnings series. Elimi nating working supervisors from nonsupervisory jobs in ser vices in the employer costs for employee compensation da tabase substantially reduces, but does not eliminate, the gap in earnings with the comparable average hourly earnings se ries. Thus, other factors besides job coverage of “working supervisors” appear to be contributing to the discrepancies. Conclusions There has been widespread interest in comparing average hourly earnings to other broad wage and compensation mea https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis because the required occupational detail is only available in 10 selected months of the year, usually for the months of March. “Job coverage” is the share of total employment in the respective sector that is included in the average hourly earnings calculation. sures. This article presented a new set of comparisons be tween the average hourly earnings series from the c e s pro gram and data from the Employment Costs for Employee Com pensation program, which samples earnings of individual jobs within a nationwide survey of establishments. Data limi tations require us to focus on comparisons of levels of earn ings and employment rather than on trends. We derive inde pendent estimates (“replicate estimates”) from the microdata used to produce the employer costs for employee compensa tion to compare with estimates from the average hourly earn ings series. The employer costs for employee compensation replicates showed higher earnings and coverage of employ ment than the actual average hourly earnings over the 1988— 99 period. For production workers in goods production, these differences in earnings levels and job coverage were small— on average, about $0.40 per hour in earnings and 0.7 percent of the sector’s job coverage. Discrepancies in earnings lev els and job coverage were greater for nonsupervisory work ers in services production, and we conducted further analy sis of the hypothesis that these discrepancies were caused by omission of “working supervisors” from the actual aver age hourly earnings. Omitting “working supervisors” from the employer costs for employee compensation replicates of earnings estimates were reduced, but that did not eliminate discrepancies in earnings levels and job coverage with the actual average hourly earnings series. However, the replicate approach used in this article and that used by Abraham and others only provides indirect evidence on the possible role of limited job coverage in average hourly earnings levels. □ Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 17 Replicate Estimates of Average Hourly Earnings Notes Acknowledgment: The authors appreciate the comments and sug gestions they received on earlier drafts from Shail Butani, Patricia Getz, Jack Galvin, John Ruser, Al Schwenk, Jim Spletzer, Jay Stewart, and Sandra West. 1 For more inform ation on the C urrent E m ploym ent Statistics program and the average hourly earnings series, see bls Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1997), pp. 15 and 17. 2 The Current Employment Statistics program is researching and tentatively planning for transition to all employee hours and earnings estimates. However, existing historical data cannot be revised to cor respond with this potential new series. 3 See bls 7 See bls Handbook o f Methods, p. 21. 8 Abraham and others, “D ivergent Trends in A lternative Wage Series.” 9 See Report on the American Workforce (Bureau of Labor Statis tics, 1995), p. 162. 10 See bls Handbook o f Methods, p. 21. Handbook o f Methods, p. 17. 4 See Am erican Statistical A ssociation Panel for the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics Survey, “A Research Agenda to Guide and Improve the Current Employment Statistics Sur vey,” Mimeo (Am erican Statistical Association, January 1994); and Barry Bosworth, and George Perry, “Productivity and Real Wages: Is There a Puzzle?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1994, no. 1, pp. 317-43. 5 Katharine G. Abraham, James R. Spletzer, and Jay C. Stewart, “Divergent Trends in Alternative Wage Series,” in John C. Haltiwanger, Marilyn E. Manser, and Robert Topel, eds., Labor Statistics Measure ment Issues (University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 293-324. 6 Bosworth and Perry, “Productivity and Real Wages,” compared the rate o f growth in the Em ployer Cost Index for production and nonsupervisory jobs with the growth rate of the average hourly eam- 18 ings series; also see M ichael K. Lettau, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Aaron T. Cushner, “Explaining the Differential Growth Rates of the ECi and ECEC,” Compensation and Working Conditions, Summer 1997, pp. 3-14. In this study, Lettau and others show that over the 1986-96 period, growth in the ec i exceeded the growth in employer costs for employee compensation. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 11 In the earlier period, the annualized mean percent quarter-toquarter growth rate of the average hourly earnings was 3.16 percent, while the corresponding growth rate o f the em ployer cost for em ployee compensation replicate was 3.51 percent. In the latter period, the average hourly earnings grew on average by 3.68 percent, while the em ployer costs for employee com pensation replicate grew by 3.42 percent. 12 Industry classification numbers and levels are listed in the Stan dard Industrial Classification M anual 1987 (W ashington, Office of Management and Budget). 13 Published C urrent E m ploym ent S tatistics em ploym ent for nonsupervisory jobs in September 1999 was 71.3 million, while the estim ate o f em ploym ent coverage for the corresponding em ployer costs for employee compensation replicate was 76.0 million. Older Workers: Employment O lder workers: em ploym ent and retirement trends As members o f the baby-boom” generation begin to retire and collect Social Security, pension, and other benefits, many changes to both the public and private retirement systems may occur, such as raising the ages of eligibility, creating more flexible pension plans, and introducing “phased retirement” “ Patrick J. Purcell Patrick J. Purcell is a social legislation specialist at the Congressional Research Service, U.S. Library of Congress. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis eciding when to retire is a choice that will affect an individual’s economic cir cumstances for the rest of his or her life. In addition to affecting the lives of individuals, the retirement decisions of older workers have an impact on the Nation’s economy. The num ber of people retiring each year affects the size of the labor force, which has a direct impact on the economy’s capacity to produce goods and services. Other things being equal, fewer retire ments in any given year would result in a greater supply of experienced workers available to em ployers and fewer people relying on savings, pensions, and Social Security as their main sources of income. Consequently, changes in the age profile of the population and in the average age at which people choose to retire have impli cations for both national income and the size and composition of the Federal budget. To understand the factors that affect the re tirement decision, one must first know what it means to “retire.” Retirement is most often de fined with reference to two characteristics: nonparticipation in the paid labor force and re ceipt of income from pensions, Social Security, and other retirement plans. An individual who does not work for compensation and who re D ceives income only from pensions, Social Se curity, and financial assets would meet this definition of retirement; an individual who works for compensation and receives no in come from pensions or Social Security would not meet this definition. Between these two extremes, however, are those who might be considered retired under one definition but not the other. For example, individuals who have retired from careers in law enforcement or the military—both of which typically provide pensions after 20 years of service—often work for many years at other jobs, while at the same time also re ceiving pensions from prior employment. In such cases, having retired from a particular occupation does not necessarily mean that one has retired from the workforce. On the other hand, many people who retire from full-time employment continue to work part time to supplement the income they receive from pen sions and Social Security. If the majority of their income is provided by Social Security, pensions, and savings, economists typically classify them as retired, even though they con tinue to engage in paid employment. As these examples suggest, not everyone who receives Monthly Labor Review October 2000 19 Older Workers: Employment pension income is retired, and some who work for pay actu ally are retired. This article begins by describing the change in the age dis tribution of the U.S. population that will occur between 2000 and 2010 and summarizing the historical data on the labor force participation of older workers. This discussion is fol lowed by an analysis of recent data from the Current Popula tion Survey on employment and receipt of pension income among persons aged 55 years and older during the mid- to late 1990s. Employment trends among older workers are then discussed in the context of data from the Social Security Ad ministration on the proportion of workers who claim retiredworker benefits before the full retirement age (currently age 65). The final section of the article discusses recent proposals to promote “phased retirement” through amendments to the sections of the Internal Revenue Code that govern the taxa tion of pension income. The aging labor force, 2000-2010 As members of the baby-boom generation—persons born be tween 1946 and 1964— approach retirement age, the demo graphic profile of the American population will undergo a profound change. According to the Bureau of the Census, the proportion of the U.S. population aged 65 and older will in crease from 12.6 percent in 2000 to 20.2 percent by 2030.1 Table 1. The age profile of the working-age population, however, al ready is undergoing a substantial shift toward a greater num ber of older workers and a relative scarcity of new entrants to the labor force. In 2000, the oldest baby boomers will be aged 54 years, while the youngest members of the group will be aged 36 years. These 78 million individuals today make up approximately 55 percent of the U.S. population aged 25 to 54. Their sheer numbers suggest that the impact on labor markets could be substantial if this generation chooses to re tire earlier (or to remain in the workforce longer) than did previous generations. The data presented in Table 1 show how the age profile of the U.S. population will change over the next 10 years. Ac cording to the Bureau of the Census, the number of Ameri cans aged 25 years or older will reach 178 million in 2000. Over the next 10 years, this number will increase by about 10 percent to 195 million. Over that same period, however, the number of persons aged 25 to 54— the ages when labor force participation rates are at their highest—is projected to increase by only 1.5 million (1.2 percent). At the same time, the num ber of persons between the ages of 55 and 64 is projected to increase by 11.3 million, or more than 47 percent. In other words, while the number of persons aged 25 to 64 is expected to increase by about 12.8 million over the next 10 years, al most 90 percent of this increase is projected to occur among persons aged 55 to 64. U.S. Population aged 25 and older by age and sex, 2000, 2010 [Numbers in thousands] Age and sex 2000 2010 Level change Percent change Total 25 years and o ld e r.................................................. 25 to 34 yea rs....................................................... 35 to 44 ye a rs....................................................... 45 to 54 ye a rs....................................................... 55 to 64 y e a rs ...................................................... 65 years and o ld e r.............................................. 177,594 37,234 44,659 37,030 23,962 34,709 195,067 38,291 38,520 43,565 35,284 39,407 17,473 1,057 -6,139 6,535 11,322 4,698 9.8 2.8 -13.7 17.6 47.2 13.5 84,586 18,535 22,181 18,092 11,433 14,345 93,116 18,990 18,993 21,325 16,922 16,886 8,530 455 -3,188 3,233 5,489 2,541 10.1 2.5 -14.4 17.9 48.0 17.7 93,008 18,699 22,478 18,938 12,529 20,364 101,951 19,301 19,527 22,240 18,362 22,521 8,943 602 -2,951 3,302 5,833 2,157 9.6 3.2 -13.1 17.4 46.6 10.6 Men 25 years and o ld e r.................................................. 25 to 34 ye a rs....................................................... 35 to 44 ye a rs....................................................... 45 to 54 ye a rs....................................................... 55 to 64 y e a rs ...................................................... 65 years and o ld e r............................................... Women 25 years and o ld e r.................................................. 25 to 34 ye a rs....................................................... 35 to 44 ye a rs....................................................... 45 to 54 ye a rs....................................................... 55 to 64 y e a rs ...................................................... 65 years and o ld e r.............................................. S o u r c e : Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Population Projections o f the U nited States b y Age, Sex, Race, a n d H ispan ic O rigin: 1995 to 2050, C urrent Population Reports, Series P-25-1130 (Bureau of the Census, 1996). 20 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Labor force participation rates by age and sex, 1950-2008 Women Men Year 1950 ............................ 1955 ............................ 1960 ............................ 1965 ............................ 1970 ............................ 1975 ............................ 1980 ............................ 1985 ............................ 1990 ............................ 1995 ............................ 1998 ............................ 1999 ............................ 2 0 0 8 1 ........................... 25 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older 25 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 96.5 97.4 97.0 96.7 95.8 94.4 94.2 93.9 93.4 91.6 91.8 91.7 91.3 86.9 87.9 86.8 84.6 83.0 75.6 72.1 67.9 67.8 66.0 68.1 67.9 69.4 45.8 39.6 33.1 27.9 26.8 21.6 19.0 15.8 16.3 16.8 16.5 16.9 17.8 36.8 39.8 42.9 45.2 50.1 55.1 64.0 69.6 74.0 75.6 76.6 76.8 79.7 27.0 32.5 37.2 41.1 43.0 40.9 41.3 42.0 45.2 49.2 51.2 51.5 57.7 65 years and older 9.7 10.6 10.8 10.0 9.7 8.2 8.1 7.3 8.6 8.8 8.6 8.9 9.1 1 Data for 2008 are from the Office of Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor force participation rates The labor force participation rate—the percentage of a given population that is either working or looking for work—varies by age and gender. Moreover, within specific age and gender categories, the rates have changed over time, as workers have responded to various economic developments, and as societal values regarding the employment of women and the retirement of older workers have changed. Also, as the United States has moved from a largely manufacturing-based economy to one in which producing and distributing information is perhaps the most important industrial activity, there has been an increase in demand for highly educated workers, and relatively less demand for workers who can perform physically demanding labor. At the same time that the economy has been producing jobs for workers of more varied physical abilities, the twoearner couple and the “working mom” have become the rule, rather than the exception they were 30 or 40 years ago. With near universal coverage by Social Security and widespread participation in pensions and retirement savings plans, more workers can anticipate retirement as an opportunity for leisure and recreation, rather than as a time of financial dependency on their children. Men aged 55 years and older are much less likely to par ticipate in the labor force today than were their counterparts half a century ago.2 According to data from the Current Popu lation Survey (CPS)— a monthly survey conducted by the Bu reau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( b l s ) — in the 1950s, about 5 in 6 men aged 55 to 64 participated in the labor force—that is, they were either working or actively look ing for work.3 (See table 2.) By the 1990s, only 2 in 3 men in that age group participated in the labor force. Most of the his torical decline occurred over a relatively brief period, from about 1970 to the mid-1980s. Among men 65 and older, the decline began earlier, but it appears to have ended around 1985. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Between 1950 and 1985, the labor force participation rate for men 65 years and older fell from 46 percent to about 16 per cent. Since the mid-1980s, labor force participation rates among men aged 55 to 64 years have remained in the range of 66 percent to 68 percent, while the rate for those aged 65 and older has remained between 16 percent and 17 percent. From 1950 to the present, women’s labor force participa tion rates have moved steadily upward. Among women aged 55 to 64, the rate rose from 27 percent in 1950 to 45 percent in 1990, and 52 percent in 1999. Among women 65 and older, however, the labor force participation rate has changed very little over the last 50 years, remaining between 8 percent and 11 percent over the 1950-99 period. The stability of labor force participation rates among men aged 55 years and older since the mid-1980s is likely attribut able to several factors. First, Social Security coverage has been expanded and now covers virtually all private sector nonfarm employment in the United States.4 The earliest age of eligibil ity for Social Security retired-worker benefits was set at age 62—in 1956 for women and in 1961 for men—and has not changed since. Second, in the private sector, the expansion in pension coverage that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s had ended by 1980—about half of all workers were covered by a pension plan in 1996, virtually the same percentage as were covered in 1980. Finally, most traditional defined-benefit pension plans have minimum-age and length-of-service re quirements that must be met before pension benefits can be paid. These provisions, in effect, establish a minimum age below which retirement is not a viable option for most work ers. According to the b l s Employee Benefits Survey, more than 90 percent of employees in medium and large firms who had pension coverage in 1997 were covered by a plan with a minimum age requirement for retirement benefits, and more than 80 percent of these workers were covered by plans that had a minimum retirement age of 55 years or older.5 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 21 Older Workers: Employment Recent em ploym ent trends Data from the March CPS indicate that, from 1994 to 2000, employment increased among both men and women aged 55 to 64.6 (See table 3.) Moreover, the increases occurred among both 55- to 61-year-olds, who are not eligible for Social Se curity retirement benefits, and 62- to 64-year-olds, who are eligible for reduced Social Security benefits. The employ ment-population ratio—the proportion of a given population that is employed—among men aged 55 to 61 rose from 68.5 percent in March 1994 to 73.3 percent in March 1999, be fore declining to 71.3 percent in March 2000. Among those aged 62 to 64, the ratio rose from 40.9 percent to 47.1 percent over the same period. The employment-population ratio also increased for women. Among 55- to 61-year-olds, it rose from 53.3 percent to 58.0 percent over the period, and among 62- to 64-year-olds, it increased from 31.2 percent to 34.6 percent. Table 3. _________ Much of the increase in employment among persons aged 55 years and older during the mid- to late-1990s probably was due to the strength of the economy during these years. Be tween 1993 and 1999, for example, the unemployment rate for workers of all ages declined from 6.9 percent to 4.2 per cent. Over the same period, the Nation’s real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of 3.7 percent.7 It is possible, however, that at least part of the increase in em ployment was due to the trend of workers choosing to remain in the labor force rather than taking early retirement, as well as the effects of long-term trends away from defined-benefit pen sion plans, which often include early-retirement subsidies, to ward defined contribution plans, which are age neutral in their design. The Employee Benefits Survey, for example, indicates that between 1993 and 1997, the proportion of full-time em ployees in medium and large private establishments who were covered by a defined-benefit pension plan fell from 56 per- Employed persons aged 55 years and older by age and sex, 1994-2000 [Numbers in thousands] Women Men Employed Age and year of survey Population Employed Percent employed: Population Total Percent of population Full time Part time Total Percent employed: Percent of population Full time Part time 55 to 61 years: 1994 ........ 1995 ........ 1996 ........ 1997 ........ 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ........ 7,047 6,993 7,409 7,523 7,855 8,174 8,204 4,828 5,035 5,349 5,404 5,664 5,990 5,849 68.5 72.0 72.2 71.8 72.1 73.3 71.3 90.7 91.5 91.2 90.6 91.4 91.7 92.3 9.3 8.5 8.8 9.4 8.7 8.3 7.7 7,676 7,716 7,947 8,142 8,515 8,743 9,041 4,089 4,196 4,314 4,582 4,896 4,904 5,240 53.3 54.4 54.3 56.3 57.5 56.1 58.0 73.1 74.1 74.5 77.1 77.7 76.8 77.2 26.9 25.9 25.5 22.9 22.9 23.2 22.8 62 to 64 years: 1994 ........ 1995 ........ 1996 ........ 1997 ........ 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ........ 2,869 2,879 2,681 2,733 2,812 2,785 2,927 1,172 1,206 1,159 1,255 1,283 1,297 1,380 40.9 41.9 43.2 45.9 45.6 46.6 47.1 76.1 79.0 77.8 79.2 80.9 78.4 77.9 23.9 21.0 22.2 20.8 19.1 21.6 22.1 3,129 3,162 3,044 3,069 3,065 3,199 3,209 975 975 968 1,047 1,040 1,102 1,109 31.2 30.8 31.8 34.1 33.9 34.4 34.6 60.6 58.3 59.3 62.5 61.2 60.1 61.3 39.4 41.7 40.7 37.5 38.8 39.9 38.7 65 to 69 years: 1994 ........ 1995 ........ 1996 ........ 1997 ........ 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ........ 4,225 4,395 4,522 4,321 4,286 4,298 4,376 1,056 1,169 1,237 1,150 1,085 1,136 1,330 25.0 26.6 27.4 26.6 25.3 26.4 30.4 57.9 54.7 56.7 56.8 57.0 55.7 60.5 42.1 45.3 43.3 43.2 43.0 44.3 39.5 5,365 5,263 5,224 5,180 5,075 5,022 4,976 891 919 865 936 941 941 983 16.6 17.5 16.6 18.1 18.5 18.7 19.8 37.4 36.3 40.4 42.1 44.5 40.9 44.2 62.6 63.7 59.6 57.9 55.5 59.1 55.8 70 years and older: . 1 9 9 4 ........ 1 9 9 5 ........ 1 9 9 6 ........ 1997 ........ 1998 ........ 1999 ........ 2000 ........ 8,493 8,607 8,738 9,083 9,238 9,429 9,510 953 970 989 1,063 970 1,030 1,169 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.7 10.5 10.9 12.3 49.7 44.9 44.2 45.7 48.0 44.8 48.5 50.3 55.1 55.8 54.3 52.0 55.2 51.5 12,678 13,001 13,174 13,294 13,484 13,646 13,759 682 650 681 639 740 807 816 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.8 5.5 5.9 5.9 32.9 30.4 30.3 32.8 31.9 35.0 36.4 67.1 69.6 69.7 67.2 68.1 65.0 63.6 S o u r c e : Author analysis of the annual income supplement to the Current Population Survey. 22 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Population aged 55 years and older by age, sex, and pension receipt status, 1994-2000 [Numbers in thousands] Women Men Age and year of survey Population Pension recipients Percent Population Pension recipients Percent 55 to 64 years: 1994 ............................... 1995 ............................... 1996 ............................... 1997 ............................... 1998 ............................... 1999 ............................... 2000 ............................... 9,916 9,872 10,090 10,256 10,667 10,959 11,131 2,351 2,303 2,279 2,177 2,152 2,195 2,174 23.7 23.3 22.6 21.2 20.2 20.0 19.5 10,805 10,878 10,991 11,210 11,580 11,943 12,250 1,336 1,316 1,164 1,287 1,253 1,403 1,439 12.4 12.1 10.6 11.5 10.8 11.7 11.7 65 years and older: 1994 ............................... 1995 ............................... 1996 ............................... 1997 ............................... 1998 ............................... 1999 ............................... 2000 ............................... 12,717 13,001 13,260 13,404 13,524 13,727 13,886 6,299 6,108 6,206 6,316 6,317 6,457 6,358 49.5 47.0 46.8 47.1 46.7 47.0 45.8 18,043 18,264 18,398 18,474 18,559 18,668 18,735 5,259 5,252 5,025 4,933 5,114 5,186 5,513 29.1 28.8 27.3 26.7 27.6 27.8 29.4 N o t e : Retirement plans may include a traditional pension, a retirement savings plan, or both. cent to 50 percent. At the same time, the proportion of em ployees in these firms who were covered by defined-contribution plans rose from 49 percent to 57 percent.8 Pensions among older workers An important consideration for an individual deciding whether to retire from the workforce is whether the sources of income available in retirement will be adequate to maintain his or her desired standard of living. Table 4 shows the proportion of men and women aged 55 and older who reported in the CPS that they received pension income of some kind during the calendar year prior to the survey. In this table, “pension income” includes em ployer-sponsored pensions (including military retirement), vet erans’ pensions, and periodic payments from annuities, insur ance policies, individual retirement accounts, 401 (k) accounts, and Keogh plans for the self-employed. Not surprisingly, the proportion of men and women who receive income from a pension or other retirement plan in creases with age. In 1999, only 20 percent of men aged 55 to 64 received any income from a pension or other retirement plan; among those 65 years and older, however, 46 percent had income from private pensions or retirement savings plans. The patterns among women are similar: only 12 percent of 55to 64-year-old women received income from private pensions or retirement savings plans in 1999, while 29 percent of those aged 65 years and older received such income. The proportion of men aged 55 to 64 years who were re ceiving pension income declined from 24 percent in 1993 to 20 percent in 1999. Over the same period, the proportion re ceiving pension income fell from 50 percent to 46 percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S o u r c e : Author analysis of the annual income supplement to the Current Population Survey. among men aged 65 and older. The proportion of women aged 55 to 64 years with pension income was more stable, at 11 percent to 12 percent throughout the 1993-99 period. Among women 65 and older, 29 percent received income from private pensions and retirement plans in 1999, the same percentage as in 1993. Work by Pension Recipients. Among men aged 55 to 64 who received income from a private pension or retirement savings plan during 1999, about 37 percent were employed either full or part time in March 2000— an increase of more than four percentage points over the comparable rate in 1994, when it was 32.5 percent. (See table 5.) Relatively few men aged 65 or older who receive income from private pensions and re tirement savings plans also engage in paid employment: only 10 to 12 percent were employed, on average, over the 19942000 period. Women who receive pension income are even less likely than men to be employed. Among 55- to 64-yearold women who received income from a private pension or retirement savings plan in 1999, just 31 percent were employed in March 2000. Among women aged 65 years and older, only 6 to 8 percent, on average, were employed during the 19942000 period. Social Security retirement benefits Currently, the age of full retirement under Social Security is 65 years. Retired-worker benefits are first available at age 62, but benefits that begin before the full retirement age are sub ject to a permanent actuarial reduction equal to approximately 0.6 percent for each month below age 65. A worker retiring at Monthly Labor Review October 2000 23 Older Workers: Employment age 62 would receive benefits equal to 80 percent of the amount he or she would have received at age 65. As a result of the Social Security Amendments of 1983 (P.L. 98-21), the full retire ment age is being increased to 67 incrementally over a 22-year period. Reduced benefits will continue to be available at age 62, but when the full retirement age reaches 67, the benefit payable at 62 will be 70 percent of the amount that would have been paid if not for the reduction for early retirement. Most people choose to begin receiving Social Security re tirement benefits before age 65. The data presented in Table 6 show that approximately 75 percent of men and 80 percent of women who began receiving benefits between 1989 and 1998 applied for benefits before age 65. Among women, this per centage has remained steady over the past decade,9while among men, there was a slight increase in the proportion of applicants younger than 65 years. The data presented in table 3 indicate that the proportion of 55- to 64-year-olds engaged in paid employment rose steadily through the mid- to late-1990s. The data also show, however, that a much smaller proportion of 62- to 64-year-olds were employed than among those aged 55 to 61. One reason for the sharp decline is that age 62 is the earliest age of eligibil ity for Social Security retirement benefits.10 The availability of (actuarially reduced) benefits at age 62 allows many people who otherwise would have continued working to retire from the labor force. The Social Security system also can affect the decision of when to retire from the labor force through the delayed retire Table 5. ment credit and the earnings test. The delayed retirement credit provides a permanent increase in benefits for workers who delay receipt of Social Security benefits until after age 65—thus creating an incentive for older workers to remain in the labor force in order to receive full benefits. The earnings test reduces the Social Security benefits of recipients under the normal retirement age whose earnings exceed specific thresholds.11 For example, a Social Security recipient under age 65 in 2000 can earn up to $ 10,080 without having his or her benefit reduced, but benefits are cut by $1.00 for each $2.00 earned in excess of that amount. This creates a financial in centive for these individuals to keep their earnings below the threshold. Congress has at times altered both the delayed retirement credit and the earnings test to encourage workers to stay in the labor force. Retired worker beneficiaries as a percentage o f each age category. If more workers chose to delay receipt of Social Security benefits until age 65, this delay would eventually show up as a declining percentage of 62- to 64-year-olds who are receiving such benefits. The data presented in table 7 show that there was a decline of about two percentage points be tween 1995 and 1998 in the proportion of men aged 62 to 64 who were receiving benefits. This coincided with the rising employment-population ratio among men in this age group. The lower rate among 62- to 64-year-old men during this pe riod may have been caused by robust economic growth, or it may reflect a trend toward later retirement, independent of Employment among retirement income recipients aged 55 years and older by age and sex, 1994-2000 [Numbers in thousands] Men Age and year of survey Women Pension recipients Number employed 55 to 64 years: 1994 ........................... 1995 ........................... 1996 ........................... 1997 ........................... 1998 ........................... 1999 ........................... 2000 ........................... 2,351 2,303 2,279 2,177 2,152 2,195 2,174 763 864 831 832 778 870 799 32.5 37.5 36.5 38.2 36.2 39.6 36.8 1,336 1,316 1,164 1,287 1,253 1,403 1,439 369 410 324 416 363 370 442 27.6 31.2 27.8 32.3 29.0 26.4 30.7 65 years and older: 1994 ........................... 1995 ........................... 1996 ........................... 1997 ........................... 1998 ........................... 1999 ........................... 2000 ........................... 6,299 6,108 6,206 6,316 6,317 6,457 6,358 637 727 726 724 648 706 739 10.1 11.9 11.7 11.5 10.3 10.9 11.6 5,259 5,252 5,025 4,933 5,114 5,186 5,513 345 326 281 277 404 426 401 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.6 7.9 8.2 7.3 N o t e : Retirement plans may include a traditional pension, a retirement savings plan, or both. 24 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent employed Pension recipients Number employed Percent employed S o u r c e : Author analysis of the annual income supplement to the Current Population Survey. | S o c ia l S e c u r ity r e tir e d - w o r k e r b e n e fits a w a r d s b y a g e a n d s e x , 1 9 8 9 -9 8 Men A g e in y e a r benefits b e g a n N um ber of awards Women Percent of aw ards N um ber of awards P ercent of total awards 62 to 64 years: 1989 ............................................. 1990 ............................................. 1991 .............................................. 1992 .............................................. 1993 ............................................. 1994 ............................................. 1995 ............................................. 1996 .............................................. 1997 ............................................. 1998 ............................................. 616,200 618,900 639,800 641,800 646,100 607,600 596,500 581,900 586,300 586,800 73.2 73.8 73.3 74.2 75.3 76.1 75.6 76.0 75.4 75.7 490,700 487,800 489,100 510,600 502,800 504,600 486,200 488,100 486,500 497,500 80.6 79.6 79.0 80.1 79.5 81.5 79.5 80.4 66.7 75.9 65 years: 1989 .............................................. 1990 .............................................. 1991 ............................................. 1992 ............................................. 1993 .............................................. 1994 .............................................. 1995 .............................................. 1996 .............................................. 1997 .............................................. 1998 ............................................. 173,700 160,300 172,200 166,100 159,400 145,500 145,900 135,200 137,300 136,300 20.6 19.1 19.7 19.2 18.6 18.2 18.5 17.7 17.7 17.6 87,500 86,900 95,400 89,900 97,100 82,600 88,900 86,500 86,500 92,500 14.4 14.2 15.4 14.1 15.4 13.3 14.5 14.3 11.9 14.1 66 years and older: 1989 ............................................. 1990 .............................................. 1991 .............................................. 1992 .............................................. 1993 .............................................. 1994 .............................................. 1995 ............................................. 1996 ............................................. 1997 ............................................. 1998 ............................................. 52,100 58,900 61,300 57,600 52,100 45,600 47,000 48,300 53,800 52,100 6.2 7.0 7.0 6.7 30,700 38,200 34,400 36,600 32,200 31,600 36,300 32,200 156,600 65,800 5.0 6.2 5.6 5.7 N o t e : Special outreach programs by the Social Security Administration resulted in an above-average number of conversions of nondisabled widows to retired worker benefits in 1997 and 1998. Initial awards exclude conversions economic conditions. More time will be needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. Among women aged 62 to 64, the proportion who were receiving Social Security benefits fluc tuated between 34 percent and 36 percent from 1989 to 1998, with no clearly discernible trend. Older workers and phased retirement In the traditional view of retirement, a worker moves from full time employment to complete withdrawal from the labor force in a single step. In fact, however, some workers choose to con tinue working after they have retired from their “career” jobs. The data in table 5, for example, show that 37 percent of men and 31 percent of women aged 55 to 64 who received income from private pension plans in 1999 were employed in March 2000. The process of retiring often occurs gradually over a number of years, with many workers retiring from year-round, full-time employment and moving to part-time or part-year work at another firm, often in a different occupation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.1 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.9 6.7 5.1 5.1 5.9 5.3 21.5 10.0 from disabled worker benefits to retired worker benefits, S o u r c e : A n n u a l S ta tis tic a l S u p p le m e n t to th e S o c ia l S e c u rity B ulletin, (Social Security Administration, various years). As members of the baby-boom generation begin retiring in the coming decades, millions of skilled and experienced work ers will exit the labor force. As this occurs, employers may find it necessary to alter their employment practices and pen sion plans to induce some of those who would otherwise retire completely to remain on the job, perhaps on a part-time or part-year schedule. This process is sometimes referred to as phased retirement. No statutory definition of phased retire ment exists, but one analyst has described it as “the situation in which an older individual is actively working for an em ployer part time or [on] an otherwise reduced schedule as a transition into full retirement. [It] may also include situations in which older employees receive some or all of their retire ment benefits while still employed.”12 Advocates of phased retirement contend that more pen sion-eligible individuals would choose to continue working if employers could offer them the opportunity to collect pension benefits while remaining on the employer’s payroll. Under cur rent law, this option may be offered only to employees who Monthly Labor Review October 2000 25 Older Workers: Employment have reached a pension plan’s normal retirement age. Some employers have suggested that phased retirement would be embraced by more firms if this option could be offered to em ployees at the plan’s early retirement age. Employers gener ally would prefer the freedom to offer these “in-service” pen sion distributions only to selected categories or classifica tions of plan participants.13 In order for either of these actions to occur, however, the Internal Revenue Code and the Em ployee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) would need to be amended.14 Current approaches to phased retirement A study conducted by the benefits consulting firm Watson Wyatt Worldwide found that 16 percent of the 586 firms participating in the survey offered some form of phased retirement to their employees.15 The firms surveyed by Watson Wyatt described a number of strategies that employers can use to retain the services of val ued employees who are eligible for retirement, and who might be lost to the firm if the only options available are full-time employment or full-time retirement. Although the firms par ticipating in the survey may not be representative of all em ployers, their practices with respect to phased retirement offer some insights into the strategies that firms have been able to employ under current law and regulations to promote phased retirement among their employees.16 According to the data collected by Watson Wyatt, many firms rehire retired employees on a part-time or temporary basis: 75 percent of the firms having a phased retirement ar rangement said that they rehire employees after they retire, usually as part-time or temporary workers. In addition, 42 per cent said they contracted with retired employees to be con sultants. (Some firms had both kinds of arrangements with retired employees.) Of the firms with phased retirement, 60 percent said that their approach included allowing retirementeligible employees to work fewer days per week or fewer hours per day. Other policies include allowing employees who are 1 S o c ia l S e c u r ity r e tir e d - w o r k e r b e n e fic ia r ie s b y a g e a n d s e x , 1 9 8 9 -9 8 [Numbers in thousands] Men Women N um ber of beneficiaries Percent o f a g e g roup N um ber of beneficiaries Percent o f a g e g ro u p 62 to 64 years: 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1,330 1,336 1,345 1,351 1,350 1,353 1,320 1,293 1,278 1,286 44.0 43.6 43.7 43.9 44.3 44.8 44.8 44.6 43.0 42.5 1,180 1,167 1,150 1,137 1,126 1,139 1,128 1,126 1,131 1,156 34.8 34.2 33.7 33.7 33.9 34.5 35.0 35.7 35.1 35.3 65 to 69 years: 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 3,841 3,898 3,896 3,937 3,946 3,906 3,900 3,871 3,836 3,783 82.5 84.0 83.6 84.3 84.5 83.6 83.8 84.3 84.8 84.2 3,019 3,067 3,062 3,098 3,104 3,065 3,058 3,046 3,053 3,036 54.7 55.8 55.7 56.6 57.2 56.9 57.3 58.0 59.2 59.4 70 years and older: 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 7,546 7,751 7,985 8,186 8,354 8,536 8,694 8,848 9,012 9,138 89.3 89.2 89.7 89.9 89.4 89.5 89.7 89.4 89.6 89.5 7,399 7,607 7,836 8,037 8,218 8,404 8,570 8,715 8,972 9,112 54.4 54.7 55.3 55.8 56.1 56.6 57.1 57.4 58.5 59.0 A g e in y e a r benefits b e g a n S ource: Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, various years. 26 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis not ready to fully retire to transfer to other jobs within the firm (32 percent had such policies), extended leaves of absence (23 percent), and job sharing (19 percent). As the variety of these arrangements indicates, several ap proaches to phased retirement can be accommodated under cur rent law. It is important to note, however, that two of the most popular arrangements—hiring retired former employees on a parttime or temporary basis and hiring retirees as contractors—re quire the individual to separate from the firm before returning under an alternative work arrangement. This introduces consid erable uncertainty into the process for both the retiree and the employer, because once the employment relationship is severed, neither party is legally bound to renew it. Another popular approach to phased retirement is to allow employees to reduce the number of days per week or hours per day that they work for a period of months or years before they cease employment altogether. Unless the employee has reached the pension plan’s normal retirement age, however, the plan cannot pay retirement benefits to the individual while he or she remains employed by the firm, even if only on a part-time basis. A plan that pays benefits to an employee that has not yet reached the plan’s normal retirement age could lose its tax-qualified status.17 In order to qualify for the fa vorable tax status granted to tax-qualified pension plans, the plan must pay benefits only on condition of death, disability, termination of employment, plan termination, or at the nor mal retirement age.18 An employee who has reached the pension plan’s normal retirement age can begin to receive distributions from the plan, even if he or she continues to be employed by the firm.19 Likewise, an employee who has reached the plan’s early re tirement age can begin to receive distributions from the plan upon separation from the firm, provided that he or she has met the required number of years of service stipulated by the plan. If a participant has separated from the employer and has be gun to receive distributions from the plan at the early retirement age, he or she can continue to receive these distributions, even if at some future date the participant becomes re-em ployed by the plan sponsor. Policy issues. Some employers see the statutory prohibition on making in-service pension distributions to employees who have not yet reached normal retirement age as an obstacle to establishing phased retirement plans because some older work ers would find it financially impractical to cut back to a parttime or part-year work schedule if they were unable to supple ment their earnings with pension income. One way for a firm to offer phased retirement to these workers under current law, without jeopardizing the tax-qualified status of its pension plan, would be to lower the normal retirement age. For example, if the normal retirement age under the plan is 62 years and the early retirement age is 55 years, the firm could reduce the nor mal retirement age to some age between 55 and 61. From the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employer’s point of view, there would be at least two poten tial drawbacks to such an approach: It could result in an unin tended exodus of workers into retirement—because all eli gible plan participants would be able to receive full pension benefits at an earlier age than previously—and it could result in a dramatic increase in the cost of funding the plan—be cause full benefits would be payable at a younger age. Rather than reduce the normal retirement age in their pen sion plans, some employers would prefer that Congress amend the Internal Revenue Code to allow in-service pension distri butions to employees who have reached the plan’s early re tirement age (or some age between the early and normal re tirement ages).20 Some observers believe, however, that such a policy would be contrary to the main purpose of pension plans, which is to replace wage income during retirement. These critics say that if employers were permitted to pay pen sion benefits to individuals still engaged in gainful employ ment, the benefits would become a tax-subsidized supplement to wages, paid to individuals who are still able to work; they argue that the benefits were intended to be a substitute for wages, paid to retired workers. Permitting in-service distri butions to current employees who have not reached the plan’s normal retirement age might allow employers to compensate current employees with pension funds, effectively reducing their operating expenses by shifting some of the cost of wages to the pension fund. In 1999, about 2.4 million workers in the United States were receiving pension payments from a former employer—more than a million were under the age of 65. (See table 5.) Current law allows for an individual who has separated from a firm and is receiving pension distributions under an early retire ment provision of the plan to become re-employed\yy that firm, while continuing to receive those benefits. Some employers have argued that it should be permissible to allow eligible employees to receive partial distributions under an early re tirement provision without first having to separate from the employer and then be rehired. Such an option would require an amendment to the tax code. However, plan sponsors cur rently have the option of setting the normal retirement age at any age not greater than 65, and the early retirement age at any age under the normal retirement age, provided that the plan complies with the statutory requirements with respect to ben efit accrual, vesting of benefits, nondiscrimination on the ba sis of age, and other plan characteristics. An amendment to the tax code permitting in-service distri butions at the early retirement age would alter incentives to work or retire, as well as how much to work and for whom to work. Consequently, it would affect both labor force participa tion and hours worked among affected employees. The net effect of these changes in labor force participation and hours worked would be almost impossible to predict. Some workers who would otherwise have fully retired before the plan’s nor mal retirement age would choose instead to continue working Monthly Labor Review October 2000 27 Older Workers: Employment for their current employer on a reduced schedule, because they would be able to take partial pension distributions while still employed. This would tend to increase labor force partici pation. Other workers who would have taken early retirement and then sought other employment might choose instead to remain with their current employer on a reduced schedule. The effect of this change in behavior on hours worked might be close to neutral, depending on the wages available from alter native employment and the income received from pension dis tributions. Finally, some employees who otherwise would have chosen to continue working until reaching the plan’s normal retirement age might instead reduce their work schedule and supplement their earnings with partial distributions from the retirement plan. This would tend to reduce total hours worked. Distributions from 401 (k) plans. Coverage under defined contribution plans, such as those authorized under section 401 (k) of the Internal Revenue Code, grew rapidly during the 1990s. Between 1991 and 1997, the proportion of workers in medium and large private-sector establishments (those with 100 or more employees) who participated in defined contribu tion retirement plans increased from 49 percent to 57 percent.21 The trend among small establishments (those with fewer than 100 employees) was similar. In 1996, 38 percent of employ ees in small private establishments participated in defined con tribution retirement plans, compared with 28 percent in 1990.22 In-service distributions from defined contribution plans that occur before the participant reaches age 591/2 are subject to a 10 percent excise tax in addition to ordinary income taxes. Distributions may begin as early as age 55, however, if the employee separates from his employer under an early retire ment plan. Distributions in the form of a lifelong annuity are permissible at any age. Some advocates of phased retirement arrangements have suggested that the minimum age for in-ser vice distributions from defined contribution plans should be lowered to age 55.23 The effect on labor force participation of such a change in tax policy would likely be very similar to the effect of allowing in-service distributions from a defined ben efit plan at the plan’s early retirement age. Some workers who might have fully retired from the labor force earlier than age 591/2, so that they could begin taking distributions from the plan, would be induced to work longer. Others who would have taken early retirement and then sought work elsewhere would remain with their current employers, because they would be able to combine wages from part-time work with distributions from the retirement plan. Finally, some employees who other wise would have chosen to continue working until age 591/2 or later would reduce their work schedules and supplement their earnings with distributions from the retirement plan. Flexibility versus nondiscrimination. Pension plans that pro vide benefits mainly to the owners of a firm or to highly paid employees do not qualify for favorable tax treatment under the 28 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Internal Revenue Code.24 The tax code defines specific tests that must be applied to a pension plan to determine whether or not it meets these requirements for nondiscrimination in favor of highly compensated employees.25 These tests con sist mainly of mathematical computations of the percentage of plan participants who are highly compensated employees and the percentage of contributions to the plan or benefits paid by the plan that are made on behalf of highly compen sated employees. It is a relatively common practice for firms to establish sepa rate nonqualified retirement plans for the company owners or senior executives. However, if a plan that was originally es tablished as a tax-qualified plan is subsequently found to dis criminate in terms of coverage or benefits in favor of highly compensated employees, it could lose its tax-qualified status. In most of these cases, the only viable options available to the plan sponsor would be to remove the discriminatory provi sions of the plan or terminate the plan. Covering rank-and-file employees under a nonqualified plan usually would not be practical because of the substantial tax liability that would re sult for both the plan sponsor and plan participants. In general, employers would prefer the flexibility to offer phased retirement to some—but not all—pension plan partici pants. Some analysts have suggested that, even if Congress were to amend the Internal Revenue Code to allow in-service distributions from pension plans before the normal retirement age, it would do little to spur the growth of phased retirement unless employers also were permitted to limit eligibility for this benefit to employees with particular skills or abilities. However, a phased retirement option that offered in-service distributions only to managerial or professional employees could result in the plan failing to meet the nondiscrimination requirements of the Internal Revenue Code by altering the dis tribution of benefits among plan participants in a way that fa vored the highly compensated group.26 In contrast, a phased retirement option that offered in-service distributions to all participants meeting specified age and length-of-service re quirements would not conflict with the IRC antidiscrimina tion requirements. Section 410(b) of the Internal Revenue Code prescribes specific tests for determining if a pension plan’s coverage or benefits discriminate in favor of highly compensated employ ees. These tests are mathematical calculations that reveal the proportion of plan participants who are highly compensated employees and the proportion of contributions or benefits that are made on behalf of highly compensated employees. Some plan sponsors who would like to implement phased retire ment programs would prefer to have these tests for nondis crimination replaced by the more subjective method of test ing that was in effect until 1994, which was based on the “facts and circumstances” surrounding the operation of the plan. In some cases, a phased retirement option that fails the math ematical tests for nondiscrimination that are required under current law might not fail if it could be tested under the earlier (pre-1994) approach. Legislation in the 106th Congress. Only July 19, 2000, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Comprehensive Re tirement Security and Pension Reform Act. Among many other pension reforms, this act would authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to, in some cases, employ a test based on facts and circumstances.27 Earlier in July, the Phased Retirement Liber alization Act (H.R. 4837; S. 2853) was introduced, which would amend the Internal Revenue Code to permit in-service (preretirement) distributions from a defined benefit or defined contribution plan when the participant has either reached the plan’s normal retirement age, reached age 5916, or has com pleted 30 years of service, whichever comes first. Currently, such distributions cannot be made from a defined benefit plan before the participant has reached the plan’s normal retirement age or from a defined contribution plan before age 59I/2. Policy responses to an aging population In a free market economy, individual employers decide how much compensation to offer and whether that compensation will include benefits like pensions and health insurance. Em ployees decide whether they will work, where they will work, and how much they will work at least in part on the basis of the compensation offered by prospective employers. The terms of these labor market transactions can be influenced through di rect regulation—such as ERISA, the Age Discrimination in Em ployment Act, and minimum wage legislation—through social insurance programs— such as Social Security and Medicare— and through the financial incentives created for both employers and employees by the Internal Revenue Code. Social insurance programs and the tax code differ from di rect regulation in that their primary objectives are, respectively, to provide benefits to individuals and to collect revenue for government operations. Nevertheless, both Social Security and the tax code affect the labor market behavior of employers and workers by establishing financial rewards or sanctions for cer tain actions. Given that the aging of the population and the im pending retirement of the baby-boom generation are likely to affect the supply of labor and the productive capacity of the economy, both the Social Security Act and the tax code may be amended to provide incentives for people to work longer. The rules that govern eligibility for Social Security benefits can have a substantial influence on workers’ decisions about when to retire. Empirical evidence indicates that more retire ments occur at age 62—the earliest age at which reduced re tired worker benefits are available—and at age 65—the earliest age at which full retired worker benefits are available—than at other ages. The “earnings test,” which reduces benefits for some Social Security beneficiaries who work, and the “delayed re tirement credit,” which increases benefits for workers who de https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fer their benefits until after age 65, also may influence one’s deci sion to work (and how much to work) after becoming eligible for Social Security. At times each of these provisions has been amended to provide greater incentives for individuals who are eligible for Social Security to continue working. The Social Security Amendments of 1983 mandated a gradual increase in the age at which individuals are eligible for full retirement benefits from its current level of 65 years to 67 years in 2022. As a result, the actuarial reduction in Social Security benefits for those who retire at 62 will increase from 20 percent to 30 percent, creating a financial incentive to de lay receipt of Social Security and continue working. The 1983 amendments also provided for an increase in the delayed re tirement credit (DRC) for workers who defer their application for Social Security benefits until after age 65. In 1977, Con gress set the drc at 3 percent, meaning that benefits were permanently increased by 3 percent for each year that a worker delayed receipt of Social Security beyond age 65. The 1983 amendments provided for a gradual increase in the drc begin ning in 1990. When fully phased-in, the drc will be 8 percent per year for people who turn age 65 in 2008 or later, which will result in a drc that is close to being “actuarially fair” for the average worker. The Social Security Act was recently amended to repeal the earnings test for beneficiaries who are 65 or older. As a result of Public Law 106-182 (April 7, 2000), the earnings test has been eliminated for people at the full retirement age (currently 65 years) or older, effective January 1, 2000. The earnings test remains in effect, however, for beneficiaries who are under the full retirement age. In 2000, Social Security recipients under age 65 will have their benefits reduced by $1 for each $2 of earnings in excess of $10,080. Some employers are calling on Congress to amend the tax code to allow employers greater flexibility in designing phased retirement programs for their employees. One proposed amend ment would permit pension in-service distributions to employ ees who have not reached the pension plan’s normal retirement age. This, employers say, would allow them to offer older em ployees the chance to cut back their work schedules to part time, while supplementing their reduced salaries with pension income. Under current law, such an arrangement would be per missible only for plan participants who have reached the plan’s normal retirement age. The Phased Retirement Liberalization Act would allow inservice pension distributions to begin when a participant has reached the earliest of the plan’s normal retirement age (59'/2 years), or the completion of 30 years of service. This might promote continued employment among older workers who— if given the choice between working full time and taking early retirement—would otherwise have chosen to retire. A more complicated issue, not addressed by this legislation but likely to arise in the future, is whether an employer may offer such an option only to specific categories of workers. □ Monthly Labor Review October 2000 29 Older Workers: Employment Notes 1 Current Population Reports, series P-25, no. 1130, reproduced in Statistical Abstract o f the United States: 1999 (Bureau of the Census, 1999), table 17, p. 17. shaping the End of Work,” Compensation and Benefits Management, vol. 16 no. 2 (spring 2000). 