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Novem ber 2002 M O N T H L Y L A B O R REVIEW U.S. D ep artm en t o f L ab or Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review ( usps 987-800) is published monthly by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics o f the U.S. Department o f Labor. The Review welcomes articles on the lab o r fo rce, la b o r-m an a g e m en t re la tio n s , b u sin ess c o n d itio n s , in d u stry p ro d u c tiv ity , co m p e n sa tio n , occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as communications on editorial matters, should be submitted to Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau o f Labor Statistics Washington, dc 20212 Telephone: (202) 691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.gov Inquiries on subscriptions and circulation, including address changes, should be sent to: Superintendent of Documents G overnm ent Prin tin g O ffice W ashington, DC 20402 Telephone: (202) 512-1800 Subscription price per year— $45 domestic; $63 foreign. Single copy— $13 domestic; $18.20 foreign. Make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review ( issn 0098-1818) and other government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction o f the public business required by law o f this Department. 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Cover designed by Keith Tapscott https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LA B OR REVIEW_________________ _ _ _ _ Volume 125, Number 11 Novem ber 2002 Analysis of price transmission by stage of processing 3 Changes in crude and intermediate goods price indexes often preceded changes in the CPI during the 1970s and 1980s, but have been more tenuous since m id-1990 Jonathan Weinhagen Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth 12 Consumers’ purchase o f a sophisticated array o f personal services accounted for more than 60 percent o f total U.S. employment Mitra Toossi Welfare reform impacts in SIPP 23 Data suggest that families who left the rolls due to welfare reform have experienced more economic difficulties than other leavers Richard Bavier Departments Labor month in review 2 Regional report— multiple jobholding 39 Precis 41 Book reviews 42 Publications received 44 Current labor statistics 47 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Emy Sok, Stanley P. Stephenson https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The November Review M uch o f econom ic analysis involves tracking change through fairly complex trails o f data. The three feature articles in this issue are united in this approach, although they differ markedly in the trails they follow. Jonathan Weinhagen tracks price changes through the stages o f processing that provide the framework for the b l s producer price index program. His very carefully laid out investigation finds that the stage o f processing framework co n tin u es to p ro v id e a sta tistic a lly significant route to understanding price change. However, the degree to which the approach explains variance in prices has declined in recent years. M itra Toossi follows the path laid by consum er spending and its impact on p ro jected em ploym ent grow th. She projects consumer expenditure growing at about 3-xA percent per year through 2010, while the average growth rate o f em ploym ent as a resu lt o f personal consumption expenditures slows to 1.3 percent per year. Part o f the implied in c re a se in p ro d u c tiv ity m ig h t be explained by the relatively rapid growth in professional jobs related to personal consum ption: Such em ploym ent is projected to rise at a 2.6-percent annual rate, often in order to meet demand for more sophisticated services. R ichard B avier uses the com plex longitudinal data trails provided by the Census Bureau’s Survey o f Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to investigate the impact o f welfare reform. He finds that while there was improvement in income for post-reform leavers, those who left the program more voluntarily tended to have fewer economic difficulties. Compensation costs in Japan fell below the U.S. level in 2001 for the first time in 3 years. The U.S. average costs also were higher than the trade-weighted average for Europe (although five European countries had higher hourly compensation costs than did the United States) and for the combined 29 economies. (Note that the statistics for foreign economies presented here reflect fluctuations in exchange rates as well as changes in hourly compensation expressed in each country’s national currency.) For additional information, see news release USDL 02-549, “International Comparisons o f Hourly Compensation C osts for P ro d u ctio n W orkers in Manufacturing, 2001.” M oonlighting in 2001 In May 2001,7.8 million persons worked at multiple jobs in the United States, a figure representing 5.7 percent o f all workers. Why did these persons choose to work more than one job? More than 1 in 3 o f these “m oonlighters” worked multiple jobs in order to earn extra money, a category that could include saving for the future or getting extra money to buy something special. An additional 27.8 percent moonlighted in order to meet current expenses or pay off debt. Among the other common reasons for working multiple jobs, enjoyment of the second job was reported by 17.4 percent, and 4.6 percent wanted to build a business or get experience in a different job. For additional information on reasons for moonlighting, read “Twenty-first century moonlighters,” Issues in Labor Statistics, Summary 02-07. (See also “Multiple jobholding by State,” pp. 39-40, this issue. Fewer teens Wages overseas fall to join labor force two-thirds of U.S. Average hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing in 29 foreign economies declined to 67 percent o f the U.S. level in 2001 from 71 p ercen t in 2000. 2 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The July labor force participation rate for teens dropped from 65.4 percent to 62.3 percent between 1994 and 2000. This happened even as the unemployment rate for teenagers was falling to its lowest level N ovem ber 2002 in three decades. If adverse labor market conditions, the usual explanation for lower labor market activity among teens, were not the reason for the decline, it could have been increasing school enrollment during the summer. The share o f teenagers enrolled in school in July increased from 19.5 percent in 1994 to 27.0 percent in2000. Labor force participation rates for teens th at are in school are ro u g h ly 20 percentage points below those for teens that are not enrolled in school. Thus, the increasing enrollment rate has exerted downward pressure on teen labor force participation rates. For more information see, “ D eclin in g teen lab o r force participation,” Issues in Labor Statistics, Summary 02-06. Using computers for work In September 2001, 72.3 million persons used a computer at work. These workers accounted for 53.5 p ercent o f to tal employment. The most common use for a computer at work in September 2001 was to access the Internet or to use Email. O f the workers who did use a computer on the job, 71.8 percent said that they used the computer to connect to the Internet or use Email. Other common uses included word processing (67.0 percent), working with spreadsheets or databases (62.3 percent), and calendar or scheduling (52.9 percent). Less commonly reported uses were graphics and design (28.8 percent) and programming (15.2 percent). Not quite 1 in 10 o f the population ages 16 and older reported using the Internet to search for a jo b between January 2001 and September 2001. Men and women were about equally likely to have used the Internet to search for a job. Nearly 1 in every 10 reported using the Internet to look for a job. Similarly, about 9 p ercent o f both w hites and blacks used the Internet in their jo b search, but few er than 6 percent o f H isp a n ic in d iv id u a ls u sed th ese resources. For more information, see “Computer and Internet Use at Work in 2001,’’news release USDL 02-601. □ Price Transmission An empirical analysis of price transmission by stage of processing An empirical examination o f causal price relationships from a stage-of-processing approach reveals that changes in the indexes fo r crude- and intermediate-goods prices often preceded changes in the c p i during the 1970s and 1980s; since the early 1990s, however, the relationship has become more tenuous Jonathan Weinhagen Jo n a th a n W einhagen is an econom ist in the Division of Producer Price Indexes, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The opinions expressed here are the author's and d o not necessarily reflect those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n 1978, the Bureau o f Labor Statistics began em phasizing the stage-of-processing (SOP) system as the key structure used in analyzing the behavior o f producer prices. This system allocates commodities among three categories: crude goods, intermediate goods, and finished goods. Crude goods are defined as unprocessed commodities that are not sold directly to the consumer. Intermediate goods are either com modities that have been processed, but that still require further processing, or nondurable, phys ically complete goods purchased by business firms as inputs for their operations. Finished goods are commodities that are ready for sale to the finaldemand user, either an individual consumer or a business firm.1The SOP model can be extended to encom pass consum er prices by including the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as the fourth “stage of processing.” According to the SOP system, commodities at earlier stages o f processing can be considered inputs to commodities at later stages o f processing. Economic theory predicts that price changes may be transm itted forward through the stages o f processing. The study presented in this article (1) uses econometric techniques to determine the causal directions o f price changes by means of the SOP system and (2 ) examines the stability over time o f the causal relationships found. Several authors have investigated the causal relationship betw een com m odity prices and I consumer inflation. S. Brock Blomberg and Ethan S. Harris examined the relationship between the core CPI, on the one hand, and the Commodity R esearch B ureau spot index, the Journal o f Com m erce index, the crude-goods p p i , the National Association o f Purchasing Managers price index, and the Federal Reserve Bank o f Philadelphia’s prices-paid index, on the other.2 The authors discovered that the com m odity indexes had a statistically significant positive effect on core CPI inflation from 1970 to 1986, but that from 1987 to 1994 all o f the commodity indexes, except for the Journal o f Commerce index, had a negative effect on core CPI inflation. Fred Furlong and Robert Ingenito analyzed the re latio n sh ip betw een CPI in flatio n and the Commodity Research Bureau’s indexes for all commodities and for raw materials.3 The authors showed that both price indexes, excluding oil prices, were strong indicators o f CPI inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s, but from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, the indexes performed poorly as CPI inflation indicators. Todd Clark studied the relationship between ppi SOP models and the CPI by building m odels that forecast the CPI using producer price indexes.4 He found that using in fo rm atio n ab o u t the PPI im proved forecasts o f the CPI for the overall period from 1977 to 1994 and for the subperiod from 1977 to 1980. However, for the subperiods from 1986 to 1989 and 1991 to 1994, including the PPI in M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 3 Price Transmission forecasts o f the CPI detracted from the forecasts, suggesting a breakdown in the relationship between producer price indexes and the CPI. C. Alan Gamer discovered that the explanatory power o f the price o f gold, the Commodity Research Bureau index o f commodities futures prices, the Journal o f Commerce index, the Center for International Business Cycle Research index, the Paine Weber index, and the past CPI to explain movements in the current CPI decreased significantly since 1983.5 Tae-Hwy Lee and Stuart Scott used vector error correction models to examine price transmission within the SOP system and found significant forward price transmission from 1985 to 1996.6 The common finding in the majority o f these studies was that the pow er o f com m odity prices to predict CPI inflation has diminished since the 1980s. The next section o f this article visually examines historical movements o f various PPls and the CPI in order to study the link between producer and consumer prices. The aim is to confirm or disconfirm previous authors’ findings that a change in the nature o f the inflationary relationships within the SOP system occurred in the late 1980s. The section that follows estimates unrestricted vector autoregression ( v a r ) models to further investigate the causal price transmission relationships between the PPI SOP indexes and the CPI. The final section constructs impulse response functions and variance decompositions from the VAR m odels to show how price changes at various stages o f processing are transmitted throughout the SOP system. Historical movements of the sop indexes This section visually examines historical trends o f SOP indexes in order to determ ine w hether m ovem ents o f PPls lead movements o f the CPI. Toward that end, instances are sought in which changes in PPls appear to precede changes in the CPI. The examination also attempts to discern whether the causal relationship between producer and consumer prices has changed over time. Chart 1 presents the 12-month percent changes in the PPls for crude, intermediate, and finished goods from 1975 to 2001 and in the CPI for commodities for those same years. All indexes exclude food and energy. The top panel o f the chart compares price movements in the pp i for crude materials with changes in the CPI. In some instances, price changes in the index for crude materials appear to precede changes in the CPI. In October 1977, prices for crude materials began accelerating, a trend that continued through March 1979. The CPI went through a similar period o f acceleration; however, it did not begin until March 1978,5 months after the acceleration in prices for crude goods began, and it persisted 8 months longer. In July 1985, the index for crude goods began a long period o f acceleration that lasted through May 1988. This acceleration preceded a run-up in consum er prices that began in M ay 1986 and continued through February 1989. In contrast, since the early 1990s, 4 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 crude-goods prices have exhibited three noteworthy periods o f acceleration that were not followed by significant run-ups in the CPI. These periods o f faster increase in the prices o f basic industrial materials began in September 1991, July 1996, and January 1999, respectively. The middle panel o f the chart presents historical price movements in the PPI for intermediate materials and in the CPI. Prior to the early 1990s, there were several periods of acceleration and deceleration in the prices of intermediate materials that foreshadowed similar movements in the CPI. A rise in the rate of increase for intermediate-materials prices beginning in March of 1976 was followed by a period o f acceleration in the CPI that started in May 1976. An extended period o f deceleration in intermediate-goods prices began in March 1980 and lasted through January 1983. This slower rate of increase in the prices o f intermediate goods preceded a similar deceleration in the CPI that began in December 1980. Periods of slowing price increases for intermediate goods beginning at the end o f 1988 and the early part of 1991 were followed by similar decelerations in the CPI. However, three significant periods o f price acceleration in intermediate goods since the early 1990s cannot be traced to similar movements in the CPI. The bottom panel o f the chart compares historical movements o f the PPI for finished goods with changes in the CPI. An examination o f these historical price changes reveals that, since 1975, movements o f the PPI for finished goods and changes in the CPI have been similar. In most instances, the two time series’ movements actually coincide with each other, so a visual examination does not reveal any distinct causal trend between them. A visual comparison of the PPls for crude and intermediate materials with the CPI indicates that the link between them may have weakened since early 1990. However, such a simple visual inspection may not reveal the intricate causal relationships between the SOP indexes. To examine the issue further, more rigorous empirical testing is necessary. Unrestricted vector autoregression m odel This section uses VAR models to examine the nature and consistency o f causal price transm ission relationships among price indexes at various stages o f processing. VAR modeling involves estimating a system o f equations in which each variable is expressed as a linear combination o f lagged values o f itself and all other variables in the system.7 VARs were estimated from the PPls for crude materials, intermediate goods, and finished goods and from the CPI for commodities, using monthly data from January 1974 through December 2001. Core price indexes, which exclude food and energy, were chosen because the excessive volatility o f food and energy prices can distort underlying trends between SOP indexes. All data were seasonally adjusted and converted to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 5 Price Transmission annualized percentage growth form by multiplying the change in the logged data by 1,200. A tim e series is stationary if the mean, variance, and covariances o f the series are not dependent on time. The construction o f a VAR with nonstationary data is problematic, because the tests used to estimate the significance o f the coefficients o f the VAR will not be valid. To test for stationarity, the Dickey-Fuller test was applied; in this one-tailed test, the null hypothesis is that the time series is not stationary. A large negative test statistic rejects the null hypothesis and implies that the time series is stationary.8Dickey-Fuller tests performed on the SOP indexes indicated that, when the data are converted to annualized percentage growth form, all o f the time series involved are stationary. The Akaike and Schwarz information criteria were used to determine the optimal number o f lags to include in the VARs.9 The Schwarz criterion suggested that estimating the VARs by using one lag was optimal, whereas the Akaike criterion indicated that four lags were best. Residual tests implied that estimating the model with one lag would result in significant levels o f autocorrelation; therefore, the VARs were con structed by using four lags o f all variables. In order to investigate the stability o f the causal price transmission relationships, two separate VARs were estimated, using data from 1974 to 1989 and from 1990 to 2001. The 1989-90 breakpoint was chosen because the visual exam inations conducted in the previous section suggested that the causal relationships between ppis and the CPI weakened around 1990. Furthermore, a couple o f earlier studies found that in the late 1980s there was a breakdown in the usefulness o f commodity prices as predictors o f consumer inflation.10These studies were conducted with the use o f data that began in either 1959 (Clark) or the 1970s (Blomberg and Harris), ran through the mid-1990s, and focused on price transm ission from early stages o f processing to the CPI. This article expands the earlier investi gations by including data through 2001 and exam ining relationships among all o f the SOP indexes. T ab le 1 s h o w s th e r esu lts o f V A R -m odel te sts o f th e jo in t sta tistic a l sig n ific a n c e o f th e la g g e d v a lu e s o f th e SOP in d e x e s in p r e d ic tin g the PPls fo r cru d e, in te rm e d ia te, and fin ish e d g o o d s , a s w e ll as in p r e d ic tin g the CPI. W ald te sts w e r e u s e d to te st th e n u ll h y p o th e sis that th e j o in t sig n ific a n c e o f th e e x p la n a to r y v a r ia b le s is z e r o . W a ld t e s t s are b a s e d o n m e a su r in g th e e x te n t to w h ic h th e u n re str icte d e stim a te s fa il to s a tis fy th e r e str ic tio n s o f th e n u ll h y p o th e s is .11 A sm a ll pv a lu e o f th e W ald sta tistic r eje cts th e n u ll h y p o th e sis o f n o fe e d b a c k from la g g e d SOPs to th e d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le , and a regression equation. An /^-squared close to unity indicates a good overall fit of the regression, while an /^-squared o f zero suggests a failure of the regression equation to explain variations o f the dependent variable any better than could be explained by the sample mean o f the dependent variable.12 The results presented in table 1 indicate that, during both subperiods, price movements within each stage of production can be explained by price changes occurring at earlier stages. Highlighting this result is the finding that, in the regression equations for intermediate goods, finished goods, and the CPI from both subperiods, the coefficients o f the lagged explanatory variables of previous processing stages are jointly significant. For example, during both subperiods, the lagged values o f crude and intermediate goods are jointly significant in the finishedgoods equation. The Wald tests also suggest that in most cases price changes within the SOP model cannot be explained by price movements at later stages o f processing. Only in the finished-goods equation from 1990-2001, in which the lagged values o f the CPI are jo in tly significant, is an explanatory variable (or a combination of explanatory variables) at a stage o f processing after the dependent variable statistically significant. Results o f the VAR estimation do not imply that commodity prices have lost their power as predictors o f consumer inflation. The ^-squared values, however, indicate a decrease in the usefulness o f commodity prices in that regard: /^-squared fell from 0.59 in the 1974-89 CPI equation to 0.30 in the 1990-2001 CPI equation. The ^-squared values in the finished-goods equations behaved similarly. In addition, in the CPI equations, the chi-square statistics testing the joint significance o f crude, intermediate, and finished goods suggest that the coefficients are statistically significant in both periods, but that the level o f significance declined in the 1990-2001 period. Similarly, in the finished-goods equations, the combined lagged values o f crude and intermediate goods are statistically significant in both estimation periods; however, the level o f significance decreased from 1990 to 2001. Year-ahead, out-of-sample forecasts also were constructed, using 8-year blocks of data to estimate the VARs. The 8-year blocks were rolled forward on a monthly basis. In contrast to the previous /^-squared values and Wald tests, the average absolute error o f the forecasts from 1982 to 1988 was higher than from 1990 to 2001, indicating greater predictive power in the second period. However, the out-of-sample tests were somewhat limited, because 8 years of data were necessary to estimate the v a r models. Accordingly, because the time series began in 1974, no forecasts could be constructed prior to 1982. la r g e /? -v a lu e o f th e W ald s ta tis tic im p lie s th a t th e n u ll h y p o th e sis is n o t r eje cte d . Impulse response, variance decom position Table 1 also shows the /^-squared values o f the equations w ithin the VAR system s, ^ -sq u ared values m easure the amount o f variation o f the dependent variables explained by the VAR coefficients are difficult to interpret, due to the multivariate nature of the models. Accordingly, impulse response functions 6 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 V A R te s t re s u lts 1974-89 1990-2001 N u ll h y p o th e s is C h i-s q u a re P ro b a b ility C h i-s q u a re P ro b a b ility D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le : c r u d e In te rm e d ia te = 0 ................................................................................................ Fin ish ed = 0 .......................................................................................................... cpi = 0 ................................................................................................................. Inte rm e d ia te /fin ish e d /C P I = 0 ............................................................................. R 2 ................................................................................... 3.0820 5.2486 3.5224 17.7327 .25 0.5442 .2627 .4745 .1241 4.2260 5.9309 4.9 347 13.4744 .38 0.3763 .2044 .2941 .3355 21.3029 .7899 3.0544 3.6722 .69 .0003 .9398 .5488 .8854 10.4637 4.5748 1.5539 5.6183 .61 .0333 .3338 .8170 .6899 7.9022 40.7242 44.3922 7.5823 .59 .0952 .0000 .0000 .1081 8.1216 14.7711 15.6977 10.0163 .19 .0872 .0052 .0469 .0402 6.1217 5.7063 11.6461 49.8345 .59 .1902 .2222 .0202 .0000 13.1299 1.8955 23.4214 37.5086 .30 .0107 .7550 .0001 .0002 D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le : in te rm e d ia te C ru d e = 0 ........................................................................................................... Fin ish ed = 0 ........................................................................... cpi = 0 .................................................................................................................... Fin ish ed/C P I = 0 ..................................................................... R 2 ...................................................................................................... D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le : fin is h e d C rud e = 0 .................................................................................................................... In te rm e d ia te = 0 ....................................................................................... C rud e/inte rm e diate = 0 .................................................................................. cpi = 0 ...................................................................................................... R 2 ....................................................................................... D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le : cpi C rud e = 0 ............................................................................................................ In te rm e d ia te = 0 ....................................................................................... F in ish ed = 0 ....................................................................................... C ru d e /in te rm e d ia te /fin ish e d = 0 ............................................................. R 2 ........................................................................................................ N ote : P rob ability is th e p -va lu e o f the W ald statistic. and variance decompositions were developed to overcome this difficulty. Impulse response functions measure the effect o f a one-standard-deviation innovation o f a variable on current and future values o f the variables in a system o f equations. Variance decompositions show the percentage o f forecast variance (that is, the percentage o f variance in the forecast) in one variable of the VAR that is explained by innovations o f all variables within the VAR.13 This section constructs impulse response functions and v ariance decom p o sitio n s th at exam ine the causal relationships between the SOP indexes and the CPI. Innovations within a VAR are generally not contempo raneously independent o f each other: a random innovation to one variable often occurs simultaneously with innovations to other variables in the system. To overcome this problem, innovations can be ortho g o n alized by a C holesky d e composition in which the covariance matrix o f the resulting residuals is lower triangular. Therefore, an innovation to one variable within a VAR affects only variables ordered after that variable, and the VAR is given a causal interpretation.14 In order to calculate the impulse response functions and variance decompositions, the innovations were orthogonalized by a Cholesky decomposition following the ordering crude goods, intermediate goods, finished goods, CPI. This ordering https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was chosen because economic theory predicts that price changes transmit forward through the stages o f processing as input costs o f producers change. The unrestricted va r s estimated in the previous section suggest that this has been the case historically. Chart 2 presents cumulated impulse response functions o f one-standard-deviation innovations from 1974 to 1989 and from 1990 to 2001. In addition, standard-error bands of two standard deviations representing the statistical significance o f the responses are shown. The standard-error bands were calculated with the software package EVIEWS 4.0. The impulse response functions in chart 2 indicate that during both subperiods price changes at various stages o f processing were transmitted forward through the SOP system. While some causal price relationships appear to have weakened since the 1990s (as previous analysis has suggested), others have remained stable or even have strengthened. From 1974 to 1989, price changes at the producer level were transmitted forward to the CPI. During this period, shocks to crude goods, intermediate goods, and finished goods produced statistically significant responses from the CPI. (The impulse response function is statistically significant when both standarderror bands are above or below zero on they-axis.) For example, a one-standard-deviation shock to crude goods (approximately M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 7 Price Transmission 8 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 Chart 2. Continued—Accumulated responses to a one-standard-deviation shock, 1974-89 and 1990-2001 Crude response to intermediate shock Crude response to crude shock 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 -20 -20 -40 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 -40 Intermediate response to intermediate shock Intermediate response to finished shock Intermediate response to CPI shock Finished response to crude shock Finished response to intermediate shock Finished response to finished shock Finished response to CPI shock CPI response to crude shock CPI response to intermediate shock 8 ------------------------------------------------------- 6 2 0 ^ Plus or minus two standard deviations Response function 1990-2001 --------------------------- 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 8 8 8 CPI response to finished shock 8 CPI response to CPI shock 8 8 -------------------------------------------------------- 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -4 -4 -4 -4 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 3€ ________ 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 3e 0 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 6 ___________ ------------------------------------------------------- 0 ■ 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 -2 36^ NOTE: For each plot, horizontal axis is number of months and vertical axis is percent change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N o ve m b e r 2002 9 Price Transmission 22.1 percent) resulted in a 4.4-percent increase in the CPI. Beginning in 1990, the pow er o f commodity indexes as predictors o f CPI inflation appears to have declined: only innovations in the finished-goods index affected the CPI significantly since then. However, in comparison with the earlier subperiod, shocks to finished goods resulted in stronger and more statistically significant responses from the CPI. Price changes at the crude and intermediate stages o f processing were passed forward to finished goods from 1974 to 1989. Shocks to the indexes for crude and intermediate goods caused statistically significant changes in the prices o f finished goods. Over the 1990-2001 subperiod, the power o f the crude- and interm ediate-goods indexes to predict movements in finished-goods prices decreased substantially. Impulse response functions estimated during this period show that changes in crude-goods prices did not significantly affect the finished-goods index and that shocks to intermediate-goods prices produced only marginally significant responses from the finished-goods index. Price changes in crude goods have consistently caused changes in the index for intermediate goods. During both subperiods, an unanticipated shock to crude-goods prices can be traced forward to a statistically significant movement in the index for intermediate goods. Table 2 presents variance decom positions o f the SOP indexes after 36 months. Like the impulse response functions, the variance decompositions were estimated from the two subperiods 1 9 7 4 - 8 9 and 1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 1 . The variance decom positions in table 2 reinforce the earlier finding in this article that the nature o f the transmission o f inflation within the SOP system has changed over the past three decades. The share o f the CPI’s forecast error variance that can be explained by commodity price shocks differed substantially between the two subperiods. Innovations to crude and intermediate goods accounted for a significantly larger share o f the CPI’s forecast error variance from 1974 to 1989 than from 1990 to 2001. However, the share o f the CPI’s forecast error variance explained by shocks to finished goods has increased approximately 12 percent since 1990. Variance decompositions at the earlier stages o f processing also differ between the two subperiods. Shocks to crude and intermediate goods accounted for a considerably smaller share of finished goods’ forecast error variance from 1990 to 2001 than from 1974 to 1989. However, since 1990, the portion of inter mediate goods’ forecast error variance that can be explained by price changes in crude goods has increased by approximately 15 percent. T h is a r t ic l e h a s p r e s e n t e d a n e m p ir ic a l in v e s t i o f the nature and consistency o f causal price relationships within the stage-of-processing (SOP) system. A visual examination o f price movements shows that, during the 1970s and 1980s, changes in the indexes for the prices o f crude and intermediate goods often preceded changes in the CPI. Since the early 1990s, however, price movements at early stages o f processing do not appear to have foreshadowed m ovem ents in the CPI. Wald tests o f v a r co efficien ts estimated with data from 1974 to 1989 and from 1990 to 2001 indicated that, in the equations for the CPI, finished goods, and intermediate goods, the combined lagged values o f all variables in earlier stages o f processing to the dependent variable were jointly significant. However, the levels o f significance, as well as the equations’ ^-squared values, declined in the 1990—2001 subperiod. Confidence regions o f impulse response functions estimated from the VAR models’ coefficients illustrate that, from 1974 to 1989, price movements in crude, intermediate, and finished goods were transmitted forward to the CPI. In comparison, from 1990 to 2001, only changes in the PPI for finished goods caused movements in the CPI. Variance decompositions told a similar story, with the share of the CPI’s forecast error variance explained by shocks to crude and intermediate goods declining from 1990 to 2001. However, the share o f the CPI’s forecast error variance explained by finished goods increased over the same period. g a t io n V a ria n c e d e c o m p o s itio n s P e rc e n ta g e o f fo r e c a s t e rro rs d u e to — D e c o m p o s itio n v a r ia b le C ru d e V ariance d e co m p o sitio n s a fte r 36 m o nths, 1 9 7 4 -8 9 : C ru d e .............................................................. In te rm e d ia te .................................................... F in is h e d .................................................................. V ariance d e co m p o sitio n s a fte r 36 m onths, 1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 1 : C ru d e ........................................................................ In te rm e d ia te ........................................................... F in is h e d ................................................................. 10 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 In te rm e d ia te Finished CPI 92.03 29.69 10.35 12.06 4.05 68.54 32.99 24.43 2.14 .56 53.45 8.05 1.79 1.21 3.20 55.46 92.01 44.87 5.24 8.02 2.24 50.29 9.89 4.58 2.51 2.24 79.83 20.06 3.23 2.60 5.03 67.34 At the earlier stages o f processing, impulse response functions show that innovations to crude- and intermediategoods prices caused changes in the finished-goods index from 1974 to 1989. As with the CPI, movements in the prices o f crude goods were not passed forward to finished-goods prices from 1990 to 2001. Price changes at the intermediate stage o f processing were passed forward from 1990 to 2001 ; however, the relationship was relatively weaker during that subperiod. V ariance d eco m p o sitio n s show a dram atic decrease in the forecast error variance o f finished-goods prices explained by innovations to crude- and intermediategoods prices between the two subperiods. Impulse response functions and variance decompositions illustrate that there was a causal link between the prices o f crude goods and the prices o f intermediate goods during both periods. In fact, the relationship was relatively stronger in the second subperiod. Taken as a whole, the results from the various empirical tests suggest that there was sig nificant forw ard price transmission in both subperiods examined. However, from 1990 to 2001, price transmission from the earlier stages o f processing— crude and interm ediate goods— to the later stages o f processing— finished goods and the CPI— was weaker relative to the earlier subperiod. By contrast, the causal price relationships between the finished-goods index and the CPI and between crude- and interm ediate-goods prices have strengthened since 1990. □ Notes 1 Handbook o f Methods (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1997), esp. Chapter 14, “Producer Price Indexes.” Press, 1999), pp. 283-300. 2 S. Brock Blomberg and Ethan S. Harris, “The CommodityConsumer Price Connection: Fact or Fable?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, October 1995, pp. 21-38. nj , 7 William H. Greene, Econometric Analysis (Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 1997), esp. pp. 815-16. 3 Fred Furlong and Robert Ingenito, “Commodity Prices and Inflation,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review, 1996, no. 2, pp. 27-47. 8 David A. Dickey and Wayne A. Fuller, “Distribution o f the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 74, 1979, pp. 427-31. Also in John Dinardo and Jack Johnston, Econometric Methods (New York, McGraw Hill, 1996), esp. pp. 224-25. 4 Todd Clark, “Do Producer Prices Lead Consumer Prices?” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, third quarter, 1995, 9 Philip Hans Franses, Time Series Models fo r Business and Economic Forecasting (Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, pp. 2 6 -3 9 . 1998). 5 C. Alan Garner, “How Useful Are the Leading Indicators o f Inflation?” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, second quarter, 1995, pp. 5-18. 10 See Clark, “Do Producer Prices Lead Consumer Prices?” and Blomberg and Harris, “The Commodity-Consumer Price Connection.” 6 Tae-Hwy Lee and Stuart Scott, “Investigating Inflation Trans mission by Stages o f Processing,” in Robert F. Engle and Halbert White (eds.), Cointegration, Causality, and Forecasting: A Festschrift in Honor of Clive W. J. Granger (Oxford, U.K., Oxford University https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 Greene, Econometric Analysis, p. 161. 12 Ibid., p. 253. 13 Dinardo and Johnston, Econometric Methods, pp. 298-301. 14 Ibid. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 11 Consumer Spending and U.S. Growth Consumer spending: an engine for U.S. job growth Personal consumption expenditures continue to account fo r more than 60 percent o f total employment in the U.S. economy; with consumers increasingly shifting their purchases to a sophisticated array o f personal services Mitra Toossi Mitra Toossi is an econom ist in the O ffice o f O c c u p a tional Statistics and Em ploym ent Projections, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. E-mail: Toossi_m@bls.gov onsum er decisions about w hat to buy, how much to buy, and when to buy from the myriad o f goods and services that are available today not only satisfy their own needs, but also determine how much o f which goods and services ultimately will be produced. The pro duction o f these goods and services creates jobs in all sectors o f the economy. Some o f the jobs that are created are the direct result o f production in industries that produce goods and services to meet consumer demands (final goods), and the rest are generated in industries that provide inputs for the production o f final goods and services (interm ediate goods). W hether em p lo y m e n t is g e n e ra te d in th e fin a l-g o o d s industries or in related intermediate industries, it originates from consumer choices and reflects the wishes o f those consumers. Each component of gross domestic product (GDP), which consists of personal consumption expenditures, investments, exports, and government expenditures, contributes in varying degrees to the level and distribution o f output and employment. Personal consumption expenditures, accounting for the largest share of GDP, are the main generator o f employment in the economy.1 In 2000, employment generated by consumer spending was 83.2 million, accounting for 62 percent o f total em ploym ent in the economy. C onsum er spending is projected to add 11.3 m illion net new jo b s by 2010, so that total employment resulting from consumer spending will reach 94.5 m illion, or 61 percent o f all C 12 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 employment that year. The annual growth rate o f employment generated by consumer spending is projected to be 1.3 percent, considerably less than the 1.8-percent growth rate during 1990- 2000. From 2000 to 2010, as in the previous decade, virtually all nonfarm wage and salary employment growth is expected to be in the service-producing sector. Despite continued strong output growth resulting from consumer expenditures for durable goods, the goods-producing sector is, in fact, anticipated to lose employment, because growth in the demand for intermediate and final goods in that sector is concentrated in industries with high productivity increases. W ithin the serv ice-p ro d u cin g sector, the services industry is expected to have the highest growth rate, accounting for a net increase o f 8.9 million jobs during 2000-10. The next-largest providers o f employment are the retail trade and wholesale trade industries, which are projected to add another 2.0 million jobs. These two in dustry groups combined are projected to generate about 97 percent o f the total increase in the nonfarm wage and salary jobs over the projection period. In ad d itio n to p ro v id in g an estim ate o f employment related to consumer spending by industry, this a rtic le p re se n ts estim ates o f changing occupational demand due to changes in personal consum ption expenditures. The growth o f various occupations depends primarily on the grow th o f industries in w hich those occupations are concentrated. In conformity with past trends, two m ajor occupational groups— professional and related occupations, and service occupations— are projected to be the fastest growing, accounting for about 7.9 million jobs. T h ese tw o m a jo r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s w ill likely be responsible for more than 70 percent o f the total increase in jobs over the 2000-10 period. M ethod olog y The m ain focus o f this article is to measure the domestic employment generated by consumer spending on domestically produced goods and services. That aim is part o f an effort by the b l s Office o f Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections to carry out m edium-term economic projections o f industrial and occupational employment every 2 years. The projection process involves forecasting GDP (sales to final purchasers), m easuring the industrial outputs and employment generated by those sales, and converting the employment figures to occupational estimates through the use o f an industry-occupation matrix.2The framework for such an analysis is personal consumption expenditure data from the National Income and Product Accounts and input-output data, both o f which are prepared by the Bureau o f Economic A nalysis.3 The in p u t-o u tp u t system prov id es a snapshot o f all transactions within the economy at a given point in time— sales o f commodities to each industry for further processing (intermediate production) and sales to final users, including consumers, businesses, government, and foreigners (GDP, or final production). By tracing the purchase o f a good or service through the entire chain o f production, the em ployment required in each industry to produce that good or service can be measured. First, a total requirements table is derived from the inputoutput “use” and “make” tables.4 The total requirements table shows the total production required to support a dollar o f final demand. The term “total” in this case includes both direct and indirect input requirem ents to production.5 After its generation, the total requirements table is transformed by productivity factors (the employment-output ratio for each industry is used as a proxy for productivity) to convert the production required per dollar o f demand to the employment required per dollar o f demand. The resulting table, known as an em ploym ent requirem ents tab le, dem onstrates how industry interrelationships in the economy affect employ m ent. The em ploym ent requirem ents tables are im port adjusted; that is, they are m odified to account only for domestically produced sales o f goods and services to final users. The process relating consumer demand to industry output and to the employment that is generated as a result is exhibited in the following diagram: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The trends in labor productivity will dictate whether increases in demand are coincident with decreases or increases in employment and labor requirements. Industry employment is translated to occupational employ ment with an industry-occupation matrix that shows the distribution of jobs by occupation within each industry. The information on staffing patterns is developed from the Bureau’s O ccupational Em ploym ent Statistics survey.6 U sing the industry-occupation matrix, researchers multiply industry em ploym ent by these staffing patterns to generate the occupational employment attributable to consumer spending on domestically produced goods and services. In the sections that follow, consumption expenditures are discussed both in the aggregate and as a component o f GDP. Then industrial outputs are examined in light o f consumer demand. Finally, the demand for occupations related to personal consumption expenditure is discussed. Personal consum ption expenditures During the past three decades, personal consumption expendi tures grew rapidly, and its share in GDP increased consistently. (See table 1.) In 1970, as baby boomers became a dominant force in the U.S. economy, consumer spending rose to 64.8 percent of GDP. The share increased to 65.2 percent in 1980 and 66.7 percent in 1990. In the economic expansion o f the 1990s, along with rising disposable incomes, consumer spending’s share o f the GDP increased further, to 67.8 percent by 2000. The Bureau projects that, by 2010,68.5 percent o f GDP will be accounted for by personal consumption expenditures. During both the 1980-90 and the 1990-2000 period, consum er spending grew at 3.4 percent each year, 0.2 percent higher than the growth o f GDP. The higher growth o f personal spending relative to GDP was m ade possible by a declining savings rate, as well as the w ealth effect o f an ever-in creasin g value o f stock m arket assets. BLS projections for the U.S. econom y during 2 0 0 0 -1 0 show g ro w th o f 3.5 p e r c e n t fo r p e r s o n a l c o n s u m p tio n expenditures, 0.1 percentage point higher than the GDP growth rate.7 The components of personal consumption expenditures— durable goods, nondurable goods, and services— all enjoyed growth during the past several decades, but at different rates. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 13 Consumer Spending and U.S. Growth T a b le 1. Personal consumption expenditures, 1980, 1990, and 2000 (actual) and 2010 (projected) B illio n s o f c h a in e d 1996 d o lla rs A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a te o f c h a n g e ( p e r c e n t) w a rc g o ry 1980 1990 2000 2010 19 80-9 0 19 90-2000 2 0 0 0 -1 0 G ro ss do m e stic p ro d u c t.......................... $4,900.9 $6,707.9 $9,224.0 $12,835.6 3.2 3.2 P ersonal con sum ptio n e xp enditu res ... 3 ,1 93.0 4 ,4 74.5 6,2 57.8 8 ,7 86.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 D urable g o o d s ........................................ N ew light v e h ic le s .............................. O th e r m o tor veh icle s and p a r ts ..... Personal c o m p u te rs .......................... S o ftw a re ............................................... F u rn itu re ............................................... O p h th a lm ic p ro d u c ts ......................... O th e r d u rable g o o d s ......................... 279.8 88.3 54.1 .0 .0 95.5 6.2 53.5 487.1 159.9 86.2 1.6 .5 160.4 16.1 80.8 895.5 218.6 129.3 108.8 17.8 294.6 20.4 152.9 1,455.4 307.3 176.2 802.4 36.3 483.2 27.7 256.1 5.7 6.1 4.8 0 0 5.3 10.1 4.2 6.3 3.2 4.1 52.1 43.7 6.3 2.4 6.6 5.0 3.5 3.1 22.1 7.4 5.1 3.1 5.3 N ondurable g o o d s ................................. Food and b e v e ra g e s ......................... C lothin g and s h o e s ........................... G aso lin e and m o tor o i l ..................... Fuel oil and c o a l................................. Tobacco p r o d u c ts .............................. D rugs and m e d ic in e s ........................ O th e r nondurable g o o d s .................. 1,065.8 585.4 124.0 94.8 17.7 65.6 54.5 138.9 1,369.6 722.4 197.2 113.1 13.1 52.0 80.3 194.3 1,849.9 881.3 335.3 136.6 13.8 42.8 139.9 305.7 2 ,6 35.5 1,102.8 511.0 169.8 15.5 46.5 316.6 497.5 2.5 2.1 4.7 1.8 -3 .0 -2 .3 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.0 5.5 1.9 .6 -1 .9 5.7 4.6 3.6 2.3 4.3 2.2 1.1 .8 8.5 5.0 S e rv ic e s ................................................... H o u s in g ................................................ H ousehold o p e ra tio n ......................... E le c tric ity ......................................... N atural g a s ...................................... T elephone......................................... O th e r.................................................. T ra n sp o rta tio n s e r v ic e s ................... M o tor ve h icle le a s e s .................... O th e r ................................................ M e dical s e rv ic e s ................................. R ecre ation s e r v ic e s .......................... P ersonal b u sin e ss s e rv ic e s ............ Fin ancial s e rv ic e s ......................... O th e r ................................................ O th e r s e rv ic e s ..................................... 1,858.4 541.5 202.9 66.7 31.1 40.0 66.2 124.7 3,5 27.7 850.1 377.6 103.9 32.8 141.8 100.8 251.3 37.6 213.6 903.9 227.0 554.8 222.7 332.4 362.3 4 ,7 84.5 1,070.2 579.2 137.7 30.8 296.2 142.5 318.5 49.1 269.2 1,174.9 408.1 759.0 292.5 467.4 488.3 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 -.5 4.6 2.6 3.4 — 487.6 79.7 242.8 94.4 147.4 170.8 2 ,6 16.2 696.2 259.8 83.2 29.5 62.6 85.9 173.4 5.5 168.1 710.9 145.0 363.2 154.2 209.0 267.0 3.0 2.0 3.8 2.2 1.1 8.5 1.6 3.8 21.2 2.4 2.4 4.6 4.3 3.7 4.7 3.1 3.1 2.3 4.4 2.9 -.6 7.6 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.7 6.0 3.2 2.8 3.5 3.0 R esidual3 ..................................................... -3 5 .6 -2 0 .5 -6 8 .7 -7 8 9 .4 65.2 66.7 67.8 68.5 — (2) (2) 3.8 6.2 4.1 5.0 3.6 4.6 3.4 Personal consum ption expenditures -r G D P ............................................................................ 1U nde fined be ca u se o f d e n o m in a to r w ith valu e zero. 2 N ot ap plicable. 3 T h e re sidual is th e d iffe re n ce betw een the firs t line and th e sum o f the m o st d e tailed lines. O f the three consumption categories, consumer durables have had the fastest growth in the past and are projected to remain fastest in the future. Durable goods grew at a remarkable rate of 6.3 percent per year between 1990 and 2000. Personal computers grew 52.1 percent annually, and software was up 43.7 percent a year, truly a noteworthy surge in consumer spending. The Bureau projects that the growth o f personal computers and software will slow a bit over the 2000-10 period, to 22.1 percent and 7.4 percent annually, respectively, but will still remain the main force behind the growth o f consumer durables, at 5.0 percent annually, during the 2000-10 period. The growth of individuals’ purchases o f nondurable goods is also projected to accelerate, from a 3.1 -percent annual rate during 1990-2000 to a 3.6-percent annual rate between 2000 and 2010— solid growth, but considerably slower than the growth o f expenditures for consumer durable goods. As a person’s income 14 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 N ote: Dash indica tes d a ta no t a va ila ble. H istorical data, B ureau o f E conom ic Analysis; p rojected data, B ureau of La bor S tatistics. S ources: rises, the proportion o f that income spent on nondurable goods such as food and clothing increases at a slower pace than it increased at lower levels o f income.8 However, the category of drugs and medicines, a com ponent o f nondurable-goods purchases, is anticipated to enjoy a healthy 8.5-percent growth in the 2000—10 period, due to the aging o f the baby-boom generation, strong demand for prescription drugs and medicines, and a burgeoning array of new pharmaceuticals that increasingly are being marketed directly to consumers by way o f aggressive media advertising campaigns. Services are projected to grow at a rate o f 3.1 percent annually during 2000-10, slightly faster than the 1990-2000 growth rate. Population growth during the projection period is expected to boost dem and for housing services and household operations— telephone services in particular. Significant growth in housing services, along with rapid growth in recreation services, is responsible for the overall growth o f the service sector. Personal consumption expenditures are presented in table 1 as they appear in the N atio n al Incom e and P roduct Accounts, including their import content. In order to measure dom estic em ploym ent generated by consum er spending, these consumption estimates must be adjusted to reflect only dom estically produced goods and services. Accordingly, consum ption levels adjusted for their import content are presented in table 2 and are used to estimate the growth o f both output and em ploym ent associated with consum er spending. Consumer-related employment within industries and by occupation is influenced by the following factors: • The size o f consumer spending and its detailed commodity distribution. Changes in the distribution and composition o f consumer spending create varying levels of employment across industries and among occupations. • Changes in technology. Changes in technology have been quite significant in some industries, such as computers and com m unications, w hile o ther in d u stries have experienced slower rates of technological growth. Shifts in technology have greatly affected the labor intensity o f many industries, resulting in less employment in some areas even while consumption continues to increase. • Import shares. Purchases o f imports o f goods and services by consumers, businesses, and governments generally have an effect, albeit limited, on employment related to personal consum ption ex p en ditures. For example, rising imports o f apparel and shoes have cut into dom estic production o f these item s and have lowered related domestic employment. • Labor productivity. The growth o f nonfarm labor productivity is projected to average 2.4 percent per year from 2000 through 2010, continuing the very strong productivity growth experienced in the N ation since 1995. Consumer spending and em ploym ent Consumer spending has always been a m ajor generator o f employment. Table 2 shows the level and growth rate o f personal consumption expenditures and their relative share o f total final demand for domestically produced commodities from 1985 to 2010. The table also shows consumer-related employment and its share o f total employment for the same period. The share o f personal consum ption expenditures spent on domestic production declined from 61.3 percent in 1985 to 59.1 percent in 2000. The share o f employment related to personal consumption expenditures, however, increased from 61.5 percent to 62.2 percent over the same period. The Bureau projects that consumer spending will make up 55 percent o f final demand in 2010 and will generate 61 percent o f total employment in the economy that year. The decreasing share o f consumer spending in total domestic final demand is expected to occur simultaneously with an increasing share o f investm ent. In the m ost recent BLS projections o f the U.S. economy, the growth o f business investm ent outpaces that o f household consum ption as com panies continue to invest in technology to enhance productivity.9 However, historically, the share o f consumerrelated employment in final demand has stayed relatively stable at about 61 percent to 63 percent between 1985 and 2000. During 1990-2000, consumer spending on domestically produced goods and services increased 3.3 percent per year. The employment generated from this spending grew at 1.8 percent annually. The Bureau projects that, over the 2000-10 period, consumer spending will grow 3.6 percent annually and the employment generated by consumption will grow 1.3 percent each year. The reason that the growth o f consumerrelated employment is expected to be less than the growth o f consumer expenditures on domestically produced goods and services is that increases in productivity improvements and trends in efficiency and automation will likely result in more labor-saving m odes o f production and changes in input requirements o f the industries, both o f which tend to dampen employment growth. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Consumer spending and m ajor industries The U.S. economy is composed o f a broad range o f industries with different characteristics. Industries are characterized as either goods producing or service producing. Goods-producing industries include agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; construction; and manufacturing. Service-producing industries encompass transportation, communications, and public utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; services; and government. Continuing a longstanding trend, the U.S. economy is experiencing a shift from goods-producing employment to service-producing employment. This trend can be seen in historical data, as well as in die projected numbers for the 2000-10 period, during which virtually all employment growth is expected to occur in service-producing industries. (See table 2.) Personal consum ption expenditures from the goodsproducing sector grew at annual rate o f 2.7 percent during 19902000, even as consumer-related employment in the sector declined at an annual rate o f 0.7 percent. Meanwhile, over the same period, purchases from the service-producing sector grew at an annual rate of 3.5 percent, with an accompanying 2.3percent increase in consumer-related employment. The Bureau projects that consumer-generated employment in the goods- M onthly Labor Review N o ve m b e r 2002 15 Consumer Spending a nd U.S. Growth Domestic consum ption and employment, by major industry sector, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 (actual) and 2010 (projected) P e rso n a l c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu re s o n d o m e s tic a lly p r o d u c e d c o m m o d itie s (b illio n s o f 1996 d o lla rs ) S e c to r 1985 All s e c to r s ...................................... G oo ds p ro d u c in g ................................... A g ricu ltu re , forestry, an d fish e rie s ... M in in g ....................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ............................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................... D u ra b le s ............................................... N o n d u ra b le s ........................................ S e rvice p ro d u c in g ................................. T ra n s p o rta tio n ..................................... C o m m u n ica tio n .................................... U t ilitie s .................................................. T ra d e ...................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ................................................ S e rv ic e s ................................................... G o v e rn m e n t............................................. S pecial in d u s trie s .................................. 1990 1995 3 ,6 9 8 .3 693.4 24.8 2 .0 668.5 165.9 502.5 3,0 04.9 80.2 62.8 127.3 772.8 4,2 95.9 760.3 31.9 .1 .0 728.3 188.0 540.3 3 ,5 35.6 86.2 85.2 139.5 904.3 4 ,8 4 9 .0 818.2 36.7 900.9 1,015.3 30.9 14.7 1,033.4 1,261.8 35.2 -1 0 .0 2000 D o m e s tic fin a l d e m a n d s p e n d in g (b illio n s o f 1996 d o lla rs ) 2010 1985 1990 .0 781.4 205.7 575.7 4 ,0 3 0 .8 106.5 112.5 151.8 1,036.5 6,0 35.7 1,965.5 52.9 39.7 594.9 1,278.0 659.5 618.5 4 ,0 70.2 140.1 75.9 142.9 882.8 7,030.9 2,200.1 59.4 28.7 608.7 1,503.3 800.6 702.7 4 ,8 3 0 .8 172.0 103.9 162.5 1,044.5 7 ,9 5 6 .5 2 ,4 7 2 .6 58.4 28.2 626.0 1,760.1 970.3 789.7 5,4 83.9 211.2 136.1 179.8 1,227.5 10,101.6 3 ,3 39.4 78.6 36.6 779.3 2 ,4 44.9 1,565.0 879.9 6,7 62.2 255.3 201.7 198.6 1,629.3 15,457.8 5 ,7 2 4 .7 107.1 40.1 993.9 4 ,5 8 3 .5 3 ,4 17.4 1,166.1 9,733.1 382.6 388.0 248.4 2 ,5 13.2 1,162.1 1,448.2 37.2 -2 4.1 1,391.8 1,721.8 41.4 -1 6 .6 1,956.6 2 ,2 67.7 60.4 -5 9 .6 977.1 1,077.3 813.1 -3 9 .0 1,129.4 1,348.0 913.7 -4 3 .2 1,286.5 1,570.0 928.4 -5 5 .6 1,563.0 2 ,0 27.0 987.0 -9 9 .7 2 ,2 7 2 .8 2 ,9 6 2 .2 1,078.3 - 1 1 2 .4 2000 2010 .1 1990 61,342 11,769 1,202 360 822 9,385 3,397 5,988 49 ,573 1,797 1,014 715 19,243 69,283 11,424 1,321 283 730 9,089 3,142 5,947 57,860 2,001 1,003 735 21,506 75,149 10,929 1,492 212 614 8,612 2,982 5,629 64,219 2,226 1,017 693 23 ,010 83,180 10,652 1,594 174 791 8,093 3,043 5,050 72,528 2,624 1,258 629 25,730 5,066 20 ,294 1,443 .0 5,703 25,356 1,555 .0 5,759 29,999 1,515 .0 6,310 34,560 1,417 .0 1995 2000 T o tal e m p lo y m e n t (th o u s a n d s ) 2010 1985 1990 94,515 10,216 1,809 127 813 7,467 2,884 4,583 84,299 2,993 1,480 630 27,769 99 ,740 26,510 1,665 928 4,668 19,250 11,461 7,789 73,230 2,997 1,318 916 23,048 111,580 26,712 1,806 709 5,120 19,077 11,109 7,968 84,868 3,510 1,309 957 25 ,774 119,361 26,239 1,973 581 5,1601 18,524 10,683.3 7,841 93,122 3,904 1,318 911 2 7 ,565 133,741 27,921 2,211 543 6,698 18,469 11,138 7,331 105,820 4,529 1,639 851 30,331 155,722 29,668 2,611 488 7,522 19,047 11,780 7,267 126,055 5,466 1,916 893 34,200 6,547 43,495 1,386 .0 5,950 22,607 16,394 .0 6,709 28,305 18,304 .0 6,806 33,313 19,306 .0 7,560 40,230 20,680 .0 8,247 52,898 2 2 ,436 .0 P e rs o n a l c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e s a s a p e r c e n t o f d o m e s tic fin a l d e m a n d s p e n d in g A ll s e c to rs ................................... G o o d s p ro d u c in g ................................... A g ricu ltu re , forestry, an d fish e rie s ... M in in g ....................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ............................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................... D u ra b le s ............................................... N o n d u ra b le s ........................................ S e rvice p r o d u c in g ................................. T ra n s p o rta tio n .................................... C o m m u n ica tio n ................................... U t ilitie s ................................................. T ra d e ...................................................... F in ance, insurance , an d real e s ta te .................................................... S e rv ic e s ................................................... G o v e rn m e n t............................................. S pecial in d u s trie s .................................. 16 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1990 20 10 8,4 92.7 1,650.5 60.8 .1 .0 1,589.6 816.1 773.5 6,842.1 197.4 337.4 203.5 1,878.7 1985 1985 2000 5 ,9 69.5 994.5 46.3 .2 .0 948.0 325.0 623.0 4,975.1 140.2 167.2 164.0 1,365.3 C o n s u m e r-re la te d e m p lo y m e n t (th o u s a n d s ) All s e c to rs ................................... G oo ds p ro d u c in g .................................... A g ricu ltu re , forestry, and fish e rie s ... M in in g ........................................................ C o n s tru c tio n ............................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................... D u ra b le s ............................................... N o n d u ra b le s ........................................ S e rvice p ro d u c in g ................................. T ra n s p o rta tio n ..................................... C o m m u n ica tio n ................................... U t ilitie s ................................................. T ra d e ...................................................... F in ance, insurance , an d real e s ta te ............................................... S e r v ic e s ................................................... G o v e rn m e n t............................................. S pecial in d u s trie s .................................. 1995 1995 2000 2010 1995 A n n u a l a v e r a g e g r o w th r a te o f p e rs o n a l c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu r e ( p e r c e n t) 1985-9 0 1 9 9 0 -9 5 19 9 5 -2 0 0 0 19 9 0 -2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 -1 0 61.3 35.3 46.8 .4 .0 52.3 25.2 81.2 73.8 57.2 82.7 89.1 87.5 61.1 34.6 53.7 .5 .0 48.4 23.5 76.9 73.2 50.1 82.0 85.9 86.6 60.9 33.1 62.9 .5 .0 44.4 21.2 72.9 73.5 50.4 82.7 84.4 84.4 59.1 29.8 58.9 .5 .0 38.8 20.8 70.8 73.6 54.9 82.9 82.6 83.8 54.9 28.8 56.8 .3 .0 34.7 23.9 66.3 70.3 51.6 87.0 81.9 74.8 3.0 1.9 5.2 -4 .6 .0 1.7 2.5 1.5 3.3 1.5 6.3 1.8 3.2 2.5 1.5 2.8 .9 .0 1.4 1.8 1.3 2.7 4.3 5.7 1.7 2.8 4.2 4.0 4.7 3.8 .0 3.9 9.6 1.6 4.3 5.6 8.2 1.6 5.7 3.3 2.7 3.8 2.3 .0 2.7 5.6 1.4 3.5 5.0 7.0 1.6 4.2 3.6 5.2 2.8 -2 .3 .0 5.3 9.6 2.2 3.2 3.5 7.3 2.2 3.2 92.2 94.2 3.8 -3 7 .7 91.5 93.6 3.9 23.1 90.3 92.2 4.0 43.4 89.0 84.9 4.2 16.7 86.1 76.6 5.6 53.0 2.8 4.4 2.6 -1 9 2 .5 2.4 2.8 1.1 19.3 3.7 3.5 2.2 -7 .2 3.0 3.2 1.7 5.2 3.5 2.8 3.8 13.6 N ovem ber 2002 Table 2. Continued—Domestic consumption and employment, by major industry sector, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 (actual) and 2010 (projected) S e c to r All s e c to rs ................................... G oo ds p ro d u c in g ................................... A g ricu ltu re , forestry, an d fish e rie s ... M in in g ........................................................ C o n s tru c tio n ............................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................... D u ra b le s ............................................... N o n d u ra b le s ........................................ S e rvice p ro d u c in g ................................. T ra n s p o rta tio n ..................................... C o m m u n ica tio n .................................... U tilitie s .................................................. T ra d e ...................................................... Finance, insurance , an d real e s ta te ................................................ S e r v ic e s ................................................... G o v e rn m e n t............................................. S pecial in d u s trie s .................................. 1 9 85-9 0 1990-95 1995-2000 19 9 0 -2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 -1 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 61.5 44.4 72.2 38.8 17.6 48.8 29.6 76.9 67.7 60.0 76.9 78.0 83.5 62.1 42.8 73.1 39.9 14.3 47.6 28.3 74.6 68.2 57.0 76.6 76.8 83.4 63.0 41.7 75.6 36.5 11.9 46.5 27.9 71.8 69.0 57.0 77.2 76.1 83.5 62.2 38.2 72.1 32.1 11.8 43.8 27.3 68.9 68.5 57.9 76.8 73.9 84.8 60.7 34.4 69.3 26.1 10.8 39.2 24.5 63.1 66.9 54.8 77.3 70.6 81.2 2.5 -.6 1.9 -4 .7 -2 .3 -.6 -1 .5 -.1 3.1 2.2 -.2 .6 2.2 1.6 - .9 2.5 -5 .6 -3 .4 -1 .1 -1 .0 -1 .1 2.1 2.2 .3 -1 .2 1.4 2.1 -.5 1.3 -3 .9 5.2 -1 .2 .4 -2 .1 2.5 3.3 4.3 -1 .9 2.3 1.8 - .7 1.9 -4 .7 .8 -1 .2 - .3 -1 .6 2.3 2.7 2.3 -1 .5 1.8 1.3 -.4 1.3 -3 .1 .3 -.8 -.5 -1 .0 1.5 1.3 1.6 .0 .8 85.1 89.8 8.8 .0 85.0 89.6 8.5 .0 84.6 90.1 7.8 .0 83.5 85.9 6.9 .0 79.4 82.2 6.2 .0 2.4 4.6 .0 .0 .2 3.4 .0 .0 1.8 2.9 .0 .0 1.0 3.1 .0 .0 .4 2.3 .0 .0 N o t e : T h e n e gative valu e s o f pe rsona l co n sum ptio n exp enditu res in s p e c ia l in d u s trie s re s u lt fro m an a c c o u n tin g c o n ve n tio n used to m o ve e xp e n d itu re s in th e U nited S tates by fo re ig n e rs fro m pe rsona l consum ption e xp e n d itu re s to exp orts. T h e n e gative value s o f to ta l fina l dem and spending in sp e cia l indu stries re su lt from th is sam e a cco unting co n ve n tio n , as w ell producing sector will continue to decline, despite a 5.2-percent annual rate o f growth in production, while employment in the service-producing sector will grow at a 1.5-percent rate, with about 12 million jobs added as a result o f consumer spending. Goods-producing sector. Although consumer expenditures on the goods-producing sector o f the economy are projected to increase by 5.2 percent over the 2000-10 period, growth within the different industries is likely to vary significantly and have a differential impact on employment. Continuing the trend from 1990 to 2000, employment in the goods-producing sector is projected to decline by 0.4 percent per year, with the sector losing approximately 440,000jobs over the 2000-10 period. Within the goods-producing sector, the only two industries that are projected to have a positive growth rate of employment are agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, at 1.3 percent per year, and construction, increasing by 0.3 percent each year. The projected 1.3-percent growth rate o f employment in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry is due primarily to BLS expectations regarding landscape and horticulture services and veterinary services. The expected 0.3-percent rate in the construction industry is based on the anticipated demand for new housing and continued growth in the construction o f roads, bridges, and tunnels. Every other industry in the goods-producing sector is projected to have negative employment growth, despite consistent increases in consumer spending over the projection horizon. Service-producing sector. Within the service-producing industries, the largest impact o f consumer spending is on the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A n n u a l a v e r a g e g r o w th ra te o f e m p lo y m e n t a s a re s u lt o f p e rs o n a l c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d itu re s ( p e rc e n t) C o n s u m e r-re la te d e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f to t a l e m p lo y m e n t as fro m th e im p a c t o f th e n o n c o m p a ra b le im p o rts in d u s try (g oods no t ca p a b le o f b e in g p ro d u c e d in th e U nited S ta te s) an d th e s c ra p , u se d, and se c o n d h a n d g o o d s in d u s trie s . Total fin a l d e m a n d s p e n d in g in m in in g is n e g a tiv e b e c a u s e p u r c h a s e s o f im p o r ts o u tv a lu e p u r c h a s e s o f d o m e s tic a lly p ro d u c e d g o ods.______________________________________________ services sector, which is projected to add a net 8.9 million new jobs by 2010. The services sector encompasses a variety o f different subsectors, such as personal services; auto repair services and garages; miscellaneous repair shops; motion picture, am usem ent, and recreatio n services; business services; health services; and social services. The different categories o f services are mostly labor-intensive industries with varying amounts o f labor productivity, which is usually difficult to measure. More than three-fourths o f the projected job growth in the services sector is concentrated in the last three subgroups— business services, health services, and social services: 1. Business services. Business services includes a variety of different services, such as computer and data-processing services, personnel supply services, advertising, services to buildings and miscellaneous equipment, and rental and leasing services. The business services group is expected to be the fastest-growing industry group in the services division. 2. Health services. The health services component, which includes hospitals, offices o f health practitioners, and health-care services, is anticipated to add a large number o f new jobs as aging baby boomers— the population bom between 1946 and 1964— demand more o f these types o f service. It is worth noting that the baby boomers will be aged 46 years to 64 years in 2010. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 17 Consumer Spending and U.S. Growth 3. Social services. Social services include day care and r e s id e n tia l c a re s e r v ic e s . A s th e la b o r fo rc e particip atio n rate o f wom en in all age groups has increased, the dem and for child care has accelerated, and this trend is expected to continue into the next decade. Em ploym ent in residential care services also is projected to increase as a result o f the aging cohorts o f the population looking for alternatives to nursing hom es and hospital care. Projections for the other industries within the serviceproducing sector are as follows: 4. Communications. Communications services are another high-employment sector that is projected to grow as a result o f consumer spending. The dominant industries in this sector are telephone and telegraph communications and the communications service industry. Strong demand for residential and business wired and wireless systems, cable systems, and high-speed Internet connections are expected to contribute to a 1.6-percent growth rate o f employment in the sector. 5. Transportation. An increase o f 3.5 percent in consumer demand and expenditure is anticipated to perm it the transportation sector to enjoy a 1.3-percent rise in employ ment. The growth in the industry is projected to be led by an increase in employment in the trucking, courier services, and warehouse and storage industries. Trucking and warehousing are expected to provide the most new jobs. As a result o f population growth and urban sprawl, local and urban passenger transit also is projected to account for a large number o f new jobs in the sector. 6. 7. 18 Wholesale and retail trade. In general, overall economic growth drives both o f these industries, which provide the m eans for getting products from m anufacturers to consumers. Because consumption accounts for such a large share o f economic growth, employment related to con sumption in these industries is expected to be quite large as well. Finance, insurance, and real estate. Employment growth in this sector is expected to decline from the 1990-2000 rate o f 1.0 percent to 0.4 percent in the 2000-10 period. The finance sector o f the industry— including de positary and nondepositary institutions and securities and commodity brokers and dealers— is projected to grow as a result o f the financial needs o f the baby-boom generation, which will be at the height o f its saving years. The growth o f tax-favorable retirement plans and the globalization o f securities m arkets are other factors aiding employment growth in this sector. Counter to the trend, however, employment in depositary institutions M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 is expected to decline, due to the surge in Internet banking, automated teller machines, and debit cards. Industry ranking Consum er-related employment as a percent o f total em ployment was estimated and ranked for 192 industry groups in 2000 and also projected for 2010. The resulting ranking shows that most o f the 192 industries are dependent on consumer spending to some degree, either directly or in directly. The degree to w hich an industry depends on consumer spending for employment can be estimated by the ratio of consumption-related employment to total employment for each industry. Table 3 lists the 22 industries that are most dependent on consum er spending. All but one o f these industries (private households) is a service-producing industry. As a result o f high consumer demand stemming from the combined effects of the aging of the population and advances in medical technology, the health services group is projected to be a prime source o f consumer-related employment. Top industries providing health services are hospitals, offices o f health practitioners, and nursing and personal care facilities. In wm m m m C o n s u m e r - r e la t e d e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t o t a | e m p lo y m e n t, 2 0 0 0 ( a c t u a l) a n d 2 0 1 0 ( p r o je c te d ) In d u s try O th er lodging p la c e s ................................... H o s p ita ls ........................................................ E ducational s e rv ic e s ................................... H ealth service s, n .e .c .................................. M useum s and bo tanical and zoo lo gical g a rd e n s ................................... B ow ling c e n te rs ............................................. P rivate h o u s e h o ld s ...................................... A m u se m e n t and re creatio n service s, n .e .c ............................................................. B eauty and ba rb e r s h o p s .......................... N ursing and pe rsona l-care fa c ilitie s ....................................................... O ffice s of health p ra c titio n e rs .................. Funeral service s and c re m a to rie s ........... V ideotape r e n ta l........................................... M em bership o rg a n iz a tio n s ......................... E ating and d rin king p la c e s ........................ C hild da y c a re s e r v ic e s .............................. P ersonal service s, n .e .c ............................. Individual and m iscella neou s social s e r v ic e s ...................................................... W atch, jew elry, and fu rn itu re r e p a ir ........ C able and pay tele visio n s e r v ic e s ......... B e v e ra g e s ...................................................... R esidential c a r e ........................................... Retail trade, e xclud ing eating and d rin king p la c e s ........................................ N ote : n.e.c. = not elsew here clasified. E m p lo y m e n t g e n e r a te d b y c o n s u m p tio n a s a p e r c e n t o f to t a l In d u s try e m p lo y m e n t 2000 2010 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 100.0 99.9 99.5 100.4 99.2 99.3 99.1 99.0 98.8 98.7 98.4 97.5 97.4 99.1 98.4 98.1 97.7 97.8 97.8 97.7 95.8 96.8 96.6 96.3 94.7 94.4 96.9 96.3 94.8 92.1 95.4 93.8 89.8 the 2000-10 projection period, the aging o f the baby-boom generation is expected to lead to the expansion o f outpatient and ambulatory services and the continued expansion o f home health care services, producing greater employment oppor tunities in the health-related industries. Educational services, a labor-intensive industry with a strong link to consumer spending, is anticipated to be another top em ploym ent generator. High demand for education, m ainly as a result o f a grow ing elem entary-school-age population, as well an increasing need for postsecondary education and corporate training services, will keep this industry a large generator o f employment during 2000-10. Projected strong growth in income and the resulting consumer affluence will likely benefit industries with high income elasticities o f dem and, such as recreation industries, as consumers spend more resources on leisure time and sports activities. The Bureau anticipates that museums, botanical and zoological gardens, bowling centers, amusement and recreation services, videotape rental services, and cable and pay television services will create a vast amount o f employment, virtually all from consumer demand. R etail trade continues to generate large em ploym ent increases, due to population growth and rising disposable income, as well as the labor-intensive nature o f the industry. Similarly, all sectors o f the restaurant industry— fast-food establishm ents, m oder-ately priced restaurants, and finedining establishments, are expected to maintain their position as another large generator o f employment. Although service-producing industries increasingly have been responsible for the largest share o f employment related to consumer spending, some manufacturing industries, such as household furniture, jewelry, silverware, and plated ware, as well as toys and sporting goods, also have been, and are projected to remain, among the large creators o f employment. (See table 3.) T a b le 4 . Major occu patio nal groups Employment generated by consumer spending is distributed across all occupations, to varying degrees. The transition from industry employment to occupational employment is accomplished through the use o f an industry-occupation matrix that shows staffing patterns, or share distributions o f occupations within each industry. Staffing patterns in various in d u strie s are d e v e lo p e d by th e BLS O c c u p a tio n a l Employment Statistics survey. The distribution o f em ploym ent among the 10 m ajor occupational groups listed in the Standard Occupational Classificational M anual10is shown in table 4. It should not be surprising that, among these groups, service occupations ran k as th e la rg e st g e n e ra to r o f c o n su m e r-re la te d employment, with 19.5 million jobs in 2000. The category is expected to maintain its leading position in 2010, with a projected 23.4 million jobs owing, at least in part, to consumer spending. In 2010, consumer spending employment as a percent o f total employment is anticipated to be 80 percent, the same as in 2000. Professional and related occupations accounted for 13.2 million jobs in 2000, good enough for a third-place ranking. During the 2000-10 period, the group is expected to create 3.9 million additional jobs as a result o f consumer expenditures, moving it up to second place in 2010. Office and administrative support occupations employed 15.1 million o f the workforce and ranked second in 2000. Over the 2000-10 period, the category is projected to create 874 thousand additional jobs as a result o f consumer spending, placing it third in 2010. Two occupational groups— farming, fishing, and forestry; and production— are expected to see their total number o f jobs related to consumer spending decline, due chiefly to the adoption o f new technologies, ongoing productivity gains, Consumer-related employment, by major occupational group, 2000 (actual) and 2010 (projected) [N um bers in th o u sa n d s of jobs] M a jo r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p Total, a ll o c c u p a tio n s .......... M a nage m en t, b u sin ess, and fin a n c ia l....................................... P rofe ssional and related o c c u p a tio n s .............................. S e r v ic e ............................................ S ales and re la ted o ccu p a tio n s . O ffice and a d m in istra tive s u p p o rt........................................ Farm ing, fish in g , an d fo re s try ... C on stru ctio n and e x tr a c tio n ..... In stallation, m a in tena nce, and re p a ir............................................ P ro d u c tio n ...................................... Transp orta tion and m aterial m o v in g ........................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T o ta l w a g e a n d s a la ry e m p lo /m e n t C o n s u m e r-re la te d e m p lo y m e n t as a p e r c e n t o f to t a l e m p lo y m e n t C o n s u m e r-re la te d e m p lo y m e n t 2000 2010 Total R e la te d to c o n s u m p tio n 11,334 62.2 60.7 1.5 1.3 974 57.5 55.5 1.6 1.3 17,112 23 ,416 11,894 3,920 3,939 902 53.1 80.1 81.8 54.2 79.9 77.8 2.4 1.9 1.3 2.6 1.9 .8 15,078 829 1,121 15,952 823 1,217 874 -6 96 64.5 67.4 18.3 62.2 63.4 17.4 .9 .5 1.3 .6 -.1 .8 3,213 6,252 3,485 6,089 272 -1 6 3 0.7 49.2 57.6 45.1 1.2 .6 .8 -.3 5,719 6,250 531 59.1 55.8 1.5 .9 2000 2010 2000 2010 C hange 133,741 155,722 83,179 94,513 12,637 14,849 7,267 8,241 24 ,844 24,321 13,430 31,601 2 9 ,293 15,294 13,192 19,477 10,992 23,3939 1,231 6,135 2 5 ,640 1,299 7,002 5,382 12,699 6,0 53 13,496 9,669 11,194 A v e r a g e a n n u a l ra te o f c h a n g e in e m p lo y m e n t (p e rc e n t) M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 19 Consumer Spending and U.S. Growth and a continuing gradual substitution o f capital for labor, especially in the production sectors o f the economy. O f the major occupational groups, professional and related occupations are projected to grow the fastest, 2.6 percent between 2000 and 2010, twice the rate o f growth of overall occupational change. The high employment growth o f this group is predicated largely upon an increase in demand for some o f its jobs. A variety o f com puter-related and health services occupations, including physician’s assistants and dentists, dental hygienists, physical therapists, nuclear m edicine tech n o lo g ists, re sp ira to ry th erap ists, and rad io lo g ical technologists, belong to the group. At a projected rate o f 1.9 percent per year, the service occupations group would have the second-highest rate o f employment growth from 2000 to 2010. This rate is the same for both consumer-related and total service employment. Service occupations are a major generator o f jobs. Within the category, health care support occupations, social services occupations, and protective service occupations are among the fastestgrowing subgroups. The most rapidly growing occupations in the professional and related occupations m ajor group are concentrated in industries with high rates o f growth. In contrast, production occupations are projected to grow more slowly than overall em ploym ent, larg ely b ecau se n early 3 out o f 4 such occupations are in the slow-growing manufacturing sector.11 Production occupations, w hich have the lowest growth among all occupations, include farming, fishing, and forestry occupations; construction and extraction occupations; and installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. Detailed occupations At a detailed level, the Bureau projects employment for almost 350 occupations for the U.S. economy. Consumption-related employment estimates for each o f these occupations were sorted by their average annual growth over the projection period. The occupations projected to be the fastest growing are listed in table 5. Professional and related occupations, in c lu d in g c o m p u te r su p p o rt sp e c ia lis ts and system s ad m in istrato rs, com puter softw are engineers, system s analysts, computer scientists, database administrators, and desktop publishers, dom inate the list. Com puter support sp e c ia lists and system s ad m in istrato rs, and com puter software engineers, have the highest projected annual growth rates, 5.7 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively. Increasing dem and for com puter-related occupations is expected to reflect ongoing momentous advances in high technology and the continuing development o f new computer applications, as well as the rising use o f highly sophisticated software by an increasingly computer-aware group o f consumers. A number o f other occupations from the service occupa 20 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 tions group are projected to have significant rates o f growth, including medical assistants, physician’s assistants, medical records and health information technicians, physical therapist assistants and aides, and occupational therapists. Rapid growth among health-related occupations demonstrates the aging of the baby-boom generation and the increasing stratification by skill level o f the health care professions. In addition, a wealthier population is better able to afford quality health care, and advances in medical technology permit an increasing number of health problems to be treated more effectively.12The demand for special-education teachers is expected to grow by 4.2 percent annually as a result o f an increase in the number o f people with certain needs and disabilities that, sometimes by law, require special education. Note that the rankings in table 5 are based on the growth rates o f the occupations and not on the actual num ber o f jobs generated. Some high-grow th occupations with a small employment base will create small numbers o f jobs, while some slow-growing occupations with a large base will provide a large number o f new job opportunities. Table 6 lists the detailed occupations em ploying the highest number o f employees, both in 2000 and projected for 2010. A variety o f service occupations, including food and beverage servers and related workers; chefs, cooks, and food preparation workers; and building cleaning workers, are at the top o f the list. Some sales occupations, such as retail salespersons and cashiers, also are expected to maintain a large number o f jobs. Other occupations with a large number o f workers are the health-related jobs, including registered nurses and psychiatric and home health aides. Office and administrative occupations, such as information and record clerks, secretaries and administrative assistants, and financial clerks, also are among the large-base occupations. Human services assistants, nurses, medical assistants, physician’s assistants, and physical therapist assistants and aides are among the fastest-growing professional specialty occupations. The rapid growth of service industries, in addition to the fact that 75 percent o f the entire professional specialty occupations are located within the service industries, explains the large number o f job openings in the aforementioned occupations. Co n sum er d e m a n d is t h e m a i n f o r c e b e h i n d t h e u .s . ECONOMY and, by extension, is the prime source o f employment and economic growth. The significant share o f GDP held by personal consumption expenditures gives consumers a power— reflected in their preferences—to command the direction and propel the growth of output and employment in many different sectors o f the economy. The analysis and projections pre sented in this article indicate that, over the 2000-10 period, consumer expenditures will continue to shift employment from goods-producing to service-producing industries. Servicep ro ducing in d u stries— including tran sp o rtatio n , com - Projected fastest-growing occupations, 2000-10 [N um bers in th o u sa n d s of jobs] E m p lo y m e n t O c c u p a tio n C o m p u te r su p p o rt sp e cia lists and system s a d m in is tra to rs ........ C om p u te r so ftw a re e n g in e e rs .......................................................... S e m ico n d u cto r p ro c e s s o rs ............................................... P ersonal and ho m e care a id e s .............................................. S ocial and hum an se rvice a s s is ta n ts ............................................... M e dical a s s is ta n ts ..................................................... P hysician a s s is ta n ts .............................................................................. M e dical re cords an d health in fo rm atio n te c h n ic ia n s ..................... D esktop p u b lis h e r s ............................................................. S p e e ch -la n g u a g e p a th o lo g ists and a u d io lo g is ts ............................ Teachers, spe cia l e d u c a tio n ................................................................. P hysical th e ra p ist assista n ts and a id e s .......................................... V e te rin a ria n s....................................................................... S ystem s an alysts, c o m p u te r scientists, and d a taba se a d m in is tra to rs ....................................................................... O ccu p a tio n a l th e ra p ist assista nts and a id e s .................................. C hange A v e ra g e a n n u a l r a te o f g r o w th (p e rc e n t) 2000 2010 324 179 10 416 193 316 54 128 26 56 116 79 37 566 308 16 681 3165 502 86 197 39 84 174 117 55 242 129 7 265 123 32 69 13 29 59 38 18 5.73 5.58 5.31 5.05 5.04 4.75 .74 4.38 4.26 4.22 4.19 3.98 3.93 329 23 482 33 153 10 3.90 3.78 Occupations with the largest consumer-related employment, 2000 (actúa I) and 2010 (proje cted) [N um bers in th o u sa n d s of jobs] O c c u p a tio n Food and be ve ra g e se rve rs and related w o rk e rs ......................... R etail s a le s p e rs o n s .................................................................... Inform a tion and record c le rk s ................................................... C a s h ie rs .................................................................. M a terial-m oving o c c u p a tio n s .............................................. B uilding clean ing w o r k e r s ..................................................... C hefs, cooks, an d foo d p reparation w o rk e rs ................................ M a terial re cordin g, sche duling , d ispa tching , and d istrib uting o ccu p a tio n s, exce pt po stal w o rk e rs ......................................... F inancial c le r k s .............................................................. S e cre ta rie s an d a d m in istra tive a s s is ta n ts .................. R egiste red n u rs e s ...................................................... N ursin g, psych ia tric, and hom e health a id e s ................................ Top e x e c u tiv e s .......................................................... T ru ckd rive rs and drive rs/sa le s w o rk e rs ..................... O ffice cle rks, g e n e r a l............................................... S ales w o rke r s u p e rv is o rs ........................................ Teachers, preschoo l, kind e rg a rte n , and elem entary, m iddle, and se co n d a ry s c h o o l.......................................... 2000 Change A v e ra g e a n n u a l ra te o f g r o w th (p e rc e n t) 6,105 3,593 3,480 3,054 2,996 2,928 2,448 7,195 3,899 4,064 3,365 3,186 3,182 2,768 1,090 306 584 312 190 254 320 1.66 .82 1.56 .98 .62 .83 1.24 2,351 2,330 2,270 1,981 1,8378 1,802 1,767 1,622 1,338 2,380 2,364 2,421 2,579 2,439 1,982 1,949 1,833 1,430 29 35 151 598 601 181 182 211 92 .12 .15 .65 2.67 2.87 .96 .98 1.23 .67 1,231 1,585 354 2.56 munication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insuran ce, and real estate; and serv ices— are expected to account for nearly all o f the 11.3 million new wage and salary jobs generated by consumer spending over the period. Continuing the employment growth patterns o f the 1990-2000 period, the services and trade industry divisions will amount to nearly 97 percent o f new wage and salary employment growth. Services make up the largest and also the fastest-growing m ajor industry group whose growth is due to consumer spending. Services are projected to add 8.9 million new jobs over https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2010 the 2000—10 period, so that by 2010, the sector will provide employment for nearly 85.3 million people. More than threefourths of this projected job growth is concentrated in three sectors o f service industries: business services, health services, and social services. The expansion o f the service-producing industries is anticipated to create demand for many servicerelated occupations, but the expected employment growth is likely to be different among different occupational groups, with professional and related occupations and service occupations growing the fastest and generating more jobs than any other occupational group over the projection horizon. □ M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 21 Consumer Spending and U.S. Growth Notes 1 Personal consumption expenditures are defined as the market value o f spending by individuals and not-for-profit institutions on all goods and services. Personal consumption expenditures also include the value o f certain imputed goods and services— such as the rental value o f owner-occupied homes— and compensation paid in k i n d such as employer-paid health and life insurance premiums. After-tax wages, salaries, interest income, dividends, and property income, in addition to transfer payments such as Social Security, unemployment insurance, and welfare payments, are the main sources o f income at consumers’ disposal for spending. For a more complete discussion o f the methodology used, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2414 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, September 1992), chapter 15, “Employment Projections,” pp. 128-39* 3 Ibid. 4 The input-output tables for the U.S. economy were last published in Benchmark input-output accounts o f the U.S., 1992 (U .S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f Economic Analysis, September 1998). The input-output model consists o f two basic tables. The first, the “use” table, describes the sale o f every commodity, both to final purchasers, for use in its unaltered state, and as an intermediate product, for use as an input to the production process o f other industries. This table is so named because it reflects the use o f commodities by industries. The second table, called the “make” table, displays the production of commodities by each industry and reflects the reality that a commodity can be produced by a multiplicity o f industries. 3 D irect em ploym ent m easures the em ploym ent actually necessary to produce a good or service w ithin the producing 22 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 industry. Indirect employment is the employment generated in all o f the industries that support the producing industry with their inputs. All o f these em ployees, direct and indirect, earn income, and their income will generally be spent on consumer goods, which, in turn, w ill generate a third type o f em ploym ent: induced em ploym ent (also referred to as “incom e m ultiplier e ffects on employment”). The Bureau o f Labor Statistics does not attempt to measure induced employment. 6 The latest published Occupational Employment Statistics data are in Occupational Employment and Wages, 2000, Bulletin 2549 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, April 2002). 7 For further discussions, see Betty W. Su, “The U.S. economy to 2010,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2001, pp. 3 -2 0 . 8 H. S. Houthakker, “An International Comparison o f Household Expenditure Patterns, Commemorating the Centenary o f Engel’s Law,” Econometrica, 1957, pp. 332-551. See Jay M. Berm an, “Industry output and em ploym ent projections to 2010,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2001 nn 3 9 -5 6 . 10 Standard Occupational Classification Manual (U.S. Department o f Commerce, October 2000). 11 For a further discussion o f the category, see Daniel E. Hecker, “Occupational employment projections to 2 0 1 0 ,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2001, pp. 57-84. 12 Ibid. Welfare Reform Impacts W elfare reform im pacts in the sipp Data from the Survey o f Income and Program Participation (SIPP) suggest that fam ilies who left the rolls due to welfare reform were more prone to economic difficulties than other leavers, however, income improved fo r most post-reform leavers Richard Bavier Richard Bavier is a policy analyst a t the U.S. O ffice o f M anagem ent a n d Budget. rbavier@ omb.eop.gov. The views expressed are the author's personal views and do not represent the views o f o m b or the Administration. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis early 6 years after enactm ent o f the P e rso n a l R e sp o n sib ility and W ork Opportunity Reconciliation Act o f 1996 ( prw o or simply “welfare reform”) most analysts h av e fo u n d g e n e ra lly p o sitiv e o u tco m es. W elfare dependence has declined; by 1999, average monthly welfare caseloads stood at less than h a lf the 1994 pre-reform peak for the predecessor Aid to Families with Dependent C hildren ( a f d c ). In addition, the econom ic status o f women who head families with children, the group affected m ost directly by welfare reform, has improved according to annual data from the M arch C urrent Population Survey (CPS).1 After a post-1995 dip, even the poorest families showed economic gains in 1999 and 2000, though these were lost in the recession year o f 2001. A nalysis o f expenditure levels provides a m ore o p tim istic p ic tu re .2 S everal sam ples specially created to m onitor w hat happened under the new program, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ( t a n f ), have also reported income gains. The Urban Institute’s National Survey o f American Families found that families leaving welfare in 1999 did as well or better economically than 1997 leavers.3 Researchers employing data from the Women’s Employment Project, find that “work pays” for post-reform welfare leavers.4 However, other researchers have also found that some families lost ground N economically after leaving welfare. In their first year off the rolls, nearly h alf o f all leavers had average monthly income lower than their last months on welfare.5 These descriptive analyses tell us what has happened, often term ed “outcom es,” since enactment o f welfare reform. A smaller number o f analyses has tried to estimate the difference that welfare reform has made for families, often termed “impacts.” So far, estimates o f welfare impacts have been Iftnited largely to annual data from the March CPS.6 The earliest CPS analyses focused on how much o f the historic post-1994 caseload decline was due to welfare reform and how much was due to the strong economy o f the late 1990s.7 In a 2000 study, Robert Schoeni and Rebecca Blank found positive impacts o f pre-reform welfare waivers on the employment, earnings, and income o f lower skilled females in the CPS.8 Neeraj Kaushal and Robert Kaestner,9 and June O ’Neill and M. Anne H ill10found even larger positive impacts o f welfare reform on welfare participation and employment among subgroups o f women likely to be affected by reform. Because, until recently, the M arch CPS d id n o t p e rm it id e n tific a tio n o f w e lfa re tra n sitio n s, th ese an aly ses can n o t te ll us whether the impacts reflect the experience o f parents leaving welfare due to reform or parents deterred from welfare by reform. The longitudinal character o f the Survey o f Income and Program M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 23 Welfare Reform Impacts Participation (SIPP) allows us to estimate impacts o f reform on more precisely defined groups. Welfare leavers can be id e n tifie d an d fo llo w e d in th e SIPP. A nd a lth o u g h identification o f deterred persons remains a challenge, the SIPP allows specification o f a more precise proxy than the CPS. Limitations of the s ip p Sample loss and item nonresponse are the principal cautions with SIPP data. These surveys never manage to collect all the data they w ant from every household in th eir sam ple. Moreover, with panel surveys, some households that provide information at the start, move and are lost, or refuse to provide information at subsequent visits. In addition, households that do provide some information may not answer all the questions they are asked. Sample loss and item nonresponse, have been growing in national Federal household surveys, including the SIPP. By the end o f the 4-year 1996 panel, about one-third o f the sample had been lost.11 O f the households still in the sample, about half did not provide amounts for some types o f income. These sample loss and nonresponse levels are higher than those in the 1993 SIPP panel wave files. The Census Bureau corrects for sample loss by increasing the sample weights, or the number o f households each sample household is assigned to represent. And it corrects for item n o n re sp o n se by im p u tin g an sw ers b a se d on otheij information that the household has provided and responses provided by other households with similar characteristics. As with other surveys, sample loss from the SIPP is not random, but tends to occur more frequently with households that have less economic stability.12 Analysis o f w elfare leavers from the first few waves o f the 1996 panel found that those who remained in the sample were more likely to have earnings in their exit m onth.13 Thus welfare leavers who remain in the sample may be a little more successful than those who are lost. Income of leavers over 24 months Findings reported earlier from the first 3 years o f the 4-year, 37,000 household SIPP panel that began in 1996 were largely consistent with m ajor themes from the many State-level “leavers studies,” and also with analysis o f income trends among women who maintain families in the CPS.14 Release o f data from the last year o f the 1996 SIPP panel allows us to follow families through 1999. This expands the pool of families for impact analysis. It also provides a reasonably large number o f leavers (n=695) who can be observed for 24 m onths following their exits.15 The longer observation is significant because many leavers do not realize income gains until their second year off the rolls. Chart 1 shows the monthly household income o f AFDC/TANF a f d c / t a n f leavers observable for 24 months in 1996 by post-exit household income C h a r t 1. sipp panel-thirds ranked Monthly income Monthly income 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1,000 500 Post-exit month of observation rails begins Source: 24 Data are from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 2002 ( s i p p ). Chart 2. a f d c / t a n f leavers observable for 24 post-exit months in 1996 s i p p panel—middle third ranked by post-exit household income Monthly income Monthly income S ource : Data are from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (sipp ). leavers who remained in the 1996 sipp panel sample for at least 24 post-exit m onths.16 In chart 1, leavers are grouped into thirds based on their post-exit household money income plus food stamps, adjusted for household size. The top third experienced strong income gains over their first two exit years. The tracks for the middle and bottom thirds are fairly flat.17 Chart 2 presents a detailed picture o f the incomes o f the middle third o f all leavers from chart 1. Chart 2 may be regarded as presenting the experience o f typical leavers, around the median for all leavers. During the first post-exit year, monthly household income remained below income for the last months on the rolls, but then remained above during the second year. The chart starts at a point labeled “on the rolls.” This is the average income o f the last two pre-exit months for each leaver. First, notice the changes from the left-most values, labeled “on the rolls,” to the first post-exit month. As expected, income from AFDC or TANF declines sharply, and food stamps do too, although less so. The line between “personal earnings” and “child support” does not decline as steeply, showing that earnings made up some o f the loss. About half o f leavers represented in chart 2 had some earnings in their last month on the welfare rolls, thus income for leavers in a typical month on welfare probably was not as high as the last month. Leavers sometimes received other transfers besides t a n f or food stamps. These transfers are included in the area labeled “other personal income.” Five to ten percent o f all https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis leavers reported general assistance or some other cash welfare other than TANF. Around one-fifth o f all leavers received Supplementary Security Income (SSI), either for themselves or on behalf o f a child. Seven percent reported Social Security benefits. In the exit-month, 29 percent o f leavers reported that they were residing in public housing or otherwise receiving rental assistance. However, the monthly amounts o f that kind o f transfer are not included on the SIPP file and so are not included in charts 1 and 2. In any single month, between 1 percent and 4 percent o f all leavers reported no household money income or food stamps. About the same share reported only food stamps or rental assistance. No leavers had zero household income over the entire 24 month period. If the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) were added to post exit incomes of eligible earners, income levels would be higher. Similarly, if work expenses, positive income taxes, and payroll taxes were subtracted, net gains would be lower. Incom e received by others In any single month, around h alf o f all leavers lived with other family members with income.18 The thickest layer on Chart 2 is labeled “income o f other family members,” which includes earnings, transfers, and other income received by others in the leavers’ families. By comparison, in any given Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 25 Welfare Reform Impacts 1 Income of other family members of welfare m leavers, 1996 panel, Survey of Income and ^ Program Participation (SIPP) O b s e rv e d in m o n th 8 o f th e 1996 SIPP p a n e l A ll w elfa re leavers Total fa m ily pretax m oney incom e plus food s ta m p s ......... L e a ve r’s pe rsona l pre-ta x m oney in c o m e p lu s fo o d s t a m p s ...................................................... In c o m e o f o th e r fa m ily m e m b e r s .......................................... M o n th ly in c o m e $1,699 907 793 Le a ve rs w ith a spo use (22 p e rc e n t)........................................... Inco m e o f s p o u s e ......................................................................... E arn in gs o f s p o u s e ....................................................................... C ash tra n sfe rs re ceived by s p o u s e ....................................... Food sta m p s re ceived by s p o u s e .......................................... 1,305 987 165 58 L e avers re sid ing w ith a p a rent (17 percent) Inco m e o f p a r e n t......................................................................... E a rn in g s o f p a r e n t........................................................................ C ash tra n sfe rs re ceived by p a r e n t........................................ Food sta m p s re ceived by p a r e n t........................................... 1,477 1,145 166 45 Le avers re sid ing w ith a child 15 o r o ld e r (13 percent) Inco m e o f ch ild (15 o r o ld e r ) .................................................... E arn in gs o f ch ild (15 o r o ld e r)................................................. C ash tra n sfe rs re ceived by child (15 o r o ld e r ) ................... Food sta m p s re ceived by child (15 o r o ld e r ) ...................... 681 560 113 4 N O TE : T h e ta b le sh o w s in co m e fro m o th e r fa m ily m e m b e rs o f w e lfa re lea ve rs ob se rva b le fo r a t le a st 24 po st-e xit m onths. M onthly inco m e a m o u n ts are fro m m onth 8 o f the panel, using re la tio n sh ip detail fro m the to p ica l m odule from w a ve 2. C h a rt 3. month, only 8 percent or 9 percent o f leavers lived with unrelated household members who had income. The amounts o f income received by other family members and by unrelated household members were similar— around $2,000 per month by the end o f the period. But for all the speculation about the im portance o f “b o y frie n d s” in u n d erstan d in g fallin g caseloads, data from the SIPP indicate that leavers were about 5 times as likely to live with other family members than with any kind o f unrelated household m em bers. A nd only 5 p e rc e n t o f leav ers in the 1996 SIPP pan el d e sc rib e d themselves as living with an “unmarried partner.” With wave 2 o f the SIPP, the 1996 panel asked very detailed q u estio n s ab out the re la tio n sh ip s o f everyone in the household to everyone else. These one-time data are the basis o f the most complete view o f income from other family members. Table 1 accounts for nearly four-fifths of the income received by other family members in month 8 o f the 1996 SIPP. More than one-fifth o f leavers with income from other family members resided with a spouse who had income. A little less than onefifth o f leavers with income from other family members resided with at least one parent with income. About 1 in 8 lived with a child (not necessarily a minor) who had some income. On average, earnings made up more than three-fourths o f all the income o f other family members shown in table 1. Mean household income of disadvantaged welfare leavers in the 1996 s i p p panel Monthly household income Monthly household income 2 ,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 S ource : Data are from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (sipp ). 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 2002 D isadvantaged groups M ean h o usehold incom e o f leavers w ith labor m arket d isa d v a n ta g e s d is p la y a sim ila r p a tte rn o f g ra d u a l improvement over the observation period. (See chart 3.) As expected, monthly incomes o f these groups fall below the average for all leavers. About one-fourth o f leavers in the 1996 panel did not reside at any point during 24 post-exit months with anyone else who received income. Poverty rates for those who had only their personal incomes throughout stood at 70 percent in the exit month. Still, as chart 3 shows, there was some im provem ent over the observation period, principally in earnings. Leavers who did not reach grade 12 constituted 37 percent o f all leavers in the 1996 panel. This subgroup worked in 40 percent o f all months in their first 2 post-exit years, compared with 63 percent for leavers who attended grade 12. Among leavers who could be followed for 24 post-exit months, 17 percent reported a medical condition at the time o f exit that limited the kind or amount o f work they could do. They were employed in only about one-fourth o f all months, and were more likely to return to TANF. In any month, from one-fourth to m ore than one-third o f leavers with w ork C h a rt 4. limitations reported receiving Supplemental Security Income for themselves. Comparisons with earlier periods Earlier sipp panels provide perspective on the 1996 panel experience portrayed in charts 1,2 , and 3 above. In chart 4, the income o f leavers who could be followed for at least 24 post-exit months in the smaller 1993 SIPP panel shows gradual improvement over the observation period, as in chart 3. Overall, the picture appears very similar to the 1996 panel, with perhaps a little less improvement over time. Chart 5, which compares monthly income to simulated monthly poverty thresholds in the 1993 and 1996 panels, also suggests that, although the volume o f leavers increased dramatically with welfare reform, their experiences off the rolls have been similar to years just prior to enactment.19 M ultivariate analysis Descriptive statistics suggest that the experience o f recent leavers has not been very different than the experience o f earlier leavers. Once o ff the rolls, leavers typically see improvement over the first 2 years, even those with labor Mean household income of disadvantaged welfare leavers in the 1993 s i p p panel Monthly income Monthly income https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 27 Welfare Reform Impacts P e r c e n ta g e o f p o o r w e lf a r e le a v e r s b a s e d o n m o n t h ly h o u s e h o ld p r e t a x - m o n e y p lu s f o o d s t a m p s a n d s im u la t e d p o v e r t y t h r e s h o ld s in t h e 1 9 9 3 a n d 1 9 9 6 s i p p p a n e ls Percent poor Percent poor Source: Data are from the 1993 and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (sipp). market disadvantages. However, given the stronger economy in the second half of the 1990s, would we not expect 1996 panel leav ers to have even steep er incom e in creases compared to 1993 panel leavers? Or, if the volume of leavers swelled in mid-decade with families who otherwise would have stayed on welfare, would we not expect that these welfare reform-induced leavers would depress the income trajectory of leavers as a group? These are questions about the impacts o f welfare reform. To answer them, we need to compare what actually happened to estimates of what the poverty and income experience of leavers would have been if p r w o had not been enacted. These estimates are based on the experience o f pre-reform leavers, after controlling for differences in the characteristics o f the leavers and the strength o f the economy. The 1993 panel includes observations from 1993 to 1995, and the 1996 panel includes observations in that year to the early months of 2000. To first test consistency with the CPS-based findings, independent point-in-time samples of women who maintain families were identified from January 1994 (n=l ,868) and from January 1998 (n=3,216). Because only one pre w elfare reform and one post-w elfare reform cohort are em ployed, this design cannot distinguish the effects of welfare reform from other uncontrolled time-varying factors, as the CPS analyses attempt to do. The model. Whether female i receives welfare at any point during a year of observation (Y.) was estimated with the following logit model: Y Positive impacts. The CPS-based impact analyses of O ’Neill and Hill and of Kaushal and Kaestner cited earlier found lower w elfare participation and positive em ploym ent im pacts among groups likely to be affected, principally women who maintain families. Starting with the broader group of all women aged 18-65, Schoeni and B lank’s preferred approach for isolating TANF impacts found negative impacts on welfare p a rtic ip a tio n and p o v e rty , and p o s itiv e im p a c ts on employment and income.20 SIPP data provide evidence of similar beneficial impacts of welfare reform.21 The SIPP analysis that follows includes observations from 1993-99, but these years are covered by only two panels. 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 i'= a + b<TANF + bi * + bistatei (1) lfor Yi">0 Ofor Y/'SO TANF = 1 for the January 1998 cohort. x. is a vector of control variables for fem ale i, in clu d in g p ersonal c h aracteristics, h ousehold characteristics, and resident State welfare benefits, unemployment rates, and unemployment change.22 state is a vector o f dummy variables for 41 States with at least one case in each cohort. C onsistent w ith the positive findings o f the CPS-based impact analyses, the TANF dummy coefficient is negative and significant for welfare receipt and poverty.23 It is positive and significant for earnings and monthly household income. Controlling for other demographic and economic variables, women who maintain families in the later cohort are less likely to receive welfare, less likely to be poor, and more likely to have earnings. They have higher real m onthly incomes, adjusted for household size. In the later SIPP cohort, women who m aintain families also are more likely to live with other family members— an indication that welfare reform changed th e w ay fa m ilie s s h a re d re s o u rc e s an d e x p en ses. (Coefficients, standard errors, and significance measures are presented in appendix table A - l .) M ost caseload impacts from exits rather than entries. The impacts o f reform on welfare participation could result from impacts on exits from welfare, on entries, or both. The SIPP’s longitudinal design permits us to address this issue. Women who were maintaining families in January 1993 or January 1997, 1 year before the cohorts chosen for appendix table A - l , are disaggregated into those who were receiving welfare and those who were not. From those subgroups, those who could be observed for the next 11 months are identified. Equations like equation 1 are formulated to observe whether the TANF dummy variable is significantly associated with exits and entries, after controlling for demographic and economic factors. Women maintaining families and who reported receiving welfare in January 1997 were more likely to exit the rolls by the following December than were January 1993 recipients. Those not receiving welfare in January 1997 were less likely to receive benefits the follow ing December. The results appear in appendix table A -2. Both exit impacts and entry impacts contributed to the welfare impacts on appendix table A - l . 24 The magnitude o f the exit impacts was larger. By this measure, impacts o f PRWO on exits reduced participation among women who maintain families by about 7 percentage points, and entry impacts reduced participation by about 2 percentage points.25 Welfare leavers An inference from the significant coefficient on TANF for welfare exits in appendix table A -2 is that leavers shown in charts 1,2, 3, and 5 include some who would have remained on the rolls longer if PRWO had not been enacted. We do not know which individual exits were policy-induced. However, because parents who stay longer on welfare tend to have less to offer the labor and marriage markets than those who leave, we would expect that policy-induced leavers, who would have remained longer on welfare except for enactment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o f PRWO, w o u ld have a harder tim e in the labor market than other leavers. This line will be explored in two stages. First, the economic experience o f post-reform leavers will be compared with pre reform leavers’, controlling for personal characteristics, the strength o f the economy, and program parameters. Second, several hypotheses about the incidence o f the differences in experience will be tested. All females in the 1993 (n=338) and 1996 (n=l,002) panels who stopped receiving AFDC or TANF for at least 2 months and remained in the panel for at least 11 consecutive months after the exit month were selected.26 M odels like equation 1 were estimated for a range o f outcomes, including whether the leavers had any exit-year earnings, whether the leavers’ households were poor in the final quarter o f their exit year, whether the mean monthly income in the second h alf o f the observation year was $50 lower or higher than in the first half, and whether the leavers returned to welfare for at least 2 months. One significant change in the independent variables for the leaver model was the addition o f a trend variable. In the two panels, exits that could be followed for 12 m onths occurred each year from 1993 to 1998. Thus, a trend variable based on the year of exit was added to control for other timevarying factors not explicitly controlled. In the results, this variable generally shows favorable trends— employm ent rising, and welfare participation and poverty falling. As intended, the coefficients may reflect factors not modeled explicitly, such as expansions o f the Earned Income Tax Credit. A fin a l s ig n ific a n t c h a n g e to th e m o d e l w a s th e TANF v a r ia b le . In itia lly , a d u m m y v a r ia b le w a s se t at 1 b e g in n in g the m on th th e le a v e r ’s State o f r esid en ce co n v e rte d from AFDC to t a n f , or ea rlier i f th e State h a d o p e r a ted a b r o a d ly b a s e d w a iv e r d e m o n stra tio n w ith TANF-like tim e -lim it or sa n c tio n p o lic ie s . T h is T A N F -con version d u m m y w a s n e g a tiv e an d sig n ific a n t in p r e d ic tin g a n y e a rn in g s d u rin g th e e x it year, and p o s itiv e and sig n ific a n t p r e d ic tin g a return to w e lfa r e an d p o v e r ty in th e fin a l quarter, b u t n o t fo r a $ 5 0 p er m o n th c h a n g e in in c o m e o v e r th e s e c o n d h a l f o f th e e x it y ea r.27 More significant results were obtained by setting TANF to 1 for all exits beginning July 1996 or later.28The earnings and poverty coefficients were similar to results with the TANFconversion dummy. With the July 1996 specification, post reform leavers were found to be more likely to experience a $50 per month income loss in the second half o f the exit year, and less likely to experience a $50 per month income gain. The July 1996 dummy did not predict a return to welfare. Mean values o f the independent variables appear in appendix table A -3 and regression results are presented in appendix table A—4.29 Whether the impacts appear with conversion to TANF or in m id -1996, they seem to em erge before w elfare reform M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 29 Welfare Reform Impacts policies could actually have been applied to individual cases.30 Consequently, any causal connection measured by the July 1996 or TANF conversion date dummies appears to be, in part, anticipatory. We know th at som e sta ff re commended that parents preserve months o f eligibility by moving into the workforce as soon as possible, but we do not know how frequently this occurred, or to what effect.31 Heightened welfare stigma and new “signals” from welfare staff have been reported as well, although, again we have no q u a n tita tiv e m easu res o f th e ir freq u en cy o r e ffe c t.32 M oreover, m edia attention to w elfare dependency, and reports o f its harmful effects on families, accumulated in the first h alf o f the decade.33 The message would appeal to parents’ natural concern for the well-being o f their children. When this new ethos o f welfare was publicly confirmed in m id-1996 by enactment o f reforms intended to replace welfare with employment, parents may already have been prepared to respond. TANF s a n c t i o n s . A lthough the im pacts appear prior to application o f welfare reform policies, some link with policies that sanction welfare parents with benefit reductions for failu re to com ply w ith pro g ram req u irem en ts also is suggested. The TANF statute allows for m ore severe and im m e d ia te p e n a ltie s fo r n o n c o m p lia n c e , and o th e r researchers have found that sanctioned families are less successful than other leavers.34 Starting with the 1996 panel, the SIPP asked welfare leavers to provide reasons for up to two exits in each wave. In the early waves o f the 1996 panel, it is not possible to identify directly those families whose welfare benefit ends due to noncompliance. However, we can identify leavers who do not report any o f three generally positive reasons for their exits: increased earnings; family structure change; a decision not to participate, though eligible. Leavers not offering a positive reason are no more or less likely to have any earnings during their exit year. The positive coefficient on the dummy variable predicting poverty ju st fails conventional standards o f significance, while the positive coefficient on the dummy predicting a return to welfare is significant. If these are sanctioned cases, many appear to be “curable” in program jargon, meaning that benefits are restored after compliance. The size and significance o f the coefficients on the sanctions pro x y dum m y in d icate th at it should be v iew ed as a supplem ental, rath er than a substitute, explanation for economic difficulties among post-reform welfare leavers.35 Incidence of exit-year difficulties The TANF dum m ies in tab le A—4 are sig n ifican t after controlling for observable personal characteristics. So the greater likelihood o f post-reform economic difficulties is not 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 entirely a matter o f greater frequency o f low educational attainment, work-limiting conditions, large families, or other observable disadvantages among post-reform leavers. Mean values o f independent variables in table A -3 confirm that those with observable labor m arket disadvantages were represented among leavers at about the same rates before and after reform.36 The next step is to test several other hypotheses about the incidence o f the greater likelihood o f post-exit difficulties among post-reform leavers. The hypotheses are tested by comparing coefficients in models estimated with pre-July 1996 leavers to coefficients estimated with later leavers. Hypothesis 1 - After m id-1996, the effects o f observable labor-m arket disadvantages, such as low educational at tainment, were amplified among both policy-induced leavers and other leavers, regardless o f their State o f residence. Hypothesis 2 - The negative impacts measured in the July 1996 dummy were concentrated among leavers in States with rigorous sanction and time-limit policies. Hypothesis 3 - The negative impacts measured in the July 1996 dummy w ere concentrated among policy-induced leavers, regardless o f their State o f residence. Under the first two hypotheses, welfare reform made exit years harder for both policy-induced leavers and those who would have left anyway. Hypothesis 1 posits that this was a general impact, whereas under hypothesis 2, the impact was concentrated in States that adopted certain policies. Under the third hypothesis, welfare reform changed the composition o f the group o f families that left welfare by adding families more likely to experience economic difficulties. Models estimated separately with pre-July 1996 leavers and later leavers, support the third hypothesis.37 Hypothesis 1 predicts that coefficients on observable characteristics associated with post-exit economic difficulties would be larger and more significant in the post-reform model, but they are not. Hypothesis 2 predicts that the coefficient on a variable identifying States that other researchers have classified as adopting especially rigorous sanction and time limit policies would be negative and significant for earnings and positive and significant for poverty.38 B ut neither coefficient is significant. By its nature, hypothesis 3 is not subject to d irect confirmation with these data because we have not identified policy-induced leavers. We cannot rule out unobserved employment demand or policy factors behind the significant July 1996 dummies on appendix table A -4. But we have reason to expect that leavers who would have remained on the rolls except for welfare reform are more apt than other leavers to possess unm easured personal characteristics associated with lower labor market success. The im portance o f unobservable characteristics in labor force participation among disadvantaged adults is wellknown from the employment and training literature.39 An expert panel advising the D epartm ent o f Labor that an experim ental design would be necessary to avoid biased estimates o f the impacts o f the Job Training Partnership Act noted: ... the d ecision to enter a program is a resu lt of systematic differences between those who enroll and those who do not, even if both groups have the same observable demographic characteristics and economic histories before enrollment.40 Controlling for selection bias has been a central issue in econometric estimates of the labor market effects of welfare as well.41 The concern over unobservables can be illustrated with equation 2, a modification of equation 1 in which V, indicating participation in a voluntary training program, is substituted for TANF. Y / = a + b\V + ¿>2' x i + fostatei (2) If Y ’ in equation 2 measured whether the person received any earnings (or exited welfare) during the year, we would suspect positive bias in the coefficient on V on the grounds that unob serv ab le variab les, such as m otivation, both increase the likelihood that someone will participate in a voluntary training program and the likelihood that she will have earnings, whether or not she participated in training. If we could som ehow m easure the relevant unobservable variables accurately, and add, for example, b¿motivation. to equ atio n 2, we w ould reduce the p o sitiv e bias in the coefficient measuring the impact of the training program, V.42 Introduction o f bjnotivation. into equation 1 likewise would alter the coefficient on TANF in table A -4. However, with equation 1, we expect the improved specification to make the coefficient less negative. In this case, the policy variable is not likely to correlate positively with motivation. The new PRWO policy regime is not voluntary, and it applies to all recipients. Rather than identifying a subgroup with relatively higher levels o f m otivation, table A -2 tells us that TANF identifies a group that includes m any who w ould have remained on welfare except for PRWO. We expect motivation to correlate negatively with welfare participation, and those who would have remained on welfare without PRWO to possess lower levels of motivation than those who would have left the rolls anyway. So variation between pre- and post-reform periods in unmeasured motivation that correlates with lower probability of post-reform exit-year earnings would be captured by the TANF dummy in equation 1. Hypothesis 3 predicts that if mean values o f motivation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were added to appendix table A -3, levels among pre-reform leavers would be higher than among post-reform leavers. Unfortunately, we cannot measure motivation directly. So the support for hypothesis 3 amounts to results that are inconsistent with hypotheses 1 and 2, but consistent with hypothesis 3 and expectations about the likely role of em ploym ent-correlated unobservables in the models that generated table A -4. It is also possible that the TANF program altered the m otivation of policy-induced leavers. This would seem consistent with the earlier observation of an anticipatory response to reform. If PRWO eliminated all relevant differences in unobservables, such differences between policy-induced leavers and other leavers could not explain the significant coefficients on TANF. However, the possibility that welfare reform altered motivation does not entail that the new regime or the new ethos elim inated all differences in relevant unobservables. Unobserved instead of unobservable The preceding discussion assumed that the July 1996 dummy variable TANF reflected the effects of unmeasured personal characteristics that w ere strictly unobservable, such as m o tiv atio n and self-confidence. In stead, the relev an t unspecified variables may ju st be unobserved, such as domestic violence, substance abuse, transportation barriers, or other observable characteristics typically not included on national household surveys, even one as content-rich as the SIPP, but linked to lower exit rates and poor employment experience.43 If we suppose that such characteristics and conditions inhibit employment, we would predict that they would be more common among families that remain on the rolls than among leavers. Then reforms that induced more exits among families that otherwise would have remained on welfare would be expected to increase the proportion of leavers with these barriers, and thereby lower mean economic success among welfare leavers as a group. Families deterred from welfare In addition to its impacts on recipients, welfare reform may have deterred or diverted families from joining the welfare rolls in the first place. A decline among welfare entries is evident in administrative data, including among individuals reporting that they had never received welfare before.44 Like welfare leavers, families that would have joined the welfare rolls but were deterred by reform might be experiencing economic success or economic difficulty on that account. From appendix table A -2, we see that women who maintain families not on the rolls in January 1997 were less likely to be receiving welfare the following December than a parallel cohort from January 1993. In other words, some families who would M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 31 Welfare Reform Impacts have joined the welfare rolls did not due to reform. Some o f these families may actually have been recipients at some point prior to January 1997, and were diverted from returning to welfare. Their experience would be reflected in appendix table A-3 which includes some returning families. However, the lower entry rate o f the January 1997 cohort in table A -2 also reflects some parents who were never recipients and who might have been deterred from welfare by reform. Because persons deterred from welfare are not as easy to identify as leavers, a proxy group must be chosen. For the analysis that follows, women who maintained families at some point in the 1993 panel and received no AFDC at any point during the panel (termed “never on AFDC” here, although they might have received welfare prior to the start o f the panel; n= 1,422), and a parallel group from the 1996 panel (n=3,315), were selected if they could be followed for 12 consecutive months.45 Women who maintain families have high welfare participation rates, and if any parents were deterred from w elfare by reform , some o f the deterred probably were in this subgroup. However, this proxy group will also include unaffected families whose experience may dilute or confound the measure o f impacts on the deterred. M ean m onthly household incom e among high-school dropouts never on AFDC/TANF in the 1996 panel showed improvem ent over a 2-year observation, increasing from about $1,800 to about $2,900. A fter controlling for the demographic and economic variables employed throughout, the regression coefficient on the July 1996 dummy variable for any earnings in the observation year among women maintaining families and never on a f d c / t a n f was negative, but fell ju st short o f significance by conventional standards. There were no poverty impacts. The July 1996 dummy was positively and significantly associated with the probability that individuals never on AFDC/TANF would reside with other family members at some point during the year. The dummy w as p o sitiv e and sig n ific a n t for m arriag e in the last observation month, as well.46 The significant family formation dummies may help explain the lack o f poverty impacts despite the negative coefficient on the dummy predicting earnings.47 Perspectives The descriptive statistics exam ined earlier show post-exit economic improvement among leavers in the 1996 SIPP panel (although this is not to suggest that no families were worse off economically as a result o f reform). In chart 1, most of the income gains appear among the m ost-successful third o f w elfare leavers. B ut even tow ards the bottom o f the distribution o f leavers, chart 5 finds declining poverty over the first two post-exit years. Disadvantaged subgroups o f leavers in the 1996 panel (chart 3) show improvement as well. A straight-forward reading o f chart 2 is that the typical welfare leaver averaged lower household income the first post-exit year than on the rolls, but higher income the second post-exit year. (And keep in mind that chart 2 does not reflect direct taxes, including the Earned Income Tax Credit, or work expenses, and that income shown for the months before exit probably is higher than income on the rolls most months for these recipients when earnings were less common.) A separate question is whether any o f the improvement is attributable to welfare reform. Impact analyses address that question. From the perspective o f all women who maintain families, welfare reform impacts in the SIPP (table A - l ) and in the CPS analyses cited earlier were positive. Controlling for other demographic and economic variables, welfare reform reduced welfare participation and poverty among female family heads, changing the num ber and com position o f leavers, and increased employment and household incomes. Participation impacts were driven principally by exits, although entry impacts were detected as well. There are indications that policy-induced exits among post-reform leavers were more prone to econom ic difficulties, although the descriptive data and table A - l do not suggest that policyinduced leavers were generally worse off than if they had remained on welfare.48 The policy-deterred among women maintaining families but never on welfare may have coped with reform by marriage or otherwise residing with family members. Once reform had pushed many families off the rolls who otherwise would have remained longer, the July 1996 dummies in table A -4 indicate that the exit-year incomes o f policyinduced leavers would have been lower and their poverty rates higher than other leavers’, all else being equal. But charts 3, 4, and 5 show that the exit year incomes o f 1996 panel leavers were not lower, and poverty rates were not higher, than 1993 panel leavers’.49 All else was not equal, principally the stronger economy o f the late 1990s. □ Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENT: thoughtful comments. Many thanks to Howard Rolston for “The Initial Impacts o f Welfare Reform on the Econom ic WellBeing o f Single-Mother Families with Children” (Washington, d c , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 1999). Richard Bavier, 1 The Current Population Survey is a m onthly survey o f “Material Well-Being,” in Douglas Besharov, ed., Family Well-Being approximately 60,000 households, which provides data on the labor After Welfare Reform (College Park, m d , University o f Maryland force status o f individuals, including demographic characteristics. School o f Public Affairs, 2002), available on the Internet at: http:// Wendell Primus, Lynett Rawlings, Kathy Larin, and Kathyrn Porter, www.welfare-reform-academy.org. 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 2002 2 Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan, “The Effects o f Welfare Reform: The Material Well-Being o f Single Mothers in the 1980s and 1990s,” Working Paper 206 (Chicago, IL, Joint Center on Poverty Research, 2000). 3 Pamela Loprest, “How Are Families That Left Welfare Doing? A Comparison o f Early and Recent Welfare Leavers,” Assessing the New Federalism Policy B rief B—36 (Washington, D C , The Urban Institute, 2001). point, and may have exited more than once. But the 5.9 million counts leavers only once.) Many o f the figures presented in this article reflect leavers from 1996-97 who remain in the sample for at least the 24 months following their exit. About 4.0 million people left a f d c / t a n f in 1996 or 1997 in the s i p p . However, only 695 sample cases, representing 1.9 million leavers, or about half o f all 1996-97 leavers, remained in the sample for 24 post-exit months. 12 Constance Citro and Graham Kalton, eds., The Future of the (Washington, D C , National Research Council, 1993), pp. 103-4. Survey o f Income and Program Participation 4 Sheldon Danziger, C olleen H eflin, Mary E. Corcoran, and Elizabeth Oltmans, “Does It Pay to Move From Welfare to Work?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Fall 2001, pp. 671-92. 5 Maria Cancian, Robert Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, and Daniel Meyer, “Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know?” Working Paper 73 (Chicago, IL, Joint Center on Poverty Research, 1999); Richard Bavier, “Welfare reform data from the Survey o f Income and Program Participation,” Monthly Labor Review, July 2001, pp. 13-24; and Sheila Zedlewski, “Family Incomes: Rising, Falling, or Holding Steady?” Panel presentation at the Fall 2001 conference o f the A ssociation for Public P olicy A nalysis and Management. 6 The Survey of Program Dynamics and the Panel Study o f Income Dynamics are other longitudinal surveys that will enable impact analysis o f welfare reform. Sandra Hoffreth, Stephen Stanhope, and Kathleen M ullan Harris have used the Panel Study o f Income Dynamics to estimate the impacts o f policy and economic conditions on exits and returns through the period o f welfare waivers ending in 1996. See, “Exiting Welfare in the 1990s: Did Public Policy Influence Recipients’ Behavior?” and “Remaining O ff Welfare in the 1990s: The Influence o f Public Policy and Economic Conditions” (Economic Research Service o f the U.S. Department o f Agriculture, 2001). 7 Several reviews o f these efforts are available. See Rebecca Blank, “Declining Caseloads/ Increased Work: What Can We Conclude About the Effects o f Welfare Reform?” Economic Policy Review , vol. 7, no. 2 ( n y , Federal Reserve Bank, 2001), pp. 25-36; Stephen H. Bell, “Why are Welfare Caseloads Falling?” Assessing the New Federalism, Discussion Paper 01-02 (Washington, D C , The Urban Institute, 2001); Douglas Besharov and Peter Germanis, “Welfare reform - four years later,” The Public Interest, 2000, vol. 140, pp. 17-35. Methodological issues for these time-series analyses are addressed in, Robert A. Moffitt and Michele Ver Ploeg, eds., Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition (Washington, DC, National Research Council, 2001). 8 Robert F. Schoeni and Rebecca Blank, “What has welfare reform accom plished? Impacts on welfare participation, employment, income, poverty, and family structure,” Working Paper 7627 (Boston, m a , National Bureau o f Economic Research, 2000). 9 Neeraj Kaushal and Robert Kaestner, “From Welfare to Work: Has Welfare Reform Worked?” Journal o f Policy Analysis and Management, 2001, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 699-719 The authors employ March c p s data from 1995-99 and estimate difference-in-differences with comparison groups thought less likely to be influenced by the policy change. 10 June O’Neill and M. Anne Hill, “Gaining Ground? Measuring the Impact o f Welfare Reform on Welfare and Work,” Civic Report, no. 17 ( n y , The Manhattan Institute, 2001). The authors employ March c p s data for 1983-2000 with the effects o f t a n f measured by a dummy variable set for the month o f implementation. 11 To put that in a way that bears on the current topic, a total of 1,987 people in the 1996 s i p p panel qualify as a f d c / t a n f leavers, meaning they received benefits, then did not for at least the next two in-sample months. When these sample cases are projected to the population using the weights they are assigned for their exit months, they represent 5.9 million leavers. (Many returned to t a n f at some https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 Bavier, “Welfare reform data from the Survey o f Income and Program Participation,” 2001. 14 Bavier, “Welfare reform data from the Survey o f Income and Program Participation,” 2001. 15 Descriptive data on welfare leavers presented in this article include all leavers regardless of the sex or marital status o f the former recipient. About 9 in 10 s i p p a f d c / t a n f leavers are female. In a growing proportion o f a f d c / t a n f cases, the assistance unit includes only children. In these “child only” cases, the needs o f the adult caretaker are not included in the calculation o f the grant, and the case is not subject to work and time-limit requirements, s ip p data files did not begin to distinguish these cases directly until wave 8 o f the 1996 file. To focus on a f d c / t a n f recipients subject to work requirements and time-limits here, both descriptive data and multivariate analysis exclude recipients who also report receiving Supplementary Security Income in their own behalf or who have no natural, step, or adopted children in the a f d c / t a n f assistance unit. 16 The income measure displayed in chart 1 does not include rental assistance or the effect of direct taxes, including the Earned Income Tax Credit. Nor does it net out costs of work expenses and child care. The Earned Income Tax Credit has become a major source o f Federal cash assistance for low-income working families with children. Despite efforts to encourage low-income parents to receive their Earned Income Tax Credit in advance throughout the year, virtually all Earned Income Tax Credit is received as a lump sum when returns are filed. If an upper-limit estimate o f Earned Income Tax Credit amounts (without considering positive income tax liabilities) based on household earnings were spread out across the year on chart 1, along with the employees’ share of payroll taxes, the level of the top third would decline. The middle third would see an income gain of a little less than $200 per month in the first year, and a little more than $100 per month in the second. The bottom third’s level would increase a little less than $200 the first year and a little more than $200 the second. These rough estimates apply the 1997 Earned Income Tax Credit parameters for two or more qualifying children to annual household earnings separately over the first and second 12 post exit months. Of course, if incomes were adjusted to reflect the effects of direct taxes, the underlying distribution o f leavers into thirds would also change. 17 While those who return to welfare are somewhat more common in the bottom third o f all leavers, in any month, only about onefourth of leavers in the bottom third are receiving t a n f . The income tracks o f leavers who do not return to welfare within the 24-month follow-up are very similar. The middle third displays a slightly more pronounced incline. 18 Analysis o f data from the Three Cities Study also notes the importance o f income from other household members. However, the share o f household income from the personal earnings o f the leaver appears much higher in that urban sample than in the s i p p . Robert Moffitt and Jennifer Roff, “The Diversity o f Welfare Leavers,” Policy Brief 00-02, Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study, 2000, table 4. 19 Official poverty thresholds are defined for families o f various M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 33 Welfare Reform Impacts compositions. Census includes on the s i p p public use files a threshold amount that treats household members as if they were all family members. Chart 5 compares monthly household income to 1/ 12 this annual threshold for the household based on household composition that month. 20 Schoeni and Blank, “What has welfare reform accomplished? Impacts on welfare participation, employment, income, poverty, and family structure,” 2001, table 3. 21 By selecting female family heads as the unit, the analysis here may understate impacts o f welfare reform on families with children if welfare reform had impacts on marriage or fertility. Analysis o f persons “never on t a n f ” finds an indication of one such impact. (See the section in this article, “Families deterred from welfare.”) Also see: Schoeni and Blank, 2000; Richard Bavier, “Recent Increases in the Share o f Young Children with Married Mothers,” 2002, manuscript; David T. Ellwood “The Impact o f the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements,” National Tax Journal, 2000, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1063-1105; Gregory A cs and Sandi N elson, “H oney I’m Home. Changes in Living Arrangements in the Late 1990s,” Assessing the New Federalism, Policy Brief B -38 (Washington, D C , The Urban Institute, 2001); and Alan Dupree and Wendell Primus “Declining Share o f Children Lived with Single Mothers in the Late 1990s” (Washington, D C , Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 2001). 22 The binary control variables o f personal characteristics include: age group; did not exceed 11th grade; African American; report o f a condition that limits the kind or amount o f work; never married; presence of three or more children; presence o f children under 3 years o f age. (To test for the possibility that marital status and the presence o f children in the 1998 cohort might be influenced by welfare reform, the model was estimated without these variables with the post-reform dummy remaining significant in each case.) Household and residence binary control variables employed are: residence in a metropolitan area; residence in a State with increasing unemployment during the exit year. In addition, the ratio o f the resident State’s average monthly civilian unemployment rate over the exit year to the U.S. average for 1993 appears as a variable with four discrete levels, a f d c / t a n f policy variables included in some models were: maximum a f d c / t a n f benefits for a family o f three; classification by other researchers as a State with rigorous welfare sanction and time-limit policies. 23 Applying coefficients from appendix table A - l to means o f the independent variables, the later cohort was 9 percentage points less likely to receive welfare during the year and 13 percentage points more likely to have earnings during the year. For a comparable target group, table 1 in O ’Neill and Hill, 2001, shows an annual welfare participation impact on single mothers o f 6 percentage points in the c p s data and a positive 7 percentage point impact on employment in the week preceding the survey. Several differences in measurement may contribute to the different results. O’Neill and Hill employ data from 1983-2000 and so can employ a trend variable and an interaction o f the trend and state variables. The results in table A -l compare the experience o f a post-reform cohort o f female family heads to a cohort drawn from a peak period o f welfare caseloads, early calendar year 1994. O ’N eill and Hill measure employment impacts on point-in time employment, while in table A - l , the dependent employment variable measures employment at some point during the exit year. 24 Analysis of administrative datasets found declines in the number o f entries as well as exits, including declines in entries among parents who had never received welfare. Donald Oellerich, “Welfare Reform: Program Entrants and Recipients,” prepared for the Fourth Annual Welfare Reform Evaluation Conference, 2001. 