2 For more on this trend, see Joseph F. Quinn, Retirement Patterns and Bridge Jobs in the 1990s, Issue Brief 206 (Washington, DC, Em ployee Benefit Research Institute, February 1999). 16 The 586 firms that participated in the survey represent only about 6 percent of the 9,500 employers to whom the survey materials were sent. Thus, caution should be used when interpreting the results of this survey. 3 Labor force participation rates are annual averages from the monthly data. The c p s , a scientifically designed survey of about 50,000 house holds, is conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census on behalf of b l s . Using data derived from the c p s , b l s publishes numerous labor force statis tics by a variety of economic, social, and demographic characteristics. For more information on the c p s , see bls Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1997), ch. 1, pp. 4-14. 17 In a “tax-qualified” plan, employer contributions to the plan are deductible business expenses for the firm and neither the em ployer contributions nor investment earnings on those contributions are counted as income to the employee in the years that they occur; instead, pen sions are taxed as income when the benefits are paid to plan participants in retirement. Usually, retirees are taxed at a lower marginal tax rate than when they worked. c ps 4 Approximately one-quarter of the employees of State and local governments— about 5 million people— work for governments that have elected not to participate in Social Security. This is the only remaining large group of workers not covered by Social Security. 5 See Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private Establish ments, 1997, Bulletin 2517 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1999), tables 1 3 6 -3 7 , pp. 1 0 8-09 . 6 A lthough the labor force participation rates discussed in the previous section were based on annual averages of monthly data, the employment data analyzed in this section are from the March supple m ent to the c p s . They show em ploym ent in the w eek prior to the March c p s interview. The March c p s files were used for this analysis because they include detailed data about sources o f incom e in the previous year. We used inform ation about current labor force status rather than information about labor force status in the previous year, because an individual who reported that he or she both worked and received pension income during the previous year might have worked and received pension income consecutively rather than concurrently. 7 Economic Report o f the President (Council of Economic Advisers, February 2000), table B-40, p. 354; and table B-2, p. 308. 8 See Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private Establish ments, 1993, Bulletin 2456 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1994) table 1, p. 8; and Employee B enefits in M edium and Large Private Establishments, 1997, Bulletin 2517, table 1, p. 5. 9 The percentage of awards to women aged 65 and older increased temporarily in 1997 and 1998 as a result of an outreach effort by the Social Security Administration to convert nondisabled widow beneficia ries to a higher status, so they could receive benefits as retired workers. 10 The normal retirement age also is 62 in about a quarter of private pension plans. 11On April 7,2000, the President signed H.R. 5, the Senior Citizens’ Free dom to Work Act (pl . 106-182), which eliminated the earnings test for people at the full retirement age (currently age 65) or older, effective January 1,2000. The earnings test remains in effect for Social Security recipients under the full retirement age. 12Testimony of Wilma K. Schopp on behalf of the Association of Private Pension and Welfare Plans before the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Ag ing, April 3,2000. 13 This discussion refers to in-service distributions under defined benefit pension plans. In-service distributions under defined contribu tion plans are discussed later in the article. ton, 14 See, for example, New Opportunities fo r Older Workers, (Washing DC, Committee for Economic Development, 1999). 15 Laurene A. Graig and Valerie Paganelli, “Phased Retirement: Re 30 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18 Code o f Federal Regulations, § 1.401 -1 (b)( 1)(i). 19 If a plan participant continues to work for an employer beyond the p lan ’s norm al retirem ent age, the plan m ust m eet the statutory requirements for continued benefit accruals; see 26 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1)(H). 20 Requirements for qualification of pension plans are defined at 26 U.S.C. § 401(a). 21 Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private Establishments, Bulletin 2422 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1993) and Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private Establishments, Bulletin 2517 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1999). 22 Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments, Bulletin 2388 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1991) table 1, page 5; and Em ployee Benefits in Small Private Establishments, Bulletin 2507 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1999), table 1, page 5. 23 It might also seem reasonable that if legislation were passed to allow in-service distributions from an employer’s defined benefit plan at the plan’s early retirement age, then distributions from the em ployer’s defined contribution plan should be permitted at the same age (perhaps with a lower limit of 55). However, such a policy would suffer from at least two drawbacks. First, the minimum age for in-service distributions from defined contribution plans, which is now the same for all such plans, would differ from firm to firm, thus making the retirement plan ning process even more confusing for workers and their families. Sec ond, it would be administratively difficult—and in some cases, perhaps, impossible— to tie the minimum age for in-service distributions in the defined contribution plan to the early retirem ent age specified in the employer’s defined benefit plan. 24 26 U.S.C. § 401(a)(4) states that a qualified pension trust is one in which “the contributions or benefits provided under the plan do not discrim inate in favor of highly com pensated em ployees (w ithin the meaning of section 414(q)).” The term “highly-compensated employee” is defined at 26 U.S.C. § 414(q) as a person who is at least a 5-percent owner of the firm or is paid compensation of at least $85,000 and is among the top 20 percent of em ployees in the firm with respect to com pensation. 25 26 U.S.C. § 410(b). 26 Employers whose approach to phased retirement does not affect eligibility for pension distributions are less likely to violate the IRC nondiscrimination provisions. Examples would be phased retirem ent plans that involve only reductions in hours of work, job sharing, trans fers to other duties, or that are based on rehiring retired former employ ees. These are conditions o f employment rather than characteristics o f the pension plan. 27 H.R. 1102 was ordered reported with amendments by the Senate Finance Committee on Septem ber 7, 2000. Public-Service Employment Public-service em ploym ent programs in selected OECD countries Public-service employment programs play an important role in many o e c d countries; they may be the only effective way to aid those among the long-term unemployed who are less skilled and less well educated Melvin M. Brodsky Melvin M. Brodsky is coordinator, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor. oecd https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis he enactment of the Personal Responsibil ity and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996 transformed the U.S. welfare system into a work-based one. The Act requires most recipients to either find work or lose welfare benefits after not more than 2 consecutive years on welfare. Many former welfare recipients are find ing jobs in the private sector; one study of nine States found that between 50 percent and 70 per cent of former welfare recipients are working.1 However, a number of experts have highlighted two potential problems: the low employability of those remaining on welfare and the negative impact of an economic downturn on the ability of many wel fare recipients to find jobs. An article in one publi cation asks whether today’s welfare success could be tomorrow’s crisis and expresses concern as to what will happen to former welfare recipients when the jobs dry up and the safety net provides limited support for the jobless poor.2 The possibility of a future job crisis for those coming off of welfare has prompted numerous re searchers to examine the job creation potential of public-service employment programs.3 Research ers at the Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College suggest establishing a program whereby the Federal Government would “buy” all unem ployed labor at a fixed wage and “sell” it—that is, allow the program’s labor force to be reduced— when the private sector needs labor and offers those workers a higher wage.4 The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington, d c , examined public-service employment initiatives in a num T ber of States and cities and developed a check list to help guide community leaders preparing to launch new public job creation initiatives.5 And in a study of public-service employment in the United States, researchers from the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University concluded that “public service em ployment and mandatory work programs can provide a legitimate way out of the dilemmas one faces when jobs are scarce but the public and policymakers want to insist on work.”6 While recent U.S. experience with largescale Federal public-service employment pro grams is limited (the last significant effort to ward that end was the Comprehensive Employ ment and Training Act ( c e t a ) program in the 1970s and early 1980s7), a number of coun tries from the Organization for Economic Co operation and Development ( o e c d ) have main tained such programs as an important labor market policy tool over the past two decades. This article examines trends in public-service employment programs in several European countries in which programs of that nature con tinue to be, or in the past few years have be come, one of the main labor market tools for moving the long-term unemployed into employ ment. Recent U.S. experience With the enactment of the 1996 Act, public-serv ice employment programs have increased their Monthly Labor Review October 2000 31 Public-Service Employment numbers in the United States. Welfare reform has permitted States to use their Temporary Assistance for Needy Families block grants to create wage-paying, publicly funded jobs for individuals who meet State-stipulated eligibility requirements. In addition, the new Federal welfare-to-work grants program, administered by the Department of Labor, can be used to fund public-service employment programs to help move longer term welfare recipients into unsubsidized employment. While a num ber of States are experimenting with various forms of publicservice employment, their efforts have been limited.8 It has been estimated that every month 35,000 recipients of Temporary As sistance for Needy Families are employed in some form of pub lic work, virtually all in New York and Wisconsin. The figure represents just over 1 percent of the more than 3 million fami lies in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program as of June 1998.9 OECD experience While the general trend over the past few years among some member countries of the o e c d is away from public-service em ployment programs, such programs continue to be an impor tant tool in helping countries assist the most disadvantaged elements of the labor market. The most recent o e c d data show that the average OECD-wide expenditures on public-service employment programs as a percentage of gross domestic prod uct ( g d p ) and as a percentage of all active labor market pro grams10 were 0.14 percent and 15.70 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) However, some o e c d countries place a greater em phasis on public-service employment than do others. Belgium, Denmark, Finland,11 France, Germany, Ireland, the Nether lands, and Sweden have consistently devoted a large share of their g d p and their labor market program budget to publicservice employment programs. Until 1994, Switzerland’s pro gram was minimal, but in recent years it has steadily increased, and it now accounts for a major share of the country’s active labor market programs. (See table 2.)12 Spending on publicservice employment programs in these nine countries aver ages 0.29 percent of g d p and 22 percent of expenditures on active labor market programs. By way of comparison with the U.S. experience, at its peak, in fiscal year 1979, c e t a expendi tures on public-service employment (the Title IFIID and Title VI programs) amounted to approximately 0.23 percent of g d p and accounted for more than one-half of the entire c e t a bud get.13 If every unemployed person in the United States were provided with a job paying the minimum wage in 1999, the total annual cost spent on public-service employment would be about 0.64 percent of g d p . That is a good deal less than the relative amount Belgium spent on its program in 1985 and only a little more than it spent in 1996 and thereafter. A review of the literature evaluating these countries’ pro grams shows that, while public-service employment programs have not been effective in reducing the general level of adult 32 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unemployment, they appear to help severely disadvantaged labor market groups stay economically active, and they can be effective as part of an overall strategy against social ex clusion.14 An examination of labor market policy in Belgium and the Netherlands provides a good perspective on both the contributions and the limitations of such programs. Of the nine o e c d countries relying most heavily on pub lic-service employment programs, Belgium has consistently had one of the highest unemployment rates (see table 3), while at the same time devoting a higher percentage of its g d p and active labor market program resources to public-service em ployment (see table 1). The Netherlands similarly had a rela tively high unemployment rate in 1985, yet its relative pub lic-service employment expenditure that year was barely onetwentieth that of Belgium. Today, the Netherlands has the lowest unemployment rate of the countries examined in this article, while its resources devoted to public-service employ ment programs increased from 0.04 percent of g d p in 1985 to 0.43 percent in 1999. Most analysts attribute the improve ment in the Dutch labor market to wage restraint and the widespread creation of part-time jobs;15 analysts attribute Belgium’s continuing high unemployment rate to an inflex ible wage formation process, high nonwage labor costs, and high levels of employment protection.16 Neither country re lies on public-service employment programs as its primary mechanism to influence the unemployment rate. Instead, both Belgium and the Netherlands use such programs to address the related problems of a high incidence of long-term unem ployment and low employment rates. In 1999, long-term un employment (that is, for a period of more than 12 months) as a percentage of the unemployment rate measured 60.5 per cent in Belgium and 43.5 percent in the Netherlands,17 while the employment rate (in full-time equivalents) remained low in both countries, by o e c d standards: 59 percent in Belgium and 57 percent in the Netherlands.18 Both of these problems result from the slow outflow of prospective workers from unemployment and social welfare programs, and together they are known as the “stock aspect” of the unemployment prob lem. One explanation for the existence of this phenomenon is the long duration of unemployment insurance benefits. In Belgium, workers can receive benefits indefinitely, and in the Netherlands, workers can receive them for up to 5 years. Moreover, those 51Vi years of age are entitled to receive ben efits until they retire. Not surprisingly, both Belgium’s and the Netherlands’ share of g d p devoted to passive labor mar ket programs, primarily unemployment insurance benefits, is very large—indeed, double the o e c d average. (See table 1.) Both countries use transitional jobs in the public sector as an alternative to continued dependence on income transfers. In recent years, a number of countries have introduced new initiatives aimed at moving the long-term unemployed into jobs through public-service employment programs. For example, a major goal of Germany’s 1998 Alliance for Jobs Strategy is twofold: (1) to prevent a buildup in long-term un employment by opening up job creation programs for those who have been unemployed for at least 6 months, rather than 12 months, and (2) to place greater emphasis on job creation measures carried out within the public sector. Belgium intro duced two new programs in 1998: the Progression to Work program and the “ Smet” jobs program, a Federal measure designed to employ recipients of unemployment benefits or social assistance in newly created jobs in the private sector. In both, the worker continues to receive an unemployment benefit or social assistance payment while working in a sub sidized job. Other new activation initiatives with public-serv ice employment components include Denmark’s Labor Mar ket Reform of 1998, which requires earlier “activation” of Table 1 the long-term unemployed through training or actual publicservice employment, Finland’s new combination jobs subsidy, which provides, among other things, labor market support plus an employment subsidy, and France’s New Start program, which targets those threatened with labor market exclusion and refers them to labor market services, including publicservice employment programs. Ireland’s direct job creation programs have almost tripled between 1991 and the present. The Netherlands’ Offer for All Strategy offers training, work experience, or jobs within the first year of unemployment, and Sweden’s new Public Temporary Employment program and Resource Jobs program provide jobs in the public sector. Switzerland’s public-service employment programs grew from 0.00 percent of g d p in 1985 to 0.19 percent in 1999. (See OECD countries’ expenditures for public-service employment programs, active labor market measures, and passive labor market measures [In p e r c e n t ] Public service employment as a percent of active measures2 Public service employment as a percent of GDP Active measures2 as a percent of GDP A ve ra g e ............................... A ustra lia......................................... A ustria............................................ 0.14 .06 .03 0.80 .49 .52 15.70 12 6 1.25 1.12 1.20 OECD countries' Pasive measures3 as a percent of GDP Belgium....................................... .47 1.34 35 2.51 Canada .......................................... Czech Republic............................. .05 .03 .51 .19 11 15 .99 .31 Denmark..................................... .19 1.77 12 3.12 Finland........................................ France......................................... Germany..................................... .19 .19 .33 1.22 1.33 1.30 24 14 25 2.33 1.80 2.12 Greece ........................................... H ung ary......................................... .00 .13 .35 .40 0 32 .50 .58 Ireland......................................... .63 1.66 38 2.42 Ita ly .............................................. Japan ........................................... K o re a ........................................... Luxem bourg................................... M exico............................................ .06 .00 .21 .00 .04 1.10 .09 .49 .30 .08 5 0 43 0 50 .64 .52 .19 .67 .0 Netherlands................................ .43 1.80 24 2.81 New Zealand.................................. N orw ay........................................... P oland............................................ P o rtu g a l......................................... .03 .00 .06 .05 .62 .82 .49 .85 5 0 12 6 1.57 .47 1.71 .89 S pain.............................................. .09 .81 11 1.41 Sweden....................................... .21 1.84 11 1.70 S w itzerland.................................... United K ingdo m ............................ United S ta te s ................................ .19 .00 .01 .70 .37 .17 27 0 6 1.07 .82 .25 1 Excluding Iceland and Turkey. 2 Active measures include public employment services, labor market train ing, youth employment and training measures, subsidized employment, and employment programs for the disabled. 3 Passive measures include unemployment compensation and payments for early retirement due to labor market measures. those countries, are in boldface type. Portugal spent 0.05 percent of g d p for public-service employment in 1997, but the country’s expenditures for active labor market measures are not available. Consequently, for comparison pur poses, the 0.03 percent the country spent in 1996 is used. S o u r c e : oecd E m ploym ent O utlook, June 2000, “Statistical annex,” table H, “ Public expenditure and participant inflows in labor market programs in o ec d N o te : countries.” Countries discussed in this article, as well as average figures for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review October 2000 33 Public-Service Employment Table 2. Direct job creation programs in the public sector, selected oecd countries, 1985 and 1996-99 Expenditures as a percent of active labor market measures1 Expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product Country 1985 1996 1997 1998 1999 1985 1996 1997 1998 1999 B elgium .......................... 0.79 0.56 0.48 0.47 — 58 38 39 35 — D e n m a rk........................ 2.18 .20 .22 .21 .19 16 11 13 13 11 F in la n d ........................... .38 .53 .40 .30 .19 41 31 26 22 16 France............................ .00 .22 .19 .19 — 0 16 14 14 — G erm an y........................ .12 .32 .26 .32 .33 15 22 21 25 25 Ire la n d ............................ .09 .63 — - - 6 38 - — - Netherlands................... .04 .12 .19 .39 .43 3 8 12 22 24 Sweden .......................... ID CO .43 .44 .39 .21 15 18 22 20 11 Switzerland..................... .00 .16 .22 .19 - 0 29 29 27 — 1Active labor market measures include public employment services, labor market training, youth employment and training measures, subsidized employ ment, and employment programs for the disabled. N o te S o u r c e Dash indicates data not available. : : oecd E m ploym ent Outlook, 1992 and 2000; from o ec d database on labor market programs. 2 1986 figure. table 2.) These efforts have been supported by a number of international initiatives, such as the European Union’s Ex perimental Action-Research and Project program to combat long-term unemployment, the European Social Fund’s pro gram to facilitate the reintegration of the long-term unem ployed into the labor market, and the National Action Plans that have been developed as part of an effort to implement the European Employment Strategy.19 The remainder of the ar ticle examines trends in public-service employment programs in the aforementioned countries. Guaranteed-employment programs Large-scale national job creation programs that guarantee ei ther temporary or permanent employment have been an im portant labor market tool within o e c d countries for many years. While many of the countercyclical types of programs of the 1980s were scaled down or abolished, those targeted on the long-term unemployed have remained. For the most part, early efforts to address the problem of long-term unemployment through public-service employment programs have proved un successful. Participants seldom learned marketable skills and rarely moved on to jobs in the private sector. Among the programs that were abolished or scaled back, Denmark’s Job Offer program of 1977, which guaranteed 7 months of subsidized work in the public sector to those who had been receiving unemployment benefits for 2 1/2 years, was abolished in 1994. Less than half of all people participating in Job Offer found regular (that is, unsubsidized) jobs afterwards, and a pattern of repeated circulation between long periods of 34 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis receiving benefits and shorter periods of performing subsidized work emerged.20 Finland’s 1987 Program of Guaranteed Em ployment sought to employ all of the long-term unemployed (that is, those unemployed for more than 12 months in the pre vious 2 years). The program had to be scrapped when unem ployment skyrocketed from 3.4 percent in 1990 to 17.7 per cent in 1993 and it became impossible to marshal the financial and administrative commitments associated with the job guar antee the program offered.21 Ireland’s early efforts to move workers from public-service employment programs into the private sector were not particularly successful. A survey of the old Social Employment Scheme, introduced in early 1985, found that only 18 percent of the participants were employed 18 months after completing the program.22 The Netherlands created Labor Pools in 1990 to serve as a job of last resort (for example, janitor, gardener, or streetcleaner) for jobseekers who had been unemployed for more than 3 years. The pro gram offered permanent employment contracts to the unem ployed, who were then hired out to public institutions. How ever, the program suffered from deadweight and substitution losses,23 and few moved out of it. After the first 2 years, only 12 percent of program participants had terminated their con tracts. This low percentage led the Netherlands to develop new public-service employment initiatives.24 Sweden’s longstanding (established 1933) Relief Works aimed at en couraging the demand for labor, primarily in public-sector services, by providing a job for a maximum of 6 months at the prevailing market wage rate. Such jobs could be arranged by central or local governments. Evaluations of this program showed little effect, or even a negative impact, on the ability of participants to find permanent or temporary employment, and consequently, Relief Works jobs diminished in impor tance during the 1990s. The program is now used primarily to reestablish people’s entitlement to unemployment insurance benefits.25 Many other public-service employment programs continue today, even though their effectiveness has been questioned and they have often led to the proliferation of subsidized jobs with little movement of their participants into the regular la bor market. Belgium’s Third Sector of Employment program, introduced in 1982, created permanent jobs in the nonmarket sector to satisfy needs that otherwise would not have been met. These jobs proliferated, and by 1994, more than onethird of public expenditures on labor market programs were devoted to subsidizing 70,000 jobs in the public sector. Few ever left the program for jobs in the private sector.26 In France, the main public-service employment program is the Commu nity-work Contracts program, which provides part-time jobs in the public sector for a period of 12 months, renewable to 24 months or even 36 months for people facing particular labor market difficulties. Since the program began in 1990, participation has increased greatly. The program is used prin cipally to make beneficiaries eligible once again for unem ployment benefits. On average, barely 18 percent of partici pants had a job in the open labor market 1 year after leaving the program. An evaluation of the program produced the rec ommendation that it be scaled back and include only benefi ciaries with a very low earnings potential.27 Germany’s largeTable 3. scale subsidized work program, called Support for Job Cre ation Measures and established in 1991, is reserved primarily for workers who have been unemployed for 6 months or more and is used to requalify them for unemployment benefits. Prior to reforming the program in 1997, little training was associ ated with it, and because the work that was offered could not compete with work offered by the private sector, jobs did not provide real-world experience for program participants. Con sequently, the program was judged as being no more effective than unemployment insurance programs in bringing people back into the regular labor market.28 The ineffectiveness of these programs has been attributed to a number of factors. First, those programs which guarantee a slot in a jobs program by a specific time, such as Finland’s Program of Guaranteed Employment and Denmark’s Job Of fer program, seemed to reduce the incentive to look for a job and were thus unsustainable.29 Second, public-service employ ment programs to satisfy public needs, such as the Third Sec tor of Employment program in Belgium, tended to prolifer ate, and the provision of jobs soon became accepted as a ba sic public service that could never be ended. Third, job cre ation programs that served mainly as a means for requalifying participants for unemployment insurance benefits (which was the chief aim in the majority of the programs examined thus far), resulted in the so-called carousel effect—the phenom enon whereby the long-term unemployed alternated between spells of receiving benefits and participating in the program.30 Fourth, job creation programs with no supportive labor mar- Standardized unemployment rates and incidence of long-term unemployment in selected OECD countries, 1985 and 1996-99 Standardized unemployment rate Incidence of long-term unemployment1 Country 1985 1996 1997 1998 _ 10.5 10.3 9.7 9.2 B elgium ............................ 10.4 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.0 69.2 D e n m a rk.......................... - 6.8 5.6 5.2 5.2 F in la n d ............................. 6.0 14.6 12.7 11.4 F rance.............................. 10.1 12.4 12.3 G erm an y.......................... 37.2 8.9 Ire land.............................. 16.9 Netherlands...................... 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 47.6 48.0 47.0 45.8 61.3 60.5 61.7 60.5 38.5 26.5 27.2 26.9 20.5 10.3 21.1 34.5 29.8 27.5 29.6 11.9 11.3 46.8 39.5 41.2 44.1 40.3 9.9 9.4 8.7 347.9 47.8 50.1 52.6 51.7 11.7 9.9 7.6 5.8 64.1 59.5 57.0 — — 8.3 6.3 5.2 4.0 3.3 58.7 50.0 49.1 47.9 43.5 Sweden ............................ 2 2.9 9.6 9.9 8.3 7.2 11.4 30.1 33.4 33.5 — Switzerland....................... — 3.9 4.2 3.5 — — 25.0 28.5 34.8 39.8 Average, European o e c d c o u n trie s......... 1Unemployment for 12 or more months as a percentage of total unemployed. 2 1986 figure. 3West Germany only. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1985 Dash indicates data not available. : oecd E m ploym ent Outlook, June 2000 and July 1989; oecd E conom ic O u tlo o k , December 1999. N o te S o u r c es : Monthly Labor Review October 2000 35 Public-Service Employment ket measures, such as job search assistance or training, often did not improve the employment prospects of the target popu lation. The pre-1997 Support for Job Creation Measures pro gram in Germany, Ireland’s Social Employment Scheme, and Sweden’s Relief Works program are good examples. Improved programs On the basis of the experiences recounted in the previous sec tion, the countries in question have worked to strengthen pub lic-service employment programs and their ability to move the unemployed or welfare recipients into the regular labor market. While many problems remain, these programs are be coming more flexible, more targeted to local needs, and bet ter linked to other labor market services. In pursuit of those ends, Belgium decentralized its employ ment policies, creating subregional employment committees. In an effort to strengthen the program’s linkages to the regu lar labor market, a guidance plan, or plan d ’accompagnement, is available to poorly skilled persons who have been unem ployed for more than 10 months. The plan is followed by an offer of a job or vocational skills training. In addition, each municipality has to create a Network of Local Employment Agencies to register those unemployed for 3 or more years and to assign these persons to jobs not existing in the regular labor market (for example, household work, gardening, and caring for sick people), for up to a maximum of 45 hours a month. Some have criticized the program because it tends to keep participants unemployed and encourages them to settle into a culture of assistance. As a result, in 1998, the Network of Local Employment Agencies was modified so that its par ticipants would receive an employment contract for an indefi nite period and would obtain a wage instead of a supplemen tary allowance alongside their unemployment benefit entitle ment. In 1996, 91,000, or 2 percent of the labor force, were registered in the program.31 Under the 1998 Labor Market Reform legislation, the public employment service became responsible for ensuring that “activation” offers enhance one’s chance of finding a job in the regular labor market. As indi cated earlier, Belgium introduced two new job creation pro grams that year. The Progression to Work program seeks to create additional jobs in the public and nonprofit sectors for the long-term unemployed, especially in cities suffering from high unemployment. The “Smet” jobs program creates serv ice jobs in the private sector that would not ordinarily be cre ated (for example, jobs to protect the environment) and that do not crowd out or substitute for other jobs. Under both pro grams, employment contracts run from 1 to 3 years. Where appropriate, supplementary training is provided to help the participant get back into the regular labor market. Denmark’s labor market reforms of 1993-94 gave regional labor market officials the authority to design and carry out programs in line with local needs. Programs to “activate” the 36 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unemployed may take the form of either training or pool jobs. The latter are jobs created within the public service, includ ing environmental protection, cultural activities, education, and social services. These jobs are limited to 3 years, and 90 percent of the cost of paying participants is refunded by the State. Wages are set to equal unemployment benefits. Den mark adopted new labor laws in December 1998 which stated that those 25 or older and unemployed for 12 of the previous 24 months have the right—indeed, the duty—to take part in active labor market programs. In addition, the public employ ment service became responsible for ensuring that its offers to the unemployed enhance their chance of getting regular employment. Denmark has also placed increased emphasis on tailoring the activities offered to the needs of the unem ployed through an individual action plan.32 Finland has shifted its focus of active labor market poli cies from subsidized jobs to training. However, public-serv ice employment is still an important element of the country’s labor market policy. Initiatives by the Government in early 1997 curtailed the possibility of a person’s requalifying for unemployment insurance benefits through participation in sub sidized job programs. Then, 1998 labor legislation focused subsidized employment on the needs of the long-term unem ployed, rather than as an instrument for the country to respond to mass unemployment caused by economic recession. The legislation also introduced a new combination subsidy con sisting of labor market support plus an employment subsidy. The support is payable to associations, households, local gov ernments, and enterprises for a period of 12 months and is intended especially to promote employment opportunities in the service sector. In addition, jobseekers’ skills are charted during regular, fixed-term interviews, and a jobseeking plan is developed.33 Under France’s National Action Plan For Employment, which began in October 1998, a New Start program was es tablished. New Start makes use of existing mechanisms and increased resources to target those jobseekers threatened with exclusion from the labor market. The goal is to offer all such jobseekers a “new start” by 2002. Public-service employment, an important element under New Start, is promoted through two types of contracts: community-work contracts and con solidated-employment contracts. The community-work con tract program, described earlier, has been reformulated to fo cus more on those facing the greatest labor market difficul ties. In addition, any extension of the duration of a position received under that contract is now linked to skills training that will facilitate the jobholder’s movement into the regular job market. The consolidated-employment contract program, which is targeted at those facing the greatest labor market difficulties, is being expanded within associations and local governmental bodies in order to meet unsatisfied community needs. The contract now includes vocational orientation meas ures, the recognition of acquired skills, and the drawing up of a list of occupational skills. To implement these and other labor market programs, public employment service resources have been increased, with a focus on those facing the largest labor market obstacles. In 1999, the community-work con tract accounted for approximately 425,000 jobs, while the con solidated-employment contract accounted for approximately 60,000 jobs.34 Germany’s 1997 law reforming the Labor Promotion Act provided for an increased emphasis on vocational training and on-the-job training in the Job Creation Measures program. Participants in the program can now spend 20 percent to 50 percent of their time on such activities. The objectives are to establish a more explicit bridge back into the normal labor market and to provide job search and reintegration services to participants. A major goal of the 1998 Alliance for Jobs Strategy is to prevent the buildup of long-term unemployment, and public-service employment programs have been opened for persons unemployed for at least 6 months rather than 12. In 1998, municipalities were given wide powers to set up job creation projects. The number of participants in eastern Ger many increased from 177,000 in January 1998 to 442,000 in November of that year. In a review of the German economy, the o e c d noted that these efforts to reduce the official unem ployment rate run the risk of making the programs a perma nent feature of the German economy, which would be detri mental to the development of the primary labor market. While the o e c d supports efforts to move recipients of social assist ance into the labor market, it warned that the new German initiative to encourage local governments to place those re cipients in work may crowd out jobs in the primary labor mar ket. Of the 700,000 beneficiaries of social assistance who were judged capable of working in 1997, local governments found or created work for some 200,000, of whom about a third were employed under the Job Creation Measures program.35 In 1994, Ireland replaced its Social Employment Scheme and several other employment creation programs with the Community Employment program. This program provides some 40,000 part-time jobs (about 3 percent of total employ ment) in more than 3,000 projects sponsored by public-sector organizations or community groups. One-fourth of these jobs are reserved for persons older than 35 who have been unem ployed for more than 3 years, and the remainder are for per sons over the age of 21 who have been unemployed for more than 1 year. Participants have an annual contract that is re newable for up to 3 years and are paid an allowance set by the Government in place of unemployment benefits. The program has improved the job prospects of the long-term unemployed by providing 20 days of training, in addition to work experi ence, in those projects with more than 11 participants. In 1996, 36 percent of participants found jobs, while another 30 per cent received further training. A subsequent evaluation of the program led to the recommendation that participants should get more training outside of working hours and should not https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stay in the program indefinitely, as some have done in the past by taking a 6-month break after completing a session and then enrolling again.36 The Netherlands shifted the responsibility for integrating the long-term unemployed into the labor market from the na tional Government to municipalities so as to be able to better provide services that are most necessary and to tailor those services to those who are in need of them. The 1996 program on Additional Employment for the Long-term Unemployed created 40,000 permanent new jobs, or “Melkert jobs,” named after the Dutch minister of social affairs and employment. These jobs, which can be filled only by people who have been unemployed for more than a year, are aimed at increasing public safety, improving care for the disabled and the elderly, managing the environment, and providing services for groups such as the homeless or youths at risk. The jobs are concen trated in the areas of highest unemployment (especially the four largest cities), are 50 percent funded by money saved on benefit payments, pay minimum wages, and are for 32 hours a week (as opposed to the normal working time of 36 hours). In 1998, 20,000 additional “Melkert jobs” were created. Ef forts are being made to integrate education and training into the program, give people working in the program priority when they apply for nonsubsidized jobs, and provide bonuses when workers leave the program. While there have been startup and implementation problems (for example, insufficient coopera tion among institutions in charge of the programs and a lack of motivation on the part of participants or, even worse, their total unemployability), these jobs may be the only way left for some people to return to the labor market.37 Complement ing “Melkert jobs,” the Jobseekers Integration Act of 1998 brought together a number of subsidized employment pro grams and gave local authorities more freedom to offer cus tomized work in reintegrating the unemployed into the labor market through the promotion of socially useful activities for the lower skilled jobless. Almost three-quarters of the jobs created under the act were in the public sector or with non profit organizations, and only one-quarter were in the privatemarket sector. Employment contracts are offered that com bine skills training with financial incentives to return to regu lar work or that provide a long-term program consisting of training, temporary placement in a job to gain work experi ence, and, finally, placement into a regular job. The number of employment contracts effected under the Jobseekers Inte gration Act is estimated to have been about 52,000 in 1998, a figure that is expected to rise to 56,000 in 2001.38 Sweden introduced a new form of temporary work experi ence program in 1993 to keep the unemployed in contact with the labor market. This program, the Employment Develop ment program (known in Sweden by its Swedish acronym, a l u ) , differs from Relief Works in a number of ways. Specifi cally, the work provided includes a training component, is usually carried out by nonprofit organizations (such as trade Monthly Labor Review October 2000 37 Public Service Employment unions and educational associations) and municipalities, and would not have been carried out without a subsidy.39 Under the 1998 Resource Jobs program, public-sector employers provide positions for long-term jobless people, who may still collect unemployment benefits on the job. Participants receive benefits, and employers are allowed to supplement the amount of the benefits up to a maximum of 90 percent of the income on which the benefit is based. The duration of a person’s par ticipation in the program is 6 months, and 10 percent of the person’s time is allocated to a job search. Another new pro gram is Public Temporary Employment, which provides pub lic-service employment for those unemployed persons over the age of 55. The goal is to utilize their skills to improve the quality of work in the public sector. In addition to these pro grams, the Government has increased public-employmentservice resources in order to create individual action plans for those who are at risk of long-term unemployment.40 As part of its unemployment insurance reform in 1997, Switzerland made the continued receipt of benefits conditional on participation in active labor market programs, primarily work experience programs. Of the 235,000 persons in active labor market programs in 1998, almost half, or approximately 8 percent of the total employed, were placed in temporary employment slots supplied by the public sector.41 While the opportunities for training in the early stages of this program were limited, in recent years the Government has placed an increased emphasis on training workers in public-service em ployment programs in order to assist them in integrating into private-sector jobs. To help implement the new system, a na tionwide network of 150 regional placement offices was cre ated. In addition, Switzerland ended the possibility of requalifying for new benefit entitlements through participa tion in temporary work experience programs.42 Trends The more recent public-service employment programs have become more effective for a number of reasons. First, rather than randomly placing long-term unemployed workers in such programs, countries are now assessing both the needs of the unemployed and the local labor market and then developing individual action plans. Negotiated between an unemployed worker and a public-service employment officer, the plans describe steps to be undertaken by both parties in order to move the unemployed worker to eventual employment in the private sector. For example, Belgium’s plans call for guid ance for poorly qualified long-term unemployed persons, fol lowed by a job offer or training. Denmark requires that an action plan be drawn up for all those who are unemployed for 2 years, aimed specifically at getting them back into employ ment. France’s New Start plan provides a “path” for the long term unemployed that includes public-service employment, and Finland updates jobseeking plans after the duration of 38 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unemployment reaches 500 days. Second, and related to the first reason, countries are incor porating skills training and assistance with job searches into their public-service employment programs. For instance, Bel gium provides supplementary training under its Progression to Work and “Smet Jobs” programs. Germany’s 1997 reform encouraged training in its Job Creation Measures program. Ireland’s Community Employment program has improved the job prospects of the long-term unemployed by providing 20 days of training. In the Netherlands, the Jobseekers Integra tion Act includes a training component in job contracts. Sweden’s a l u program includes a skills-training component in public-sector jobs, and its Resource Jobs program allocates time for a job search. Recently, Switzerland’s work experi ence program began placing a greater emphasis on providing training to workers in public-service employment programs. Third, the role of the public employment service has in creased in importance. Belgium, Denmark, France, Sweden, and Switzerland have all emphasized the role of the service in helping to ensure that public-service employment programs are but an intermediate stop on the way to employment in the regular labor market, and not the final destination. Finally, public-service employment efforts have become more locally based, as evidenced by Belgium’s Network of Local Employ ment Agencies, the Netherlands’ Jobseekers Integration Act, which provides local officials with more authority to offer work to the unemployed, and Sweden’s efforts to give local authorities more freedom to develop projects under the a l u program. Social enterprises A number of countries are making increased use of smallscale local or community-based programs that are not entirely distinct from the programs described in the previous sections. These homegrown programs are aimed at generating employ ment in the “intermediate labor market” via special “reinte gration enterprises,” or “community businesses.”43 Sometimes referred to as “social enterprises,” these structures are set up for the sole purpose of moving the long-term unemployed into the regular labor market. Their activity is conducted in the public interest, and their main objective is not to maximize profit, but to attain certain economic and social goals, such as the end to exclusion of the long-term unemployed from the labor market. For example, they may focus on developing new social services for individuals and families or on improving the environment. These kinds of social enterprises are an al ternative to more traditional job creation programs, and pre liminary data indicate that they have been highly effective in selecting and training disadvantaged workers and then inte grating them into the regular labor market.44 In Belgium, different types of social enterprise operate in each region of the country. In the Walloon region of southern and southeastern Belgium, “training through work enterprises” and “work integration social enterprises” aim to reintegrate the unemployed into the labor market. In the western Flanders region, two types of enterprise are prominent: (1) social work shops provide employment to the most disadvantaged of the unemployed through economic activity in a sheltered envi ronment (not to be confused with sheltered workshops for the disabled); (2) work integration enterprises are commercial es tablishments whose goal is to create lasting employment for disadvantaged groups in labor-intensive, “socially beneficial” activities. The “company with a social aim” became a new legal form of business on July 1, 1996.45 France’s Insertion through Economic Activity program, which provides paid employment for those facing particular social and occupational difficulties, has existed for the past 20 years. By 1993, there were some 14,000 participants in temporary job creation and training programs in 560 reinte gration companies.46 A new law passed in July 1998 author ized the French public employment office to organize various “insertion pathways.” For example, under the Insertion En terprises program, those belonging to disadvantaged groups are recruited to produce marketable goods and services under a fixed-term contract of up to 24 months. The contracts can be renewed twice. “Insertion enterprises” are exempted from paying the employer’s social security contribution for those persons approved by the public employment office. In addi tion, these enterprises receive a grant of 50,000 french francs (approximately $7,000) per year to achieve their aims. Other programs are the School Workshops and Insertion Workshops, which provide work experience for persons with very low skills through activities focusing on care for the natural or urban environment.47 The G erm an Work Integration Social E nterprises (Beschäftigungs und Qualifizierungsgesellschaften, or b q g ’s ) program funds legally independent, not-for-profit organiza tions whose function is to provide a bridge for disadvantaged groups between unemployment and the regular labor market. Approximately 3,500 to 4,500 projects employ 75,000 to 95,000 participants. The Gesellschaften zur Arbeitsforderung Beschäftigung und Strukturentwicklung are “employment and structural development companies” that had their origin in 1991 in the former East Germany. They provide a bridging and training/retraining function for workers shed from State enterprises following reunification. By 1995, there were 400 companies with some 155,000 participants.48 Ireland defines social enterprises as those companies, co operatives, and associations that promote the social welfare. A number of Government bodies—primarily the Ministry of Health and the Enterprise and Employment Ministry—help to finance the social economy sector.49 Recently, the Govern ment decided to cut 5,000 places in its Community Employ ment program and shift the funds to more direct spending on a new “social economy” program.50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In the Netherlands, local communities are cooperating with other organizations, such as welfare and volunteer organiza tions, in experiments aimed at stimulating participation in un paid activities while people retain their social assistance ben efits. The goals are to prevent and combat social exclusion by offering a work perspective to people for whom finding em ployment seems an almost impossible task. Another program allows municipalities to experiment with programs to provide socially useful employment-related activities for recipients of benefits. More than 160 experimental projects have been in troduced in 25 cities. Municipalities have directly organized placements, worked with existing welfare and voluntary or ganizations, or created partnerships. The objectives of the ex periments are to prepare people to return to work and to pre vent social exclusion and isolation.51 Sweden also has utilized social enterprises as a means of ending long-term unemployment. The Swedish Cooperative Institute and the Swedish Institute for Social Economy exam ined the effect of the social economy on local employment. The results show a positive impact on job creation in many regions and lower rates of unemployment.52 The benefits of the programs mentioned in this section are that they cost less, serve local communities’ needs better, pro vide work experience closer to the “real economy” than is typically the case in more traditional public-service employ ment programs, and often do a better job integrating skills training with work experience. The problem with such pro grams is that they are often small and serve a limited number of people. It is unclear what impact expanding them would have on their effectiveness. h i s a r t i c l e h a s r e v i e w e d p a s t a t t e m p t s by selected o e c d coun tries to develop public-service employment programs. Prob lems associated with the implementation of these programs have been identified and recent efforts to improve their ef fectiveness highlighted. Public-service employment programs continue to be an important component of labor market policy in many o e c d countries. A panel of experts representing 11 o e c d countries examined the effectiveness of measures to as sist the long-term unemployed and concluded that the direct creation of jobs through public-service employment programs may be the only way to help many of the unskilled and less well-educated long-term unemployed.53 A recent review of what works among active labor market programs reports that public-service employment programs appear to be making a comeback in some o e c d countries, especially as part of a “re ciprocal obligation” on the unemployed in return for contin ued social assistance benefits.54 □ T Notes_______________________________ 1 Jack Tweedie and Dana Reichert, “Tracking Recipients After They Leave Welfare: Summaries of State Follow-up Studies,” National Confer ence of State Legislators, based on paper presented at conference of Ameri- Monthly Labor Review October 2000 39 Public-Service Employment can Public Welfare Association and National Governors’ Association, Falls Church, v a , Feb. 26-27, 1998. 17 Employment Outlook (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000). 2 Aaron Bernstein, “Will Today’s Welfare Success Be Tomorrow’s Cri sis,” Business Week, Dec. 6, 1999. 18 Economic Survey o f Netherlands (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000). 3The term “public-service employment” refers to the public funding of jobs in public or nonprofit agencies. 19Employment in Europe, 1999 (Brussels, European Commission, 1999). 4 Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, Full Employment Has Not Been Achieved, report no. 53 (Annandale-on-Hudson, n y , The Jerome Levy Economics In stitute of Bard College, 1999); on the Internet at http://www.levy.org/. 5 Clifford M. Johnson, Checklist fo r Identifying Quality Work Sites for Public Job Creation Programs (Washington, d c , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 1999); on the Internet at http://www.cbpp.org/12-23-99wtw.htm. 6 David T. Elwood and Elisabeth D. Welty, Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work: A Policy Whose Time Has Come and Gone and Come Again? (Cambridge, m a , Harvard University, Kennedy School of Govern ment, Mar. 6,1999); on the Internet at http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/elwood- welty.pdf. 7 Evidence regarding outcomes of ceta ’s public-service employment pro gram was mixed, and throughout the effort, the local delivery of Federal pub lic-service employment was beset with administrative problems. (See Robert F. Cook, Charles F. Adams, and V. Lane Rawlings, Public Service Employ ment, the Experience o f a Decade (Kalamazoo, mi, w . e . Upjohn Institute for Employment, 1985).) As a result, since those findings, U.S. policymakers have not given serious consideration to reintroducing large-scale Federal publicservice employment as a tool to combat economic recessions. 8 See Robert Rector, “Wisconsin’s Welfare Miracle,” Policy Review, March-April 1997 (on the Internet at http://www.poIicyreview.com/mar97/ rector.html), for a good description of the unique way in which that State is using public-service employment to get people into full-time work. 9 Elwood and Welty, Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work. 10All active labor market programs include public-employment services, labor market training, youth employment and training measures, subsidized employment, and employment programs for the disabled. 11 While subsidized public-service employment has been one of the pri mary tools for getting the long-term unemployed back to work in Finland, the current view is that too much emphasis has been placed on it. Although expenditures continue to be high compared with those of other oecd coun tries, public-service employment has been scaled back in recent years. See “Active and Passive Labor Market Policies in Finland,” Employment Obser vatory, Trends, no. 28, summer 1997, pp. 62-65. 12 Although Korea currently devotes considerable resources to publicservice employment, it had no such programs until 1998; for that reason, Korea is not examined in this article. 13 The U.S. Department of Labor fiscal-year 1983 budget document reports that in 1979 the budget authorized $2.5 billion for Title II/IID pub lic-service employment and $3.4 billion for Title VI temporary employ ment assistance. 20 The Public Employment Service: Denmark, Finland, Italy (Paris, Or ganization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1996). 21 Social Assistance Programs in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel opment, 1996). 22 Economic Survey o f Ireland (Paris, Organization for Economic Coop eration and Development, 1997). 23 “Deadweight” means that the job would have been created, regardless of whether the program existed. “Substitution” means that the program par ticipant was selected for the job in place of someone who did not participate in the program. 24Economic Survey o f the Netherlands (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1998). 25 Nigel Meager, with Ceri Evans, The Evaluation o f Active Labor Mar ket Measures fo r the Long-term Unemployed (Geneva, International Labor Office, 1998); on the Internet at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/publ/etpl6.htm. See also Anders Forslund and Alan B. Krueger, An Evaluation o f the Swedish Active Labor Market Policy: New and Re ceived Wisdom, Working Paper No. 4802 (Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1994). 26 The Public Employment Service: Belgium (Paris, Organization for Eco nomic Cooperation and Development, 1997). 27 Economic Survey o f France (Paris, Organization for Economic Coop eration and Development, 1997). 28 Meager with Evans, Evaluation o f Active Labor Market Measures. 29 Lars Calmfors, “Active Labor Market Policies and Unemployment— a Framework for the Analysis of Crucial Design Features,” Labor Market and Social Policies Occasional Paper No. 15 (Paris, Organization for Eco nomic Cooperation and Development, 1994). 30 Martin, “What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies.” 31 “Active and Passive Labor Market Policies in Belgium,” Employ ment Observatory, m i s e p s y s d e m Trends, European Commission, Berlin, no. 28, summer 1997, pp. 10-14. 32 “Third Phase of the Danish Labor Market Reform,” Employment Ob servatory, m i s e p Policies, European Commission, Berlin, no. 65, spring 1999. 33“Reforming Employment Office Services, Finland,” Employment Ob servatory, m i s e p Policies, European Commission, Berlin, no. 61, spring 1998. See also National Action Plan fo r Employment, Finland (Berlin, European Union, 1998); on the Internet at http//www.ias-berlin.de/ias/ 14 John Martin, “What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies: Evidence From oecd Countries’ Experiences,” o e c d Economic Studies, no. 30 (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000). links/links_en.htm. 15 Gunther Schmid, “The Dutch Employment Miracle? A Comparison of the Employment Systems in the Netherlands and Germany,” Employment Observatory, m i s e p Policies, no. 59, autumn 1997, pp. 23-31. 34“The Struggle Against Exclusion: Employment Promotion Measures,” Employment Observatory, m i s e p Policies, European Commission, Berlin, autumn 1998, no. 63. See also “France— National Action Plan for Employ ment,” Employment Observatory, m i s e p Policies, European Commission, Berlin, spring 1999, no. 65. 16 Economic Survey o f Belgium (Paris, Organization for Economic Co operation and Development, 1997). 40 Monthly Labor Review October 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 Economic Survey o f Germany (Paris, Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development, 1998). 36 Economic Survey o f Ireland (Paris, Organization for Economic Co operation and Development, 1999). 37 Economic Survey o f the Netherlands. 38 The Local Dimension o f Welfare to Work: An International Survey (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999). 39 The Public Employment Service: Austria, Germany, Sweden (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1996). 40 National Action Plan fo r Employment, Sweden (Berlin, European Union, 1998, 1999); on the Internet at http//www.ias-berlin.de/ias/Iinks/ 43 Meager with Evans, Evaluation o f Active Labor Market Measures. 44 S o c ia l E n te r p r is e s (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999). 45 I b id . 46 Meager with Evans, E v a lu a tio n o f A c t iv e L a b o r M a r k e t M e a s u r e s . 47 “France— National Action Plan for Employment.” 48 Meager with Evans, 49 S o c ia l E n te r p r is e s . 50 S u r v e y o f I r e la n d . E v a lu a tio n o f A c t iv e L a b o r M a r k e t M e a s u r e s . links_en.htm. 51 “France— National Action Plan for Employment.” 41 The legal requirement that the activities of workers in subsidized temporary employment programs not compete with the primary labor mar ket is the chief reason for the large number of workers participating in public-service employment programs. 42 Economic Survey o f Switzerland (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 52 S o c ia l E n te r p r is e s . 53 “The Long-term Unemployed and Measures to Assist Them,” L a b o r (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1992). M a r k e t a n d S o c ia l P o l ic y O c c a s io n a l P a p e r N o . 7 54 Martin, “What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies.” Monthly Labor Review October 2000 41 At Issue... Reasons for working multiple jobs People become multiple jobholders for a variety of reasons. Of the 8.5 million people who worked more than one job in May 1997, 4 out of every 10 did so to meet regular household expenses or to pay off debt. According to data from the Current Population Survey, other common reasons for working more than one job included enjoying the work on the second job, wanting to save for the future, wanting to get experience or build up a business, and wanting some extra money to buy something special. (See chart.) The reasons for multiple jobholding varied noticeably among demographic groups. For example, the proportion working more than one job to pay off debts was highest among those aged 16 to 24 (18.2 percent) and then de clined with age to a low of 2.1 percent for those 65 and older. (See table.) Young workers (aged 16 to 24) also were the most likely to hold an extra job in order to get money to buy some thing special. The group aged 55 and older had the greatest percentage of w o rk ers who re p o rte d th at they worked more than one job because they enjoyed the work on the second job (27 percent). These workers were almost twice as likely as adults aged 25 to 54, and nearly 6 times as likely as teenagers, to moonlight for this rea son. The proportion of multiple job holders who worked more than one job to pay regular household expenses was about 10 percentage points lower for older workers than for persons aged 25 to 54. Nevertheless, nearly a fourth of multiple jobholders aged 55 and older gave this as the reason for working more than one job. In general, men and women worked more than one job for the same rea sons . The sharpest disparities between the sexes occurred among older work ers. A large proportion of men aged 55 and older (30.8 percent) worked more than one job because they en joyed the work on the second job; this compares with 21.8 percent of older women. Older women, on the other hand, were most likely to moonlight in order to meet regular household ex penses or to pay off debts— 36.3 per cent, versus 22.2 percent for older men. For women who maintained fami lies, the overw helm ing reason for working multiple jobs was to meet regular expenses or to pay off debts (64.5 percent); this compares with 49.4 percent of men who maintained families. A greater percentage of blacks (53.2 percent) and of Hispanics (49.0 Reasons for working more than one job, May 1997 O th e r re a s o n s M e e t r e g u la r h o u s e h o ld expenses E n jo y s w o r k o n s e c o n d jo b B u y s o m e t h in g s p e c ia l This report was prepared by Jennifer L. Martel of the Office of Employment and Unemploy ment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is based on I s s u e s in L a b o r S ta tis tic s , Summary 0015 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000). 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis October 2000 percent) than of whites (39.5 percent) also reported that they worked more than one job to meet regular house hold expenses or to pay off debts. About 15 percent of whites were mul tiple jobholders because they en joyed the work on the second job; this was slightly higher than the propor tion among blacks and triple the pro portion among Hispanics. As the current economic expansion has continued past May 1997, the number of m ultiple jobholders has edged down. As mentioned above, in May 1997 and in May 1991, about twofifths of multiple jobholders worked more than one job in order to meet regular household expenses or to pay off debts. It may be that the number of m ultiple jobholders has edged down during the period since May 1997 because the continuing strength in the economy has enabled them to meet regular household expenses or pay off debts without having to work more than one job. P a y o ff d e b t s H e lp f r ie n d o r r e la t iv e G e t e x p e r ie n c e o r b u ild u p b u s in e s s S a v e fo r t h e fu t u r e M u ltip le jo b h o ld e rs by ag e, race, H is p a n ic o rigin , s ex, m a rita l sta tu s , and re aso n fo r w o rk in g at m o re th a n o n e jo b , M ay 1997 Percent distribution by reason Characteristic Total (thousands) Total To meet regular household expenses To pay off debts To save To get experience or build future tP a business To help out a friend or relative To get extra money to buy something special Enjoys the work on the second job Other reasons Total, 16 years and o lde r...................... 16 to 24 ye a rs.................................. 25 to 34 y e a rs .................................. 35 to 44 y e a rs .................................. 45 to 54 y e a rs .................................. 55 years and o ld e r.......................... 8,751 1,274 2,054 2,607 1,986 829 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.9 24.7 34.7 32.7 31.5 23.6 10.5 18.2 14.2 8.1 7.6 4.6 8.7 11.4 8.3 9.5 7.2 6.1 7.7 5.2 9.2 8.5 8.0 5.0 3.2 2.3 2.4 3.7 3.8 3.8 7.9 13.0 7.5 6.8 5.8 9.4 14.5 6.5 10.4 15.4 17.3 27.0 16.6 18.5 13.4 15.3 18.8 20.6 Men, 16 years and o ld e r...................... 16 to 24 y e a rs .................................. 25 to 34 y e a rs .................................. 35 to 44 y e a rs .................................. 45 to 54 y e a rs .................................. 55 years and o ld e r.......................... 4,720 647 1,143 1,419 1,033 478 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.3 25.3 33.6 32.6 27.4 19.1 10.4 • 17.7 16.2 7.3 6.9 3.1 10.1 13.2 9.8 11.0 9.3 5.7 8.4 6.6 7.9 9.3 9.1 7.6 2.8 3.5 1.9 2.2 3.7 3.8 7.4 13.5 5.0 6.8 6.5 8.5 15.9 7.4 11.5 16.0 19.0 30.8 15.8 12.7 14.1 14.8 18.1 21.6 Women, 16 years and o ld e r................ 16 to 24 y e a rs .................................. 25 to 34 y e a rs .................................. 35 to 44 y e a rs ................................. 45 to 54 ye a rs.................................. 55 years and o ld e r.......................... 4,031 628 912 1,188 953 351 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.7 24.1 36.0 33.0 35.9 29.6 10.7 18.8 11.6 9.0 8.3 6.7 7.0 9.6 6.3 7.8 4.9 6.7 7.0 3.9 10.8 7.4 6.8 1.5 3.7 1.1 3.0 5.4 4.0 3.8 8.5 12.5 10.7 6.8 5.1 10.7 12.8 5.6 9.1 14.7 15.6 21.8 17.6 24.3 12.4 15.9 19.5 19.3 W h ite ...................................................... B la ck ...................................................... Hispanic o rig in ....................................... 7,566 874 557 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.7 39.0 39.5 9.8 14.2 9.5 8.8 7.9 9.7 8.0 5.6 5.4 3.5 1.4 3.0 8.0 6.9 11.2 15.2 11.4 4.6 17.0 13.8 17.0 M e n :....................................................... S ingle................................................ Married, spouse p re s e n t................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ... 1,238 2,910 573 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.4 31.2 30.6 15.6 8.1 10.5 11.1 10.1 7.8 8.0 8.3 9.8 2.4 3.0 2.8 10.1 6.3 7.1 10.3 19.2 11.0 18.0 13.9 20.3 W om e n:.................................................. S ingle................................................ Married, spouse p re s e n t................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ... 1,145 1,941 946 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.7 28.8 45.4 15.6 7.2 12.2 9.4 6.5 4.9 3.5 9.9 5.1 2.5 4.1 4.4 12.9 7.4 5.4 9.0 16.5 9.9 18.3 19.6 12.8 Women who maintain fam ilies.............. 577 100.0 52.6 11.9 5.0 1.6 2.0 6.1 8.3 12.4 NOTE: Data on the number of multiple jobholders differ from the regularly published monthly data because of differences in the estimation procedures used to produce the data. Detail may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding. Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 43 Précis For whom the tide rises Katharine L. Bradbury, in her article “Rising Tide in the Labor Market: To What Degree Do Expansions Benefit the Disadvantaged?” (New England Economic Review, May/June 2000) examines whether the decade of the 1990s has proven to be a true labor boon, for whom, and to what extent. She writes that some groups may ex perience disadvantages in the labor market, which “may be attributable to barriers in the labor market as well as to differences in group characteristics such as educational attainment. Differ ent reasons for disadvantage suggest different likely responses to the busi ness cycle.” Has the “rising tide,” in fact, lifted all boats? In general, Bradbury notes that blacks and w hites, teenagers and adults all have felt positive effects from the economic expansion. The downside, though, has been “when one asks whether a strong economy raises all boats to the same level, [it appears that] disadvantaged groups still have above-average unemploy ment.” The author has found that edu cational attainment remains the key element as to whether a person will be able to ride the high points of the crest or be contented to coast along at the lowest points of the trough. In the Internet boat The Industry Standard, a newsweekly co v e rin g the In te rn e t E conom y, wanted to find out how ’Net workers were doing in terms of job satisfac tion. Their study gathered data about each respondent and their compensa tion package, job satisfaction, and benefits of Internet Economy employ ees in online and offline firms. What floated the Internet workers’ boats? “Challenging work” had the biggest im pact on job satisfaction. 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Salary was a close second. “Not op tions— cash m oney,” reported the Standard’s Maryann Jones Thomp son in the S ep tem b er 11 issue (www.thestandard.com/article/display/0,1151,18386,00.html), “ [a]nd this workforce demonstrated a true work-hard-play-hard ethic: Paradoxi cally, working weekends and receiv ing lots of vacation time were equally strong predictors of happiness at work.” This research, w hich was co n ducted after the dot.com stock market tide went out, found that workers are pretty realistic about the Internet Economy: “Most know their chance to retire at 30 may not materialize but still feel fortunate to be working for a company that values its employees.” But this does not seem to have dis couraged the ’Net set— more survey respondents reported being very sat isfied at work this year than last year. Ability and returns to schooling To what extent does ability explain the rise in the return to education ob served in the past couple of decades? Measurement problems related to this question are addressed in a recent pa per by James Heckman of The Univer sity of Chicago (who is one of this year’s Nobel Prize winners in Econom ics) and Edward Vytlacil of Stanford University. In “Identifying the Role of Cogni tive Ability in Explaining the Level of and Change in the Return to School ing,” ( n ber Working Paper No. 7820), Heckman and Vytlacil describe pos sible explanations for why the ability bias may have increased over time, therefore increasing the measured re turn to education. It may be that the modern economy provides a greater return to ability than the economy of decades ago; also, the am ount of schooling that individuals receive O ctober 2000 may be more correlated now with their ability than in the past, if enrollment is now more merit-based than in the past. Heckman and Vytlacil note that the ability bias is usually considered to be a problem of omitted variables. The data sets that have been used to mea sure the economic return to education tend to lack a measure of individual ability. H ow ever, in this paper, Heckman and Vytlacil analyze a data set that does contain measures of abil ity—the National Longitudinal Sur vey of Youth ( n l s y ). Data from this survey, whose participants were be tween the ages of 14 and 22 in 1979, include scores from a battery of 10 in telligence tests. Heckman and Vytlacil use the first principal component of the test scores as a measure of gen eral intelligence. To perform their analysis, they classified individuals by ability and education, into what are called “cells.” Their analysis is con fined to data for white males, as the data are too sparse within cells for other groups to permit analysis. Heckman and Vytlacil show that education and ability have such a strong association that the effects of the two on wages cannot be sepa rated for all groups. For example, they find that (within age groups) the wage differential between college graduates and high school graduates rose in the mid 1980s for young workers in the highest quartile of ability but not for those in the next highest quartile. Furthermore, there are so few college graduates in the lowest two quartiles of ability that the college-high school differential cannot even be identified in those quartiles. □ We are interested in your feedback on this column. Write to: Executive Editor, Monthly Labor Review, Bu reau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC, 20212, ore-mail MLR@bls.gov Book Reviews A third way Nonunion Employee Representation: History, Contemporary Practice, and Policy. Edited by Bruce Kaufman and Daphne Taras. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2000,576 pp. $87.95. Today, employees have two approaches in dealing with management on matters of wages, benefits, and working condi tions. They can approach management as individuals and hope to gain a hear ing for their concerns. If that approach fails, they can simply accept their fate or pursue the issue through litigation as an individual. Such litigation may be popular, but using the courts to resolve grievances can be an expensive and timeconsuming process for employers and employees. The other approach is to organize as a group and bargain collectively. Latest data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that only 13.9 percent of the workforce were members of unions. While it is legally possible for most em ployees to choose representation through collective bargaining, in reality relatively few have opted to resolve their grievances in that manner. It is possible that fewer of today’s employees choose union representation because they are happier with their working conditions than in the past. It is also possible that workers simply do not consider tradi tional labor organizations to be a viable solution for their workplace problems. In the United States, there once was another choice for employees. Until pas sage of the Wagner Act in 1935, workers could express themselves through non union employee representation [n e r ]. In a n e r , workers meet with managers in an employer-created group to jointly consider relevant employee-related is sues. A NER might take several forms, ranging from a worker council to a socalled company union. In their book, Nonunion Employee Representation, Bruce Kaufman and Daphne Taras re ignite the discussion of this option that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is currently illegal in the United States but still practiced in other countries such as Canada. Of course, they are not the first to call for reconsideration of the ban on n e r . The modern discussion of allow ing management-controlled employee councils erupted in 1992, when the Na tional Labor Relations Board (NLRB) ruled that Electromation’s employee committee constituted an unfair labor practice by declaring it a company-cre ated labor organization. This ruling was followed by the unsuccessful attempt in 1996 to pass legislation in Congress known as the Teamwork for Employees and Management [ t e a m ] Act. After those two events, very little has been said about nonunion employee represen tation until publication of this new work. Through a series of essays by a vari ety of writers, the two professors show the history, theory and practice of vari ous n e r s in the United States and Canada. The first 100 pages of the book are spent cataloging the history of non union employee representation in the United States and Canada, followed by pages of theory and a thorough discus sion of contemporary practice in other parts of the world. Beyond the essays authored entirely or in part by the edi tors, other essays are provided by aca demics from a variety of universities in the United States, Canada, England, Ger many, and Japan. Much of the work is devoted to showing the advantage of n e r in various cultures and placing the n l r b ’s ban in its historical context. These sections are followed by almost 75 pages devoted to practitioner com mentaries by labor relations practitioners and several labor attorneys, as well as employees who have participated in em ployer-employee councils. These au thors share their personal experiences with nonunion employee representation. Two individuals concerned with labor policy in the United States and Canada give their perspective in the final essays in the book. In their concluding chapter, Kaufman and Taras outline their argu ments for repeal of the n e r ban. They believe the special situation that existed when the Wagner Act was enacted is no longer applicable and suggest that NER is especially valuable in today’s labor environment. While the two editors indicate in their own essays their preference for repeal of the present ban on NER, they do in clude essays by authors who adamantly oppose their view. Jonathon Hiatt and Laurence Gold make an energetic argu ment against proposals such as t e a m . The General Counsel and Assistant General Counsel for the a f l -c i o believe that creation of employer-established workplace organizations would be one more barrier to true employee represen tation. Reg Basken, Secretary-Treasurer of the Communications, Energy, and Paperworkers Union in Canada also ex presses his concerns with allowing socalled “company” (or as he calls them, “donkey”) unions in the United States. Rather than opposing the repeal of the ban on NER, he argues that such repeal should be tied to elimination of right-towork laws in the United States. Perhaps because so little has been written lately on this subject, the editors felt it necessary to include so much ma terial in one volume. At 576 pages, the book includes 18 articles and 12 case studies. It attempts to serve as both a single-volume reference work on the subject and as an advocate for recon sideration of NER by policymakers. Al though not technically difficult to un derstand, the amount of content might be a bit daunting to the casual reader and the nonacademic. Readers may wish to read the chapters selectively based on their personal interests in matters of labor history, contemporary labor policy and so on. As the editors point out in their con clusion, current labor theory dictates that high performance workplaces re quire high levels of employee involve ment in decisions affecting the firm. By outlawing nonunion employee represen tation in 1935, Congress limited em- Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 45 Book Reviews ployee choices as to the proper manner of that involvement. The book raises an interesting issue as to whether the American workforce still needs legisla tive protection from this form of em ployer-employee cooperation in deter mining the fundamental issues in the workplace. —Michael Wald Bureau of Labor Statistics Atlanta region World labor market trends Key Indicators o f the Labor Market. Geneva, International Labor Organi zation, 1999, 600 pp. $99.50, paper; $99.50, CD-ROM; $180, print and CD set. Available in the United States from ILO P ublications Center, Waldorf, m d 20604-0753. The International Labor Organization’s Key Indicators o f the Labor Market not only allows a snapshot look at the labor market situation across approxi mately 240 countries, areas, and terri tories, but also allows the comparison of trends in these places. Eighteen in dicators are grouped into seven sub ject areas: participation in the world of work; employment indicators; un employment, underemployment and inactivity indicators; an educational attainm ent and illiteracy indicator; wage and labor costs indicators; la bor productivity and unit labor cost indicators; and poverty and income distribution indicators. Each indicator is presented along with descriptive text that gives some guidance on how it might be used. The primary sources for the book are other international repositories of information. In principle, the diligent analysts could reproduce Key Indica tors from these sources. But that would be a big task requiring a num ber of subtle technical judgments. The 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis added value of the book is that by pro cessing and repackaging the informa tion, and providing expert guidance on issues related to using it, Key Indica tors has made this information acces sible to the majority of analysts who have neither the time, the connections, nor the inclination to get and use it in its less refined form. In my view, Key Indicators has two particular strengths. The first is that it is more than just a book. It also comes on CD-ROM. The CD not only provides the exact same information as the book, it provides even more, and it allows ana lysts freer range in manipulating the in formation according to their needs. The book’s c d -r o m is generally easier to use than others I have tried. Of particu lar note are the links it provides to the book’s website and other sites of inter est, and the fact that there is an immedi ate way of knowing how much and where the information is available. The book’s information is also presented in a separate paper volume of country pro files, so users interested in an immedi ate statistical profile of a certain country’s labor market have one just at their fingertips. Key Indicators' other strength is the guidance it provides on information comparability across countries and over time. With some work, a careful analyst could divide information for a particular indicator across countries into more or less comparable groups and restrict or appropriately qualify analysis accord ing to this distinction. But even though the book is already vastly better on giv ing guidance about international com parability than many other repositories, I still want more. For instance, it would be very useful if future versions of the CD-ROM allowed users to select infor mation on the basis of some pre-pro grammed comparability criteria, in much the same way that they can now select information on characteristics such as gender, age group, geographical loca tion and so forth. My one criticism of Key Indicators O ctober 2000 is that the examples of analyses that can be carried out are written in a way that suggests that rather conclusive answers are possible using only the book’s in formation. For example, in its analysis of its relationship between labor force participation rates and economic devel opment, there is a conclusive explana tion of the relationship as related to shifts from agriculture to urban activi ties and increasing relative earnings of prime-age male workers. I have no par ticular quarrel with the analysis or its conclusion; I wish simply to point out that sources of information other than the book must have been drawn upon to support it. Key Indicators informa tion can provide good indicators of plau sible hypotheses and where to look for answers, but more conclusive analyses can come only from more in-depth sources of information. One source of information to carry out a more in-depth analysis would be the microdata (household or establish ment level) from which the indicators ul tim ately have been tabulated. The book’s website already contains contact information and some links to national statistical sources. It would be quite a useful tool to researchers if these links could be expanded to include links to the original microdata and documenta tion for using it. All the better if the Key Indicators team could provide a com mon interface for accessing this infor mation. With its very first edition, the book already provides an indispensable tool to analysts seeking a look at major trends in the world’s labor markets. The skel eton of a network to the information be hind these trends also has been built. Researchers, policy analysts, and the policy makers and others whom they in form should all benefit from the knowl edge contained in this book. We should all say thank you. —Kenneth A. Swinnerton Bureau of International Labor Affairs U.S, Department of Labor Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics ..................... 48 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators....................................................... 58 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, andproductivity......................... 59 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes..................................................... 59 Labor force data 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 10. Unemployment rates by States, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 11. Employment of workers by States, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry................................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry............................... 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population........ 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry.................. 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry...................................... 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 65 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and government................................................................ 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o re........... 81 82 Price data 28. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups................ 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all item s........................................................... 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups.............................................................. 31. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................. 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups................................................................ 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing...................................................... 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification......................................................... 35. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification......................................................... 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................. 37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................ 38. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories of services........................................................ 83 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 Labor compensation and collective bargaining d ata 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group................................. 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group................................. 23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers, by occupation and industry group................. 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s iz e .................... 25. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firm s..... Labor compensation and collective bargaining data— continued 75 Productivity data 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted........................ 40. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity....................... 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p rice s....................................................... 42. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected industries........................................................................... 95 96 97 98 International comparisons data 43. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted.................................................. 101 44. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries............................ 102 45. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries....................................................................... 103 77 Injury and illness data 78 46. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates.................................................................. 104 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure............................................................................ 106 79 80 Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 47 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of addi tional information are cited. G e n e ra l notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as cli matic conditions, industry production sched ules, opening and closing of schools, holi day buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are es timated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14,16-17,39, and 43. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 were re vised in the February 2000 issue of the Re view. Seasonally adjusted establishment sur vey data shown in tables 1, 12-14 and 1617 were revised in the July 2000 Review and reflect the experience through March 2000. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjust ment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 45 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and per cent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numer ous Consumer and Producer Price Index se ries. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems cpi. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14— are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro priate component of the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bul letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs o f the Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appear ing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earn ings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the bls annual report, Geographic Profile o f Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bul letin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol lowing Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the cpi , see the Decem ber 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices ap pear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm For additional information on interna O ctober 2000 tional comparisons data, see International Comparisons o f Unemployment, BLS Bulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ ment, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the time liness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls sta tistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECl) program. The labor force partici pation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major de mographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are pre sented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sec tor are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is cho sen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a com prehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensa tion and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civ il ian nonfarm w orkers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and com pensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4-20) Household survey data Description of the series E mployment data in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample con sists of about 50,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regu lar jobs because of illness, vacation, indus trial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the pre https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unem ployment rate represents the number unem ployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitu tional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employ ment as a percent of the civilian nonin stitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A de scription of these adjustments and their ef fect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Em ploym ent and Earnings. Data beginning in 2000 are not strictly comparable with data for 1999 and earlier years because of the introduction of revised population controls. Additional information appears in the February 2000 issue of Em ployment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been season ally adjusted with a procedure called X -11 arima which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X11 method previously used by bls . A de tailed description of the procedure appears in the X -ll a r i m a Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the beginning of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjust ment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. The historical sea sonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro duced for the July-December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. F or additional information on na tional household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 6916378. Establishment survey data Description of the series E mployment, hours , and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 300,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard In dustrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessar ily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for ex ample, or warehouse.) Self-employed per sons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the sur vey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures be tween the household and establishm ent surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a fac tory or store) at a single location and is en gaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period in cluding the 12th day of the month. Per sons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with pro duction operations. Those workers men tioned in tables 11-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; con struction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following in dustries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups ac count for about four-fifths of the total em- Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 49 Current Labor Statistics ployment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but exclud ing irregular bonuses and other special paym ents. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for U rban Wage E arners and C lerical Workers (CPI-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory work ers for which pay was received, and are dif ferent from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of av erage weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premi ums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the per cent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing em ployment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are season ally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 provides an index on pri vate nonfarm employment based on 356 in dustries, and a manufacturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the X-12 arima methodology to seasonally ad just establishment survey data. This proce dure, developed by the Bureau of the Cen sus, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved mea surement of over-the-month changes and un derlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the bench mark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on in complete returns and are published as pre liminary in the tables (12-17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the es timates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, De cember data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establish ment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and Feb ruary and as final in March. For additional information on estab lishment survey data, contact the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics: (202) 691-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justment, which incorporated March 1999 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 2000 data, published in the July 2000 issue of the Review. Coincident with the benchmark adjustment, historical seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors. Unadjusted data from April 1999 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In addition to the routine benchmark revi sions and updated seasonal factors introduced with the release of the May 2000 data, all esti mates for the wholesale trade division from April 1998 forward were revised to incorpo rate a new sample design. This represented the first major industry division to convert to a probability-based sample under a 4-year phase-in plan for the establishment survey sample redesign project. For additional infor mation, see the the June 2000 issue of Employ ment and Earnings. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2000 data. 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of lo cal economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partner ship Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions under lying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. For additional information on data in O ctober 2000 this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10) or (202) 691-6559 (table 11).______________ Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1-3; 21-27) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECi) is a quar terly measure of the rate of change in com pensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of em ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm work ers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensa tion costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Fed eral workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 4,400 private non farm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments provid ing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data are col lected each quarter for the pay period includ ing the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local govern ments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu lation.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensa tion, not employment shifts among indus- tries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/non-metropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for em ployee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including produc tion bonuses, incentive earnings, commis sions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and em ployee benefits are such items as payment-in kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local govern ment sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Histori cal indexes (June 1981=100) are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm F or additional information on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 691-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approxim ately 9,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid family leave. Also, data are tabulated on the inci dence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, well ness programs, and employee assistance programs. Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use prede termined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for partici pants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included estab lish m en ts that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governm ents w ith 50 or m ore employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included m edium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governm ents and sm all private establishments were conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys of medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. F or additional information on the Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Of fice of Compensation Levels and Trends on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from a variety of pub lished sources and cover only establish ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number o f stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 51 Current Labor Statistics W orkers involved: The num ber of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. F or additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Office of Com pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 691-6282, or the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm force. The cpi is based on prices of food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged be tween major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 re tail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are pre sented in table 29. The areas listed are as in dicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Price Data Notes on the data (Tables 2; 28-38) In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi-w . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of home-ownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owneroccupied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPiw were introduced with release of the Janu ary 1987 and January 1998 data. F or additional information on. con sumer prices, contact the Division of Con sumer Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7000. P rice data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and p ri mary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base pe riod— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Con sum er Price Indexes (unless otherw ise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market bas ket of goods and services. The cpi is calcu lated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all ur ban households. The wage earner index (CPiW) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representa tive index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95 buying hab its of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and cleri cal workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the selfemployed, short-term workers, the unem ployed, retirees, and others not in the labor 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure av erage changes in prices received by domes tic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calcu lating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quo tations per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities pro duced in the manufacturing; agriculture, for estry, and fishing; mining; and gas and elec tricity and public utilities sectors. The stageof-processing structure of ppi organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, interme diate goods, and crude materials). The tradi tional commodity structure of ppi organizes products by similarity of end use or mate rial composition. The industry and product O ctober 2000 stru ctu re of ppi organizes data in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the product code ex tension of the sic developed by the U.S. Bu reau of the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial trans action in the United States from the pro duction or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, pri marily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing com panies on a voluntary and confidential ba sis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with im plicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. F or additional information on pro ducer prices, contact the Division of In dustrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7705. international Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Resi dents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, busi nesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufac tures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed dur ing the first week of the month. Survey re spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price used in the cal culation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification (SITC), and the four digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by coun try or region of origin are also available. BLS publishes indexes for selected catego ries of internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The values as signed to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1990. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s speci fications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s ques tionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, dis counts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of trans action of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valua tion of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insur ance, and freight) at the U.S. port of importa https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion, which also includes the other costs as sociated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. F or additional information on inter national prices, contact the Division of In ternational Prices: (202) 691-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 39-42) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a fam ily of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of mul tifactor productivity (output per unit of com bined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The mea sures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly com pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per hour of labor input. Out put per unit of capital services (capital pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the quan tity of goods and services produced per com bined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, in puts include labor, capital, energy, non-en ergy materials, and purchased business ser vices. Compensation per hour is total compen sation divided by hours at work. Total com pensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in which there are no self-em ployed). Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compen sation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out put. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments ex cept unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours of all persons ad justed for the effects of changes in the edu cation and experience of the labor force. Capital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by combining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share of total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (gdp) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Pri vate business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analy sis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output in dexes from the Federal Reserve Board are ad justed to these annual output measures by the bls. Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost mea sures in tables 39-42 describe the relation- Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 53 Current Labor Statistics ship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its pro duction. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and ser vices produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not mea sure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital invest ment; level of output; changes in the utiliza tion of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of produc tion; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. FOR A D D ITIO N A L INFORM ATION on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 691-5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series The b l s industry productivity data supplement the measures for the business economy and major sectors with annual measures of labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels of the Standard In d u stria l C lassific atio n system . The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed indepen dently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. employees. For some transportation indus tries, only indexes of output per employee are prepared. For some trade and service industries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are constructed. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division of Industry Produc tivity Studies: (202) 691-5618. International Comparisons (Tables 43-45) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 43 and 44 present comparative meas ures of the labor force, employment, and un em ployment— approxim ating U.S. con cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where neces sary, for all known major definitional differ ences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures pro vide a better basis for international compari sons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions Definitions Output per hour is derived by dividing an in dex of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value of industry out put adjusted for price change. For the remain ing industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The labor input series consist of the hours of all employees (production and nonproduc tion workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers), or the number of employees, depending upon the industry. For the principal U.S. definitions of the la bor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, the Departments of Commerce, Inte rior, and Agriculture, the Federal Reserve Board, regulatory agencies, trade associa tions, and other sources. For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. The insti tutional population is included in the de nominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on O ctober 2000 layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Re view, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990, 1994, 1997, 1998), France (1992), Italy (1991,1993), the Neth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection method ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the un dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. Therefore, the data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on Employment and Unemployment Data of this Review. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data esti mated according to the International Labor Office ( i l o ) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O E C D ) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the EUROSTAT data are more up-to-date than the OECD figures. Also, since 1992, the EUROSTAT definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method of weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unemploy ment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodol- ogy was revised and the definition of unem ployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, BLS adjusted Italy’s published unemploy ment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the in corporation of the 1991 population census results. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ployment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This dif ference is attributable mainly to the incorpo ration of the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 cen sus results. For the Netherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that al lowed for a closer application of i l o guide lines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 per cent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions re garding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes low ered Sweden’s 1987 unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement period for the la bor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for popu lation totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unemployment rate by approxi mately 0.5 percentage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden revised its labor force survey data for 1987-92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The im pact of this change was to increase the ad justed unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the ad justment to include students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the b l s adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden’s 1987 unem ployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 45 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are trend compari sons— that is, series that measure changes over time— rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in com paring the levels of manufacturing output among countries. b l s constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures— out put, total labor hours, and total compensa tion. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and sal ary earners plus self-employed persons and unpaid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in manufac turing for the United States for these com parative measures. The gross product origi nating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. pro ductivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 39 and 41 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by b l s using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehen sive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the Min istry of Labor for use with the national ac counts employment figures. For the other countries, b l s constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994-97; therefore, the b l s measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts of each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by b l s using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Output, in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national accounts of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of industrial production, and the national accounts mea sures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial pro duction. The 1977-97 output data for the United States are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, “Improved Estimates of Gross Notes on the d a ta Product by Industry, 1959-94,” Survey o f Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133— In general, the measures relate to total manu 55.) The Japanese value added series is based facturing as defined by the International Stan upon one set of fixed price weights for the dard Industrial Classification. However, the years 1970 through 1997. Output series for measures for France (for all years) and Italy Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 55 Current Labor Statistics (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufactur ing output (such as industrial production in dexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 46-47) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness, b l s measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were dis continued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the d a ta Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman al location is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is strati fied by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These data also are shown separately for inju ries. Illness data are available for seven catego ries: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disor ders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num ber of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported dur ing the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recog nized and reported. These long-term latent ill nesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the over whelming majority of the reported new ill nesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, con tact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of in juries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 em ployee hours represent 100 employee years O ctober 2000 (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the BLS Of fice of Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in ad dition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to b l s by the Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration and the Federal Railroad Administra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, b l s began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the cir cumstances of their injuries and illnesses (na ture of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for de tailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or access the Internet at: http ://ww w.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion and Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration records, medical examiner and au topsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques tionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family mem bers, and Federal, State, and local govern ment workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirem ent of his or her job. Definition related illnesses, which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. A fatal work injury is any intentional or un intentional wound or damage to the body re sulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such es sentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work- Notes on the d a ta Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally in jured worker, the fatal incident, and the ma chinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event charac teristics are included in a national news re lease that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the b l s Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or the Internet at: http ://ww w.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics internet The Bureau of Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range of data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: http://stats.bls.gov Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous ftp or Gopher at stats.bls.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 57 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1998 Selected indicators 2000 1999 1998 1999 Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):1 Labor force participation rate....................... ............. 67.1 67.1 67.0 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.1 67.0 67.0 67.5 67.3 Employment-population ratio..................................... 64.1 64.3 64.1 64.0 64.1 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.3 64.7 64.6 Unemployment rate................................................... 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 Men........................................................................... 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 16 to 24 years......................................................... 11.1 10.3 10.7 11.5 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.0 10.4 9.7 9.7 25 years and over.................................................. 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 Women...................................................................... 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.4 3.0 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.1 16 to 24 years......................................................... 9.8 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.4 9.8 9.2 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.0 25 years and over.................................................. 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1 Total............................................................................. 125,865 128,786 125,486 126,180 126,967 127,800 128,430 129,073 129,783 130,626 131,552 Private sector............................................................ 106,042 108,616 105,726 106,321 107,016 107,741 108,319 108,874 109,507 110,195 110,725 Goods-producing................................................... 25,414 25,482 25,427 25,408 25,469 25,488 25,454 25,459 25,524 25,680 25,703 Manufacturing..................................................... 18,805 18,543 18,871 18,765 18,716 18,632 18,543 18,516 18,482 18,481 18,488 Service-producing................................................. 100,451 103,304 100,059 100,772 101,498 102,312 102,976 103,614 104,259 104,946 105,849 Average hours: Private sector........................................................... 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 Manufacturing...................................................... 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.7 41.7 Overtime............................................................. 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 41.7 4.7 Employment Cost Index Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).. 1.3 Private industry workers........................................................... 1.5 1.0 1.2 Goods-producing13................................................................ 1.6 1.2 Service-producing13............................................................... 1.4 1.2 State and local government workers....................................... .6 .3 Union................................................................. 1.3 Nonunion........................................................... _L5 l 1.0 1.2 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 1998 1998 1999 1999 III II IV I II 2000 III IV I II Compensation data1,2 Employment Cost Index— compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm......................................................................... 3.4 3.4 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.0 Private nonfarm.................................................................... 3.5 3.4 .9 1.1 .6 .4 1.1 .9 .9 1.5 1.2 Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm....................................................................... 3.7 3.5 .7 1.3 .7 .5 1.0 1.1 .8 1.1 1.0 Private nonfarm.................................................................... 3.9 3.5 .9 1.3 .6 .5 1.2 .9 .9 1.2 1.0 1.6 2.7 .5 .4 .2 .7 .7 1.0 .2 1.7 .7 .0 2.9 .5 -.1 .4 .0 1.2 1.5 .1 1.4 1.2 .0 3.8 .8 .0 .2 .0 1.8 2.2 -.2 1.8 1.5 Capital equipm ent.................................................................. .0 .3 -.5 - .4 .9 -.1 - .4 - .4 1.2 .1 .0 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............... -3 .3 3.7 .2 - .5 -1 .6 - .2 1.9 1.9 .1 1.9 1.5 Crude materials........................................................................... -1 6 .7 15.3 -1 .8 -5 .6 -2 .5 -.1 9.4 10.2 -3 .5 9.1 7.8 Price data1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items...... Producer Price Index: Finished goods........................................................................... Productivity data3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector........................................................................... 2.7 3.1 1.1 2.1 3.9 3.3 .9 4.9 7.7 1.6 6.5 Nonfarm business sector........................................................... 2.6 2.9 1.6 1.8 3.6 2.6 .6 5.2 8.0 1.9 5.7 Nonfinancial corporations4........................................................ 3.6 4.3 4.0 5.2 3.4 4.4 3.8 5.1 6.1 2.9 5.0 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not cent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted, seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly per- 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly average Components Four quarters ending— 1999 I II 2000 III IV I 1999 II I II 2000 III IV 1 II Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector.............................................................. 5.2 5.0 5.3 3.8 3.5 6.4 All persons, nonfarm business sector.............................................. 4.5 5.0 5.5 4.2 3.9 5.3 5.1 4.9 .4 .4 .4 1.0 1.1 .7 1.1 .9 1.3 .9 3.0 3.0 .5 .5 1.2 .4 1.0 1.5 10 1.5 1.3 1.5 6 1.0 12 .9 .9 .9 .7 .5 .5 .4 1.0 1.2 1.1 .9 .8 1.1 .9 .8 .7 .5 .4 1.2 .4 .9 1.9 .6 .9 .9 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.7 3.1 3.1 3.4 34 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.6 2.5 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.6 4.7 3.9 4.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 Employment Cost Index— compensation: Civilian nonfarm2................................................................................... Union................................................................................................. Nonunion.......................................................................................... State and local governments........................................................... 1.0 1.2 3.0 3.2 33 2.7 3.4 .3 3.0 2.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 3.3 33 3.6 36 .5 1.3 .9 1.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.7 .6 .3 2.9 3.1 3.0 Employment Cost Index— wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2................................................................................... Union................................................................................................. Nonunion.......................................................................................... State and local governments........................................................... 32 2.5 3.5 35 4.0 4.2 4.0 4 1 2.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.6 2.7 4.4 2.8 4.3 3.7 3.8 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 59 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Labor Force Data Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status 1998 2000 T999 Annual average 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 207,753 208,038 208,265 208,483 208,666 208,832 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216 209,371 209,543 209,727 209,935 139,368 67.1 133,488 139,372 67.0 133,530 139,475 67.0 133,650 139,697 67.0 133,940 139,834 67.0 134,098 140,108 67.1 134,420 140,910 67.5 135,221 141,165 67.6 135,362 140,867 67.4 135,159 141,230 67.5 135,706 140,489 67.1 134,715 140,762 67.2 135,179 140,399 66.9 134,749 140,742 67.0 134,912 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1......................... 205,220 Civilian labor force............. 137,673 Participation rate........ 67.1 Employed....................... 131,463 Employment-pop 64.1 ulation ratio2............ 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.8 64.8 64.7 64.9 64.3 64.5 64.2 64.3 6,210 4.5 67,547 5,880 4.2 68,385 5,842 4.2 68,666 5,825 4.2 68,790 5,757 4.1 68,786 5,736 4.1 68,832 5,688 4.1 68,724 5,689 4.0 67,872 5,804 4.1 67,742 5,708 4.1 68,187 5,524 3.9 67,986 5,774 4.1 68,882 5,583 4.0 68,781 5,650 4.0 69,329 5,829 4.1 69,193 population1......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employed....................... Employment-pop 90,790 91,555 91,692 91,793 91,896 91,986 92,052 92,057 92,092 92,145 92,303 92,408 92,546 92,642 92,754 69,715 76.8 67,135 70,194 76.7 67,761 70,240 76.6 67,768 70,328 76.6 67,943 70,339 76.5 67,898 70,388 76.5 68,037 70,529 76.6 68,197 70,917 77.0 68,585 71,120 77.2 68,691 70,822 76.9 68,480 70,761 76.7 68,481 70,603 76.4 68,230 70,714 76.4 68,430 70,702 76.3 68,440 71,067 76.6 68,757 ulation ratio2............ Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... 73.9 2,350 74.0 2,244 73.9 2,237 74.0 73.9 2,206 74.0 2,262 74.1 74.3 74.2 73.9 74.1 2,309 2,232 2,213 73.8 2,217 73.9 2,227 74.5 2,303 74.6 2,189 2,269 2,296 2,288 64,785 2,580 3.7 65,517 2,433 3.5 65,531 2,472 3.5 65,754 2,385 3.4 65,692 2,441 3.5 65,775 2,351 3.3 65,970 2,332 3.3 66,282 2,332 3.3 66,382 2,429 3.4 66,249 2,342 3.3 66,269 2,280 3.2 66,013 2,373 3.4 66,161 2,284 3.2 66,144 2,263 3.2 66,469 2,309 3.2 population1......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employed....................... Employment-pop 98,786 100,158 100,285 100,385 100,458 100,573 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809 100,929 101,007 101,111 101,209 59,702 60.4 57,278 60,840 60.7 58,555 60,904 60.7 58,648 60,860 60.6 58,630 60,955 60.7 58,800 61,052 60.7 58,838 61,154 60.7 58,958 61,576 61.2 59,280 61,575 61.2 59,398 61,671 61.2 59,422 61,920 61.4 59,757 61,614 61.0 59,248 61,596 61.0 59,278 61,508 60.8 59,222 61,260 60.5 58,949 ulation ratio2............ Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries................. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... 58.0 58.5 58.5 58.4 58.5 58.5 58.6 58.9 768 803 780 778 800 768 791 826 59.0 871 59.0 894 59.3 899 58.7 864 58.7 834 58.6 792 58.2 824 56,510 2,424 4.1 57,752 2,285 3.8 57,868 2,256 3.7 57,852 2,230 3.7 58,000 2,155 3.5 58,070 2,214 3.6 58,167 2,196 3.6 58,454 2,297 3.7 58,526 2,178 3.5 58,528 2,249 3.6 58,858 2,163 3.5 58,383 2,367 3.8 58,444 2,318 3.8 58,430 2,286 3.7 58,125 2,311 3.8 population1......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employed....................... Employment-pop 15,644 16,040 16,061 16,086 16,129 16,107 16,114 16,147 16,149 16,196 16,104 16,034 15,991 15,974 15,972 8,256 52.8 7,051 8,333 52.0 7,172 8,228 51.2 7,114 8,287 51.5 7,077 8,403 52.1 7,242 8,394 52.1 7,223 8,425 52.3 7,265 8,416 52.1 7,356 8,470 52.4 7,273 8,374 51.7 7,257 8,549 53.1 7,467 8,271 51.6 7,237 8,452 52.9 7,471 8,189 51.3 7,087 8,415 52.7 7,206 ulation ratio2............ Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed................... Unemployment rate... 45.1 261 44.7 44.3 217 44.0 212 44.9 44.8 45.1 45.6 45.0 44.8 46.4 45.1 46.7 44.4 45.1 234 232 280 261 242 228 233 243 217 218 211 232 6,790 1,205 14.6 6,938 1,162 13.9 6,897 1,114 13.5 6,865 1,210 14.6 7,010 1,161 13.8 6,943 1,171 14.0 7,004 1,160 13.8 7,114 1,060 12.6 7,046 1,197 14.1 7,024 1,117 13.3 7,224 1,082 12.7 7,020 1,034 12.5 7,253 981 11.6 6,876 1,101 13.4 6,974 1,209 14.4 171,478 173,085 173,275 173,432 173,585 173,709 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092 174,197 174,316 174,443 174,587 115,415 67.3 110,931 116,509 67.3 112,235 116,619 67.3 112,308 116,495 67.2 112,303 116,654 67.2 112,548 116,703 67.2 112,611 117,008 67.3 112,951 117,716 67.7 113,704 117,821 67.8 113,634 117,832 67.7 113,630 117,988 67.8 113,915 117,097 67.2 112,988 117,451 67.4 113,484 117,258 67.2 113,156 117,551 67.3 113,352 65.4 65.4 Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... Not in the labor force....... Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional White Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employment-pop ulation ratio2............ Unemployed................... Unemployment rate... 64.7 64.8 64.8 4,311 3.7 64.8 4,106 3.5 64.8 4,092 3.5 65.0 4,057 3.5 4,011 3.4 65.3 4,187 3.6 65.3 4,202 3.6 4,073 3.5 64.9 4,108 3.5 65.1 3,967 3.4 64.9 4,273 3.7 64.8 4,192 3.6 64.9 4,484 3.9 4,103 3.5 4,199 3.6 24,373 24,855 24,904 24,946 24,985 25,019 25,051 25,047 25,076 25,105 25,135 25,161 25,191 25,221 25,258 15,982 65.6 14,556 16,365 65.8 15,056 16,321 65.5 15,047 16,474 66.0 15,114 16,489 66.0 15,124 16,508 66.0 15,187 16,513 65.9 15,204 16,622 66.4 15,254 16,785 66.9 15,471 16,572 66.0 15,356 16,636 66.2 15,444 16,596 66.0 15,261 16,557 65.8 15,275 16,456 65.2 15,190 16,512 65.4 15,190 59.7 60.6 1,309 8.0 60.4 60.6 1,360 8.3 60.5 1,365 8.3 60.7 60.7 61.2 61.4 60.7 1,309 7.9 1,314 7.8 1,216 7.3 1,191 7.2 1,335 8.0 60.6 1,302 7.9 60.2 1,321 8.0 60.9 1,368 8.2 61.7 1,274 7.8 1,266 7.7 60.1 1,322 8.0 Black Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force............ Participation rate........ Employment-popUnemployed................... Unemployment rate... 1,426 8.9 See footnotes at end of table. 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Annual average Employment status 1999 2000 1998 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional 21,070 21,650 21,752 21,820 21,881 21,947 22,008 22,047 22,108 22,166 22,231 22,292 22,355 22,422 22,488 Civilian labor force.............. Participation rate......... Employed........................ Employment-pop- 14,317 67.9 13,291 14,665 67.7 13,720 14,710 67.6 13,759 14,766 67.7 14,887 67.8 13,979 14,984 68.1 14,095 15,251 69.2 14,395 15,249 13,795 14,809 67.7 13,879 69.0 14,382 15,313 69.1 14,355 15,355 69.1 14,524 15,322 68.7 14,432 15,325 68.6 14,461 15,188 67.7 14,339 15,248 67.8 14,371 63.1 63.4 63.3 63.2 63.4 63.7 64.0 65.3 65.1 64.8 65.3 64.7 63 9 1,026 7.2 945 6.4 951 971 6.6 908 6.1 889 5.9 856 5.6 868 5.7 958 6.5 930 6.3 831 5.4 890 5.8 64.7 864 640 Unemployed.................... Unemployment rate.... 849 5.6 876 5.7 6.3 5.6 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are Included In both the 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. white and black population groups. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-orlgin groups will not sum to totals because 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Employed, 16 years and over.. 131,463 133,488 133,530 133,650 133,940 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715 135,179 134,749 134,912 Men.......................................... 70,693 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 71,948 72,217 62,020 71,623 62,317 71,732 60,771 71,436 62,094 71,630 W omen.................................... 71,446 62,042 62,366 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 62,767 62,962 72,063 62,686 62,505 Married men, spouse present.................................. 42,923 43,254 43,368 43,367 43,206 43,273 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272 43,216 43,357 43,284 43,372 Married women, spouse present.................................. 32,872 33,450 33,504 33,275 33,521 33,635 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877 33,786 33,824 33,618 33,413 Women who maintain families.................................. 7,904 8,229 8,335 8,312 8,398 8,526 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082 8,307 8,301 8,280 8,483 8,519 2,000 1,341 38 1,944 1,297 40 1,908 1,266 1,930 1,198 1,936 1,267 2,018 1,211 2,006 1,252 36 43 38 2,059 1,175 50 2,079 1,182 42 2,043 1,292 42 2,054 1,272 40 2,024 1,320 38 2,025 1,344 46 2,049 1,216 41 40 2,056 1,258 37 119,019 121,323 122,426 122,823 123,623 122,681 122,773 18,902 103 063 18,959 103 467 19,013 103 610 19,598 103 671 19,280 122,860 19,169 123,002 18,817 102 837 123,166 19,394 103 77? 123,169 18,777 18,497 18,496 102 036 121,583 19,080 102 503 121,965 18,903 102 420 121,150 19,114 121,654 18,383 100,637 962 933 101,487 1,035 101,468 8,791 998 102,573 8,704 1,019 103,324 107 Characteristic 72,407 Class of worker Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..... Self-employed workers........ Unpaid family workers.......... Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..... Government........................... Private households........ Other................................. 99,674 Self-employed workers....... Unpaid family workers......... 8,962 103 8,790 873 101,163 9,000 95 93 100 3,665 3,357 3,279 2,095 1,968 1,258 939 101,898 51 944 948 952 8,833 101 102,119 8,686 108 102,519 8,662 98 102,858 8,802 92 3,283 3,179 3,274 3,320 3,219 3,139 1,904 1,922 1,928 1,930 1,951 1,893 1,079 1,057 1,073 993 1,032 1,025 18,530 18,758 19,230 18,801 18,799 18,651 3,501 3,189 3,127 3,112 2,983 1,997 1,861 1,813 1,806 1,228 1,056 1,041 17,954 18,197 18,652 1,016 102,756 953 957 807 716 103,268 103,377 103,561 8,750 102,783 8,714 103 82 8,665 71 8,609 80 8,590 116 3,124 3,124 3,248 3,117 3,071 3,164 1,807 1,820 1,844 1,962 1,811 1,846 1,997 1,012 1,023 953 1,016 978 1,022 900 855 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474 18,409 18,308 18,558 18,709 3,105 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021 3,096 2,967 2,940 3,038 1,807 1,815 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782 1,840 1,713 1,750 1,924 1,063 964 1,013 1,018 966 1,005 922 989 962 994 881 838 18,273 18,249 18,083 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184 17,943 17,853 17,743 18,041 18,190 8,793 74 Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons................................. Slack work or business Could only find part-time Part time for noneconomic Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic Slack work or business conditions......................... Could only find part-time Part time for noneconomic reasons............................... 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 61 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] Selected categories 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Characteristic Total, 16 years and over.............................. 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years...................... 13.9 13.5 14.6 13.8 14.0 13.8 13.3 12.7 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 Women, 20 years and over..................... 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.6 11.6 3.2 14.4 3.5 3.7 12.5 3.4 13.4 3.5 3.8 12.6 3.3 14.1 Men, 20 years and over........................... 14.6 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6 White, total................................................ 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 12.3 3.5 12.0 3.6 12.0 3.5 11.8 3.4 12.6 3.7 11.7 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ 12.2 10.8 12.4 12.5 14.4 11.7 11.6 10.6 9.4 11.5 12.2 11.3 13.0 10.7 13.3 12.1 10.5 10.3 2.9 10.0 2.8 11.2 7.4 12.6 9.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 11.0 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 7.9 25.4 7.7 26.6 8.0 27.8 32.0 18.2 25.0 33.7 27.9 22.5 6.7 6.4 7.4 Men, 16 to 19 years......................... 14.1 12.6 12.3 12.7 11.9 Women, 16 to 19 years................... 10.9 11.3 12.8 11.2 13.3 10.9 3.2 3.0 11.9 2.9 11.7 Men, 20 years and over..................... 11.0 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 10.4 2.9 Women, 20 years and over................ 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 7.3 7.2 8.0 25.1 22.2 22.0 7.1 21.3 28.9 6.4 23.9 27.7 6.6 20.2 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.1 5.8 7.0 6.9 6.6 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.7 1.9 2.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.9 6.5 2.6 6.1 5.6 3.7 6.0 4.0 5.3 5.0 8.2 Black, total................................................ 8.9 8.0 7.8 8.3 8.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ 27.6 27.9 28.1 30.8 30.8 8.0 28.4 7.9 25.3 23.9 7.8 24.3 Men, 16 to 19 years......................... Women, 16 to 19 years................... 30.1 25.3 30.9 25.1 29.6 26.7 30.3 31.4 27.5 23.0 24.0 23.8 22.3 26.6 Men, 20 years and over..................... Women, 20 years and over............... 7.4 6.7 6.3 7.4 7.9 6.8 7.2 6.4 Hispanic origin, total............................. 35.3 31.0 25.9 7.1 26.1 7.7 6.9 6.7 6.1 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3 2.0 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.0 1.8 6.2 6.1 3.9 2.7 6.8 2.6 6.3 3.8 3.8 4.6 3.9 5.3 3.8 4.8 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.5 5.9 3.4 5.1 4.6 5.9 6.5 3.5 7.0 Married men, spouse present............. 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 Married women, spouse present........ 2.9 2.7 Women who maintain families............ 7.2 2.7 6.4 6.3 2.6 6.4 2.5 6.0 2.5 6.0 2.5 6.2 Full-time workers................................... 4.3 5.3 4.1 4.6 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.7 3.9 4.9 3.9 Part-time workers.................................. 4.1 5.0 4.3 4.2 4.2 7.5 3.9 3.4 4.7 4.2 7.6 4.3 6.7 4.2 5.7 7.0 4.6 5.7 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.9 5.0 6.7 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.0 5.5 5.2 2.5 4.5 2.3 2.3 4.1 2.2 4.8 2.4 4.0 2.1 8.3 8.9 4.9 3.9 4.6 4.9 5.1 22.4 6.3 Industry Nonagricultural wage and salary 4.6 3.2 Construction.............................................. Manufacturing........................................... Nondurable goods............................... Transportation and public utilities......... Wholesale and retail trade..................... Finance, insurance, and real estate...... Services..................................................... Government workers................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers....... 6.9 4.1 4.1 6.6 3.6 4.2 2.6 6.4 4.2 4.0 3.2 2.8 3.9 7.5 4.3 4.0 2.5 6.9 2.8 5.2 3.9 3.0 5.2 4.0 3.9 4.1 2.9 3.5 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.2 5.2 2.3 4.9 2.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 2.0 8.3 2.1 7.1 2.5 4.2 2.1 2.9 3.7 2.2 9.6 4.0 2.1 7.7 2.1 3.8 2.4 4.1 2.0 5.7 5.3 2.3 3.9 5.0 6.5 5.6 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 5.4 4.0 1.7 4.9 5.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.1 2.7 3.2 5.1 2.4 3.6 3.3 4.0 3.2 3.1 4.3 3.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 2.1 2.5 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.6 3.7 4.1 2.3 3.8 1.7 8.4 2.0 7.6 2.5 7.3 2.1 7.0 6.4 3.4 6.4 2.9 2.8 2. 1.7 8.5 Educational attainment1 Less than a high school diploma................ High school graduates, no college............ 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.8 6.0 7.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.9 3.4 6.1 3.5 6.5 3.3 6.6 3.5 6.6 3.3 6.0 4.0 3.4 3.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.3 6.1 3.7 Some college, less than a bachelor's College graduates........................................ 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 l- 2.9 1.8 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 1998 1999 1999 2000 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Less than 5 weeks............................ 2,622 2,568 2,599 2,582 2,545 2,601 2,620 2,447 2,603 2,824 2,455 2,531 2,595 2,470 2,594 5 to 14 weeks..................................... 1,950 1,832 1,798 1,805 1,811 1,760 1,694 1,754 1,864 1,719 1,868 1,953 1,759 1,812 1,846 15 weeks and over............................ 1,637 1,480 1,463 1,412 1,434 1,401 1,388 1,372 1,277 1,295 1,250 1,337 1,242 1,331 1,384 15 to 26 weeks............................... 763 755 747 708 719 725 693 667 673 657 670 677 593 654 679 27 weeks and over......................... 875 725 716 704 715 676 695 705 604 637 580 660 649 677 705 Mean duration, in weeks.................. 14.5 13.4 13.2 13.0 13.2 13.0 12.9 13.2 12.5 12.8 12.4 12.6 12.4 13.3 13.0 Median duration, in weeks............... 6.7 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.2 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Job losers1......................................... Not on temporary layoff................. Annual average 1998 1999 2000 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 2,615 2,822 2,622 2,629 2,573 2,518 2,493 2,401 2,477 2,616 2,541 2,306 2,483 2,450 2,417 866 848 893 869 802 851 795 739 838 781 703 894 959 856 940 1,957 1,774 1,736 793 1,704 1,642 1,778 883 1,491 671 1,674 759 1,589 774 1,561 776 1,759 824 1,602 821 1,606 825 1,739 758 1,716 778 799 782 1,942 1,967 1,958 1,935 2,036 2,043 2,093 2,076 1,961 504 511 485 453 393 1,979 434 1,961 481 1,975 387 408 500 343 402 1,919 514 734 783 Reentrants......................................... 2,132 New entrants...................................... 520 2,005 469 Job leavers.......................................... 1999 Percent of unemployed 45.5 44.6 45.0 44.3 43.7 43.5 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0 41.9 42.4 44.2 43.3 44.8 13.9 14.4 14.8 13.9 13.0 14.6 15.3 17.3 15.3 13.6 33.2 30.6 13.6 31.0 13.2 29.1 15.1 27.2 13.2 26.9 12.1 8.5 34.4 6.7 34.3 7.5 35.6 7.4 8.5 37.5 6.2 32.9 8.0 35.9 6.9 35.8 New entrants...................................... 35.6 7.9 14.3 35.1 7.2 16.1 28.7 13.4 34.3 8.4 13.3 34.1 28.1 14.4 28.0 Job leavers.......................................... 28.6 14.3 33.7 13.5 30.5 14.3 12.8 30.2 15.0 29.4 13.9 31.5 11.8 15.3 29.7 2.1 .5 Job losers1......................................... Not on temporary layoff................. 13.1 29.8 13.5 8.2 33.9 8.7 34.0 8.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 .6 1.4 .6 .6 1.4 .5 1.4 1.4 .6 1.4 .6 1.5 .6 1.4 .5 1.4 .6 1.4 .6 1.4 .6 1.5 .5 1.5 .6 1.4 .6 14 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .2 .3 .4 8.8 Percent of civilian labor force Job losers1......................................... Job leavers.......................................... New entrants...................................... 1.5 .4 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 63 Current Labor Statistics: 9. Labor Force Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age Annual average 1998 1999 ' 1999 Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. May June July Aug. Total, 16 years and over................... 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 16 to 24 years................................. 10.4 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.3 9.0 9.2 9.4 13.4 14.4 16.0 10.4 16.5 17.1 12.1 14.6 11.4 13.1 12.3 12.6 14.0 11.4 11.6 16.1 13.8 16.5 12.5 15.9 12.1 14.0 16.5 9.3 12.7 9.8 13.9 15.9 12.4 10.0 14.1 9.7 14.6 10.0 14.6 10.0 16 to 19 years............................. 16 to 17 years.......................... 9.6 13.5 10.6 11.5 12.6 18 to 19 years.......................... 17.2 12.8 13.9 16.3 12.4 20 to 24 years............................. 7.9 7.5 25 years and over.......................... 3.4 25 to 54 years.......................... 55 years and over................... 3.5 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.8 Men, 16 years and over.................. 4.4 4.1 16 to 24 years.............................. 11.1 16 to 19 years........................... 16 to 17 years....................... 16.2 10.3 14.7 17.0 18 to 19 years........................ 19.1 14.1 13.1 20 to 24 years........................... 8.1 7.7 25 years and over....................... 3.2 25 to 54 years........................ 55 years and over................. Women, 16 years and over............ 16 to 24 years.............................. 16 to 19 years........................... 16 to 17 years........................ 7.3 3.2 13.8 Mar. 15.9 13.3 15.3 12.8 12.1 Apr. 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2 8.2 7.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 6.8 3.0 6.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.4 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.6 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 9.9 9.9 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.0 9.5 9.6 10.1 14.6 14.2 14.9 16.2 16.6 15.5 16.9 17.7 14.0 14.3 15.5 17.3 9.2 12.4 9.6 13.9 10.6 15.2 3.9 9.7 12.6 13.2 13.2 13.6 13.5 13.7 13.9 7.6 7.2 8.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 7.8 2.8 7.2 3.0 7.5 2.8 2.8 7.3 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 9.8 12.9 9.5 13.2 9.3 13.2 10.0 14.7 9.6 13.4 9.8 16.3 11.4 3.2 15.5 15.6 15.6 20 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 11.6 7.2 3.3 11.6 7.0 3.3 14.5 7.2 3.2 25 to 54 years........................ 3.8 3.4 55 years and over................. 2.6 2.8 3.4 2.4 64 Feb. 7.2 15.1 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. 3.1 3.2 11.5 7.8 3.6 18 to 19 years........................ Oct. 2000 O ctober 2000 13.0 16.1 7.2 10.8 7.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.1 2.5 2.6 15.1 3.1 13.6 13.1 14.1 14.0 16.0 15.8 12.4 16.9 15.6 17.4 10.8 13.3 11.9 16.9 15.5 8.3 6.8 7.1 6.7 2.8 7.3 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.7 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 8.9 11.1 9.6 12.6 4.0 8.9 4.3 8.9 12.2 4.3 10.2 14.4 11.6 9.5 11.8 8.9 12.8 8.6 12.6 15.4 13.7 13.3 10.4 8.5 8.9 10.4 15.5 11.0 17.3 9.4 6.2 15.1 13.7 14.3 10.5 7.0 3.2 8.9 7.6 3.2 11.6 7.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.3 10.5 7.4 7.2 15.0 9.9 8.2 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.4 7.7 3.2 7.8 8.2 6.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 2.3 2.6 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted S ta te J u ly June 199 9 2000 ' J u ly July 1999 S ta te 2000p lülÿ" June 2000 2000p Alabama......................................................... 4.8 3.8 4.1 3.5 2.6 Alaska............................................................ 6.5 6.1 5.5 5.1 4.8 5.1 Arizona.......................................................... 4.6 4.4 3.8 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.6 4.1 2.9 Arkansas........................................................ 4.7 3.5 3.5 California....................................................... 5.1 5.3 5.0 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.7 2.4 Colorado........................................................ 2.8 2.3 2.7 4.7 3.4 Connecticut................................................... 3.1 2.3 2.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 Delaware........................................................ 3.5 3.5 38 5.2 4.5 4.2 5.0 37 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.6 2.6 4.1 District of Columbia...................................... 5.9 4.4 Florida............................................................ 3.7 3.9 Georgia.......................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.3 4.4 4.2 Hawaii............................................................ 5.5 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 Idaho.............................................................. 5.3 4.4 4.0 4.4 5.8 5.0 4.4 4.9 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 2.4 2.3 Illinois............................................................. Indiana........................................................... 4.2 4.4 43 2.9 3.5 3.6 Iowa................................................................ 2.6 2.2 2.1 4.4 Kansas........................................................... Kentucky........................................................ 2.8 3.3 3.4 4.5 3.8 Louisiana........................................................ 5.0 4.0 3.8 4.8 2.9 4.1 4.5 4.6 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.5 Maine.............................................................. Maryland........................................................ Massachusetts.............................................. Michigan......................................................... Minnesota...................................................... Mississippi..................................................... 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.1 4.4 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.7 3.3 4.8 2.5 4.7 3.0 5.0 2.3 3.5 2.5 6.6 5.8 5.4 6.1 5.6 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.9 3.8 4.0 Wyoming........................................................ 4.8 p = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] State July 1999 June 2000 1,927.8 1,944.3 282.7 July 2000p Alabama................... Alaska...................... Arizona..................... 278.0 2,170.3 Arkansas.................. California.................. 1,140.4 2,251.0 1,172.4 14,001.8 14,403.9 14,450.9 Colorado.................. 2,146.7 Connecticut............. 1,675.2 2,198.6 1,696.4 2,203.5 1,696.2 Delaware.................. 409.5 615.3 6,885.3 425.2 District of Columbia. Florida...................... 619.5 7,165.3 425.3 616.4 Georgia.................... Hawaii...................... 3,899.8 534.9 Idaho......................... Illinois........................ 540.2 5,972.5 Indiana..................... 1,950.7 282.9 2,265.5 1,171.0 July July 1999 June 2000 Missouri.......................................... Montana......................................... Nebraska......................................... 2,727.8 2,754.7 2,737.5 383.2 897.8 390.9 894.0 391.0 883.4 Nevada........................................... New Hampshire............................. 988 8 1,025.0 1,030.4 606.8 611.8 611.7 New Jersey..................................... 3,869.8 730 6 3,932.9 3,921.8 742.1 State New Mexico................................... 743.9 2000p New York........................................ 8,464.1 8,614.6 8,614.5 7,181.2 North Carolina............................... North Dakota................................. 3,885.5 323.6 3,910.9 323.8 3,937.5 323.8 3,995.5 4,001.1 Ohio................................................ 5,558.4 5,581.7 544.6 559.7 Oklahoma....................................... Oregon............................................ Pennsylvania................................. 1,460.5 1,580.1 1,488.5 1,593.6 5,607.0 5,590.5 1,492.0 2,980.7 6,012.0 3,002.6 545.5 561.4 6,016.8 2,993.3 Rhode Island.................................. Iowa........................... 1,467.3 1,493.1 1,489.9 Kansas..................... Kentucky................... 1,326.5 1,793.2 1,349.5 1,839.3 Louisiana.................. Maine......................... 1,896.0 1,908.2 596.8 1,351.8 1,835.3 1,911.2 South Carolina............................... South Dakota................................. Maryland................... 2,368.4 Massachusetts........ Michigan................... 3,243.3 4,541.6 2,614.4 4,578.2 2,649.4 3,299.1 4,585.5 2,650.3 1,161.2 1,154.7 1,153.4 Minnesota................. Mississippi................ 586.1 2,441.4 3,291.7 600.1 2,423.9 5,584.5 465.6 1,600.1 5,608.1 471.7 473.9 1,835.1 1,877.4 372.2 2,679.2 376.3 2,722.1 9,407.0 1,872.9 377.4 2,724.9 9,384.4 Tennessee...................................... Texas............................................... Utah................................................. 9,137.0 1,051.8 1,071.8 1,072.5 Vermont........................................... Virginia............................................. 290.6 3,406.4 295.0 3,473.7 Washington..................................... West Virginia................................... Wisconsin....................................... 2,645.9 724.7 2,690.9 730.6 296.2 3,463.7 2,696.6 2,782.9 233.8 2,824.8 730.3 2,818.1 233.8 238.8 W yoming......................................... p = preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 65 Current Labor Statistics: 12. Labor Force Data Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] TOTAL............................. PRIVATE SECTOR................ 2000 1999 Annual average 1998 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. May June July15 Aug.” 1 2 5 ,8 6 5 1 2 8 ,7 8 6 1 2 9 ,0 5 7 1 2 9 ,2 6 5 1 2 9 ,5 2 3 1 2 9 ,7 8 8 1 3 0 ,0 3 8 1 3 0 ,3 8 7 1 3 0 ,4 8 2 1 3 1 ,0 0 9 1 3 1 ,4 1 9 1 3 1 ,5 9 0 1 3 1 ,6 4 7 1 3 1 ,5 9 6 1 3 1 ,4 9 1 Apr. 1 0 6 ,0 4 2 1 0 8 ,6 1 6 1 0 8 ,8 4 6 1 0 9 ,0 4 2 1 0 9 ,2 7 5 1 0 9 ,5 1 7 1 0 9 ,7 3 0 1 1 0 ,0 3 6 1 1 0 ,0 8 8 1 1 0 ,4 6 2 1 1 0 ,7 5 2 1 1 0 ,5 7 8 1 1 0 ,8 4 5 1 1 1 ,0 0 9 1 1 1 ,0 2 6 GOODS-PRODUCING................ Mining.................................. 2 5 ,4 1 4 2 5 ,4 8 2 2 5 ,4 3 0 2 5 ,4 6 0 2 5 ,4 8 3 2 5 ,5 2 7 2 5 ,5 6 1 2 5 ,6 7 7 2 5 ,6 2 4 2 5 ,7 3 8 2 5 ,7 2 5 2 5 ,6 8 4 2 5 ,7 0 0 2 5 ,7 5 6 2 5 ,6 7 7 590 535 526 527 529 527 530 530 533 536 539 539 539 539 539 M e ta l m in in g ........................................ 49 45 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 44 44 43 43 O il a n d g a s e x tra c tio n ..................... 339 293 286 287 289 288 291 293 296 300 303 305 306 307 307 N o n m e ta llic m in e ra ls , e x c e p t fu e ls ...................................... 110 112 112 112 112 112 111 111 111 111 111 110 110 110 109 Construction........................... 6 ,0 2 0 6 ,4 0 4 6 ,4 0 1 6 ,4 3 9 6 ,4 7 0 6 ,5 1 6 6 ,5 5 2 6 ,6 5 2 6 ,6 1 8 6 ,7 2 6 6 ,6 9 4 6 ,6 6 6 6 ,6 6 8 6 ,6 7 3 6 ,6 7 3 G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs ....... 1 ,3 7 7 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,4 4 7 1 ,4 5 8 1 ,4 6 4 1 ,4 7 0 1 ,4 7 4 1 ,4 9 8 1 ,4 9 1 1 ,5 0 8 1 ,4 9 7 1 ,4 9 7 1 ,4 9 8 1 ,4 9 8 1 ,5 0 3 H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n , e x c e p t b u ild in g ............................................... 840 869 865 866 872 876 882 892 885 905 899 888 877 881 883 S p e c ia l t r a d e s c o n tra c to rs ........... 3 ,8 0 4 4 ,0 8 4 4 ,0 8 9 4 ,1 1 5 4 ,1 3 4 4 ,1 7 0 4 ,1 9 6 4 ,2 6 2 4 ,2 4 2 4 ,3 1 3 4 ,2 9 8 4 ,2 8 1 4 ,2 9 3 4 ,2 9 4 4 ,2 8 7 Manufacturing......................... 1 8 ,8 0 5 1 8 ,5 4 3 1 8 ,5 0 3 1 8 ,4 9 4 1 8 ,4 8 4 1 8 ,4 8 4 1 8 ,4 7 9 1 8 ,4 9 5 1 8 ,4 7 3 1 8 ,4 7 6 1 8 ,4 9 2 1 8 ,4 7 9 1 8 ,4 9 3 1 8 ,5 4 4 1 8 ,4 6 5 P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s .................. 1 2 ,9 5 2 1 2 ,7 3 9 1 2 ,7 0 6 1 2 ,7 0 0 1 2 ,7 0 2 1 2 ,7 0 2 1 2 ,7 0 1 1 2 ,7 1 3 1 2 ,6 9 7 1 2 ,6 8 3 1 2 ,6 8 9 1 2 ,6 8 2 1 2 ,6 8 3 1 2 ,7 3 3 1 2 ,6 6 0 Durable goods...................... 1 1 ,2 0 5 1 1 ,1 0 3 1 1 ,0 9 7 1 1 ,0 9 0 1 1 ,0 8 3 1 1 ,0 8 5 1 1 ,0 8 7 1 1 ,0 9 9 1 1 ,0 8 8 1 1 ,0 9 4 1 1 ,1 0 4 1 1 ,1 0 6 1 1 ,1 2 0 1 1 ,1 5 8 1 1 ,1 1 5 P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s .................. 7 ,6 6 6 7 ,5 9 0 7 ,5 9 0 7 ,5 8 0 7 ,5 8 1 7 ,5 7 9 7 ,5 7 9 7 ,5 9 2 7 ,5 9 2 7 ,5 8 0 7 ,5 8 4 7 ,5 8 4 7 ,5 9 3 7 ,6 2 3 7 ,5 8 9 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ...... 814 828 829 830 831 831 831 830 832 830 830 828 827 823 818 F u rn itu re a n d fix tu re s ................... 533 548 551 55 1 553 553 552 553 553 555 557 558 558 565 557 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts ........................................... 562 563 563 563 562 564 565 568 567 568 567 566 568 57 1 567 P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s ............ 715 700 699 697 697 698 698 699 699 701 699 699 699 698 694 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ......... 1 ,5 0 9 1 ,5 1 7 1 ,5 1 5 1 ,5 1 8 1 ,5 1 9 1 ,5 2 0 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 2 3 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,5 3 4 1 ,5 3 5 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 3 7 2 ,1 2 6 2 ,1 2 5 2 ,1 3 0 2 ,1 3 7 2 ,1 3 5 In d u s tria l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t...................................... 2 ,2 0 6 2 ,1 4 1 2 ,1 3 5 2 ,1 3 3 2 ,1 3 0 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,1 3 2 2 ,1 3 0 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,1 2 4 382 370 370 370 369 370 370 369 368 366 364 360 360 36 1 363 1 ,7 0 7 1 ,6 7 0 1 ,6 6 9 1 ,6 7 0 1 ,6 7 2 1 ,6 7 0 1 ,6 7 3 1 ,6 7 9 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 8 2 1 ,6 9 1 1 ,6 9 3 1 ,6 9 7 1 ,7 1 8 1 ,7 1 9 C o m p u te r a n d o ffice e q u ip m e n t.................................... E le c tro n ic a n d o th e r e le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t...................................... E le c tro n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a c c e s s o rie s ................................. 660 636 637 636 638 638 640 642 645 646 651 654 661 671 675 T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t........ 1 ,8 9 3 1 ,8 8 4 1 ,8 8 7 1 ,8 8 0 1 ,8 7 3 1 ,8 7 0 1 ,8 6 7 1 ,8 7 1 1 ,8 5 5 1 ,8 6 5 1 ,8 5 9 1 ,8 6 3 1 ,8 6 4 1 ,8 6 0 1 ,8 4 4 e q u ip m e n t..................................... 995 1 ,0 1 9 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 2 5 1 ,0 2 2 1 ,0 2 2 1 ,0 2 3 1 ,0 2 7 1 ,0 2 9 1 ,0 2 8 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 3 0 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 1 3 A irc ra ft a n d p a rts ......................... 525 495 488 483 478 473 470 469 453 467 461 463 460 460 458 873 856 854 852 849 850 849 847 844 844 844 845 844 849 848 396 M o to r v e h ic le s a n d In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ......................................... M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ......................................... 395 395 395 396 397 398 399 399 398 397 397 394 393 397 7 ,6 0 0 7 ,4 4 0 7 ,4 0 6 7 ,4 0 4 7 ,4 0 1 7 ,3 9 9 7 ,3 9 2 7 ,3 9 6 7 ,3 8 5 7 ,3 8 2 7 ,3 8 8 7 ,3 7 3 7 ,3 7 3 7 ,3 8 6 7 ,3 5 0 P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs ................. 5 ,2 8 7 5 ,1 4 9 5 ,1 1 6 5 ,1 2 0 5 ,1 2 1 5 ,1 2 3 5 ,1 2 2 5 ,1 2 1 5 ,1 0 5 5 ,1 0 3 5 ,1 0 5 5 ,0 9 8 5 ,0 9 0 5 ,1 1 0 5 ,0 7 1 F o o d a n d kin d re d p ro d u c ts ...... 1 ,6 8 3 1 ,6 7 7 1 ,6 6 7 1 ,6 7 3 1 ,6 7 3 1 ,6 7 5 1 ,6 7 4 1 ,6 8 1 1 ,6 7 2 1 ,6 7 1 1 ,6 7 8 1 ,6 7 5 1 ,6 7 9 1 ,6 8 1 1 ,6 7 6 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts .......................... 41 39 36 38 38 38 38 38 37 35 37 37 37 37 34 T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ..................... 598 560 556 552 550 552 549 548 549 549 548 545 542 543 541 A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile P a p e r a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ......... 766 692 681 678 674 672 669 666 665 665 665 660 652 656 646 677 668 667 666 665 665 665 664 663 662 662 661 663 662 661 1 ,5 6 5 1 ,5 5 3 1 ,5 5 2 1,5 5 1 1 ,5 5 1 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 4 8 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 5 0 1 ,5 5 1 1 ,5 5 4 1 ,5 5 2 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,5 5 9 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts 1 ,0 4 3 1 ,0 3 4 1 ,0 3 0 1,0 3 1 1 ,0 3 2 1,0 3 1 1 ,0 3 0 1 ,0 3 1 1,0 3 1 1 ,0 3 1 1 ,0 3 0 1 ,0 2 8 1 ,0 2 8 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 2 1 P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts .. 139 134 132 133 133 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 131 132 1 ,0 0 6 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 0 6 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 0 9 1,0 1 1 1,0 1 1 1 ,0 1 0 1 ,0 1 0 1 ,0 0 7 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 1 4 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts .. 84 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 74 76 74 SERVICE-PRODUCING............. Transportation and public 1 0 0 ,4 5 1 1 0 3 ,3 0 4 1 0 3 ,6 2 7 1 0 3 ,8 0 5 1 0 4 ,0 4 0 1 0 4 ,2 6 1 1 0 4 ,4 7 7 1 0 4 ,7 1 0 1 0 4 ,8 5 8 1 0 5 ,2 7 1 1 0 5 ,6 9 4 1 0 5 ,9 0 6 1 0 5 ,9 4 7 1 0 5 ,8 4 0 1 0 5 ,8 1 4 R a ilro a d tra n s p o rta tio n .............. 6 ,6 1 1 6 ,8 2 6 6 ,8 4 8 6 ,8 6 6 6 ,8 7 5 6 ,8 9 8 6 ,9 1 1 6 ,9 2 5 6 ,9 3 7 6 ,9 5 3 6 ,9 7 0 6 ,9 6 2 6 ,9 8 5 7 ,0 0 8 6 ,9 4 4 4 ,2 7 3 4 ,4 0 9 4 ,4 2 6 4 ,4 3 6 4 ,4 4 1 4 ,4 5 3 4 ,4 5 9 4 ,4 7 0 4 ,4 7 9 4 ,4 9 2 4 ,5 0 9 4 ,5 0 1 4 ,5 1 0 4 ,5 3 7 4 ,5 4 9 23 1 230 227 226 226 226 226 225 225 222 22 1 219 217 219 219 L o c a l a n d in te ru rb a n T ru c k in g a n d w a re h o u s in g ...... W a t e r tra n s p o rta tio n ................... 469 485 488 488 489 490 49 1 493 494 494 498 498 493 501 499 1 ,7 4 4 1 ,8 0 5 1 ,8 1 0 1 ,8 1 6 1 ,8 1 8 1 ,8 2 3 1 ,8 1 8 1 ,8 2 7 1 ,8 2 8 1 ,8 3 3 1 ,8 3 9 1 ,8 3 4 1 ,8 3 4 1 ,8 4 7 1 ,8 5 0 200 200 202 200 204 1 ,2 7 0 1 ,2 6 9 1 ,2 7 9 1 ,2 8 2 1 ,2 8 9 181 187 188 189 190 190 192 192 196 197 1 ,1 8 1 1 ,2 2 7 1 ,2 3 4 1 ,2 3 8 1 ,2 4 1 1 ,2 4 6 1 ,2 5 3 1 ,2 5 6 1 ,2 5 9 1 ,2 6 8 P ip e lin e s , e x c e p t n a tu ra l g a s .. 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 T ra n s p o rta tio n s e rv ic e s ........... 454 463 466 466 464 465 466 464 465 466 469 469 473 475 476 2 ,3 3 8 2 ,4 1 6 2 ,4 2 2 2 ,4 3 0 2 ,4 3 4 2 ,4 4 5 2 ,4 5 2 2 ,4 5 5 2 ,4 5 8 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,4 7 5 2 ,4 7 1 2 ,3 9 5 1 ,4 7 7 1 ,5 5 2 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,5 6 5 1 ,5 7 2 1,5 8 1 1 ,5 8 8 1 ,5 9 1 1 ,5 9 8 1 ,6 0 2 1 ,6 0 4 1 ,6 0 6 1 ,6 1 9 1 ,6 1 6 1 ,5 3 9 857 855 856 855 856 C o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d pub lic C o m m u n ic a tio n s ............................ E le c tric , g a s , a n d s a n ita ry Retail trade............................ 861 865 864 865 862 864 864 864 860 859 6 ,8 0 0 6 ,9 2 4 6 ,9 4 6 6 ,9 6 2 6 ,9 7 3 6 ,9 8 9 7 ,0 0 2 7 ,0 0 5 7 ,0 1 1 7 ,0 1 7 7 ,0 5 5 7 ,0 4 8 7 ,0 4 9 7 ,0 4 8 7 ,0 5 8 2 2 ,2 9 5 2 2 ,7 8 8 2 2 ,8 4 1 2 2 ,8 4 4 2 2 ,8 6 3 2 2 ,8 9 3 2 2 ,9 3 6 2 2 ,9 7 3 2 2 ,9 8 7 2 3 ,0 2 7 2 3 ,1 9 7 2 3 ,0 6 4 2 3 ,1 2 2 2 3 ,1 9 6 2 3 ,1 6 1 B u ild in g m a te ria ls a n d g a rd e n G e n e r a l m e rc h a n d is e s to re s .... D e p a r tm e n t s to re s ....................... 948 989 992 994 1 ,0 0 4 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,0 1 6 1 ,0 2 0 1 ,0 3 4 1 ,0 3 2 1 ,0 2 5 1 ,0 1 8 1 ,0 1 7 1 ,0 2 0 2 ,7 3 0 2 ,7 7 1 2 ,7 6 8 2 ,7 5 7 2 ,7 5 2 2 ,7 5 2 2 ,7 6 6 2 ,7 6 5 2 ,7 6 2 2 ,7 5 6 2 ,7 9 1 2 ,7 4 4 2 ,7 4 1 2 ,7 2 5 2 ,7 2 5 2 ,4 1 9 2 ,4 1 7 2 ,4 0 9 2 ,4 4 3 2 ,3 8 8 2 ,3 8 6 2 ,3 7 1 2 ,3 7 8 2 ,4 1 5 2 ,4 3 1 2 ,4 2 6 2 ,4 1 4 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 2 ,4 0 8 2 ,4 0 6 2 ,4 1 6 12. Continued— Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 1998 F o o d s to re s ........................................ 1999 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July’’ Aug.p 3 ,4 8 4 3 ,4 9 5 3 ,4 9 8 3 ,4 9 5 3 ,4 9 6 3 ,4 9 8 3 ,5 0 1 3 ,5 0 1 3 ,5 0 3 3 ,5 0 2 3 ,5 2 2 3 ,5 1 6 3 ,5 1 5 3 ,5 1 8 3 ,5 2 3 2 ,3 3 2 2 ,3 6 9 2 ,3 6 9 2 ,3 7 2 2 ,3 7 7 2 ,3 8 0 2 ,3 8 6 2 ,3 9 9 2 ,3 9 4 2 ,4 0 7 2 ,4 1 0 2 ,4 1 3 2 ,4 1 7 A u to m o tiv e d e a le rs a n d s e rv ic e s ta tio n s ............................. 2 ,4 0 8 2 ,4 1 2 N e w a n d u s e d c a r d e a le r s ....... 1 ,0 4 7 1 ,0 7 9 1 ,0 8 4 1 ,0 8 7 1 ,0 8 9 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,0 9 4 1 ,0 9 7 1 ,1 0 0 1 ,1 0 5 1 ,1 0 6 1 ,1 0 7 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 1 1 1 ,1 1 4 A p p a re l a n d a c c e s s o ry s to re s ... 1 ,1 4 1 1 ,1 7 4 1 ,1 8 1 1 ,1 8 3 1 ,1 8 6 1 ,1 9 0 1 ,1 8 2 1 ,1 7 6 1 ,1 8 4 1 ,1 8 8 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,1 9 7 1 ,2 0 7 1 ,2 0 2 F u rn itu re a n d h o m e fu rn is h in g s s to re s .................................................. 1 ,0 2 5 1 ,0 8 2 1 ,0 9 0 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,0 9 3 1 ,0 9 1 1 ,0 9 8 1 ,0 9 9 1 ,1 0 2 1 ,1 1 1 1 ,1 1 3 1 ,1 1 3 1 ,1 1 8 1 ,1 1 8 1 ,1 2 1 E a tin g a n d d rin k in g p la c e s .......... 7 ,7 6 8 7 ,9 4 0 7 ,9 5 8 7 ,9 5 6 7 ,9 5 0 7 ,9 6 6 7 ,9 8 6 7 ,9 9 8 7 ,9 9 2 8 ,0 0 0 8 ,0 9 7 8 ,0 2 8 8 ,0 7 1 8 ,1 3 5 8 ,0 9 4 3 ,0 0 8 3 ,0 0 5 3 ,0 1 9 3 ,0 2 1 3 ,0 2 9 3 ,0 3 7 3 ,0 3 5 3 ,0 5 0 3 ,0 6 3 3 ,0 5 9 7 ,6 1 4 M is c e lla n e o u s retail e s ta b lis h m e n ts .............................. 2 ,8 6 8 2 ,9 6 9 2 ,9 8 5 2 ,9 9 5 3 ,0 0 5 Finance, insurance, and real estate.............................. 7 ,3 8 9 7 ,5 6 9 7 ,5 9 0 7 ,5 8 9 7 ,5 9 9 7 ,6 0 4 7 ,6 1 3 7 ,6 1 2 7 ,6 2 4 7 ,6 2 1 7 ,6 1 0 7 ,6 0 0 7 ,5 8 8 7 ,5 8 9 F in a n c e .................................................. 3 ,5 8 8 3 ,6 9 1 3 ,7 0 4 3 ,7 0 2 3 ,7 0 4 3 ,7 0 7 3 ,7 1 0 3 ,7 0 9 3 ,7 1 7 3 ,7 1 3 3 ,7 0 9 3 ,7 0 3 3 ,7 0 5 3 ,7 0 8 3 ,7 1 9 D e p o s ito ry In s titu tio n s ................. 2 ,0 4 6 2 ,0 6 1 2 ,0 6 3 2 ,0 6 3 2 ,0 6 3 2 ,0 6 1 2 ,0 5 9 2 ,0 5 8 2 ,0 5 7 2 ,0 5 4 2 ,0 5 2 2 ,0 4 4 2 ,0 4 2 2 ,0 3 7 2 ,0 3 7 C o m m e rc ia l b a n k s ..................... 1 ,4 7 2 1 ,4 7 6 1 ,4 7 6 1 ,4 7 6 1 ,4 7 5 1 ,4 7 3 1 ,4 7 1 1 ,4 7 0 1 ,4 6 9 1 ,4 6 6 1 ,4 6 4 1 ,4 5 6 1 ,4 5 4 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,4 5 0 S a v in g s in s titu tio n s ................... 256 252 25 1 250 250 250 248 247 245 243 243 243 242 240 240 N o n d e p o s ito ry in s titu tio n s ......... 658 710 716 711 706 704 704 699 699 692 686 684 682 683 685 647 688 695 697 703 709 713 716 723 728 732 736 741 748 754 S e c u rity a n d c o m m o d ity b ro k e rs ............................................. H o ld in g a n d o th e r in v e s tm e n t o ffic e s ................................................ 238 231 230 231 232 233 234 236 238 239 239 239 240 240 243 In s u ra n c e ............................................. 2 ,3 3 5 2 ,3 7 1 2 ,3 7 5 2 ,3 7 6 2 ,3 7 8 2 ,3 7 5 2 ,3 7 8 2 ,3 7 2 2 ,3 7 3 2 ,3 7 3 2 ,3 6 5 2 ,3 6 1 2 ,3 5 9 2 ,3 5 6 2 ,3 5 8 In s u ra n c e c a rrie rs ......................... 1 ,5 9 1 1 ,6 1 1 1,6 1 1 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,6 1 2 1 ,6 0 8 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,6 0 6 1 ,6 0 6 1 ,6 0 5 1 ,5 9 7 1 ,5 9 4 1 ,5 9 3 1 ,5 8 7 1 ,5 8 9 a n d s e rv ic e ..................................... 744 761 764 766 766 767 768 766 767 768 768 767 766 769 769 R e a l e s t a t e .......................................... 1 ,4 6 5 1 ,5 0 7 1,5 1 1 1,5 1 1 1 ,5 1 7 1 ,5 2 2 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,5 3 1 1 ,5 3 4 1 ,5 3 5 1 ,5 3 6 1 ,5 3 6 1 ,5 2 4 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,5 3 7 3 7 ,5 3 3 3 9 ,0 2 7 4 0 ,5 7 2 In s u ra n c e a g e n ts , b ro k e rs , Services ' ............................... 3 9 ,1 9 1 3 9 ,3 2 1 3 9 ,4 8 2 3 9 ,6 0 6 3 9 ,7 0 7 3 9 ,8 4 4 3 9 ,9 1 4 4 0 ,0 9 0 4 0 ,1 9 5 4 0 ,2 2 0 4 0 ,4 0 1 4 0 ,4 1 2 A g ric u ltu ra l s e rv ic e s ........................ 708 766 764 770 774 782 782 806 796 812 801 790 788 794 796 H o te ls a n d o th e r lo d g in g p la c e s 1 ,7 8 9 1 ,8 4 8 1 ,8 5 7 1 ,8 6 3 1 ,8 6 3 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 6 6 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 8 5 1 ,9 0 2 1 ,9 0 4 1 ,9 2 2 1 ,9 3 0 1 ,9 3 5 P e rs o n a l s e rv ic e s ............................. 1 ,2 0 1 1 ,2 3 3 1 ,2 3 7 1 ,2 4 3 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,2 5 2 1 ,2 5 7 1 ,2 6 3 1 ,2 6 5 1 ,2 6 5 1 ,2 7 2 1 ,2 6 2 1,2 7 1 1 ,2 7 3 1 ,2 8 2 B u s in e s s s e rv ic e s ............................. 8 ,6 1 8 9 ,2 6 7 9 ,3 3 9 9 ,4 0 4 9 ,4 6 5 9 ,5 0 2 9 ,5 3 8 9 ,5 7 1 9 ,6 1 5 9 ,6 8 1 9 ,7 3 5 9 ,7 1 5 9 ,7 7 3 9 ,7 7 0 9 ,8 1 1 950 985 992 994 997 998 997 997 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 0 4 1 ,0 0 1 996 997 1 ,0 0 0 S e rv ic e s to b u ild in g s ................... 995 P e rs o n n e l s u p p ly s e rv ic e s ........ 3 ,2 7 8 3 ,6 0 1 3 ,6 2 6 3 ,6 7 8 3 ,7 1 2 3 ,7 3 4 3 ,7 4 8 3 ,7 5 3 3 ,7 7 3 3 ,8 1 7 3 ,8 8 5 3 ,8 5 5 3 ,8 7 3 3 ,8 5 4 3 ,8 7 6 H e lp s u p p ly s e rv ic e s .................. 2 ,9 5 6 3 ,2 2 8 3 ,2 5 1 3 ,2 9 8 3 ,3 2 7 3 ,3 4 3 3 ,3 5 8 3 ,3 6 1 3 ,3 8 2 3 ,4 1 8 3 ,4 8 5 3 ,4 4 0 3 ,4 4 4 3 ,4 3 5 3 ,4 4 6 1 ,6 1 5 1 ,8 3 1 1 ,8 5 7 1 ,8 6 6 1 ,8 7 4 1 ,8 8 0 1 ,8 8 8 1 ,8 9 6 1 ,9 0 6 1 ,9 1 5 1 ,9 2 7 1 ,9 2 9 1 ,9 3 3 1 ,9 4 8 1 ,9 5 6 1 ,1 4 5 1 ,1 8 4 1 ,1 8 5 1 ,1 8 6 1,1 9 1 1,1 9 1 1 ,1 9 2 1 ,1 9 4 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,2 0 0 C o m p u te r a n d d a ta p ro c e s s in g s e rv ic e s ................... A u to r e p a ir s e rv ic e s a n d p a rk in g ...................................... 1 ,1 9 2 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,1 9 2 1 ,1 9 1 1 ,1 9 4 M is c e lla n e o u s re p a ir s e rv ic e s .... 376 377 376 377 379 379 382 382 384 384 383 383 384 383 383 M o tio n p ic tu re s .................................. 576 610 618 619 624 625 624 626 623 630 634 632 635 634 638 A m u s e m e n t a n d re c re a tio n s e rv ic e s .............................................. 1 ,5 9 4 1 ,6 6 0 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 7 2 1 ,6 9 1 1 ,7 0 1 1 ,7 0 3 1,7 2 1 1 ,7 2 3 1 ,7 2 9 1 ,7 5 2 1 ,7 5 5 1 ,7 8 9 1 ,7 9 4 1 ,8 0 3 H e a lth s e rv ic e s .................................. 9 ,8 5 3 9 ,9 8 9 1 0 ,0 0 8 1 0 ,0 1 5 1 0 ,0 2 7 1 0 ,0 4 1 1 0 ,0 5 3 1 0 ,0 6 6 1 0 ,0 7 8 1 0 ,0 9 1 1 0 ,0 9 3 1 0 ,1 0 4 1 0 ,1 1 6 1 0 ,1 4 3 1 0 ,1 5 7 1 ,8 0 6 1 ,8 7 7 1 ,8 8 5 1 ,8 8 8 1 ,8 9 3 1 ,8 9 8 1 ,9 0 3 1 ,9 1 0 1 ,9 1 4 1 ,9 2 0 1 ,9 2 5 1 ,9 2 8 1 ,9 2 8 1 ,9 3 0 1 ,9 3 2 fa c ilitie s ............................................. 1 ,7 7 2 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 8 6 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 8 7 1 ,7 8 8 1 ,7 9 0 1 ,7 9 1 1 ,7 8 9 1 ,7 8 8 1 ,7 8 6 1 ,7 8 7 1 ,7 9 4 H o s p ita ls ............................................. 3 ,9 3 0 4 ,0 2 1 O ffic e s a n d c lin ic s o f m e d ic a l d o c to rs ............................................... N u rs in g a n d p e rs o n a l c a re 3 ,9 8 2 3 ,9 8 7 3 ,9 8 9 3 ,9 9 2 3 ,9 9 2 3 ,9 9 7 4 ,0 0 1 4 ,0 0 2 4 ,0 0 4 3 ,9 9 9 4 ,0 0 5 4 ,0 0 8 4 ,0 1 8 H o m e h e a lth c a r e s e rv ic e s ....... 666 636 636 635 636 637 637 638 639 639 641 641 642 645 644 L e g a l s e rv ic e s ..................................... 971 997 999 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 0 3 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 0 7 1 ,0 0 8 1 ,0 0 7 1 ,0 0 7 1 ,0 0 4 1 ,0 0 6 1 ,0 0 9 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,0 1 5 E d u c a tio n a l s e rv ic e s ........................ 2 ,1 7 8 2 ,2 7 6 2 ,2 9 2 2 ,2 9 4 2 ,2 9 9 2 ,3 0 5 2 ,3 0 9 2 ,3 0 8 2 ,3 0 9 2 ,3 2 9 2 ,3 2 9 2 ,3 5 6 2 ,3 7 4 2 ,3 7 9 2 ,3 7 9 S o c ia l s e rv ic e s .................................... 2 ,6 4 6 2 ,8 0 0 2 ,8 0 8 2 ,8 2 3 2 ,8 4 5 2 ,8 6 8 2 ,8 8 4 2 ,9 0 5 2 ,9 1 2 2 ,9 2 9 2 ,9 4 0 2 ,9 4 6 2 ,9 4 5 2 ,9 1 6 2 ,9 5 0 C h ild d a y c a r e s e rv ic e s ............... 621 695 701 701 708 721 729 737 740 749 753 758 760 765 765 R e s id e n tia l c a r e .............................. 744 775 780 785 790 795 800 803 807 810 812 816 820 826 828 M u s e u m s a n d b o ta n ic a l a n d z o o lo g ic a l g a r d e n s ....................... 94 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 101 102 101 103 103 103 M e m b e rs h ip o rg a n iz a tio n s ........... 2 ,3 7 2 2 ,4 2 5 2 ,4 2 6 2 ,4 3 0 2 ,4 3 1 2 ,4 3 4 2 ,4 3 8 2 ,4 3 9 2 ,4 3 9 2 ,4 4 0 2 ,4 3 9 2 ,4 3 8 2 ,4 4 1 2 ,4 3 1 2 ,4 3 6 3 ,1 3 9 3 ,2 5 4 3 ,2 7 6 3 ,2 8 3 3 ,3 0 0 3 ,3 1 0 3 ,3 2 7 3 ,3 4 4 3 ,3 5 4 3 ,3 6 9 3 ,3 6 8 3 ,3 9 0 3 ,4 1 5 3 ,4 1 0 3 ,4 3 8 908 953 957 956 964 969 974 982 984 985 987 995 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 0 7 1,0 1 1 E n g in e e rin g a n d m a n a g e m e n t s e rv ic e s .............................................. E n g in e e rin g a n d a rc h ite c tu ra l s e rv ic e s ............................................. M a n a g e m e n t a n d p u b lic re la tio n s ........................................... 1 ,0 0 0 1 ,0 3 6 1 ,0 4 5 1 ,0 4 4 1 ,0 5 4 1 ,0 5 8 1 ,0 6 8 1 ,0 7 4 1 ,0 7 7 1 ,0 8 5 1 ,0 8 8 1 ,0 9 6 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 0 5 1 ,1 1 3 Government............................... 1 9 ,8 2 3 2 0 ,1 7 0 2 0 ,2 1 1 2 0 ,2 2 3 2 0 ,2 4 8 2 0 ,2 7 1 2 0 ,3 0 8 2 0 ,3 5 1 2 0 ,3 9 4 2 0 ,5 4 7 2 0 ,6 6 7 2 1 ,0 1 2 2 0 ,8 0 2 2 0 ,5 8 7 2 0 ,4 6 5 F e d e r a l.................................................... 2 ,6 8 6 2 ,6 6 9 2 ,6 5 5 2 ,6 5 5 2 ,6 4 7 2 ,6 4 6 2 ,6 4 6 2 ,6 6 3 2 ,7 0 0 2 ,8 1 6 2 ,8 8 5 3 ,2 3 8 3 ,0 9 2 2 ,8 1 9 2 ,6 7 4 F e d e ra l, e x c e p t P o s ta l S e rv ic e .............................................. S t a t e ........................................................ E d u c a tio n ............................................ 1 ,8 1 9 1 ,7 9 6 1 ,7 8 3 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 7 9 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,7 9 7 1 ,8 3 5 1 ,9 5 1 2 ,0 2 2 2 ,3 7 4 2 ,2 3 0 1 ,9 5 4 1 ,8 0 5 4 ,6 1 2 4 ,6 9 5 4 ,6 9 8 4 ,7 1 4 4 ,7 2 2 4 ,7 2 3 4 ,7 2 7 4 ,7 2 5 4 ,7 2 8 4 ,7 3 3 4 ,7 4 4 4 ,7 3 7 4 ,7 1 6 4 ,7 3 4 4 ,7 3 4 1 ,9 2 2 1 ,9 6 8 1 ,9 7 2 1 ,9 7 8 1 ,9 7 9 1 ,9 8 0 1 ,9 8 3 1,9 8 1 1 ,9 8 1 1 ,9 8 2 1 ,9 9 0 1 ,9 8 3 1 ,9 6 7 1 ,9 8 2 1 ,9 7 2 O th e r S ta te g o v e rn m e n t............ 2 ,6 9 0 2 ,7 2 7 2 ,7 2 6 2 ,7 3 6 2 ,7 4 3 2 ,7 4 3 2 ,7 4 4 2 ,7 4 4 2 ,7 4 7 2 ,7 5 1 2 ,7 5 4 2 ,7 5 4 2 ,7 4 9 2 ,7 5 2 2 ,7 6 2 L o c a l........................................................ 1 2 ,5 2 5 1 2 ,8 0 6 1 2 ,8 5 8 1 2 ,8 5 4 1 2 ,8 7 9 1 2 ,9 0 2 1 2 ,9 3 5 1 2 ,9 6 3 1 2 ,9 6 6 1 2 ,9 9 8 1 3 ,0 3 8 1 3 ,0 3 7 1 2 ,9 9 4 1 3 ,0 3 4 1 3 ,0 5 7 E d u c a tio n ............................................ 7 ,0 8 5 7 ,2 7 2 7 ,3 0 5 7 ,2 9 9 7 ,3 0 8 7 ,3 2 3 7 ,3 4 3 7 ,3 5 6 7 ,3 5 5 7 ,3 7 3 7 ,4 0 8 7 ,3 9 5 7 ,3 6 1 7 ,3 8 7 7 ,3 8 1 O th e r lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t.............. 5 ,4 4 0 5 ,5 3 4 5 ,5 5 3 5 ,5 5 5 5 ,5 7 1 5 ,5 7 9 5 ,5 9 2 5 ,6 0 7 5 ,6 1 1 5 ,6 2 5 5 ,6 3 0 5 ,6 4 2 5 ,6 3 3 5 ,6 4 7 5 ,6 7 6 1 In c lu d e s o th e r in d u s trie s no t s h o w n s e p a ra te ly . p = p re lim in a ry . N O TE: S e e " N o te s o n th e d a ta ” fo r a d e s c rip tio n o f th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a rk revisio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 67 Current Labor Statistics: 13. Labor Force Data Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Industry Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Julyp Aug.p PRIVATE SECTOR................................. 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.4 34.5 34.4 34.3 GOODS-PRODUCING................................. 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.5 40.9 40.9 41.1 40.8 MINING...................................................... 43.9 43.8 44.1 44.3 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.7 44.7 44.7 45.3 44.1 44.7 45.2 44.6 41.8 4.7 41.7 4.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 42.2 41.4 41.6 41.7 41.3 4.7 4.6 41.8 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5 42.5 41.9 4.7 4.6 40.4 MANUFACTURING................................... 41.7 41.7 41.8 Overtime hours....................................... 4.6 4.6 4.6 Durable goods........................................ Overtime hours...................................... Lumber and wood products................... Furniture and fixtures............................. Stone, clay, and glass products........... Primary metal industries......................... 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.5 43.5 44.2 41.8 4.7 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.8 42.0 42.2 4.8 41.2 4.8 41.2 4.9 41.1 4.8 4.8 41.1 4.8 4.8 41.1 4.9 41.0 4.8 5.1 41.2 4.7 40.7 4.8 40.8 41.1 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.1 39.9 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.8 44.2 44.4 44.5 44.3 44.3 41.0 40.2 43.5 44.4 40.2 40.3 40.9 40.2 40.6 40.3 39.9 41.1 40.0 43.6 43.5 43.4 43.6 43.0 42.9 43.7 43.2 44.5 44.5 44.4 44.9 43.8 43.9 44.2 43.5 39.5 Blast furnaces and basic steel 45.0 45.2 45.2 45.0 44.7 45.0 45.0 42.3 42.2 42.1 45.3 42.4 45.4 42.3 45.3 42.1 45.4 42.3 44.8 42.2 45.0 Fabricated metal products.................... 42.4 42.5 43.0 42.3 42.4 42.6 44.2 42.0 Industrial machinery and equipment.... 42.8 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.9 42.2 42.5 42.6 42.1 41.4 41.4 41.6 41.6 41.6 41.4 41.6 41.3 41.4 41.9 41.1 43.9 45.1 44.0 45.4 43.8 45.0 41.5 44.6 41.2 45.5 41.6 43.2 44.2 41.2 39.8 40.0 39.8 39.7 44.5 41.5 39.7 39.5 44.0 45.0 41.2 39.5 39.4 39.8 39.3 44.0 45.3 41.3 39.4 43.9 44.4 41.5 39.9 43.8 45.0 41.3 44.3 41.5 43.6 44.7 41.5 41.8 43.7 42.2 43.8 45.0 41.5 41.5 43.4 41.6 43.4 41.8 39.7 43.5 44.7 41.1 39.4 40.9 4.3 40.9 4.4 41.0 4.4 41.0 4.4 41.0 4.5 41.0 4.5 40.9 4.5 40.9 4.4 41.0 4.5 40.9 4.3 41.3 4.6 40.6 40.7 4.3 40.7 40.5 4.3 4.3 4.2 41.7 41.8 40.9 41.7 41.7 40.9 41.9 41.2 41.8 41.7 41.2 41.6 41.1 41.6 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.2 41.1 41.5 41.1 41.2 41.2 37.4 43.4 37.5 43.5 37.5 43.3 37.6 37.7 37.1 43.3 43.5 37.8 43.2 41.9 41.9 38.0 43.6 42.8 37.0 42.8 42.4 41.5 40.4 36.7 42.4 38.3 42.7 38.2 38.5 38.0 38.2 38.2 38.1 42.6 42.9 42.7 42.9 43.3 42.8 products................................................ 44.6 Electronic and other electrical Transportation equipment..................... Motor vehicles and equipment........... Instruments and related products........ Miscellaneous manufacturing............... Nondurable goods................................. Food and kindred products................... 43.5 41.3 39.9 Chemicals and allied products............. Rubber and miscellaneous 41.3 37.4 43.4 37.3 43.4 37.5 41.0 37.4 43.5 43.6 38.3 43.2 38.2 38.3 43.2 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 43.0 43.2 43.0 43.0 43.0 42.9 41.0 Apparel and other textile products....... Paper and allied products..................... 37.3 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.8 41.5 41.5 42.1 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.2 37.8 37.9 37.5 37.7 37.4 41.6 37.8 41.6 37.6 41.5 37.6 41.5 Leather and leather products............... 38.1 38.0 38.9 38.2 37.8 37.3 37.8 SERVICE-PRODUCING.............................. 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.7 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES............................... 39.5 38.7 38.8 38.6 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.4 38.4 38.8 38.2 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.2 29.0 28.8 28.8 29.0 28.8 28.9 WHOLESALE TRADE.............................. 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.5 RETAIL TRADE........................................ 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.8 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted Industry 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR (In current dollars).. $ 12.78 Goods-producing................................. 14.34 2000 1999 Annual average 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June $ 13.24 $13.30 $13.35 $13.38 $13.41 $13.44 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 $13.66 $13.70 $13.76 $13.80 14.84 14.91 14.96 14.99 15.03 15.05 15.13 15.20 15.25 15.30 15.29 15.34 15.41 15.46 17.27 17.26 17.25 17.24 17.24 17.15 July*1 Aug.p Mining...................................................... 16.91 17.09 17.16 17.14 17.09 17.00 17.04 17.09 17.14 Construction........................................... 16.61 17.18 17.21 17.26 17.33 17.37 17.44 17.50 17.60 17.67 17.78 17.75 17.77 17.91 17.95 Manufacturing........................................ 13.49 13.91 14.01 14.04 14.06 14.07 14.10 14.15 14.21 14.23 14.28 14.27 14.36 14.39 14.44 Excluding overtime............................ 12.79 13.18 13.27 13.29 13.31 13.33 13.36 13.41 13.45 13.47 13.49 13.53 13.60 13.64 13.70 Service-producing................................ 12.27 12.73 12.78 12.83 12.86 12.89 12.93 12.97 13.01 13.05 13.11 13.15 13.19 13.24 13.28 Transportation and public utilities....... 15.31 15.69 15.73 15.79 15.79 15.84 15.94 15.92 16.00 16.04 16.12 16.22 16.28 16.19 16.28 Wholesale trade..................................... 14.07 14.58 14.65 14.70 14.75 14.76 14.83 14.90 14.89 14.98 15.03 15.02 15.16 15.23 15.28 Retail trade............................................. 8.74 9.08 9.13 9.16 9.18 9.21 9.25 9.26 9.32 9.35 9.39 9.39 9.43 9.45 9.48 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 14.07 14.62 14.65 14.71 14.73 14.76 14.78 14.86 14.87 14.95 14.98 15.01 15.05 15.04 15.11 Services.................................................. 12.84 13.36 13.42 13.46 13.51 13.53 13.57 13.61 13.66 13.69 13.74 13.79 13.82 13.90 13.96 7.75 7.86 7.87 7.86 7.87 7.87 7.87 7.88 7.87 7.84 7.87 7.88 7.86 7.88 - PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant (1982) dollars)................................................... - Data not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 69 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June PRIVATE SECTOR..................................... $12.78 $13.24 $13.20 $13.38 $13.41 $13.43 $13.46 $13.58 $13.58 $13.59 $13.69 $13.64 $13.62 $13.69 $13.68 MINING.......................................................... 16.91 17.09 17.05 17.13 17.05 17.01 17.19 17.30 17.20 17.28 17.29 17.19 17.09 17.14 17.04 CONSTRUCTION......................................... 16.61 17.18 17.31 17.46 17.54 17.42 17.47 17.39 17.42 17.54 17.66 17.71 17.74 17.96 18.06 MANUFACTURING..................................... 13.49 13.91 13.95 14.11 14.03 14.08 14.20 14.19 14.19 14.22 14.28 14.27 14.34 14.37 14.38 Durable g o o d s .......................................... 13.98 14.40 14.47 14.62 14.55 14.58 14.73 14.72 14.73 14.76 14.82 14.80 14.90 14.87 14.92 Lumber and wood products................. 11.10 11.47 11.54 11.56 11.60 11.60 11.64 11.67 11.63 11.62 11.74 11.82 Furniture and fixtures............................ 10.90 13.59 11.23 13.87 11.28 11.33 11.36 14.04 11.47 13.97 11.47 11.51 11.59 11.69 11.73 11.85 11.81 11.83 11.81 13.94 11.33 14.10 11.73 11.64 13.94 13.96 15.83 15.98 16.18 16.12 16.17 16.20 16.28 14.03 16.34 14.23 15.48 16.51 14.28 16.40 14.36 16.52 14.42 16.69 16.59 Stone, clay, and glass products.......... Primary metal industries...................... 14.00 16.01 Julyp Aug.p 14.40 Blast furnaces and basic steel products.............................................. 18.42 18.81 19.09 19.16 19.32 19.49 19.72 19.46 19.62 19.82 19.59 13.48 18.99 13.64 19.11 13.07 18.93 13.52 18.90 Fabricated metal products................... 13.52 13.59 13.72 13.71 13.67 13.69 13.75 13.75 13.82 13.81 13.90 Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical 14.47 15.02 15.14 15.24 15.18 15.22 15.36 15.39 15.40 15.43 15.42 15.45 15.51 15.61 15.60 equipment............................................ 13.10 13.46 13.52 13.64 13.60 13.61 13.73 13.77 13.72 13.70 13.70 13.65 13.72 13.81 13.81 Transportation equipment.................... 18.04 18.17 18.50 18.41 18.39 18.72 18.57 19.01 18.65 18.87 18.53 18.96 18.85 18.80 19.22 18.99 18.70 19.17 18.79 18.41 18.58 19.03 18.82 Motor vehicles and equipment.......... 17.51 17.84 19.36 19.62 13.81 14.17 14.28 14.29 14.36 14.34 14.41 14.38 14.41 14.40 14.40 14.49 19.07 14.71 19.31 Instruments and related products....... 19.35 14.44 14.71 Miscellaneous manufacturing............. 10.88 11.30 11.31 11.43 11.45 11.41 11.54 11.52 11.53 11.55 11.58 11.59 11.60 11.66 11.65 N o ndurable g o o d s ................................... 12.76 13.17 12.07 13.31 12.19 13.37 12.36 19.71 12.36 20.40 13.48 12.39 20.87 13.62 12.23 17.21 13.37 12.27 13.43 12.46 21.12 13.57 12.43 10.39 10.71 10.78 10.73 10.80 12.28 18.03 10.84 13.36 12.23 17.48 13.45 12.18 18.90 13.25 12.09 17.82 13.39 11.80 18.56 13.16 12.09 19.07 13.33 Food and kindred products.................. 10.94 10.91 10.91 10.96 Apparel and other textile products...... 8.52 8.98 9.04 9.03 9.05 9.05 9.05 9.07 9.06 10.98 9.09 15.50 15.95 9.01 16.24 8.99 Paper and allied products.................... 8.86 15.94 10.85 9.03 16.09 16.08 16.12 16.02 15.99 16.00 16.15 16.12 16.18 16.27 16.18 Printing and publishing......................... 13.83 17.41 13.98 17.67 13.98 17.38 17.61 14.02 17.64 14.12 17.67 21.21 21.55 21.62 21.76 21.76 14.13 17.67 22.03 14.18 17.63 22.24 14.15 17.80 21.34 14.15 17.91 21.19 14.28 18.32 21.26 14.30 18.32 21.39 14.10 17.70 21.62 14.20 17.77 Petroleum and coal products............... 13.46 17.09 20.91 21.08 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................. Leather and leather products.............. 11.89 9.35 12.36 9.77 12.37 12.51 9.95 12.42 12.46 12.57 9.93 10.01 9.96 12.58 10.01 12.67 9.91 12.61 10.08 12.57 9.86 10.13 12.65 10.05 12.72 10.08 12.82 10.06 12.77 10.13 PUBLIC UTILITIES................................... 15.31 15.69 15.69 15.80 15.78 15.90 15.96 15.98 16.05 16.02 16.15 16.13 16.17 16.21 16.24 W HOLESALE TRADE................................. 14.07 14.58 14.65 14.68 14.74 17.76 14.85 14.99 14.91 14.83 15.14 14.99 15.04 15.26 15.21 RETAIL TRADE........................................... 8.74 9.08 9.05 9.19 9.21 9.22 9.26 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.42 9.39 9.38 9.38 9.39 AND REAL ESTATE................................ 14.07 14.62 14.62 14.64 14.69 14.74 14.76 14.99 14.93 14.97 15.12 15.02 14.93 15.02 14.98 SERVICES..................................................... 12.84 13.36 13.23 13.45 13.51 13.57 13.65 13.78 13.77 13.77 13.83 13.76 13.68 13.75 13.72 Tobacco products.................................. Textile mill products.............................. Chemicals and allied products............ 13.84 20.86 10.72 8.88 18.02 10.84 19.10 10.86 21.77 20.78 TRANSPORTATION AND FINANCE, INSURANCE, p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR Current dollars............................. $442.19 Seasonally adjusted................ Constant (1982) dollars............. 268.32 MINING............................................ 742.35 2000 1999 Annual average Apr. May June Julyp Aug.p $473.67 471.94 273.32 $467.85 469.90 269.65 $471.25 472.65 270.06 $477.78 473.34 273.49 $474.70 473.34 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. $456.78 271.25 $463.32 458.85 274.15 $458.93 460.58 269.96 $463.99 461.61 272.45 $463.34 462.65 271.91 $465.72 463.68 273.31 $467.15 465.41 273.51 $464.44 468.48 270.50 $464.78 468.51 268.35 748.54 758.73 758.86 758.73 758.65 763.24 766.39 758.52 758.59 776.32 763.24 770.76 774.73 766.80 664.04 674.15 680.55 692.27 701.32 702.50 723.79 726.01 595.33 - - CONSTRUCTION............................ 646.13 671.74 692.40 673.96 701.60 688.09 677.84 MANUFACTURING Current dollars........................... Constant (1982) dollars......... 562.53 341.34 580.05 344.45 583.11 345.04 588.39 346.11 589.26 346.01 594.18 348.70 603.50 354.17 590.30 345.61 588.89 342.98 590.13 340.72 595.48 343.61 590.78 340.51 597.98 342.68 590.61 338.07 Durable g oods.............................. 591.35 607.68 612.08 615.50 618.38 622.57 634.86 621.18 620.13 622.87 628.37 623.08 630.27 618.59 625.15 Lumber and wood products..... Furniture and fixtures................ Stone, clay, and glass products.................................. 456.21 441.45 472.56 452.57 482.37 459.10 472.80 456.60 480.24 458.87 480.24 458.94 480.73 471.42 474.97 459.95 469.85 458.10 470.61 462.44 482.10 464.44 480.17 465.26 485.80 468.03 482.30 466.50 483.85 471.22 591.17 684.22 603.35 699.69 614.75 704.72 620.40 716.77 616.00 709.24 620.57 720.56 604.90 732.50 591.06 722.52 591.90 722.83 596.28 723.86 614.74 734.70 621.18 721.60 624.66 728.53 631.60 724.35 630.72 718.35 821.53 552.86 842.69 568.86 849.96 571.90 852.65 571.52 848.61 574.60 865.68 580.29 878.14 594.08 867.95 579.93 875.20 576.87 875.10 577.72 891.34 583.00 873.75 581.63 882.90 587.35 885.95 575.88 863.92 583.80 619.32 633.84 637.39 635.51 640.60 646.85 663.55 654.08 652.96 654.23 655.35 653.54 659.18 654.06 653.64 542.34 759.93 557.24 790.15 562.43 794.03 563.33 812.15 568.48 810.04 572.98 811.00 582.15 838.66 572.83 811.51 569.38 815.66 571.29 819.06 569.92 829.96 561.02 817.37 569.38 836.44 567.59 781.44 567.59 815.18 776.04 828.45 828.29 860.78 852.02 849.76 887.96 850.75 856.35 860.73 880.88 866.88 888.79 799.03 853.50 570.35 434.11 588.06 449.74 591.19 452.40 587.32 453.77 594.50 459.15 600.85 459.82 612.43 466.22 595.33 450.43 595.13 453.13 593.28 456.23 594.72 456.25 592.04 454.33 596.99 458.20 606.05 453.57 603.11 460.18 Blast furnaces and basic steel products........................ Fabricated metal products....... Industrial machinery and equipment............................. Electronic and other electrical equipment.............................. Transportation equipment........ Motor vehicles and equipment............................ Instruments and related products.................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing... - 521.88 538.24 539.97 546.53 547.23 551.03 557.02 544.16 542.42 542.82 548.76 543.92 549.98 548.89 550.94 492.06 710.85 425.99 505.36 762.80 438.04 506.94 836.49 440.59 512.62 754.11 438.75 512.62 753.79 445.30 518.08 774.86 449.28 520.67 793.32 453.11 505.10 672.91 443.36 500.21 685.22 448.11 501.84 741.08 450.69 506.76 782.49 456.20 506.76 811.92 448.40 512.95 836.89 451.67 513.35 834.24 443.88 518.33 837.43 445.79 317.80 672.70 332.25 693.39 333.00 690.64 331.57 709.69 338.92 704.74 337.65 704.30 343.52 712.50 335.92 695.27 339.53 687.57 342.09 686.40 341.19 696.07 336.66 686.71 339.22 692.50 333.41 686.59 334.51 681.18 515.52 738.29 911.68 528.69 747.34 921.91 531.07 750.37 903.55 539.63 765.11 930.96 539.63 758.99 933.98 543.98 765.58 935.68 550.68 772.18 937.86 534.39 757.56 933.98 536.94 750.98 956.10 540.26 749.28 969.66 542.44 757.00 966.59 533.46 756.50 919.75 534.87 768.34 923.88 541.21 784.10 958.83 546.26 782.26 923.30 Leather and leather products... 495.81 351.56 515.41 369.31 512.12 381.58 520.42 372.13 516.67 374.60 523.32 378.33 532.97 375.75 523.32 372.96 520.40 375.49 520.81 379.38 528.34 388.99 523.71 384.92 529.15 387.07 520.49 367.19 523.57 390.01 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES..................... 604.75 607.20 618.19 608.30 605.95 608.97 612.86 612.03 611.51 608.76 626.62 616.17 622.55 635.43 628.49 WHOLESALE TRADE................... 538.88 558.41 565.49 560.78 567.49 566.78 570.24 578.61 568.07 566.51 588.95 575.62 579.04 592.09 581.02 RETAIL TRADE.............................. 253.46 263.32 270.60 264.67 266.17 264.61 271.32 265.91 266.48 267.98 272.24 270.43 274.83 279.52 277.94 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE................... 512.15 529.24 540.94 528.50 530.31 530.64 534.31 551.63 538.97 537.42 554.90 539.22 540.47 551.23 539.28 SERVICES...................................... 418.58 435.54 439.24 434.44 441.78 443.74 444.99 450.61 448.90 447.53 453.62 445.82 447.34 453.75 451.39 Food and kindred products...... Textile mill products.................. Apparel and other textile products.................................. Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous p = preliminary. No te : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 71 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov Oct. Dec. P riv a te n o n fa rm p a y ro lls , 3 5 6 in d u s trie s Over 1-month span: 1998.............................................................. 63.2 56.6 60.5 58.7 58.3 59.7 53.9 58.1 56.2 53.8 59.0 57.4 1999.............................................................. 54.1 58.8 53.9 59.6 52.8 57.9 58.8 53.8 57.3 60.7 60.8 59.0 2000.............................................................. 60.8 54.1 60.7 56.5 45.9 56.2 57.7 52.1 - - - - Over 3-month span: 1998.............................................................. 64.3 66.6 63.2 66.3 63.6 58.0 57.4 57.9 59.7 58.1 58.6 59.4 1999.............................................................. 58.3 57.3 58.4 54.4 57.3 58.8 58.1 60.7 59.6 63.5 64.3 63.1 2000.............................................................. 61.0 62.6 61.9 57.4 56.7 57.0 58.0 - - - - - Over 6-month span: 1998.............................................................. 69.8 67.4 65.2 61.8 62.9 61.4 59.0 58.4 57.4 59.7 59.3 59.1 1999.............................................................. 60.0 58.0 57.6 58.6 54.4 59.7 60.4 62.1 64.0 62.8 65.2 64.6 2000.............................................................. - - - - - - - 65.6 60.8 61.0 61.9 59.7 Over 12-month span: 1998.............................................................. 69.7 67.3 57.6 65.9 59.4 62.5 61.5 62.1 59.8 58.1 59.6 60.5 61.9 61.0 61.0 62.6 59.8 60.3 67.3 58.3 63.9 1999.............................................................. 62.9 62.5 63.2 2000.............................................................. 65.0 63.5 - - - - - - - - - - M a n u fa c tu rin g p a y ro lls , 139 in d u s trie s Over 1-month span: 1998.............................................................. 1999.............................................................. 2000.............................................................. 57.9 50.7 53.6 50.7 47.1 45.0 52.2 41.0 47.8 42.8 51.1 46.4 51.1 40.3 45.7 56.8 36.7 56.8 37.1 52.2 52.2 37.1 34.5 48.6 37.8 47.8 52.5 49.3 48.9 60.1 54.3 33.5 50.4 50.0 46.4 37.8 54.7 55.4 50.0 45.7 39.9 41.7 43.9 38.1 38.8 46.4 51.8 51.4 50.4 - - - - 39.2 39.9 40.3 45.0 43.2 42.1 37.1 50.4 36.7 43.5 51.1 40.6 50.7 49.6 52.5 47.8 - - - - - 39.9 37.1 43.5 32.7 42.1 38.8 36.0 48.2 39.9 43.2 32.7 41.0 36.7 45.7 34.5 38.8 48.6 51.1 52.5 46.8 - - - - - - - 34.2 51.1 Over 3-month span: 1998.............................................................. 1999.............................................................. 2000.............................................................. Over 6-month span: 1998.............................................................. 1999.............................................................. 41.4 35.6 51.4 47.5 33.5 50.4 1998.............................................................. 1999.............................................................. 55.0 37.4 51.8 32.4 51.8 31.7 46.8 40.6 38.1 37.1 36.0 39.9 37.1 37.8 35.3 38.8 39.6 42.4 36.0 42.4 42.4 33.5 46.0 2000.............................................................. 47.8 45.3 - - - - - - - - - - 2000.............................................................. Over 12-month span: - Data not available. decreasing employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and 72 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] Employment status 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Civilian noninstitutional population........... 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 207,753 Civilian labor force................................... 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 Labor force participation rate.............. 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 Employed............................................. 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 Employment-population ratio.......... 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 Agriculture...................................... 3,269 3,247 3,115 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 3,378 3,281 Nonagricultural industries............ 114,499 115,245 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 Unemployed....................................... 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 Unemployment rate.......................... 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 Not in the labor force............................... 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 1998 1999 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry Total employment........................................... Private sector............................................... 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 108 249 108 601 110 713 114 163 117 191 119 608 1 690 89,847 89,956 91,872 95,036 97,885 100,189 103,133 106,042 108,616 23,745 23,231 23,352 23,908 24,265 24,493 24,962 25,414 25,482 Mining...................................................... 689 635 610 601 581 580 596 590 535 Construction........................................... 4,650 4,492 4,668 4,986 5,160 5,418 5,691 6,020 6,404 Manufacturing......................................... 18,406 18,104 18,075 18,321 18,524 18,495 18,675 18,805 18,543 Service-producing..................................... 84,504 85,370 87,361 90,256 92,925 95,115 97,727 100,451 103,304 5,755 5,811 5,984 6,132 6,408 6,611 6,826 5,981 6,162 6,378 6,253 6,482 6,648 6,800 6,924 Wholesale trade..................................... 6,081 5,718 5,997 Retail trade............................................. 19,284 19,356 19,773 20,507 21,187 21,597 21,966 22,295 22,788 6,646 6,602 6,757 6,896 6,806 6,911 7,109 7,389 7,569 28 336 29 052 30 197 31 6 7 9 33 117 Government........................................... 18,402 18,645 18,841 19,128 19,305 19,419 19,557 19,823 20,170 Federal................................................ 2,966 2,969 2,915 2,870 2,822 2,757 2,699 2,686 2,669 4 355 4 408 4 488 4 676 4 636 4 606 11,081 11,267 11,438 11,682 11,849 12,056 12,276 12,525 12,806 Local..................................................... NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 73 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry _________ 1991 Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Private sector: 34.5 Average weekly hours.................................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................... 34.4 10.57 34.5 10.83 34.7 34.5 34.4 34.6 10.32 11.12 11.82 Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................... 353.98 363.61 373.64 385.86 11.43 394.34 406.61 12.28 424.89 44.4 43.9 14.54 44.3 44.8 14.88 43.9 43.8 15.30 45.3 15.62 45.4 14.60 16.15 16.91 17.09 638.31 646.78 666.62 683.91 707.59 733.21 742.35 748.54 34.3 34.6 12.78 13.24 442.19 456.78 Mining: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (In dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... 14.19 630.04 44.7 Construction: Average weekly hours................................................ 38.1 38.0 38.5 38.9 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 39.1 Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ 14.00 14.15 14.38 15.09 15.47 16.04 16.61 17.18 Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 533.40 537.70 553.63 14.73 573.00 587.00 603.33 625.56 646.13 671.74 Manufacturing: Average weekly hours................................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 40.7 41.0 41.4 42.0 11.74 12.07 41.6 12.77 42.0 13.17 41.7 11.46 41.6 12.37 41.7 11.18 13.49 13.91 455.03 469.86 486.04 506.94 514.59 531.23 553.14 562.53 580.05 Transportation and public utilities: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (In dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 38.1 38.3 39.3 39.7 39.4 13.55 14.13 556.72 15.31 532.52 13.78 547.07 39.7 14.92 38.7 13.43 514.37 39.6 14.45 39.5 13.20 502.92 572.22 592.32 604.75 15.69 607.20 38.1 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 38.4 11.74 448.47 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 11.15 424.82 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 28.6 6.94 28.8 7.12 28.8 7.29 28.8 28.8 7.99 198.48 205.06 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.9 8.33 240.74 29.0 8.74 253.46 9.08 263.32 36.4 14.07 36.2 14.62 512.15 529.24 32.6 12.84 418.58 13.36 435.54 Wholesale trade: Average weekly hours................................................ 38.3 14.58 558.41 Retail trade: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... 7.69 221.47 230.11 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate: Average weekly hours................................................ 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.8 10.82 387.36 11.35 406.33 11.83 35.9 12.32 35.9 12.80 Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 10.39 370.92 423.51 442.29 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 32.4 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.4 10.78 350.35 32.4 11.79 32.6 12.28 382.00 400.33 Services: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10.23 331.45 O ctober 2000 32.5 32.5 11.04 358.80 11.39 369.04 32.6 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Series June Civilian workers2................................................................ Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 137.4 139.0 139.8 140.4 141.8 143.3 144.6 146.5 138.7 138.3 139.7 140.6 140.0 141.7 140.4 135 3 139 4 141.4 141.0 141 8 141.3 136 1 140 0 141.9 141.3 143 5 142.5 137 1 145.0 143.9 147 3 144 7 146.3 145.3 148 fi 146 1 141.3 143.3 142.2 145 4 143 4 138 3 142,4 143.1 144.8 June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2000 148.0 1.0 4.4 148.4 149.9 146.7 160 6 148 6 148.3 1.0 1.1 4.6 4.3 146.0 147.1 .8 3.3 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers............................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial......................... Administrative support, Including clerical.......................... Service occupations.............................................................. 139.3 134.3 137.9 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................................................. Manufacturing...................................................................... 136.3 137.2 137 7 139 0 138.5 138.2 137.7 137.4 137.3 137.2 138.2 139 6 140 8 139.1 139.4 139.0 139.9 140 9 142 3 140.0 140.9 142 4 143 2 141.2 142.1 142.5 143.6 144.9 146.0 146.6 147.5 1.2 1.0 4.7 4.7 140.5 141.3 141 3 141.4 142.2 141 7 142.7 143.4 144.3 145.0 145.9 146.3 147.5 147.7 1.1 1.0 4.3 3.9 140.2 137.9 138.9 140 4 141 7 139.1 140.2 141 0 138.9 139.9 140.8 141.5 142.4 144.4 145.7 146.1 .3 3.3 139.0 139.9 140.5 141.9 143.4 144.7 146.6 148.0 1.0 4.3 137.5 137.5 139.0 138.8 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.9 143.3 143.2 144.6 144.5 146.8 146.5 148.5 148.2 1.2 1.2 4.6 4.4 White-collar workers............................................................ 139.4 142.0 141.9 142.6 141.8 142.6 141.4 135.9 136.1 136.8 130.7 144.5 144.1 145.8 142.6 143.7 138.2 138.4 138.4 133.6 145.6 146.0 145.2 147.7 144.1 145.0 139.4 139.6 139.9 134.4 139.2 142.3 143.2 135.2 144.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.1 .9 1.1 1.1 1.3 .7 .8 1.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7 5.4 138.5 149.3 149.4 148.4 151.1 148.9 149.0 142.6 142.3 144.0 137.5 146.4 151.1 151.3 150.7 152.7 150.3 150.6 144.1 144.1 145.0 138.6 137.6 142.4 143.0 142.9 143.7 139.6 142.6 136.9 137.2 137.3 131.6 141.0 146.9 147.3 146.7 149.1 Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers.............................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............ Transportation and material moving occupations.......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 139.9 140.1 140.0 137.3 139.6 134.3 134.4 134.7 129.9 141.1 141.3 141.6 141.9 140.4 140.6 135.2 135.4 135.7 130.7 144.1 Excluding sales occupations.......................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations.......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations............................................................. Service occupations............................................................ 136.0 137.3 138.0 139.5 140.6 141.0 142.6 143.9 145.4 1.0 3.4 Production and nonsupervisory occupations4................. 136.6 138.0 139.0 139.3 140.8 141.9 143.1 145.3 146.9 1.1 4.3 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing................................................................. Excluding sales occupations....................................... White-collar occupations................................................ Excluding sales occupations....................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................... Construction..................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................... White-collar occupations................................................. Excluding sales occupations....................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................... Durables............................................................................. Nondurables............................................................... 136.2 135.6 138.8 137.4 134.6 132.7 137.2 139.1 137.3 135.9 137.4 136.7 137.1 136.5 139.7 138.3 135.5 133.4 138.2 140.1 138.3 136.8 138.5 137.6 137.8 137.2 140.2 138.8 136.3 134.3 138.9 140.5 138.7 137.7 139.2 138.2 138.9 138.3 141.7 140.4 137.1 135.6 139.9 141.8 140.1 138.5 139.9 139.6 139.9 139.3 142.7 141.3 138.3 136.9 140.9 143.0 141.3 139.4 141.0 140.4 141.1 140.5 143.9 142.5 139.4 137.9 142.1 144.3 142.5 140.5 142.3 141.5 142.5 141.8 145.5 143.9 140.7 138.7 143.6 145.8 143.8 142.1 144.0 142.8 144.8 144.2 148.1 146.5 142.8 140.8 146.0 148.2 146.2 144.4 146.5 144.9 146.6 145.9 150.1 148.4 144.4 143.2 147.5 150.2 148.2 145.6 148.3 146.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.4 .8 1.2 .8 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.9 4.4 5.2 4.0 Service-producing............................................................... Excluding sales occupations....................................... White-collar occupations................................................. Excluding sales occupations....................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................... Service occupations........................................................ Transportation and public utilities..................................... Transportation.................................................................. Public utilities................................................................ Communications........................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................ Wholesale and retail trade................................................ Excluding sales occupations....................................... Wholesale trade............................................................... Excluding sales occupations....................................... Retail trade....................................................................... General merchandise stores........................................ Food stores.................................................................... 137.8 138.5 139.3 140.6 133.2 135.8 137.1 134.9 139.7 139.2 140.3 135.8 136.3 138.6 138.2 134.4 133.0 132.9 139.6 140.0 141.2 142.2 134.3 137.0 138.5 136.7 140.7 140.5 141.0 140.5 140.6 142.2 142.8 134.8 137.8 139.3 137.3 141.9 141.7 142.1 138.2 138.8 142.8 141.2 135.6 134.0 132.7 140.9 141.7 142.3 143.8 136.2 139.3 139.7 136.8 143.4 143.3 143.4 138.9 139.9 142.7 142.4 136.8 135.0 142.8 143.3 144.3 145.5 137.8 140.5 140.9 138.1 144.6 144.9 144.2 141.1 141.9 144.6 144.0 139.1 135.6 135.7 144.1 145.3 145.9 147.0 148.3 139.8 142.4 142.3 139.5 146.1 146.0 146.1 143.5 144.3 148.5 147.4 140.7 138.3 138.1 147.4 147.7 149.3 150.3 141.8 143.6 143.9 140.4 148.6 148.4 148.9 145.6 146.4 150.0 149.6 143.2 139.7 140.1 149.1 149.4 151.0 152.1 143.1 145.1 145.7 141.8 150.9 150.9 151.0 147.3 148.1 151.8 151.1 144.8 141.0 142.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 .9 1.7 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.5 3.8 3.3 3.4 2.7 4.4 4.1 4.7 4.4 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.1 4.0 5.0 Service-producing................................................................. Services................................................................................ Health services................................................................. Hospitals.......................................................................... Educational services......................................................... Public administration3........................................................... Nonmanufacturing................................................................. Private industry workers....................................... Excluding sales occupations............................................. Workers, by occupational group: 137.6 138.1 140.8 140.0 135.9 133.2 133.7 134.3 144.6 145.8 147.0 139.1 140.8 141.8 138.7 145.7 146.1 145.1 142.2 142.8 146.3 145.8 140.0 137.2 137.0 145.3 146.2 140.5 140.6 141.4 148.1 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.8 3.7 4.1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 75 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 21. Continued— Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 1999 1998 Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 12 3 months months ended ended June 2000 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................................. 138.4 141.0 142.5 141.5 145.8 147.6 148.3 152.0 153.1 0.7 5.0 Excluding sales occupations......................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. 141.3 143.2 145.6 155.5 .8 4.5 159.8 138.9 141.9 141.7 144.0 144.5 145.8 162.7 149.9 164.2 151.3 .9 .9 5.7 Insurance............................................................................. 148.8 141.7 151.0 159.3 154.2 148.4 148.8 155.4 151.6 145.3 143.3 146.7 Services................................................................................. 140.3 140.7 138.7 141.8 142.7 143.5 146.1 147.6 149.4 151.2 1.2 4.6 143.5 145.9 150.7 151.9 154.2 156.3 1.4 139.0 139.0 139.9 147.5 140.5 141.2 144.6 148.7 141.4 142.1 142.6 145.8 145.8 147.5 147.5 1.2 5.1 4.3 143.0 144.2 144.6 147.7 148.3 148.7 152.2 153.0 154.0 154.9 .6 Business services.............................................................. Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... 138.2 143.9 139.1 147.0 1.2 5.1 3.8 4.2 Colleges and universities................................................ 144.8 147.8 148.5 149.2 149.6 152.6 153.3 154.6 155.5 .6 3.9 Nonmanufacturing................................................................ 137.2 138.9 139.7 140.3 142.0 143.4 144.5 146.7 148.4 1.2 4.5 White-collar workers.......................................................... 139.2 141.1 142.0 142.3 144.1 145.6 146.9 149.2 151.0 1.2 4.8 Excluding sales occupations....................................... 142.0 142.7 143.7 145.3 146.8 148.1 150.2 152.0 1.2 4.6 Blue-collar occupations..................................................... 140.5 132.4 133.4 134.0 135.2 136.8 138.7 1.2 4.0 135.7 136.9 137.7 139.2 140.4 142.3 140.6 143.5 142.3 Service occupations.......................................................... 138.0 140.7 145.1 1.1 3.3 136.9 139.0 139.8 140.5 141.0 143.1 144.6 145.5 145.9 .3 3.5 White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... 136.2 138.4 137.7 139.3 142.6 139.3 144.9 144.1 137.9 137.2 142.6 141.4 142.8 141.3 143.0 145.0 147.0 145.9 .3 .3 .1 139.5 144.5 147.2 146.5 3.6 3.7 Executive, administrative, and managerial......................... 142.0 144.5 144.0 143.2 146.1 145.3 138.5 141.6 140.3 139.8 138.8 140.2 135.6 135.2 136.8 137.8 138.8 139.5 140.9 142.5 143.7 144.2 Services................................................................................... 136.6 139.0 139.7 140.0 140.5 143.2 144.5 145.2 145.5 .2 3.6 Services excluding schools5................................................ Health services................................................................... 136.2 138.7 138.8 139.6 140.3 142.6 143.8 145.2 145.8 .4 3.9 138.0 138.4 140.3 140.7 140.7 141.2 141.2 141.7 142.0 142.7 144.2 145.8 147.9 148.4 4.2 136.5 138.8 139.6 139.9 140.2 140.3 140.6 146.3 144.4 144.7 147.3 147.9 .4 144.8 143.1 145.0 145.2 145.5 .1 144.7 .1 147.6 .1 3.9 146.1 .3 3.3 State and local government workers................................... Workers, by occupational group: Blue-collar w orkers.................................................................. 140.4 .4 3.1 3.7 .3 3.4 Workers, by industry division: Hospitals.......................................................................... Schools............................................................................ Elementary and secondary......................................... 136.7 139.1 139.9 136.2 138.1 139.3 141.5 139.6 Colleges and universities............................................ 138.8 140.4 141.7 140.0 142.1 Public administration3............................................................ 137.4 138.9 139.9 140.8 141.5 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 143.5 142.9 144.1 144.8 146.5 145.3 144.5 147.4 142.4 144.4 145.7 .3 .1 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.4 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same Industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 22. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Series June Civilian workers1....................................................... Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2000 135.0 136.8 137.7 138.4 139.8 141.3 142.5 144.0 145.4 1.0 4.0 136.7 136.6 138.3 136.2 131.4 139.7 139.4 140.3 138.6 133.3 137.0 140.1 140.1 141.6 140.0 134.5 138.3 141.6 141.0 143.8 140.9 135.8 139.4 143.3 142.6 145.9 142.3 137.0 140.1 144.6 144.0 147.2 143.5 137.9 141.7 146.2 144.9 148.6 145.5 139.2 143.0 147.6 146.4 149.9 146.9 140.6 144.0 1.0 1.0 9 4.2 3.8 42 4.3 134.5 138.8 138.5 140.5 137.5 132.6 136.1 133.3 134.6 135.7 137.6 136.5 135.1 136.5 134.4 136.0 137.8 139.6 137.6 136.4 139.1 135.2 136.8 138.7 140.5 137.6 137.1 140.0 136.3 137.9 139.2 141.5 138.8 138.1 140.2 137.4 139.0 140.7 142.3 139.7 138.8 140.6 138.6 140.2 142.3 144.1 140.9 141.3 142.9 145.0 146.6 143.8 142.6 145.3 143.0 144.4 146.3 147.9 145.3 143.8 145.6 1.2 1.0 9 140.1 143.7 139.7 141.5 143.5 145.5 142.5 141.6 144.7 .9 1.0 .8 .2 4.1 3.9 40 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.6 133.2 135.1 134.8 137.0 135.9 137.8 136.9 138.4 137.8 139.9 139.5 141.5 141.5 142.6 142.5 144.2 142.9 145.5 .3 .9 3.7 4.0 134.9 134.8 136.6 136.3 137.4 136.9 138.1 138.2 139.7 139.6 141.0 140.8 142.2 142.0 143.9 143.5 145.4 145.1 1.0 1.1 4.1 137.0 137.5 137.1 138.7 135.2 136.7 131.3 131.2 132.7 126.4 133.7 139.0 139.1 138.7 140.9 138.8 137.9 132.4 132.3 133.8 127.6 135.1 139.9 139.7 139.7 140.5 141.3 138.9 133.2 133.0 134.9 127.8 135.8 140.3 141.0 140.7 141.9 137.3 140.4 134.3 134.3 135.7 129.1 137.3 142.1 142.5 141.8 144.3 140.5 141.4 135.6 135.6 136.7 144.8 145.2 144.1 131.0 138.3 143.5 143.9 142.6 146.4 142.1 142.7 136.8 136.7 138.3 131.9 139.4 147.6 143.3 143.8 137.7 137.5 139.5 132.7 140.4 146.6 146.7 145.1 149.2 146.7 146.0 139.1 138.9 140.7 134.1 141.8 148.3 148.5 147.3 150.7 147.9 147.5 140.5 140.6 141.6 135.2 143.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.0 .8 1.0 1.0 1.2 .6 .8 1.3 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.4 5.3 4.3 36 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.8 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers............................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................. Workers, by industry division: Goods- producing................................................................... Manufacturing..................................................................... Services............................................................................... Health services.................................................................. Hospitals.......................................................................... Educational services........................................................ Public administration“1.......................................................... Nonmanufacturing................................................................. Private industry workers........................................... Excluding sales occupations............................................ 1.0 1.0 .7 3.5 3.3 3.9 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers........................................................... Excluding sales occupations.......................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations.......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations............................................................. Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations....... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............ Transportation and material moving occupations.......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations............................................................ 133.0 134.4 135.3 136.7 137.8 138.0 139.6 141.0 142.5 1.1 3.4 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3................. 133.6 135.2 136.4 136.8 138.2 139.3 140.4 142.1 143.7 1.1 4.0 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing................................................................. Excluding sales occupations...................................... White-collar occupations................................................ Excluding sales occupations...................................... Blue-collar occupations.................................................. Construction...................................................................... Manufacturing................................................................... White-collar occupations................................................ Excluding sales occupations...................................... Blue-collar occupations.................................................. Durables............................................................................ Nondurables..................................................................... 133.2 132.5 136.3 134.6 131.3 128.1 134.6 136.8 135.0 133.1 134.5 134.9 134.3 133.6 137.4 135.7 132.3 128.5 136.0 138.3 136.3 134.3 135.9 136.0 135.2 134.4 138.2 136.4 133.3 129.3 136.8 139.0 137.1 135.3 136.9 136.8 136.3 135.5 139.4 137.8 134.3 130.7 137.9 140.1 138.3 136.3 137.9 138.0 137.3 136.6 140.5 138.8 135.4 131.9 139.0 141.4 139.6 137.2 139.1 138.7 138.5 137.8 141.7 140.1 136.6 133.0 140.2 142.7 140.8 138.4 140.4 139.7 139.7 138.9 143.0 141.3 137.6 133.6 141.5 144.0 142.0 139.7 141.8 140.9 141.3 140.5 145.0 143.2 139.0 136.0 142.9 145.8 143.7 140.8 143.0 142.7 143.0 142.1 146.8 144.9 140.5 138.0 144.4 147.7 145.6 142.0 144.7 143.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.3 .9 1.2 .8 4.2 4.0 4.5 4.4 3.8 4.6 3.9 4.5 4.3 3.5 4.0 3.7 Service-producing................................................................ Excluding sales occupations...................................... White-collar occupations................................................ Excluding sales occupations...................................... Blue-collar occupations.................................................. Service occupations....................................................... Transportation and public utilities.................................... Transportation................................................................ Public utilities................................................................... Communications.......................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................ Wholesale and retail trade............................................... Excluding sales occupations...................................... Wholesale trade.............................................................. Excluding sales occupations...................................... Retail trade...................................................................... General merchandise stores....................................... Food stores................................................................... 135.6 136.2 137.0 138.4 131.1 133.0 132.8 130.4 135.7 135.8 135.6 134.6 135.6 137.1 137.8 133.3 131.5 130.5 137.6 137.9 139.2 140.2 132.4 134.2 134.3 132.4 136.5 136.7 136.3 136.6 137.6 139.3 139.6 135.2 132.2 131.7 138.4 138.5 140.1 140.7 132.9 135.2 135.1 132.9 137.8 138.0 137.4 137.0 138.2 141.3 140.8 134.8 133.0 130.5 138.9 139.8 140.3 142.0 134.4 136.7 135.4 132.3 139.2 139.4 138.9 137.7 139.5 140.7 141.9 136.2 133.7 131.8 140.8 141.4 142.3 143.7 135.9 137.8 136.8 133.7 140.6 141.1 140.0 139.6 141.1 142.3 143.0 138.3 134.3 132.8 142.1 142.6 143.8 145.1 137.0 138.0 137.5 134.4 141.5 141.9 140.9 140.7 141.8 144.3 144.8 138.9 135.6 133.9 143.3 143.8 145.0 146.4 137.8 139.6 137.9 134.9 141.8 142.2 141.3 142.0 143.3 146.5 146.4 139.6 136.7 134.9 145.0 145.3 146.9 147.8 139.1 141.1 138.5 134.9 143.2 143.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 147.4 147.9 142.1 137.8 136.7 146.5 146.9 148.5 149.6 140.3 142.5 140.0 136.2 144.9 145.0 144.7 145.5 146.8 149.4 149.7 143.5 138.5 139.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 .9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 .5 2.0 4.0 3.9 4.4 4.1 3.2 3.4 2.3 1.9 3.1 2.8 3.4 4.2 4.0 5.0 4.7 3.8 3.1 5.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 77 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 22. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1998 1999 2000 Percent change 12 3 months months ended ended Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Mar. Dec. June June 2000 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................................. Excluding sales occupations......................................... 134.8 138.1 139.8 137.2 142.4 144.5 145.2 148.7 139.7 144.8 147.5 148.0 147.0 139.6 144.4 141.0 Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. 137.5 143.2 146.1 154.5 159.2 Insurance............................................................................. 134.8 138.7 138.5 137.4 139.8 140.2 Services................................................................................. 138.3 140.0 140.8 142.2 143.2 144.5 146.0 147.4 Business services.............................................................. 139.2 144.1 148.5 137.4 139.6 140.6 149.8 142.2 152.0 136.5 145.4 138.7 146.3 Health services................................................................... 141.8 137.5 Hospitals........................................................................... 134.7 135.8 136.5 137.6 138.3 139.3 140.9 143.5 141.8 Educational services......................................................... 139.6 142.8 143.5 143.9 144.2 147.5 148.2 Colleges and universities............................................... 139.7 142.8 143.6 144.1 144.4 147.2 Nonmanufacturing................................................................ 134.7 136.5 137.4 137.9 139.7 White-collar workers.......................................................... 136.8 138.1 138.9 139.8 139.8 140.3 140.1 141.6 142.0 143.2 144.6 130.5 134.1 131.1 135.1 132.4 Service occupations.......................................................... 129.5 132.9 136.5 134.0 137.7 State and local government workers............................. 135.4 137.6 138.5 139.0 139.6 White-collar workers................................................................. 135.2 135.6 137.6 137.9 138.5 138.7 138.9 Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial......................... 135.6 138.0 139.3 Administrative support, including clerical........................... Blue-collar workers.................................................................. 133.3 135.4 136.5 133.5 135.1 136.0 Excluding sales occupations........................................ Blue-collar occupations..................................................... 150.2 149.5 151.5 0.5 .9 5.0 4.6 159.6 162.0 163.3 141.5 145.5 146.6 .8 .8 4.9 149.1 1.2 4.1 154.1 1.4 5.3 145.3 1.3 4.1 143.3 1.1 3.6 148.9 149.6 .5 3.7 147.9 148.9 149.4 .3 3.5 141.0 142.1 143.9 145.5 1.1 4.2 143.5 144.7 148.2 1.2 4.4 145.9 146.5 147.4 149.1 1.2 4.1 135.1 135.8 137.4 1.1 3.7 137.9 139.5 140.9 138.9 142.4 1.1 3.4 142.2 143.5 144.3 144.7 .3 3.7 139.3 139.4 142.1 142.5 143.4 144.1 144.3 144.5 144.7 .3 .3 3.7 143.6 140.5 142.7 144.3 145.1 .1 3.3 137.4 137.5 137.6 141.7 140.7 141.5 143.0 142.1 .4 .4 4.0 136.9 139.6 139.4 144.9 142.4 5.7 Workers, by occupational group: 138.9 140.1 3.8 3.3 Workers, by industry division: Services.................................................................................... 135.9 138.4 139.2 139.5 139.9 142.9 144.0 144.6 144.9 .2 3.6 Services excluding schools4................................................ 135.5 139.0 139.7 139.6 140.4 143.2 144.2 144.3 144.8 145.7 .3 3.7 136.5 136.5 138.2 139.2 142.1 Health services................................................................... 137.8 138.7 138.6 138.4 139.1 139.7 140.6 3.8 3.6 139.3 .3 .2 .2 Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services......................................................... Schools............................................................................. Elementary and secondary......................................... 135.8 Colleges and universities............................................ 136.0 136.1 135.5 Public administration'4............................................................. 133.2 139.5 139.6 139.8 140.0 137.7 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.5 139.6 134.8 135.9 136.9 138.5 138.7 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 142.9 144.1 144.0 144.2 144.1 139.9 139.8 143.1 143.1 142.6 144.4 137.8 139.5 141.5 145.3 145.3 145.6 144.5 144.7 144.8 144.5 144.9 144.9 144.6 145.6 .1 .1 3.6 3.5 3.4 .5 4.1 142.5 142.9 .3 3.7 3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 23. 142.8 142.8 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1998 2000 1999 Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June. Percent change 3 12 months months ended ended June 2000 Private industry workers...................................................... 145.2 145.8 147.3 148.6 150.2 153.8 155.7 1.2 5.7 146.6 147.4 147.9 149.4 151.0 158.5 1.4 141.6 142.2 143.6 144.8 152.5 146.2 156.3 141.0 150.0 151.6 1.1 6.1 5.6 143.0 144.9 142.6 143.2 145.7 142.7 144.3 146.1 145.2 152.3 154.2 1.2 6.2 145.8 154.0 152.3 154.0 156.0 153.9 156.1 1.3 1.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 145.0 146.3 149.4 145.7 149.4 143.7 144.5 145.6 140.4 142.5 143.8 142.4 143.9 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................................. Blue-collar workers.................................................................. Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................................................... Service-producing..................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 143.6 146.3 147.9 144.5 148.0 148.2 150.7 147.8 150.7 5.5 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] 1998 2000 1999 Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 12 3 months months ended ended June 2000 CO M PENSATION Workers, by bargaining status1 Union................................................................................................ 135.3 136.8 137.5 138.0 139.0 140.2 141.2 143.0 144.4 1.0 3.9 Goods-producing....................................................................... 135.6 136.5 1.0 4.8 141.0 140.8 141.4 144.8 138.5 138.2 139.7 143.3 138.0 136.8 139.2 139.2 Service-producing...................................................................... 134.3 136.2 142.5 1.0 3.0 Manufacturing............................................................................ 134.6 136.0 137.0 141.0 5.3 136.9 138.1 140.3 140.8 144.5 141.7 .6 135.3 138.1 139.2 139.1 Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... 136.9 137.4 143.9 145.4 Nonunion......................................................................................... 137.8 139.3 140.1 140.8 142.5 143.8 145.2 147.4 143.4 1.2 3.0 149.1 1.2 4.6 Goods-producing....................................................................... 136.9 137.7 138.3 139.7 140.5 141.8 143.1 145.4 147.2 1.2 4.8 Service-producing...................................................................... 138.0 139.7 140.6 141.1 143.0 144.4 145.7 148.0 149.6 1.1 4.6 Manufacturing............................................................................ 138.0 138.9 139.4 140.7 141.7 143.0 144.4 139.1 140.0 140.6 142.4 143.8 145.1 148.2 149.1 4.6 137.5 146.5 147.4 1.2 Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... 1.2 4.7 137.0 136.4 138.7 140.5 139.1 141.7 141.5 140.7 143.2 137.6 144.3 143.0 146.3 145.0 .9 1.2 146.3 144.7 148.9 147.6 146.7 150.7 1.2 4.3 4.3 4.9 147.0 148.8 1.2 4.7 Workers, by region1 Northeast........................................................................................ 139.6 140.9 139.5 138.1 141.4 143.6 145.0 136.6 138.5 140.0 140.3 142.1 143.3 137.5 139.1 139.8 140.4 142.0 143.3 144.7 146.9 148.6 1.2 4.6 137.1 138.2 139.4 140.5 141.8 143.1 143.6 146.0 147.7 1.2 4.2 Union................................................................................................ 130.7 132.4 133.1 133.6 134.7 135.7 136.5 137.2 138.5 .9 2.8 Goods-producing....................................................................... 129.4 131.7 134.9 138.4 .9 3.4 134.8 136.8 135.8 136.1 137.2 137.2 132.2 132.3 135.4 133.8 Service-producing...................................................................... 131.0 134.1 137.6 .9 137.5 138.9 139.7 .6 2.3 3.7 South............................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)............................................... 141.8 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas......................................................................... W AGES AND S ALARIES Workers, by bargaining status1 130.4 132.2 133.0 133.6 135.8 134.7 130.8 132.4 133.1 133.7 134.6 135.6 135.9 138.8 136.4 137.8 1.0 2.4 Nonunion......................................................................................... Goods-producing....................................................................... 135.7 137.4 138.3 139.0 140.7 142.0 143.3 145.1 146.7 1.1 4.3 134.7 135.7 135.9 136.2 135.3 137.9 137.3 137.1 136.5 138.8 138.2 138.0 137.8 139.3 139.4 138.6 138.8 141.3 140.5 140.5 140.0 142.6 141.7 141.8 141.1 143.9 142.9 143.0 142.9 145.8 144.4 145.0 144.7 Service-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................. 147.3 146.1 146.6 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.1 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.3 Northeast........................................................................................ South............................................................................................... 133.8 134.9 135.4 136.4 136.7 137.1 137.9 143.7 144.6 1.0 1.1 4.0 3.7 136.0 137.5 138.9 134.5 136.7 138.0 138.4 139.9 140.2 142.4 140.9 141.5 Midwest (formerly North Central)............................................... W est................................................................................................ 138.2 139.4 141.0 142.3 136.5 138.2 140.2 141.3 135.1 133.4 136.9 134.7 137.7 138.3 139.9 141.2 136.0 137.1 138.4 139.8 Manufacturing............................................................................. Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... Workers, by region1 143.6 143.0 145.3 147.1 1.2 4.3 142.6 144.7 146.3 1.1 4.4 142.5 144.1 145.7 1.1 4.1 140.2 142.2 143.7 1.1 3.8 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas........................................................................ Other areas.................................................................................... 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 79 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 Item Scope of survey (in 000's)............................................ Number of employees (in 000’s): With medical care...................................................... With life insurance.................................................... With defined benefit plan.......................................... 1984 1982 1980 1988 1986 1991 1989 1997 1995 1993 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 9 25 76 25 9 26 73 26 - 99 9.8 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 10 26 71 26 84 99 10.0 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 3.3 97 9.2 8 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 23 3.6 25 3.7 24 3.3 3.1 21 3.3 17,231 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time........................................................... Average minutes per day........................................ Paid rest time.............................................................. Average minutes per day........................................ Paid funeral leave....................................................... Average days per occurrence................................. 75 Paid holidays............................................................... average uays per year............................................ 99 10.1 Paid personal leave.................................................... Average days per year............................................ 20 24 - 3.8 Paid vacations............................................................. 100 99 99 100 98 97 96 97 96 95 Paid sick leave 1......................................................... Unpaid maternity leave.............................................. Unpaid paternity leave............................................... 62 67 67 70 - - 67 37 26 65 60 53 56 - 68 37 18 58 - 69 33 16 _ _ - - - - - - 84 93 Participants in medical care plans.............................. Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care..................................................... 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 - - Extended care facilities............................................ Physical exam.......................................................... 58 62 - - 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 26 27 - - 46 51 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 Unpaid family le ave................................................... - 22 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 80 3.3 89 9.1 81 3.7 21 22 3.1 3.3 20 3.5 89 9.3 Insurance plans Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage........................................................... Average monthly contribution................................ Family coverage...................................................... Mveraye mummy uunmuuuuu................................ Participants in life insurance plans............................. Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance................................................................. Survivor income benefits.......................................... Retiree protection available...................................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans......................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans.......................................................... - - 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 72 74 - - - 64 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 - - Participants in short-term disability plans 1................ - - - - - - - - 53 55 Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension plans........... 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 55 98 58 97 64 98 35 57 62 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 22 64 52 95 6 61 48 52 96 4 58 51 52 95 10 56 49 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................... Early retirement available....................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years................ Terminal earnings formula...................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security............... Participants in defined contribution plans.................. Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements........................................................... - - 53 45 52 45 63 97 47 54 56 63 55 98 7 56 54 - - - 60 45 48 48 49 55 57 - - - 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 - - - 2 5 12 9 10 12 12 13 23 36 52 38 5 32 7 Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans............................................... Reimbursement accounts2....................................... Premium conversion plans....................................... The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short- terms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available 5 - on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included tabulated separately. only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene- NOTE: 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 - 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 Small private establishments Item 1990 1992 1994 State and local governments 1996 1987 1990 1992 1994 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 12,972 12 466 12,907 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 50 3.1 82 51 3.0 80 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 - Average days per occurrence................................ Paid holidays........................................................... 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 3.7 73 Average days per year1......................................... Paid personal leave.................................................. Average days per year........................................... Paid vacations......................................................... 9.5 11 2.8 88 9.2 12 2.6 88 7.5 13 2.6 88 7.6 14 3.0 86 10.9 38 2.7 72 13.6 39 2.9 67 14.2 38 2.9 67 11.5 38 3.0 66 Paid sick leave2....................................................... 47 53 50 50 97 95 95 94 Unpaid leave............................................................. Unpaid paternity leave............................................. Unpaid family leave.................................................. 17 8 18 7 - - 59 44 - - 48 51 33 _ 47 57 30 - - - 93 Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care.................................................... With life insurance................................................... Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time........................................................ Average minutes per day....................................... Paid rest time........................................................... Average minutes per day....................................... - - Insurance plans Participants in medical care plans............................. Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care.................................................. 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 Extended care facilities......................................... Physical exam........................................................ 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage......................................................... Average monthly contribution.............................. Family coverage.................................................... 42 $25.13 67 47 $36.51 73 52 $40.97 76 52 $42.63 75 35 $15.74 71 38 $25.53 65 43 $28.97 72 47 $30.20 71 Average monthly contribution.............................. $109.34 $150.54 $159.63 $181.53 $71.89 $117.59 $139.23 $149.70 Participants in life insurance plans............................ Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance............................................................... 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 78 1 76 1 77 67 67 74 64 13 55 45 46 46 22 31 27 28 30 Retiree protection available.................................... Participants in long-term disability insurance plans....................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans........................................................ 19 25 79 2 20 19 23 20 6 26 26 _ 14 21 22 21 Participants in short-term disability plans2................ - - - 29 _ _ _ _ Retirement plans Participants in aetined Denetit pension plans........... 20 22 15 15 93 90 87 91 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65.......................... Early retirement available...................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years............... Terminal earnings formula.................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security................ 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 - 47 92 89 88 16 100 8 92 89 10 100 10 92 87 13 99 49 31 33 17 24 Participants in defined contribution plans.................. Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements.......................................................... - - - - 53 44 92 90 33 100 18 34 38 9 9 9 9 23 28 28 45 45 24 - Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans............................................. Reimbursement accounts3...................................... Premium conversion plans .................................... 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 8 14 19 12 5 31 50 64 - _ _ 7 _ _ _ _ 1 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. NOTE: D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 81 Current Labor Statistics: 27. Compensation & Industrial Relations Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Measure 1999 2000 1999 Annual totals 1998 Apr. May July June Aug. Sept. Nov. Oct. Dec. Jan.p Feb.p Mar.p Apr.p Number of stoppages: 34 17 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 6 34 21 4 6 6 6 3 5 2 2 1 1 2 4 7 Beginning in period (in thousands).... 387 73 19.0 9.6 2.2 1.7 11.0 19.1 .0 2.0 .0 .0 17.0 5.7 26.7 In effect during period (in thousands). 387 80 23.4 22.0 21.6 16.3 15.4 34.5 10.1 5.0 3.0 3.0 20.0 25.7 29.7 5,116 1,995 272.4 314.8 309.4 266.4 118.8 176.2 67.1 63.6 63.0 60.0 298.0 327.6 272.2 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 (2) .01 (2) (2) (2) Ô .01 .01 .01 Beginning in period............................... Workers involved: Days idle: Percent of estimated working tim e1.... 1 Agricultural and government employees are included In the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found In " 'Total economy' measures of strike idleness," M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1968, pp. 54-56. 2 Less than 0.005. p = preliminary. * 82 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 28. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series Annual average 1998 1999 1999 Aug. Sept. Oct. 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS 1 6 3 .0 1 6 6 .6 167.1 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .7 171.1 1 7 1 .2 1 7 1 .3 1 7 2 .3 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .7 All ite m s (1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 4 8 8 .3 4 9 9 .0 5 0 0 .7 5 0 2 .9 5 0 3 .9 5 0 4 .1 5 0 4 .1 5 0 5 .5 5 0 8 .4 5 1 2 .5 5 1 2 .9 5 1 3 .3 5 1 6 .1 5 1 7 .2 5 1 7 .2 F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s ........................................................... 161.1 1 6 4 .6 1 6 4 .7 165.1 1 6 5 .5 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .8 167.1 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .2 1 6 0 .7 164.1 1 6 4 .2 1 6 4 .6 165.1 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .4 166.1 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .1 1 6 8 .7 161.1 1 6 4 .2 164.1 1 6 4 .5 165.1 165.1 1 6 5 .4 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .5 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .9 181.1 1 8 5 .0 1 8 4 .9 1 8 5 .2 1 8 5 .2 1 8 4 .8 1 8 5 .9 1 8 5 .6 1 8 6 .0 186.1 1 8 7 .2 1 8 8 .6 1 8 7 .7 1 8 9 .6 1 8 9 .9 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 9 .6 1 5 6 .5 1 5 8 .7 164.1 1 6 4 .6 16 2 .1 1 6 0 .4 1 6 0 .9 159.1 1 6 0 .6 1 5 9 .6 1 5 9 .5 1 6 0 .5 1 6 1 .0 1 9 8 .2 2 0 3 .1 2 0 2 .1 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .2 2 0 1 .2 2 0 4 .5 2 0 8 .4 2 0 3 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 1 .6 2 0 4 .3 1 9 9 .9 2 0 1 .0 2 0 2 .5 F ru its a n d v e g e ta b le s .................................................. N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s a n d b e v e ra g e 1 3 3 .0 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .7 137.1 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .5 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .2 O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e ................................................... 1 5 0 .8 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .4 155.1 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .9 S u g a r a n d s w e e ts ...................................................... 1 5 0 .2 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .3 152.1 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .0 154.1 1 5 4 .6 F a ts a n d o ils .................................................................. 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .0 1 4 5 .3 145.1 1 4 7 .0 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .9 1 4 4 .8 1 4 7 .0 1 4 6 .6 148.1 1 4 8 .9 O th e r fo o d s .................................................................... 1 6 5 .5 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 6 9 .2 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .6 1 7 0 .7 172.1 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .7 O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s fo o d s ''2 ............................ 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .0 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .5 F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e 1................................................. 1 6 1 .1 165.1 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .8 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .8 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .9 168.1 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .6 169.1 1 6 9 .5 O th e r fo o d a w a y from h o m e 1'2 ............................. 1 0 1 .6 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .0 108.1 10 8 .1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .3 1 7 5 .6 m a te ria ls ......................................................................... 1 6 5 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .7 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .2 1 7 1 .8 1 7 2 .4 1 7 3 .0 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .6 1 7 3 .8 1 7 4 .4 1 7 5 .2 H o u s in g ...................................................................................... 1 6 0 .4 1 6 3 .9 1 6 5 .0 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .0 1 6 4 .9 1 6 4 .8 1 6 5 .8 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .8 1 6 9 .4 1 7 0 .4 1 7 0 .7 S h e lte r.................................................................................... 182.1 1 8 7 .3 1 8 8 .3 1 8 8 .3 1 8 8 .5 1 8 8 .6 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .8 1 9 0 .7 1 9 1 .8 1 9 1 .8 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .9 1 9 3 .7 1 9 4 .3 R e n t o f p rim a ry r e s id e n c e ......................................... 172.1 1 7 7 .5 1 7 7 .9 1 7 8 .4 1 7 8 .8 1 7 9 .8 1 8 0 .3 1 8 0 .8 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .7 1 8 1 .9 1 8 2 .3 1 8 2 .8 1 8 3 .5 1 8 4 .2 Lo d g in g a w a y fro m h o m e .......................................... 1 0 9 .0 1 1 2 .3 117.1 1 1 3 .8 113.1 1 0 8 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 1 1 .3 115.1 1 2 0 .9 1 1 9 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .0 O w n e rs ' e q u iv a le n t re n t o f p rim a ry re s id e n c e 3 1 8 7 .8 1 9 2 .9 1 9 3 .4 1 9 3 .9 1 9 4 .2 1 9 4 .9 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .7 196.1 1 9 6 .4 1 9 6 .8 1 9 7 .2 1 9 7 .7 1 9 8 .2 1 9 8 .8 T e n a n ts ' a n d h o u s e h o ld in s u ra n c e ' 2 ................. 9 9 .8 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .2 102.1 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .6 10 3 .1 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .0 F u e ls a n d u tilities......................................................... 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .7 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .9 1 3 2 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 0 .9 F u e ls ................................................................................. 1 1 3 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .6 114.1 1 1 4 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 6 .3 116.1 1 1 6 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 2 6 .5 1 2 5 .9 F u el oil a n d o th e r fu e ls .......................................... 9 0 .0 9 1 .4 8 9 .2 9 3 .9 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .7 1 0 6 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 4 7 .2 130.1 1 2 3 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .8 G a s (p ip e d ) a n d ele c tric ity .................................... 1 2 1 .2 1 2 0 .9 124.1 1 2 5 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 1 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .4 1 2 8 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .4 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .2 128.1 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .6 A p p a r e l .................................................................................... 1 3 3 .0 1 3 1 .3 1 2 7 .5 1 3 1 .8 1 3 4 .6 1 3 3 .6 130.1 1 2 6 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .3 1 3 2 .2 1 2 8 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .3 M e n 's a n d boys' a p p a r e l............................................ 1 3 1 .8 131.1 127.1 1 3 0 .5 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .2 1 3 1 .5 1 2 9 .2 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .5 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .6 1 2 9 .4 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .8 W o m e n 's a n d girls' a p p a re l...................................... 1 2 6 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 2 8 .4 1 2 6 .6 1 2 1 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .7 1 2 4 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .6 In fa n ts ' a n d to d d le rs ' a p p a r e l'................................ 126.1 1 2 9 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .9 1 3 2 .4 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .3 133.1 1 3 3 .9 1 3 2 .3 1 3 1 .7 1 3 0 .5 128.1 1 2 6 .7 1 2 8 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .7 1 5 3 .4 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .0 1 5 3 .2 101.1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .4 H o u s e h o ld fu rn ish in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s ................ T ra n s p o rta tio n ........................................................................ N e w a n d u sed m o to r v e h ic le s 2 .............................. U s e d c a rs a n d t r u c k s '.............................................. G a s o lin e (all t y p e s )..................................................... 1 4 1 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .3 1 3 7 .9 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .3 100.1 100.1 9 9 .7 100.1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 4 3 .4 1 4 2 .9 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .3 143 1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .4 156.1 1 5 5 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 7 .3 1 3 0 .9 1 2 7 .9 1 2 7 .6 1 3 8 .3 1 3 5 .4 1 2 7 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .8 9 2 .2 1 0 0 .7 1 0 7 .8 9 1 .6 10 0 .1 1 0 7 .2 101.1 1 0 0 .5 M o to r v e h ic le m a in te n a n c e a n d re p a ir................ 167.1 1 7 1 .9 172.1 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .2 1 7 3 .6 1 7 3 .8 1 7 4 .6 1 7 5 .2 1 7 5 .7 1 7 5 .9 1 7 6 .3 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .2 1 7 8 .2 P u b lic tra n s p o rta tio n ....................................................... 1 9 0 .3 1 9 7 .7 197.1 1 9 4 .7 2 0 1 .5 2 0 2 .2 2 0 1 .2 1 9 9 .5 2 0 4 .2 2 0 9 .8 2 0 9 .2 2 1 0 .4 2 1 2 .6 2 1 3 .7 2 1 5 .7 M e d ic a l c a r e ............................................................................ 2 4 2 .1 2 5 0 .6 2 5 1 .9 2 5 2 .3 2 5 2 .8 2 5 3 .3 2 5 4 .2 2 5 5 .5 2 5 7 .0 2 5 8 .1 2 5 8 .8 2 5 9 .4 2 6 0 .5 2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .6 M e d ic a l c a re c o m m o d itie s ............................................ 2 2 1 .8 2 3 0 .7 2 3 2 .5 2 3 3 .1 2 3 3 .2 2 3 3 .7 2 3 4 .6 2 3 5 .2 2 3 5 .5 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .0 2 3 7 .5 2 3 8 .2 2 3 8 .6 2 3 9 .2 M e d ic a l c a re s e rv ic e s ..................................................... 2 4 6 .8 2 5 5 .1 2 5 6 .2 2 5 6 .6 2 5 7 .1 2 5 7 .7 2 5 8 .5 2 6 0 .1 2 6 2 .0 2 6 3 .2 2 6 3 .9 2 6 4 .4 2 6 5 .6 2 6 6 .7 2 6 8 .0 P ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s .................................................. 2 2 2 .2 2 2 9 .2 2 3 0 .1 2 3 0 .4 2 3 0 .9 2 3 1 .4 2 3 1 .7 2 3 3 .1 2 3 4 .9 2 3 6 .1 2 3 6 .6 2 3 7 .1 2 3 7 .9 2 3 8 .3 2 3 8 .9 H o s p ita l a n d re la te d s e rv ic e s .................................. 2 8 7 .5 2 9 9 .5 3 0 1 .3 3 0 2 .1 3 0 2 .9 3 0 3 .9 3 0 6 .3 3 0 8 .4 3 1 0 .5 3 1 1 .5 3 1 2 .7 3 1 3 .5 3 1 5 .6 3 1 8 .1 3 2 1 .3 R e c re a tio n 2 ............................................................................ 101.1 102.1 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .9 1 0 2 .9 10 3 .1 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 3 .9 V id e o a n d a u d io ''2 ......................................................... 101.1 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .9 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .6 E d u c a tio n a n d co m m u n ic a tio n 2 .................................. 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .9 102.1 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .8 E d u c a tio n 2 .......................................................................... 102.1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .0 E d u c a tio n a l b o o k s a n d s u p p lie s .......................... 2 5 0 .8 2 6 1 .7 2 6 4 .5 2 6 7 .0 2 6 9 .0 2 5 5 .7 2 5 6 .0 2 7 3 .9 2 7 8 .3 2 7 6 .9 2 7 6 .7 2 7 6 .8 2 7 7 .5 2 7 8 .1 2 8 0 .2 3 2 5 .4 T u itio n , o th e r sch o o l fe e s , a n d child c a r e ........ 2 9 4 .2 3 0 8 .4 3 0 9 .9 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .9 3 1 6 .3 3 1 6 .3 3 1 7 .3 3 1 8 .0 3 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .7 3 1 9 .2 3 2 0 .9 3 2 1 .7 C o m m u n ic a tio n 1,2........................................................... 9 8 .7 9 6 .0 9 5 .6 9 5 .3 9 5 .3 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 6 .0 9 4 .7 9 4 .3 9 3 .8 9 3 .7 9 2 .6 9 3 .3 9 3 .7 In fo rm atio n a n d in fo rm atio n p r o c e s s in g ''2..... 9 8 .5 9 5 .5 9 5 .0 9 4 .7 9 4 .7 9 5 .3 9 5 .4 9 5 .5 9 4.1 9 3 .6 93 .1 9 3 .0 9 1 .8 9 2 .5 9 3 .0 T e le p h o n e s e rv ic e s ''2........................................... 1 0 0 .7 100.1 9 9 .8 9 9 .6 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .9 9 9 .4 9 8 .9 9 8 .6 9 8 .5 9 7 .2 9 8 .2 9 8 .9 3 9 .9 3 0 .5 2 9 .8 2 9 .3 2 8 .7 2 8 .2 2 8 .2 2 8 .0 2 7 .6 2 7 .2 2 6 .7 2 6 .6 2 6 .0 2 5 .7 2 5 .2 In fo rm a tio n a n d in fo rm atio n p ro cessin g o th e r th a n te le p h o n e s e rv ic e s 1,4................... P e rs o n a l c o m p u te rs a n d p e rip h e ra l e q u ip m e n t1,2.................................................... 7 8 .2 5 3 .5 5 0 .9 4 9 .7 4 8 .2 4 7 .0 4 7 .2 4 6 .4 4 5 .1 4 4 .2 4 2 .7 4 2 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 3 9 .5 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ................................................ 2 3 7 .7 2 5 8 .3 2 5 7 .6 2 6 2 .6 2 6 3 .2 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .0 2 6 4 .7 2 6 6 .7 2 6 8 .0 2 7 1 .9 2 7 0 .2 2 6 9 .6 2 7 2 .2 2 7 1 .6 T o b a c c o a n d s m o kin g p ro d u c ts ................................ 2 7 4 .8 3 5 5 .8 3 5 0 .1 3 7 3 .8 3 7 3 .3 3 6 9 .8 3 6 9 .1 3 7 5 .1 3 8 3 .0 3 8 7 .3 4 0 4 .4 3 9 3 .5 3 8 8 .5 4 0 0 .7 3 9 4 .1 P e rs o n a l c a r e '................................................................... 1 5 6 .7 161.1 1 6 1 .4 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .4 1 6 2 .8 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .8 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .4 1 6 5 .7 1 6 6 .2 P e rs o n a l c a r e p ro d u c ts '............................................ 1 4 8 .3 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .3 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .3 P e rs o n a l c a re s e r v ic e s '............................................ 1 6 6 .0 1 7 1 .4 1 7 1 .9 172.1 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .9 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .2 1 7 7 .3 1 7 7 .9 1 7 8 .2 1 7 9 .3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 83 Current Labor Statistics: 28. Price Data Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and com m odify or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series M is c e lla n e o u s p e rs o n a l s e rv ic e s .......................... 1998 2 3 4 .7 1999 2 4 3 .0 2000 1999 Annual average Aug. 2 4 3 .9 Sept. Oct. Nov. 2 4 4 .6 2 4 5 .6 2 4 6 .0 Dec. Jan. Feb. 2 4 6 .6 2 4 7 .6 2 4 8 .9 Mar. Apr. 2 4 9 .4 2 5 0 .9 May 2 5 1 .7 June 2 5 2 .0 July Aug. 2 5 2 .9 2 5 3 .6 C o m m o d ity a n d s e rv ic e group: C o m m o d itie s .......................................................................... 1 4 1 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .2 146.1 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 4 8 .6 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ....................................................... 161.1 1 6 4 .6 1 6 4 .7 165.1 1 6 5 .5 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .8 167.1 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .2 C o m m o d itie s less fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ................. 1 3 0 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 3 7 .7 1 3 6 .4 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............... 1 3 2 .6 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 0 .9 1 4 0 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 7 .6 149.1 1 4 7 .5 1 4 5 .6 A p p a r e l............................................................................ 1 3 3 .0 1 3 1 .3 1 2 7 .5 1 3 1 .8 1 3 4 .6 1 3 3 .6 130.1 1 2 6 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .3 1 3 2 .2 1 2 8 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .3 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d , b e v e ra g e s , a n d a p p a r e l.................................................................. 1 3 7 .4 1 4 6 .0 1 4 8 .8 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .2 1 5 0 .7 152.1 153.1 1 5 7 .2 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .3 1 6 1 .5 1 6 5 .8 1 6 5 .4 1 6 2 .0 D u ra b le s ............................................................................. 1 2 7 .6 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .2 1 2 4 .7 S e rv ic e s .................................................................................... 1 8 4 .2 1 8 8 .8 1 8 9 .9 190.1 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .5 1 9 0 .5 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .2 193.1 1 9 3 .3 1 9 3 .6 1 9 5 .0 196.1 1 9 6 .7 R e n t of s h e lte r3 ................................................................ 1 8 9 .6 1 9 5 .0 196.1 196.1 1 9 6 .3 1 9 6 .3 1 9 6 .3 1 9 7 .6 1 9 8 .5 1 9 9 .7 1 9 9 .8 1 9 9 .9 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .7 2 0 2 .3 T ra n s p o ra ta tio n s e rv ic e s ............................................. 1 8 7 .9 1 9 0 .7 1 9 0 .2 1 8 9 .9 1 9 1 .9 1 9 2 .7 1 9 2 .8 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .7 1 9 5 .0 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .7 196.1 1 9 6 .5 1 9 7 .4 O th e r s e rv ic e s ................................................................... 2 1 6 .9 2 2 3 .1 2 2 3 .9 2 2 4 .5 2 2 5 .1 2 2 6 .0 2 2 6 .5 2 2 7 .4 2 2 7 .4 2 2 7 .8 2 2 8 .0 2 2 8 .4 2 2 8 .7 2 2 9 .9 2 3 1 .3 All ite m s le s s fo o d ........................................................... 1 6 3 .4 1 6 7 .0 1 6 7 .7 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .2 1 7 0 .3 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 7 2 .1 1 7 3 .2 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .4 All ite m s le s s s h e lte r...................................................... 1 5 7 .2 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .0 162.1 162.1 1 6 2 .3 1 6 3 .3 1 6 4 .8 1 6 4 .9 165.1 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .0 All ite m s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ......................................... 1 5 8 .6 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .5 1 6 3 .2 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .9 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .5 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .8 C o m m o d itie s less fo o d ................................................. 1 3 2 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .3 136.1 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .4 140.1 1 3 9 .2 1 3 8 .0 1 4 7 .5 S p e c ia l in d exes: N o n d u ra b le s less fo o d .................................................. 1 3 4 .6 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .7 143.1 1 4 2 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 4 5 .7 150.1 150.1 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .7 1 4 9 .3 N o n d u ra b le s less fo o d a n d a p p a re l....................... 1 3 9 .2 1 4 7 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .3 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .2 1 5 8 .0 1 6 3 .0 1 6 2 .7 1 6 1 .9 1 6 6 .0 1 6 5 .7 1 6 2 .6 N o n d u ra b le s ....................................................................... 1 4 6 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .5 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .6 158.1 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .4 1 5 7 .6 S e rv ic e s le s s re n t of s h e lte r3 .................................... 1 9 1 .8 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .9 1 9 7 .3 1 9 7 .4 1 9 7 .9 1 9 9 .2 1 9 9 .9 2 0 0 .2 2 0 0 .9 2 0 2 .9 2 0 4 .2 2 0 5 .0 S e rv ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e s e rv ic e s ...................... 1 7 8 .4 1 8 2 .7 1 8 3 .8 1 8 3 .9 184.1 1 8 4 .3 1 8 4 .3 185.1 1 8 5 .8 1 8 6 .7 1 8 6 .9 1 8 7 .2 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 1 3 .2 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 6 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 2 5 .9 1 7 5 .8 1 7 5 .7 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .7 1 7 8 .0 178.1 1 7 8 .2 1 7 8 .5 1 7 9 .0 E n e rg y ................................................................................... 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 9 8 .0 1 9 8 .6 1 9 0 .3 All ite m s less e n e r g y ..................................................... 1 7 0 .9 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .5 1 7 5 .1 1 7 5 .7 All ite m s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y .............................. 1 7 3 .4 1 7 7 .0 177.1 1 7 7 .7 1 7 8 .3 1 7 8 .4 1 7 8 .2 1 7 8 .7 1 7 9 .4 1 8 0 .4 1 8 0 .7 1 8 0 .8 1 8 0 .8 181.1 1 8 1 .6 C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y .................. 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .2 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .9 1 4 5 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .7 92 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .3 109.1 109.1 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 3 1 .7 1 2 8 .4 1 2 7 .9 1 3 7 .6 1 3 5 .0 1 2 7 .9 1 9 0 .6 1 9 5 .7 1 9 6 .5 1 9 6 .6 1 9 7 .2 1 9 7 .5 1 9 7 .7 1 9 8 .7 1 9 9 .5 2 0 0 .5 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .9 2 0 1 .6 2 0 2 .5 2 0 3 .3 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 1 5 9 .7 1 6 3 .2 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .7 1 6 5 .0 165.1 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .4 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .9 168.1 1 6 9 .1 1 6 9 .3 1 6 9 .2 4 7 5 .6 4 8 6 .2 4 8 7 .8 4 9 0 .5 4 9 1 .5 4 9 1 .7 4 9 1 .8 4 9 2 .9 4 9 5 .6 4 9 9 .7 5 0 0 .1 5 0 0 .7 5 0 3 .8 5 0 4 .4 5 0 3 .9 1 6 0 .4 1 6 3 .8 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .9 166.1 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .6 1 6 0 .0 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 6 4 .7 1 6 5 .4 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .7 1 6 6 .8 1 6 7 .6 168.1 F o o d a t h o m e ..................................................................... 1 6 0 .0 1 6 3 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .1 165.1 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .3 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .9 C e re a ls a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts .................................. 1 8 0 .9 1 8 4 .7 1 8 4 .8 1 8 5 .0 1 8 5 .0 1 8 4 .5 1 8 5 .7 1 8 5 .5 1 8 5 .8 1 8 5 .9 1 8 6 .9 1 8 8 .4 1 8 7 .3 1 8 9 .2 1 8 9 .5 1 5 6 .5 F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s ........................................................... M e a ts , p o u ltry, fish , a n d e g g s ................................. F ru its a n d v e g e ta b le s .................................................. 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .9 1 4 8 .8 150.1 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .5 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 0 .4 1 5 9 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 8 .4 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .6 1 6 1 .9 1 5 9 .9 1 6 0 .4 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .4 1 6 0 .5 1 6 0 .9 1 9 7 .0 2 0 1 .8 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .0 1 9 9 .8 2 0 2 .8 2 0 7 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 0 .5 2 0 0 .5 2 0 3 .1 1 9 8 .9 2 0 0 .0 2 0 1 .5 1 3 7 .4 N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s a n d b e v e ra g e m a te ria ls ......................................................................... 1 3 1 .8 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .5 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .5 O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e .................................................... 1 5 0 .2 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .3 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .2 150.1 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .5 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .4 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .3 148.1 1 4 8 .6 1 4 4 .9 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .8 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .9 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .6 1 6 5 .4 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .6 1 7 0 .7 1 7 2 .2 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .6 O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s fo o d s 1,2........................... 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .4 105.1 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 0 4 .7 106.1 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 0 9 .0 F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e 1................................................. 1 6 1 .1 1 6 5 .0 1 6 5 .5 1 6 5 .8 16 6 .1 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .8 167.1 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .9 168.1 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .6 169.1 1 6 9 .5 O th e r fo o d a w a y from h o m e 1,2............................. 1 0 1 .6 10 5 .1 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 6 4 .6 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .2 1 6 9 .8 1 6 9 .5 1 7 0 .4 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .6 1 7 2 .2 1 7 2 .8 1 7 2 .9 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .6 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .7 1 6 6 .3 F a ts a n d o ils ................................................................... H o u s in g ..................................................................................... 1 5 6 .7 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .0 161.1 161.1 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .7 1 6 3 .2 1 6 3 .3 1 6 3 .6 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .1 S h e lte r.................................................................................... 1 7 6 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 2 .4 1 8 2 .6 1 8 2 .8 183.1 1 8 3 .3 184.1 1 8 4 .8 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .8 186.1 1 8 6 .8 1 8 7 .5 1 8 8 .0 171 7 177 1 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .0 1 7 8 .4 1 7 9 .3 1 7 9 .9 1 8 0 .3 1 8 0 .7 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .4 1 8 1 .8 1 8 2 .3 183.1 1 8 3 .7 O w n e rs ' e q u iv a le n t re n t o f p rim a ry re s id e n c e 3 1 0 9 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 3 .8 113.1 1 0 8 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .9 123.1 1 2 2 .5 171.1 1 7 5 .7 176.1 1 7 6 .5 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .8 1 7 8 .2 1 7 8 .6 1 7 8 .8 179.1 1 7 9 .5 1 8 0 .0 1 8 0 .4 1 8 0 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .2 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .7 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .6 130.1 1 2 9 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .5 1 3 2 .0 1 3 1 .2 131.1 1 3 1 .9 1 3 8 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 0 .4 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .0 F u e l oil a n d o th e r f u e ls .......................................... 9 0 .3 9 1 .7 8 9 .3 9 3 .9 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .7 1 0 6 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .2 120.1 12 0 .1 G a s (p ip e d ) a n d ele c tric ity .................................. 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 2 0 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .4 120.1 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 9 .9 1 3 2 .5 1 3 1 .8 H o u s e h o ld fu rn is h in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s ................ 1 2 5 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .7 A p p a r e l..................................................................................... 1 3 1 .6 130.1 1 2 6 .4 1 3 0 .5 133.1 1 3 2 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 7 .9 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 2 7 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .0 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 2 7 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .3 1 3 1 .6 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .5 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 2 3 .9 1 2 1 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 1 9 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .3 12 2 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .2 T e n a n ts ' a n d h o u s e h o ld in s u ra n c e 1,2................. 134.1 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .8 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .7 134.1 1 3 3 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 2 9 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .7 1 2 6 .2 1 2 4 .4 125.1 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .7 127.1 1 2 6 .6 1 2 4 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 4 0 .5 1 4 3 .4 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .6 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 4 7 .7 149.1 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .5 1 5 5 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .6 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .0 145.1 1 4 6 .4 150.1 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 4 9 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .9 1 2 6 .7 N e w a n d u s e d m o to r v e h ic le s 2 ............................... 84 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 3 0 .3 1 2 9 .6 O ctober 2000 1 3 1 .4 28. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban W ag e Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city averag e, by expenditure categ ory and com m odity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series Annual average 1998 N e w v e h ic le s ................................................................... 1999 1999 Aug. Sept. 2000 Nov. Oct. Jan. Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .3 1 5 5 .2 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .3 1 5 6 .3 1 5 5 .3 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .4 156 8 157 1 July 1 4 3 .7 Aug. 1 4 3 .1 M o to r fu e l............................................................................ 9 2 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 8 .6 1 3 2 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .5 1 4 0 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 2 8 .0 G a s o lin e (a ll ty p e s ) ..................................................... 9 1 .7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 7 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 0 8 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .9 1 3 9 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 2 7 .3 M o to r v e h ic le p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t ....................... 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 9 9 .9 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .7 M o to r v e h ic le m a in te n a n c e a n d re p a ir ................ 1 6 8 .2 1 7 3 .3 1 7 3 .5 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .1 1 7 5 .2 17 6 .1 1 7 6 .6 1 7 7 .2 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .8 1 7 8 .3 1 7 8 .7 1 8 7 .1 1 9 3 .1 192 5 190 7 M e d ic a l c a r e ............................................................................. 2 4 1 .4 2 4 9 .7 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .4 2 5 1 .9 2 5 2 .5 2 5 3 .2 2 5 4 .5 2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .3 2 5 8 .0 2 5 8 .5 2 5 9 .7 2 6 0 .6 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d itie s ........................................... 2 1 8 .6 2 2 6 .8 2 2 8 .4 2 2 9 .0 2 2 9 .1 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .2 2 3 0 .7 2 3 1 .0 2 3 1 .8 2 3 2 .4 2 3 2 .9 2 3 3 .7 2 3 4 .2 2 3 4 .6 M e d ic a l c a r e s e rv ic e s ..................................................... 2 4 6 .6 2 5 4 .9 2 5 6 .0 2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .0 2 5 7 .6 2 5 8 .4 2 5 9 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 3 .1 2 6 3 .8 2 6 4 .4 2 6 5 .6 2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .9 P ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s ................................................... 2 2 3 .7 2 3 0 .8 2 3 1 .7 2 3 2 .0 2 3 2 .5 2 3 3 .1 2 3 3 .4 2 3 4 .8 2 3 6 .7 2 3 8 .0 2 3 8 .6 2 3 9 .0 2 3 9 .9 2 4 0 .3 2 4 0 .9 H o s p ita l a n d re la te d s e rv ic e s ................................... 2 8 3 .6 2 9 5 .5 2 9 7 .3 2 9 8 .2 2 9 8 .9 2 9 9 .8 3 0 2 .1 3 0 4 .1 3 0 6 .4 3 0 7 .5 3 0 8 .7 3 0 9 .5 3 1 1 .7 3 1 4 .2 3 1 7 .1 R e c re a tio n 2 .............................................................................. 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .9 10 1 .1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .8 9 9 .9 9 9 .9 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .5 10 2 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .2 1 0 3 .0 E d u c a tio n a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n 2 ................................... 1 7 9 .6 '"‘OO 7 2 6 1 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .2 E d u c a tio n a l b o o k s a n d s u p p lie s ........................... 2 5 3 .1 2 6 4 .1 2 6 7 .2 2 6 9 .9 2 7 1 .8 2 5 6 .5 2 5 6 .9 2 7 6 .6 2 8 1 .3 2 8 0 .0 2 7 9 .9 2 8 0 .0 2 8 0 .9 2 8 1 .5 2 8 3 .6 T u itio n , o th e r s c h o o l fe e s , a n d ch ild c a r e ........ E d u c a tio n 2 ........................................................................... 2 8 8 .5 3 0 2 .8 3 0 4 .1 3 0 9 .5 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .4 3 1 1 .7 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .8 3 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .8 3 1 5 .4 3 1 6 .2 3 1 9 .2 C o m m u n ic a tio n 1,2............................................................ 9 9 .1 9 6 .9 9 6 .5 9 6 .2 9 6 .3 9 6 .9 9 7 .0 9 7 .1 9 5 .7 9 5 .3 9 4 .8 9 4 .7 9 3 .6 9 4 .3 9 4 .8 In fo rm a tio n a n d in fo rm a tio n p ro c e s s in g 1,2...... 9 9 .0 9 6 .5 9 6.1 9 5 .8 9 5 .9 9 6 .6 9 6 .6 9 6 .7 9 5 .3 9 4 .8 9 4 .4 9 4 .3 9 3 .0 9 3 .9 9 4 .4 T e le p h o n e s e rv ic e s 1,2............................................ 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .2 9 9 .9 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .6 99 .1 9 8 .8 9 8 .7 9 7 .4 9 8 .4 9 9.1 4 1 .2 3 1 .6 3 0 .8 3 0 .3 2 9 .9 2 9 .3 2 9 .3 2 8 .9 2 8 .6 2 8 .2 2 7 .6 2 7 .5 2 7 .0 2 6 .6 2 6 .1 In fo rm a tio n a n d in fo rm a tio n p ro c e s s in g o th e r th a n t e le p h o n e s e rv ic e s 1,4................... P e rs o n a l c o m p u te rs a n d p e rip h e ra l 7 7 .9 5 3 .1 5 0 .6 4 9 .4 4 8 .1 4 6 .9 4 6 .9 4 5 .7 4 4 .5 4 3 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 0 .7 3 9 .8 3 9 .1 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s .................................................. 2 3 6 .1 2 6 1 .9 2 6 0 .7 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .9 2 6 7 .4 2 6 7 .3 2 6 9 .3 2 7 1 .7 2 7 3 .3 2 7 8 .0 2 7 5 .4 2 7 4 .5 2 7 7 .9 2 7 6 .8 T o b a c c o a n d s m o k in g p ro d u c ts ................................. 2 7 4 .8 3 5 6 .2 3 5 0 .6 3 7 4 .4 3 7 4 .0 3 7 0 .4 3 6 9 .7 3 7 5 .7 3 8 3 .6 3 8 7 .8 4 0 4 .9 3 9 3 .7 3 8 8 .7 4 0 0 .9 3 9 4 .2 P e rs o n a l c a r e 1.................................................................... 1 5 6 .8 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .6 1 6 1 .9 1 6 2 .6 1 6 3 .0 1 6 3 .1 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .6 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .5 16 6 .1 P e rs o n a l c a r e p ro d u c ts 1............................................ 1 4 9 .3 1 5 2 .5 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .1 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .0 P e rs o n a l c a r e s e rv ic e s 1............................................. 1 6 6 .3 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .2 1 7 2 .4 1 7 3 .2 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .3 17 6 .1 1 7 6 .6 1 7 6 .6 1 7 7 .7 1 7 8 .3 1 7 8 .6 1 7 9 .7 M is c e lla n e o u s p e rs o n a l s e rv ic e s ........................... 2 3 4 .0 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .8 2 4 4 .5 2 4 5 .5 2 4 5 .9 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .6 2 4 8 .9 2 4 9 .4 2 5 0 .4 2 5 1 .2 2 5 1 .4 2 5 2 .2 2 5 3 .0 e q u ip m e n t1,2..................................................... C o m m o d ity a n d s e rv ic e g ro u p : C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................... 1 4 1 .8 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .8 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 6 .6 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .8 1 4 9 .8 1 4 9 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .1 1 4 9 .3 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ........................................................ 1 6 0 .4 1 6 3 .8 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .6 C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ................. 1 3 0 .6 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .4 1 3 5 .4 1 6 5 .9 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .4 13 5 .1 1 3 6 .8 1 3 9 .6 1 3 9 .6 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .3 1 3 9 .2 1 3 7 .7 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ................ 1 3 2 .1 1 3 8 .1 1 3 8 .8 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .9 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .7 145.1 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 4 7 .2 A p p a r e l ............................................................................. 1 3 1 .6 1 3 0 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 3 0 .5 1 3 3 .1 1 3 2 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 7 .9 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 2 7 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .0 N o n a u ra b ie s less to o o , b e v e ra g e s , a n d a p p a r e l................................................................... 1 3 7 .0 1 4 7 .2 1 5 0 .2 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .1 1 5 2 .5 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .0 1 5 9 .3 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .2 1 6 4 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 6 8 .7 1 6 4 .6 D u r a b le s ............................................................................... 1 2 7 .3 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .7 12 6 .1 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .2 S e r v ic e s ...................................................................................... R e n t o f s h e lte r3 ............................................................ 1 8 1 .0 1 8 5 .3 1 8 6 .3 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .7 1 8 7 .1 1 8 7 .2 1 8 7 .9 1 8 8 .5 1 8 9 .2 1 8 9 .4 1 8 9 .8 1 9 1 .2 1 9 2 .2 1 9 2 .8 1 7 0 .1 1 7 4 .9 1 7 5 .6 1 7 5 .8 1 7 6 .1 1 7 6 .3 1 7 6 .5 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .0 1 7 8 .7 1 7 8 .9 1 7 9 .2 1 7 9 .9 1 8 0 .6 1 8 1 .1 T ra n s p o ra ta tio n s e rv ic e s .............................................. 1 8 5 .4 1 8 7 .9 1 8 7 .4 1 8 7 .3 1 8 9 .0 1 8 9 .8 1 8 9 .9 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .8 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .4 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .8 O th e r s e rv ic e s .................................................................... 2 1 3 .7 2 1 9 .6 2 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .9 2 2 1 .6 2 2 2 .3 2 2 2 .9 2 2 3 .8 2 2 3 .7 2 2 4 .0 2 2 4 .2 2 2 4 .6 2 2 4 .7 2 2 5 .9 2 2 7 .3 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : All ite m s le s s fo o d ............................................................. 1 5 9 .5 1 6 3 .1 1 6 3 .7 1 6 4 .7 1 6 5 .0 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .3 1 6 9 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .2 All ite m s le s s s h e lte r........................................................ 1 5 5 .0 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .7 16 0 .1 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .3 1 6 1 .3 1 6 2 .8 1 6 3 .0 1 6 3 .1 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .9 All ite m s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e .......................................... 1 5 5 .8 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .1 16 1 .1 1 6 1 .4 1 6 2 .3 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .0 1 6 5 .0 1 6 5 .1 C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d .................................................. 1 3 2 .0 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .5 1 3 8 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .7 1 4 0 .6 1 3 9 .1 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d .................................................... 1 3 4 .1 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 3 .8 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 6 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 0 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 4 8 .9 N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l........................ 1 3 8 .7 1 4 8 .4 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .8 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 5 9 .8 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .3 1 6 4 .5 1 6 9 .4 1 6 8 .7 1 6 4 .9 N o n d u ra b le s ........................................................................ 1 4 6 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .2 1 5 6 .0 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .9 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .4 1 5 8 .3 S e rv ic e s le s s re n t o f s h e lte r3 ...................................... 1 7 0 .7 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .0 1 7 5 .5 1 7 5 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 7 5 .9 1 7 6 .4 1 7 6 .9 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .7 1 7 8 .2 1 8 0 .2 1 8 1 .3 1 8 1 .9 S e rv ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e s e rv ic e s ....................... 1 7 5 .4 1 7 9 .5 1 8 0 .4 1 8 0 .7 1 8 0 .8 18 1 .1 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .9 1 8 2 .4 18 3 .1 1 8 3 .3 1 8 3 .7 1 8 5 .1 1 8 6 .0 1 8 6 .6 E n e r g y .................................................................................... 1 0 2 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 1 1 .1 11 3 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .5 1 1 6 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 3 0 .9 1 3 0 .1 1 2 5 .7 All ite m s le s s e n e r g y ....................................................... 1 6 7 .6 1 7 1 .1 1 7 1 .1 1 7 1 .8 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .5 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .3 1 7 4 .1 1 7 4 .5 1 7 4 .6 1 7 4 .6 1 7 4 .9 1 7 5 .3 All ite m s less fo o d a n d e n e r g y ................................ 1 6 9 .6 1 7 3 .1 17 3 .1 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .5 1 7 4 .7 1 7 4 .5 1 7 4 .8 1 7 5 .3 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .7 1 7 6 .7 1 7 6 .6 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .2 C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ................... 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .3 1 4 3 .3 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .7 1 4 5 .4 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .2 E n e rg y c o m m o d itie s ................................................ 9 2 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 6 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .1 11 3 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 3 9 .1 1 3 5 .4 1 2 7 .7 S e rv ic e s le s s e n e r g y .................................................. 1 8 7 .7 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .2 1 9 3 .4 1 9 4 .0 1 9 4 .4 1 9 4 .7 1 9 5 .5 1 9 6 .2 1 9 6 .9 19 7 .1 1 9 7 .5 1 9 8 .0 1 9 8 .8 1 9 9 .5 N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . 2 In d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 7 = 1 0 0 b a s e . 4 in d e x e s on a D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 8 = 1 0 0 b a s e . - D a ta n o t a v a ila b le . 3 In d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 b a s e . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No te : In d e x a p p lie s to a m o n th a s a w h o le , n o t to a n y s p e c ific d a te . Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 85 Current Labor Statistics: 29. Price Data Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]____________________________________________________ Pricing schedule1 Area M U.S. city average............................................................... Urban Wage Earners All Urban Consumers July Aug. 166.7 Apr. 167.1 May 171.2 June 171.3 2000 1999 2000 1999 Aug. July 172.3 172.6 172.7 July Apr. Aug. 163.3 May June 163.8 167.9 168.1 169.1 Aug. July 169.3 169.2 Region and area size2 Northeast urban....................................................................... M 173.4 174.1 178.4 178.2 178.8 179.6 179.7 170.2 170.9 175.3 175.3 175.8 176.6 176.5 Size A— More than 1,500,000............................................ M 174.5 175.1 179.1 179.0 179.6 180.4 180.7 170.3 171.0 175.0 175.0 175.5 176.4 176.5 Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000*....................................... M 103.9 104.3 107.4 107.3 107.6 108.1 107.8 103.4 103.8 107.0 106.9 107.2 107.6 107.3 Midwest urban4........................................................................ Size A— More than 1,500,000............................................ M 162.9 163.2 166.9 167.4 169.5 168.7 168.1 159.1 159.4 163.2 163.8 166.1 165.0 164.2 M 164.6 164.8 168.2 169.0 171.2 170.3 169.9 159.9 160.2 163.6 164.5 166.8 165.7 165.2 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000*....................................... Size D— Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................... M 103.9 104.2 106.8 106.9 108.3 107.6 107.0 103.8 104.0 106.9 107.0 108.6 107.6 106.8 M 157.2 157.7 161.3 161.4 163.1 163.1 162.4 155.4 156.1 159.9 160.0 161.7 161.6 160.9 South urban............................................................................. M 162.2 162.6 166.6 166.6 167.4 167.9 167.9 160.1 160.6 164.9 164.9 165.7 166.2 166.0 Size A— More than 1,500,000............................................ M 161.4 161.9 166.1 166.1 167.1 167.8 167.8 158.9 159.5 163.7 163.7 164.9 165.6 165.4 Size B/C— 50,000 to 1,500,000*....................................... Size D— Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................... M 104.3 104.4 107.1 107.1 107.6 107.7 107.7 103.9 104.0 106.9 107.0 107.4 107.6 107.5 M 162.6 163.7 166.7 167.0 166.9 167.6 167.7 163.0 164.1 167.6 167.9 168.0 168.5 168.6 West urban.............................................................................. M 168.9 169.5 173.7 173.9 174.3 175.2 175.8 164.7 165.3 169.4 169.6 169.9 170.7 171.2 Size A— More than 1,500,000............................................ M 169.9 170.5 175.1 175.4 175.7 176.7 177.6 164.0 164.7 169.0 169.3 169.6 170.6 171.2 Size B/C—50 000 to 1,500,000*....................................... M 104.9 105.2 107.2 107.3 107.6 108.1 108.3 104.7 105.1 107.1 107.1 107.4 107.9 108.0 M M M 151.1 104.2 162.4 151.6 104.5 163.1 155.2 107.1 166.7 155.4 107.1 166.8 156.3 107.7 167.4 156.7 107.8 167.7 156.9 107.7 167.6 149.6 103.9 161.3 150.1 104.1 162.1 153.7 106.9 166.0 154.0 107.0 166.1 155.0 107.6 166.8 155.3 107.6 166.9 155.3 107.3 166.7 167.8 Size classes: A5 B/C*...................................................................................... D........................................................................................... Selected local areas6 M 169.4 169.3 171.7 173.5 175.8 174.4 173.5 163.4 163.5 166.1 167.9 170.2 168.7 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA........................ M 165.8 166.3 170.6 171.1 170.9 171.7 172.2 159.2 159.8 163.9 164.4 164.2 164.9 165.2 New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-N J-CT-PA. M 177.2 177.6 181.2 181.3 181.9 182.7 183.0 172.5 173.2 _ 176.9 177.4 178.4 180.5 _ 178.2 173.3 _ 176.6 182.2 154.9 - - 158.9 - 160.4 1 175.3 Cleveland-Akron, OH............................................................. 1 162.8 Dallas-Ft Worth, TX................................................................ 1 158.3 1 104.6 Washington-Baltlmore, DC -M D -VA-W V7........................... Detrolt-Ann Arbor-Flint, M l.................................................... 2 _ 2 - 181.6 - - 166.4 _ 163.2 - - 106.7 165.9 169.8 _ 164.2 168.1 2 148.9 152.7 2 162.3 166.9 _ - _ - 183.2 _ 168.1 - _ 166.2 - 108.4 171.1 170.8 154.0 _ - _ _ 158.0 - 104.3 171.9 170.0 154.3 _ - _ 168.4 168.0 _ _ 163.1 106.6 - - 163.2 167.2 158.7 162.8 147.9 151.3 160.0 _ - _ 166.2 - 108.2 168.7 165.6 _ - _ - _ 169.4 - 164.4 153.0 164.5 _ _ 165.7 _ _ 153.0 165.7 Philadelphia-Wilmlngton-Atlantic City, PA-N J-D E-M D.... 2 - 173.1 175.7 - 176.4 - 177.4 - 172.6 175.7 - 176.0 - 177.0 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA................................ 2 - 173.5 178.6 - 179.0 - 181.7 - 170.0 174.8 - 175.2 - 177.7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, W A......................................... 2 - 173.4 177.7 - 179.1 - 180.2 - 168.8 173.2 - 174.4 1 F o o d s , f u e ls , a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r Ite m s p r ic e d e v e r y m o n th in a ll a r e a s ; m o s t o t h e r g o o d s M O -K S ; M llw a u k e e -R a c ln e , W l; M in n e a p o lls - S t . P a u l, M N -W I; P itts b u rg h , 175.3 PA; P o r t- l a n d - S a l e m , O R - W A ; S t L o u is , M O - I L ; S a n D ie g o , C A ; T a m p a - S t . P e t e r s b u r g - C le a r w a t e r , a n d s e r v ic e s p r ic e d a s in d ic a te d : M — E v e r y m o n th . FL. 1— J a n u a r y , M a r c h , M a y , J u ly , S e p t e m b e r , a n d N o v e m b e r . 7 2— F e b r u a r y , A p ril, J u n e , A u g u s t, O c t o b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r . - In d e x e s o n a N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 6 = 1 0 0 b a s e . D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 2 R e g io n s d e f in e d a s t h e to u r C e n s u s r e g io n s . 3 In d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 6 = 1 0 0 b a s e . NOTE: 4 T h e " N o r th C e n t r a l" re g io n h a s b e e n r e n a m e d t h e " M id w e s t" re g io n b y t h e C e n s u s B u r e a u . in d e x h a s a s m a lle r s a m p le s iz e a n d is, t h e r e f o r e , s u b je c t to s u b s ta n tia lly m o r e s a m p lin g a n d L o c a l a r e a C P I in d e x e s a r e b y p r o d u c ts o f t h e n a tio n a l C P I p r o g r a m . o th e r m e a s u r e m e n t e rro r. It Is c o m p o s e d o f t h e s a m e g e o g r a p h ic e n title s . A s a re s u lt, lo c a l a r e a in d e x e s s h o w g r e a t e r v o la tility th a n t h e n a tio n a l in d e x , a lth o u g h t h e ir lo n g - t e r m t r e n d s a r e s im ila r . 5 In d e x e s o n a D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 6 = 1 0 0 b a s e . E a c h lo c a l T h e r e fo r e , th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s s tro n g ly u r g e s u s e r s to c o n s id e r a d o p tin g t h e n a tio n a l a v e r a g e C P I fo r u s e in th e ir 6 In a d d itio n , t h e f o llo w in g m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s a r e p u b lis h e d s e m ia n n u a lly a n d a p p e a r In t a b le s 3 4 a n d 3 9 o f t h e J a n u a r y a n d J u ly is s u e s o f t h e CPI D e ta ile d R e p o r t : A n c h o r a g e , A K ; C ln c ln n a t i- H a m ilt o n , O H - K Y - I N ; D e n v e r - B o u l d e r - G r e e l e y , 86 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C O ; H o n o lu lu , O ctober 2000 H I; K a n s a s C ity , e s c a la t o r c la u s e s . In d e x a p p lie s to a m o n th a s a w h o le , n o t t o a n y s p e c ific d a t e . 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [ 1982-84 = 100] Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items: Index.......................................................................... 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 136.2 4.2 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 156.9 3.0 136.8 138.7 141.6 144.9 148.9 153.7 3.6 1.4 2.1 2.3 2.8 3.2 2.6 133.6 4.0 137.5 141.2 144.8 148.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.6 152.8 2.9 2.6 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4 132.0 3.7 2.5 1.4 -.2 -1 .0 131.7 -.2 .9 123.8 2.7 126.5 130.4 134.3 139.1 143.0 I'M 3 2.2 3.1 3.0 3.6 2.8 0.9 177.0 8.7 190.1 7.4 201.4 211.0 4.8 220.5 Percent change.................................................. Other goods and services: Index...................................................................... 171.6 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 7.9 206.9 4.2 134.3 4.1 138.2 142.1 2.9 2.8 145.6 2.5 Percent change............................................................. Food and beverages: Index............................................................... Percent change............................................................ Housing: Index....................................................... Percent change............................................................ 1999 160.5 2.3 2.2 163.9 2.2 Apparel: Index.......................................................................... Percent change............................................................ 131.3 -1 .3 Transportation: Index........................................................... Percent change............................................................ Medical care: Index................................................................... Percent change.............................................. 5.9 2.9 4.5 141.6 144.4 2.0 250.6 3.5 3.5 258.3 8.7 4.4 Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index............................................................. Percent change................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 149.8 2.9 159.7 2.9 Monthly Labor Review 1.3 O ctober 2000 163.2 2.2 87 Current Labor Statistics: 31. Price Data Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Grouping 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Finished goods........................................ 1 3 0 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .1 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .1 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s .................................. 1 2 8 .9 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .8 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .5 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r fo o d s ................................ 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 5 .8 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .4 1 3 6 .9 e x c lu d in g f o o d s ................................................... 1 2 6 .4 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .3 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .0 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s f o o d ....................... 1 2 2 .2 1 2 7 .9 1 3 0 .4 1 3 2 .8 1 3 1 .5 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .7 1 3 1 .4 1 3 4 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .9 D u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................... 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .2 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .1 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .2 1 3 2 .7 C a p it a l e q u ip m e n t ................................................ 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .1 1 2 9 .9 fo r m a n u f a c t u r in g ..................................................... 1 2 6 .1 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .0 1 2 8 .6 M a t e r ia ls fo r fo o d m a n u f a c t u r in g ................... 1 2 3 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 0 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 3 4 .2 F in s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s Intermediate materials, supplies, and components..................... M a t e r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s M a t e r ia ls fo r n o n d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g ... 1 2 6 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .0 M a t e r ia ls fo r d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g ........... 1 2 8 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .1 C o m p o n e n t s fo r m a n u f a c t u r in g ...................... 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .8 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .1 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .1 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .2 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .4 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .1 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .1 1 5 0 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .3 8 1 .1 8 4 .6 9 0 .0 9 2 .5 8 9 .3 9 0 .2 9 0 .6 9 1 .5 9 4 .8 9 7 .4 9 5 .7 9 6 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .6 C o n t a in e r s ........................................................................ 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .1 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .1 S u p p lie s ............................................................................ 1 3 4 .8 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 1 9 .2 M a t e r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t io n .......................................................... Crude materials for further processing............................................. 9 6 .8 9 8 .2 1 0 3 .1 1 0 7 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .8 F o o d s t u f f s a n d f e e d s t u f f s ...................................... 1 0 3 .9 9 8 .7 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 9 8 .8 9 9 .5 9 6 .9 9 6 .5 9 7 .6 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .6 1 0 1 .8 9 9 .4 9 5 .4 C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r ia ls ....................................... 8 8 .4 9 4 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 3 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 0 4 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .2 F in is h e d g o o d s , e x c lu d in g fo o d s ...................... 1 2 9 .5 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .9 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .4 F in is h e d e n e r g y g o o d s ............................................ 7 5 .1 7 8 .8 8 3 .5 8 5 .8 8 3 .5 8 3 .6 8 3 .6 8 3 .8 8 7 .5 9 0 .9 8 9 .2 9 1 .5 9 7 .0 9 6 .2 9 6 .3 1 4 1 .1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .1 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .0 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .5 Special groupings: F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ........ 1 4 2 .5 1 4 5 .2 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .4 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .6 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .0 1 4 3 .7 1 4 6 .1 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .8 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 5 9 .1 1 6 6 .3 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .1 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .2 1 6 7 .3 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .1 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .8 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .2 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 1 .6 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 0 .2 8 0 .8 8 4 .6 8 9 .6 9 2 .1 8 9 .0 8 9 .9 9 0 .3 9 1 .2 9 4 .5 9 7 .1 9 5 .4 9 6 .5 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .3 1 3 2 .4 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .7 1 3 5 .3 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .7 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .0 6 8 .6 7 8 .5 8 7 .3 9 5 .4 8 8 .7 9 8 .9 8 7 .9 9 2 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 0 2 .5 9 7 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 3 .3 1 1 0 .9 1 0 7 .4 1 4 2 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .8 1 3 9 .1 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 0 .9 1 4 9 .2 1 4 8 .5 1 4 6 .8 1 4 4 .2 1 4 2 .3 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y .................................................................... C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ................................................................. In t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r ia ls le s s f o o d s In t e r m e d ia t e f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................ In t e r m e d ia t e g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ........................ In t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r ia ls le s s fo o d s a n d e n e r g y .................................................................... C r u d e e n e r g y m a t e r ia ls ......................................... C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r ia ls le s s e n e r g y .......... 88 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of m ajo r industry groups [D ecem ber 1984 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated] Industry SIC _ 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 1 0 0 .0 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .4 7 2 .8 Total mining industries............................ 7 0 .8 7 8 .0 8 4 .7 9 1 .5 8 7 .7 9 5 .1 8 6 .7 8 9 .5 9 5 .8 9 8 .9 9 5 .7 10 M e ta l m in in g ...................................................................... 7 3 .2 7 0 .3 6 9 .3 7 0 .4 7 6 .3 7 3 .4 7 2 .6 7 3 .9 7 5 .3 7 3 .3 7 1 .8 7 1 .7 7 3 .7 7 2 .8 12 C o a l m in in g ( 1 2 /8 5 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 8 9 .5 8 7 .3 8 6 .9 8 5 .9 8 6 .0 8 6 .1 8 5 .4 8 5 .3 8 4 .7 8 4 .8 8 5 .9 8 6 .0 8 5 .0 8 5 .4 8 3 .5 13 O il a n d g a s e x tra c tio n ( 1 2 /8 5 - 1 0 0 ) .................. 6 8 .3 7 8 .5 8 7 .6 9 6 .9 9 1 .2 1 0 1 .6 9 0 .4 9 4 .2 1 0 2 .6 1 0 7 .0 1 0 2 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 2 7 .1 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .6 14 M in in g a n d q u a rry in g o f n o n m e ta llic m in e ra ls , e x c e p t f u e ls ................................................ 1 3 2 .2 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .4 1 3 7 .9 Total manufacturing industries.................. 1 2 6 .2 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .4 20 F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ....................................... 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .5 1 2 7 .5 1 2 7 .1 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .1 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .3 1 2 8 .2 21 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ................................................ 2 4 3 .1 3 2 5 .7 3 1 6 .5 3 4 4 .5 3 4 4 .4 3 4 4 .5 3 4 5 .0 3 2 9 .4 3 4 8 .6 3 4 7 .3 3 4 1 .8 3 4 7 .1 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .3 3 5 0 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 2 5 .6 _ 22 T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ....................................................... 23 A p p a re l a n d o th e r fin is h e d p ro d u c ts m a d e fro m fa b ric s a n d s im ila r m a te r ia ls ......... 1 1 8 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .2 24 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e x c e p t fu r n itu r e ............................................................. 1 5 7 .0 1 6 1 .8 1 6 6 .9 1 6 3 .1 1 6 0 .0 1 5 9 .6 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .4 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .1 1 6 1 .7 1 5 9 .0 1 5 8 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 5 5 .8 25 F u rn itu re a n d fix tu re s .................................................... 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .5 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .6 26 P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts .......................................... 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .3 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .2 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .3 27 P rin tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s trie s ......... 1 7 4 .0 1 7 7 .6 1 7 7 .7 1 7 8 .1 1 7 8 .6 1 7 9 .1 1 7 9 .2 1 8 0 .4 1 8 0 .8 1 8 1 .1 1 8 2 .0 1 8 1 .7 1 8 2 .9 1 8 3 .0 1 8 3 .1 28 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ................................ 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .9 1 5 7 .1 1 5 8 .0 1 5 7 .5 29 P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la te d p ro d u c ts ........... 6 6 .3 7 6 .8 8 5 .3 9 0 .2 8 7 .0 8 9 .5 9 1 .8 9 4 .0 1 0 4 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 0 5 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 8 .0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .8 30 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts . 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .0 31 L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts .................................. 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .0 32 S to n e , c la y , g la s s , a n d c o n c r e te p ro d u c ts ....... 1 2 9 .3 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .7 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .0 1 3 4 .8 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .6 33 P r im a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s ............................................. 1 2 0 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .1 34 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts , 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .4 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .5 e x c e p t m a c h in e r y a n d tra n s p o rta tio n tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t....................................... 35 36 E le c tric a l a n d e le c tro n ic m a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s ......................................... 37 38 1 1 0 .4 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .1 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .0 1 3 5 .6 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .0 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .3 1 3 1 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .1 M e a s u r in g a n d c o n tro llin g in s tru m e n ts ; p h o to g ra p h ic , m e d ic a l, a n d o p tic a l g o o d s ; w a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ................................... 39 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s in d u s trie s ( 1 2 / 8 5 - 1 0 0 ) .......................................... Service industries: 42 M o to r fre ig h t tra n s p o rta tio n a n d w a r e h o u s in g ( 0 6 /9 3 - 1 0 0 ) ........................... 43 1 1 1 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 3 2 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 2 8 .1 44 W a t e r tr a n s p o rta tio n ( 1 2 /9 2 - 1 0 0 ) ....................... 1 0 5 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .8 45 T ra n s p o rta tio n b y a ir ( 1 2 /9 2 - 1 0 0 ) ....................... 1 2 4 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .7 1 3 1 .8 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .4 1 4 9 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .3 46 P ip e lin e s , e x c e p t n a tu ra l g a s ( 1 2 /9 2 - 1 0 0 ) .... 9 9 .2 9 8 .3 9 8 .2 9 8 .3 9 8 .3 9 8 .2 9 8 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 89 Current Labor Statistics: 33. Price Data Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Index , 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Finished goods Total...................................................................................... 121.7 123.2 124.7 125.5 127.9 131.3 131.8 130.7 133.0 Foods.................................................................................. 124.1 123.3 125.7 126.8 129.0 133.6 135.1 78.1 77.8 78.0 77.0 78.1 83.2 134.5 83.4 134.3 Energy................................................................................. 75.1 Other.................................................................................... 131.1 134.2 135.8 137.1 140.0 142.0 142.4 143.7 78.8 146.1 125.6 123.2 123.0 123.2 123.2 120.8 Intermediate materials, supplies, and uum pu iie iiu * Total....................................................................................... 114.4 114.7 116.2 118.5 124.9 125.7 Foods.................................................................................. 115.3 113.9 115.6 118.5 125.3 84.6 123.8 83.0 127.1 119.5 84.1 89.8 89.0 135.2 134.0 134.2 Energy................................................................................. 85.1 84.3 Other................................................................................... 121.4 122.0 Total....................................................................................... Foods.................................................................................. 101.2 105.5 100.4 102.4 101.8 102.7 113.8 105.1 108.4 106.5 121.5 Energy................................................................................. 80.4 78.8 76.7 72.1 105.8 69.4 Other..................................................................... 97.5 94.2 94.1 97.0 105.8 85.0 105.7 80.8 84.3 133.5 133.1 111.1 96.8 98.2 112.2 103.9 98.7 87.3 68.6 78.5 103.5 84.5 91.1 ’ Crude materials for further processing 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 34. U.S. ex p o rt p rice indexes b y S tandard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] SITC 1999 Industry Rev. 3 Aug. 0 87 6 Sept. Oct. 2000 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June ftfi fi July Aug. o O .o 01 M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t io n s ............................................................ 9 7 .3 9 7 .5 9 7 .4 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .1 9 8 .0 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 5 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 0 4 .1 04 C e r e a ls a n d c e r e a l p re p a r a t io n s .................................................... 7 3 .3 7 2 .7 6 9 .5 7 0 .1 6 8 .5 7 1 .0 7 4 .1 7 4 .4 7 4 .0 7 5 .0 7 1 .6 6 6 .8 6 4 .0 05 V e g e t a b le s , fru it, a n d n u ts , p r e p a r e d fr e s h o r d r y ............. 9 7 .8 9 4 .3 9 6 .6 9 4 .3 9 1 .2 9 0 .9 8 9 .0 8 8 .6 9 0 .6 9 0 .1 8 7 .8 9 1 .2 8 8 .5 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels........................ 7 7 .7 7 8 .1 7 6 .5 7 7 .8 7 8 .9 8 0 .0 8 2 .2 8 3 .2 8 4 .2 8 5 .2 8 4 .4 8 2 .9 8 2 .5 21 H id e s , s k in s , a n d fu rs k in s , r a w ...................................................... 8 3 .4 8 6 .5 8 8 .6 8 7 .8 9 0 .5 9 1 .1 8 9 .5 8 7 .7 8 5 .5 8 6 .5 8 6 .7 8 9 .7 9 5 .4 22 O ils e e d s a n d o le a g in o u s fru its ........................................................ 8 0 .1 8 5 .0 8 2 .3 7 8 .1 7 9 .6 8 0 .5 8 4 .8 8 6 .0 8 8 .3 8 9 .1 8 6 .3 8 0 .3 24 C o r k a n d w o o d .......................................................................................... 8 3 .0 8 2 .8 8 3 .5 8 3 .8 8 5 .0 8 6 .4 8 6 .5 8 7 .2 8 7 .4 8 6 .7 8 6 .7 8 6 .5 25 P u lp a n d w a s t e p a p e r .......................................................................... 7 3 .5 75 2 77 1 7 ft 7 7 8 .0 8 7 .7 nn 7 ‘ 26 T e x t ile fib e r s a n d th e ir w a s t e ........................................................... 6 5 .1 64 4 64 5 63 4 27 C r u d e fe r tiliz e r s a n d c r u d e m in e r a ls ........................................... 9 3 .0 9 3 .3 93 1 9 3 ft 28 M e t a llife r o u s o r e s a n d m e ta l s c r a p .............................................. 7 3 .0 7 3 .5 7 5 .1 7 7 .3 7 8 .4 8 0 .0 8 0 .7 8 0 .9 8 0 .4 7 9 .6 7 8 .2 7 8 .0 7 8 .8 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products........... 1 1 3 .8 1 1 5 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 6 .6 1 2 9 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 5 2 .1 1 3 7 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 4 .9 1 5 1 .3 1 4 7 .7 32 C o a l, c o k e , a n d b r iq u e tte s ................................................................ 9 8 .3 97 6 97 6 97 6 97 5 33 P e tr o le u m , p e tr o le u m p ro d u c ts , a n d r e la te d m a te r ia ls ... 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .6 1 3 1 .3 1 3 3 .4 1 4 0 .1 1 4 3 .6 1 5 9 .6 1 7 9 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 6 3 .1 1 6 8 .2 1 7 8 .4 1 7 2 .5 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes................. 7 7 .1 7 8 .8 8 1 .9 7 9 .0 7 8 .0 7 5 .8 7 4 .3 7 0 .8 7 1 .6 7 0 .1 6 7 .1 6 4 .6 6 3 .2 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.......................... 9 1 .8 9 2 .3 9 3 .3 9 3 .3 9 3 .6 9 3 .8 9 4 .2 9 4 .4 9 5 .8 9 5 .8 9 5 .5 9 5 .3 9 4 .6 6 7 .7 03 1 54 M e d ic in a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t ic a l p r o d u c ts .................................... 9 9 .9 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .2 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .3 55 E s s e n tia l o ils ; p o lis h in g a n d c le a n in g p re p a r a t io n s ........... 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .1 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .0 57 P la s tic s in p r im a r y fo r m s ( 1 2 /9 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 9 0 .6 9 2 .1 9 4 .4 9 4 .9 9 5 .0 9 4 .8 9 4 .8 9 5 .5 9 7 .7 9 8 .4 9 8 .1 9 7 .0 9 5 .4 58 P la s tic s in n o n p r im a r y fo rm s ( 1 2 /9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 9 7 .4 9 7 .6 9 7 .9 9 7 .8 9 8 .0 9 7 .8 9 8 .6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 9 9 .8 9 9 .3 9 9 .4 9 9 .4 59 C h e m ic a l m a te r ia ls a n d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s .................................... 9 9 .3 9 9 .2 9 8 .9 9 8 .8 9 9 .1 9 9 .2 9 9 .9 9 9 .6 9 9 .4 9 9 .3 9 9 .1 9 9 .3 9 9 .2 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.... 9 7 .3 9 7 .5 9 7 .8 9 8 .0 9 8 .3 9 8 .3 9 9 .0 9 9 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .0 62 R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n .e .s .............................................................. 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 0 3 .7 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .7 64 P a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d , a n d a rtic le s o f p a p e r , p u lp , a n d p a p e r b o a r d ...................................................................................... 8 5 .4 8 6 .3 8 7 .2 8 7 .6 8 7 .2 8 7 .6 8 7 .8 8 8 .4 8 9 .1 9 0 .5 8 9 .8 9 0 .2 9 0 .3 66 N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l m a n u fa c tu r e s , n .e .s ................................. 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 5 .6 68 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ................................................................................... 8 7 .0 8 8 .0 9 0 .2 9 0 .7 9 2 .3 9 3 .4 9 8 .8 1 0 1 .9 1 0 0 .3 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 2 .3 7 Machinery and transport equipment............................. 9 7 .3 9 7 .2 9 7 .4 9 7 .5 9 7 .2 9 7 .4 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .4 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 71 P o w e r g e n e r a t in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ........................ 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .2 72 M a c h in e r y s p e c ia liz e d fo r p a r tic u la r in d u s tr ie s ..................... 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .3 106.1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .5 74 G e n e r a l in d u s tria l m a c h in e s a n d p a rts , n .e .s ., a n d m a c h in e p a r t s ................................................................................ 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .3 75 C o m p u t e r e q u ip m e n t a n d o ffic e m a c h in e s .............................. 7 1 .0 7 0 .2 7 0 .5 7 0 .4 7 0 .2 7 0 .1 6 8 .7 6 8 .7 6 8 .5 6 8 .5 6 8 .2 6 8 .1 6 7 .6 76 T e le c o m m u n ic a t io n s a n d s o u n d r e c o rd in g a n d 9 6 .9 9 6 .9 9 6 .6 9 6 .6 9 6 .7 9 6 .4 9 7 .0 9 6 .6 9 6 .4 9 7 .0 9 6 .9 9 6 .7 9 6 .6 re p ro d u c in g a p p a r a t u s a n d e q u ip m e n t .................................... 77 E le c tric a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ............................................ 78 R o a d v e h ic le s ......................................................................................... 87 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 7 .5 8 7 .6 8 7 .4 8 7 .3 8 6 .7 8 6 .4 8 6 .6 8 6 .3 8 6 .4 8 6 .3 8 5 .7 8 5 .6 8 5 .7 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .4 Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 91 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data U.S. im p o rt p ric e in d e x e s b y S ta n d a rd In tern atio n al T rade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] SITC Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 0 Food and live animals.................................................... 9 2 .0 9 1 .5 9 1 .0 9 2 .4 9 4 .7 9 3 .7 9 3 .6 9 3 .1 9 4 .0 9 2 .3 9 1 .3 9 1 .4 9 1 .6 01 M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t io n s .............................................................. 9 6 .7 9 9 .4 9 8 .4 9 7 .7 9 8 .4 9 7 .8 9 8 .2 9 9 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 9 9 .1 9 8 .1 9 8 .9 03 F is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s , m o llu s k s , a n d o th e r a q u a t ic in v e r t e b r a t e s ........................................................................... 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 3 .1 05 V e g e t a b le s , fru it, a n d n u ts , p r e p a r e d fre s h o r d r y ............... 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .6 9 6 .5 9 7 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .7 9 6 .8 9 5 .7 9 7 .2 9 7 .5 07 C o f f e e , t e a , c o c o a , s p ic e s , a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s 6 3 .2 6 1 .4 6 2 .0 6 6 .0 7 0 .6 6 7 .2 6 4 .7 6 1 .0 6 1 .1 5 9 .8 5 9 .5 5 6 .8 5 5 .8 1112 1 1 2 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .1 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .7 9 2 .7 9 1 .7 9 0 .8 9 0 .3 9 2 .2 9 3 .6 9 4 .7 9 4 .3 9 3 .8 9 1 .9 9 0 .7 9 0 .7 8 9 .6 C o r k a n d w o o d ............................................................................................ 1 2 8 .9 1 2 1 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .6 1 1 7 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 2 .1 6 1 .1 6 6 .0 6 3 .9 6 6 .8 6 8 .2 7 0 .5 7 2 .0 7 2 .4 7 5 .1 7 7 .0 8 0 .1 8 0 .7 8 1 .4 28 M e t a llif e r o u s o r e s a n d m e t a l s c r a p ............................................... 9 3 .8 9 4 .3 9 8 .4 9 8 .0 9 9 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .0 1 0 1 .7 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .2 29 C r u d e a n im a l a n d v e g e t a b le m a t e r ia ls , n . e . s ......................... 1 0 5 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 4 .3 1 1 1 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 0 6 .7 9 2 .7 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .3 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products............ 1 1 7 .1 1 2 6 .5 1 2 8 .0 1 3 4 .7 1 4 1 .2 1 4 5 .2 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .4 1 4 8 .5 1 5 4 .3 1 7 2 .0 1 7 0 .4 1 7 1 .2 33 P e t r o le u m , p e t r o le u m p ro d u c ts , a n d r e la t e d m a t e r ia ls .... 1 1 5 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .4 1 3 2 .6 1 4 1 .4 1 4 6 .1 1 6 7 .9 1 6 6 .6 1 4 7 .1 1 5 4 .2 1 7 1 .0 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .1 34 G a s , n a t u r a l a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d ...................................................... 1 3 4 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 1 .1 1 6 1 .5 1 5 0 .2 1 4 7 .8 1 6 1 .4 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .5 1 6 7 .5 1 9 5 .4 2 0 3 .1 2 1 2 .1 9 5 .5 t h e r e o f ........................................................................................................... 1 11 B e v e r a g e s ...................................................................................................... 2 24 25 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.......................... 9 0 .4 9 1 .3 9 1 .8 9 2 .1 9 2 .0 9 2 .2 9 2 .7 9 2 .8 9 3 .4 9 4 .3 9 4 .1 9 5 .5 52 In o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls ................................................................................. 8 6 .2 8 6 .6 8 7 .2 8 7 .7 8 8 .0 8 8 .3 8 9 .0 8 8 .8 8 9 .8 9 0 .7 9 1 .5 9 2 .5 8 6 .1 8 7 .6 8 9 .1 9 6 .8 9 7 .5 9 7 .3 53 D y in g , t a n n in g , a n d c o lo rin g m a t e r ia ls ........................................ 9 0 .5 9 0 .2 9 0 .6 9 1 .4 8 9 .7 8 8 .9 8 9 .3 8 8 .4 8 8 .0 8 7 .4 9 7 .3 9 8 .2 9 8 .2 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 2 .6 54 M e d ic in a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t ic a l p r o d u c t s ..................................... 9 6 .3 9 7 .0 9 7 .4 9 7 .8 55 E s s e n t ia l o ils ; p o lis h in g a n d c le a n in g p r e p a r a t io n s ............ 9 1 .8 9 2 .3 9 1 .8 9 2 .3 9 0 .2 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .7 8 9 .4 8 9 .9 8 9 .6 8 9 .9 8 9 .3 9 3 .9 9 4 .0 9 3 .7 9 3 .0 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .0 9 4 .3 9 5 .5 9 5 .4 57 P la s tic s in p r im a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................... 9 3 .1 9 3 .8 9 3 .8 58 P la s tic s in n o n p r im a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 7 6 .1 7 7 .9 7 8 .9 7 9 .4 7 9 .7 7 9 .3 7 9 .0 8 0 .4 8 0 .3 8 0 .8 8 0 .8 8 1 .5 8 0 .9 59 C h e m ic a l m a t e r ia ls a n d p r o d u c ts , n . e . s ..................................... 9 8 .1 9 8 .1 9 8 .6 9 8 .4 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .3 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.... 9 2 .4 9 2 .6 9 3 .3 9 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 4 .5 9 5 .5 9 8 .0 9 7 .5 9 7 .1 9 7 .6 9 8 .0 9 8 .8 62 R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ............................................................... 9 4 .5 9 5 .0 9 4 .9 9 4 .4 9 4 .4 9 2 .7 9 2 .8 9 2 .3 9 2 .4 9 2 .5 9 1 .8 9 2 .1 9 1 .9 64 P a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d , a n d a r tic le s o f p a p e r , p u lp , 66 N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s .................................. 8 3 .5 8 3 .7 8 4 .4 8 7 .4 8 6 .2 8 6 .6 8 6 .9 8 7 .1 8 8 .8 8 9 .6 8 9 .1 8 9 .5 8 9 .4 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .0 68 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ..................................................................................... 8 9 .9 9 1 .1 9 4 .8 9 5 .4 9 5 .6 9 8 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .5 1 1 8 .6 69 M a n u f a c t u r e s o f m e t a ls , n . e . s ........................................................... 9 5 .6 9 5 .8 9 5 .6 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .7 9 6 .1 9 6 .1 9 5 .9 9 5 .9 9 5 .7 9 5 .8 9 5 .7 7 Machinery and transport equipment............................. 72 74 G e n e r a l In d u s tria l m a c h in e s a n d p a r ts , n .e .s ., 75 C o m p u t e r e q u ip m e n t a n d o ffic e m a c h in e s ............................. 76 T e le c o m m u n ic a t io n s a n d s o u n d r e c o r d in g a n d r e p r o d u c in g a p p a r a t u s a n d e q u ip m e n t ................................... 77 78 85 F o o t w e a r .......................................................................................................... 88 P h o t o g r a p h ic a p p a r a t u s , e q u ip m e n t , a n d s u p p lie s , a n d o p tic a l q o o d s , n . e . s .................................................................... 92 2000 1999 Industry Rev. 3 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .9 8 9 .8 8 9 .7 8 9 .8 8 9 .8 8 9 .6 8 9 .7 8 9 .8 8 9 .6 8 9 .6 8 9 .5 9 7 .2 9 7 .6 9 7 .8 9 8 .2 9 7 .8 9 7 .7 9 7 .9 9 7 .3 9 7 .1 9 7 .0 9 6 .1 9 6 .7 9 6 .6 9 7 .3 9 7 .4 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .0 9 7 .0 9 6 .7 9 7 .0 9 6 .9 9 6 .7 9 6 .2 9 6 .7 9 6 .4 6 1 .8 6 1 .6 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .7 6 1 .5 6 1 .4 6 1 .0 6 0 .5 6 0 .2 6 0 .0 5 9 .9 5 9 .9 8 7 .0 8 7 .1 8 6 .0 8 5 .9 8 5 .6 8 5 .2 8 5 .2 8 4 .9 8 4 .5 8 4 .7 8 4 .6 8 4 .2 8 4 .2 8 2 .1 8 2 .5 8 2 .6 8 2 .2 8 2 .1 8 2 .4 8 2 .2 8 2 .2 8 3 .0 8 3 .5 8 3 .3 8 2 .9 8 2 .8 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .0 9 1 .1 9 1 .4 9 2 .2 9 2 .5 9 2 .5 9 2 .2 9 1 .7 9 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 1 .9 9 1 .6 9 2 .5 9 2 .1 O ctober 2000 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 1999 Category Aug. Sept. ALL COMMODITIES..................................................... 94.7 94.8 Foods, feeds, and beverages....................................... 87.9 Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 86.9 99.5 Industrial supplies and materials................................... 2000 Nov. Dec. 95.1 95.3 95.2 95.4 95.8 96.3 96.2 96.4 96.3 96.3 96.0 87.6 86.7 87.4 86.4 86.7 86.0 86.3 87.2 87.1 87.8 87.1 85.1 82.8 84.9 85.4 99.5 98.3 86.2 97.8 97.0 96.6 86.2 98.1 84.0 99.7 86.0 100.9 87.1 98.2 85.6 99.2 88.3 87.7 81.3 99.7 89.0 89.5 90.4 91.1 91.7 92.1 93.6 95.2 94.6 95.2 95.2 95.6 95.4 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials........... 76.3 76.6 77.5 76.6 76.7 75.2 76.9 77.7 78.2 78.2 78.2 77.9 80.3 Fuels and lubricants..................................................... 110.5 111.8 114.4 115.9 120.4 122.7 131.3 143.6 127.8 132.9 135.6 141.2 137.9 87.0 88.4 87.5 87.4 88.3 89.1 89.3 89.7 90.4 91.0 87.8 87.7 88.6 89.2 89.5 90.1 91.9 90.4 92.1 90.0 91.9 Selected building materials......................................... 91.9 89.6 90.5 Capital goods................................................................... 96.2 96.1 96.2 96.0 98.3 92.4 98.8 98.8 96.1 98.7 96.1 98.3 92.4 96.1 99.2 92.5 92.1 96.1 98.3 92.1 96.0 98.0 92.6 96.3 98.4 96.0 Electric and electrical generating equipment........... Nonelectrical machinery............................................. 91.9 91.8 91.9 91.9 91.7 91.6 91.6 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines..................... 103.2 103.3 104.0 103.9 103.8 103.9 103.8 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.1 104.4 104.4 Consumer goods, excluding automotive...................... 102.0 102.2 102.4 102.4 102.4 102.8 102.3 102.4 102.3 102.1 Durables, m anufactured.............................................. 100.8 100.9 102.9 100.8 102.3 102.4 102.4 102.5 101.0 102.5 102.6 101.4 102.4 102.0 100.8 101.9 102.1 100.7 102.2 Nondurables, manufactured....................................... 101.0 101.3 101.3 101.3 Agricultural commodities................................................. 84.7 84.6 84.5 83.7 83.1 83.2 84.0 84.4 85.6 Nonagricultural commodities.......................................... 95.8 95.9 96.3 96.6 96.6 96.8 97.2 97.6 85.1 97.4 97.7 Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oct. 98.5 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 98.9 Monthly Labor Review June 89.9 July 97.9 96.1 99.0 Aug. 91.6 96.1 99.5 102.4 102.4 102.3 101.5 102.3 101.4 84.4 82.6 97.6 97.8 80.9 97.7 O ctober 2000 93 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 2000 1999 Category Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Mar. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Aug. Sept. ALL COMMODITIES..................................................... 94.3 95.2 95.4 96.2 96.8 97.2 99.2 99.3 97.9 98.3 99.6 99.6 99.8 Foods, feeds, and beverages....................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................. 92.5 87.7 92.3 91.6 86.1 94.8 89.8 93.6 88.4 93.3 87.6 92.5 86.6 93.3 86.7 91.9 87.6 93.0 87.2 85.2 91.1 84.1 91.1 83.7 91.5 83.2 Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 105.0 104.9 106.3 108.2 107.7 107.2 108.1 108.3 110.8 109.8 109.7 110.5 113.4 111.0 118.6 119.8 114.3 115.9 121.8 121.7 122.4 Industrial supplies and materials................................... 99.9 103.1 104.3 106.9 109.4 Fuels and lubricants..................................................... 116.7 126.0 128.1 134.3 140.7 144.2 164.7 163.7 147.7 153.3 170.6 169.0 170.0 Petroleum and petroleum products....................... 115.6 125.2 127.3 132.5 140.9 145.8 167.5 166.2 147.4 154.0 170.4 167.7 167.8 Paper and paper base stocks.................................... 76.9 78.4 78.5 81.8 81.2 82.1 82.8 83.1 85.6 86.8 87.0 87.5 87.6 Materials associated with nondurable 86.9 87.7 88.3 88.8 89.1 89.2 89.7 90.4 91.2 92.1 91.7 Selected building materials........................................ 118.9 110.0 110.5 97.4 110.1 100.3 112.1 111.9 109.1 105.0 92.7 103.4 92.8 100.2 89.0 86.7 108.3 94.4 111.1 Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods.............. 113.4 89.7 107.1 104.3 87.2 88.0 87.6 87.8 102.0 87.8 105.0 87.0 106.5 87.7 109.5 87.5 Electric and electrical generating equipment........... 81.9 91.2 81.7 91.8 81.6 91.8 81.3 92.1 80.9 94.1 93.7 supplies and materials............................................... Consumer goods, excluding automotive..................... 93.0 87.5 87.3 82.0 81.9 91.7 87.5 94.8 87.4 81.8 91.8 81.7 91.1 80.9 77.9 77.5 94.3 77.1 77.1 77.0 102.2 102.3 102.6 102.7 102.9 102.7 97.1 97.1 100.3 100.3 93.4 97.0 100.1 93.4 96.5 99.5 96.8 100.0 93.2 96.8 99.8 93.4 100.3 99.7 98.0 99.5 99.2 78.7 78.6 78.5 78.4 78.3 78.2 101.9 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.1 102.2 97.4 100.3 97.7 100.8 97.5 100.5 97.6 100.7 97.5 100.6 97.5 100.4 97.4 100.4 93.8 102.0 93.5 100.1 Durables, manufactured............................................. 94.1 94.2 94.1 94.2 94.1 94.1 99.1 99.9 100.0 98.8 99.8 101.5 38. 81.2 94.2 101.9 Nonmanufactured consumer goods.......................... U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 1998 Category Dec. 2000 1999 Mar. June Sept. Dec. Air freight (inbound) (9/90 = 100)..................................... 87.4 88.0 86.2 87.9 90.7 Air freight (outbound) (9/92 = 100).................................. 95.2 92.7 92.8 92.7 103.1 104.5 112.3 91.7 92.8 92.6 114.2 106.8 107.3 113.3 115.5 102.2 139.4 102.6 107.9 136.3 143.0 109.1 142.8 101.1 98.9 106.3 108.6 104.2 102.6 133.7 148.0 Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 Sept. 88.4 Ocean liner freight (inbound)............................................ 94 June 88.9 91.7 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)................................... Air passenger fares (foreign carriers).............................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mar. 80.7 81.4 93.9 77.7 91.6 78.8 88.5 93.2 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] Quarterly indexes Item 1997 II III 1998 1999 IV 1 II III IV 2000 I II III 112.6 112.8 124.5 106.9 110.4 IV 1 II 114.2 116.3 116.7 118.6 126.1 127.3 128.4 130.4 107.6 107.8 107.7 108.5 110.5 109.5 110.0 110.0 116.8 112.2 118.2 120.2 113.0 113.7 115.8 116.3 126.5 127.8 118.0 129.4 Business Output per hour of all persons.......................................... 107.3 108.3 108.5 109.7 110.0 110.6 Compensation per hour..................................................... 112.3 113.5 115.3 117.1 118.5 120.0 111.6 121.4 Real compensation per hour............................................. 99.8 100.4 101.5 102.9 103.8 104.7 105.5 123.0 106.4 Unit labor costs.................................................................... 104.7 104.8 106.3 106.7 107.7 108.5 108.8 109.3 116.8 110.2 116.4 115.1 115.1 114.1 114.3 110.5 114.6 110.7 114.6 110.3 110.9 111.4 111.8 111.9 108.1 114.7 109.3 116.4 109.8 110.3 111.2 119.4 120.8 112.0 122.1 112.1 117.9 113.6 125.2 104.9 105.7 106.1 108.5 109.0 116.7 110.2 115.7 111.8 Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 118.0 118.5 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 109.6 109.9 Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Compensation per hour..................................................... Real compensation per hour............................................. Unit labor costs.................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... Implicit price deflator........................................................... 107.1 108.0 112.0 113.0 99.5 100.0 104.5 118.8 104.7 101.0 106.1 119.5 110.1 109.7 102.3 103.2 107.5 104.2 108.3 117.8 110.4 106.5 117.4 116.3 115.8 110.5 110.7 111.0 115.8 111.2 110.8 111.6 112.3 113.4 114.9 115.8 112.1 113.7 115.2 118.0 119.3 103.7 104.6 102.6 123.6 106.8 110.3 107.2 107.2 107.7 109.8 120.1 109.7 122.1 112.2 116.1 112.4 109.3 118.6 112.7 113.6 114.2 117.1 118.2 119.7 121.5 122.3 123.8 120.9 122.4 124.0 125.3 127.8 105.1 105.8 103.0 103.2 106.1 103.0 126.1 105.8 103.1 103.4 103.5 103.2 Nonfinanciai corporations Output per hour of all employees..................................... Compensation per hour..................................................... 109.3 111.1 Real compensation per hour............................................. 98.7 99.2 100.1 101.2 116.6 102.1 Total unit costs.................................................................... 101.6 101.1 101.5 102.0 102.3 103.0 102.1 101.9 100.4 102.6 102.8 102.7 103.0 102.5 103.2 103.6 103.1 103.1 100.5 100.9 100.2 102.1 103.8 151.4 147.5 143.3 102.5 145.7 103.3 150.4 100.7 149.7 101.4 156.5 101.6 144.5 113.3 112.5 113.2 113.2 113.5 155.7 117.0 106.2 106.2 106.5 106.7 112.6 106.6 150.9 115.4 106.6 107.2 107.8 122.7 125.1 126.8 119.4 103.7 128.9 120.7 104.4 130.4 122.4 131.9 124.1 139.5 105.9 127.0 106.5 128.0 105.1 135.1 125.5 106.4 137.7 118.1 103.0 94.4 94.1 93.6 93.8 94.1 92.9 92.2 Unit labor costs.................................................................. 101.6 101.2 Unit nonlabor costs........................................................... 101.4 100.8 160.3 Unit profits............................................................................. 155.3 Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 115.1 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 106.1 116.0 106.1 Real compensation per hour............................................. 116.3 110.5 98.1 Unit labor costs.................................................................... 95.0 114.7 113.2 147.2 112.7 106.1 106.1 106.1 111.5 98.6 120.1 113.3 99.8 121.3 115.2 101.2 116.6 102.1 93.9 94.4 95.0 95.1 106.3 Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Compensation per hour...................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 118.7 Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 106.5 91.7 95 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 1960 Item 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................................ Output per unit of capital services................................. 45.6 110.4 63.0 111.1 75.8 101.5 97.3 99.7 100.0 102.0 104.8 100.0 100.5 100.1 98.1 98.4 100.0 101.1 102.6 92.8 95.8 100.0 105.2 110.6 95.6 92.6 98.0 100.0 103.7 89.8 96.0 100.0 104.7 106.4 110.4 90.2 91.3 94.8 95.4 96.6 99.3 95.3 96.1 94.4 97.7 98.5 100.3 96.6 97.1 83.6 82.6 85.7 88.5 89.3 87.7 91.8 Multifactor productivity..................................................... 65.2 80.0 O utput.................................................................................... 27.5 42.0 88.3 59.4 Inputs: Labor input.......................................................................... 54.0 71.9 58.6 88.3 24.9 61.0 37.8 89.4 Capital services................................................................. 84.2 86.0 Combined units of labor and capital input.................... 42.3 52.4 67.3 87.7 87.5 88.8 91.1 94.6 97.3 100.0 104.0 107.7 Capital per hour of all persons.......................................... 41.3 56.7 74.7 90.8 95.0 97.0 96.8 96.3 97.6 100.0 101.5 104.7 Private nonfarm business Productivity: 48.7 64.9 77.3 90.3 91.4 94.8 95.3 96.5 97.5 100.0 101.7 104.5 118.3 105.7 100.0 99.9 59.6 95.8 100.0 100.9 105.1 99.8 102.4 27.2 98.1 92.6 98.6 O utput.................................................................................... 95.6 83.5 100.0 100.0 100.2 90.5 98.8 97.1 88.4 100.3 82.6 41.9 96.6 94.7 97.9 Multifactor productivity..................................................... 120.1 69.1 Output per hour of all persons........................................ Output per unit of capital services................................. Inputs: Labor input......................................................................... 82.5 96.6 85.5 110.6 70.7 56.4 88.0 89.0 91.8 95.4 97.8 100.0 103.8 106.6 22.6 59.3 35.5 89.2 Capital services................................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input.................... 83.5 85.4 89.5 100.0 104.9 50.7 65.9 87.3 87.1 91.0 92.3 94.4 95.9 39.3 87.3 88.4 97.2 100.0 104.2 110.8 108.0 Capital per hour of all persons.......................................... 40.5 54.8 73.1 90.3 94.7 96.8 96.5 96.3 97.6 100.0 101.5 104.7 54.2 70.1 100.9 92.8 95.0 100.0 101.9 105.0 109.0 112.8 117.1 124.3 101.6 97.5 100.0 104.5 98.3 95.4 100.0 100.0 103.3 108.7 105.0 113.4 106.1 116.9 105.6 109.8 106.5 99.3 97.3 104.0 102.6 105.0 86.6 75.3 101.1 100.4 107.5 74.7 104.8 100.4 100.C 101.4 103.6 104.0 103.7 95.8 97.9 100.0 102.2 108.0 111.9 105.5 116.9 100.1 93.6 100.0 100.0 103.7 105.7 104.5 107.3 107.0 120.4 103.9 120.4 92.1 100.0 103.0 111.3 105.1 109.5 112.8 110.0 108.9 114.2 127.2 116.8 97.0 100.0 102.9 106.0 107.9 110.2 112.5 115.5 50.1 Manufacturing (1992 = 100) Productivity: Output per hour of all persons....................................... 41.8 124.3 72.7 116.5 84.4 38.5 56.5 92.0 30.9 104.2 Capital services................................................................ Energy................................................................................ 51.3 Output per unit of capital services................................. Multifactor productivity..................................................... Inputs: Combined units of all factor inputs................................ 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48.5 85.4 38.2 28.2 44.8 92.5 75.0 48.8 73.7 99.9 92.5 92.5 52.9 67.0 87.0 98.0 O ctober 2000 123.5 113.2 130.7 105.2 122.8 109.2 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Item 1960 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Business Output per hour of all persons.......................................... 48.8 67.0 80.4 93.9 95.2 96.3 100.5 110.5 114.0 23.5 78.9 54.2 85.8 90.7 95.0 102.5 102.6 106.7 107.6 13.7 101.9 104.5 105.4 Compensation per hour..................................................... 110.1 113.3 119.3 125.2 89.5 67.4 95.9 96.5 99.9 101.9 100.4 102.6 99.3 104.1 99.7 95.3 97.5 98.7 99.7 91.3 104.5 104.3 107.9 107.3 109.9 61.5 65.2 91.8 93.9 97.0 102.5 106.4 109.4 113.3 105.3 117.1 115.2 115.1 91.5 94.8 98.1 102.2 104.0 106.0 107.7 109.7 110.6 111.8 82.0 94.2 96.4 95 0 100.5 102 2 101.8 104 3 102.8 10fi fi 105.4 10Q fi 107.3 112 Q 113.4 85 8 95.3 90 5 110.2 546 Real compensation per hour............................................. 60.0 Unit labor costs.................................................................... 28.0 Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 25.2 35.1 31.6 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 27.0 33.9 51.9 14.3 68.9 23 7 Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Real compensation per hour............................................. 62.8 95.9 96.3 97.5 27.5 79.5 34.4 90.0 Unit labor costs.................................................................... 66.5 91.1 95.0 98.5 99.6 101.7 Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 24.6 31.3 60.5 97.1 26.5 33.3 64.3 91.3 91.2 93.6 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 94.5 98.0 81.1 56.4 94 6 95 4 86 2 90 8 96.3 92 0 96.6 95 9 97.8 98 fi 99.5 99.2 99.5 100.0 103.8 106.5 103.7 104.2 105.1 107.7 109.7 103.0 102.5 106.9 110.4 113.5 118.0 116.3 116.8 102.2 104.1 106.1 107.6 109.8 110.8 112.3 97 6 100 8 103 2 104 3 107 fi 110 2 95 2 102 1 104 3 10fi 2 10Q 1 112 0 117 4 123 2 99.6 101 0 99.5 101 1 98.9 102 n 98.8 101 2 99.3 102.7 105.5 101.0 101.3 131 7 101.9 102.2 13Q 0 101.4 101.6 102.8 103.4 100.6 152 2 100.8 1fifi 7 100.8 148 3 101.7 109.0 103.7 105.1 113.8 105.5 115.0 106.1 112.9 106.1 117.6 111.4 Nonfinancial corporations 55.4 70.4 Compensation per hour..................................................... 15.6 25.3 Real compensation per hour............................................. 68.3 26.8 84.7 34.8 93.1 68 4 Unit labor costs.................................................................. 28.1 35.9 69.6 91.1 95.2 97.5 101.3 Unit nonlabor costs........................................................... 23.3 31.9 65.1 94.6 Unit profits............................................................................ Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 50.2 30.2 44.4 68 8 97 3 98.0 94 3 102.1 93 0 100.2 113 2 97.1 99.7 103.5 28.8 66.0 68.4 95.3 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 35.1 35.6 92.5 95.8 98.3 102.1 102.0 102.7 111.6 113.1 106.6 Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons.......................................... 41.9 54.3 70.3 90.5 92.9 95.0 Compensation per hour..................................................... 23.7 55.6 91.7 86.6 96.8 90.8 Real compensation per hour............................................. 14.9 65.2 Unit labor costs.................................................................... 35.5 79.1 95.8 100.6 Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... 26.8 43.7 29.4 96.6 97.7 95.6 98.1 80.2 95.4 99.6 Implicit price deflator........................................................... 30.2 34.9 79.8 95.5 98.9 79.5 105.2 109.3 113.1 107.9 100.4 109.3 100.2 105.6 100.8 99.0 100.7 100.4 98.7 96.6 98.9 101.0 102.9 107.2 99.6 100.9 101.9 103.9 123.9 131.6 123.2 98.8 117.3 102.6 94.8 94.6 93.6 110.1 109.7 104.6 - 104.9 103.9 100.7 - 105.5 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 97 Current Labor Statistics: 42. Productivity Data Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mining Copper ores................................................................ Gold and silver ores.................................................. Bituminous coal and lignite mining........................... Crude petroleum and natural gas............................ Crushed and broken stone....................................... 102 104 101.0 101.3 106.6 113.3 117.3 98.0 98.7 201 202 100.1 108.4 99.2 107.7 203 204 205 97.0 101.3 96.8 97.8 107.6 96.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 206 207 208 209 211 99.5 108.9 106.0 107.0 101.2 101.8 116.4 112.7 99.3 109.0 103.2 118.1 117.7 99.3 113.2 102.0 120.1 120.5 101.6 107.6 99.8 114.1 127.6 101.6 111.6 104.5 112.6 127.0 105.3 106.5 106.2 111.8 130.8 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton............................... Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade........................ Narrow fabric mills.................................................... Knitting mills............................................................... Textile finishing, except wool.................................... 221 222 224 99.6 99.2 108.4 99.8 106.3 92.7 117.8 131.7 111.4 96.3 90.3 108.0 88.7 111.2 116.2 99.6 114.1 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 225 226 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 119.5 78.6 128.1 79.3 Carpets and rugs....................................................... Yarn and thread mills................................................ 227 228 229 231 232 98.6 102.1 93.2 110.2 109.2 93.9 102.1 89.2 111.4 101.6 105.1 100.1 97.8 104.2 109.1 97.7 100.1 104.6 90.2 108.4 96.1 119.6 106.5 89.0 109.1 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories................. Miscellaneous fabricated textile products............... 233 234 235 238 239 101.4 105.4 99.0 101.3 96.6 96.8 94.6 96.4 88.4 95.7 104.1 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 104.3 113.6 91.1 91.8 100.7 Logging...................................................................... Sawmills and planing mills........................................ Millwork, plywood, and structural members........... Wood containers........................................................ Wood buildings and mobile homes.......................... 241 242 243 244 245 93.7 100.7 98.8 103.1 97.8 89.4 99.6 97.1 108.8 98.8 86.3 99.8 98.0 111.2 103.1 Miscellaneous wood products.................................. Household furniture................................................... Office furniture........................................................... Public building and related furniture........................ 249 95.9 99.4 94.3 109.6 95.7 102.4 107.7 251 252 253 254 102.0 97.5 113.7 92.4 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures........................ Paper mills................................................................. Paperboard mills....................................................... Paperboard containers and boxes........................... 259 261 262 263 265 103.6 99.6 103.9 105.5 99.7 Miscellaneous converted paper products............... Newspapers............................................................... Periodicals................................................................. Books.......................................................................... Miscellaneous publishing.......................................... 267 271 272 273 274 Commercial printing.................................................. Manifold business forms.......................................... 122 131 142 109.2 101.5 111.7 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 102.2 100.5 127.4 97.1 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 122.4 97.9 99.8 115.2 141.6 133.0 102.1 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 104.6 111.4 101.2 111.8 107.6 108.4 96.4 102.3 116.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 118.9 159.0 176.6 125.2 114.0 117.5 186.3 187.3 128.7 111.9 97.4 103.2 119.5 111.8 118.7 - Manufacturing Meat products............................................................ Dairy products............................................................ Preserved fruits and vegetables............................... Grain mill products.................................................... Bakery products......................................................... 97.3 116.0 109.2 108.0 95.6 101.0 126.6 108.3 120.3 134.3 103.1 142.9 122.1 142.5 120.1 134.3 81.2 97.1 126.6 110.4 97.4 108.4 93.3 130.7 109.4 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 86.0 102.6 98.0 113.1 103.0 104.5 95.0 119.8 95.6 101.9 107.4 103.6 101.9 101.5 101.1 96.9 97.9 99.1 96.7 101.6 95.2 98.3 94.1 Blankbooks and bookbinding................................... Printing trade services.............................................. 275 276 277 278 279 Industrial inorganic chemicals................................. Plastics materials and synthetics............................ Drugs.......................................................................... Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods........................... Paints and allied products........................................ 281 282 283 284 285 Sugar and confectionery products........................... Fats and oils............................................................... Beverages.................................................................. Cigarettes................................................................... Men's and boys' suits and coats.............................. Men's and boys' furnishings..................................... Women's and misses' outerwear............................. Women's and children's undergarments................. S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le . 98 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 109.1 115.4 99.3 - 113.8 110.1 135.7 109.2 147.2 117.1 120.0 136.3 103.9 147.2 - 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.6 78.5 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.5 79.2 130.9 161.9 107.7 150.2 94.0 _ 100.2 147.4 123.1 97.4 134.7 100.3 155.5 117.9 130.3 152.4 - 118.5 97.7 111.7 95.8 137.4 123.7 92.5 123.4 121.8 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 127.4 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 135.5 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 141.6 174.5 82.2 120.1 105.6 151.5 196.3 83.5 105.2 117.0 96.2 108.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 88.6 101.9 97.0 100.1 103.8 87.8 103.3 94.5 100.9 98.3 86.0 110.2 92.7 106.1 97.0 85.4 115.6 92.4 106.7 96.7 71.9 117.5 89.9 106.6 101.1 110.5 107.1 94.1 120.2 93.0 114.2 110.5 102.5 140.6 102.7 115.3 110.6 103.2 161.0 107.4 111.8 112.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 115.4 116.9 101.1 173.3 101.2 114.4 121.6 106.4 181.5 97.5 123.1 121.8 117.9 186.5 121.4 103.5 116.7 102.3 100.6 101.3 102.1 128.3 99.2 101.4 103.4 99.5 137.3 103.3 104.4 105.2 103.6 122.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 104.7 128.9 110.2 114.9 108.4 110.0 131.9 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.2 132.6 111.6 118.0 106.3 102.2 104.4 107.0 124.2 110.1 105.3 85.8 89.5 100.8 95.9 105.5 81.5 92.9 97.7 105.8 107.9 79.4 89.5 103.5 104.5 110.6 79.9 81.9 103.0 97.5 113.3 79.0 87.8 101.6 94.8 113.6 77.4 89.1 99.3 93.6 121.7 _ 79.0 100.1 102.2 114.5 - 89.0 101.4 90.6 93.9 96.6 92.2 100.0 98.7 100.1 95.6 99.9 101.1 89.7 109.1 94.2 94.3 102.5 93.0 100.6 99.4 99.3 102.0 89.1 92 7 106.9 91.1 91.4 98.7 115.3 106.5 82.0 89 0 105.4 111.0 107.2 76.9 92.5 108.7 116.7 108.3 75.2 90.8 114.5 126.2 109.2 78.9 92 2 115.3 124.2 _ 96.1 100.6 108.0 94.5 96 7 103.6 112.0 105.7 98.8 101.0 102.0 101.4 104.3 99.7 102.8 100.6 103.3 106.8 100.9 103.8 103.8 106.3 109.7 109.7 100.0 104.5 105.3 104.3 107.5 99.5 104.4 105.6 112.0 99.9 108.7 108.8 102.3 125.3 104.9 111.2 116.7 109.3 128.3 108.7 118.6 118.0 110.1 125.3 112.1 120.9 125.6 116.1 133.8 112.6 130.4 127.2 102.9 - - - - _ - - - - - - - 42. Continued-Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987= 100] Industry SIC Industrial organic chemicals..................................... Agricultural chemicals............................................... Miscellaneous chemical products............................ Petroleum refining...................................................... Asphalt paving and roofing materials....................... 286 287 289 291 295 1988 109.9 103.7 95.4 105.3 98.3 98.4 102.9 103.7 104.2 1989 110.4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 104.3 95.2 109.6 95.3 101.4 104.7 97.3 109.2 98.0 95.8 99.5 96.1 106.6 94.1 94.6 99.5 101.8 111.3 100.4 92.2 103.8 107.1 120.1 108.0 99.9 105.0 105.7 123.8 104.9 98.6 108.5 107.8 132.3 111.2 99.0 110.0 110.1 142.0 113.1 112.9 120.4 120.2 149.2 120.8 94.8 103.0 96.1 109.0 105.7 90.6 102.4 92.4 109.9 108.2 101.5 107.8 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 116.5 99.7 123.1 116.7 96.3 124.1 102.7 119.1 120.7 87.4 87.1 131.1 104.6 121.5 120.9 138.8 107.4 121.0 124.7 97.2 148.5 112.5 125.4 130.1 104.2 90.7 105.2 89.5 97.8 97.7 108.7 113.0 92.3 86.8 97.6 112.9 117.1 90.5 81.8 99.6 115.7 126.1 110.6 83.2 101.5 121.4 129.5 136.4 109.7 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.4 101.5 106.1 124.3 112.6 109.3 104.5 122.0 128.7 119.6 119.3 107.3 125.3 133.1 116.1 116.1 109.2 112.7 160.9 121.7 116.0 112.3 1998 - Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.................... 299 301 305 306 308 100.5 101.9 103.8 96.3 105.5 101.8 Footwear, except rubber........................................... Luggage..................................................................... Handbags and personal leather goods................... Flat glass.................................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.................. 314 316 317 321 322 101.3 93.7 98.5 91.9 100.6 101.1 104.8 93.1 90.7 100.2 101.1 106.2 96.5 84.5 104.8 94.4 100.3 98.7 Products of purchased glass.................................... Cement, hydraulic...................................................... Structural clay products............................................. Pottery and related products.................................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products................ 323 324 325 326 327 95.9 103.2 98.8 99.6 100.8 90.1 110.2 103.1 97.1 102.4 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.6 102.3 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.8 101.2 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 102.5 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 104.6 104.3 117.1 107.2 101.9 96.0 104.5 133.5 112.1 107.9 98.3 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 101.2 107.8 142.7 112.7 111.0 99.2 110.4 155.1 116.2 110.8 104.0 103.6 114.5 127.8 100.1 98.4 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 102.0 112.1 134.5 140.9 109.2 109.1 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 109.2 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 118.6 126.4 140.9 160.8 113.1 127.2 - 103.9 102.3 103.7 104.8 104.4 108.7 107.7 107.2 110.0 151.3 120.2 111.6 88.6 120.6 84.6 106.5 110.2 113.6 128.4 - 108.5 123.0 83.6 105.8 109.7 109.3 127.7 87.5 123.5 100.5 - 87.6 102.0 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 106.6 122.7 134.7 122.1 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 106.2 134.2 141.0 131.8 118.6 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products.......... Tires and inner tubes................................................ Hose and belting and gaskets and packing........... Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c............................ 83.6 102.3 111.2 92.7 108.9 107.6 128.2 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.......... 329 103.0 95.5 95.4 94.0 Iron and steel foundries............................................ Primary nonferrous metals....................................... Nonferrous rolling and drawing................................ 331 332 333 335 112.6 104.0 107.8 95.5 108.0 105.4 106.1 93.6 109.6 106.1 102.3 92.7 107.8 104.5 110.7 91.0 Nonferrous foundries (castings)............................... Miscellaneous primary metal products................... Metal cans and shipping containers........................ Cutlery, handtools, and hardware............................ Plumbing and heating, except electric.................... 336 339 341 105.1 105.0 108.5 101.7 101.5 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 102.6 103.6 109.1 122.9 342 343 102.6 106.6 106.5 97.8 103.7 96.8 102.0 Fabricated structural metal products....................... Screw machine products, bolts, etc........................ Metal forgings and stampings.................................. Metal services, n.e.c.................................................. 100.4 98.5 101.5 108.3 97.7 96.9 96.1 99.8 102.4 98.8 96.1 95.6 104.7 100.0 97.9 92.9 99.4 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c............................ 344 345 346 347 348 89.8 82.1 81.5 101.4 95.9 110.7 110.7 108.3 103.5 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 101.1 97.4 Engines and turbines................................................ Farm and garden machinery.................................... Construction and related machinery....................... Metalworking machinery........................................... 349 351 352 353 354 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 101.1 103.3 113.9 102.0 104.3 Special industry machinery...................................... General industrial machinery.................................... Refrigeration and service machinery....................... Industrial machinery, n.e.c....................................... Electric distribution equipment................................. 355 356 358 359 361 104.6 105.9 102.1 106.5 105.4 108.3 101.5 106.0 107.1 105.0 107.5 101.5 103.6 107.3 106.3 108.3 101.6 100.7 109.0 106.5 106.0 101.6 104.9 117.0 119.6 113.6 104.8 108.6 118.5 122.2 121.2 106.7 110.7 127.4 131.8 132.3 109.0 112.7 138.8 143.0 134.0 109.4 114.7 141.4 143.9 130.1 110.1 114.8 129.7 143.9 Electrical industrial apparatus................................... Household appliances.............................................. Electric lighting and wiring equipment..................... Communications equipment..................................... Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies...... 362 363 364 366 369 104.6 103.0 101.9 110.5 102.8 107.4 104.7 100.2 107.2 99.6 107.7 105.8 99.9 121.4 90.6 107.1 106.5 97.5 124.5 98.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 146.7 101.3 132.9 123.4 107.8 150.3 108.2 134.9 131.4 113.4 166.0 110.5 150.8 127.3 113.7 170.9 114.1 154.3 127.4 116.9 190.3 123.1 163.9 138.1 121.4 221.0 124.6 Motor vehicles and equipment................................. Ship and boat building and repairing....................... Railroad equipment................................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts............................. Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts................... 371 372 373 374 375 376 103.2 100.6 99.4 113.5 92.6 104.1 103.3 98.2 97.6 135.3 94.6 110.6 102.4 98.9 103.7 141.1 93.8 116.5 96.6 108.2 96.3 146.9 99.8 110.5 104.2 112.4 102.7 147.9 108.4 110.5 106.2 115.2 106.2 151.0 130.9 122.1 108.8 109.6 103.8 152.5 125.1 118.9 106.7 107.8 98.0 150.0 120.3 121.0 107.2 113.0 99.2 148.3 125.5 129.4 116.5 114.0 104.3 183.2 120.5 126.6 Search and navigation equipment........................... Measuring and controlling devices......................... Medical instruments and supplies........................... Ophthalmic goods...................................................... Photographic equipment & supplies....................... 381 382 384 385 386 104.8 103.9 105.2 112.6 105.6 105.8 102.1 107.9 123.3 113.0 112.7 107.0 116.9 121.2 118.9 113.9 118.7 125.1 110.2 122.1 121.0 123.5 144.5 116.4 129.1 125.2 127.3 157.8 126.9 132.1 135.0 126.7 160.6 132.7 149.5 147.8 131.5 167.2 129.5 142.2 151.9 139.8 188.2 128.7 148.9 144.3 146.3 202.6 121.6 106.8 106.3 106.5 101.0 107.8 - - - - _ - - - - - . - _ - - See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 99 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 42. Continued-Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit sic industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1988 1989 1990 Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are........................ 391 100.1 102.9 Musical instruments.................................................... 393 101.8 96.1 99.3 97.1 Toys and sporting goods............................................ 394 104.8 106.0 1991 1992 1993 95.8 96.7 96.7 96.0 104.9 95.6 108.1 96.9 109.7 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 99.5 88.7 100.2 102.6 86.9 78.8 83.9 - 114.2 111.6 109.7 113.6 119.9 139.6 - 129.9 135.2 144.1 127.7 - 129.0 143.7 142.2 119.1 - 106.1 108.1 112.8 109.3 - 117.2 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies..................... 395 108.3 112.9 118.2 116.8 111.3 Costume jewelry and notions.................................... 396 102.0 93.8 105.3 106.7 110.8 Miscellaneous m anufactures..................................... 399 102.1 100.9 106.5 109.2 109.5 115.8 107.7 4213 105.2 109.3 111.1 116.9 123.4 126.6 129.5 125.4 130.9 132.4 130.1 U.S. postal service .................................................... 431 99.9 99.7 104.0 103.7 104.5 107.1 106.6 106.5 104.7 108.3 109.5 Air transportation 1....................................................... 4512,13,22 (pts.) 99.5 95.8 92.9 92.5 96.9 100.2 105.7 108.6 111.6 111.1 108.5 Telephone communications....................................... 481 106.2 111.6 113.3 119.8 127.7 135.5 142.2 148.1 159.5 160.9 171.2 Radio and television broadcasting............................ 103.1 106.2 86.7 110.1 85.6 109.6 86.7 105.8 84.4 87.6 Electric utilities............................................................. 491,3 (pt.) 107.7 108.3 88.3 115.2 100.8 99.7 106.1 87.5 113.4 101.1 102.0 104.9 104.9 92.5 110.1 106.7 Cable and other pay TV services............................. 483 484 120.6 126.8 135.0 Gas utilities.................................................................... 492,3 (pt.) 108.3 111.2 105.8 109.6 111.1 121.8 125.6 137.1 150.5 158.6 146.5 145.9 88.0 157.2 153.4 Lumber and other building materials dealers......... 521 101.0 99.1 103.6 101.3 105.4 110.5 Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores............................ Hardware stores........................................................... Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores.... 523 525 101.7 115.2 103.4 106.0 110.5 99.4 102.5 106.5 107.2 114.7 105.8 118.3 130.2 112.7 526 102.8 108.6 106.7 83.9 88.5 100.4 106.6 Department stores....................................................... 531 99.2 97.0 94.2 98.2 100.9 105.7 116.6 108.6 Variety stores................................................................ Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............ Grocery stores............................................................. 533 101.9 100.8 124.4 151.2 116.4 154.2 167.7 184.7 121.8 93.7 136.1 159.7 Meat and fish (seafood) markets............................... 542 Retail bakeries............................................................. Transportation Trucking, except lo c a l1............................................... 2 Utilities Trade 539 541 117.6 121.7 122.2 133.0 135.3 108.5 117.2 140.2 112.1 143.8 111.2 128.1 110.9 136.6 118.4 166.0 125.3 136.1 123.5 129.4 190.1 203.2 229.2 160.9 163.9 247.6 168.2 262.5 189.9 98.9 109.8 95.4 93.3 92.8 91.2 97.6 83.3 96.8 89.7 88.4 95.8 93.7 89.1 81.1 89.2 84.7 546 99.0 89.8 92.5 91.1 164.9 89.4 94.7 94.0 86.5 87.2 86.8 81.7 75.4 New and used car dealers......................................... 551 103.4 102.5 106.5 107.6 108.7 107.1 108.2 107.8 103.2 101.6 99.0 100.0 98.7 102.6 105.7 104.6 104.2 Gasoline service stations............................................ 553 554 106.1 102.7 104.1 Auto and home supply stores.................................... 103.0 104.3 119.2 109.7 118.2 126.3 106.0 102.6 113.7 120.4 561 562 105.2 109.6 115.2 Men's and boys' wear stores..................................... Women's clothing stores............................................ 101.5 103.0 112.2 128.5 125.1 125.7 142.3 125.0 132.2 99.5 117.9 119.3 117.5 97.8 115.5 118.4 104.5 106.1 106.4 111.7 133.8 111.5 114.5 113.2 120.4 105.1 88.6 101.8 78.8 101.5 89.1 108.4 92.9 107.6 126.3 100.4 134.5 122.1 108.8 102.8 105.2 113.9 117.0 121.2 112.0 138.7 118.6 141.8 155.5 121.6 184.5 Family clothing stores................................................. 565 102.0 104.9 Shoe stores................................................................... 566 102.7 Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores......... 569 571 572 96.3 98.6 107.2 95.2 Furniture and homefurnishings stores..................... Household appliance stores....................................... Radio, television, computer, and music stores....... Eating and drinking places......................................... Drug and proprietary stores..................................... Liquor stores................................................................. 98.5 100.9 103.5 94.6 573 118.6 114.6 581 591 102.8 102.2 119.6 104.0 102.5 101.1 90.2 89.9 65.0 108.0 107.0 145.8 130.6 145.5 154.8 138.8 142.1 145.6 146.9 127.1 143.5 118.1 119.4 131.0 136.4 128.3 137.8 152.7 177.0 196.7 204.6 215.1 258.9 103.6 105.2 103.1 104.7 105.9 102.5 103.6 108.4 102.8 105.4 100.7 101.1 105.7 100.9 106.9 99.5 109.6 100.5 115.4 101.1 117.7 112.8 129.8 108.9 138.0 113.9 158.4 592 101.9 98.2 99.1 103.7 Used merchandise stores........................................... 593 105.3 104.9 100.3 98.6 110.4 112.1 115.4 117.3 105.0 109.3 102.7 106.5 127.5 111.9 143.3 117.8 120.0 123.7 146.1 165.5 177.2 131.5 193.5 Miscellaneous shopping goods stores..................... 594 100.7 104.2 104.2 Nonstore retailers........................................................ 596 105.6 110.8 108.8 Fuel dealers.................................................................. Retail stores, n.e.c....................................................... 598 95.6 105.9 92.0 84.4 599 103.1 113.7 85.3 103.2 Commercial banks....................................................... 602 102.8 104.8 107.7 110.1 Hotels and motels........................................................ 97.6 99.1 97.2 95.0 99.7 96.1 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services................ 701 721 722 723 100.1 95.1 94.9 101.8 96.6 99.2 Photographic studios, portrait.................................... Beauty shops................................................................ 92.8 98.3 97.7 99.6 96.8 94.8 99.6 Barber shops................................................................ Funeral services and crematories............................. 724 108.8 111.6 100.2 94.1 112.1 726 102.5 105.7 97.9 90.9 89.5 103.2 120.8 98.2 108.1 114.3 106.9 98.7 103.3 104.0 103.8 112.3 116.0 110.8 109.8 106.5 122.1 84.4 92.7 100.7 114.2 115.8 113.4 112.0 111.6 117.3 125.0 126.2 139.5 147.3 157.6 111.0 107.8 118.5 106.2 121.7 109.6 126.4 110.1 129.7 109.7 133.0 107.9 108.8 104.0 117.4 105.5 108.7 108.0 129.3 133.7 99.8 103.5 126.6 106.3 117.7 114.6 99.7 Finance and services Automotive repair shops............................................. Motion picture theaters............................................... 753 783 107.1 115.8 98.9 105.9 95.7 Refers to output per employee. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified Refers to ouput per full-time equivalent employee year on fiscal basis. Dash indicates data not available. 100 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 119.5 101.4 133.0 107.5 113.5 153.4 108.4 127.6 97.1 114.1 149.0 153.0 101.3 115.2 107.0 121.2 100.5 99.8 101.3 43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Country Annual average 1998 United Kinadom..................................... 1999 1998 I II 1999 III IV I II III IV 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 8.3 8.0 7.6 7.2 8.6 8.1 8.3 8.0 8.2 8.1 7.7 7.9 7.5 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.1 8.1 4.1 7.0 4.1 4.7 3.7 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 7.0 4.7 11.8 11.1 12.0 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.2 11.0 10.6 9.4 9.0 9.9 9.5 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.0 12.0 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.9 11.6 11.6 11.1 8.4 6.3 7.1 6.1 8.8 6.4 8.7 6.3 8.5 6.3 7.6 6.3 7.2 6.3 7.0 6.1 7.0 5.9 5.9 therefore should be viewed as 7.1 ’ Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. data, and Dash indicates data not available. unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. See Notes less precise indicators of on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and historical data, see C o m p a ra tiv e C iv ilia n L a b o r F o rc e S tatistics, T e n C o u n trie s , 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 9 8 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 22,1999). Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 101 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparison 44. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] Employment status and country 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 125,840 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 14,330 8,490 64,280 24,490 39,130 14,362 8,562 65,040 24,550 39,040 14,505 8,619 65,470 24,650 39,140 14,627 8,776 65,780 24 760 39,210 14,750 9,001 65,990 24 820 39,100 14,900 9,127 66,450 25 090 39,180 15,153 9,221 67,200 25 180 39,450 15,418 9,347 67,240 25 360 39,430 15,721 9,470 67,100 25 590 Germany2.......................... .. ........................................ 14,241 8,444 63,050 24,300 29,410 Italy............................................................................... Netherlands................................................................... Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom............................................................ 22,670 6,640 4,597 28,730 22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410 22,570 7,090 4,443 28,310 22,450 7,190 4,418 28,280 22,460 7,270 4,460 28,480 22,570 7,370 4,459 28,620 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,760 22,960 7,720 4,402 28,870 23,130 4,430 29,090 Civilian labor force United States1............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Australia........................................................................ Japan............................................................................. - Participation rate3 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 66.5 64.1 63.2 56.0 58.9 65.7 63.9 63.4 55.8 58.3 65.4 63.6 63.3 55.6 58.0 65.2 63.9 63.1 55 5 57.6 64.9 64.6 62.9 55 2 57.3 64.7 64.6 63.0 55 5 57.4 64.9 64.3 63.2 55 3 57.6 65.1 64.4 62.8 65.6 64.2 62.4 Germany2...................................................................... 67.1 64.6 62.6 56.0 55.3 57.6 Italy............................................................................... Netherlands.................................................................. Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom............................................................ 47.2 56.1 67.4 64.1 47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1 47.9 58.5 64.5 62.8 47.3 59.0 63.7 62.5 47.1 59.3 64.1 62.7 47.1 59.8 64.0 62.7 47.2 60.7 63.3 62.8 47.6 62.0 62.8 62.7 United States1............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Australia........................................................................ Japan............................................................................ 47.8 - 63.2 62.9 Employed United States1............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Australia........................................................................ Japan............................................................................ Germany2...................................................................... Italy............................................................................... Netherlands.................................................................. Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom............................................................ 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 13,084 7,859 61,710 22,100 27,950 12,851 7,676 62,920 22,140 36,920 12,760 7,637 63,620 21,990 36,420 12,858 7,680 63,810 21,740 36,030 13,112 7,921 63,860 21,710 35,890 13,357 8,235 63,890 21,890 35,900 13,463 8,344 64,200 21,960 35,680 13,774 8,429 64,900 22,060 35,540 14,140 8,597 64,450 22,390 35,720 14,531 8,785 63,930 22,760 21,080 6,230 4,513 26,740 21,360 6,350 4,447 26,090 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530 20,270 6,620 4,028 25,340 19,940 6,670 3,992 25,550 19,820 6,760 4,056 26,000 19,920 6,900 4,019 26,280 19,990 7,130 3,973 26,740 20,210 7,410 4,034 27,050 20,460 - 4,117 27,330 Employment-population ratio4 United States1............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Australia........................................................................ Japan............................................................................ France.......................................................................... Germany2...................................................................... Italy............................................................................... Netherlands.................................................................. Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom............................................................ 62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 61.7 60.1 61.3 50.9 52.6 59.7 57.9 61.8 50.6 55.5 58.4 57.0 62.0 49.9 54.4 58.0 56.6 61.7 49.0 53.4 58.4 57.7 61.3 48.7 52.8 58.8 59.1 60.9 48.7 52.6 58.5 59.1 60.9 48.5 52.2 59.0 58.8 61.0 48.4 51.9 59.7 59.2 60.2 48.9 52.2 60.6 59.6 59.4 49.6 - 43.9 52.6 66.1 59.6 44.5 53.2 64.9 58.0 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 43.0 54.7 58.5 56.2 42.0 54.7 57.6 56.5 41.5 55.1 58.3 57.2 41.6 55.9 57.7 57.6 41.6 57.5 56.9 58.3 41.9 59.5 57.6 58.7 42.3 - 58.7 59.1 Unemployed 7,047 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 6,210 1,480 814 1,360 2,350 2,210 1,602 925 1,420 2 560 2,620 1,647 939 1,660 2 910 3,110 1,515 856 1,920 3 050 3,320 1,393 766 2,100 2 920 3,200 1,437 783 2,250 3 130 3,500 1,379 791 2,300 3 120 3,910 1,277 750 2,790 2 980 3,710 1,190 685 3,170 Germany2...................................................................... 1,157 585 1,340 2,210 1,460 1,590 410 84 1,990 1,580 400 144 2,520 1,680 390 255 2,880 2,300 470 415 2,970 2,510 520 426 2,730 2,640 510 404 2,480 2,650 470 440 2,340 2,690 400 445 2,020 2,750 310 368 1,820 2,670 Netherlands.................................................................. Sweden........................................................................ United Kingdom............................................................ United States1............................................................... Canada......................................................................... Australia....................................................................... Japan............................................................................ - 313 1,760 Unemployment rate United States1............................................................... Canada.......................................................................... Australia........................................................................ Japan............................................................................. Germany2...................................................................... 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 8.1 6.9 2.1 9.1 5.0 10.3 9.6 2.1 9.6 5.6 11.2 10.8 2.2 11.4 10.9 2.5 11 8 7.9 10.4 9.7 2.9 12 3 8.5 9.4 8.5 3.2 11 8 8.2 9.6 8.6 3.4 12 5 8.9 9.1 8.6 3.4 8.3 8.0 4.1 7.6 7.2 4.7 7.0 6.2 1.8 6.9 6.7 9.9 6.9 7.3 10.2 11.2 11.8 11.7 11.9 Netherlands.................................................................. 5.9 5.6 6.6 7.2 7.0 6.4 5.3 Sweden........................................................................ 3.1 5.6 9.3 9.6 9.1 9.9 10.1 United Kinadom............................................................ 8.8 10.1 9.7 8.7 10.5 8.2 7.0 1Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For 3 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population, additional information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" 4 Employment as a percent of the working-age population, in the notes to this section. 2 Data from 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. See Com parative Civilian Labor October 22, 1999, on the Internet at Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1 9 5 9 -1 9 9 8 , http://stats.bls.gov/flsdata.htm. 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 9.4 9.0 12.0 4.0 8.4 6.3 11.5 - 7.1 6.1 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series for the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Dash indicates data not available. 45. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1992 = 100] Item and country 1960 1970 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Output per hour J a p a n ........................................................................................ Italy............................................................................................ 7 1 .9 9 4 .4 3 8 .0 6 3 .9 8 1 .2 18.0 3 2 .9 6 5 .4 2 9 .9 5 2 .7 4 0 .7 5 9 .2 1 4.0 2 1 .8 43.1 6 6 .7 2 9 .2 5 2 .0 7 7 .2 19 .6 3 6 .8 64.1 1 8 .6 38.1 3 6 .7 U n ited K in g d o m ................................................................... 5 7 .8 8 4 .8 8 9 .5 9 5 .4 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .5 122.1 1 2 7 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 0 8 .4 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .7 1 2 1 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 2 7 .4 85.1 8 6 .7 8 9 .4 9 2 .5 9 5 .2 1 0 2 .9 1 0 5 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .9 104.1 7 9 .4 8 2 .3 8 6 .2 8 8 .3 9 2 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .0 105.1 7 6 .7 2 7 .6 5 2 .8 3 1 .2 4 4 .7 56.1 Output U n ited S ta te s ........................................................................ - - 7 7 .3 9 7 .9 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .0 1 0 2 .5 9 8 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 1 2 .2 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 8 .8 1 3 5 .0 C a n a d a .................................................................................... 3 4 .2 6 0 .5 8 5 .4 1 0 3 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 0 6 .6 9 8 .8 105.1 1 1 3 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 2 8 .0 1 3 3 .0 3 8 .8 5 9 .9 J a p a n ........................................................................................ 1 0.7 7 8 .4 8 4 .6 9 0 .2 9 6 .3 1 0 1 .4 9 6 .0 9 5 .4 1 0 0 .6 1 0 6 .7 111.1 1 0 3 .6 B e lg iu m .................................................................................... 3 0 .7 5 7 .6 7 8 .2 8 8 .8 9 3 .3 99.1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .7 9 7 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 1 1 .8 D e n m a rk ................................................................................. 4 0 .8 6 8 .0 9 1 .3 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .8 1 0 4 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 1 .7 9 9 .0 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 2 6 .5 F ra n c e ...................................................................................... 3 1 .0 64.1 8 8 .7 8 7 .2 9 2 .2 9 7 .2 99.1 9 9 .8 9 5 .7 10 0 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .5 1 1 0 .2 1 1 4 .6 G e rm a n y ................................................................................. 4 1 .5 7 0 .9 8 5 .3 8 8 .0 9 0 .9 9 4 .0 99.1 1 0 2 .8 9 1 .8 9 3 .5 9 3 .7 9 2 .5 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .7 Italy............................................................................................. 2 1 .4 8 8 .2 9 4 .5 98.1 9 9 .6 9 9 .2 9 6 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 3 1 .7 5 9 .5 7 7 .4 N o rw a y ..................................................................................... 5 6 .5 89.1 1 0 3 .6 1 1 0 .7 10 5 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .2 9 8 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .0 110.1 1 1 3 .3 1 1 6 .4 4 6 .5 8 1 .7 U n ited K in g d o m .................................................................... 6 7 .7 9 0 .3 8 7 .2 9 4 .4 1 0 1 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 106.1 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .0 4 4 .7 7 8 .4 116 6 Total hours U n ite d S ta te s .......................................................................... 1 0 4 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .6 C a n a d a ..................................................................................... 84.1 102.1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 1 1 .9 1 0 3 .8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 6 .6 109.1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .0 J a p a n ........................................................................................ 7 6 .3 92.1 1 0 2 .3 9 3 .8 9 6 .6 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .0 9 5 .6 9 3 .7 9 2 .0 9 2 .2 9 1 .5 86.1 B elg iu m .................................................................................... 1 7 0 .7 1 7 4 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 2 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 1 .5 9 4 .7 9 3 .6 9 2 .0 9 0 .8 8 9 .5 9 1 .2 107.1 D e n m a rk .................................................................................. 1 3 6 .5 1 2 9 .0 101.1 1 0 9 .6 1 0 7 .2 1 0 4 .7 1 0 3 .7 102.1 9 4 .8 - - - _ _ F ra n c e ....................................................................................... 142.1 1 4 8 .7 133.1 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 3 .0 95.1 9 2 .4 9 1 .6 9 1 .0 8 9 .5 8 9 .9 G e rm a n y .................................................................................. 1 4 2 .3 1 3 6 .3 1 1 0 .5 9 9 .9 9 9 .3 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .9 9 1 .3 Italy............................................................................................. 1 0 9 .0 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 4 .2 9 3 .6 9 6 .7 9 8 .0 9 6 .7 9 7 .4 9 9 .0 N e th e rla n d s ............................................................................ 1 7 0 .6 1 5 6 .2 1 1 1 .8 9 7 .7 9 9 .0 9 9 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .0 9 6 .9 9 2 .4 9 1 .6 9 0 .5 9 0 .8 9 1 .2 N o rw a y ..................................................................................... 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .3 1 3 5 .0 100.1 8 6 .7 8 4 .3 8 0 .4 7 8 .6 7 9 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 4 .3 107.1 1 0 3 .7 1 0 0 .8 102.1 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .9 111.1 1 1 1 .9 S w e d e n .................................................................................... 1 6 8 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 2 4 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 6 .4 1 0 9 .0 9 4 .9 9 9 .6 10 6 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .3 U n ited K in g d o m .................................................................... 2 1 7 .3 20 2 .1 1 5 5 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 0 8 .5 9 7 .5 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .4 1 0 4 .7 Compensation per hour U n ited S ta te s ......................................................................... 1 4.9 2 3 .7 5 5 .6 8 0 .7 8 4 .0 8 6 .6 9 0 .8 9 5 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .9 C a n a d a ..................................................................................... 1 0 .4 1 7 .8 4 7 .7 7 5 .3 7 7 .8 8 2 .5 8 9 .5 9 4 .7 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .8 J a p a n ......................................................................................... 4 .3 1 6.5 5 8 .6 7 7 .9 7 9 .2 8 4 .2 9 0 .7 9 5 .9 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .8 106.1 1 0 9 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 9 .4 B e lg iu m .................................................................................... 5 .4 1 3.7 5 2 .5 7 9 .7 81.1 8 5 .9 90.1 9 7 .3 1 0 4 .8 4 .6 1 3.3 4 9 .6 80.1 8 2 .9 8 7 .7 9 2 .7 9 5 .9 1 0 4 .6 - 1 0 9 .2 _ 1 1 2 .0 _ 1 1 5 .2 _ 1 1 6 .0 D e n m a rk .................................................................................. F ra n c e ...................................................................................... 4 .3 10.3 4 0 .8 7 8 .6 8 1 .6 8 6 .0 9 0 .6 9 6 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .9 G e rm a n y .................................................................................. 8.1 2 0 .7 5 3 .6 7 6 .0 79.1 8 3 .2 8 9 .4 95.1 1 0 5 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .6 Italy............................................................................................. 1.6 4 .7 2 8 .2 6 6 .7 6 9 .3 7 5 .9 8 4 .4 9 3 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 4 .8 6 .4 2 0 .2 N e th e rla n d s ............................................................................ 6 4 .4 8 7 .8 8 7 .7 8 8 .5 _ 9 0 .8 9 5 .2 1 0 3 .7 N o rw a y ..................................................................................... 4 .7 11 .8 3 9 .0 7 8 .5 8 3 .3 8 7 .2 9 2 .3 • 9 7 .5 1 0 1 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .6 119.1 1 2 6 .4 S w e d e n ..................................................................................... 4.1 10 .8 3 7 .4 6 7 .3 7 1 .7 7 9 .4 8 7 .6 9 5 .4 9 8 .0 101.1 1 0 6 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 2 1 .5 U n ited K in g d o m .................................................................... 3.1 6 .3 3 3 .2 6 4 .8 6 7 .7 7 2 .9 8 0 .9 9 0 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 7 .8 Unit labor costs: 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .3 N a tio n al c u rren cy basis U n ited S ta te s .......................................................................... - - 7 7 .2 8 5 .5 8 5 .7 8 9 .2 9 2 .8 9 7 .2 9 7 .6 9 3 .9 9 3 .2 9 2 .9 9 3 .4 C a n a d a ..................................................................................... 2 5 .5 3 0 .0 6 3 .3 8 2 .5 8 5 .5 8 9 .2 9 3 .9 9 9 .6 9 7 .2 9 4 .5 9 5 .2 9 5 .8 9 6 .2 9 9 .2 J a p a n ......................................................................................... 3 0 .9 4 3 .3 9 1 .7 9 6 .0 9 3 .4 9 4 .0 9 5 .0 9 6 .5 104.1 1 0 4 .9 100.1 9 5 .8 9 3 .8 9 6 .2 B e lg iu m ..................................................................................... 30 .1 4 1 .7 8 0 .3 8 9 .7 88.1 8 8 .7 9 3 .0 98.1 1 0 2 .3 9 7 .9 9 6 .4 9 7 .6 9 4 .6 9 4 .7 D e n m a rk .................................................................................. 1 5 .4 2 5 .2 5 5 .0 8 8 .4 8 8 .2 88.1 9 3 .6 9 6 .3 100.1 9 3 .0 9 3 .8 9 2 .7 9 5 .9 9 4 .0 F ra n c e ....................................................................................... 1 9 .5 2 4 .0 6 1 .2 9 6 .2 9 3 .4 9 3 .6 9 6 .8 9 9 .3 1 0 2 .2 9 6 .8 94.1 9 5 .3 9 1 .2 8 9 .4 G e rm a n y ................................................................................... 2 7 .8 3 9 .8 6 9 .4 8 6 .3 1 0 0 .6 8 6 .5 8 7 .9 9 0 .3 9 3 .3 1 0 5 .3 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 0 .4 Italy............................................................................................. 8 .0 1 2 .7 4 4 .0 7 8 .3 7 9 .9 8 4 .9 9 1 .3 9 8 .4 1 0 4 .4 102.1 1 0 3 .2 1 0 9 .6 111.1 1 0 9 .8 N e th e rla n d s ............................................................................ 3 4 .4 5 2 .9 9 3 .0 9 5 .9 9 3 .6 91.1 92.1 9 5 .5 1 0 2 .3 9 6 .0 9 4 .0 9 4 .6 9 2 .2 9 2 .5 5 0 .8 84.1 9 0 .4 9 2 .2 9 5 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .9 107.1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .4 N o rw a y ...................................................................................... 1 2 .9 2 0 .4 S w e d e n ..................................................................................... 1 4 .9 2 0 .5 5 0 .6 7 4 .7 7 9 .0 8 4 .7 9 2 .3 1 0 0 .4 9 1 .8 8 7 .0 8 6 .8 9 0 .4 8 8 .5 8 9 .0 U n ited K in g d o m .................................................................... 9 .8 14.1 59.1 8 1 .6 8 2 .2 8 4 .6 9 1 .6 9 8 .2 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .7 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .8 107.1 112.1 Unit labor costs: U .S . d o llar basis U n ited S ta te s ......................................................................... - - 7 7 .2 8 5 .5 8 5 .7 8 9 .2 9 2 .8 9 7 .2 1 0 0 .6 9 7 .6 9 3 .9 9 3 .2 9 2 .9 9 3 .4 C a n a d a ..................................................................................... 3 1 .8 3 4 .7 6 5 .4 7 5 .2 8 3 .9 9 1 .0 9 7 .2 1 0 5 .0 91.1 8 3 .6 8 3 .8 8 4 .9 8 3 .9 8 0 .8 1 1 8 .8 130.1 J a p a n ......................................................................................... 10 .9 5 1 .3 8 4 .2 8 6 .3 83.1 9 0 .9 135.1 1 1 1 .7 9 8 .3 93.1 B e lg iu m ..................................................................................... 1 9 .4 2 7 .0 8 8 .3 7 7 .2 7 7 .0 7 2 .3 8 9 .5 9 2 .3 95.1 9 4 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 1 .4 8 4 .9 8 3 .8 D e n m a rk .................................................................................. 13 .5 2 0 .3 5 8 .9 7 7 .9 7 9 .0 7 2 .6 9 1 .3 9 0 .8 9 3 .2 8 8 .3 101.1 9 6 .5 8 7 .6 8 4 .7 F ra n c e ....................................................................................... 21.1 2 3 .0 7 6 .7 8 4 .7 8 2 .9 7 7 .7 94.1 93.1 9 5 .5 9 2 .4 9 9 .9 9 8 .6 8 2 .6 8 0 .2 G e rm a n y .................................................................................. 1 0 .4 17.1 5 9 .6 7 4 .9 7 6 .9 7 3 .0 8 7 .3 8 7 .8 9 9 .4 9 9 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 1 .6 9 3 .5 89.1 8 0 .3 7 7 .9 Italy............................................................................................. 15 .3 9 2 .4 1 6 .0 2 4 .9 9 7 .6 8 1 .8 N e th e rla n d s ............................................................................ 1 6 .0 2 5 .7 8 2 .3 8 3 .2 8 3 .2 7 5 .5 8 8 .9 8 9 .8 9 6 .8 9 2 .8 1 0 3 .0 9 8 .6 8 3 .0 N o rw a y ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 17 .8 6 3 .9 7 7 .5 86.1 8 2 .9 9 5 .0 9 5 .7 8 8 .3 9 0 .7 1 0 5 .0 107.1 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .9 S w e d e n ..................................................................................... 1 6 .8 2 3 .0 6 9 .6 6 8 .5 7 5 .0 7 6 .4 9 0 .8 9 6 .6 6 8 .6 6 5 .7 7 0 .8 7 8 .5 6 7 .5 6 5 .2 U n ited K in g d o m .................................................................... 1 5 .6 19 .2 7 7 .8 7 5 .7 8 2 .9 7 8 .5 9 2 .5 9 8 .2 8 5 .3 8 6 .5 9 1 .6 9 5 .6 9 9 .3 1 0 5 .2 6 3 .3 7 4 .4 7 5 .6 7 6 .2 9 3 .8 78.1 7 8 .0 8 7 .5 8 2 .0 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 103 Current Labor Statistics: 46. Injury and Illness O ccup atio nal injury and illness rates by industry,' United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 Industry and type of case 1987 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 PRIVATE SECTOR5 Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Agriculture, forestry, and fishing5 Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Mining Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Construction Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... General building contractors: Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Heavy construction, except building: Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Special trades contractors: Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. Manufacturing Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 8 .3 8 .6 8 .6 8 .8 8 .4 8 .9 8 .5 8 .4 8.1 7 .4 7.1 6 .7 3 .8 4 .0 4 .0 4.1 3 .9 3 .9 3 .8 3 .8 3 .6 3 .4 3 .3 3.1 6 9 .9 7 6 .1 7 8 .7 8 4 .0 8 6 .5 9 3 .8 - - - - - - 1 1 .2 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 1 0 .0 9 .7 8 .7 8 .4 7 .9 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 5 .9 5 .4 5 .4 5 .0 4 .7 4 .3 3 .9 4.1 3 .9 9 4 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 2 6 .9 - - - - - - 8 .5 8 .8 8 .5 8 .3 7 .4 7 .3 6 .8 6 .3 6 .2 5 .4 5 .9 4 .9 4 .9 5.1 4 .8 5 .0 4 .5 4.1 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .2 3 .7 2 .9 1 4 4 .0 1 5 2 .1 1 3 7 .2 1 1 9 .5 1 2 9 .6 2 0 4 .7 - - - - - - 1 4 .7 1 4 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .2 1 3 .0 13.1 1 2 .2 1 1 .8 1 0 .6 9 .9 9 .5 8 .8 6 .8 6 .8 6 .8 6 .7 6.1 5 .8 5 .5 5 .5 4 .9 4 .5 4 .4 4 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .3 1 4 7 .9 14 8 .1 1 6 1 .9 - - - - - 1 4 .2 1 4 .0 1 3 .9 1 3 .4 1 2 .0 1 2 .2 1 1 .5 1 0 .9 9 .8 9 .0 8 .5 8 .4 6 .5 6 .4 6 .5 6 .4 5 .5 5 .4 5.1 5.1 4 .4 4 .0 3 .7 3 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 3 2 .2 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .6 1 3 2 .0 1 4 2 .7 - - - - - - 1 4 .5 15.1 1 3 .8 1 3 .8 1 2 .8 12.1 11.1 1 0 .2 9 .9 9 .0 8 .7 8 .2 6 .4 7 .0 6 .5 6 .3 6 .0 5 .4 5.1 5 .0 4 .8 4 .3 4 .3 4.1 1 3 9 .1 1 6 2 .3 14 7 .1 1 4 4 .6 1 6 0 .1 1 6 5 .8 - - - - - - 1 5 .0 1 4 .7 1 4 .6 1 4 .7 1 3 .5 1 3 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .5 11.1 1 0 .4 1 0 .0 9.1 4 .8 4 .7 4.1 7.1 7 .0 6 .9 6 .9 6 .3 6.1 5 .8 5 .8 5 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 4 1 .1 1 4 4 .9 1 5 3 .1 1 5 1 .3 1 6 8 .3 - - - 1 1 .9 13.1 13.1 1 3 .2 1 2 .7 1 2 .5 12.1 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 1 0 .3 9 .7 5 .3 5 .7 5 .8 5 .8 5 .6 5 .4 5 .3 5 .5 5 .3 4 .9 4 .8 4 .7 9 5 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 2 .5 1 4 .2 14.1 1 3 .4 13.1 1 3 .5 1 2 .8 1 1 .6 1 1 .3 1 0 .7 5 .4 5 .9 6 .0 6 .0 5 .7 5 .5 5 .4 5 .7 5 .6 5.1 5.1 5 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 2 6 .7 - - Durable goods: Total cases.................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 1 4 .2 1 3 .6 - - - 9 6 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 2 3 .3 1 8 .9 1 9 .5 1 8 .4 18.1 1 6 .8 1 6 .3 1 5 .9 1 5 .7 1 4 .9 1 4 .2 1 3 .5 1 3 .2 9 .6 1 0 .0 9 .4 8 .8 8 .3 7 .6 7 .6 7 .7 7 .0 6 .8 6 .5 6 .8 1 7 6 .5 1 8 9 .1 1 7 7 .5 1 7 2 .5 1 7 2 .0 1 6 5 .8 1 5 .4 1 6 .6 16.1 1 6 .9 1 5 .9 1 4 .8 1 4 .6 1 5 .0 1 3 .9 1 2 .2 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 7 .2 7 .8 7 .2 6 .6 6 .5 7 .0 6 .4 5 .4 5 .8 5 .7 - - - Lumber and wood products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... Furniture and fixtures: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases.............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................... Primary metal Industries: Total cases.............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Fabricated metal products: Total cases.............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. - - - 6 .7 7 .3 1 0 3 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 4 .9 1 6 .0 1 5 .5 1 5 .4 1 4 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .8 1 3 .2 1 2 .3 1 2 .4 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 7.1 7 .5 7 .4 7 .3 6 .8 6.1 6 .3 6 .5 5 .7 6 .0 5 .7 6 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 4 1 .0 1 4 9 .8 1 6 0 .5 1 5 6 .0 1 5 2 .2 - - - - 1 7 .0 1 9 .4 1 8 .7 1 9 .0 1 7 .7 1 7 .5 1 7 .0 1 6 .8 1 6 .5 1 5 .0 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 7 .3 7 .2 7 .2 6 .8 7 .2 7 .0 1 2 8 .4 - 7 .4 8 .2 8.1 8.1 7 .4 7.1 1 4 5 .8 1 6 1 .3 1 6 8 .3 1 8 0 .2 1 6 9 .1 1 7 5 .5 _ 1 8 .8 1 8 .5 1 6 .8 1 6 .2 1 6 .4 1 5 .8 1 4 .4 1 4 .2 1 3 .9 7 .2 8 .0 7 .9 7 .9 7.1 6 .6 6 .7 6 .7 6 .9 6 .2 6 .4 6 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 3 8 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 5 5 .7 1 4 6 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 1 .3 12.1 12.1 1 2 .0 1 1 .2 ii.i 11.1 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 9 .9 1 0 .0 9 .5 4 .4 4 .7 4 .8 4 .7 4 .4 4 .2 4 .2 4 .4 4 .4 4 .0 4.1 4 .0 7 2 .7 8 2 .8 8 6 .8 8 8 .9 8 6 .6 8 7 .7 7 .2 8 .0 9.1 9.1 8 .6 1 7 .0 1 8 .7 1 7 .4 - Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases.............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases.............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays........................................................................... 8 .4 8 .3 8 .3 7 .6 6 .8 6 .6 5 .9 3.1 3 .3 3 .9 3 .8 3 .7 3 .6 3 .5 3 .6 3 .3 3.1 3.1 2 .8 5 5 .9 6 4 .6 7 7 .5 7 9 .4 8 3 .0 8 1 .2 Transportation equipment: Total cases.............................................................................. 1 3 .5 1 7 .7 1 7 .7 1 7 .8 1 8 .3 1 8 .7 1 8 .5 1 9 .6 1 8 .6 1 6 .3 1 5 .4 5 .7 6 .6 6 .8 6 .9 7 .0 7.1 7.1 7 .8 7 .9 7 .0 6 .6 Lost workdays........................................................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 3 4 .2 1 3 8 .6 1 5 3 .7 16 6 .1 1 8 6 .6 Instruments and related products: Total cases.............................................................................. 5 .8 6.1 5 .6 5 .9 6 .0 5 .9 5 .6 5 .9 5 .3 5.1 4 .8 2 .4 2 .6 2 .5 2 .7 2 .7 2 .7 2 .5 2 .7 2 .4 2 .3 2 .3 Lost workdays........................................................................... 4 3 .9 5 1 .5 5 5 .4 5 7 .8 6 4 .4 6 5 .3 Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries: Total cases.............................................................................. 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 11.1 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 0 .7 1 0 .0 9.9 9.1 9 .5 8 .9 4 .6 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5 .0 4 .6 4 .5 4 .3 4.4 4 .2 8 1 .5 9 1 .0 9 7 .6 11 3 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 8 .2 Lost workdays........................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 104 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 2000 1 4 .6 4 .0 8.1 46. Continued— O ccup atio nal injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 in d u s try ana ty p e o f case 1987 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 Nondurable goods: Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 11.1 1 1 .4 1 1 .6 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .3 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 9 .9 9 .2 8 .8 8 .2 5.1 5 .4 5 .5 5 .6 5 .5 5 .3 5 .0 5.1 4 .9 4 .6 4 .4 4 .3 9 3 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .8 - - - - - - Food and kindred products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 1 7 .7 1 8 .5 1 8 .8 1 7 .6 17.1 1 6 .3 1 5 .0 1 4 .5 1 3 .6 8 .6 9 .2 9 .3 9 .9 9 .9 9 .5 8 .9 9 .2 8 .7 8 .0 8 .0 7 .5 1 5 3 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 4 .7 1 8 .5 2 0 2 .6 2 0 .0 2 0 7 .2 1 9 .5 2 1 1 .9 - - - - - - Tobacco products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 8 .6 9 .3 8 .7 7 .7 6 .4 6 .0 5 .8 5 .3 5 .6 6 .7 5 .9 6 .4 2 .5 2 .9 3 .4 3 .2 2 .8 2 .4 2 .3 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 2 .7 3.1 4 6 .4 5 3 .0 6 4 .2 6 2 .3 5 2 .0 4 2 .9 - - - - - Textile mill products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 9 .9 9 .7 8 .7 8 .2 7 .8 6 .7 6 .7 3 .6 4 .0 4 .2 4 .0 4 .4 4 .2 4.1 4 .0 4.1 3 .6 3.1 3 .4 6 5 .9 7 8 .8 8 1 .4 8 5 .1 8 8 .3 8 7 .1 - - - - 9 .0 9 .6 1 0 .3 9 .6 10.1 Apparel and other textile products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 7 .4 8.1 8 .6 8 .8 9 .2 9 .5 9 .0 8 .9 8 .2 7 .4 7 .0 6 .2 3.1 3 .5 3 .8 3 .9 4 .2 4 .0 3 .8 3 .9 3 .6 3 .3 3.1 2 .6 5 9 .5 6 8 .2 8 0 .5 9 2 .1 9 9 .9 1 0 4 .6 - - - - Paper and allied products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 1 1 .0 9 .9 9 .6 8 .5 7 .9 7 .3 7.1 5 .8 5 .9 5 .8 5 .5 5 .0 5 .0 4 .6 4 .5 4 .2 3 .8 3 .7 3 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 2 2 .7 1 2 5 .9 - - - - - - 1 2 .8 13.1 1 2 .7 12.1 1 1 .2 Printing and publishing: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 6 .7 6 .6 6 .9 6 .9 6 .7 7 .3 6 .9 6 .7 6 .4 6 .0 5 .7 5 .4 3.1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3.1 3 .0 3 .0 2 .8 2 .7 2 .8 5 5 .1 5 9 .8 6 3 .8 6 9 .8 7 4 .5 7 4 .8 - - - - - Chemicals and allied products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 6 .0 5 .9 5 .7 5 .5 4 .8 4 .8 4 .2 3.1 3 .3 3 .2 3.1 3.1 2 .8 2 .7 2 .8 2 .7 2 .4 2 .3 5 8 .8 5 9 .0 6 3 .4 6 1 .6 6 2 .4 6 4 .2 - - - - - 2.1 - 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 6 .5 6 .4 Petroleum and coal products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 7 .3 7 .0 6 .6 6 .6 6 .2 5 .9 5 .2 4 .7 4 .8 4 .6 4 .3 3 .9 3.1 3 .2 3 .3 3.1 2 .9 2 .8 2 .5 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .2 1 .8 6 5 .9 6 8 .4 68 .1 7 7 .3 6 8 .2 7 1 .2 - - - - - Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays........................................................................... 1 4 .5 1 3 .9 1 4 .0 1 2 .9 1 2 .3 1 1 .9 1 1 .2 7 .6 8.1 8 .0 7 .8 7 .2 6 .8 6 .5 6 .7 6 .5 6 .3 5 .8 5 .8 1 3 0 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 5 1 .3 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .3 - - - - 1 2 .4 1 1 .4 1 3 .6 12.1 1 2 .5 12.1 12.1 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 0 .7 1 0 .6 9 .8 5 .8 5 .6 6 .5 5 .9 5 .9 5 .4 5 .5 5 .3 4 .8 4 .5 4 .3 4 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 2 8 .2 1 3 0 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 2 8 .5 - - - - - Leather and leather products: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Transportation and public utilities Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Wholesale trade: Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... Retail trade: Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 1 5 .9 1 6 .3 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 15.1 8 .4 8 .9 9 .2 9 .6 9 .3 9.1 9 .5 9 .3 9.1 8 .7 8 .2 7 .3 4 .9 5.1 5 .3 5 .5 5 .4 5.1 5 .4 5 .5 5 .2 5.1 4 .8 4 .3 1 0 8 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 2 1 .5 13 4 .1 1 4 0 .0 1 4 4 .0 - - - - 7.7 7 .8 8 .0 7 .9 7 .6 8 .4 8.1 7 .9 7 .5 6 .8 6 .7 6 .5 3 .4 3 .5 3 .6 3 .5 3 .4 3 .5 3 .4 3 .4 3 .2 2 .9 3 .0 2 .8 5 6 .1 6 0 .9 6 3 .5 6 5 .6 7 2 .0 8 0 .1 - - - - 7 .4 7 .6 7.7 7 .4 7 .2 7 .6 7 .8 7.7 7 .5 6 .6 6 .5 6 .5 3 .7 3 .8 4 .0 3 .7 3 .7 3 .6 3 .7 3 .8 3 .6 3 .4 3 .2 3 .3 6 4 .0 6 9 .2 7 1 .9 7 1 .5 7 9 .2 8 2 .4 - - - - 7 .8 7 .9 8.1 8.1 7 .7 8 .7 8 .2 7 .9 7 .5 6 .9 6 .8 6 .5 3.3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3.3 3 .4 3.3 3.3 3 .0 2 .8 2 .9 2 .7 5 2 .9 5 7 .6 6 0 .0 6 3 .2 6 9 .1 7 9 .2 - - - - 2 .0 Finance, insurance, and real estate Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 2 .0 2 .0 2 .4 2 .4 2 .9 2 .9 2 .7 2 .6 2 .4 2 .2 1 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.1 1.1 1 .2 1 .2 1.1 1 .0 .9 0 .9 0 .7 1 4 .3 1 7 .2 1 7 .6 2 7 .3 2 4 .1 3 2 .9 - - - - - Services Total cases................................................................................. Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 7.1 6 .7 6 .5 6 .4 6 .0 5 .6 5 .2 2 .7 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8 2 .8 3 .0 2 .8 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 2 .5 2 .4 4 5 .8 4 7 .7 5 1 .2 5 6 .4 6 0 .0 6 8 .6 - - - - - - 5 .5 5 .4 5 .5 6 .0 6 .2 - 1 Data tor 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification M a n u a l, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification M a n u a l, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. - Data not available. Monthly Labor Review O ctober 2000 105 Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1993-98 Fatalities Event or exposure1 1993-97 19972 Average Number 1998 Number Percent Total............................................................................................... 6,335 6,238 6,026 Transportation incidents............................................................... 2,611 1,334 2,605 2,630 44 1,393 1,431 24 652 640 103 701 12 230 118 271 2 4 142 282 142 2 306 5 6 Highway incident................................................................................... Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment............................. Moving in same direction.............................................................. 109 234 Moving in opposite directions, oncoming................................... Moving in intersection................................................................... 132 Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment............................. Noncollision incident......................................................................... 249 Jackknifed or overturned— no collision...................................... 360 267 387 Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident............................. 388 298 377 Overturned.......................................................................................... 214 216 Worker struck by a vehicle................................................................. 315 373 261 367 Water vehicle incident.......................................................................... 106 109 373 300 384 100 5 6 216 223 4 4 413 112 7 2 Railway................................................................................................... 83 93 60 1 Assaults and violent acts.............................................................. 1,241 1,111 860 708 16 12 Shooting............................................................................................. 995 810 960 709 569 Stabbing............................................................................................. 75 73 61 9 1 Other, including bombing................................................................ Self-inflicted injuries.............................................................................. 110 215 79 216 79 223 1 4 Contact with objects and equipment........................................... 1,005 573 369 1,035 579 384 941 517 317 16 65 290 153 124 54 320 189 58 266 129 118 140 2 716 653 702 623 12 116 154 111 156 3 87 97 2 Struck by object.................................................................................... Struck by falling object..................................................................... Struck by flying object....................................................................... Caught in running equipment or machinery.................................. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials................................... Falls.................................................................................................. 9 5 1 4 2 Fall from ladder.................................................................................. 668 591 94 Fall from roof...................................................................................... 139 Fall from scaffold, staging................................................................ 83 52 44 51 1 586 554 298 9 6 Contact with overhead power lines................................................ 320 128 572 334 Contact with temperature extremes................................................... 43 138 40 153 46 3 1 Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances................ Inhalation of substances.................................................................. 120 123 104 2 70 101 48 87 1 1 Fall to lower level.................................................................................. Fall on same level................................................................................. Exposure to harmful substances or environments................... Contact with electric current................................................................ 10 2 80 59 90 72 75 1 Fires and explosions.................................................................... 199 196 205 3 Other events or exposures3.......................................................... 26 21 16 - Oxygen deficiency................................................................................. Drowning, submersion..................................................................... 1 Based on the 1992 bls Occupational Injury and Illness 3 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." Classification Structures. 2 The bls news release issued August 12, 1998, reported a total of 6,218 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1997. Since N0TE: Totals ,or maior categories then, an additional 20 job-related fatalities were identified, totals because of roundin9- bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1997 to 6,238. percent. 106 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis may include sub cate9 ° ries not shown separately. Percentages may not add to O ctober 2000 Dash indicates less than 0.5 STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Title of Publication: Monthly Labor Review Publication Number: 987-800 Date of Filing: October 1, 2000 Frequency of Issue: Monthly Number of Issues Published Annually: 12 Annual Subscription Price: $31.00 Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., n e , Washington, DC 20212-0001 Attention: Richard M. Devens - Rm. 2850 (202) 691-7911 8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters of General Business Office of Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20212-0001 9. Names and Complete Addresses of Publishers, Editor, and Executive Editor: Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Publications, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20212-0001; Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein, same address; Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens, same address 10. Owner: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20212-0001 11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None 12. Purpose, Function and Nonprofit Status: Not applicable 13. Publication Title: Monthly Labor Review 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: August 2000 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation: Number of copies Average number of single issue of copies of each published nearest issue during to filing date preceding 12 months A. Total number of copies (net press ru n ).................................................. B. Paid and/or requested circulation: 1. Paid/requested outside-county mail subscriptions (includes advertiser’s proof and exchange copies).............................. 2. Paid-in-county subscriptions (includes advertiser’s proof and exchange copies)............................. 3. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors, counter sales, and other non-usps paid distribution.......................... 4. Other classes mailed through the U S P S ............................................................. C. Total paid and/or requested circulation (sum of B )............................... D. Free distribution by mail (samples, complimentary and other free): 1. Outside-county...................................................................................... 2. In-county............................................................................................... 3. Other classes mailed through the U S P S ............................................................ E. Free distribution outside the m ail........................................................... F. Total free distribution (sum of D and E ) ................................................. G. Total distribution (sum of C and F )........................................................ H. Copies not distributed............................................................................. I. Total (sum of G and H ) ........................................................................... J. Percent paid and/or requested circulation (C divided by G times 100) 9,901 8,494 6,947 6,698 — 2,143 1,085 — 9,090 7,783 590 — 567 — 102 692 9,782 119 9,901 93.0 25 592 8,375 119 8,494 93.0 I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [signed] Richard M. Devens, Executive Editor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Need information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics? You can get it now on the WEB. Here are the Bureau’s addresses. Bureau of Labor Statistics............................................. http://stats.bls.gov Division of Information Services.................................. http://stats.bls.gov/opbinfo.htm BLS Regional Offices.................................................... http://stats.bls.gov/regnhome.htm Employment and Unemployment: Employment, hours, and earnings by industry N ational...................... ................................. State and area................................................ National labor force d a ta ................................. Region, State, and metropolitan area labor force d ata............................................. Longitudinal research................... ................... Covered employment and w ages.................... Occupational employment statistics............... Mass layoff statistics................... http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/790home.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/nlshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cewhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm Prices and Living Conditions: Consumer price indexes.............. Producer price indexes............... Consumer Expenditure Survey ... http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ppihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/csxhome.htm Compensation and Working Conditions: National Compensation Survey...................... Collective bargaining....................................... Employment cost trends................................... Employee Benefits Survey............................... Occupational Compensation Survey............... Safety and health............................................... http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ocshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Productivity: Quarterly labor productivity..................................... http://stats.bls.gov/lprhome.htm Industry productivity................................................. http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm Multifactor productivity............................................. http://stats.bls.gov/mprhome.htm Employment Projections ....................................... http://stats.bls.gov/emphome.htm International data: Foreign labor statistics...................... U.S. import and export price indexes http://stats.bls.gov/flshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ipphome.htm I t helps to kn o w the course, before m e strategy Yourjob requires th a t y o u keep up with a ll the numbers. 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