25 The marginal effect o f t a n f on exits was estimated by applying the coefficient on the dummy t a n f variable in the exit model to the proportion o f the recipient sample in the January 1997 cohort. That 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 2002 product was multiplied by the proportion o f the entire recipient sample that exited within 12 months to estimate the share o f all exits that were due to t a n f . T o estimate the effect o f ZMA^-associated exits on participation rates o f female family heads, the share o f all exits due to t a n f was multiplied by the proportion o f the entire sample from January 1993 and January 1997 who were recipients at the start. Entry impacts were calculated by substituting nonrecipient sample and entry values. 26 Only women were included so that the leaver sample would be similar to the other samples employed in this analysis. The same analysis was performed on all leavers o f both sexes with no important differences in results. Around 88 percent o f research sample leavers were female. 27 Output from this model is available from the author. 28 The following table displays a sensitivity test for placing the post-reform dummy variable at July 1996. C ontrolling for the changing economy, post-reform welfare leavers were somewhat less likely to have exit-year earnings. The sensitivity test aims to establish the onset o f this impact. To screen out effects o f earlier and later periods, only 1996 exits are included. It appears that the dummy variable could most reasonably be set for July or August. Test o f alternative definitions o f July 1996 dummy variable using only 1996 exits: 1996 exit month Coefficient Apr................................................. -1 .6 5 5 9 M a y .............................................. -1 .4 2 9 9 Ju n e............................................. - 1 .1 6 7 Ju ly.............................................. -1 .0 6 0 6 Aug................................................. -1 .2 4 8 1 Sept............................................... -.7 2 8 O ct................................................. -1 .1 9 0 9 N ov............................................... -6 7 0 7 Probability o f a large Chi squared .3022 .0151 .0088 .003 .0003 .0365 .0005 .0477 29 The impacts identified by the dummy July 1996 variable in appendix table A -4 are quite large, and may reflect interaction with other tim e-varying factors, such as steady improvement in em ployment. Tests o f interaction between the July 1996 dummy and the state unemployment variable did not yield a significant coefficient. The author is grateful to Brian O ’Hara o f the Census Bureau for suggesting a further specification test. Control variable coefficients developed from the pre-July 1996 leavers were used to predict the proportion of post-July 1996 leavers who would have earnings during their exit years. This estimate was compared to a similar prediction based on coefficients from a model using post-July data. The pre period coefficients estimated more employment than the post-period, and the difference was significant at the 90 percent confidence level, indicating that the magnitude o f negative impact reflected in the July 1996 dummy in appendix table A -4 is too large. At the same time, the post-period coefficients estimated significantly more employment than actually occurred, indicating that the significance o f the July 1996 dummy is not disproved by differences in the coefficients o f the pre-reform and post-reform control variables. Additional tables showing these findings are available from the author. 30 It is easy to overlook the early onset o f impacts when focusing on the standard administrative data measure, mean monthly caseload, a measure o f stock. Mean monthly caseload declines were greatest in 1997. (See Bavier, “Welfare reform data from the Survey o f Income and Program Participation,” 2002, table A -2 .) Welfare exits, a measure o f flow, were highest in the second half of 1996 in the s i p p . In the 1993 panel, about 94,000 welfare exits were occurring each month over 1993-94. In the first 6 months o f calendar year 1996, the level was about the same (97,000). Then a surge in exits occurred in the second half o f 1996, averaging 146,000 per month, before falling back to 110,000 per month in 1997. 39 Gary Burtless and Larry L. Orr, “Are Classical Experiments Needed for Manpower Policy?” The Journal o f Human Resources, 1986, vol. XXI, no.4, pp. 606-39. 31 Amy Brown, Dan Bloom, and David Butler, “The View from the Field: As Time Limits Approach, Welfare Recipients and Staff Talk About Their Attitudes and E xpectations” ( n y , Manpower D e monstration Research Corporation, 1997), pp. 14-15. 40 Howard Bloom, and others, “Recommendations o f the Job Training Longitudinal Survey Research Advisory Panel” (Washington, d c ., U.S. Department o f Labor, 1985), p. 4. 32 Besharov and Germanis, “Welfare reform— four years later,” 41 Robert Moffitt, “Incentive Effects o f the U.S. Welfare System: A Review,” Journal of Economic Literature, March 1992, vol. XXX, p. 15. 2000 . 33 See, for example, Leon Dash’s series o f eight articles about Rosa Lee Cunningham and her family, The Washington Post, starting Sept. 18, 1994; Thomas Sancton, “How to Get America O ff the D ole,” Time, May 25, 1992, pp. 44-47; and Ann Blackman, James Carney, Richard N. Ostling, and Richard Woodbury, “Vicious Cycle,” Time, June 20, 1994, pp. 25-33. 34 Andrew Cherlin, Linda Burton, Judith Francis, Jane Henrici, Laura Lein, James Quane, and Karen Bogan, “Sanctions and Case Closings for Noncompliance: Who is Affected and Why?” Policy B rief 0 1 -1 , Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (Baltimore, m d , Johns Hopkins University, 2001). 35 Results supporting this finding are available from the author. 36 In a related finding, several data sources show that the concentration o f such disadvantages in the residual t a n f caseload has not grown, as it might have if exits were concentrated among less disadvantaged recipients. Sheila R. Zedlewski and Donald W. Alderson, “Before and After Welfare Reform: How Have Families on Welfare Changed?” A ssessin g the New Federalism P olicy B rief B -3 2 (Washington, d c , The Urban Institute, 2001); Robert Moffitt and Andrew Cherlin, “Disadvantage Among Families Remaining on Welfare,” 2002, prepared for the Joint Center on Poverty Research Conference, “The Hard to Employ and Welfare Reform.” While generally in agreement, the s i p p data do show an increase in the share o f T A N F recipients reporting a health condition that limits the kind or amount o f work they can do. This trend continues in preliminary data from the 2 0 0 1 s i p p panel. 2001 _______________ 1996 panel ____________ pane[ Month 1 Physical or mental work-lim iting con d itio n ............. Work-preventing con d ition ............. Month Month Month Month Month 12 24 36 48 1 43 All o f the following papers were presented at a February 28 March 1, 2002 conference organized by the Joint Center on Poverty Research, “The Hard-to-Employ and Welfare Reform.” Copies o f the papers are available on the Internet at: www.jcpr.org, Dan Lewis, Bong Joo Lee, and Lisa Altenbernd “Serious Mental Illness and Welfare Reform,” 2002; Peter D. Brandon and Denis P. Hogan, “The Effects o f Children with Disabilities on Mothers’ Exits from Welfare,” 2002; Marcia K. Meyers, Henry Brady, and Eva Y. Seto, “Disabilities in Poor Families: The Consequences for Economic Stability and Welfare U se,” 2002; Richard Tolman, Sandra Danziger, and Dan Rosen, “Domestic Violence and Economic Well-being o f Current and Former Welfare Recipients,” 2002; Cynthia Needles Fletcher, Steven Garasky, and Helen Jensen, “Transiting from Welfare to Work: No Bus, No Car, No Way,” 2002; and Harold Pollack, Sheldon Danziger, Rukmalie Jayakody, and Kristin S. Seefeldt,” Substance Abuse Among Welfare Recipients: Trends and Policy Responses,” 2002. 44 Oellerich, “Welfare Reform: Program Entrants and Recipients,” 2001 . 45 When, as usually was the case, the female family head met the criteria in more than 1 month o f the panel, the first month in which the criteria were met was selected for the start o f the observation year. Thus an individual can appear only once in the sample. 46 Impacts on marital status were not found for all female family heads, nor for welfare leavers. 23 22 26 24 26 33 16 16 19 21 21 25 47 Data are available upon request from the author. 37 Results are available from the author. 38 The classification o f States by the rigor o f their sanction and time-limits policies was developed from: Ladonna Pavetti and Dan Bloom, “Sanctions and Tim e-lim its.” The New World o f Welfare, Rebecca Blank and Ron Haskins, eds. (Washington, d c , Brookings Institute, 2001), pp. 245-69; Robert Rector and Sarah Y ou ssef, “The Determinants o f Welfare Caseload Decline” c d a 9 9 - 4 4 (Washington, d c , The Heritage Foundation, 1999). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 42 For convenience, the text refers to employment-correlated unobservables collectively with the positively-correlated variable motivation. However, other relevant unobservables may be negatively correlated with employment. 48 Also see Danziger, and others, “Does it Pay to Move from Welfare to Work?” 2001. 49 Charts 1, 2, 3, and 5 show all leavers in the 1996 s i p p panel, including those leaving before July 1996. Those who left in July 1996 or later and could be followed for 12 months had simulated exit month poverty rates o f 51 percent that declined to 39 percent by the 24th month. Declines among 1993 panel leavers were from 50 percent to 42 percent. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 35 Welfare Reform Impacts Appendix: Logit models, based on data from the Four tables presenting results o f logit models mentioned in the text follow. Note that estimates o f standard errors do not fully take into account the complex design o f the SIPP sample, Table A -l. sipp and will tend to be understated for that reason. Other results mentioned in the text are available upon request from the author. Logit model results for female family heads with children in January 1994 or January 1998, by welfare status W ith e a rn in g s W ith w e lfa r e W ith a d u lt re la tiv e s D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le C o e ffic ie n t S ta n d a rd e rro r C o e ffic ie n t S ta n d a rd e rro r C o e ffic ie n t S ta n d a rd e r ro r share w ith d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le ............................... 0.632 n d epen den t v a r ia b le s .............................................. Did not exceed 11th g r a d e ................................. A fric a n -A m e ric a n ................................................... W o rk-lim itin g con dition a t ob servatio n s t a r t ... T h re e o r m ore children in ho usehold a t s t a r t . C hild u n d e ra g e 3 .................................................. -1 .2 7 2 -.2 6 3 -1 .9 2 4 -.5 0 2 -.7 4 0 30.079 3.082 3.114 3.078 3.080 .842 .741 1.237 .796 .256 30.082 3 090 3.110 3.082 3.087 .336 .258 -.0 8 8 -.1 0 3 .749 30.075 3.075 .104 .076 3.078 N ever-m a rried a t s ta r t......................................... A g e g r o u p ................................................................. S tate un em plo ym en t r a te .................................... AFDC/TANF b e n e fits .............................................. Did not reside in m e trop olitan area at sta rt.... 1998 c o h o r t ............................................................. -.2 9 9 .180 -.0 5 5 -.0 01 -.2 6 0 .377 3.081 3 025 .103 .001 3.097 3 138 .377 -.1 8 9 .237 -.0 0 3 -.0 3 5 -.6 7 2 3.088 3.027 2.119 2.001 .110 3 168 .357 .137 .134 -.0 01 .084 .448 3.077 3.023 .098 .001 .091 3.132 0.218 0.341 Poor H o u s e h o ld in c o m e D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le C o e ffic ie n t S hare w ith d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le ............................. In d epe nde nt v a r ia b le s ............................................. Did not exceed 1 1th g r a d e ................................. A fric a n -A m e ric a n ................................................... W o rk-lim itin g con dition a t o b servatio n s ta r t... T h re e o r m ore children in ho usehold a t s t a r t . C hild u n d e r age 3 ................................................... N ever-m a rried a t s t a r t ......................................... A g e g r o u p ................................................................. S tate u n e m plo ym en t r a te .................................... a f d c / t a n f b e n e fits .............................................. Did not re sid e in m e trop olitan area a t sta rt.... 1998 c o h o r t............................................................. 1 S ig n ifica n t a t .10. 2 S ig n ifica n t a t .05. 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ta n d a rd e rro r S ta n d a rd e r ro r 0.324 .979 .595 .743 .926 .147 30.075 3.079 .101 .079 3.024 -.1 3 2 -.0 4 1 3 102 3.074 '.07 9 -.001 .100 .001 .376 -.2 5 5 3.093 1.137 S ig n ifica n t at .01. November 2002 C o e ffic ie n t -0 .918 -.5 9 5 -.7 4 6 -.8 7 0 -.1 3 7 30.063 3.062 3.084 3.062 2.064 -.0 6 0 .152 .031 .062 3.018 .075 .001 .001 -.2 9 3 .288 3.073 3 103 Table A-2. Logit model results for female family heads, in January 1993 or January 1997, by welfare status D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le J a n u a ry r e c ip ie n t e x its d u rin g th e y e a r C o e ffic ie n t S hare w ith d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le ...................................................... S ta n d a rd e rro r J a n u a ry n o n r e c ip ie n t is w e lfa r e r e c ip ie n t in D e c e m b e r C o e ffic ie n t S ta n d a rd e rro r 0.049 0.307 In d epe nde nt varia bles Did not exceed 1 1th g r a d e ......................................................... A fric a n -A m e ric a n ........................................................................... W o rk-lim itin g con dition a t observatio n s t a r t ......................... T h re e o r m ore child re n in ho useho ld at s ta r t....................... C hild u n d e ra g e 3 .......................................................................... N ever-m a rried a t s ta r t................................................................... -.0 8 9 -.4 7 9 -.2 2 8 -.3 9 7 -.0 5 8 -.3 5 2 0.124 3.148 .156 3.126 .144 2.143 .960 .661 .655 .711 .247 .280 30.177 3.188 2.270 3 176 .192 .189 A g e g r o u p ........................................................................................ S tate un e m p lo ym e n t r a t e ............................................................ S tate w ith o b se rva tio n -ye a r un em plo ym en t in c re a s e ......... AFD C /TAN F b e n e fits ..................................................................... Did no t re sid e in m e trop olitan area a t s t a r t ........................... 1997 c o h o rt...................................................................................... -.0 7 2 -.1 5 7 -.2 5 4 .002 .385 .874 1.039 .141 .285 .001 2.168 3.246 -.3 7 0 .038 -.1 7 3 .000 -.1 1 7 -.7 8 1 3.064 .207 .436 .002 .228 2.377 S ig n ifica n t a t .01. S ig n ifica n t a t .10. S ig n ifica n t a t .05. Table A-3. Independent variable means for welfare leavers with July 1996 dummy In d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le Exit p re -J u ly 1996 Exit J u ly 1996 o r la te r Did no t exceed 1 1th g r a d e ................................................ A fric a n -A m e ric a n .................................................................. W o rk-lim itin g con dition a t o b servatio n s t a r t ............... Th re e o r m ore children in ho useho ld a t s ta r t............... C hild u n d e r ag e 3 .................................................................. N ever-m a rried a t s ta r t.......................................................... 0.367 .327 .204 .387 344 .324 0.342 .358 .177 .384 .317 .403 A g e group ............................................................................... S tate un e m p lo ym e n t r a t e ................................................ . S tate w ith o b se rva tio n -ye a r un em plo ym en t in c re a s e . A F D C /T A N F b e nefits (in d o lla rs ).................................... Did no t re sid e in m e trop olitan area a t s t a r t ................ E xit Ju ly 1996 o r l a t e r ................................... ................... 1.806 3.293 .250 $257 .299 1.855 2.332 .261 $240 .212 .543 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 37 Welfare Reform Impacts T a b le A - 4 . Logit model results for welfare leavers with July 1996 dummy A n y e a rn in g s d u rin g th e y e a r R e tu rn e d t o w e lfa r e d u rin g th e y e a r D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le C o e ffic ie n t S hare w ith de pe n d e n t v a r ia b le ...................... In d epe nde nt va ria b le s Did not exceed 11th g r a d e ......................... A fric a n -A m e ric a n .......................................... W o rk-lim itin g condition a t ob se rva tio n s t a r t ................................... T h re e o r m ore children in ho useho ld a t s ta r t................................. C hild un der age 3 .......................................... N ever-m a rried a t s ta r t................................. A g e g r o u p ........................................................ S tate un e m p lo ym e n t r a t e ....................... S tate w ith o b servatio n yea r un e m p lo ym e n t in c re a s e ........................... AFDC/TANF b e n e fits ....................................... Did no t re sid e in m e trop olitan area a t s ta r t............................................................ Year o f e x i t ..................................................... E xit Ju ly 1996 o r la t e r ................................. S ta n d a rd e rro r C o e ffic ie n t 0.281 S ta n d a rd e rro r P o o r in fin a l q u a rte r C o e ffic ie n t S ta n d a rd e r ro r 0.428 0.675 .192 .476 .137 3.159 -.7 7 1 -.0 1 8 3.140 .168 .508 .212 3 128 .148 .488 3 166 -1 .8 0 2 3.171 .576 3 157 .306 -.1 2 8 .096 2.133 .147 .151 -.3 9 8 -.4 81 .046 3 139 3 154 .160 .541 -.0 8 0 .214 3 125 .138 .142 -.0 4 7 -.0 9 3 .046 .141 -.1 2 2 -.1 4 2 3.046 .154 .106 -.0 8 4 2.042 .134 -.0 3 4 .001 .157 .003 -.0 1 2 -.0 01 .162 .003 .086 .000 .145 .003 -.2 3 8 -.1 0 4 .143 .185 .088 .262 .143 .123 .622 .192 .093 2.277 .075 -.1 2 2 .602 .169 .082 2.246 In c o m e $5 0 p e r m o n th lo w e r In c o m e $5 0 p e r m o n th h ig h e r D e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le C o e ffic ie n t In d epe nde nt v a ria b le s ............................ Did not exceed 11th g r a d e ............... A fric a n -A m e ric a n ................................. W o rk-lim itin g condition a t o b se rva tio n s t a r t .......................... T h re e o r m ore children in ho useho ld a t s ta r t....................... C hild un der age 3 ................................. N ever-m a rried a t s ta r t....................... A g e g r o u p ............................................... S tate un e m p lo ym e n t ra te ................. S tate w ith ob se rva tio n year un e m p lo ym e n t in c re a s e ................ A F D C /T A N F b e n e fits .......................... Did not re sid e in m e trop olitan area a t s ta r t................................................. Year o f e x i t ........................................... Exit Ju ly 1996 o r la t e r ....................... 1 S ig n ifica n t a t .10. 2 S ig n ifica n t a t .05. S ta n d a rd e rro r .091 .125 0.127 .146 -.0 9 4 -.1 0 9 0.124 .142 .073 .156 -.2 8 0 1.152 .225 .214 .053 1.123 .134 .140 -.120 .120 -.210 -.1 1 5 .131 .135 .033 .031 .042 .130 -.0 2 5 .028 .041 .126 241 -.0 0 4 1.140 -.2 4 6 1.138 .002 .002 .002 -.1 1 6 .167 3.081 3.244 .136 .217 -.7 5 0 .162 3.079 3.235 -.212 .801 S ig n ifica n t a t .01. November 2002 C o e ffic ie n t 0.523 0.385 S hare w ith de pe n d e n t v a r ia b le ............. 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ta n d a rd e rro r M ultiple jobholding in States, 2001 In 2001, multiple jobholding rates were lower than a year earlier in 27 States and "R egion al Trends" is prepared in the D iv i sio n o f L o ca l A rea U n em p lo y m e n t S tatis tics, B ureau o f L abor S tatistics. M ore in f o r m a tio n is o n th e In te r n e t at h ttp :// w w w .stats.bls.gov/lauhom e.htm , or ca ll (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 3 9 2 or E m ail la u sin fo @ b ls.g o v the District o f Columbia, higher in only 17 States, and unchanged in 6 States. This general downward movement was reflected in a 0.2-percentage point de crease in the national rate to 5.4 percent. The largest over-the-year decreases were recorded in the District o f Colum bia (-1 .7 percentage points) and two New England States, Maine and Ver mont (-1.5 and -1.4 points, respectively). Three other States experienced d e creases o f a full percentage point or more, and eight additional States had declines o f at least 0.5 point. Another New En gland State, New Hampshire, reported the larg est increase in its m ultiple jobholding rate, 0.7 percentage point, and three other States had over-the-year increases o f 0.5 point. The U.S. multiple jobholding rate has edged downward every year since its recent peak of 6.2 percent in 1996. Over that 5-year span, 42 States and the Dis trict o f Columbia experienced decreases in multiple jobholding, while only 6 States had increases. The largest drops in multiple jobholding rates were regis tered in M issouri (-2 .5 percentage Multiple jobholders as a percentage of total employment by State, 2000 and 2001 annual averages 2000 2001 M is s o u ri............................ M o n ta n a ........................... N e b ra s k a ........................ N evada ............................ New H a m p s h ire ............. 7.6 9.8 10.3 5.0 6.3 6.5 9.3 10.4 4.8 7.0 4.5 5.8 6.4 5.2 4.5 New J e rs e y ..................... New M e x ic o ..................... New Y o r k ......................... North C a ro lin a ................ North D a k o ta .................. 4.2 4.8 5.0 4.9 10.0 4.6 4.3 4.8 5.0 9.9 3.9 4.2 9.3 7.9 5.4 4.2 4.1 9.8 8.0 4.9 O h io .................................. O kla h o m a ......................... O re g o n ............................. P e n n s y lv a n ia .................. Rhode Is la n d ................... 6.3 6.4 6.4 5.7 7.8 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.6 7.2 In d ia n a ....................................... Io w a ............................................ Kansas ...................................... K e n tu c k y .................................. L o u is ia n a .................................. 6.0 8.1 8.0 5.7 4.2 6.2 8.1 8.3 5.7 4.2 South C a ro lin a ............... South D a k o ta .................. Tennessee ....................... T e xa s................................. U ta h .................................. 4.5 9.0 5.1 4.7 7.0 4.7 8.7 5.5 4.7 7.4 M a in e ......................................... M a ry la n d ................................... M a s s a c h u s e tts ....................... M ic h ig a n ................................... M in n e s o ta ................................. M is s is s ip p i................................ 8.6 5.8 5.8 5.3 8.4 4.3 7.1 5.6 4.8 5.6 8.4 4.5 V e rm o n t........................... V irg in ia ............................. W a s h in g to n ..................... W e st V irg in ia ................... W is c o n s in ....................... W y o m in g ......................... 9.2 5.6 7.6 5.1 8.0 8.8 7.8 4.8 6.7 4.4 8.0 9.1 2000 2001 U nited S ta te s ......................... A la b a m a ................................... A la s k a ....................................... A rizo n a ....................................... A rk a n s a s .................................. 5.6 5.1 7.6 4.9 5.4 5.4 4.1 8.1 5.4 5.0 C a lifo rn ia .................................. C o lo ra d o ................................... C o n n e c tic u t............................. D elaw a re................................... D istrict o f C o lu m b ia .............. 4.8 6.0 6.5 5.7 6.2 F lo rid a ....................................... G e o rg ia ...................................... H a w a ii........................................ Id a h o ......................................... Illin o is ........................................ State https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 39 Regional Trends points), M assachusetts (-2 .4 points), and New Mexico (-2.3 points). Three additional States and the District o f Co lumbia recorded decreases o f 2.0 per centage points or more. Nebraska and North Dakota had the largest increases from 1996,0.5 percentage point each. Once again in 2001, States continued to show a clear geographic pattern from North to South, as well as considerable v aria tio n aro u n d the U .S. m u ltiple jobholding rate. Overall, 30 States had higher rates than the 5.4-percent national average, and 19 States and the District o f Columbia had lower rates. All seven States in the West North Central divi sion continued to reg ister m ultiple jobholding rates considerably above that o f the Nation, with Nebraska and North Dakota recording the highest (10.4 and 9.9 percent, respectively). The northernmost States in the Mountain, New England, and Pacific divisions also had relatively high rates. The high mul tiplejobholding rates in the Plains States generally coincided with above-average incidence o f both part-time employment and agricultural employment. In contrast, 7 o f the 11 States with the lowest m ultiple jobholding rates were along the Southern border o f the United States. Twelve o f the 16 States in the South region, plus the District o f Columbia, reported rates below the na tional average, while none o f the other 4 States had a rate greater than 6.0 per cent. The lowest rates were recorded in Alabama and Georgia, 4.1 percent each, and Florida and Louisiana, 4.2 percent each. Four additional States, plus the District o f Columbia, had rates o f 4.5 percent or less. □ Multiple jobholding rates by State, 2001 annual averages (U.S rate = 5.4 percent) West North Central Mountain East North Central New En9land \ Middle Atlantic ■<> Pacific South Atlantic 4 \ ,m » \ V / ( East \ South Central West South Central 40 Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 \ \ \ \ Q] <*> Source : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T Current Population Survey B 9.0 percent or more 7.0 - 8.9 percent 5.0 - 6.9 percent 4.9 percent or less Precis Workforce developm ent and econom ic opportunity Federal Reserve vice chairman Roger Ferguson, speaking at the Commercial Club o f Cincinnati, identified workforce development as one, along with home ownership, o f the two most important forces driving community development and local economic opportunities. He notes, . .communities with strong busi nesses and a well-educated labor force are more likely to be healthy, viable places to work.” The increasing role played by educa tion, Ferguson points out, has paralleled the shift o f the econom y away from manufacturing and into services. A con comitant increase in technological inno vation has made life-long learning and training ever more necessary. He uses BLS projections to show that a dispro portionate share o f new jobs will require college degrees or other postsecondary school qualifications and that workers who take the initiative to improve their credentials will most likely find their in comes increased. The community in turn will benefit, as an educated work force attracts economic development. A key strategy for local areas is to maintain a strong educational infrastructure and to collaborate with employers and institu tions such as community colleges to pro vide skilled workers and responsive edu cational programs. Dispersion of com m ercial Internet use Basic access to the Internet is now part of the basic investment needed to do busi ness, according to a NBER working paper by Chris Forman, Avi Goldfarb, and Shane Greenstein. Using data from a commercial market analysis shop, they found that the average rate o f adoption o f at least the minimum capacity to use e-mail, browse, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and passively share documents is a bit over 88 percent of establishments with 100 or more employees. Such participation approaches saturation in most industries. The NAICS sectors with the highest rates o f participation were information, utilities, and professional, scientific, and technical services. The only sectors with Internet participation rates below 90 percent were retail trade, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and educational services. Enhanced use o f the Internet— for en terprise resource planning, customer ser vice, education, publication, purchasing, or technical support was also widespread among industries, but at much lower rates than simple participation. The lead sec tors for enhanced Internet use (rates in excess o f 25 percent) were management o f companies and enterprises and the in formation sector. The overall adoption rate for enhanced Internet applications was about 12-14 percent. Among metropolitan areas, participa tion varied by size and by the pre-existing spatial distribution o f industries. Large metropolitan areas (population greater than 1 million) had the highest participation and enhancement rates and small areas (popu lation less than 250,000) had the lowest. The large metropolitan areas with the great est degree of Internet participation were San Francisco, Denver, and Cleveland. Why are there tuition assistance plans? Employer-sponsored tuition assistance programs are a major source o f funding for post-secondary education. Peter Capelli has found evidence that about one in five university graduate students are receiving some form of tuition help from their em ployers. Perhaps a quarter o f adult stu dents, the ones most likely to be employed, are getting tuition assistance of some sort. As the larger pool of undergraduate stu dents is broken down by department, as many as one-third of business or engineer ing students receive financial assistance from their employers. The question is why do employers do it? As an easily transferable set of gen eral skills, the academic credits accumu lated by these employees could be hired away by other employers or the employer providing the tuition assistance might have to bid up the wages of their employ ees as well as bearing the costs o f the program. But Capelli’s research finds that the great majority o f employers do help pay for post-secondary education. (One source he didn’t use, but could have, was the BLS Employee Benefit Survey which found that two-thirds of medium and large employers had job-related education as sistance programs in 1997.) Capelli’s explanation o f the phenom enon is two-fold. First, tuition assistance programs provide a method o f self-selec tion o f the most productive workers. The better, brighter, more motivated and selfdisciplined candidates would be more likely to select the firm with the tuition benefit, all other things equal. This means the employers gets a more productive worker, presum ably more productive enough to cover the cost o f the program. Second, workers will stay with the firm in order to make full use o f the program, thus permitting the employer to earn that addi tional margin over a longer period. U.S. most com petitive country According to the Global Competitive ness Report 2002-2003, the latest in a series of annual rankings by the Swissbased World Economic Forum, the United States was the most competitive economy. The num ber one ranking was based heavily on America’s performance in the technology area: research and develop ment, business-academic collaboration, venture capital, receptivity to innovation, and so on. The United States also scored well on macroeconomic environment. In contrast, international business leaders gave the United States relatively low marks on its public institution, but not so low as to take the Nation out o f the top spot in the competitiveness table. □ Monthly Labor Review November 2002 41 Book Reviews Profit to n o n p ro fit transition Workforce Transitions from the Profit to the Nonprofit Sector. By Tobie S. Stein. New York, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 2002,194 pp., $75/ hardcover. This book is a description o f a pro gram put together by the author, “The N onprofit M anagem ent and Com m u nications Program ,” and was provided in the 1991-96 period to 117 dislocated corporate managers at City University o f N ew Y ork’s B aruch College. The p ro g ra m u n iq u e ly fo c u se d on the w o rk fo rce tra n sitio n n eed s o f this group, about which little research has been done before. The book succeeds as a case study o f changing roles, attitudes, and b ar riers to entry created by stereotypes held by nonprofit m anagers about cor porate counterparts. How to deal with and overcom e these transitional b ar riers is S tein’s challenge. The tool he uses is training and behavior m odifi cation. Participants, in cohorts o f 10 15, took training for 5 weeks, tw ice a week, w ith each session 3 hours long. Subjects w ere Introductions, A ssess m ents, Resum e W riting, “D ress R e hearsal,” and M ock Interview. The age range was 4 5 -6 0 , prior salaries $60,000 to $100,000, and 60 percent o f participants w ere women. The author is aware o f the broad task he has set forth, as evidenced by the wide range o f sociological, anthropo logical, and organizational studies cited and related to his subject. In Chapter 6, for example, is a 7 ‘/ 2 -page treatise on “An Odyssey o f the S e lf’ with M arga ret M ead’s 1934 work as a key reference. His recommendations, in Chapter 7, are that nonprofits should w iden their scope o f recruiting. He also suggests th at non p ro fits add m ore o rg an iza tional developm ent strategy to help recruit and retain staff. Finally, he suggests that nonprofits increase their pay/rew ards to help keep m anagers. 42 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This is not an em pirical study nor is it intended to be. Still, one w ould hope for greater appreciation by the author o f the econom ic context o f the analysis. The m ajor changes in the 1990s in unem ploym ent level, overall jo b growth, and wages are sim ply not considered in term s o f im pacting suc cessful jo b search, things an econo m ist w ould likely consider first. From a sup p ly-side view point, the study also begs for answers to such ques tions as the following: (a) as this was a study o f “leavers” from corporate m anager positions, in what way were they different or similar to “stayers?” ; and (b), Stein acknow ledges that m o tivation is a key aspect to successful career transition and for this reason adm inistered a m otivation test then used test results to screen applicants to his program , thus creating the pos sibility that a “selection bias,” not any part o f his program , was the main rea son for the outcom es observed. Fi nally, one w ould have liked to see a breakdow n o f the 117 participants in term s o f w orkforce tra n sitio n o u t comes like time spent looking for a job, type o f jo b taken, jo b pay level (rela tive to prior job), and related measures. Including this set o f outcom e m ea sures in the context o f an executive sum m ary or abstract at the start o f the book w ould have been helpful. In summary, Stein has done a fine, albeit limited study o f an important is su e th a t h a s n o t b e e n s tu d ie d en o u g h — the w o rk fo rce tra n sitio n from profit to nonprofit sector. It is hoped that others will build on this study w ith m ore o f an em pirical ap proach that overcom es tim e, sample size, and place limits. For now, we thank the author for pointing the way and for his contribution. N ovem ber 2002 — Stanley R Stephenson San Francisco region. Bureau o f Labor Statistics Job security in the 21st century The Last Good Job in America: Work and Education in the New Global Technoculture. By Stanley Aronowitz. Lanham, m d , Rowman & Little field Publishers, Inc., 2001,273 pp., $27.95/hardcover. According to the author, the essence of the labor struggle is the control overtime. For most workers, it is a matter o f decid ing when to work or when to spend time with family. This book is a series o f es says that characterizes the slow shift of this power away from laborers. At the heart o f the issue is job security, and these essays— through highly political and ideological language— discuss factors that contribute to this growing concern faced by American workers. Once a bluecollar problem, the issue has spread to white-collar work. These essays touch a wide variety of topics including problems in educational institutions, technology, globalization, and race relations. The book starts out with a romanti cized idea o f work before the Industrial Revolution when people enjoyed work that “engaged” their minds as well as their bodies, such as blacksmiths and crafts men. For the author, the last good job is a college professor. A detailed account o f his routine serves to demonstrate the amount o f freedom he enjoys as tenured professor. Those freedoms include the ability to choose research topics or par ticipate in political activities without fear o f reprisal from the college administration. The majority o f these essays aim to de scribe the effects o f limiting these free doms to a minority o f today’s workers. The author sees the restructuring of colleges and universities along the lines o f global capitalism as a crisis in higher education. Responding to rising costs, he sees schools either increasing tuition or seeking more corporate donations in exchange for input into curricular deci sions or research emphasis. Within these institutions, tension grows between the ruling class o f academia (administration) and the professorial ranks— particularly for the untenured, the “academic prole ta ria t.” O ften these w orkhorses o f higher education are forced to take greater teaching loads, and are denied full title under the guise o f budget cuts. In response, these groups formed teach ers unions reflecting a trend among tra ditionally nonunion occupations includ ing doctors, lawyers, and civil servants, where it has been traditionally accepted that one’s academ ic credentials were sufficient to ensure jo b security. For employers, a college degree signi fies the stability from being able to en dure a long process sometimes leading to an “indefinite conclusion.” Because o f this, Aronowitz believes that students feel pressured to earn “practical” degrees for the job market for higherjob security. This “commodification” o f higher education transforms liberal art institutions to voca tional schools, and some students no longer feel they have the “luxury” o f pur suing an education in the humanities. In elementary and secondary schools, he calls for a more hum anitarian ap proach. Educators should adopt the medical mantra o f “doing no harm” both for a child’s spirit and mind. Instead o f being hallway cops and molding children as factory workers producing satisfac to ry sta n d a rd iz e d sco res, te a c h e rs should engage students’ imaginations. In his essays on technology and la bor, Aronowitz takes a Luddite view o f science and technology as sufficient means for domination where progress subsumes individuals and people be come tied to machines, revealing capi talism as “the ruthless exploiter o f labor.” He sees technology as a “cultural and economic weapon o f capitalism’s sys temic reproduction.” While he points to the prevalence o f computers in every day life to blame for the “tens o f millions o f jobs [that] have been consigned to historical memory,” he doesn’t account for the number o f jobs created by the new technology. He exaggerates the ef fects o f computers in reducing the role o f human labor using extreme examples https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis where doctors are no longer needed for diagnosing disease and to what he sees as the “end o f painting.” In essays dealing with racial issues, he notes a link between slavery and capi talism stating that modem labor “under slave-like conditions provided the basis for American modernity” as seen with the low-paying factory jobs o f Mexico, Korea, and Vietnam. In this mode, he blames progress for the further dichotomization o f society into virtual slave workers and capitalists. Aronowitz ar gued that the “age-old project o f mas tery over nature, which had promised human liberation, had also made possible the wholesale destruction o f human life. Rather than serving human ends, the machinery o f progress signaled the end o f humanity.” Marginalized workers re sorted to violence in response. Aronowitz also addresses the issue o f a “white flight from cities” and the resulting “persistence o f black poverty” that leave an income and educational gap between the races. He notes that black intellectuals view the educational gap in terms o f an “endemic anti-intellectualism” and a culture of victimization among the black community. However, he cites evidence to reveal that among the Ameri can middle class in general, those that attempt to excel in school instead o f “slid ing by” and getting factory jobs are seen as betraying the class. The essays on globalization portray the phenomena as an extension o f “com peting national capital.” Rising power wielded by organizations such as the W orld B ank re in fo rc e the id ea o f transnationalism w eakening n atio n states. Because o f increasing numbers o f global mergers, nation-states “are in creasingly held hostage to capital” and lead to more displaced qualified work ers. Again, workers concede to survive. From fear o f “capital flight and the movement o f jobs elsewhere,” workers accept more overtime and “the weekend has all but disappeared.” An unapologetic so cialist and a n ti-cap italist, Aronowitz credits too much power to these organizations and feels that institu tions such as the World Bank and the IMF continually align themselves with nations that provide military and ideological means that are “preconditions of their ability to impose regimes o f austerity.” Regarding the dim inished role o f unions in the corporate world, Aronowitz shares the view common among union critics that political and organization prob lems were to blame for the decline in union power. While other commentators have focused on the decline in terms of politi cal machines and complacent leadership, the author sees the problem from a social perspective. He believes that because union leaders abandoned their role in members’ lives, they soon lost favor and influence among the rank and file. In their prime, unions served more than just places where people o f the same occupation joined to better their working conditions. As “sites o f working-class culture,” some unions offered activities such as photog raphy classes, and many had bars and eating halls. The role o f union press has also declined to what Aronowitz consid ers a “mere public relations vehicle for the established leadership.” An anti-Stalinist, he favored more par ticipation by the rank-and-file members in union decisions instead of the earlier mod els o f union leadership that employed a military approach to leadership allowing unions to move like large corporations. This authoritarian leadership created a suitable environment for corruption with occasional mob ties. He feels the masses must unite and form their own political and democratic force, for they are the pow erful consumers. Without strong union support, workers feel more pressure to perform for fear of replacement. Throughout the book, Aronowitz pre sents reoccurring themes such as how capitalism eats aw ay at the hum an spirit—taking the joy away from work— and how workers capitulate to labor mar ket and employer pressure. While his topics are varied, the underlying theme— although sometimes lost amidst the tan gents and his political rhetoric— lin- M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 43 Book Reviews gered throughout the discourse with the central issue o f jo b security. — Emy Sok Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics Publications Received Economic and social statistics B y r n e , D a v id , I n te r p r e tin g Q u a n tita tiv e D a ta . T h ou san d O aks, CA, S age P u b li ca tio n s, 2 0 0 2 , 176 pp., $73/hardcover; $ 2 5 /so ftco v er. C o ck b u rn , Ia in M ., S a m u el K ortu m and S co tt S tem , A r e A ll P a te n t E x a m in ers E q u a l? The Im p a c t o f C h a r a c te ristic s on P a te n t S ta tistics a n d L itigation O utcom es. C am bridge, MA, N ational Bureau o f E c o nom ic Research, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,4 2 pp. (Work in g P aper 8 9 8 0 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e and h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n ited States. K err, A lis t a ir W ., H o w a r d K . H a ll an d Steph en A . K ozu b , D o in g S ta tis tic s w ith SP SS . T h ou san d O aks, CA, S a g e P u b li cation s, 2 0 0 2 , 2 3 8 pp., $ 2 6/softcover. W right, D a n iel B ., F irst S te p s in S ta tistic s. T h ou san d O aks, CA, Sage P u b lication s, 2 0 0 2 , 1 4 7 pp., $2 3/softcover. Economic growth and development B lau, Francine D . and L aw rence M . K ahn, A t H o m e a n d A b ro a d : U.S. L a b o r M a r ket P erfo rm a n ce in In tern ation al P ersp e c tiv e . N e w York, R u ssell S age F ound a tion, 2 0 0 2 , 3 2 8 pp., $ 3 4 .9 5 /clo th . C h o w , G r e g o r y C ., C h i n a ’s E c o n o m ic T ran sform ation . M alden, MA, B la ck w ell P u b lis h in g , 2 0 0 2 , 4 0 7 p p ., $ 2 9 . 9 5 / softcover. D u e s te r b e r g , T h o m a s J. an d H er b e rt I. L ond on, eds., R id in g the N e x t Wave: W hy T his C e n tu ry Will B e a G o ld e n A g e f o r W orkers, th e E n viron m en t, a n d D e v e l o p in g C o u n tries. F ish ers, IN, H u d son In stitu te P u b lic a tio n s , 2 0 0 1 , 2 3 8 pp ., $ 1 9 .9 5 /so ftc o v e r. E d w a rd s, S e b a s tia n an d A le ja n d r a C o x E dw ard s, S o c ia l S e c u rity P r iv a tiz a tio n R efo rm a n d L a b o r M a rk ets: The C a se o f C hile. C am bridge, MA, N ation al B ureau o f E co n o m ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,4 8 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 2 4 ) $ 10 per copy, plu s $ 1 0 for po sta g e and h an d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. 44 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H allw ard-D riem eier, Mary, G iu sepp e Iarossi and K en neth L. S o k o lo ff, E x p o rts a n d M an u factu rin g P ro d u c tiv ity in E a st A sia: A C o m p a ra tiv e A n a ly sis w ith F irm -le v el D a ta . C am bridge, MA, N ation al Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,6 3 pp. (W orking Paper 8 8 9 4 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. M o s le y , H u g h , J a c q u e lin e O ’R e illy and K laus Schdm ann, L a b o u r M arkets, G en d e r a n d In stitu tion al C han ge: E ssa ys in H onou r o f G unther Schm id. Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar P ublishing, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 3 8 2 pp., $110/hardcover. T h e O ECD G r o w th P r o j e c t , T h e N e w E c o n o m y : B e y o n d th e H y p e . P a ris, O rganisation for E co n o m ic C o-op eration a n d D e v e l o p m e n t , 2 0 0 1 , 1 0 4 p p ., softcover. Education Ehrenberg, R on ald G , S tu d yin g O u rselves: The A ca d em ic L a b o r M arket. Cambridge, MA, N ation al B ureau o f E con om ic R e search, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,3 1 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 6 5 ) $ 1 0 per copy, plus $ 1 0 for postage and handling outsid e the U nited States. H a n u sh ek , E ric A . and Javier A . L u q u e, E fficien cy a n d E q u ity in S c h o o ls A ro u n d th e W orld. C am b rid ge, M A, N a tio n a l Bureau o f E conom ic Research, Inc., 20 0 2 , 3 0 pp. (W orking P aper 8 9 4 9 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an dling ou tsid e the U n ited States. T e m in , P ete r, T e a c h e r Q u a li t y a n d th e F u tu re o f A m erica. Cam bridge, MA, N a tional Bureau o f E con om ic Research, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 31 pp. (W orking Paper 8 8 9 8 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p o stage and han d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. Industrial relations G old , M ich ael E van, A n In tro d u c tio n to the L a w o f E m p lo y m en t D isc rim in a tio n S e c o n d E d itio n . Ithaca, NY, C ornell U n iver sity Press, 2 0 0 1 ,9 8 pp., $10.95/softcover. Industry and government organization Carlton, D e n n is W. and R obert H. Gertner, In te lle c tu a l P ro p erty, A n titr u s t a n d S tra teg ic Behavior. Cam bridge, M A N ational Bureau o f E con om ic Research, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 33 pp. (W orking P aper 8 9 7 6 ) $ 1 0 per cop y, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g o u tsid e the U n ited States. O rg an isation for E c o n o m ic C o -o p er a tio n and D ev elo p m en t, H ea lth a t a G la n ce. Paris, OECD P u b lication s, 2 0 0 1 ,1 0 0 pp. Labor and econom ic history B a c k h o u s e , R o g e r E ., T h e O r d i n a r y B u sin ess o f L ife: A H is to r y fr o m th e A n c ie n t W orld to th e T w en ty-F irst C en tu ry. Princeton, NJ, Princeton U n iversity Press, 2 0 0 2 , 3 6 9 pp., $3 5 /clo th . K uhn, H arold W. and S y lv ia N asar, ed s., The E ss e n tia l Jo h n N ash . P rinceton , NJ, P rin ceton U n iv e r sity P ress, 2 0 0 2 , 2 4 4 pp., $ 2 9 .9 5 /c lo th . Linder, M arc, The A u to c r a tic a lly F lex ib le W orkplace: A H is to r y o f O v e r tim e R e g u la tio n in the U n ite d S ta tes. Io w a City, F a n p ih u a P re ss, 2 0 0 2 , 5 3 2 p p ., $ 1 0 / softcover. Labor force K rueger, A lan B . and R obert S o lo w , ed s., The R o a rin g N in e tie s: C an F u ll E m p lo y m en t B e S u sta in e d ? N e w York, R u ssell Sage F ound ation, 2 0 0 2 ,5 7 6 pp., $ 4 9 .9 5 / cloth. Schm id, G unther and Bernard G azier, The D y n a m ic s o f F u ll E m p lo y m en t: S o c ia l In tegration Through T ran sition a l L a b o u r M a r k e ts . N o rth a m p to n , MA, E d w ard E lgar P u b lish in g , In c., 2 0 0 2 , 4 4 3 pp., $125/hardcover. Sicker, M artin, The P o litic a l E c o n o m y o f W ork in th e 2 1 s t C en tu ry: I m p lic a tio n s f o r an A g in g A m eric a n W o r/fo rce. Q u o rum B o o k s, 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 8 pp., $ 6 2 .9 5 /h a rd cover. O rg an isation for E c o n o m ic C o -o p era tio n and D evelop m en t, In n ovation s in L a b o u r M a r k e t P o lic ie s : The A u s tr a lia n Way. Paris, OECD P u b lication s, 2 0 0 1 , 3 4 5 pp. Labor organizations P e n c a v e l, J o h n , W o rk er P a r t i c i p a t i o n : L esso n s fr o m th e W orker C o -o p s o f the P a c ific N o rth w est. N e w York, R u ssell S age F oundation, 2 0 0 1 ,1 1 7 p p., $ 1 2 .9 5 / softcover. N iss e n , B ruce, ed., U n ion s in a G lo b a liz e d E n viron m en t: C h a n g in g B o rd ers, O r g a n iza tio n a l B o u n daries, a n d S o c ia l R o les. Arm onk, NY, M .E. Sharpe, 2 0 0 2 ,2 9 3 pp., $ 2 4 .9 5 /so ftco v er. N ovem ber 2002 Management and organization theory Social institutions and social change A lle n , M ark, ed ., The C o r p o r a te U n iv e r s ity H a n d b o o k : D e sig n in g , M a n a g in g , a n d G ro w in g a Su ccessfu l P rogram . N e w York, A m a co m , 2 0 0 2 , 2 8 8 pp., $ 3 2 .9 5 / hardcover. Frey, B ru n o S. and A lo is Stutzer, H a p p i ness & E conom ics: H o w the E con om y a n d I n stitu tio n s A ffe c t H u m a n W ell-B ein g. Princeton, NJ, Princeton U n iversity Press, 2 0 0 2 , 2 2 0 pp., $35/cloth . Monetary and fiscal policy M e y e r , B r u c e D . a n d D o u g la s H o lt z E a k in , e d s ., M a k in g W ork P a y : T he E a rn e d In co m e Tax C re d it a n d Its Im p a c t o n A m e r i c a ’s F a m il i e s . N e w Y ork , R u ssell S a g e F ound ation, 2 0 0 2 ,4 0 0 pp., $ 4 9 .9 5 /c lo th . Productivity and technological change D arby, M ic h a e l R. and L ynn e G. Z ucker, G r o w in g b y L e a p s a n d In ch es: C re a tiv e D e stru ctio n , R e a l C o s t R ed u ctio n , a n d In ch in g Up. C am b ridge, MA, N ation al Bureau o f E con om ic Research, Inc., 200 2 , 4 8 pp. (W ork in g P aper 8 9 4 7 ) $ 1 0 per cop y, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an dling o u tsid e the U n ited States. G o w r is a n k a r a n , G a u ta m a n d J o a n n a Stavins, N e tw o r k E x tern a lities a n d Tech n o lo g y A d o p tio n : L esso n sfro m E lectron ic P a y m e n ts. C a m b rid ge, MA, N a tio n a l Bureau o f E con om ic Research, Inc., 200 2 , 41 pp. (W orking P aper 8 9 4 3 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an dling o u tsid e the U n ited States. L ern er, J o sh , P a te n t P r o te c tio n a n d In n o v a tio n o v e r 1 5 0 Years. C am bridge, MA, N a tio n a l B ureau o f E co n o m ic R e search, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 3 8 pp. (W orking P a per 8 9 7 7 ) $ 1 0 p er cop y , p lu s $ 1 0 for p o sta g e and h an d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. L ita n , R o b e r t E . a n d A l i c e M . R iv lin , B e y o n d th e D o t.c o rn s: The E c o n o m ic P ro m ise o f the In tern et. W ashington, DC, T h e B r o o k in g s In stitu tio n , 2 0 0 1 , 132 pp., $ 1 9 .9 5 /c lo th . R o s e n , P a u l, F r a m in g P r o d u c tio n : T ech n ology, C ulture, a n d C h a n g e in the B rit ish B icycle Industry. Cambridge, MA, The MIT P ress, 2 0 0 2 , 2 2 4 pp., $ 2 9 .9 5 /c lo th . Steil, B en n , D a v id G V ictor and Richard R. N elso n , T ech n ological In n ovation & E c o n o m ic P e r f o r m a n c e . P r in c e to n , NJ, P rin ceto n U n iv e r sity P ress, 2 0 0 2 , 4 7 6 pp., $ 3 5 /so ftco v er. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis G o ld in , C la u d ia , T he R i s i n g a n d T h en D e c lin in g S ig n ifica n ce o f G ender. C am bridge, MA, N ational Bureau o f E conom ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 4 6 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 1 5 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. H eavner, D . L ee and L ance L ochner, S o c ia l N e tw o rk s a n d the A g g re g a tio n o f In d i v id u a l D ecisio n s. C am bridge, MA, N a tional Bureau o f E conom ic Research, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 23 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 7 9 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. M ueller, John, C a p ita lism , D e m o cra cy, & R a lp h s P re tty G o o d G ro cery. Princeton, NJ, Princeton U n iversity Press, 2 0 0 1 ,3 3 5 pp ., $17.9 5 /so ftco v er. T rigilia, Carlo, E co n o m ic S o c io lo g y : State, M arket, a n d S o c ie ty in M o d e rn C a p ita l ism . M alden, MA, B la ck w ell P u blish in g, 2 0 0 2 , 2 8 7 pp., $34.9 5 /so ftco v er. Urban Affairs B orjas, G eorge J., H o m e o w n e rs h ip in the Im m ig ra n t P o p u la tio n . C am bridge, MA, N a tion al B ureau o f E co n o m ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,4 5 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 4 5 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an dling ou tsid e the U n ited States. Wages and compensation A cem o g lu , D aron, C ro ss-C o u n try In eq u a l ity Trends. C am b rid ge, MA, N a tio n a l Bureau o f E con om ic Research, Inc., 200 2 , 4 2 pp. (W orking P aper 8 8 3 2 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an dling ou tsid e the U n ited States. D u flo , E sth er and E m m a n u el S a e z , The R o le o f In fo rm a tio n a n d S o c ia l In te ra c tio n s in R e tire m en t P la n D e cisio n s: E v i d e n c e f r o m a R a n d o m ize d E xperim en t. Cam bridge, MA, N ational Bureau o f E co nom ic Research, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,5 1 pp. (Work ing Paper 8 8 8 5 ) $ 1 0 per copy, plu s $ 1 0 for p o s ta g e and h a n d lin g o u ts id e the U n ited States. G ib b o n s , R o b e r t, L a w r e n c e F. K a tz , Thom as Lem ieux, and Daniel Parent, C om p a r a t i v e A d v a n t a g e , L e a r n in g , a n d S ectoral Wage D eterm ination. Cambridge, MA, N ation al B ureau o f E co n o m ic R e search, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,5 2 pp. (W orking Paper 8 8 8 9 ) $10 per copy, plu s $ 1 0 for postage and handling outsid e the U n ited States. G o ld in , C la u d ia , A P o llu tio n T h e o r y o f D iscrim in a tio n : M a le a n d F em a le D iffer en ces in O ccu pation s a n d E arnings. Cam bridge, MA, N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 4 0 pp. (W orking Paper 8 9 8 5 ) $ 1 0 per copy, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g o u tsid e the U n ited States. M e i k s in s , P e te r , a n d P e t e r W h a lle y , P u ttin g W ork in Its P la c e : A Q u ie t R e v o lu tion . Ithaca, NY, C orn ell U n iv ersity Press, 2 0 0 2 , 188 pp., $2 5 /clo th . Welfare programs and social insurance B la n k , R e b e c c a M ., E v a lu a tin g W elfare R eform in the U n ite d S tates. C am bridge, MA, N a tion al B ureau o f E co n o m ic R e search, Inc., 2 0 0 2 ,1 2 5 pp. (W orking Pa per 8 9 8 3 ) $ 1 0 per co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and h an d lin g o u tsid e the U n ited States. Card, D avid , and R eb ecca M . B lank , ed s., F in d in g J o b s: Work a n d W elfare R eform . N e w Y ork, R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 2 0 0 0 , 5 4 9 pp., $ 5 5/cloth . W eber, B ru ce A ., G reg J. D u n can and L e s lie A . W hitener, ed s., R u r a l D im en sio n s o f Welfare R eform s. K alam azoo, MI, W.E. U p jo h n In stitu te for E m p lo y m e n t R e search, 2 0 0 2 , 4 9 0 pp., $ 4 5 /clo th ; $ 2 7 / paper. W itte, A n n D r y d e n , T a k e-u p R a te s a n d T rade O ffs a fte r th e A g e o f E n titlem en t: S om e T h ou gh ts a n d E m p ir ic a l E v id e n c e f o r C h ild C a re S u b sid ies. C am bridge, MA, N a tion al B ureau o f E c o n o m ic R e search, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 33 pp. (W orking P a per 8 8 8 6 ) $ 1 0 per co p y , p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g ou tsid e the U n ited States. Worker training and development N e u m a r k , D a v id and D e b o r a h R e e d , E m p lo y m e n t R e la tio n sh ip s in th e N e w E conom y. Cam bridge, MA, N ation al B u reau o f E co n o m ic R esearch, Inc., 2 0 0 2 , 4 0 pp. (W orking P aper 8 9 1 0 ) $ 1 0 per cop y, p lu s $ 1 0 for p ostage and han d lin g o u tsid e the U n ited States. □ M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 45 Errata The article, “Age-adjusted labor force participation rates, 1960-2048,” Monthly Labor Review, September 2002 (pages 2 5 38), contains erroneous headings and data in chart 2 (page 28). The corrected chart is reproduced below. Chart 2. Popuiction dstributions, 1980 and 2000, and hypotheticd, 2020 end 2040 Age, years 70 or older Age, years 70 or older 11 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 1 0 1 3 Percent of population 9 11 11 9 3 1 0 1 3 Percent of population 9 11 Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics .............. 48 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data—continued Com parative indicators 1. L abor m arket in d ic a to r s ........................................................... 2. A n n u al and quarterly p ercent ch an ges in co m p en sa tio n , p rices, and p r o d u c tiv ity ...................... 3. A ltern a tiv e m easu res o f w a g e s and co m p en sa tio n c h a n g e s .......................................................... 60 61 61 Labor force data 4. E m p lo y m en t status o f the pop ulation, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 5. S e lec ted em p lo y m en t indicators, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 6. S e lec ted u n em p lo ym en t indicators, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 7. D u ration o f u n em p loym en t, sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d ............................................................... 8. U n em p lo y ed person s b y reason for u n em p loym en t, sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d ............................................................... 9 . U n em p lo y m en t rates b y se x and age, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 10. U n em p lo y m en t rates b y States, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 11. E m p lo y m en t o f w orkers b y States, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 12. E m p lo y m en t o f w orkers b y industry, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 13. A vera g e w e e k ly hou rs b y industry, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 14. A vera g e h ou rly earn in gs b y industry, sea so n a lly a d ju ste d ................................................................ 15. A vera g e h ou rly earn in gs b y in d u str y ................................. 16. A vera g e w e e k ly earn in gs b y in d u s tr y ................................ 17. D iffu sio n in d ex es o f em p loym en t change, sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................................................... 18. E stab lish m en t siz e and em p loym en t covered under ui, private ow n ersh ip , b y n a ic s su p ersecto r................... 19. A n n u al data estab lish m en t, em p loym en t, and w ages, co v ered under u i and u c f e , b y o w n e r s h ip .................. 2 0 . A n nu al data: E stab lish m en ts, em p loym en t, and w a g e s co v ered under u i and u c f e , b y S t a t e ...... 2 1 . A nnual data: E m ploym ent and average annual pay o f u i- and ucF E -covered w orkers, b y largest c o u n t ie s .. 2 2 . A n n u al data: E m p loym en t status o f the p op u lation ... 2 3 . A n n u al data: E m p loym en t le v e ls b y in d u str y ............... 2 4 . A n nu al data: A verage h ou rs and earnings lev el, b y in d u s tr y ............................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 86 87 88 89 Price data 62 32. C on su m er P rice Index: U .S . city average, b y expenditure category and co m m o d ity and serv ice g r o u p s .................... 33. C on su m er P rice Index: U .S . city average and 90 63 lo ca l data, all it e m s ....................................................................... 93 64 34. A n nu al data: C on su m er P rice Index, all item s 64 and maj or g r o u p s ........................................................................... 35. Producer P rice In d exes b y stage o f p r o c e s s in g ..................... 94 95 36. P roducer P rice In d exes for the net output o f m ajor 65 industry g r o u p s ............................................................................. 96 65 37. A n nu al data: P roducer P rice In d exes b y stage o f p r o c e s s in g ................................................................ 97 66 3 8 . U .S . export p rice in d ex es by Standard International Trade C la s s ific a tio n .................................................................... 98 66 39. U .S . im port price in d ex es b y Standard International Trade C la s s ific a tio n .................................................................... 99 67 69 40. U .S . export price in d ex es b y en d -u se c a te g o r y ..................... 100 41 . U .S . im port price in d ex es b y en d -u se c a t e g o r y .................... 100 42 . U .S .in tern ation al price in d ex es for selected categories o f s e r v ic e s ................................................................... 100 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 80 81 81 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 2 5 . E m p lo y m en t C o st Index, com p en sation , b y o ccu p a tio n and industry g r o u p ........................................ 2 6 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, w a g e s and salaries, b y o ccu p a tio n and industry g r o u p ........................................ 2 7 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, b en efits, private industry w orkers, b y o ccu p ation and industry g r o u p ..................... 2 8 . E m p loym en t C ost In dex, private nonfarm w orkers, b y bargaining status, region , and area s i z e ......................... 29 . P articipants in b en efit plans, m ed iu m and large f ir m s ....... 30. Participants in b en efits plan s, sm all firm s and g o v e r n m e n t.................................................................................. 31 . W ork stop p ages in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m o r e ............. Productivity data 43 . In d exes o f productivity, hou rly com p en sation , and unit costs, data sea so n a lly a d ju s te d ............................ 44. A nnual in d ex es o f m ultifactor p ro d u ctiv ity ........................... 45. A n nu al in d ex es o f productivity, hou rly com p en sation , unit costs, and p r i c e s .................................................................. 46 . A n nu al in d ex es o f output per hour for selected in d u str ies.......................................................................................... 101 102 103 104 International comparisons data 47 . U n em p loym en t rates in n in e countries, data sea so n a lly a d ju ste d ............................................................ 107 48 . A n nu al data: E m p loym en t status o f the civ ilia n w ork in g-age pop ulation, 10 c o u n tr ie s.................................. 108 49 . A n nu al in d ex es o f prod u ctivity and related m easures, 12 c o u n t r ie s ..................................................................................... 109 Injury and illness data 82 84 50. A n nu al data: O ccu p ation al injury and illn e ss in cid en ce r a t e s ................................................................................ 110 51. Fatal occu p ation al injuries b y even t 85 or e x p o su r e ............................................................................................112 M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 47 Notes on Current Labor Statistics T h is se c tio n o f the R e v ie w p resen ts the prin cip al statistical series c o lle c te d and c a lc u la ted b y th e B u rea u o f L ab or S ta tistic s: series on labor force; em p loym en t; u n em p loym en t; labor co m p en sation ; con su m er, producer, and intern ation al p rices; p rod u c tivity; international com p arison s; and injury and illn e ss sta tistics. In th e n o te s that fo l lo w , th e data in ea ch grou p o f ta b les are b riefly d escrib ed ; k ey d e fin itio n s are given ; n o te s o n th e data are set forth; and sou rces o f a d d itio n a l in form ation are cited . General notes T h e f o llo w in g n o te s a p p ly to several tab les in th is sectio n : Seasonal adjustment. C ertain m o n th ly and quarterly data are adju sted to elim in ate th e e ffe c t o n th e data o f su ch factors as c li m a tic c o n d i t i o n s , in d u s tr y p r o d u c t io n sc h e d u le s, o p e n in g and c lo s in g o f sc h o o ls, h o lid a y b u y in g p eriod s, and v a cation prac tice s, w h ich m igh t preven t short-term ev a lu a tio n o f th e sta tistica l series. T ab les c o n tain in g data that have b een adjusted are id en tifie d as “ se a so n a lly ad ju sted .” (A ll other data are n o t se a so n a lly ad ju sted .) S ea so n a l e ffe c ts are estim a ted on th e b a sis o f past e x p e rien ce . W hen n e w sea so n a l factors are co m p u ted ea ch year, r e v isio n s m ay a ffect se a so n a lly adju sted data for several p reced in g years. S e a so n a lly a djusted data appear in tab les 1 - 1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 4 3 , and 4 7 . S e a so n a lly ad ju s te d labor fo rce data in ta b les 1 and 4 - 9 w ere r ev ise d in th e F ebruary 2 0 0 2 issu e o f th e R e v ie w . S e a so n a lly adju sted e sta b lish m en t su rv ey data sh o w n in tab les 1, 1 2 - 1 4 and 1 6 - 1 7 w ere r ev ised in th e July 2 0 0 2 R e v ie w and reflect th e e x p e rien ce through M arch 2 0 0 2 . A b r ie f exp la n a tio n o f the se a so n a l a d ju stm en t m e th o d o lo g y appears in “N o te s o n th e data.” R e v is io n s in th e p r o d u c tiv ity d ata in ta b le 4 9 are u su a lly in trod u ced in the S ep tem b er issu e. S e a so n a lly adju sted in d ex e s and p ercen t ch a n g es from m on th -to-m on th and quarter-to-quarter are p u b lish ed for nu m ero u s C on su m er and Producer P rice In dex se r ie s. H o w e v e r , s e a s o n a lly a d ju sted in d e x e s are n o t p u b lish ed for the U .S . average A ll-Ite m s cpi. O n ly sea so n a lly adju sted per cen t c h a n g e s are a v a ila b le for th is series. A djustm ents for price changes. S o m e data— su ch as th e “real” earn in gs sh o w n in ta b le 14— are adju sted to elim in a te the e f fe ct o f c h a n g e s in price. T h ese adju stm ents are m ade b y d iv id in g current-dollar v a lu e s b y the C o n su m er P rice In d ex or the app ro priate c o m p o n en t o f the in d ex, then m u lti p ly in g b y 1 0 0 . F or ex a m p le, g iv e n a current 48 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis h ou rly w a g e rate o f $3 and a current p rice in d ex num ber o f 150, w h ere 1982 = 100, the hou rly rate exp ressed in 1982 d ollars is $2 ( $ 3 /1 5 0 x 100 = $ 2 ). T h e $2 (or any other r esu ltin g v a lu e s) are d e sc r ib ed as “rea l,” “co n sta n t,” or “ 1 9 8 2 ” dollars. Sources of information D ata that su p p lem en t the tab les in th is s e c tion are p u b lish ed b y the B ureau in a variety o f sou rces. D e fin itio n s o f each series and n o tes on the data are con tain ed in later s e c tio n s o f th ese N o te s d escrib in g each set o f data. For d etailed d escrip tion s o f each data series, se e BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s, B u l letin 2 4 9 0 . U ser s a lso m ay w ish to co n su lt M a jo r P ro g ra m s o f th e B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , R eport 9 1 9 . N e w s r elea ses p rovid e the latest statistical in form ation p u b lish ed b y the Bureau; the m ajor recurring relea ses are p u b lish ed accord in g to the sch ed u le ap p earin g o n the back co v er o f th is issu e. M ore inform ation abou t labor force, e m p lo y m en t, and u n em p loym en t data and the h o u seh o ld and estab lish m en t su rveys under ly in g th e data are ava ila b le in the B u rea u ’s m o n t h ly p u b lic a t io n , E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arn in gs. H istorical unadjusted and se a so n a lly adju sted data from the h o u se h o ld sur v e y are ava ila b le on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/cps/ H istorically com parable unadjusted and sea so n a lly adjusted data from the estab lish m en t su rvey a lso are ava ila b le on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ces/ A d d itio n a l in form ation on labor fo rce data for areas b e lo w the n ation al le v e l are p ro v id e d in the bls annual report, G e o g ra p h ic P ro file o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n em ploym en t. For a c o m p reh en siv e d isc u ssio n o f the E m p loym en t C o st Index, see E m p lo y m en t C o s t In d ex e s a n d L evels, 1 9 7 5 - 9 5 , BLS B u l letin 2 4 6 6 . T he m ost recen t data from the E m p lo y ee B e n e fits Su rvey appear in the fo l lo w in g B ureau o f L abor S ta tistics bu lletin s: E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d L a rg e F irm s; E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S m a ll P r iv a te E sta b lish m en ts; and E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S ta te a n d L o c a l G o v ern m e n ts. M ore detailed data on con su m er and pro du cer p rices are p u b lish ed in the m on th ly p e r io d ic a ls, The CPI D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d ex es. For an o v e r v ie w o f the 199 8 rev isio n o f the CPI, se e the D e c e m ber 1 9 9 6 issu e o f the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w . A d d ition al data on international prices appear in m o n th ly n e w s releases. L istin g s o f in d u stries for w h ich p rod u c tiv ity in d ex e s are availab le m ay b e fou n d on the Internet: N ovem ber 2002 http://www.bls.gov/lpc/ F or a d d ition al inform ation o n interna tio n a l co m p a riso n s data, se e In te rn a tio n a l C o m p a riso n s o f U n em p lo ym en t, BLS B u lle tin 1979. D e ta ile d data on the occu p a tio n a l injury and illn e ss series are p u b lish ed in O c c u p a tio n a l In ju rie s a n d I lln e sse s in th e U n ite d S ta tes, b y In du stry, a BLS annual b u lletin . F in ally, the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w car ries an alytical articles on annual and lo n g er term d e v e lo p m en ts in labor fo rce, e m p lo y m ent, and u n em p loym en t; e m p lo y e e c o m p en sa tio n and c o lle c tiv e b argaining; p rices; p r o d u c tiv ity ; in te rn a tio n a l c o m p a r is o n s; and injury and illn e ss data. Symbols n .e.c. = n .e.s. = p = r = n ot e lsew h e re c la ssifie d , n ot e lsew h e re sp ec ifie d . prelim inary. To in crease the tim e lin e s s o f so m e series, prelim in ary fig u res are issu ed b a sed o n repre sen tative but in co m p lete returns, rev ise d . G en erally, th is r ev isio n r e fle c ts th e a v a ila b ility o f later data, but a lso m ay reflect other ad ju stm en ts. Comparative Indicators (T ab les 1 - 3 ) C om p arative in d ica to rs ta b le s p r o v id e an o v e r v ie w and co m p arison o f m ajor bls sta tistica l series. C on seq u en tly, alth o u g h m any o f the in clu d ed series are ava ila b le m on th ly, all m easu res in th ese com p arative ta b les are presen ted quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators in clu d e em p lo y m en t m easu res from tw o m ajor su rv ey s and in form ation o n rates o f ch a n g e in c o m p e n s a tio n p r o v id e d b y th e E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d ex (ECl) program . T h e labor fo rce p a r t ic ip a t io n r a te, th e e m p lo y m e n t - t o p o p u la tio n ratio, and u n em p lo y m en t rates for m ajor d em ograp h ic grou p s b a sed o n the C urrent P o p u la tio n (“h o u se h o ld ”) S u rv ey are presen ted , w h ile m easu res o f e m p lo y m en t and average w e e k ly h ou rs b y m ajor industry sector are g iv en u sin g nonfarm p ay r o ll d ata. T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x (co m p en sa tio n ), by m ajor sector and b y bar g a in in g statu s, is c h o se n from a v a riety o f bls c o m p en sa tio n and w a g e m ea su res b e ca u se it p r o v id es a co m p r eh en siv e m easure o f em p lo y er c o sts for h irin g labor, n o t ju s t ou tla y s for w a g e s, and it is n ot a ffected b y e m p lo y m en t sh ifts a m on g o c cu p a tio n s and in d u stries. D a ta o n ch a n g es in c o m p en sa tio n , prices, and productivity are presen ted in ta b le 2 . M ea su res o f rates o f ch a n g e o f c o m p en sa tio n and w a g e s from the E m p loym en t C o st In d ex program are p rovid ed for all c i v ilia n n on farm w ork ers (e x c lu d in g F ed eral and h o u se h o ld w o rk ers) and for all private non farm w orkers. M ea su res o f c h a n g es in c o n su m er p r ice s fo r all urban co n su m ers; p rodu cer p rices by stage o f p rocessin g; over all p rices b y sta g e o f p r o cessin g ; and overall exp o rt and im port p rice in d e x e s are g iv en . M ea su res o f p ro d u ctiv ity (ou tp u t per hour o f all p erso n s) are p rov id ed for m ajor s e c tors. A ltern a tiv e m easures o f w age and compensation rates o f change, w h ic h re flect the overall trend in labor co sts, are su m m arized in ta b le 3. D iffer e n c es in c o n c ep ts and sc o p e , related to the sp e c ific p u rp oses o f th e series, contrib ute to the v ariation in ch a n ges am on g the in d iv id u a l m easures. Notes on the data D e fin itio n s o f ea ch series and n o te s on the data are co n ta in ed in later se c tio n s o f th ese n o te s d e sc r ib in g ea ch se t o f data.__________ Employment and Unemployment Data (T a b les l ; 4 - 2 4 ) Household survey data Description of the series Employment data in th is se c tio n are o b ta in ed from th e Current P o p u la tio n Survey, a program o f p erso n a l in terv iew s con d u cted m o n th ly b y th e B u reau o f th e C en su s for th e B ureau o f L abor S tatistics. T h e sam p le c o n sists o f about 6 0 ,0 0 0 h o u seh o ld s selected to rep resent th e U .S . p o p u lation 16 years o f a g e and older. H o u se h o ld s are in terview ed on a rotatin g b a sis, so that th ree-fou rth s o f the sa m p le is the sam e for any 2 c o n se c u tiv e m o n th s. Definitions E m ployed persons in c lu d e (1) all th o s e w h o w o rk ed fo r p ay an y tim e d u rin g the w e e k w h ic h in c lu d e s th e 12th d ay o f the m on th or w h o w o rk ed un paid for 15 hours or m ore in a fa m ily -o p erated enterp rise and (2 ) th o s e w h o w ere tem p orarily ab sen t from their regular jo b s b e c a u se o f illn e ss , v a ca tion , industrial d isp u te, or sim ilar reasons. A p e r so n w o r k in g at m ore th an o n e j o b is co u n ted o n ly in the jo b at w h ich he or sh e w o rk ed th e grea test nu m ber o f hours. Unem ployed persons are th o se w h o did https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n ot w ork during the su rvey w eek , bu t w ere a v a ila b le for w ork e x ce p t for tem porary ill n e ss and had lo o k e d for jo b s w ith in the pre c ed in g 4 w eek s. P erso n s w h o did n ot lo o k for w ork b e c a u se th ey w ere on la y o f f are a lso cou n ted a m on g th e u n em p lo y ed . The unem ploym ent rate rep resen ts th e n u m ber u n em p lo y ed as a percen t o f the civ ilia n labor force. T h e civilian labor force c o n sists o f all e m p lo y e d or u n e m p lo y e d p e r so n s in th e civ ilia n non institutional population. P erson s n o t in th e la b o r fo rce are t h o s e n o t c la ssifie d as e m p lo y ed or u n em p loyed . T h is group in clu d es d iscouraged workers, defined as p erson s w h o w an t and are availab le for a jo b and w h o have lo o k ed for w ork som etim e in the past 12 m on th s (or sin c e the end o f their last jo b i f th ey h eld o n e w ith in the past 12 m on th s), but are n ot currently lo o k in g , b e c a u s e th e y b e l ie v e th e r e are n o j o b s ava ila b le or there are n o n e for w h ic h th ey w o u ld q u a lify . T h e civilian n on in stitu tional population com p rises all p erson s 16 years o f age and o ld er w h o are n ot inm ates o f penal or m ental in stitu tion s, sanitarium s, or h o m e s for the aged , infirm , or needy. T he civilian labor force participation rate is th e p r o p o r t io n of th e c iv ilia n n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n that is in the labor force. T he employm ent-population ratio is e m p lo y -m en t as a p ercen t o f the c iv ilia n n o n in -stitu tion al p op u lation . Notes on the data rate th e ex p e rien ce through June, are p ro d u ced for the J u ly -D e c em b e r period , but n o r ev isio n s are m ade in th e h istorica l data. For additional information o n n a tio n a l h o u se h o ld su rv ey data, co n ta ct the D iv is io n o f L abor F o rce S ta tistics: ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 3 7 8 . Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in th is se c tio n are c o m p ile d from p ayroll record s reported m o n th ly o n a volu n tary b a sis to th e B ureau o f L abor S ta tistics and its coop eratin g State a g en cies b y about 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 esta b lish m e n ts r ep resen tin g all in d u stries e x ce p t agriculture. In du stries are c la s sifie d in accord an ce w ith th e 1 9 8 7 S ta n d a r d In d u s tr ia l C la ssific a tio n (SIC) M an u al. In m o st in d u stries, th e sa m p lin g p r o b a b ilitie s are b ased on the s iz e o f th e estab lish m en t; m o st large e sta b lish m e n ts are th e r efo r e in th e sam p le. (A n esta b lish m en t is n ot n e c essa r ily a firm ; it m ay b e a branch plan t, for e x am p le, or w a r eh o u se.) S e lf-e m p lo y e d per son s and others n ot o n a regular c iv ilia n p ay r o ll are o u ts id e th e s c o p e o f th e su rv e y b e c a u se th ey are e x clu d ed from esta b lish m en t record s. T h is la rgely a cco u n ts for the d ifferen ce in e m p lo y m en t fig u res b etw een the h o u se h o ld and e sta b lish m en t su rveys. Definitions F rom tim e to tim e, and e sp e c ia lly after a d ecen n ia l cen su s, adju stm ents are m ade in th e C urrent P o p u la tio n S u rvey fig u r es to c o rr ec t fo r e s tim a tin g errors d u rin g th e in tercen sal years. T h ese ad ju stm en ts a ffect the com p arab ility o f h istorical data. A d e scrip tion o f th ese adju stm ents and their e f fe ct on the variou s data series appears in the E x p la n a to r y N o t e s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. L abor force data in ta b les 1 and 4 - 9 are se a so n a lly ad ju sted . S in c e January 1 9 8 0 , n ation al labor force data h a v e b een se a so n a lly adju sted w ith a proced ure ca lled X - l 1 arima w h ic h w a s d e v e lo p e d at S ta tistic s C anada as an ex ten sio n o f the standard X - l 1 m eth od p r e v io u sly u sed b y bls . A detailed d escrip tion o f the proced ure appears in the X - l 1 a r i m a S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M eth od, b y E ste la B e e D agu m (S ta tistic s C anada, C atalogu e N o . 1 2 -5 6 4 E , January 19 8 3 ). A t the b e g in n in g o f each calend ar year, h istorical se a so n a lly adju sted data u su a lly are revised , and p rojected season al adju st m ent factors are calcu lated for u se during the Janu ary-Ju ne period. T he h istorical sea so n a lly adjusted data u su a lly are rev ised for o n ly the m o st recen t 5 years. In July, n e w season al adjustm ent factors, w h ich in corp o A n e sta b lish m en t is an e c o n o m ic u n it w h ic h p rod u ces g o o d s or s e r v ic es (su ch as a factory or store) at a sin g le lo ca tio n and is e n g a g ed in o n e ty p e o f e c o n o m ic activity. Employed persons are all p erso n s w h o r e c e iv e d p a y (in c lu d in g h o lid a y and sic k p ay) for any part o f th e p ayroll p erio d in clu d in g the 12th d ay o f th e m onth . P erso n s h o ld in g m ore than o n e jo b (ab ou t 5 p ercent o f all p erso n s in th e labor fo rce) are co u n ted in each esta b lish m en t w h ich rep orts them . Production workers in m anu factu ring in clu d e w ork in g su p ervisors and n on su p erv iso r y w ork ers c lo s e ly a sso cia te d w ith p ro d u ctio n o p e r a tio n s. T h o s e w o rk ers m e n tio n ed in ta b les 1 1 - 1 6 in clu d e p rod u ction w orkers in m anu factu ring and m in in g ; c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s in c o n s t r u c t io n ; an d n o n su p ervisory w orkers in the fo llo w in g in dustries: transportation and p u b lic u tilities; w h o le sa le and retail trade; fin a n ce, insu r an ce, and real estate; and ser v ic es. T h ese grou p s acco u n t for abou t fo u r-fifth s o f the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t on p rivate n o n a g r ic u ltural p ayrolls. Earnings are th e p aym en ts p ro d u ctio n or n on su p erv iso ry w ork ers r ec e iv e during the su rvey p eriod , in c lu d in g prem iu m pay M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 49 Current Labor Statistics for o v ertim e or la te-sh ift w ork but e x c lu d in g irreg u la r b o n u s e s an d o th e r s p e c ia l p a y m e n ts . R eal ea rn in g s are e a r n in g s adju sted to reflect the e ffe c ts o f c h a n g es in co n su m er p rices. T h e d eflator for th is series is d eriv ed from the C on su m er P rice In dex for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). H ours r e p r e se n t th e a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s o f p r o d u c t io n or n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o rk ers for w h ic h p ay w a s r ec eiv e d , and are d iffe re n t fro m stan dard or sc h e d u le d hours. Overtim e hours rep resent the por tio n o f a v era g e w e e k ly h ou rs w h ic h w a s in e x c e s s o f regu lar hou rs and for w h ich o v er tim e prem iu m s w ere paid. T h e D iffu sion Index r e p r e s e n ts th e p ercen t o f in d u stries in w h ic h em p lo y m en t w a s risin g o v er th e in d icated p eriod , p lu s o n e -h a lf o f th e ind u stries w ith u n ch an ged em p lo y m en t; 5 0 p ercen t in d ica tes an equal b a la n ce b e tw e en in d u stries w ith in crea sin g and d ecreasin g em p loym en t. In lin e w ith B u reau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-m onth sp an s are se a so n a lly adju sted, w h ile th o se for th e 1 2 -m o n th span are unadju sted. D ata are cen tered w ith in th e span. Table 17 pro v id e s an in d ex o n private n on farm e m p lo y m en t b a sed o n 3 5 6 in d u stries, and a m anu fa c tu rin g in d e x b a sed on 1 3 9 in d u stries. T h e se in d e x e s are u sefu l for m easu rin g the d isp ersio n o f e c o n o m ic g a in s or lo s s e s and are a lso e c o n o m ic ind icators. Notes on the data E sta b lish m en t su rv ey data are an n u ally ad ju s te d to co m p r eh en siv e co u n ts o f em p lo y m en t (c a lle d “b en ch m ark s”). T h e latest ad ju stm en t, w h ic h incorp orated M arch 200 1 b en ch m ark s, w a s m ad e w ith th e r elea se o f M a y 2 0 0 2 data, p u b lish ed in th e July issu e o f the R eview . C o in c id e n t w ith the b en ch m ark adju stm ent, h istorical se a so n a lly ad ju s te d data w ere r ev ised to reflect updated season al factors. U n adju sted data from April 2 0 0 0 forw ard and se a so n a lly adju sted data from January 1 9 9 7 forw ard w ere r ev ise d w ith th e r elea se o f th e M ay 2 0 0 2 data. In a d d itio n to the rou tin e b enchm ark re v is io n s and up dated sea so n a l factors intro d u ce d w ith th e r elea se o f th e M a y 2 0 0 2 data, th e first estim a tes for th e transporta tio n and p u b lic u tilities; retail trade; and fi n a n ce, insu ran ce, and real estate in d u stries w e r e p u b lish e d fro m a n e w p r o b a b ility b a sed sa m p le d esig n . T h ese in d u stries are th e third group to co n vert to a p rob ab ilityb a sed sa m p le under a 4-y ea r p h a se-in plan o f a sa m p le red esig n project. T h e c o m p le tio n o f the p h a se-in for the red esign , in June 2 0 0 3 for the se r v ic es industry, w ill c o in c id e w ith the c o n v e rsio n o f n ation al e sta b lish m en t su rv e y se r ie s from in d u stry c o d in g b a sed o n the 1 9 8 7 Standard Industrial C la s sific a tio n (SIC) sy stem to th e N orth A m e ri 50 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis can Industry C la ssific a tio n S y stem (naics ). For ad d ition al in form ation , se e the the June 2 0 0 2 issu e o f E m p lo y m en t a n d E arn in gs. R e v is io n s in State data (ta b le 11) o c curred w ith th e p u b lica tio n o f January 2 0 0 2 data. B e g in n in g in June 1996, the bls u ses the X -12- arima m e th o d o lo g y to se a so n a lly ad ju s t e sta b lish m en t su rvey data. T h is p ro ce dure, d e v e lo p ed b y the B ureau o f the C e n su s, co n tro ls for th e e ffe c t o f varyin g sur v e y in tervals (a lso k n o w n as th e 4 - versu s 5 -w e e k e ffe c t), thereb y p ro v id in g im p roved m easurem ent o f over-the-m onth ch an ges and u n d erlyin g e c o n o m ic trends. R e v isio n s o f data, u su a lly for th e m o st recen t 5 -year p e riod, are m ade o n c e a year c o in cid e n t w ith the b enchm ark r ev isio n s. In the e sta b lish m e n t su rvey, e stim a tes for th e m o st recen t 2 m on th s are based on in co m p lete returns and are p u b lish ed as pre lim inary in th e ta b les ( 1 2 - 1 7 in the R eview ). W hen all returns h ave b een received , the e s tim ates are rev ised and p u b lish ed as “ fin a l” (prior to any benchm ark r e v isio n s ) in the third m on th o f their appearance. T hu s, D e cem b er data are p u b lish ed as prelim inary in January and February and as fin al in M arch. For the sam e reason s, quarterly esta b lish m en t data (tab le 1) are prelim inary for the first 2 m on th s o f p u b lica tio n and fin al in the third m onth . T hu s, fourth-quarter data are p u b lish e d as p relim in a ry in January and February and as fin al in M arch. For additional information on estab lish m en t su rvey data, con tact th e D iv isio n o f C u rren t E m p lo y m e n t S ta tistic s: ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 5 5 5 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series D ata p resen ted in th is se c tio n are ob tain ed from the L ocal A rea U n em p lo y m e n t S tatis tics (LAUS) program , w h ic h is con d u cted in co o p era tio n w ith State em p lo y m en t se c u rity a g e n c ie s. M o n th ly e stim a te s o f th e lab or fo rce, em p lo y m en t, and u n em p lo y m en t for States and su b -S tate areas are a k ey in d icator o f lo ca l e co n o m ic c o n d itio n s, and form the ba sis for d eterm in in g the e lig ib ility o f an area for b e n e fits under F ed eral e co n o m ic a s s is ta n ce p rogram s su ch as th e Job T rain in g P artnership A ct. S e a so n a lly adju sted u n em p lo y m e n t rates are p resen ted in ta b le 10. Insofar as p o ssib le , th e c o n c ep ts and d e fin i tio n s u n d erlyin g th ese data are th o se u sed in the national estim ates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data D ata refer to State o f resid en ce. M o n th ly N ovem ber 2002 d a ta fo r a ll S t a t e s a n d th e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia are d erived u sin g stan d a rd ized p roced u res esta b lish ed by bls . O n ce a year, e s tim a te s are r e v is e d to n e w p o p u la tio n con trols, u su ally w ith p u b lication o f January e s t im a t e s , a n d b e n c h m a r k e d to a n n u a l average CPS lev els. For additional information o n data in this series, call (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 3 9 2 (table 10) or (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 5 5 9 (table 11). C ove re d e m p lo y m e n t an d w age data (ES-202) Description of the series E m plo ym en t , w age , a n d e s t a b l is h m e n t d a t a in th is se c tio n are d erived from the quarterly tax reports su b m itted to State em p lo y m en t secu rity a g e n c ie s by p rivate and State and lo ca l g overn m en t e m p loyers su b ject to State u n em p loym en t insu ran ce (ui) la w s and from F ed eral, a g e n c ie s su b ject to th e U n e m p lo y m en t C o m p en sa tio n for F ed eral E m p lo y e es ( u c f e ) program . E ach quarter, State a g en cies ed it and p ro cess the data and sen d th e in fo r m ation to the B ureau o f L abor S ta tistics. T h e C o v e re d E m p lo y m e n t and W a g es data, a lso referred as E S -2 0 2 data, are the m o st c o m p lete en u m eration o f e m p lo y m en t and w a g e in form ation b y in d u stry at the n a tio n a l, State, m etrop olitan area, and co u n ty le v e ls. T h ey h a v e broad e c o n o m ic s ig n ifi ca n ce in e v a lu a tin g labor m arket tren ds and m ajor ind ustry d ev elo p m en ts. D e fin itio n s In general, e s - 2 0 2 m o n th ly e m p lo y m en t data represent th e num ber o f covered w orkers w h o w ork ed during, or r ec eiv e d p ay for, the pay p eriod that in clu d ed th e 12th day o f the m onth. Covered private industry em ploy ment in c lu d e s m o st corp orate o ffic ia ls, e x ecu tiv es, su p ervisory p erson n el, p r o fe ssio n als, c lerica l w ork ers, w a g e earn ers, p ie c e w orkers, and part-tim e w orkers. It e x c lu d e s p ro p rieto rs, th e u n in c o rp o ra te d s e lf - e m p lo y e d , un paid fa m ily m em b ers, and certain farm and d o m e stic w orkers. C ertain ty p es o f n o n p ro fit em p lo y er s, su ch as r e lig io u s organizations, are giv en a c h o ice o f co v erage or e x c lu s io n in a nu m ber o f States. W orkers in th ese organizations are, therefore, reported to a lim ited degree. P erso n s on paid sick lea v e, paid h olid a y , paid vacation , and the like, are inclu ded. P er so n s on th e p ayroll o f m ore than o n e firm d u rin g the p eriod are cou n ted b y ea ch uisu b ject em p lo y er i f th ey m e et th e e m p lo y m en t d e fin itio n n o ted earlier. T h e e m p lo y - m ent count ex clu d es w orkers w h o earned no installations that have a com bined total in the total annual w a g es by annual average em p lo y w a g es during the entire applicable pay period b eca u se o f w ork stop pages, tem porary lay State o f few er than 50 workers. A lso , w hen there are few er than 25 workers in all secon d ment. A further d ivision by 52 y ield s average w eek ly w a g es per e m p loyee. A nnual pay data offs, illn ess, or unpaid vacations. ary installations in a State, the secondary in Federal employment data are based on stallations m ay be com bined and reported with on ly approxim ate annual earnings because an individual m ay not be em p loyed by the sam e reports o f m onth ly em ploym en t and quarterly the major installation. Last, i f a Federal agency has few er than fiv e em p loyees in a State, the em ployer all year or m ay w ork for m ore than on e em ployer at a time. w ages subm itted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installation s w ith em p loyees covered by the U n em p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n fo r F ed era l E m p lo y e e s (ucfe) program , e x c e p t fo r c e r ta in n a tio n a l s e c u r ity a g e n c ie s , w h ic h are o m itte d fo r s e c u r ity r ea son s. E m ploym ent for all Federal agen cies for any g iv en m onth is based on the num ber o f agency headquarters office (regional office, district office) serving each State may con soli Average weekly or annual pay is affected date the em ploym en t and w ages data for that State w ith the data reported to the State in by the ratio o f full-tim e to part-time workers as w ell as the num ber o f individuals in high payin g and lo w -p a y in g occu p ation s. W hen w hich the headquarters is located. A s a result o f these reporting rules, the num ber o f report average pay levels betw een States and indus tries are com pared, th ese factors sh ou ld be ing units is alw ays larger than the num ber o f taken into consideration. For exam ple, indus persons w h o w orked during or received pay e m p lo y e r s (or g o v e rn m en t a g e n c ie s ) but tries characterized by high proportions o f part- for the pay period that included the 12th o f the m onth. sm aller than the num ber o f actual establish m ents (or installations). tim e w orkers w ill sh ow average w a g e lev els appreciably less than the w eek ly pay lev e ls o f A n establishment is an eco n o m ic unit, D ata reported for the first quarter are tabu regular full-tim e em p loyees in these industries. su ch as a farm, m ine, factory, or store, that lated into size categories ranging from worksites T he op p osite effect characterizes industries produces g o o d s or provides services. It is typi ca lly at a sin g le p h ysical location and engaged o f very sm all size to those w ith 1,000 em p loyees or more. T he size category is deter w ith lo w proportions o f part-time workers, or industries that typically schedu le h eavy w eek in on e, or predom inantly on e, type o f e c o m ined by the establishm ent’s M arch em p loy m ent level. It is important to note that each nom ic activity for w hich a single industrial clas sification may be applied. Occasionally, a single p h ysical location en com p asses tw o or m ore establishm ent o f a m ulti-establishm ent firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size distinct and significant activities. Each activity sh ould b e reported as a separate establishm ent i f separate records are kept and the various reporting m ulti-establishm ent firm is not used in the size tabulation. activities are classified under different four C overed em ployers in m ost States report digit sic codes. M ost em ployers have on ly one establish regardless o f w h en the serv ices w ere per category. The total em ploym en t level o f the total wages paid during the calendar quarter, ment; thus, the establishm ent is the predom i formed. A few State laws, how ever, sp ecify nant reporting unit or statistical entity for re that w ages be reported for, or based on the porting em p lo y m en t and w a g e s data. M ost em ployers, inclu ding State and local govern period during w h ich services are performed rather than the period during w h ich com pen m ents w h o operate m ore than on e establish sation is paid. U nder m ost State law s or regu m ent in a State, file a M ultip le W orksite R e port each quarter, in addition to their quarterly ui report. T h e M u ltip le W orksite R eport is lations, w ages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value o f m eals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in som e States, em ployer used to c o llect separate em ploym en t and w age data for each o f the em p loyer’s establishm ents, w h ich are not detailed on the ui report. Som e very sm all m ulti-establishm ent em ployers do not file a M ultip le W orksite Report. W hen the total em ploym en t in an em p loyer’s secondary contributions to certain deferred com pensa tion plans such as 40 1 (k ) plans. C overed em ployer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance ( o a s d i ) , health insurance, un em p loym ent insurance, w orkers’ com pensation, and private pension and w elfare funds are not reported as w ages. E m p lo y ee con trib u tion s for the sam e pur poses, how ever, as w ell as m oney w ithheld for incom e taxes, union dues, and so forth, are reported even though they are deducted from the w orker’s gross pay. Wages of covered Federal workers rep establishm ents (all establishm ents other than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the em ployer gener ally w ill file a consolidated report for all estab lishm ents. A lso , so m e em ployers either can not or w ill not report at the establishm ent level and thus aggregate establishm ents into one con solidated unit, or possibly several units, though n ot at the establishm ent level. For the Federal G overnm ent, the reporting unit is the installation: a sin gle location at w h ich a department, agency, or other govern ment body has civilian em ployees. Federal agen c ies fo llo w sligh tly different criteria than do private em ployers w h en breaking dow n their reports by installation. T hey are perm itted to com bine as a single statewide unit: 1) all instal lations with 10 or few er workers, and 2 ) all https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis end and overtim e work. Average w age data also m ay be influenced by work stop pages, labor turnover rates, retroactive paym ents, seasonal factors, bon us paym ents, and so on. resent the gross am ount o f all payrolls for all pay periods ending w ithin the quarter. T his includes cash allow ances, the cash equivalent o f any type o f remuneration, severance pay, w ithh old ing taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal em ployee remuneration generally cov ers the sam e types o f services as for workers in private industry. Notes on the data B egin n in g with the release o f data for 2 0 0 1 , publications presenting data from the C overed E m ploym ent and W ages (CEW) program have sw itch ed to the 2 0 0 2 versio n o f the N orth A m erican Industry C la ss ific a tiio n S y stem (NAICS) as the b asis for the assign m en t and tabulation o f econ om ic data by industry, naics is the product o f a cooperative effort on the part o f the statistical agen cies o f the U n ited States, Canada, and M exico. D u e to difference in naics and Standard Industrial C lassifica tion (SIC) structures, industry data for 2001 is not com parable to the sic-b a sed data for ear lier years. E ffective January 2 0 0 1 , the cew program began assigning Indian Tribal C ou ncils and re lated establishm ents to local governm ent o w n ership. This BLS action w as in response to a change in Federal law d ealin g with the w ay Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal U n em p lo y m en t Tax A ct. T h is law requires federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated sim ilarly to State and local governm ents. In the past the CEWprogram cod ed Indian Tribal C ou n cils and related esta b lish m en ts in the private sector. A s a resu lt o f th e n e w law, CEW data reflects sig n ifica n t sh ifts in em p loym en t and w a g es b etw een the private se c tor and local govern m en t from 2 0 0 0 to 2 0 0 1 . D ata a lso reflect industry ch an ges. T h o se acco u n ts p r e v io u sly a ssig n ed to c iv ic and so cia l organ ization s w ere a ssign ed to tribal Average annual wages per em p loyee for govern m en ts. There w ere n o required in d u s any given industry are com puted by d ividing try ch an ges for related estab lish m en ts ow n ed M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 51 Current Labor Statistics by these Tribal C ou ncils. T hese tribal b u si n ess establishm ents continued to b e cod ed ac cording to the e co n o m ic activity o f that entity. To insure the high est p ossib le quality o f data, S tate e m p lo y m en t secu rity a g e n c ie s verify w ith em ployers and update, i f n e c es sary, the industry, location, and ownership clas sification o f all establishm ents on a 3-year cycle. C h anges in establishm ent classification cod es resulting from the verification process are in troduced w ith the data reported for the first quarter o f the year. C hanges resulting from im proved em ployer reporting also are intro duced in the first quarter. For these reasons, so m e data, esp ecia lly at m ore detailed g e o graphic lev els, m ay not be strictly com parable w ith earlier years. T h e2 0 0 0 county data u sed to calculate the 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 changes w ere adjusted for changes in industry and county classification to m ake them com parable to data for 2 0 0 1 . A s a result, the adjusted 2 0 0 0 data differ to som e extent from the data available on the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm. C ounty d efinition s are assign ed according to Federal Inform ation P rocessing Standards Publications as issued by the N ational Insti tu te o f Stan d ard s and T e ch n o lo g y . A rea s sh o w n as c o u n tie s in clu d e th o se d esign ated as in d ep en d en t c itie s in so m e ju r isd ic tio n s and, in A la sk a , th o se areas d esig n a ted b y the C en su s B ureau w h ere cou n ties h ave n ot been created . C o u n ty data a lso are presen ted for the N e w E nglan d States for com parative pur p o s e s , e v en th o u g h to w n sh ip s are the m ore co m m o n d esig n a tio n u sed in N e w E nglan d (an d N e w J ersey). For additional inform ation on the covered em ploym en t and w a g e data, contact the D iv i sio n o f A d m in istrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 5 6 7 . Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1 -3 ; 2 5 - 3 1 ) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from b u sin ess establishm ents, State and local governm ents, labor unions, co l lectiv e bargaining agreem ents on file w ith the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index sam ple con sists o f about 4 ,4 0 0 private n on farm establishm ents providing about 2 3 ,0 0 0 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local govern m en t establishm ents provid in g 6 ,0 0 0 occupational observations selected to represent total em ploym ent in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides w age and com pensation inform ation on five w ell-sp eci fied occupations. Data are collected each quar ter for the pay period including the 12th day o f M arch, June, Septem ber, and Decem ber. B eg in n in g w ith June 1986 data, fixed em p lo y m en t w e ig h ts from th e 1 9 8 0 C en su s o f P o p u l a t i o n a re u s e d e a c h q u a r te r to calcu late the civ ilia n and private in d ex es and the in d ex for State and lo ca l govern m en ts. ( P r io r to J u n e 1 9 8 6 , th e e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts are from the 1 9 7 0 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n .) T h e se fix e d w e ig h ts, a lso u sed to d eriv e all o f th e in d u stry and o c cu p a tio n series in d ex e s, en su re that ch a n g es in th ese in d ex e s reflect o n ly ch a n g es in co m p e n sa tion , n ot em p lo y m en t sh ifts a m on g in d u s tries or o c cu p a tio n s w ith d ifferen t le v e ls o f w a g e s and com p en sation . For the bargaining status, region , and m etrop olitan /n on -m etrop o lita n area series, h o w ev er, e m p lo y m en t d ata b y in d u stry and o c c u p a tio n are n o t ava ila b le from the cen su s. Instead, the 19 8 0 e m p lo y m en t w e ig h ts are reallocated w ith in th ese series each quarter b ased on the cur rent sam ple. T herefore, th ese in d ex es are not strictly com p arab le to th o se for the aggre gate, industry, and occu p a tio n series. Definitions Total compensation c o sts in clu d e w a g es, Description of the series T he Employment Cost Index (ECi) is a quar terly m easure o f the rate o f change in com 52 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p e n sa tio n p er h o u r w o rk ed and in c lu d e s w a g e s, salaries, and em p lo y er c o sts o f em p lo y e e b e n e f it s . It u s e s a f ix e d m ark et basket o f labor— similar in concept to the C on sum er Price In d ex’s fixed market basket o f g o o d s and services— to m easure change over tim e in em ployer costs o f em p loyin g labor. Statistical series on total com p en sation costs, on w ages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm w ork ers exclu d in g proprietors, the self-em ployed, and h ou seh old workers. The total com pensa tion costs and w ages and salaries series are also available for State and local governm ent workers and for the civilian nonfarm econom y, w h ich con sists o f private industry and State and local governm ent workers com bined. F ed eral w orkers are excluded. The E m ploym ent C ost Index probability salaries, and th e e m p lo y er ’s c o sts for em p lo y e e b en efits. Wages and salaries co n sist o f earnings before payroll d ed u ction s, in clu d in g produ c N ovem ber 2002 tion b o n u ses, in cen tiv e earn in gs, c o m m is sio n s, and c o st-o f-liv in g adjustm ents. Benefits in clu d e the c o st to em p lo y ers for p aid le a v e , su p p lem en ta l p ay (in c lu d ing nonproduction b onuses), insurance, retire m ent and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ com pensation, and un em p loym ent insurance). E xclu ded from w a g es and salaries and em p lo y ee benefits are such item s as paym ent-inkind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data T he E m p loym en t C ost In dex for ch a n g es in w a g e s and salaries in the private non farm e co n o m y w a s p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1 9 7 5 . C h an ges in total com p en sation co st— w a g es and salaries and b en efits co m b in ed — w ere p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1980. T he series o f ch a n ges in w a g e s and salaries and for total com p en sation in the State and loca l g o v ern m en t se c to r an d in th e c iv ilia n n o n fa rm econ om y (exclu d in g Federal em p loy ees) w ere p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1981. H istorical in d e x e s (June 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) are availab le o n the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ect/ F or additional information o n th e E m p loym en t C o st In dex, co n tact th e O ffic e o f C o m p en sa tio n L e v e ls and Trends: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 1 9 9 . Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits data are ob ta in ed from th e E m p lo y e e B e n e fits Su rvey, an annual su rvey o f th e in c id en ce and p r o v isio n s o f s e le c te d b e n e fits p r o v id e d b y e m p lo y er s. T h e su rvey c o lle c ts data from a sa m p le o f a p p r o x im a te ly 9 ,0 0 0 p r iv a te s e c to r an d State and lo ca l go v ern m en t esta b lish m en ts. T he data are presented as a percentage o f em p lo y ees w h o participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit p rovision (for exam ple, the average num ber o f paid h olid ays provided to e m p loyees per year). S elected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for m edium and large private establishm ents and in table 2 6 for sm all private establishm ents and State and local governm ent. T h e su rv e y c o v e r s p aid le a v e b e n e fits su ch as h o lid a y s and v acation s, and personal, funeral, ju ry duty, m ilitary, fam ily , and sic k leave; sh ort-term d isab ility, lo n g-term d is ability, and life insu ran ce; m ed ica l, dental, and v isio n care plan s; d efin ed b en efit and d efin ed con trib u tion plans; fle x ib le b e n e fits plans; reim b u rsem en t accou n ts; and un paid fa m ily leave. A l s o , d a ta are ta b u la te d o n th e in c i- d e n c e o f s e v e r a l o th e r b e n e f it s , su c h as severan ce pay, child-care assistance, w ell-n ess p r o g r a m s , a n d e m p lo y e e a s s is t a n c e programs. Definitions Em ployer-provided benefits are b en efits that are fin a n ced eith er w h o lly or partly by th e em p loyer. T h ey m ay b e sp o n so red b y a u n io n or other third party, as lo n g as there is so m e em p lo y er fin a n cin g . H o w ev er, so m e b e n e fits that are fu lly paid for b y the em p lo y e e a lso are in clu d ed . For exam p le, lo n g term care in su ran ce and p ostretirem en t life in su ra n ce p aid en tirely b y the e m p lo y ee are in clu d ed b e ca u se th e guarantee o f insu rab il ity and a v a ila b ility at group prem iu m rates are co n sid e r ed a b en efit. Participants are workers w h o are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. I f th e b e n e fit p lan is fin a n c e d w h o lly by em ployers and requires em ployees to com plete a m inim um length o f service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have m et the requirement. I f workers are required to contribute towards the cost o f a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use pre determ ined form ulas to calculate a retirement benefit ( i f any), and obligate the em ployer to provide th ose benefits. B en efits are generally based on salary, years o f service, or both. Defined contribution plans g e n e ra lly sp ecify the lev el o f em ployer and em p loyee contributions to a plan, but not the form ula for determ ining eventual benefits. Instead, indi vidual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on am ounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type o f d e fin e d co n trib u tio n p lan that a llo w par ticipants to contribute a portion o f their sal ary to an em ployer-sp onsored plan and defer in com e taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans a llo w em p loyees to ch o o se am ong several benefits, such as life insurance, m edical care, and vacation days, and am ong several levels o f coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data S u rveys o f em p lo y ees in m edium and large establishm ents condu cted over the 1 9 7 9 -8 6 period included establishm ents that em ployed at least 5 0 ,1 0 0 , or 2 5 0 workers, depending on th e ind ustry (m o st se r v ic e in d u stries w ere e x c lu d e d ). T h e su rv ey c o n d u cted in 198 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis covered only State and local governm ents with 50 or m ore em ployees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included m edium and large establishm ents with 100 workers or m ore in private industries. A ll surveys conducted over the 1 9 7 9 -8 9 period exclud ed establishm ents in A lask a and H aw aii, as w e ll as part-tim e em p loyees. B e g in n in g in 199 0 , su rveys o f State and l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d s m a ll p r iv a t e e s ta b lis h m e n ts w e re c o n d u c te d in e v e n num bered years, and su rveys o f m ed iu m and large estab lish m en ts w ere con d u cted in odd nu m bered years. T h e sm all esta b lish m en t s u r v e y i n c l u d e s a ll p r iv a t e n o n fa r m e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h f e w e r th a n 1 0 0 w o r k e r s , w h i l e t h e S t a t e a n d lo c a l governm ent survey inclu des all governm ents, reg a rd less o f th e n u m ber o f w ork ers. A ll th ree su rv ey s in c lu d e fu ll- and p art-tim e w orkers, and w orkers in all 5 0 States and the D istrict o f C olu m b ia. For additional information on the E m p loyee B en efits Survey, contact the O ffice o f C o m p en sa tio n L e v e ls and T ren ds on the Internet: http://www.bls.gov/ebs/ Work stoppages Description of the series D ata on work stoppages m easure the num ber and duration o f major strikes or lockouts (in volvin g 1,000 workers or m ore) occurring dur ing the m onth (or year), the num ber o f w ork ers involved , and the am ount o f work tim e lost because o f stoppage. T h ese data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from a variety o f published sources and cover only establishm ents directly in volved in a stoppage. T hey do not m easure the indirect or secondary effect o f stoppages on other establishm ents w h o se em p loyees are idle o w in g to m aterial shortages or lack o f ser vice. Definitions N um ber o f stoppages: T h e n u m b er o f strikes and lockouts in volvin g 1,000 workers or m ore and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved : The number o f work ers directly in volved in the stoppage. Number o f days idle: T h e aggregate num ber o f w orkdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. D ays o f id len ess as a p ercen t o f estim a ted w o rk in g tim e: A g g r e g a t e w orkdays lost as a percent o f the aggregate num ber o f standard w orkd ays in the period m ultiplied by total em ploym ent in the period. Notes on the data T h is series is n ot com parable w ith the o n e term inated in 1981 that co v ered strikes in v o lv in g six w orkers or m ore. For additional information o n w ork sto p p a g es data, co n tact the O ffic e o f C o m p en sation and W orking C on d ition s: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 2 8 2 , or the Internet: http:/www.bls.gov/cba/ Price Data (T ables 2; 3 2 - 4 2 ) Price data are g a th e r e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s fro m r eta il a n d p r i mary markets in the U n ited States. P rice in d exes are given in relation to a base period— 1982 = 100 for m any Producer Price Indexes, 1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100 for m any C onsum er P rice In d exes (u n less otherw ise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price indexes Description of the series T h e Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a m ea sure o f th e average ch a n g e in the p rices paid b y urban co n su m ers for a fix e d m arket b a s ket o f g o o d s and ser v ic es. T h e CPI is c a lc u lated m o n th ly for tw o p o p u la tio n g rou p s, o n e c o n s is tin g o n ly o f urban h o u s e h o ld s w h o se prim ary sou rce o f in co m e is d erived from the em p lo y m en t o f w a g e earners and clerical w orkers, and th e other c o n sistin g o f all urban h o u seh o ld s. T he w a g e earner in d ex (CPI-W) is a co n tin u ation o f the h isto ric in d ex that w a s in trod u ced w e ll o v er a h a lfcen tury ago for u se in w a g e n eg o tia tio n s. A s n e w u ses w ere d e v e lo p ed for th e CPI in re cen t years, th e n eed for a broader and m ore rep resen tative in d ex b e ca m e apparent. T he all-urban con su m er in d ex (CPi-U), introduced in 1 9 7 8 , is rep resen tative o f th e 1 9 9 3 - 9 5 b u y in g h a b its o f ab o u t 8 7 p ercen t o f the n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n o f th e U n ite d S tates at that tim e, com p ared w ith 3 2 per cen t rep resen ted in the cpi-w . In add ition to w a g e earners and clerica l w orkers, the CPI-U cov ers p ro fessio n a l, m anagerial, and te ch n i cal w orkers, th e se lf-e m p lo y e d , sh ort-term w orkers, the u n em p lo y ed , retirees, and o th ers n ot in the labor force. T he cpi is based on prices o f fo o d , clo th ing, shelter, fu el, drugs, transportation fares, d octo rs’ and d en tists’ fe es, and other g o o d s and serv ices that p e o p le b u y for d ay-to-d ay liv in g . T h e q u an tity and q u a lity o f th e se item s are kept essen tially un ch anged b etw een m ajor rev isio n s so that o n ly price ch an ges w ill be m easured. A ll ta x es d irectly a sso ci- M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 53 Current Labor Statistics ated w ith the purchase and use o f item s are inclu ded in the index. D ata c o lle cte d from m ore than 2 3 ,0 0 0 re tail estab lish m en ts and 5 ,8 0 0 h o u sin g units in 87 urban areas across the country are u sed to d ev elo p the “U .S . city average.” Separate estim ates for 14 m ajor urban cen ters are pre sen ted in ta b le 3 3 . T h e areas listed are as ind icated in fo o tn o te 1 to the table. T h e area in d ex es m easure o n ly the average ch an ge in prices for each area sin ce the base period, and d o n o t in d ica te d iffe re n c es in th e le v e l o f p rices a m o n g cities. Notes on the data In January 1 9 8 3 , th e B ureau c h a n g ed the w a y in w h ic h h o m e o w n e r s h ip c o s t s are m eaured for the CPI-U. A rental e q u iv a len ce m eth o d rep la ced th e a sset-p rice app roach to h o m eo w n ersh ip c o sts for that series. In January 1 9 8 5 , the sam e ch a n g e w a s m ade in the CPi-w. T h e central p u rp ose o f the ch an ge w a s to separate sh elter c o s ts from th e in v estm en t co m p o n e n t o f h o m e-o w n ersh ip so that th e in d ex w o u ld reflect o n ly the c o st o f sh elte r se r v ic e s p ro v id ed b y o w n e r -o c c u p ied h o m es. A n up dated CPI-U and cpi-w w ere in trod u ced w ith release o f th e January 1 9 8 7 and January 1 9 9 8 data. F or additional information, c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f P r ic e s and P rice In d e x es: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 0 0 0 . c a lc u la tin g P rod ucer P rice In d ex es ap p ly to th e first sig n ifica n t com m ercial transaction in th e U n ited States from the p rod u ction or central m arketin g p oin t. P rice data are g e n erally c o lle c te d m onth ly, prim arily b y m ail q u estion n aire. M o st p rices are ob tain ed d i rectly from p ro d u cin g co m p a n ie s on a v o l untary and con fid en tia l b asis. P rices g en er a lly are reported for the T u esd ay o f the w eek co n ta in in g th e 13th d ay o f the m onth. S in ce January 1992, price changes for the v a r io u s c o m m o d itie s h a v e b een averaged to g e th e r w ith im p lic it q u a n tity w e ig h t s representing their im portance in the total net sellin g value o f all com m od ities as o f 1987. T he detailed data are aggregated to obtain in d ex es for sta g e -o f-p r o ce ssin g grou p in gs, com m od ity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a num ber o f special com posite groups. A ll Producer P rice In d ex data are su b ject to r ev isio n 4 m on th s after original pu b lication . F or ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, c o n ta c t In d e x es: ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 7 7 0 5 . International Price Indexes Description of the series T he International Price Program produces v ic e s traded b etw een the U n ited States and the rest o f the w orld. T he export price in d ex p rovid es a m easure o f price ch an ge for all Description of the series produ cts so ld b y U .S . resid en ts to foreign Producer Price Indexes (PPi) m easu re a v buyers. (“R esid en ts” is d efin ed as in the na erage ch a n g es in prices received b y d om estic p rod u cers o f c o m m o d itie s in all sta g es o f p r o c essin g . T h e sam p le u sed for c a lcu la tin g th ese in d ex e s currently con tain s abou t 3 ,2 0 0 c o m m o d itie s and abou t 8 0 ,0 0 0 q u otation s per m on th , se le c te d to represent th e m o v e m en t o f p rices o f all c o m m o d itie s p rod u ced in th e m a n u fa ctu rin g; a gricu ltu re, forestry, and fish in g ; m in in g ; and g a s and e le ctr icity an d p u b lic u tilitie s se c to r s. T h e s ta g e -o fp r o c e s s i n g s t r u c t u r e o f ppi o r g a n i z e s p r o d u cts b y c la s s o f b u y er and d e g r e e o f fa b r ic a tio n (th a t is, fin is h e d g o o d s , in ter m e d ia te g o o d s , and cru d e m a ter ia ls). T h e tr a d itio n a l c o m m o d ity stru ctu re o f ppi or g a n iz e s p r o d u cts b y sim ila r ity o f en d u se or m a teria l c o m p o s itio n . T h e in d u stry and p ro d u ct stru ctu re o f ppi o r g a n iz e s d ata in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e Stan d ard In d u stria l C la s s ific a tio n (SIC) an d th e p ro d u ct c o d e e x te n s io n o f the Sic d e v e lo p e d b y the U .S . B ureau o f th e C en su s. To th e e x te n t p o s s ib le , p r ic e s u s e d in tional in com e accounts; it in clu d es corpora tion s, b u sin esses, and ind ividu als, but d oes n o t req u ire th e o r g a n iz a tio n s to b e U .S . 54 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis also available. bls publishes indexes for selected catego ries o f internationally traded services, calcu lated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data th e D iv is io n o f In d u strial P r ic e s and P rice m o n th ly and quarterly exp ort and im port price in d ex es for non m ilitary g o o d s and ser Producer Price Indexes spondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allow ances, and rebates applicable to the re ported prices, so that the price u sed in the calculation o f the ind exes is the actual price for w h ich the product w as bought or sold. In addition to general in d exes o f prices for U .S . exports and im ports, in d ex e s are also p u b lish ed for d etailed product ca teg o ries o f exp orts and im ports. T h ese c a teg o r ie s are d efin ed accord in g to the fiv e-d ig it lev e l o f detail for the B ureau o f E co n o m ic A n a ly sis E n d -u se C lassification , the th ree-d ig it lev el for the Standard In d u strial C la ss ific a tio n (SITC), and the four-digit lev el o f detail for the H a r m o n iz e d S y s te m . A g g r e g a t e im p o r t in d ex es b y coun-try or region o f o rigin are ow n ed nor the in d ivid u als to h ave U .S . c iti zen sh ip .) T he im port price in d ex p rovid es a m easure o f price ch an ge for g o o d s purchased from other cou n tries b y U .S . residents. T he product un iverse for both the im port and export in d ex es in clu d es raw m aterials, agricultural products, sem ifin ish ed m anufac tures, and fin ish ed m anufactures, in clu d in g both capital and consu m er g o o d s. P rice data for these item s are collected primarily by m ail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are c o lle cte d directly from the exporter or im porter, although in a fe w cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S . border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S . border for im ports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions com pleted dur ing the first w eek o f the m onth. Survey re N ovem ber 2002 T h e ex p o rt and im p ort p rice in d e x e s are w eig h ted in d ex es o f the L asp eyres typ e. T he trade w eig h ts currently u sed to com p u te both in d ex es relate to 2 0 0 0 . B ecau se a price ind ex depends o n the sam e item s b ein g priced from period to period, it is n e c essa ry to r e c o g n iz e w h en a p r o d u c t’s sp ecifica tio n s or term s o f transaction h a v e been m odified. For this reason, the B ureau’s questionnaire requests detailed descriptions o f the ph ysical and functional characteristics o f the products b ein g priced, as w ell as inform a tion on the num ber o f units bou ght or sold, discoun ts, credit term s, packagin g, cla ss o f buyer or seller, and so forth. W hen there are changes in either the sp ecification s or term s o f transaction o f a product, the dollar valu e o f each change is d eleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. O nce this value is determined, a linking procedure is em p loyed w h ich a llow s for the continued repric ing o f the item. F or additional information, co n ta ct the D iv isio n o f International P rices: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 1 5 5 . Productivity Data (T ables 2; 4 3 - 4 6 ) Business and major sectors Description of the series T he p rodu ctivity m easures relate real output to real input. A s su ch , th ey en co m p a ss a fam - ily o f m easu res w h ich in clu d e sin gle-factor input m easures, su ch as output per hour, ou t pu t per u n it o f lab or inp ut, or ou tp u t per unit o f capital input, as w e ll as m easures o f m ultifactor p rod u ctivity (outp ut per unit o f co m b in ed labor and capital inputs). T he B u reau in d ex es sh o w the ch an ge in outp ut rela tiv e to c h a n g es in the variou s inputs. T he m ea su res co v er the b u sin ess, nonfarm b u si n ess, m anufacturing, and n on fm ancial corp o rate sectors. C orresponding in d exes o f hourly com pen sation, unit labor co sts, u n it non lab or p ay m en ts, and p rices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour o f all persons (lab or pro d u ctiv ity ) is th e qu antity o f g o o d s and ser v ic e s p rodu ced per hour o f labor input. Out put per unit o f capital services (cap ital p ro d u ctiv ity ) is the qu an tity o f g o o d s and se r v ic e s p ro d u ced per u n it o f cap ital ser v ic e s input. M ultifactor productivity is the quantity o f g o o d s and services produced per com bined inputs. For private bu siness and pri vate nonfarm bu siness, inputs include labor and capital units. For m anufacturing, inputs inclu de labor, capital, energy, non-energy m a terials, and purchased b u sin ess ser-vices. C om pensation per hour is total c o m p en sa tio n d iv id e d b y h ou rs at w ork. Total c o m p e n sa tio n e q u a ls the w a g e s and salaries o f e m p lo y e e s p lu s e m p lo y e r s’ con trib u tion s for so cia l insurance and private b en efit plans, p lu s an estim a te o f th e se p aym en ts for the s e lf-e m p lo y e d (e x c e p t for n o n fm a n cia l cor p o r a tio n s in w h ic h th ere are n o s e lf-e m p lo y e d ). Real com pensation per hour is c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r d e fla te d b y th e ch a n g e in the C on su m er P rice In d ex for A ll U rban C on su m ers. Unit labor costs are th e labor c o m p e n sa tio n c o sts ex p en d ed in the p rod u ction o f a u n it o f o u tp u t and are d erived b y d iv id in g c o m p e n s a tio n b y o u tp u t. U nit nonlabor p aym ents in c lu d e p r o fits, d e p r e c ia tio n , interest, and in d irect ta x e s per unit o f o u t put. T hey are com puted by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from current-dollar valu e o f output and d ivid in g by output. U nit nonlabor costs c o n ta in all th e c o m p o n e n t s o f u n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts e x c e p t u n it p r o fits. U nit profits in c lu d e c o rp o ra te p r o fits w ith in v e n to r y v a lu a tio n an d c a p ita l c o n su m p tio n a d ju stm e n ts p er u n it o f ou tp u t. H o u rs o f all p e rso n s are th e to ta l h o u r s at w o r k o f p a y r o ll w o r k e r s , s e lf e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s , a n d u n p a id f a m ily w o r k e rs. Labor inputs are h o u rs o f all p e r so n s a d ju ste d fo r th e e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in th e https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ed u cation and e x p erien ce o f the labor force. C apital services are th e f lo w o f se r v ic e s from th e c a p ita l sto c k u s e d in p ro d u c tio n . It is d e v e lo p e d from m e a su r es o f th e n et sto c k o f p h y sic a l a ss e ts— e q u ip m en t, stru ctu res, lan d , and in v e n to r ie s— w e ig h te d b y ren tal p r ic e s for e a ch ty p e o f a s s e t. C om bined units o f labor and capital inputs are d e r iv e d b y c o m b in in g c h a n g e s in la b o r and c a p ita l in p u t w ith w e ig h ts w h ic h r ep resen t e a ch c o m p o n e n t’s share o f to ta l c o s t. C o m b in e d u n its o f lab or, c a p ita l, en erg y , m a teria ls, an d p u rch a sed b u s in e s s s e r v ic e s are s im ila r ly d e r iv e d b y c o m b in in g c h a n g e s in e a c h in p u t w ith w e ig h ts th at r ep re se n t e a ch in p u t’s sh are o f to ta l c o s ts . T h e in d e x e s for e a ch in p u t a n d fo r c o m b i n e d u n it s are b a s e d o n ch a n g in g w e ig h ts w h ic h are a verages o f the sh a res in th e cu rren t and p r e c e d in g year (th e T orn q u ist in d ex -n u m b e r fo rm u la ). Notes on the data B u s i n e s s s e c to r o u tp u t is an a n n u a lly w e ig h te d in d e x c o n str u c te d b y e x c lu d in g from real g r o ss d o m e stic p ro d u ct ( g d p ) the f o l lo w in g o u tp u ts: g e n e r a l g o v e r n m e n t, n o n p r o fit in stitu tio n s, p aid e m p lo y e e s o f p riv a te h o u s e h o ld s , and th e ren tal v a lu e o f o w n e r -o c c u p ie d d w e llin g s . N o n fa rm b u s in e s s a lso e x c lu d e s fa rm in g . P riv a te b u s in e s s a n d p r iv a te n o n fa r m b u s in e s s fu rth er e x c lu d e g o v e r n m e n t e n te r p r ise s. T h e m e a su r es are su p p lie d b y th e U .S . D e p artm en t o f C o m m e r c e ’s B u rea u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly sis. A n n u al estim a tes o f m an u fa c tu rin g se c to r a l o u tp u t are p r o d u ce d b y th e B u rea u o f L ab or S ta tis tic s . Q u arterly m a n u fa c tu r in g o u tp u t i n d e x e s fro m th e F ed eral R eserv e B oard are adju sted to th ese an n u al o u tp u t m e a su r es b y th e bls . C o m p e n s a tio n d ata are d e v e lo p e d from d ata o f th e B u rea u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is an d th e B u rea u o f L ab or S ta tis tic s . H o u r s d ata are d e v e lo p e d from d ata o f th e B u rea u o f L ab or S ta tistic s. T h e p r o d u c tiv ity an d a s s o c ia te d c o s t m e a su r es in ta b le s 4 3 - 4 6 d e sc r ib e th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n o u tp u t in real term s and th e la b or and ca p ita l in p u ts in v o lv e d in its p r o d u ctio n . T h e y sh o w th e c h a n g e s from p e r io d to p e r io d in th e a m o u n t o f g o o d s and s e r v ic e s p r o d u ce d p er u n it o f in p u t. A lth o u g h th e s e m e a su r es r ela te ou tp u t to h o u rs and c a p ita l s e r v ic e s , th e y d o n o t m ea su r e th e c o n tr ib u tio n s o f lab or, c a p i tal, or an y o th er s p e c if ic fa cto r o f p r o d u c tio n . R ath er, th e y r e fle c t th e j o in t e ffe c t o f m a n y in flu e n c e s , in c lu d in g c h a n g e s in te c h n o lo g y ; s h ifts in th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e la b o r fo r ce ; c a p ita l in v e stm e n t; le v e l o f o u tp u t; c h a n g e s in th e u t iliz a t io n o f c a p a c ity , e n e rg y , m a ter ia l, an d r esea r ch and d e v e lo p m e n t; th e o r g a n iz a tio n o f p ro d u ctio n ; m a n a g eria l sk ill; and ch a r a cte ris t ic s and e ffo r ts o f th e w o r k fo r c e . FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On th is p r o d u c tiv ity s e r ie s , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f P r o d u c t iv i t y R e s e a r c h : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 5606. Industry p ro d u c tiv ity m easures Description of the series T h e BLS i n d u s t r y p r o d u c tiv ity d a ta s u p p le m e n t th e m e a su r es fo r th e b u s in e s s e c o n o m y an d m ajor s e c to r s w ith a n n u a l m ea su res o f lab or p r o d u ctiv ity for s e le c te d in d u stries at th e th ree- and fo u r -d ig it le v e ls o f th e S tan d ard In d u stria l C la s s ific a tio n sy s te m . In a d d itio n to la b o r p r o d u ctiv ity , th e in d u s t r y d a ta a l s o in c lu d e a n n u a l m e a su r es o f c o m p e n s a tio n and u n it la b o r c o s t s fo r th r e e - d ig it in d u s tr ie s and m e a su r e s o f m u ltifa c to r p r o d u c tiv ity fo r th r e e -d ig it m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u str ie s and r a ilr o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h e in d u s t r y m e a su r e s d iffe r in m e th o d o lo g y and d ata s o u r c e s fro m th e p r o d u c tiv ity m e a su r e s for th e m ajor s e c to r s b e c a u s e th e in d u str y m e a su r e s are d e v e lo p e d in d e p e n d e n tly o f th e N a tio n a l In co m e and P rod u ct A c c o u n ts fr a m e w o r k u s e d f o r t h e m a jo r s e c t o r m ea su res. Definitions O utput per hour is d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g an in d e x o f in d u stry o u tp u t b y an in d e x o f la b or in p u t. F or m o s t in d u str ies, output in d e x e s are d e r iv e d from d ata o n th e v a lu e o f in d u s t r y o u t p u t a d j u s t e d f o r p r ic e ch a n g e . F or th e r em a in in g in d u str ies, o u t pu t in d e x e s are d e r iv e d from d ata o n th e p h y sic a l q u a n tity o f p r o d u c tio n . T h e labor input se r ie s c o n s is t o f th e hours o f all e m p lo y ees (produ ction w o r k e rs and n on produ ction w orkers), the hou rs o f all person s (p aid e m p lo y ee s, partners, propri etors, and u n p aid fa m ily w ork ers), or th e num ber o f em p lo y ees, d ep en d in g u p on the industry. U nit labor costs r e p r e se n t th e la b o r c o m p e n s a t io n c o s t s p e r u n it o f o u tp u t p r o d u ce d , an d are d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g an in d e x o f la b or c o m p e n s a tio n b y an in d e x o f ou tp u t. L abor com pensation in c lu d e s p a y r o ll a s w e l l a s s u p p le m e n t a l p a y - M onthly Labor Review N o ve m b e r 2002 55 Current Labor Statistics m e n ts, in c lu d in g b o th le g a lly req u ired e x p e n d itu r e s a n d p a y m e n ts fo r v o lu n ta r y p ro g ra m s. M u ltifactor p rod u ctivity is d e r iv e d by d iv id in g an in d e x o f in d u stry o u tp u t by an in d e x o f th e c o m b in e d in p u ts c o n su m ed in p r o d u c in g th at o u tp u t. C om bined inputs in c lu d e c a p ita l, lab or, and in te r m e d ia te p u rc h a ses. T h e m ea su r e o f capital input u s e d r e p re se n ts th e f lo w o f s e r v ic e s fr o m th e c a p ita l s t o c k u s e d in p r o d u ctio n . It is d e v e lo p e d from m ea su res o f th e n e t s to c k o f p h y s ic a l a s s e t s — e q u ip m e n t, stru ctu res, lan d , an d in v e n to r ie s. T h e m e a su r e o f interm ediate pur chases is a c o m b in a tio n o f p u rc h a sed m a te r ia ls , s e r v ic e s , fu e ls , an d e le c tr ic ity . Definitions For the principal U .S . definitions o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the N o te s section on E m ploym ent and U n em p loym ent Data: H ou seh old survey data. Notes on the data Notes on the data T h e in d u str y m e a su r e s are c o m p ile d from d ata p r o d u ce d b y th e B u reau o f L ab or S ta t is t ic s an d th e B u rea u o f th e C e n s u s,w ith a d d itio n a l d a ta s u p p lie d b y o th er g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s , tr a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s , an d o th e r s o u r c e s. F o r m o s t in d u str ie s, th e p r o d u c tiv ity in d e x e s refer to th e o u tp u t p er h ou r o f all e m p lo y e e s . F o r so m e trad e and se r v ic e s in d u str ie s, in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p er h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s (in c lu d in g s e lf - e m p lo y e d ) are c o n str u c te d . F o r so m e tra n sp o rta tio n in d u str ie s, o n ly in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p er e m p lo y e e are prep a red . FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION o n th is s e r ie s , c o n ta c t th e D i v i s i o n o f In d u stry P r o d u c tiv ity S tu d ies: ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 1 8 . International Comparisons (T a b le s 4 7 - 4 9 ) Labor force and u n e m p lo y m e n t Description of the series T ables 4 7 and 4 8 present com parative m eas ures o f the labor force, em p loym en t, and un e m p lo y m e n t — a p p r o x im a tin g U .S . c o n cep ts— for the U n ited States, Canada, A u s tralia, Japan, and several European countries. T h e u n e m p lo y m e n t s t a t is t ic s (a n d , to a lesse r ex ten t, e m p lo y m en t sta tistic s) p u b lish ed by other industrial cou n tries are not, in m ost cases, com parable to U .S . u n em p loy m en t sta tistics. T h erefore, th e B ureau ad ju sts the figu res for selected countries, w here n ecessary, for all k n ow n m ajor d efin ition al 56 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis differen ces. A lth ou gh p recise com parability m ay n ot b e ach ieved , th ese adjusted figures p rovid e a better b asis for international c o m parison s than the figu res regularly p u b lish ed by each country. For further inform ation on ad ju stm en ts and com p arab ility issu es, see C on stan ce Sorrentino, “International u n em p loym en t rates: h o w com parable are th ey?” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , June 2 0 0 0 , pp. 3 -2 0 . T he adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at w h ich com p u lsory sc h o o lin g en d s in each country, rather than to the U .S . stan dard o f 16 years o f age and older. T herefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the p op u la tion aged 16 and older in France, Sw ed en , and the U n ited K ingdom ; 15 and older in A ustra lia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the N etherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. A n e x cep tio n to th is rule is that the C anadian statistics for 197 6 onw ard are ad ju sted to c o v e r a g e s 16 and o ld er, w h ereas the age at w h ich com p u lsory s c h o o l in g en d s rem ain s at 15. T h e in stitu tio n a l pop u lation is in clu d ed in the denom inator o f the labor force participation rates and em p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ratios for Japan and G erm any; it is ex clu d ed for the U n ited States and the other countries. In the U .S . labor force survey, p erson s on la y o ff w h o are aw aitin g recall to their jo b s are cla ssifie d as u n em p loyed . E uropean and Japanese la y o ff practices are qu ite different in nature from th o se in the U n ited States; therefore, strict app lication o f the U .S . d e fi n ition has n ot been m ade on this point. For further inform ation, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D ecem b er 1981, pp. 8 -1 1 . T he figu res for on e or m ore recen t years for France, G erm any, Italy, the N etherlan ds, and the U n ited K in gd om are calculated u sin g adjustm ent factors based on labor force sur v e y s for earlier years and are con sid ered pre lim inary. T he recen t-year m easures for th ese countries, therefore, are su bject to revision w h en ever data from m ore current labor force su rveys b eco m e availab le. T here are breaks in the data series for the U n ited States ( 1 9 9 0 ,1 9 9 4 ,1 9 9 7 ,1 9 9 8 ,1 9 9 9 , 2 0 0 0 ), Canada (1 9 7 6 ) France (1 9 9 2 ), G er m any (1 9 9 1 ), Italy (1 9 9 1 , 19 9 3 ), the N e th erlands (1 9 8 8 ), and S w ed en (1 9 8 7 ). For the U n ited States, the break in series N ovem ber 2002 reflects a m ajor red esign o f the labor fo rce su rvey qu estion naire and c o lle ctio n m eth o d o lo g y introduced in January 1994 . R ev ised p op u lation estim ates b ased on the 1 9 9 0 c en sus, adjusted for the estim ated undercount, a lso w ere incorporated. In 1996, p rev io u sly p u b lish ed data for the 1 9 9 0 -9 3 p eriod w ere r e v ise d to r e fle c t th e 1 9 9 0 c e n s u s -b a s e d p o p u la tio n c o n tr o ls, ad ju sted fo r th e u n dercount. In 1997, revised p op u la tio n c o n trols w ere introduced into the h o u seh o ld sur v e y . T h e r e fo r e , th e d a ta are n o t s tr ic tly conparable w ith prior years. In 1 9 9 8 , n e w c o m p o site estim ation p roced ures and m inor r ev isio n s in p op u lation con trols w ere intro d u ced into the h o u seh o ld survey. T herefore, the data are n ot strictly com parable w ith data for 1997 and earlier years. S e e the N o te s s e c tio n o n E m p lo y m e n t an d U n e m p lo y m e n t D ata o f th is R eview . bls recen tly introduced a n e w adjusted series for Canada. B e g in n in g w ith the data for 1976, C anadian data are adjusted to m ore c lo s e ly approxim ate U .S . co n cep ts. A d ju st m ents are m ade to the u n em p loyed and labor force to exclu d e: (1 ) 15-year-old s; (2 ) p a s siv e jo b see k e rs (p erson s o n ly read in g n e w s paper ads as their m eth od o f jo b search); (3 ) p erson s w a itin g to start a n e w j o b w h o did n ot seek w ork in the past 4 w eek s; and (4 ) p erson s u n availab le for w ork d u e to personal or fam ily resp o n sib ilities. A n adjustm ent is m ade to in clu d e full-tin e students lo o k in g for fu ll-tim e w ork. T h e im p act o f th e ad ju st m ents w as to low er the annual average un em p loym en t rate b y 0 .1 - 0 .4 p ercen tage p oin t in the 1 9 8 0 s and 0 .4 - 1 .0 percentage p o in t in the 1990s. For France, the 199 2 break r eflects the substitution o f standardized E uropean U n io n Statistical O ffice (eurostat) u n em p lo y m en t sta tistic s for th e u n em p lo y m e n t data e s ti m ated accord in g to the International L abor O ffic e ( ilo) d efin ition and p u b lish ed in the O rganization for E co n o m ic C oop eration and D e v elo p m en t (oecd) annual yea rb o o k and quarterly update. T h is ch an ge w as m ad e b e cau se the eurostat data are m ore u p -to-d ate than the oecd figures. A lso , sin c e 1 9 9 2 , the eurostat d efin ition s are c lo ser to the U .S . d efin itio n s than th ey w ere in prior years. T he im pact o f th is rev ision w a s to lo w er the un em p loym en t rate b y 0.1 p ercen tage p o in t in 1992 and 1993, by 0 .4 p ercen tage p o in t in 1994, and 0.5 p ercentage p oin t in 1995. For G erm any, the data for 1991 onw ard refer to u n ified G erm any. D ata prior to 1991 relate to the form er W est G erm any. T he im pact o f in clu d in g the form er E ast G erm any w a s to increase the u n em p loym en t rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a rev i sio n in the m eth od o f w eig h tin g sam p le data. T h e im pact w a s to in crease the u n em p lo y m ent rate b y a p p roxim ately 0.3 p ercentage poin t, from 6 .6 to 6 .9 percent in 1991. In O ctob er 1 9 9 2 , the su rvey m eth o d o l o g y w a s rev ised and the d efin itio n o f u n em p lo y m en t w a s ch a n g ed to in clu d e o n ly th ose w h o w ere a ctiv ely lo o k in g for a jo b w ith in the 3 0 da y s p reced in g the su rvey and w h o w e re a v a ila b le fo r w ork . In ad d itio n , the lo w er a g e lim it for the labor force w a s raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to th ese ch an ges, bls ad ju sted Ita ly ’s p u b lish e d u n e m p lo y m ent rate dow n w ard b y ex clu d in g from the u n e m p lo y e d t h o s e p e r s o n s w h o h ad n o t a c tiv e ly so u g h t w ork in the past 3 0 days.) T h e break in the series a lso reflects the incor poration o f the 1991 p op u lation cen su s re su lts. T he im pact o f th ese ch a n g es w a s to raise Ita ly ’s adju sted u n em p loym en t rate by ap p ro x im a tely 1.2 p ercen tage poin ts, from 8 .3 to 9 .5 p ercen t in fourth-quarter 1992. T h e se c h a n g e s did n ot a ffect em p lo y m en t sig n ifica n tly , e x cep t in 1993. E stim ates by the Italian Statistical O ffic e ind icate that em p lo y m e n t d e c lin e d b y ab ou t 3 p ercen t in 1 9 9 3 , rather than the nearly 4 percent in d i cated b y th e data sh o w n in table 44 . T h is d ifferen ce is attributable m ain ly to the incor poration o f the 1991 p op u lation benchm arks in the 1993 data. D ata for earlier years have n ot b een adju sted to incorp orate the 1991 c en su s results. For the N eth erlan d s, a n e w su rvey q u es tionnaire w a s introduced in 1992 that allow ed for a c lo s e r a p p lica tio n o f ilo g u id elin es. eurostat has rev ised the D u tch series back to 19 8 8 based on the 1992 changes. T he 1988 rev ised u n em p lo y m en t rate is 7 .6 percent; the p rev io u s estim a te for the sam e year w as 9 .3 percent. T here h a v e b een tw o breaks in series in th e S w ed ish labor fo rce survey, in 1987 and 1 9 9 3 . A d ju stm en ts h a v e b een m ad e for the 19 9 3 break b ack to 19 8 7 . In 19 8 7 , a n ew q u e s tio n n a ir e w a s in tr o d u c e d . Q u e s tio n s reg a r d in g cu rren t a v a ila b ility w e re a d d ed an d th e p e r io d o f a c tiv e w o r k s e e k in g w a s r e d u c e d fro m 6 0 d a y s to 4 w e e k s . T h e s e c h a n g e s lo w e r e d S w e d e n ’s 1 9 8 7 u n e m p lo y m e n t rate b y 0 .4 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t, fro m 2 .3 to 1.9 p ercen t. In 1 9 9 3 , th e m e a su re m en t p e r io d fo r th e la b or fo r c e su r v e y w a s c h a n g e d to r ep re se n t all 5 2 w e e k s o f th e y e a r ra th er th a n o n e w e e k e a c h m o n th an d a n e w a d ju stm e n t for p o p u la tio n t o t a ls w a s in tr o d u c e d . T h e im p a c t w a s to r a is e th e u n e m p lo y m e n t rate b y a p p r o x im a te ly 0 .5 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t, from 7 .6 to 8 .1 p e r ce n t. S ta tis tic s S w e d e n re v is e d its la b o r fo r c e su r v e y d ata for 1 9 8 7 — 9 2 to ta k e in to a c c o u n t th e b reak in 1 9 9 3 . T h e a d ju stm e n t r a ised th e S w e d is h u n em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p lo y m e n t rate b y 0 .2 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t in 1 9 8 7 and g r a d u a lly r o se to 0 .5 p e r ce n ta g e p o in t in 1 9 9 2 . B egin n in g w ith 1987, bls has adjusted the S w ed ish data to c la ssify students w h o also sou gh t w ork as u n em p loyed . T he im pact o f th is ch an ge w as to increase the adjusted u n em p loym en t rate b y 0.1 percentage p oin t in 1987 and b y 1.8 percentage p oin ts in 1994, w h en u n em p loym en t w a s higher. In 1998, th e adjusted u n em p loym en t rate had risen from 6 .5 to 8 .4 percent d u e to the adjustm ent to in clu d e students. T h e n e t e ffe c t o f c h a n g e s and th e bls d e n ts s e e k i n g w o r k 1 9 8 7 u n e m p lo y m e n t p ercen t. th e 1 9 8 7 an d 199 3 a d ju stm en t for stu lo w e r e d S w e d e n ’s rate from 2 .3 to 2 .2 FORADDITIONAL INFORMATION On th is s e ries, con tact the D iv isio n o f F oreign Labor Statistics: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 5 4 . Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series T able 4 9 p resen ts com p arative in d e x e s o f m anufacturing labor produ ctivity (output per hour), output, total hours, com p en sation per hour, and u n it lab or c o sts for th e U n ited States, C anada, Japan, and n in e E uropean countries. T h ese m easures are trend com pari son s— that is, series that m easure ch a n g es o v er tim e— rather than lev e l com p arison s. There are greater tech n ical problem s in co m paring the le v e ls o f m an u factu rin g outp ut am ong countries. bls constructs the com parative in d exes from three basic aggregate m easures— output, total labor hours, and total co m p en sation . T he hours and com p en sation m easures refer to all e m p lo y ed p erson s (w a g e and salary earners p lu s self-em p lo y ed p erson s and un paid fam ily w orkers) in the U n ited States, Canada, Japan, France, Germ any, N orw ay, and S w ed en , and to all e m p lo y ees (w a g e and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions O utput, in g e n e ra l, refers to v a lu e a d d ed in m a n u fa ctu rin g fro m th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts o f e a c h co u n tr y . H o w e v e r , th e o u tp u t se r ie s for Japan prior to 1 9 7 0 is an in d e x o f in d u stria l p r o d u ctio n , and th e n atio n a l a c c o u n ts m ea su res for th e U n ite d K in g d o m are e s s e n tia lly id e n tic a l to th eir in d e x e s o f in d u stria l p r o d u ctio n . T h e 1 9 7 7 - 9 7 o u t p u t d a ta f o r th e U n ite d S ta te s are th e g r o ss p ro d u ct o r ig i n a tin g (v a lu e a d d ed ) m e a su r e s p rep a red b y th e B u rea u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is o f th e U .S . D e p a r tm en t o f C o m m e rc e . C o m p a ra b le m a n u fa ctu rin g o u tp u t d a ta cu r ren tly are n o t a v a ila b le p rior to 1 9 7 7 . U .S . g ro ss produ ct origin atin g is a ch ain ty p e a n n u a l-w e ig h te d se r ie s. (F o r m o re in fo rm a tio n on th e U .S . m ea su re, s e e R o b ert E . Y u s k a v a g e , “ I m p r o v e d E s t im a t e s o f G r o s s P r o d u c t b y In d u str y , 1 9 5 9 - 9 4 , ” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s in e s s , A u g u s t 1 9 9 6 , pp. 1 3 3 - 5 5 .) T h e J a p a n ese v a lu e a d d ed se r ie s is b a sed u p o n o n e s e t o f fix e d p rice w e ig h ts for th e y e a rs 1 9 7 0 th ro u g h 1 9 9 7 . O u tp u t se r ie s for th e o th er fo r e ig n e c o n o m ie s a lso e m p lo y fix e d p r ice w e ig h ts , bu t th e w e ig h ts are u p d a ted p e r io d ic a lly (fo r e x a m p le , e v e r y 5 or 10 y e a r s ). To p reserve the com p arab ility o f the U .S . m easures w ith th ose for other eco n o m ies, bls u ses g ross product origin atin g in m anu fac turing for the U n ited States for th ese c o m parative m easures. T h e g ross produ ct o rig i nating series differs from the m anu factu ring output series that bls p u b lish es in its n ew s releases on quarterly m easu res o f U .S . pro d u ctivity and c o sts (and that u n d erlies the m easures that appear in tab les 43 and 4 5 in th is sectio n ). T he quarterly m easures are on a “sectoral output” b asis, rather than a v alu eadded basis. Sectoral output is g ro ss output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours w orked in all countries. T he m easures are d ev elo p ed from statistics o f m anufacturing em p loym en t and average hours. T he series u sed for France (from 197 0 forw ard), N orw ay, and S w ed en are officia l series p u b lish ed w ith the national accounts. W here o fficial total hours series are n ot a vailab le, the m easu res are d e v e lo p ed by bls usin g em p loym en t figures p u blished w ith the national accou n ts, or other com p reh en siv e em p loym en t series, and estim ates o f an nual hou rs w orked. For Germ any, bls u ses estim ates o f average hours w orked d ev elo p ed by a research institute con n ected to the M in istry o f Labor for u se w ith the n ational a c co u n ts e m p lo y m en t figu res. F or th e other countries, bls con stru cts its o w n estim ates o f average hours. D enm ark has not pu blished estim ates o f average hours for 1 9 9 4 -9 7 ; therefore, the bls m easure o f labor input for D enm ark en d s in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all paym ents in cash or in-kind m ade directly to em p loyees plu s em ployer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and c o n tractual and private benefit plans. T he m ea sures are from the national accou nts o f each country, excep t those for B elgiu m , w h ich are d evelop ed by bls u sin g statistics on em p loy- M onthly Labor Review N o ve m b e r 2002 57 Current Labor Statistics ment, average hours, and hourly com pensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sw eden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or em ploym ent. For the U nited K ingdom , com pensation is reduced betw een 1967 and 1991 to account for em p loym en t-rela ted su b sid ies. S e lf-em p lo y e d workers are included in the all-em ployed-person s m easures by assum ing that their hourly com pensation is equal to the average for w age and salary em p lo y ee s. Notes on the data In general, the m easures relate to total m anu facturing as d efined b y the International Stan dard Industrial C la ssification . H ow ever, the m easu res for F rance (for all years) and Italy (b eg in n in g 1 9 7 0 ) refer to m in in g and m anu factu rin g less energy-related products, and the m easures for Denm ark include m ining and ex clu d e m anufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. T h e m ea su res for recen t years m ay b e based on current ind icators o f m anufacturing o u tp u t (su c h as in d u strial p r o d u ctio n in d e x e s ), e m p lo y m e n t, a v e ra g e h o u rs, and hou rly co m p en sa tio n until national accou n ts and other sta tistics u sed for the lon g-term m easures b eco m e available. For additional information on th is se ries, co n tact the D iv isio n o f F oreign Labor Statistics: (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 5 4 . Occupational Injury and Illness Data (T ables 5 0 - 5 1 ) Survey of O ccupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series T he Survey o f O ccupational Injuries and Ill n esses collects data from em ployers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill nesses. The inform ation that em ployers pro vid e is based on records that they maintain un der the O ccupational Safety and H ealth A ct o f 1970. S elf-em p loyed individuals, farms with few er than 11 em ployees, em ployers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local governm ent agencies are exclud ed from the survey. T h e su rv ey is a F ed eral-S tate c o o p era tiv e program w ith an in d ep en d en t sam p le 58 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis selected for each participating State. A strati fied random sam p le w ith a N ey m a n a llo c a tion is se lec ted to rep resent all private in d u stries in the State. T he su rvey is strati fie d b y Standard Industrial C la ssific a tio n and s iz e o f em p loym en t. Definitions U n der the O ccu p ation al Safety and H ealth A ct, em p loyers m aintain records o f nonfatal w ork-related injuries and illn e sses that in v o lv e o n e or m ore o f the fo llo w in g : lo ss o f co n scio u sn ess, restriction o f w ork or m otion, transfer to another jo b , or m edical treatm ent other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than on e resulting from an occupational injuiy, caused by ex p o sure to factors associated w ith em ploym ent. It inclu des acute and chronic illn esses or d is ease w h ich m ay be caused b y inhalation, ab sorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost w orkday injuries and illnesses are c a se s that in v o lv e days aw ay from work, or d ays o f restricted w ork activity, or both. Lost w orkdays in c lu d e th e nu m b er o f w o rk d a y s (c o n s e c u tiv e or n o t) on w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e w a s eith er a w a y from w ork or at w o rk in so m e restricted cap acity, or b oth , b e c a u se o f an o c cu p a tio n a l injury or illn e s s , bls m ea su res o f th e nu m ber and in c id e n c e rate o f lo st w o rk d a y s w e re d is c o n tin u e d b e g in n in g w ith th e 1 9 9 3 su r v e y . T h e n u m b e r o f d a y s a w a y fr o m w o r k or d a y s o f r e s tr ic te d w o r k a c t iv it y d o e s n o t in c lu d e th e d a y o f in ju r y or o n s e t o f i ll n e s s or a n y d a y s o n w h ic h th e e m p lo y e e w o u ld n o t h a v e w o r k e d , s u c h a s a F e d e r a l h o lid a y , e v e n th o u g h a b le to w o r k . Incidence rates are com puted as the num ber o f injuries and/or illn esses or lost work days per 100 full-tim e workers. Notes on the data T he d efin ition s o f occu p ation al injuries and illn e sses are from R e co rd k ee p in g G u id elin es f o r O c cu p a tio n a l In ju ries a n d Illn esses (U .S . D epartm ent o f Labor, B ureau o f Labor Sta tistics, Septem ber 1986). Estim ates are m ade for industries and em ploym ent size classes for total recordable cases, lost w orkd ay cases, days aw ay from w ork cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. T hese data also are sh ow n separately for N ovem ber 2002 injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust d iseases o f the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, p oison in g (system ic effects o f toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disorders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. T he survey continues to m easure the num ber o f n e w w ork-related illn ess cases w h ich are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Som e conditions, for exam ple, lo n g term latent illn esses caused by exposure to car cin ogen s, often are d ifficu lt to relate to the w orkplace and are not adequately recogn ized and reported. T h ese long-term latent illn esses are b elieved to be understated in the su rvey’s illness measure. In contrast, the overw h elm ing majority o f the reported n ew illn esses are those w h ich are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for exam ple, contact derm atitis and carpal tunnel syndrom e). M ost o f the estim ates are in the form o f in cid en ce rates, defined as the num ber o f inju ries and illn esses per 100 equivalen t full-tim e workers. For this purpose, 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 em p lo y ee hours represent 100 em p lo y ee years (2 ,0 0 0 hours per em p loyee). Full detail on the avail able m easures is presented in the annual b u lle tin , O c c u p a tio n a l I n ju r ie s a n d I lln e s s e s : Counts, R ates, a n d C h aracteristics. C om parable data for m ore than 4 0 States and territories are availab le from the bls O f fic e o f Safety, H ealth and W orking C o n d i tions. M an y o f th ese States p u b lish data on State and lo ca l g overn m en t e m p lo y ee s in ad d ition to private industry data. M in in g and railroad data are furnish ed to bls b y the M in e S afety and H ealth A d m in is tration and the Federal R ailroad A d m in istra tion . D ata from th ese organ ization s are in clu d ed in both the n ational and State data p u b lish ed annually. W ith the 19 9 2 survey, bls b egan p u b lish in g d etails on seriou s, non fatal in cid en ts re su ltin g in days aw ay from work. In clu d ed are so m e m ajor characteristics o f the injured and ill w orkers, su ch as occu p ation , age, gender, race, and len gth o f serv ice, as w e ll as the cir cum stan ces o f their injuries and illn e sses (na ture o f the d isab lin g co n d ition , part o f b o d y affected, even t and exp osu re, and the sou rce directly prod u cin g the con d ition ). In general, th ese data are availab le n a tio n w id e for d e tailed industries and for in d ivid u al States at m ore aggregated industry lev els. For additional information o n o c c u pational injuries and illn esses, contact the O f fice o f O ccupational Safety, H ealth and W ork in g C on d ition s at (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 8 0 , or a ccess the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ Census of Fatal O ccu p a tio n a l Injuries T he C en su s o f Fatal O ccup ation al Injuries c o m p ile s a co m p lete roster o f fatal jo b -re lated injuries, in clu d in g detailed data about th e fa ta lly in ju red w o rk ers and th e fatal e v e n ts . T h e p ro g ra m c o ll e c t s an d c r o s s c h e c k s fa ta lity in fo rm ation from m u ltip le sou rces, in clu d in g death certificates, State and Federal w o rk ers’ com p en sation reports, O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth A d m in istra tio n and M in e Safety and H ealth A d m in is tration record s, m ed ical exam in er and au to p sy reports, m ed ia accou n ts, State m otor v e h icle fatality records, and fo llo w -u p q u es tion n aires to em p loyers. In a d d itio n to private w a g e and salary w orkers, the self-em p loyed , fam ily m em bers, and F ed eral, State, and lo ca l go v ern m en t w orkers are co v ered by the program . To be in clu d ed in the fatality cen su s, the deced en t https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m ust have been em p loyed (that is w orking for pay, com pensation, or profit) at the tim e o f the even t, en gaged in a legal w ork activity, or present at the site o f the incid en t as a re quirem ent o f h is or her job . Definition A fatal w ork injury is an y in te n tio n a l or u n in t e n t io n a l w o u n d o r d a m a g e to th e b o d y r e s u ltin g in d eath from a cu te e x p o su re to en erg y , su ch as h ea t or e le c tr ic ity , or k in e tic en e rg y from a crash , or from th e a b s e n c e o f su c h e s s e n tia ls as h ea t or o x y g e n c a u se d b y a s p e c if ic e v e n t or in c id e n t or se r ie s o f e v e n ts w ith in a s in g le w o r k d a y or sh ift. F a ta litie s th at o c cu r d u rin g a p e r s o n ’s c o m m u te to or from w o rk are e x c lu d e d from th e c e n su s , as w e ll as w o rk r ela ted i ll n e s s e s , w h ic h can b e d if f ic u lt to id e n tify d u e to lo n g la te n c y p e r io d s. Notes on the data T w e n ty -e ig h t d ata e le m e n ts are c o lle c t e d , c o d e d , an d ta b u la te d in th e fa ta lity p r o gram , in c lu d in g in fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e fa ta lly injured w ork er, th e fatal in c id en t, and th e m a c h in e r y or e q u ip m e n t i n v o l v e d . S u m m ary w o rk er d e m o g r a p h ic d ata and e v e n t c h a r a c te r istic s are in c lu d e d in a n a tio n a l n e w s r e le a s e th at is a v a ila b le a b o u t 8 m o n th s a fter th e e n d o f th e r e fe r e n c e year. T h e C e n s u s o f F atal O c c u p a tio n a l In ju ries w a s in itia te d in 1 9 9 2 as a jo in t F e d e r a l-S ta te e ffo r t. M o s t S ta te s is s u e su m m ary in fo r m a tio n at th e tim e o f th e n a tio n a l n e w s r e le a s e . F or additional information o n the C en su s o f Fatal O ccup ation al Injuries c o n tact th e BLS O ffic e o f Safety, H ea lth , and W orking C on d ition s at (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 7 5 , or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ Where to find additional data Current and historical statistics from Bureau o f Labor Statistics surveys are available at the addresses listed on the inside back cover o f this Review, or on the Internet at h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 59 Current Labor Statistics: Com parative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 2000 S elected indicators 2001 2000 2001 IV III II I 2002 III IV 1 II III E m p lo y m e n t d a ta Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):1 Labor force participation rate......................................................... Employment-population ratio......................................................... Unemployment rate........................................................................ Men............................................................................................... 16 to 24 years............................................................................ 67.2 66.9 64.5 4.0 3.9 9.7 63.8 4.8 4.8 11.4 3.6 25 years and over...................................................................... 2.8 4.1 16 to 24 years............................................................................. 25 years and over...................................................................... 8.9 3.2 4.7 9.7 3.7 67.0 64.3 67.1 64.4 67.2 64.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 9.8 2.8 9.6 2.9 4.2 4.0 8.4 10.6 3.1 4.1 8.5 3.3 3.0 66.9 63.9 4.5 4.6 11.2 3.4 8.7 4.3 9.2 3.3 3.4 66.8 63.6 66.9 63.1 66.5 62.8 66.7 66.6 62.8 5.9 6.0 12.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.7 62.8 5.7 11.5 3.7 4.8 12.7 4.4 12.9 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.8 5.5 10.0 3.7 10.6 4.4 11.0 4.4 11.2 4.8 10.8 4.3 5.9 13.3 4.6 Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:1 Total.................................................................................................. Goods-producing........................................................................ Manufacturing......................................................................... Service-producing....................................................................... 131,720 131,922 111,018 25,649 110,989 18,473 106,051 17,695 106,978 24,949 131,876 111,219 132,185 111,551 132,559 111,687 132,193 111,332 131,943 110,939 131,130 110,035 130,759 109,594 130,706 130,844 109,505 25,681 18,494 25,626 18,400 25,136 17,872 24,049 16,883 106,711 23,879 16,776 106,827 109,574 23,787 106,559 24,786 17,538 107,157 24,375 17,174 106,195 25,493 18,196 106,941 107,057 106,755 16,691 107,057 Average hours: Private sector................................................................................ Manufacturing............................................................................. Overtime................................................................................... 34.5 41.6 4.6 34.2 34.4 34.3 34.3 34.2 34.1 34.1 34.2 34.2 34.1 40.7 3.9 41.5 4.5 41.1 4.4 41.0 4.1 40.8 3.9 40.7 3.9 40.5 3.8 40.8 4.0 41.0 4.2 40.8 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.2 1.0 .9 .7 .7 1.3 1.4 .9 1.0 1.2 .9 .8 .8 1.0 1.1 .9 1.1 .9 .6 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x 2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).... Goods-producing3.................................................................... 4.4 3.8 .9 .6 1.3 .9 .7 .8 1.2 .9 .6 Service-producing3................................................................... State and local government workers........................................... 4.4 3.0 4.3 4.2 1.0 1.3 .7 .7 1.4 .9 1.0 .6 1.0 2.1 .8 .6 1.1 .6 1.2 .4 .6 2.2 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union................................................................................................ Nonunion.......................................................................................... 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.1 1.2 1.0 .5 .7 .7 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.4 .7 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 .5 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are Decernber-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 60 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity S e le c te d m e a s u re s 2000 2000 2001 2001 III IV I II 2002 III IV I II III C o m p e n s a t i o n d a t a 1 ,2 Employment Cost Index— compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm......................................................................... 4.1 4.1 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 Private nonfarm.................................................................... 4.4 4.2 .9 .7 1.4 1.0 .9 .8 1.1 1.1 .6 Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: 3.8 3.7 1.1 6 1.1 g 10 7 g 8 7 3.9 3.8 1.0 .6 1,2 1.0 .8 .8 .9 1.0 .4 1.6 3.4 .8 .2 1.3 1.0 .2 -.9 .7 .5 .6 Finished goods........................................................................... 3.5 -1 .8 .6 .4 .9 .8 -.3 -3 .2 1.1 .2 .2 Finished consumer goods.................................................... 4.3 -2 .4 .8 .1 1.2 1.0 - .3 -4 .3 1.5 .4 .0 Capital equipment................................................................... 1.2 1.0 -7 .2 1.1 -.1 -7.1 -.1 .1 2.9 - .3 - .7 Private nonfarm.................................................................... P ric e d a ta 1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items...... Producer Price Index: Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............... 4.0 -.2 1.0 -.3 .2 .6 -1 .0 -3 .6 .9 1.1 1.1 Crude materials........................................................................... 31.1 -8 .8 2.1 9.4 -3 .5 -6 .6 -12.0 -1 2 .2 8.0 37.1 1.9 5.4 P ro d u c tiv ity d a ta 3 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector........................................................................... 3.0 1.1 .4 2.1 -1 .5 -.2 1.8 7.6 8.3 1.8 Nonfarm business sector........................................................... 2.9 1.1 .6 1.7 -1 .5 -.1 2.1 7.3 8.6 1.7 5.1 Nonfinancial coroorations4...................................................... 2.1 1.4 2.6 - .7 -2 .6 2.2 3.2 10.8 4.6 5.0 5.7 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages, calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes, seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. The data are seasonally adjusted. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Q u a r te rly a v e ra g e C o m p o n e n ts 2001 III F o u r q u a r te rs e n d in g 2002 IV I II 2001 III III 2002 IV I II III Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector.............................................................. All persons, nonfarm business sector............................................. 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 3.0 2.9 4.2 3.9 5.3 4.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.4 2.3 3.5 3.3 1.2 .9 1.0 .9 2.1 .8 .8 1.4 .7 6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 .6 .9 1.1 1.0 1.1 .4 .9 .6 1.2 .5 2.2 4.1 4.0 3.4 4.1 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.7 3.5 3.8 1.0 .8 1.0 .8 1.9 .7 .8 1.6 .7 .5 .9 .9 .7 1.0 .5 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 .3 .7 .4 1.0 .4 1.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.8 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 4.3 3.1 3.1 Employment Cost Index— compensation: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................................. Private nonfarm................................................................................. Union................................................................................................. Nonunion.......................................................................................... Employment Cost Index— wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2.................................................................................. Private nonfarm................................................................................. Union................................................................................................. Nonunion.......................................................................................... State and local governments.......................................................... 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 61 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo ym e n t statu s A n n u al a v e ra g e 2 000 2001 2 002 2001 S ep t O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay Ju n e Ju ly A ug. S ept. 211,864 212,357 212,767 142,279 66.9 134,253 212,927 142,314 66.8 134,055 213,658 142,769 66.8 134,417 214,023 142,390 66.5 134,045 214,225 142,616 66.6 134,474 214,429 142,005 66.6 133,894 213,492 142,570 66.8 133,976 213,842 141,390 66.4 133,468 213,206 142,211 66.7 134,319 213,334 142,068 66.9 135,004 212,581 142,280 66.9 134,615 213,089 141,815 66.9 135,073 63.8 63.6 7,064 5.0 70,289 63.3 63.1 8,026 5.6 70,488 63.0 62.8 8,594 6.0 70,922 62.7 62.6 62.8 63.0 7,891 5.5 70,995 62.8 8,111 •5.7 71,329 62.9 8,259 5.8 70,613 62.6 7,922 5.6 71,699 63.0 7,665 5.4 70,301 8,351 5.8 70,889 8,424 5.9 71,366 8,345 5.9 71,633 8,142 5.7 71,609 8,092 5.6 71,152 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1.......................... 209,699 Civilian labor force.............. 140,863 Participation rate......... 67.2 Employed........................ 135,208 Employment-pop64.5 ulation ratio2............. Unemployed................... 5,665 Unemployment rate.... 4.0 Not in the labor force....... 68,836 6,742 4.8 70,050 142,476 66.6 134,053 143,277 66.8 135,185 M en, 20 y e a rs a n d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1.......................... Civilian labor force.............. Participation rate......... Employed........................ Employment-population ratio2............. Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... 92,580 93,659 93,917 94,015 94,077 94,161 94,228 94,262 94,315 94,414 94,479 94,622 94,694 94,756 94,906 70,930 76.6 68,580 71,590 76.4 68,587 71,805 76.5 68,696 71,940 76.5 68,486 71,935 76.5 68,204 71,988 76.5 68,276 71,534 75.9 67,818 71,718 76.1 68,157 71,723 76.0 68,013 72,098 76.4 68,193 72,428 76.7 68,647 72,288 76.4 68,390 72,172 76.2 68,405 72,203 76.2 68,447 72,473 76.4 68,711 74.1 2,252 73.2 2,102 73.1 2,138 72.8 2,132 72.5 2,082 72.5 2,141 72.0 2,207 72.3 2,185 72.1 2,084 72.2 2,213 72.7 2,125 72.3 2,138 72.2 2,256 72.2 2,221 2,226 66,328 2,350 3.3 66,485 3,003 4.2 66,558 3,109 4.3 66,354 3,454 4.8 66,122 3,731 5.2 66,135 3,712 5.2 65,611 3,716 5.2 65,973 3,560 5.0 65,929 3,710 5.2 65,980 3,905 5.4 66,522 3,781 5.2 66,251 3,899 5.4 66,149 3,767 5.2 66,226 3,757 5.2 66,485 3,762 5.2 101,078 102,060 62,148 60.9 59,596 102,277 102,371 102,728 62,320 60.7 59,227 103,256 62,724 61.0 59,333 102,936 62,597 60.8 59,337 103,127 62,481 61.0 59,205 102,651 62,703 61.1 59,588 103,038 62,269 60.8 59,302 102,550 62,056 60.5 59,102 102,847 62,222 60.8 59,463 102,438 62,321 60.8 59,288 102,492 61,565 60.9 59,352 62,481 60.6 59,316 62,590 60.7 59,364 62,783 60.8 59,710 103,335 62,929 60.9 59,835 58.7 818 58.4 817 58.1 823 57.9 842 57.9 852 57.8 859 57.6 824 58.0 829 57.7 804 57.7 732 57.6 760 57.6 749 57.6 814 57.8 772 57.9 845 58,535 2,212 3.6 58,779 2,551 4.1 58,640 2,759 4.4 58,460 2,967 4.8 58,436 3,033 4.9 58,346 3,276 5.2 58,277 2,954 4.8 58,759 3,116 5.0 58,423 3,093 5.0 58,602 3,391 5.4 58,577 3,260 5.2 58,567 3,165 5.1 58,550 3,226 5.2 58,938 3,073 4.9 58,991 3,094 4.9 16,042 16,146 8,077 50.0 6,889 16,163 8,041 49.7 6,845 16,195 8,071 49.8 6,827 16,252 16,275 16,310 16,293 16,292 16,231 16,243 16,182 16,202 16,212 16,189 8,023 49.4 6,761 7,845 48.2 6,574 7,800 47.8 6,548 7,790 47.8 6,575 7,962 48.9 6,655 7,748 47.7 6,450 7,744 47.7 6,434 7,707 47.6 6,347 7,629 47.1 6,276 7,630 47.1 6,318 7,874 48.6 6,639 235 42.7 225 42.3 220 42.2 229 41.6 220 40.4 246 40.1 241 40.4 233 40.8 239 39.7 209 39.6 213 39.2 223 38.7 213 39.0 196 41.0 227 7,041 1,093 13.1 6,664 1,187 14.7 6,625 1,196 14.9 6,598 1,244 15.4 6,541 1,262 15.7 6,328 1,271 16.2 6,307 1,252 16.1 6,342 1,215 15.6 6,416 1,308 16.4 6,240 1,298 16.8 6,221 1,310 16.9 6,124 1,360 17.6 6,064 1,352 17.7 6,122 1,312 17.2 6,411 1,236 15.7 174,428 117,574 67.4 113,475 175,888 118,144 67.2 113,220 176,220 118,274 67.1 113,147 176,372 176,500 118,566 67.2 112,652 176,607 176,713 177,486 177,628 118,661 67.1 112,426 177,087 118,742 67.1 112,563 177,345 117,759 66.6 111,876 176,866 118,159 66.8 112,286 177,217 118,403 67.0 112,388 176,783 118,472 67.0 112,632 176,972 118,506 67.2 112,878 118,530 66.9 112,382 118,678 66.9 112,446 118,919 67.0 112,844 119,021 67.0 113,010 65.1 4,099 3.5 64.4 4,923 4.2 64.2 5,127 4.3 64.0 5,628 4.7 63.8 5,914 5.0 63.6 6,015 5.1 63.3 5,883 5.0 63.7 5,840 4.9 63.5 5,873 5.0 63.5 6,236 5.3 63.6 6,179 5.2 63.4 6,148 5.2 63.4 6,233 5.3 63.6 6,075 5.1 63.6 6,011 5.1 25,218 16,603 65.8 15,334 25,559 16,719 65.4 15,270 25,644 16,827 65.6 15,339 25,686 16,748 65.2 15,144 25,720 16,687 64.9 15,040 25,752 25,785 25,898 16,887 65.2 15,168 25,961 26,000 16,758 64.9 14,969 25,868 16,941 65.5 15,045 25,930 16,769 65.0 15,119 25,813 16,747 64.9 15,131 25,839 16,833 65.4 15,122 16,822 64.9 15,027 16,618 64.0 14,976 16,753 64.4 15,142 26,039 17,053 65 5 15,420 60.8 1,269 7.6 59.7 1,450 8.7 59.8 1,488 8.8 59.0 1,604 9.6 58.5 1,647 9.9 58.7 1,711 10.2 58.6 1,650 9.8 58.6 1,616 9.6 57.9 1,789 10.7 58.2 1,896 11.2 58.6 1,718 10.2 58.0 1,794 10.7 57.7 1,642 9.9 58.2 1,611 9.6 59.2 1,633 9.6 72.4 W om en, 20 y e ars a n d over Civilian noninstitutional population1.......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate......... Employment-population ratio2............. Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... B o th s e x e s , 16 to 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1.......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate......... 8,369 52.2 7,276 Employment-pop45.4 Agriculture................... Nonagricultural industries.................. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... W h ite Civilian noninstitutional population1.......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate......... Employment-popUnemployed................... Unemployment rate.... B la c k Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force............. Employment-popUnemployed................... Unemployment rate.... See footnotes at end of table. 62 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo y m e n t s tatu s A n n u al a v e ra g e 2001 2002 2 000 2001 Sept. O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay Ju n e J u ly A ug. Sept. population1.......................... Civilian labor force............. Participation rate......... Employed........................ Employment-pop- 22,393 23,122 23,288 23,351 23,417 23,478 23,542 23,604 23,664 23,732 23,797 23,867 23,935 23,999 24,065 15,368 68.6 14,492 15,751 68.1 14,714 15,811 67.9 14,785 15,956 68.3 14,824 15,932 68.0 14,751 16,013 68.2 14,753 15,988 67.9 14,700 16,011 67.8 14,867 15,908 67.2 14,743 16,156 68.1 14,877 16,085 67.6 14,963 16,146 67.6 14,959 16,304 68.1 15,066 16,240 67.7 15,014 16,294 67.7 15,095 ulation ratio2............. Unemployed................... Unemployment rate.... 64.7 876 5.7 63.6 1,037 6.6 63.5 1,026 6.5 63.5 1,132 7.1 63.0 1,181 7.4 62.8 1,260 7.9 62.4 1,288 8.1 63.0 1,143 7.1 62.3 1,165 7.3 62.7 1,279 7.9 62.9 1,122 7.0 62.7 1,187 7.4 62.9 1,238 7.6 62.6 1,225 7.5 62.7 1,198 7.4 H is p a n ic o rig in Civilian noninstitutional 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals becausedata for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] S elected c atego ries A nnual average 2001 2002 2000 2001 Sept. O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. Apr. M ay June Ju ly A ug. Sept. 135,208 72,293 62,915 135,073 72,080 62,992 135,004 72,177 62,827 134,615 71,871 62,744 134,253 71,570 62,683 134,055 71,577 62,478 133,468 71,114 62,354 134,319 71,457 62,862 133,894 71,299 62,595 133,976 71,397 62,579 134,417 71,894 62,524 134,053 71,524 62,528 134,045 71,509 62,536 134,474 71,552 62,922 135,185 72,004 63,181 C h a ra c te ris tic Employed, 16 years and over.. Men...................................... Women................................ Married men, spouse present............................... 43,368 43,243 43,099 42,983 42,861 42,772 42,823 43,275 43,317 43,167 43,548 43,140 43,273 43,371 43,225 Married women, spouse present............................... 33,708 33,613 33,604 33,227 33,330 33,209 33,174 33,703 33,552 33,446 33,371 33,362 33,361 33,723 33,997 Women who maintain families............................... 8,387 8,364 8,274 8,256 8,331 8,458 8,396 8,417 8,320 8,266 8,397 8,465 8,521 8,419 8,357 2,034 1,884 1,233 38 1,233 27 1,882 1,278 24 1,898 1,290 26 1,865 1,276 12 1,879 1,313 27 1,917 1,311 49 1,930 1,293 21 1,825 1,264 29 1,896 1,216 34 1,911 1,156 40 1,909 1,158 29 2,031 1,227 27 1,927 1,231 24 2,054 1,221 25 123,128 19,053 104,076 890 103,186 8,674 101 123,235 19,127 104,108 803 103,305 8,594 101 123,186 19,290 103,896 804 103,092 8,556 101 122,710 19,223 103,487 867 102,620 8,505 95 122,507 19,172 103,335 790 102,545 8,507 77 122,196 19,183 103,013 736 102,277 8,524 92 122,145 19,047 103,098 725 102,373 8,213 97 122,770 19,286 103,485 709 102,775 8,257 86 122,545 19,218 103,327 677 102,650 8,200 89 122,366 19,347 103,019 791 102,228 8,234 103 123,071 19,811 103,260 775 102,485 8,305 105 122,627 19,630 102,997 810 102,187 8,208 95 122,196 19,709 102,486 855 101,631 8,268 99 122,885 19,596 103,289 887 102,402 8,368 87 123,327 19,442 103,885 934 102,951 8,439 91 3,190 3,672 4,148 4,329 4,206 4,267 3,973 4,228 3,997 4,151 3,996 3,899 4,177 4,325 4,217 1,927 2,355 2,796 2,983 2,796 2,809 2,549 2,755 2,721 2,690 2,626 2,588 2,723 2,880 2,687 944 1,007 1,064 1,108 1,121 1,161 1,089 1,120 1,021 1,131 1,064 1,031 1,096 1,159 1,202 18,722 18,707 18,798 18,644 18,587 18,540 18,291 18,395 18,530 18,793 18,887 19,170 19,138 19,120 18,833 3,045 3,529 4,015 4,222 4,017 4,119 3,781 3,998 3,848 4,009 3,818 3,758 3,949 4,060 4,068 1,835 2,266 2,704 2,898 2,679 2,717 2,448 2,615 2,605 2,587 2,515 2,472 2,609 2,715 2,596 924 989 1,045 1,082 1,096 1,138 1,068 1,089 1,001 1,122 1,033 1,022 1,074 1,131 1,174 18,165 18.177 18.232 18,065 18,007 17.960 17,717 17,886 18,004 18,274 18,350 18,739 18.572 18.609 18.300 C la s s o f w o rk e r Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..... Self-employed workers....... Unpaid family workers......... Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..... Government......................... Private industries................. Private households....... Other.............................. Self-employed workers...... Unpaid family workers........ P e r s o n s a t w o rk p a rt tim e 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons............................... Slack work or business conditions....................... Could only find part-time work............................... Part time for noneconomic reasons.............................. Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons............................... Slack work or business conditions....................... Could only find part-time work................................ Part time for noneconomic reasons............................. I 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 63 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [U nem ploym ent rates] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2001 2002 S e le c te d c a te g o rie s 2000 2001 S e p t. O c t. N o v. D ec . J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. C h a ra c te ris tic Total, 16 years and over.............................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... Men, 20 years and over........................... Women, 20 years and over.................... 4.0 13.1 3.3 3.6 4.8 14.7 4.2 4.1 5.0 14.9 4.3 4.4 5.4 15.4 4.8 4.8 5.6 15.7 5.2 4.9 5.8 16.2 5.2 5.2 5.6 16.1 5.2 4.8 5.5 15.6 5.0 5.0 5.7 16.4 5.2 5.0 6.0 16.8 5.4 5.4 5.8 16.9 5.2 5.2 5.9 17.6 5.4 5.1 5.9 17.7 5.2 5.2 5.7 17.2 5.2 4.9 5.6 15.7 5.2 4.9 White, total................................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years......................... Women, 16 to 19 years................... Men, 20 years and over..................... Women, 20 years and over................ 3.5 11.4 12.3 10.4 2.8 3.1 4.2 12.7 13.8 11.4 3.7 3.6 4.3 12.7 13.6 11.7 3.8 3.8 4.7 13.1 14.7 11.5 4.4 4.1 5.0 13.5 15.8 11.1 4.7 4.2 5.1 13.7 14.6 12.8 4.6 4.5 5.0 14.2 13.7 14.6 4.7 4.2 4.9 14.0 15.4 12.6 4.4 4.4 5.0 14.5 16.3 12.7 4.5 4.3 5.3 14.0 15.4 12.5 4.8 4.6 5.2 14.8 15.4 14.2 4.8 4.5 5.2 15.6 17.7 13.4 4.7 4.4 5.3 16.4 19.1 13.6 4.8 4.4 5.1 14.8 17.5 12.1 4.7 4.3 5.1 13.8 15.3 12.3 4.7 4.3 Black, total................................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years......................... Women, 16 to 19 years................... Men, 20 years and over..................... Women, 20 years and over................ 7.6 24.7 26.4 23.0 7.0 6.3 8.7 29.0 30.5 27.5 8.0 7.0 8.8 28.5 30.8 26.1 7.8 7.7 9.6 30.2 31.2 29.1 8.2 8.5 9.9 32.1 31.6 32.6 8.7 8.4 10.2 33.4 32.0 34.8 9.1 8.7 9.8 30.7 32.1 29.0 8.9 8.4 9.6 27.9 30.0 25.6 8.7 8.5 10.7 31.0 36.9 24.7 10.1 9.0 11.2 35.4 37.3 33.5 9.3 10.2 10.2 30.2 36.8 22.3 8.6 9.5 10.7 30.2 30.0 30.4 10.4 8.8 9.9 28.0 20.5 34.8 9.0 8.9 9.6 30.5 30.5 30.4 8.8 8.3 9.6 27.7 34.7 20.8 9.3 7.9 Hispanic origin, total............................. 5.7 6.6 6.5 7.1 7.4 7.9 8.1 7.1 7.3 7.9 7.0 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.4 Married men, spouse present............. Married women, spouse present........ Women who maintain families............ Full-time workers................................... Part-time workers................................... 2.0 2.7 5.9 3.9 4.8 2.7 3.1 6.6 4.7 5.1 2.8 3.3 7.1 5.0 4.6 3.1 3.6 6.8 5.4 5.5 3.3 3.6 8.0 5.6 5.6 3.4 3.7 8.0 5.8 5.6 3.5 3.4 7.9 5.7 5.2 3.4 3.8 8.0 5.7 4.8 3.4 3.7 7.3 5.8 5.2 3.9 3.9 8.6 6.2 5.2 3.6 3.9 8.1 5.9 5.6 4.1 3.8 8.2 6.1 5.0 3.5 3.7 8.4 5.9 5.4 3.4 3.5 7.3 5.7 5.6 3.6 3.6 7.2 5.7 5.3 4.1 3.9 6.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.1 5.0 2.3 3.8 2.1 7.5 5.0 4.7 7.3 5.2 5.3 5.1 4.1 5.6 2.8 4.6 2.2 9.7 5.2 5.0 7.8 5.6 5.8 5.4 3.9 5.9 2.8 4.8 2.2 7.6 5.8 5.8 8.3 6.0 6.5 5.3 6.0 6.1 2.8 5.5 2.3 9.0 6.0 5.3 8.9 6.4 6.9 5.5 6.1 6.4 3.5 5.4 2.4 9.3 6.2 6.1 8.9 6.8 7.2 6.1 6.1 7.1 3.0 5.5 2.4 9.6 5.9 5.9 9.4 6.6 7.0 5.9 6.2 6.3 2.2 5.4 2.3 10.3 6.0 4.5 7.9 6.7 7.5 5.5 5.8 6.5 2.8 5.5 2.7 9.5 6.1 6.3 8.8 7.0 7.5 6.3 5.4 6.5 3.1 5.4 2.8 12.4 6.5 6.0 9.3 7.2 7.6 6.6 6.1 7.2 3.2 5.8 2.5 9.0 6.3 4.4 8.9 6.7 6.3 7.5 5.7 7.0 4.0 5.6 2.6 9.1 6.3 7.9 9.1 6.8 7.3 6.1 5.9 6.6 4.1 5.9 2.3 8.3 6.2 3.8 10.3 6.3 6.8 5.6 5.3 6.8 3.7 5.8 2.5 9.7 6.0 6.0 9.5 6.3 6.5 5.9 4.8 6.8 3.1 5.4 2.4 9.8 6.0 8.0 9.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 5.0 6.9 3.1 5.1 2.7 8.8 6.4 3.5 7.3 4.2 7.7 4.3 7.8 4.6 8.1 5.0 8.8 4.9 8.1 5.2 8.3 5.3 8.0 5.4 9.0 5.7 8.5 5.6 7.9 5.6 8.7 5.1 8.4 5.1 7.8 5.0 2.7 1.7 3.3 2.3 3.5 2.5 3.9 2.7 4.2 2.9 4.3 3.1 4.2 2.9 4.1 2.9 4.3 2.7 4.7 3.0 4.9 2.9 4.7 2.9 4.4 2.9 4.3 2.7 4.7 2.9 In d u s try Nonagricultural wage and salary workers......................................................... Mining........................................................ Construction.............................................. Manufacturing........................................... Durable goods....................................... Nondurable goods................................ Transportation and public utilities.......... Wholesale and retail trade..................... Finance, insurance, and real estate...... Services..................................................... Government workers.................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers....... E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t1 Less than a high school diploma................. High school graduates, no college............. Some college, less than a bachelor’s degree........................................................... College graduates......................................... 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [N um bers in thousands] W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks............................ 5 to 14 weeks..................................... 15 weeks and over............................ 15 to 26 weeks............................... 27 weeks and over......................... Mean duration, in weeks.................. Median duration, in weeks............... 64 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 2001 2001 S e p t. 2002 O c t. N ov. D ec. J an . Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay 3,024 2,724 2,978 2,586 2,546 1,418 1,127 2,828 2,515 3,078 2,411 2,561 1,383 1,178 2,688 1,355 1,333 2,793 2,818 2,854 1,360 1,494 2,876 2,531 2,952 1,316 1,636 2,729 2,784 3,103 1,434 1,669 14.6 8.8 15.0 8.1 15.4 16.6 8.9 17.1 9.8 17.3 11.7 2,543 1,803 1,309 665 644 2,833 2,163 1,746 949 797 2,807 2,366 1,907 1,084 823 3,084 2,522 2,042 1,136 906 3,090 2,573 2,317 1,207 1,110 2,410 1,295 1,115 12.6 5.9 13.2 6.8 13.3 7.3 13.0 7.4 14.4 7.6 14.5 8.2 Novem ber 2002 8.1 June J u ly Aug. 2,896 2,464 2,880 2,431 2,783 1,309 1,474 2,708 2,511 2,900 16.2 8.4 17.8 9.5 2,883 1,349 1,533 16.4 8.6 S e p t. 1,315 1,585 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [N um bers in thousands] R e a s o n fo r A n n u al a ve ra g e u n e m p lo y m e n t 2000 Job lo s e rs .......................... On temporary layoff........ Not on temporary layoff.. Job leavers.......................... Reentrants........................... New entrants....................... 2001 2001 2002 S e p t. O c t. N o v. D ec . J an . Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay 4,297 1,288 3,009 880 2,113 466 4,501 1,157 3,344 848 2,197 497 4,492 1,107 3,385 908 2,361 495 4,354 1,124 3,231 879 2,191 479 4,326 1,106 3,220 877 2,268 485 4,270 1,066 3,204 862 2,471 557 4,525 1,095 3,430 1,017 2,450 519 4,598 1,091 3,506 902 2,433 499 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. 4,580 1,224 3,356 818 2,375 571 4,560 1,151 3,410 824 2,270 619 4,535 999 3,536 781 2,263 526 2,492 842 1,650 775 1,957 431 3,428 1,049 2,379 832 2,029 453 3,595 1,114 2,481 819 2,102 466 44.1 50.8 51.5 55.4 56.0 54.4 55.1 54.4 52.3 53.2 54.5 54.8 54.9 55.1 56.0 14.9 29.2 13.7 34.6 7.6 15.6 35.3 12.3 30.1 6.7 16.0 35.5 11.7 30.1 6.7 16.6 38.8 11.3 27.2 6.0 14.4 41.6 10.5 27.3 6.2 13.4 41.0 11.0 28.6 6.0 14.2 40.9 11.1 27.7 6.1 13.9 40.5 11.0 28.5 6.1 13.1 39.3 10.6 30.3 6.8 12.9 40.3 12.0 28.8 6.1 12.9 41.6 10.7 28.9 5.9 12.7 42.1 10.0 28.2 7.0 14.7 40.2 9.8 28.5 6.8 13.9 41.2 10.0 27.4 7.5 12.3 43.6 9.6 27.9 6.5 1.8 2.4 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.7 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.6 .3 .6 1.7 .4 .7 1.7 .4 .6 1.7 .3 .6 1.7 .4 .6 1.7 .4 .6 1.6 .4 .5 1.6 .4 4,579 1,061 3,518 836 2,360 584 P e r c e n t o f u n e m p lo y e d Job lo s e rs .......................... On temporary layoff........ Not on temporary layoff.. Job leavers.......................... Reentrants........................... New entrants....................... P e r c e n t o f c iv ilia n la b o r fo rc e .1 Job losers Job leavers.... Reentrants..... New entrants.. 1.5 .3 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2000 2001 2001 S e p t. O c t. 2002 N o v. D ec . Jan. Total, 16 years and over................... 16 to 24 years................................. 16 to 19 years............................. 16 to 17 years.......................... 18 to 19 years.......................... 20 to 24 years............................. 25 years and over.......................... 25 to 54 years.......................... 55 years and over................... 4.0 9.3 13.1 15.4 11.5 7.1 3.0 3.1 2.6 4.8 10.6 14.7 17.1 13.2 8.3 3,7 3.8 3.0 5.0 10.8 14.9 16.6 13.9 8.6 3.8 3.9 3.2 5.4 11.5 15.4 17.4 14.2 9.3 4.2 4.4 3.4 5.6 11.7 15.7 17.5 14.8 9.5 4.4 4.6 3.5 5.8 11.9 16.2 18.8 14.8 9.6 4.5 4.7 4.0 5.6 11.9 16.1 17.0 15.2 9.7 4.4 4.7 3.5 Men, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years.............................. 16 to 19 years........................... 16 to 17 years........................ 18 to 19 years........................ 20 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and over................. 3.9 9.7 14.0 16.8 12.2 7.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 4.8 11.4 15.9 18.8 14.1 8.9 3.6 3.7 3.3 5.0 11.5 16.0 18.7 14.5 9.1 3.7 3.8 3.3 5.5 12.4 17.2 20.3 15.1 9.8 4.2 4.3 3.7 5.9 13.0 17.7 20.4 16.2 10.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 5.8 12.8 17.2 20.0 15.6 10.5 4.5 4.5 4.2 5.8 12.5 16.3 17.6 15.1 10.6 4.5 4.7 3.8 Women, 16 years and over............ 16 to 24 years.............................. 16 to 19 years........................... 16 to 17 years........................ 18 to 19 years....................... 20 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over....................... 25 to 54 years........................ 55 years and over................. 4.1 8.9 12.1 14.0 10.8 7.0 3.2 3.3 2.6 4.7 9.7 13.4 15.3 12.2 7.5 3.7 3.8 2.7 5.0 10.1 13.6 14.3 13.3 8.1 4.0 4.0 3.2 5.3 10.5 13.6 14.5 13.3 8.7 4.2 4.4 3.2 5.4 10.3 13.7 14.5 13.3 8.3 4.4 4.7 2.8 5.8 11.0 15.1 17.6 14.0 8.7 4.6 4.8 3.7 5.4 11.3 15.8 16.4 15.2 8.7 4.3 4.6 3.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F eb . 5.5 11.6 15.6 16.5 14.7 9.5 4.5 4.6 3.8 5.6 12.4 16.8 19.6 15.4 M a r. 5.7 12.5 16.4 18.0 15.1 10.3 4.5 4.7 3.5 6.0 M ay June J u ly 4.9 5.0 4.0 5.8 11.6 16.9 20.7 14.8 8.9 4.8 5.0 4.2 6.1 13.0 18.1 19.6 17.2 10.3 4.8 4.9 4.3 5.9 12.5 18.6 23.7 15.6 9.4 4.8 4.9 4.5 6.1 6.0 12.9 19.6 23.2 17.4 9.5 4.9 5.0 4.6 13.0 19.8 23.9 17.4 9.6 4.7 4.8 4.0 5.5 6.0 11.2 11.6 15.4 19.2 12.9 9.6 5.0 5.1 3.7 5.8 10.7 15.2 17.4 14.1 8.3 4.8 5.1 3.7 5.7 11.4 15.6 18.3 13.7 9.1 4.6 4.8 3.8 5.9 13.7 18.5 20.8 16.7 10.2 11.1 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.5 4.7 3.6 5.5 10.7 14.3 13.6 13.9 8.7 4.6 4.7 3.5 A p r. 14.3 15.3 13.4 9.4 4.4 4.6 3.4 M onthly Labor Review 12.3 16.8 19.4 15.1 10.0 5.9 12.2 17.6 20.8 15.6 9.3 4.8 4.9 4.2 N ovem ber 2002 5.9 12.3 17.7 20.9 16.1 9.5 4.6 4.8 3.7 5.7 11.6 15.6 17.9 14.8 9.4 4.6 4.8 3.4 65 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted S ta te Aug. J u ly Aug. 2001 2002p 2002p Alabama......................................................... Alaska............................................................ Arizona.......................................................... Arkansas........................................................ California........................................................ 5.4 6.3 4.7 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.7 6.0 5.2 6.4 5.7 7.3 5.7 5.0 6.4 Colorado........................................................ Connecticut................................................... Delaware........................................................ District of Columbia...................................... Florida............................................................ 3.8 3.6 3.3 6.7 4.9 5.2 3.8 3.9 6.0 5.4 Georgia.......................................................... Hawaii............................................................. Idaho.............................................................. Illinois.............................................................. Indiana............................................................ 4.0 4.3 4.9 5.5 4.6 Iowa............................................................... Kansas........................................................... Kentucky........................................................ Louisiana....................................................... Maine.............................................................. Maryland........................................................ Massachusetts.............................................. Michigan......................................................... Minnesota...................................................... Mississippi..................................................... S ta te Aug. J u ly Aug. 2001 2002p 2002p Missouri 4.8 4.5 3.1 5.3 4.0 5.3 4.6 3.6 5.4 4.2 4.7 4.0 3.4 5.0 4.7 5.1 4.0 3.8 6.0 5.6 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.7 5.5 6.3 5.3 6.1 6.8 2.8 3.5 5.9 6.3 3.2 4.6 4.3 5.4 6.7 5.1 4.6 4.0 5.3 6.2 5.2 4.4 4.0 6.7 4.8 4.7 4.3 7.3 5.4 4.3 5.6 4.3 7.0 5.3 4.8 3.4 4.3 5.6 5.6 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.6 5.6 4.2 3.7 4.5 5.9 5.9 4.0 5.7 3.4 4.4 5.1 54.4 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.4 4.6 4.6 6.1 6.1 5.2 5.0 4.1 4.0 5.5 3.7 5.5 4.2 4.9 6.6 4.3 6.5 4.3 5.2 6.2 4.4 6.1 3.7 3.7 6.5 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.9 4.0 7.1 4.2 4.1 7.2 5.9 5.2 3.6 Utah......... W yoming........................................................ 6.1 5.7 6.2 4.8 3.7 p = preliminary Dash indicates data not available. 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] J u ly Aug. 2002p 2002p Aug. S ta te 2001 Alabama................... Alaska....................... Arizona..................... Arkansas.................. California.................. 1,917.5 291.5 2,271.1 1,153.3 14,721.0 1,891.2 292.4 2,244.8 1,150.0 14,647.9 1,897.9 293.3 2,251.9 1,150.7 14,662.5 Colorado.................. Connecticut.............. Delaware.................. District of Columbia. Florida....................... 2,231.9 1,680.0 418.7 658.2 7,310.7 2,185.6 1,674.2 416.3 649.6 7,143.4 Georgia.................... Hawaii....................... Idaho......................... Illinois........................ Indiana...................... 3,949.9 555.7 S ta te Missouri.......................................... Aug. J u ly Aug. 2001 2002p 2002p 2 677 4 395 6 Nebraska......................................... Nevada............................................ New Hampshire............................. 2 229.7 392 0 912.3 1,057.6 624.9 2,185.5 1,674.8 416.1 653.2 7,329.5 New Jersey..................................... New Mexico................................... New York........................................ North Carolina............................... North Dakota................................. 4,014.6 757.3 8 628.8 3,901.4 329.9 4,002.1 761 0 8 559 7 3 885 5 571.5 6,003.3 2,938.7 3,870.3 549.9 566.0 5,929.1 2,903.4 3,864.5 549.4 563.3 5,930.7 2,905.4 Ohio................................................. Oklahoma....................................... Oregon............................................ 5,552.8 1,509.7 1,592.0 5,511.4 1,518.8 1,582.7 Rhode Island.................................. 478.8 483.0 Iowa........................... Kansas..................... Kentucky.................. Louisiana.................. Maine........................ 1,464.9 1,360.7 1,813.3 1,939.5 609.7 1,462.6 1,363.1 1,826.7 1,922.3 611.9 2,903.8 1,365.1 1,832.4 1,932.4 610.8 South Carolina............................... South Dakota................................. Tennessee...................................... Texas............................................... Utah................................................. 1,835.1 380.0 2,710.2 9,518.9 1 082 5 1,831.9 381.4 Maryland.................. Massachusetts........ Michigan................... Minnesota................. Mississippi................ 2,473.2 3,326.5 4,575.9 2,669.6 1,135.6 2,423.7 3,284.3 4,545.1 2,655.2 2,677.4 2,446.6 3,275.1 4,537.0 2,644.8 2,687.2 Vermont........................................... Virginia............................................. Washington..................................... W est Virginia................................... W isconsin....................................... W yoming......................................... 297.8 3,526.1 2,698.5 736.7 2,825.9 246.4 p = preliminary. Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. 66 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 907.0 1 070 8 627 3 328.9 2.687.2 394.6 906.9 1.070.4 625.6 4.003.0 759.5 8.549.4 3.896.5 329.8 5.503.8 1.519.5 1.582.0 5.649.2 481.4 1 0 65 1 1.834.3 380.1 2.704.3 9.423.1 1,063.7 297.1 3,495.8 2,648.0 723.2 2,833.3 251.9 296.9 3.494.6 2,641.0 731.8 2.838.9 253.4 2,703.1 9,412.7 12. E m p lo y m e n t o f w o rk e rs o n n o n fa r m p a y r o lls b y in d u s try , m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d [In thousands]____________________________________________________________________________________________________ In d u s try A n n u a l a v e ra g e 2001 2002 2000 2001 S ept. O ct. N ov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly A u g .p S e p t.p P R I V A T E S E C T O R ........................... 131,739 111,079 131,922 110,989 131,819 110,776 131,414 110,349 131,087 109 987 130,890 109 768 130,871 109,734 130,706 109 544 130,701 109 505 130,680 109 495 130,702 109 496 130,736 109 525 130,790 109 562 130,897 109 616 130,854 109 889 G O O D S - P R O D U C I N G ........................... 25,709 24,944 24,675 24,511 24,353 24 261 24 130 24 041 23 975 23 905 23 370 23,861 23,812 23,787 23,749 41 311 36 338 35 343 34 340 34 340 33 339 33 342 32 339 32 336 32 339 32 334 32 333 33 329 32 333 32 331 T O T A L .................................................. Oil and gas extraction................ Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels............................ C o n s t r u c t i o n .............................................. General building contractors.... Heavy construction, except Special trades contractors........ M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................... Production workers.............. D u r a b l e g o o d s ...................................... Production workers.............. Lumber and wood products.... Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products................................ Primary metal industries......... Fabricated metal products...... Industrial machinery and equipment............................. Computer and office equipment........................... Electronic and other electrical equipment............................. Electronic components and accessories.......................... Transportation equipment...... Motor vehicles and equipment............................ 114 111 111 110 110 111 111 111 111 112 112 110 110 111 111 6,698 1,528 6,685 1,462 6,674 1,462 6,643 1,456 6,629 1,454 6,634 1,459 6,615 1,459 6,597 1,458 6,593 1,462 6,541 1,452 6,541 1,454 6,549 1,454 6,519 1,334 6,553 1,464 6,552 1,469 901 4,269 922 4,300 924 4,288 922 4,265 925 4,250 924 4,251 919 4,237 914 4,225 908 4,223 901 4,188 908 4,179 910 4,185 899 4,175 898 4,191 895 4,188 18,469 12,628 17,695 11,933 17,430 11,719 17,302 11,620 17,158 11,513 17,062 11,437 16,947 11,362 16,880 11,305 16,822 11,264 16,800 11,250 16,758 11,245 16,757 11,236 16,742 11,237 16,679 11,198 16,644 11,175 11,138 7,591 10,636 7,126 10,445 6,971 10,343 6,889 10,237 6,809 10,166 6,753 10,070 6,690 10,023 6,653 9,976 6,625 9,976 6,620 9,963 6,619 9,944 6,603 9,922 6,609 9,876 6,578 9,834 6,544 832 558 786 519 784 507 777 500 772 495 770 494 771 492 771 491 769 491 767 497 770 494 767 495 766 495 767 495 764 489 579 698 1,537 571 656 1,483 566 643 1,465 564 637 1,455 561 625 1,438 558 617 1,437 555 607 1,427 551 601 1,425 550 596 1,422 551 598 1,425 549 597 1,428 552 593 1,425 554 589 1,425 556 589 1,416 556 588 1,413 2,120 2,010 1,957 1,935 1,909 1,887 1,868 1,855 1,846 1,842 1,826 1,829 1,826 1,810 1,801 361 343 331 328 325 322 317 315 315 313 308 304 301 296 294 1,719 1,631 1,565 1,542 1,520 1,499 1,478 1,459 1,445 1,443 1,437 1,428 1,426 1,407 1,396 682 1,849 661 1,760 628 1,750 616 1,729 605 1,720 595 1,709 582 1,680 571 1,682 566 1,674 566 1,671 567 1,675 566 1,679 563 1,661 555 1,668 554 1,657 1,013 465 947 461 937 463 921 458 921 452 920 449 902 437 913 427 915 419 912 416 914 416 920 411 905 409 914 404 910 398 852 830 832 829 825 822 818 816 813 811 807 805 803 798 796 Instruments and related Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................... N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ............................ Production workers............. Food and kindred products..... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products................. Apparel and other textile products................................ Paper and allied products....... Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products. Petroleum and coal products... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................... Leather and leather products... S E R V I C E - P R O D U C I N G ........................ 394 380 376 375 372 373 374 372 370 371 372 371 374 370 374 7,331 5,038 7,059 4,808 6,985 4,748 6,959 4,731 6,921 4,704 6,896 4,684 6,877 4,672 6,857 4,652 6,846 4,639 6,824 4,630 6,808 4,626 6,813 4,633 6,820 4,638 6,903 4,620 6,810 4,631 1,684 34 528 1,691 34 478 1,690 34 464 1,690 34 459 1,690 34 451 1,685 34 448 1,686 34 444 1,686 33 441 1,685 34 440 1,689 33 436 1,687 34 434 1,691 34 432 1,687 35 429 1,683 38 427 1,694 37 425 633 657 1,547 1,038 127 566 834 1,490 1,022 126 551 628 1,471 1,019 126 546 627 1,463 1,018 127 537 626 1,453 1,015 127 537 624 1,444 1,012 126 536 622 1,437 1,008 126 531 621 1,428 1,011 126 527 620 1,419 1,010 126 523 615 1,413 1,008 125 520 612 1,407 1,006 125 522 612 1,405 1,008 125 525 612 1,406 1,008 126 523 613 1,401 1,007 126 515 614 1,403 1,011 126 1,011 71 958 60 945 57 939 56 932 56 930 56 928 56 924 56 929 56 927 55 928 55 929 55 936 56 930 57 928 57 106,050 106,978 107,144 106,903 106,734 106,629 106,741 106,665 106,726 106,775 106,832 106,875 106,978 107,110 107,105 7,019 4,529 236 7,065 4,497 234 7,044 4,487 232 6,974 4,427 232 6,907 4,367 232 6,856 4,332 233 6,850 4,343 235 6,837 4,341 234 6,814 4,330 233 6,799 4,330 230 6,793 4,328 228 6,790 4,334 229 6,780 4,328 227 6,763 4,320 226 6,731 4,194 228 476 1,856 196 1,281 14 471 480 1,848 192 1,266 15 462 477 1,841 192 1,268 15 462 478 1,831 193 1,236 15 442 480 1,831 189 1,187 15 433 481 1,827 188 1,159 15 429 481 1,824 188 1,171 15 429 479 1,826 187 1,171 15 429 478 1,819 186 1,172 15 427 476 1,830 190 1,162 15 427 475 1,827 193 1,165 15 425 472 1,829 193 1,172 15 424 471 1,834 192 1,167 15 422 464 1,829 190 1,175 15 421 467 1,812 190 1,163 15 419 2,490 1,639 2,570 1,716 2,557 1,706 2,547 1,696 2,540 1,689 2,524 1,679 2,507 1,660 2,496 1,652 2,484 1,643 2,469 1,628 2,465 1,626 2,456 1,615 2,452 1,608 2,443 1,598 1,437 1,591 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...................................................... Transportation........................... Railroad transportation........... Local and interurban passenger transit................... Trucking and warehousing...... Water transportation................ Transportation by air............... Pipelines, except natural gas... Transportation services......... Communications and public utilities..................................... Communications...................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services................................. 851 852 851 851 851 845 847 844 841 841 839 841 844 845 846 W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ...................................... 7,024 6,776 6,747 6,728 6,693 6,702 6,702 6,689 6,681 6,678 6,681 6,681 6,679 6,672 6,667 R e t a i l t r a d e .................................................. 23,307 23,522 23,509 23,470 23,449 23,318 23,396 23,331 23,332 23,345 23,327 23,308 23,339 23,295 13,279 Building materials and garden supplies.................................. General merchandise stores..... Department stores................... 1,016 2,837 2,491 1,044 2,897 2,559 1,051 2,902 2,567 1,052 2,888 2,552 1,049 2,877 2,540 1,050 2,853 2,520 1,049 2,856 2,520 1,048 2,892 2,550 1,053 2,901 2,560 1,061 2,915 2,575 1,068 2,897 2,560 1,066 2,884 2,542 1,067 2,885 2,544 1,065 2,851 2,613 1,063 2,848 2,506 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 67 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In th o u s a n d s ]___________________ A nnual a v erag e 2001 In d u s try 2000 Food stores.............................. Automotive dealers and service stations...................... New and used car dealers..... Apparel and accessory stores.. Furniture and home furnishings stores...................................... Eating and drinking places....... Miscellaneous retail establishments...................... 2001 S e p t. O c t. 2002 N ov. D ec. Ja n . F eb. M a r. A p r. M ay Ju n e J u ly A u g .p S e p t.p 3,521 3,541 3,438 3,442 3,448 3,430 3,421 3,402 3,392 3,392 3,397 3,394 3,388 3,392 3,395 2,412 1,114 1,193 2,425 1,121 1,189 2,434 1,123 1,188 2,426 1,123 1,177 2,434 1,126 1,173 2,438 1,131 1,163 2,436 1,133 1,187 2,430 1,134 1,172 2,426 1,131 1,175 2,429 1,129 1,170 2,434 1,133 1,169 2,432 1,128 1,173 1,437 1,127 1,178 2,444 1,130 1,177 2,438 1,129 1,169 1,134 8,114 1,141 8,256 1,141 8,234 1,136 8,239 1,156 8,224 1,156 8,190 1,138 8,238 1,143 8,161 1,143 8,154 1,141 8,152 1,146 8,130 1,148 8,121 1,153 8,144 1,153 8,125 1,152 8,127 3,080 317 3,121 3,110 3,086 3,038 3,069 3,083 3,088 3,085 3,086 3,090 3,087 3,088 3,087 7,560 3,710 2,029 1,430 253 681 7,712 3,800 2,053 1,434 256 720 7,739 3,813 2,061 1,437 258 733 7,743 3,812 2,061 1,439 257 740 7,751 3,821 2,068 1,442 260 747 7,748 3,818 2,070 1,444 261 752 7,748 3,819 2,070 1,450 262 755 7,745 3,812 2,072 1,446 263 754 7,740 3,809 2,074 1,447 264 753 7,743 3,813 2,075 1,446 264 756 7,732 3,813 2,073 1,446 264 756 7,733 3,819 2,071 1,444 264 762 7,737 3,819 2,073 1,445 263 767 7,747 3,823 2,076 1,449 263 774 7,763 3,832 2,076 1,449 264 781 748 769 758 750 745 734 729 726 722 723 723 723 718 714 714 251 2,346 1,589 257 2,369 1,595 261 2,375 1,598 261 2,379 1,600 261 2,377 1,597 262 2,372 1,594 259 2,372 1,594 260 2,376 1,593 260 2,375 1,591 259 2,374 1,989 261 2,369 1,583 263 2,366 1,579 261 2,365 1,576 259 2,367 1,574 261 2,368 1,575 757 1,504 773 1,544 777 1,551 779 1,552 780 1,553 778 1,558 778 1,557 783 1,557 784 1,556 785 1,556 786 1,550 787 1,548 789 1,553 793 1,557 793 1,563 40,460 832 1,914 1,251 9,858 994 3,887 3,487 40,970 849 1,870 1,269 9,572 1,016 3,446 3,084 41,062 857 1,852 1,274 9,522 1,020 3,383 3,029 40,923 859 1,814 1,272 9,393 1,022 3,249 2,906 40,834 860 1,810 1,266 9,277 1,025 3,126 2,799 40,883 865 1,805 1,284 9,265 1,025 3,107 2,782 10,908 865 1,811 1,290 9,231 1,022 3,080 2,761 40,901 868 1,811 1,282 9,207 1,018 3,070 2,758 40,963 872 1,811 1,289 9,237 121 3,107 2,795 41,025 857 1,796 1,286 9,312 1,027 3,175 2,857 41,093 856 1,789 1,279 9,330 1,023 3,198 2,888 41,152 862 1,801 1,285 9,332 1,023 3,205 2,902 41,215 862 1,795 1,282 9,325 1,034 3,196 2,875 41,352 862 1,788 1,286 9,397 1,039 3,256 2,926 41,380 874 1,779 1,286 9,394 1,046 3,235 2,928 2,095 2,225 2,233 2,232 2,221 2,219 2,213 2,208 2,198 2,190 2,190 2,191 2,193 2,193 2,194 1,248 366 594 1,257 374 583 1,261 375 580 1,253 375 575 1,259 375 577 1,259 376 574 1,262 376 581 1,262 379 574 1,260 377 572 1,261 377 574 1,262 375 578 1,265 378 581 1,266 379 584 1,265 377 592 1,269 378 593 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ............................................... Finance...................................... Depository institutions............. Commercial banks................ Savings institutions............... Nondepository institutions...... Security and commodity brokers.................................. Holding and other investment offices.................................... Insurance.................................. Insurance carriers................... Insurance agents, brokers, and service............................ Real estate................................ S e r v i c e s ..................................................... Agricultural services.................. Hotels and other lodging places Personal services...................... Business services...................... Services to buildings................ Personnel supply services...... Help supply services............. Computer and data processing services............... Auto repair services and parking............................. Miscellaneous repair services.... Motion pictures.......................... Amusement and recreation services.................................. Health services.......................... Offices and clinics of medical doctors................................... Nursing and personal care facilities.................................. Hospitals.................................. Home health care services..... Legal services............................ Educational services.................. Social services........................... Child day care services........... Residential care....................... Museums and botanical and zoological gardens.................. Membership organizations........ Engineering and management services.................................. Engineering and architectural services.................................. Management and public relations................................ G o v e r n m e n t ............................................... . Federal....................................... Federal, except Postal Service.................................. State........................................... Education................................. Other State government......... Local........................................... Education................................. Other local government.......... 1,728 1,721 1,700 1,702 1,685 1,680 1,699 1,649 1,635 1,611 1,621 1,631 1,649 1,664 1,638 10,197 10,381 10,452 10,476 10,502 10,530 10,551 10,575 10,602 10,611 10,626 10,660 10,687 10,713 10,734 1,924 2,002 2,016 3,018 2,025 2,029 2,033 3,041 2,046 2,044 2,050 2,061 2,067 2,075 2,080 1,795 3,990 643 1,010 2,325 2,903 712 806 1,847 4,096 636 1,037 2,433 307 716 864 1,858 4,129 639 1,046 2,452 3,097 722 878 1,862 4,141 639 1,047 2,454 3,110 721 884 1,866 4,153 640 1,049 2,458 3,121 721 888 1,871 4,164 641 1,051 2,463 3,135 723 891 1,876 4,174 643 1,053 2,473 3,149 723 896 1,875 4,184 642 1,054 2,485 3,155 722 899 1,879 4,193 643 1,056 2,489 3,162 723 902 1,883 4,199 643 1,059 2,501 3,167 925 903 1,886 4,207 644 1,066 2,518 3,164 722 901 1,887 4,221 643 1,065 2,511 3,165 726 904 1,888 4,233 646 1,065 2,529 3,181 726 904 1,893 4,243 647 1,066 2,535 3,203 734 907 1,897 5,249 650 1,071 2,533 3,203 725 909 106 2,475 110 2,468 111 2,479 110 2,474 109 2,473 110 2,473 110 2,471 109 2,471 109 2,470 109 2,477 108 2,480 109 2,484 109 2,476 108 2,472 108 2 478 3,419 3,593 3,610 3,616 3,620 3,621 3,624 3,629 3,631 3,636 3,649 3,636 3,634 3,633 3,651 1,017 1,053 1,057 1,056 1,051 1,048 1,047 1,044 1,044 1,041 1,042 1,034 1,032 1,031 1,029 1,090 1,166 1,175 1,178 1,182 1,184 1,192 1,193 1,191 1,202 1,209 1,204 1,214 1,210 1,218 20,681 2,777 20,933 2,616 21,043 2,622 21,065 2,622 21,100 2,622 21,122 2,616 21,137 2,615 21,162 2,609 21,196 2,608 21,185 2,611 21,206 2,600 21,211 2,601 21,228 2,607 21,281 2,616 21,285 2,627 1,917 4,785 2,032 2,753 13,119 7,440 5,679 1,767 4,885 2,096 2,789 13,432 7,646 5,786 1,774 4,938 2,140 2,798 13,464 7,679 5,804 1,778 4,925 2,118 2,807 13,483 7,693 5,825 1,776 4,925 2,121 2,804 13,518 7,710 5,849 1,776 4,932 2,124 2,808 13,559 7,723 5,852 1,776 4,935 2,127 2,808 13,575 7,732 5,861 1,777 4,937 2,130 2,807 13,593 7,746 5,871 1,782 4,940 2,133 2,807 13,617 7,767 5,878 1,784 4,942 2,135 2,807 13,645 7,754 5,879 1,777 4,945 2,141 2,804 13,661 7,770 5,891 I 1,783 4,935 2,135 2,800 13,675 7,755 5,920 1,790 4,950 2,155 2,795 13,671 7,788 5,883 1,799 4,944 2,143 2,801 13,721 7,832 5,889 1,815 4,956 2,163 2,793 13,702 7,810 5,892 1 Includes other Industries not shown separately. p - preliminary. Note : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 68 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted In d u s try 2000 P R I V A T E S E C T O R .................................................... 34.5 2001 34.2 2002 2001 A n n u a l a v e ra g e S e p t. 34.1 O c t. 34.0 N o v. 34.1 D ec . Jan . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 34.1 34.1 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.2 34.3 34.0 34.1 34.3 40.3 40.5 40.0 40.3 40.3 A u g .p S e p t.p G O O D S - P R O D U C I N G .................................................... 41.0 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.4 M I N I N G ....................................................................................... 43.1 43.5 43.6 43.0 43.5 43.8 43.0 43.4 43.3 42.4 43.0 43.3 42.7 43.3 42.6 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ........................................................ 41.6 4.6 40.7 3.9 40.6 3.9 40.5 3.8 40.4 3.8 40.8 3.8 40.6 3.9 40.7 3.9 41.0 4.1 40.9 4.2 40.9 4.2 41.1 4.3 40.7 4.0 40.9 4.2 40.9 4.1 42.1 4.7 41.0 40.0 43.1 44.9 41.0 3.9 40.6 39.0 43.6 43.6 40.9 3.8 41.2 39.1 43.9 43.7 40.7 3.7 30.7 38.6 43.6 43.4 40.6 3.7 40.7 38.8 43.6 43.0 40.9 3.8 41.0 39.2 43.4 43.7 41.0 3.9 40.5 40.1 43.8 43.6 41.1 3.9 40.9 40.3 44.1 43.8 41.3 4.1 41.1 40.6 43.6 44.4 41.4 4.1 40.8 40.8 43.8 44.3 41.3 4.1 40.8 40.4 43.4 44.1 41.5 4.2 41.0 40.2 43.7 44.6 41.0 3.9 41.2 40.1 43.2 44.1 41.2 4.1 41.0 40.3 43.3 44.3 41.3 4.2 41.3 40.1 43.3 43.7 46.0 42.6 44.6 41.4 45.3 41.2 44.5 41.1 43.9 41.0 44.4 41.3 44.5 41.3 44.8 41.6 45.5 41.7 45.1 41.6 45.6 41.9 46.1 42.0 45.5 41.7 45.8 41.7 45.7 41.5 Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment............................................ Transportation equipment.................... Motor vehicles and equipment.......... Instruments and related products....... 42.2 40.6 40.3 40.2 39.9 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.9 40.3 40.8 40.6 41.1 43.4 44.4 41.3 39.0 39.4 41.9 42.7 40.9 37.9 39.1 41.5 42.4 41.1 37.7 39.0 41.5 42.4 40.7 37.3 39.0 41.6 42.5 40.6 37.4 39.4 41.9 43.2 40.6 38.0 38.7 42.7 44.3 40.5 38.2 38.9 42.3 43.7 40.4 38.4 39.4 42.4 43.9 40.6 38.8 39.5 42.6 44.4 40.4 38.8 39.4 42.3 44.2 40.4 38.8 39.4 43.5 44.1 40.9 39.6 38.7 41.7 42.9 40.4 38.4 38.7 42.1 43.7 40.8 38.5 39.0 43.0 44.6 40.7 38.5 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .................................................... 40.8 4.4 41.7 41.2 37.8 42.5 40.3 4.0 41.1 39.9 37.3 41.6 40.2 4.1 41.0 39.8 36.9 41.7 40.1 4.0 41.2 39.4 36.6 41.4 40.1 3.9 41.0 39.3 36.9 41.3 40.1 3.9 40.9 40.0 36.9 41.3 40.0 4.0 41.0 40.2 36.7 41.1 40.2 3.9 41.0 40.9 36.7 41.5 40.4 4.2 41.4 41.4 37.4 41.5 40.3 4.3 41.2 41.5 37.1 41.6 40.4 4.3 41.2 41.4 37.0 41.9 40.6 4.3 41.6 41.5 37.0 41.6 40.2 4.2 41.0 41.6 36.8 41.2 40.5 4.2 41.3 41.8 36.7 41.7 40.2 4.1 40.7 41.3 37.1 41.6 38.3 42.5 38.1 42.3 38.0 42.1 37.9 42.0 37.8 41.9 37.8 41.9 37.3 41.9 37.4 41.9 37.5 42.0 37.2 41.8 37.5 42.3 37.7 42.5 37.3 42.1 37.7 42.6 37.3 42.9 41.4 37.5 40.7 36.3 40.8 36.4 40.5 36.2 40.7 36.6 40.8 36.9 40.5 37.0 40.9 37.2 41.1 37.3 41.6 37.5 41.2 36.7 41.3 36.8 41.0 36.7 41.2 35.7 40.9 35.2 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.8 32.7 32.8 32.8 32.6 32.7 32.9 Overtime hours..................................... D u r a b l e g o o d s ................................................................ Overtime hours.................................... Lumber and wood products................. Furniture and fixtures............................ Stone, clay, and glass products.......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products.............................................. Overtime hours.................................... Food and kindred products.................. Textile mill products.............................. Apparel and other textile products...... Paper and allied products.................... Rubber and miscellaneous S E R V I C E - P R O D U C I N G ............................................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S .................................................. 38.6 38.2 37.9 38.0 38.9 38.2 38.1 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.7 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ................................................ 38.5 38.2 38.3 38.0 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.5 R E T A I L T R A D E ................................................................ 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.1 28.8 28.9 29.1 p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 69 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s try 2001 2002 2000 2001 S e p t. O ct. N o v. D ec. Jan . Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Augp S e p t.p P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u r r e n t d o l l a r s ) .. $13.75 $14.32 $14.43 $14.46 $14.52 $14.56 $14.59 $14.62 $14.65 $14.68 $14.70 $14.75 $14.78 $14.82 $14.87 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................... 15.40 15.92 16.02 16.05 16.11 16.18 16.24 16.28 16.29 16.32 16.35 16.39 16.38 16.43 16.47 Mining..................................................... 17.24 17.56 17.62 17,70 17.68 17.51 17.69 17.66 17.72 17.63 17.87 17.70 17.78 17.88 17.81 Construction........................................... 17.88 18.34 18.37 18.40 18.47 18.60 18.65 18.68 18.74 18.83 18.77 18.81 18.87 18.89 18.94 Manufacturing........................................ 14.83 14.95 14.99 15.03 15.08 15.13 15.17 15.19 15.19 15.27 15.31 15.28 15.33 15.36 Excluding overtime............................ 14.38 13.62 14.15 14.28 14.31 14.36 14.39 14.42 14.46 14.45 14.43 14.53 14.56 14.57 14.59 14.64 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .................................................... 13.24 13.85 13.97 14.00 14.06 14.10 14.11 14.14 14.18 14.21 14.24 14.29 14.33 14.37 14.42 Transportation and public utilities....... 16.22 16.79 16.87 16.96 17.03 17.09 17.13 17.16 17.26 17.26 17.31 17.37 17.33 17.34 17.44 Wholesale trade..................................... 15.20 15.86 15.99 15.97 15.98 16.07 16.10 16.19 16.23 16.11 16.12 16.14 16.14 16.27 16.31 Retail trade............................................ 9.46 9.77 9.81 9.84 9.90 9.89 9.90 9.92 9.95 9.97 9.99 10.06 10.05 10.09 10.10 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 15.07 15.80 15.93 15.97 16.00 16.00 16.06 16.08 16.14 16.18 16.17 16.27 16.38 16.43 16.52 Services.................................................. 13.91 14.67 14.83 14.88 14.94 14.98 15.01 15.04 15.08 15.13 15.16 15.19 15.26 15.29 15.35 7.86 8.00 8.01 8.06 8.10 8.14 8.14 8.14 8.13 8.10 8.12 8.14 8.14 8.14 8.14 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c o n s t a n t ( 1 9 8 2 ) d o l l a r s ) ................................................................................... p - preliminary. Dash indicates data not available. No t e : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry 2002 2001 A n n u al a v e ra g e In d u s try P R I V A T E S E C T O R ........................................................ 2000 2001 S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec . J an . F eb . M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly $13.76 $14.32 $14.50 $14.49 $14.54 $14.62 $14.65 $14.67 $14.67 $14.69 $14.67 $14.68 $14.65 $14.70 $14.93 A u g .p S e p t.” M I N I N G ........................................................................................ 17.22 17.56 17.61 17.72 17.61 17.58 17.89 17.76 17.73 17.70 17.74 17.65 17.76 17.72 17.79 C O N S T R U C T I O N ............................................................. 17.88 18.34 18.51 18.57 18.54 18.69 18.56 18.62 18.66 18.70 18.67 18.74 18.90 18.96 19.06 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ........................................................ 14.37 14.83 15.01 14.97 15.07 15.17 15.15 15.16 15.16 15.20 15.23 15.28 15.26 15.31 15.42 goods........................................... Lumber and wood products................. Furniture and fixtures............................ Stone, clay, and glass products.......... Primary metal industries...................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products.............................................. Fabricated metal products................... 14.82 11.94 11.74 14.53 16.41 15.28 12.26 12.24 15.00 16.92 15.49 12.44 12.39 15.21 17.23 15.46 12.37 12.42 15.09 17.08 15.55 12.40 12.45 15.13 17.24 15.66 12.42 12.56 15.10 17.19 15.61 12.38 12.61 15.12 17.15 15.63 12.39 12.59 15.17 17.15 15.63 12.35 12.57 15.12 17.20 15.66 12.33 12.54 15.35 17.25 15.68 12.43 12.59 15.43 17.36 15.74 12.53 12.62 15.48 17.46 15.66 12.58 12.55 15.62 17.60 15.79 12.57 12.72 15.52 17.46 15.91 12.60 12.75 15.71 17.65 19.82 13.87 20.41 14.25 20.90 14.42 20.52 14.33 20.66 14.42 20.53 14.56 20.53 14.57 20.63 14.51 20.66 14.60 20.69 14.66 20.81 14.64 20.92 14.71 21.07 14.61 20.90 14.72 21.03 14.82 Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment............................................ Transportation equipment.................... Motor vehicles and equipment.......... Instruments and related products....... Miscellaneous manufacturing.............. 15.55 15.89 16.01 16.07 16.16 16.23 16.31 16.33 16.31 16.30 16.35 16.36 16.47 16.55 16.59 13.79 18.46 18.80 14.41 11.63 14.51 19.06 19.40 14.81 12.16 14.82 19.36 19.73 15.00 12.38 14.78 19.41 19.83 14.97 12.24 14.88 19.54 19.96 14.98 12.35 14.97 19.71 20.19 15.09 12.39 14.86 19.57 19.99 15.09 12.46 14.90 19.69 20.05 15.10 12.42 14.93 19.65 20.09 15.12 12.39 14.87 19.68 20.22 15.11 12.36 14.91 19.65 20.17 15.11 12.37 15.04 19.75 20.36 15.14 12.28 15.05 19.37 19.76 15.24 12.30 15.04 19.80 20.54 15.28 12.36 15.13 20.04 20.77 15.40 12.44 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .................................................... 13.68 12.51 21.34 11.16 9.29 16.25 14.16 12.89 21.50 11.35 9.43 16.87 14.30 12.97 20.71 11.40 9.54 17.11 14.26 12.89 20.71 11.34 9.44 17.14 14.36 13.10 21.46 11.40 9.49 17.19 14.45 13.17 31.37 11.53 9.60 17.26 14.47 13.14 21.21 11.66 9.72 17.19 14.47 13.08 21.71 11.64 9.77 17.17 14.46 13.10 22.47 11.65 9.82 17.25 14.53 13.18 22.80 11.65 9.93 17.33 14.55 13.25 23.09 11.73 9.93 17.51 14.60 13.29 23.26 11.69 9.95 17.53 14.69 13.34 23.34 11.74 9.91 17.73 14.61 13.25 20.98 11.75 9.95 17.56 14.72 13.33 20.50 11.75 10.00 17.75 14.40 18.15 21.99 14.82 18.61 22.08 15.01 18.85 22.24 14.93 18.74 22.23 14.91 18.83 22.38 15.04 18.88 22.19 15.01 18.87 22.10 15.06 18.95 22.45 15.12 18.93 22.39 15.11 19.01 22.39 15.05 18.96 22.02 15.11 19.14 22.15 15.15 19.32 22.22 15.18 19.31 22.08 15.36 19.52 22.28 12.85 10.17 13.39 10.31 13.50 10.24 13.53 10.24 13.57 10.20 13.69 10.29 13.71 10.31 13.65 10.35 13.61 10.40 13.68 10.39 13.69 10.43 13.66 10.27 13.76 10.37 13.71 10.27 13.70 10.03 P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ................................................... 16.21 16.79 16.91 16.98 17.05 17.11 17.18 17.18 17.24 17.31 17.24 17.29 17.33 17.30 17.48 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ................................................ 15.22 15.86 16.08 15.95 15.96 16.21 16.11 16.21 16.13 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.18 16.18 16.40 R E T A I L T R A D E ................................................................. 9.46 9.77 9.86 9.87 9.91 9.89 9.96 9.95 9.98 10.00 9.98 10.00 9.98 10.01 10.15 A N D R E A L E S T A T E .............................................. 15.14 15,80 15.96 15.91 15.97 16.14 16.07 16.13 16.17 16.23 16.18 16.27 16.25 16.31 16.55 S E R V I C E S .............................................................................. 13.93 14.67 14.85 14.87 14.99 15.15 15.14 15.17 15.16 15.16 15.12 15.08 15.02 15.04 15.37 D u ra b le Food and kindred products.................. Textile mill products.............................. Apparel and other textile products...... Paper and allied products.................... Chemicals and allied products............ Petroleum and coal products............... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................. Leather and leather products............... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 71 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 16. A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s o f p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e rv is o r y w o rk e rs o n p r iv a te n o n fa r m p a y r o lls , b y in d u s try Industry PRIVATE SECTOR Current dollars........................... Seasonally adjusted.............. Constant (1982) dollars........... Annual average 2001 2002 2000 2001 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. $474.38 $489.74 272.16 273.45 $498.80 492.06 276.50 $492.66 491.64 274.31 $494.36 495.13 275.72 $502.93 496.50 281.91 $492.24 497.52 275.46 $497.31 500.00 277.36 $497.31 501.03 275.82 $497.99 502.06 274.53 May $500.25 502.74 275.77 June $509.40 505.93 280.66 July $501.03 502.52 275.75 Aug.p Sept.p $505.68 505.36 277.54 $515.09 510.04 277.54 MINING........................................... 743.04 763.86 774.84 772.59 .764.27 771.76 754.96 761.90 757.07 750.48. 766.37 767.78 763.68 769.05 766.75 CONSTRUCTION........................... 702.68 720.76 738.55 737.23 724.91 719.57 714.56 716.87 716.54 723.69 728.13 740.23 740.88 748.92 754.78 MANUFACTURING Current dollars.......................... Constant (1982) dollars............ 598.21 343.21 603.58 337.01 616.91 341.97 607.78 338.41 613.35 342.08 625.00 350.34 612.06 342.51 610.95 340.74 620.04 343.89 620.16 341.87 622.91 343.39 631.06 347.69 614.98 338.46 629.24 338.46 636.85 345.36 Durable goods............................. 623.92 626.48 639.74 632.31 636.00 651.46 636.89 637.70 656.36 634.23 653.71 661.86 497.76 477.36 517.50 491.88 507.17 481.90 507.16 485.55 507.98 501.14 493.96 504.40 495.60 501.08 645.52 646.76 503.88 504.30 509.09 506 31/50 649.15 489.13 469.20 510.87 504.86 520.00 508.59 517.04 449.49 519.14 516.43 525.42 518.93 626.24 737.26 654.00 737.71 685.97 763.29 666.98 739.56 662.69 748.22 649.30 763.24 645.62 746.03 646.24 746.03 645.62 758.52 667.73 762.45 675.83 767.31 687.31 782.21 682.59 769.12 684.43 773.48 699.10 783.66 911.72 590.86 910.29 589.95 959.31 598.43 906.98 591.83 915.24 596.99 909.48 614.43 907.43 600.28 915.97 597.81 933.83 607.36 937.26 606.92 951.02 611.95 972.78 619.29 965.01 599.01 957.22 615.30 973.69 619.48 656.21 645.13 646.80 646.01 648.02 667.49 657.29 658.10 663.82 660.15 665.45 669.12 658.80 671.93 675.21 567.18 800.73 571.69 798.61 583.91 811.18 580.85 809.40 587.76 818.73 603.29 841.62 573.60 827.81 576.63 825.01 588.24 835.13 581.42 844.27 582.98 842.99 592.58 847.28 571.90 780.61 583.55 843.48 594.61 867.73 834.28 828.38 846.42 844.76 856.28 892.40 871.56 868.17 883.96 907.88 905.63 910.09 810.16 911.98 938.80 595.96 453.57 605.73 460.86 618.00 467.96 607.78 457.78 611.18 461.89 623.22 477.02 612.65 469.74 611.55 473.20 616.90 483.21 607.42 479.57 607.42 479.96 620.74 485.06 609.60 468.63 621.90 478.33 626.78 480.18 Nondurable goods..................... 558.55 582.01 546.04 836.68 458.28 574.68 538.80 834.61 445.66 588.12 586.37 533.79 932.52 485.81 543.25 962.85 486.80 587.60 546.94 982.61 480.17 600.58 523.20 881.43 471.41 592.76 550.21 983.90 489.81 593.17 546.56 880.44 465.87 581.29 533.17 912.28 483.48 582.65 544.96 862.69 450.30 575.91 533.48 854.76 465.23 574.46 521.25 877.90 459.79 570.65 529.78 851.40 452.87 580.14 Food and kindred products...... Tobacco products.................... Textile mill products................. Apparel and other textile products................................. Paper and allied products........ 553.85 845.49 494.68 557.19 834.35 489.98 351.54 690.63 351.74 701.79 350.12 722.04 344.56 714.74 351.13 718.54 358.08 724.92 350.89 709.95 357.58 705.69 368.25 713.43 369.40 717.46 369.40 728.42 373.13 727.50 362.71 728.70 365.17 730.50 369.00 749.05 551.52 771.38 932.80 564.64 787.20 945.02 577.89 797.36 954.10 568.83 787.08 926.99 572.54 793.74 939.96 576.02 800.51 934.20 555.37 790.65 932.78 558.73 790.22 938.41 568.51 793.17 920.23 560.58 794.62 900.23 559.86 800.11 887.41 563.60 815.36 917.01 562.07 809.51 928.80 573.80 820.68 907.49 580.61 841.31 942.44 531.99 381.75 544.97 374.25 556.20 376.83 549.32 372.74 553.66 376.38 568.14 380.73 555.26 378.38 556.92 380.88 559.37 386.88 564.98 388.59 564.03 382.78 569.62 384.10 554.53 373.32 563.48 369.72 565.81 356.07 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES..................... 626.09 641.38 645.96 645.24 646.20 660.45 647.69 751.12 655.12 657.78 660.29 670.85 665.47 669.51 681.72 WHOLESALE TRADE................... 585.20 605.85 620.69 606.10 611.27 627.33 608.96 615.98 614.55 615.40 615.86 630.63 616.63 621.31 636.32 RETAIL TRADE.............................. 273.39 282.35 284.95 282.28 282.44 289.78 279.88 284.57 286.43 287.00 289.42 297.00 295.41 295.30 296.38 Lumber and wood products..... Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products................................ Primary metal industries.......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products...................... Fabricated metal products....... Industrial machinery and equipment............................. Electronic and other electrical equipment.............................. Transportation equipment........ Motor vehicles and equipment........................... Instruments and related products................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing.... Printing and publishing............. Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................... Leather and leather products.... FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE................... 547.04 570.38 585.73 569.58 573.32 592.34 575.31 582.29 580.50 581.03 577.63 597.11 581.75 588.79 609.04 SERVICES...................................... 454.86 479.71 487.08 483.28 487.18 498.44 487.51 493.03 492.70 491.18 489.89 497.64 489.65 493.31 505.67 p = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. 72 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] T im e s p a n a n d y e a r J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June S e p t. Aug. J u ly Nov O c t. D ec . Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 62.4 55.3 55.9 49.4 47.3 57.5 58.6 57.5 45.7 41.4 59.1 53.6 57.9 50.3 49.7 60.2 58.4 51.2 42.4 47.8 57.5 55.5 50.1 47.3 50.9 56.8 57.8 55.8 43.2 49.4 54.6 57.1 57.8 44.5 48.6 59.1 54.8 51.4 42.5 46.7 57.2 57.1 52.4 42.4 47.7 53.0 57.2 52.4 Over 3-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 65.3 59.2 60.4 45.5 40.1 66.3 57.6 61.4 46.1 43.2 65.3 59.5 59.4 40.8 42.5 65.9 55.2 53.2 43.4 46.5 62.7 60.2 52.4 37.8 48.0 58.2 57.2 55.5 43.2 50.1 58.9 59.4 56.6 39.3 46.0 59.1 59.2 56.2 38.0 45.0 Over 6-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000..................................... 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 70.2 60.2 61.1 44.7 37.0 67.4 58.9 59.4 42.7 41.6 64.7 58.5 58.1 39.5 43.4 61.5 59.7 57.9 40.1 44.4 64.1 57.2 54.2 40.8 46.3 62.1 60.8 52.4 35.8 46.7 59.1 61.2 52.9 37.0 69.9 61.2 61.4 67.9 60.1 59.9 41.5 36.5 67.6 58.2 58.8 38.9 37.3 65.6 61.0 56.2 37.5 64.1 60.7 55.3 37.3 62.7 61.6 53.6 36.2 61.7 62.2 53.0 34.1 - Over 12-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 41.5 35.2 _ 40.5 _ 57.9 60.4 53.2 39.3 _ 56.8 58.1 52.7 44.1 _ 59.8 59.7 51.2 35.3 _ 57.9 58.9 51.0 33.7 - 57.1 61.2 53.2 36.3 _ 58.8 60.7 51.6 38.9 _ 58.8 62.5 54.2 32.4 _ 57.5 62.7 52.4 34.3 _ 60.2 61.8 48.7 33.1 _ 59.2 61.2 45.7 34.1 - 58.4 62.8 46.5 35.6 _ 62.2 61.1 51.0 33.6 - 60.8 63.8 47.7 34.4 - 59.4 62.2 45.2 33.9 - 60.8 59.7 44.5 33.3 - 58.9 60.5 42.9 34.4 - M anufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 57.0 47.4 44.9 34.9 35.3 52.6 41.2 52.2 26.8 37.9 52.2 42.6 49.3 38.2 40.4 52.9 46.0 46.0 29.0 47.4 44.9 46.3 49.3 28.3 47.1 47.4 43.4 50.7 30.5 40.4 38.2 50.0 57.4 34.9 48.9 52.9 42.6 36.8 25.7 38.6 44.9 46.0 39.0 31.6 40.4 38.6 45.6 42.3 31.3 _ 42.3 51.5 47.1 25.0 _ 41.5 49.3 40.8 30.9 _ Over 3-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 59.2 39.3 48.2 21.3 24.6 57.0 39.3 48.9 21.3 30.1 54.8 39.7 48.9 18.4 37.1 51.8 40.1 44.5 23.5 38.6 48.2 41.2 46.7 19.9 40.1 38.2 43.8 52.2 23.2 41.2 41.9 44.1 46.0 17.3 36.0 43.0 46.3 38.6 19.1 33.8 43.0 42.3 29.0 16.2 - 38.2 44.1 34.2 18.0 - 32.7 47.8 39.0 18.4 _ 40.4 45.2 36.0 18.0 _ Over 6-month span: 1998.................................................. 1999.................................................. 2000.................................................. 2001.................................................. 2002.................................................. 60.7 36.4 47.8 20.2 19.9 54.4 36.0 45.2 16.9 26.8 49.3 37.5 44.5 14.0 29.8 40.1 40.4 50.0 16.2 38.2 45.2 37.5 41.9 16.5 36.0 42.6 42.3 37.9 13.2 35.3 39.0 43.0 36.0 14.7 38.2 44.5 35.3 11.8 _ 34.6 48.2 32.4 14.0 _ 41.2 43.0 26.1 13.2 _ 35.7 44.5 21.3 17.6 _ 33.1 47.4 21.7 16.5 _ Over 12-month span: 1998................................................. 1999................................................. 2000................................................. 2001................................................. 2002................................................. 54.8 38.6 49.3 13.6 18.0 52.2 34.6 44.1 13.6 18.0 51.8 32.4 39.3 13.6 18.8 46.7 36.0 36.8 15.4 40.4 37.9 35.3 12.1 40.1 39.0 34.2 11.0 38.2 40.1 33.8 11.0 37.5 40.4 28.7 11.0 36.4 44.5 22.1 12.9 34.6 44.5 19.1 12.9 35.7 43.4 17.6 14.0 34.2 44.5 14.0 14.0 - - - - Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with inceasing and decreasing employment. _ Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 73 Current Labor Statistics: 18. Labor Force Data Establishment size and employment covered under Ul, private ownership, by Supersector, first quarter 2001 S iz e o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts In d u s try , e s ta b lis h m e n ts , a n d T o ta l e m p lo y m e n t F e w e r th a n 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 5 0 to 9 9 10 0 to 24 9 2 5 0 to 4 9 9 50 0 to 99 9 5 w o rk e rs1 w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs w o rk e rs 1 ,0 0 0 o r m o re w o rk e rs T o ta l a ll i n d u s t r i e s 2 Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ 7,665,968 108,932,804 4,526,062 6,886,752 1,304,741 8,633,337 858,606 11,588,220 598,438 18,104,061 208,084 14,323,060 121,189 18,158,276 31,149 10,611,556 11,678 7,917,065 6,021 12,710,477 127,969 1,566,104 74,644 110,942 23,304 154,199 15,169 203,845 9,501 285,486 2,935 200,360 1,700 254,358 499 172,011 167 109,973 50 74,930 765,649 6,481,334 494,254 714,992 127,017 832,978 75,983 1,020,982 47,230 1,410,131 13,591 925,178 6,040 890,282 1,176 390,630 293 197,146 65 99,015 398,837 16,806,452 148,682 255,376 67,510 453,750 60,267 830,685 58,942 1,836,858 28,633 2,009,224 22,490 3,456,620 7,636 2,622,512 3,198 2,166,352 1,479 3,175,075 1,840,104 25,518,430 969,760 1,629,626 376,578 2,507,906 244,890 3,278,074 153,450 4,630,611 53,110 3,670,363 32,898 4,888,033 6,970 2,343,794 1,813 1,191,894 635 1,378,129 150,855 3,692,948 84,672 113,812 20,636 137,426 17,119 234,492 14,772 457,236 6,698 465,567 4,475 685,746 1,476 507,063 674 462,533 333 629,073 716,808 7,623,126 458,390 750,421 128,266 843,311 71,615 952,198 37,529 1,121,825 11,731 801,994 6,084 917,250 1,808 621,240 897 609,199 488 1,005,688 1,238,267 16,441,289 825,617 1,170,098 173,773 1,140,772 107,694 1,451,932 73,807 2,245,729 29,139 2,022,745 19,405 2,951,873 5,654 1,933,668 2,177 1,480,878 1,001 2,043,594 679,762 14,712,829 321,428 603,470 155,333 1,027,913 96,121 1,291,605 61,097 1,836,799 22,789 1,589,809 15,989 2,383,443 3,721 1,274,120 1,690 1,178,727 1,594 3,526,943 627,875 11,590,048 249,542 390,258 104,548 705,222 110,374 1,542,760 117,264 3,560,715 33,939 2,263,935 9,463 1,344,217 1,725 586,269 667 453,703 353 742,969 954,627 4,187,740 750,261 977,871 115,619 752,689 55,756 734,980 24,254 703,687 5,498 372,499 2,630 384,044 484 160,249 102 66,660 23 35,061 N a tu ra l r e s o u r c e s a n d m in in g Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ C o n s tru c tio n Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ T r a d e , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d u tilitie s Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ I n fo r m a tio n Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ F in a n c ia l a c tiv itie s Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ P ro fe s s io n a l a n d b u s in e s s s e rv ic e s Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ E d u c a tio n a n d h e a lth s e rv ic e s Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ L e is u re a n d h o s p ita lity Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ O th e r s e rv ic e s Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ................................ 1 Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2001. 2 Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately. 74 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 19. Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE by ownership Year Average establishm ents Average annual em ploym ent Total annual wages (in thousands) Average annual wages per em ployee Average weekly wage Total covered (Ul and UCFE) 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 6,532,608 6,679,934 6,826,677 7,040,677 7,189,168 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,879,116 7,984,529 107,413,728 109,422,571 112,611,287 115,487,841 117,963,132 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,877,063 129,635,800 $2,781,676,477 2,884,472,282 3,033,676,678 3,215,921,236 3,414,514,808 3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4,235,579,204 4,587,708,584 4,695,225,123 $25,897 26,361 26,939 27,846 28,946 30,353 31,945 33,340 35,323 36,219 $498 507 518 536 557 584 614 641 679 697 $25,622 26,055 26,633 27,567 28,658 30,058 31,676 33,094 35,077 35,943 $493 501 512 530 551 578 609 636 675 691 $25,547 25,934 26,496 27,441 28,582 30,064 31,762 33,244 35,337 36,157 $491 499 510 528 550 578 611 639 680 695 $27,789 28,643 29,518 30,497 31,397 32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 37,814 $534 551 568 586 604 625 646 667 698 727 $25,434 26,095 26,717 27,552 28,320 29,134 30,251 31,234 32,387 33,521 $489 502 514 530 545 560 582 601 623 645 $35,066 36,940 38,038 38,523 40,414 42,732 43,688 44,287 46,228 48,940 $674 710 731 741 777 822 840 852 889 941 Ul covered 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1 9 9 6 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 6,485,473 6,632,221 6,778,300 6,990,594 7,137,644 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,828,861 7,933,536 104,288,324 106,351,431 109,588,189 112,539,795 115,081,246 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,005,574 126,883,182 $2,672,081,827 2,771,023,411 2,918,684,128 3,102,353,355 3,298,045,286 3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4,112,169,533 4,454,966,824 4,560,511,280 Private in d u s try covered 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 6,308,719 6,454,381 6,596,158 6,803,454 6,946,858 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,622,274 7,724,965 89,349,803 91,202,971 94,146,344 96,894,844 99,268,446 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,015,333 109,304,802 $2,282,598,431 2,365,301,493 2,494,458,555 2,658,927,216 2,837,334,217 3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,887,626,769 3,952,152,155 State gove rnm ent covered 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1 9 9 6 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 58,801 59,185 60,686 60,763 62,146 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,096 64,583 4,044,914 4,088,075 4,162,944 4,201,836 4,191,726 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,160 4,452,237 $112,405,340 117,095,062 122,879,977 128,143,491 131,605,800 137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,618,365 168,358,331 Local gove rnm ent covered 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1 9 9 6 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 117,923 118,626 121,425 126,342 128,640 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,491 143,989 10,892,697 11,059,500 11,278,080 11,442,238 11,621,074 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12,620,081 13,126,143 $277,045,557 288,594,697 301,315,857 315,252,346 329,105,269 345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 408,721,690 440,000,795 Federal G overnm ent covered (UCFE) 1 9 9 2 ...................................................... 1 9 9 3 ...................................................... 1 9 9 4 ...................................................... 1 9 9 5 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1 9 9 7 ...................................................... 1 9 9 8 ...................................................... 1 9 9 9 ...................................................... 2 0 0 0 ...................................................... 2001 ...................................................... 47,136 47,714 48,377 50,083 51,524 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,256 50,993 3,125,404 3,071,140 3,023,098 2,948,046 2,881,887 2,810,489 2,782,888 2,786,567 2,871,489 2,752,619 $109,594,650 113,448,871 114,992,550 113,567,881 116,469,523 120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,741,760 134,713,843 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 75 Current Labor Statistics: 20. Labor Force Data Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE, by State A v erag e A v erag e a n n u al T o ta l a n n u a l w a g e s A v e r a g e w e e k ly e s ta b lis h m e n ts e m p lo y m e n t (in t h o u s a n d s ) w age S ta te 20002001 2000- 2001 2001 ch ange 2001 20002001 chan g e 2001 20002001 2001 chan g e chan g e Total United States ......... 7,984,529 154,540 129,635,800 -185,779 $4,695,225,123 $109,884,920 $697 $18 A labam a............................. A la s k a ................................ A rizo n a ............................... Arkansas ............................ C a lifornia............................ 112,356 19,287 118,706 72,814 1,065,699 30 467 3,546 587 74,645 1,854,462 283,033 2,243,652 1,127,151 14,981,757 -23,500 7,479 22,942 -3,731 138,284 55,822,097 10,237,292 74,963,072 30,725,592 619,146,651 1,284,088 553,237 2,546,248 963,862 7,497,476 579 696 643 524 795 21 20 16 18 3 C o lo ra d o ............................ C onnecticut....................... D elaw are............................ District of C o lum bia.......... F lo rid a ................................ 153,824 108,201 25,253 28,414 454,077 5,347 414 505 9 9,367 2,201,379 1,665,607 406,736 635,749 7,153,589 14,728 -9,121 482 -1,535 92,606 83,547,602 78,272,099 15,629,636 35,543,559 225,713,701 2,274,669 2,095,243 787,067 1,790,086 9,933,356 730 904 739 1,075 607 15 29 36 56 19 G e o rg ia .............................. H a w a ii................................ Id a h o .................................. Illin o is ................................. In d ia n a ............................... 230,232 35,439 46,480 319,588 151,376 5,219 1,412 1,084 -2,723 -1,328 3,871,763 557,146 571,314 5,886,248 2,871,236 -10,941 3,961 8,137 -54,259 -63,392 136,039,438 17,412,210 15,864,510 230,054,835 91,246,189 3,195,926 469,266 263,832 4,050,811 183,520 676 601 534 752 611 18 12 1 20 14 I o w a .................................... Kansas ............................... K e ntucky............................ Louisiana ........................... M a in e ................................. 91,006 80,521 108,025 115,807 46,206 -5,825 52 302 -2,386 1,344 1,429,543 1,319,667 1,736,575 1,869,966 593,166 -13,432 5,984 -26,160 827 2,472 41,223,534 39,792,114 52,133,417 54,473,146 17,092,043 919,492 1,221,387 1,367,028 2,345,871 750,886 555 580 577 560 554 18 15 23 24 22 M a ryla n d ............................ M assachusetts.................. Michigan ............................ M in n e so ta .......................... Mississippi ......................... 147,158 191,824 259,556 156,031 63,207 622 6,848 5,809 487 -748 2,421,899 3,276,224 4,476,659 2,609,669 1,111,255 16,392 21,104 -107,880 1,325 -25,520 92,644,873 147,348,234 167,385,129 95,479,188 28,806,869 5,096,016 3,574,494 -2,295,158 3,107,396 151,385 736 865 719 704 499 36 16 7 23 14 Missouri ............................. M ontana............................. Nebraska ........................... Nevada .............................. New Hampshire ............... 163,121 40,477 52,653 49,635 46,070 138 2,136 836 1,770 171 2,652,876 383,905 883,920 1,043,748 610,192 -23,960 4,862 1,516 25,919 3,685 86,009,694 9,672,371 25,083,293 34,569,506 21,650,267 2,000,438 472,112 646,745 1,717,063 582,754 623 485 546 637 682 19 18 13 16 14 New J e rs e y ....................... New M e x ic o ...................... New Y o r k ........................... North C a rolina................... North D a kota..................... 256,536 48,439 538,898 224,426 23,326 -13,793 522 9,822 2,208 38 3,876,194 729,422 8,423,312 3,805,498 311,632 -1,221 12,293 -47,446 -57,272 2,412 171,793,642 20,935,825 393,598,666 121,866,007 8,011,085 2,443,618 1,216,191 9,383,346 1,858,872 378,510 852 552 899 616 494 12 23 27 19 19 O h io .................................... Oklahoma .......................... O re g o n ............................... P e nnsylva nia.................... Rhode Isla n d ..................... 285,567 90,603 111,073 331,405 33,636 4,705 1,574 2,150 16,187 311 5,434,769 1,463,622 1,596,753 5,552,366 468,952 -77,865 11,771 -11,175 -5,535 1,351 180,885,154 41,004,250 53,018,365 194,211,696 15,758,369 1,681,299 1,821,743 317,098 5,158,632 507,610 640 539 639 673 646 15 20 9 19 19 South C a ro lin a .................. South D a k o ta .................... Tennessee ........................ Texas ................................. U ta h .................................... 114,979 27,365 125,165 494,088 68,607 5,613 221 140 4,509 2,470 1,786,899 364,715 2,625,746 9,350,770 1,050,674 -33,210 598 -41,005 62,437 6,551 52,275,679 9,337,014 82,762,402 337,047,962 31,600,715 986,967 306,302 1,275,641 12,484,223 1,082,204 563 492 606 693 578 21 15 18 21 16 V e rm o n t............................. V irg in ia ............................... W ashington....................... West V irg in ia ..................... Wisconsin .......................... W yo m in g ............................ 24,156 195,639 221,450 46,620 148,227 21,288 287 3,048 1,775 -186 2,374 429 298,020 3,436,172 2,689,507 685,754 2,717,660 237,278 1,558 8,411 -14,921 -845 -18,388 6,446 9,011,468 126,222,350 100,746,663 19,187,832 85,713,725 6,654,092 439,492 5,662,779 413,740 726,836 1,733,629 459,596 581 706 720 538 607 539 25 30 7 21 17 23 Puerto R ic o ....................... Virgin Is la n d s .................... 51,733 3,236 -633 -17 1,007,919 44,330 -18,234 1,981 19,884,381 1,294,885 578,173 120,936 379 562 17 29 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties A v erag e a n n u al p ay E m p lo y m e n t R anked by P e rce n t C o u n ty 1 2001 P e rce n t p e rc e n t change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2 2001 change, change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 3 -.1 - 36,219 2.5 Jefferson. A L ..................... Madison, A L ....................... Mobile, A L ........................... Montgomery, A L ............... Anchorage, AK .................. Maricopa, A Z ..................... Pima, A Z ............................. Pulaski, A R ........................ Alameda, C A ..................... Contra Costa, C A ............. 380,680 156,169 167,000 129,878 133,842 1,561,773 326,917 240,754 697,181 337,444 - 1.0 1.3 -1.5 -.9 3.1 1.2 -.6 -.7 -.1 .7 197 54 212 192 16 61 170 175 135 80 35,453 37,089 29,502 29,979 37,998 35,689 30,690 32,261 46,489 44,744 4.2 3.5 3.1 3.8 3.7 1.6 5.1 4.7 3.1 5.7 Fresno, CA ........................ Kern, C A ............................. Los Angeles, C A ............... Marin, C A ............................ Monterey, C A ..................... Orange, C A ........................ Placer, CA ......................... Riverside, C A ..................... Sacramento, C A ............... San Bernardino, C A .......... 322,084 242,232 4,103,370 111,939 166,186 1,411,944 116,185 491,535 588,426 545,113 -.1 1.5 .6 1.3 .8 1.6 6.1 4.2 3.0 2.8 136 49 87 55 75 46 1 8 18 21 27,878 30,106 40,891 43,547 31,735 40,252 34,773 29,971 39,173 30,995 6.5 5.3 3.1 2.2 5.9 2.6 4.1 2.8 3.8 3.6 San Diego, C A ................... San Francisco, C A ............ San Joaquin, C A ............... San Mateo, C A .................. Santa Barbara, CA ........... Santa Clara, C A ................. Santa Cruz, C A .................. Solano, CA ........................ Sonoma, C A ...................... Stanislaus, C A ................... 1,218,982 586,085 204,504 369,868 177,234 1,002,637 102,669 121,402 194,922 164,473 2.0 -3.3 1.9 .1 .8 -2.3 .9 3.0 2.1 2.2 37 246 39 120 76 233 64 19 32 30 38,418 61,068 30,818 62,288 33,626 65,931 35,022 33,496 36,145 29,591 2.3 6.1 5.3 -7.2 3.2 -13.5 -2.2 5.7 1.1 4.9 Tulare, C A ......................... Ventura, C A ....................... Adams, C O ........................ Arapahoe, C O .................... Boulder, C O ....................... Denver, C O ........................ El Paso, C O ....................... Jefferson, CO .................... Larimer, C O ....................... Fairfield, C T ....................... 132,878 293,208 146,043 285,963 184,755 461,996 240,100 210,375 121,880 421,211 .0 1.5 .6 -.2 3.2 -.6 .9 .1 2.3 - 1.0 130 50 88 144 13 171 65 121 29 198 24,732 37,783 34,753 44,999 44,310 46,134 34,391 37,819 33,248 63,163 4.2 1.9 4.0 -2.7 -2.8 4.0 4.1 4.5 2.6 3.3 Hartford, C T ....................... New Haven, C T ................. New London, C T ................ New Castle, DE ................. Washington, DC ............... Alachua, FL ....................... Brevard, F L ........................ Broward, F L ....................... Collier, F L ........................... Duval, F L ............................ 497,280 363,265 124,684 282,318 635,734 119,148 184,725 663,954 110,230 436,663 -.5 - 1.1 1.6 .2 -.2 .7 1.7 2.1 5.9 1.8 163 201 47 112 145 81 43 33 2 41 45,050 39,483 38,505 42,849 55,909 26,917 32,798 33,966 30,839 33,721 3.2 2.9 4.8 5.8 5.6 2.9 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.9 Escambia, F L ..................... Hillsborough, FL ............... Lee, FL ............................... Leon, FL ............................. Manatee, FL ...................... Miami-Dade, F L ................. Orange, FL ........................ Palm Beach, F L ................. Pinellas, F L ........................ Polk, FL .............................. 121,285 595,768 171,902 142,981 118,788 993,834 602,668 499,688 448,788 184,471 .8 1.8 4.5 .9 5.2 1.6 .2 3.9 3.3 .1 77 42 5 66 4 48 113 9 12 122 28,610 32,874 29,432 30,287 26,629 34,524 32,218 35,957 31,742 28,890 7.1 3.7 4.6 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.5 2.1 1.5 3.6 Sarasota, F L ...................... Seminole, F L ..................... Volusia, F L ......................... Chatham, G A ..................... Clayton, G A ....................... Cobb, G A ............................ Dekalb, G A ........................ Fulton, GA ......................... Gwinnett, G A ..................... Richmond, G A ................... 147,206 145,147 142,478 122,608 114,982 301,520 305,903 754,870 289,538 104,694 4.5 2.2 -.2 -.2 -.3 6 31 146 147 151 137 176 123 20 193 29,030 31,951 26,064 30,549 38,301 40,174 39,648 47,761 39,405 29,431 1.9 3.6 3.9 3.0 4.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 .9 2.9 United States4 .................... 129,635,800 - .1 -.7 .1 2.9 -.9 See footnotes at end of table. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 77 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data Monthly Labor Review 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 P e rce n t 2001 p e rc e n t change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 A v erag e a n n u a l p a y R anked by 2 change, P e rce n t 2001 change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 3 Honolulu, H I ....................... Ada, I D ................................ Cook, I L .............................. Du Page, I L ........................ Kane, I L .............................. Lake,IL ............................... Peoria, I L ............................ Sangamon, I L .................... Will, I L ................................. Winnebago, IL ................... 409,669 182,309 2,630,768 580,938 194,374 316,150 102,764 145,195 145,570 139,815 .4 2.7 -1.5 -.2 -.1 -.3 - 1.8 .2 .1 -2.9 99 23 213 148 138 152 223 114 124 241 32,531 33,081 44,108 43,470 33,362 43,970 33,288 36,259 34,280 31,951 2.1 -4.0 2.8 2.1 3.7 3.2 6.1 4.3 6.1 1.4 Allen, I N .............................. Elkhart, I N ........................... Lake,IN .............................. Marion, IN ........................... St. Joseph, IN .................... Vanderburgh, IN ............... Linn, IA ............................... Polk, I A ............................... Johnson, K S ...................... Sedgwick, KS .................... 183,329 113,524 194,624 591,406 124,967 109,418 119,914 263,469 292,984 249,863 -2.3 -6.8 -1.9 -1.3 -3.1 .1 -1.7 -.2 2.4 .1 234 249 226 210 244 125 219 149 27 126 32,830 30,797 32,017 37,885 30,769 30,494 34,649 34,944 37,204 33,937 1.7 1.5 1.4 3.8 3.7 3.1 1.6 3.8 -.1 3.8 Shawnee, K S ..................... Fayette, K Y ........................ Jefferson, K Y ..................... Caddo, L A ........................... East Baton Rouge, L A ...... Jefferson, LA ..................... Lafayette, LA ..................... Orleans, L A ........................ Cumberland, M E ............... Anne Arundel, MD ............ 100,462 167,714 431,347 120,877 243,392 213,911 119,294 263,427 168,147 200,174 .3 -2.4 -1.7 1.3 - 1.1 -.4 4.5 .1 1.3 2.8 105 237 220 56 202 160 7 127 57 22 30,513 32,237 34,688 29,354 30,397 29,326 32,364 32,880 32,327 37,190 3.9 5.0 4.1 2.0 3.9 4.6 8.2 3.7 5.1 4.9 Baltimore, M D .................... Howard, M D ....................... Montgomery, M D .............. Prince Georges, M D ......... Baltimore City, M D ............ Bristol, MA ......................... Essex, MA ......................... Hampden, M A .................... Middlesex, M A ................... Norfolk, M A ........................ 360,128 132,935 449,881 304,022 381,155 218,818 306,111 204,824 850,295 327,067 .2 1.3 .9 .5 .4 - 1.1 .2 .9 1.4 .7 115 58 67 94 100 203 116 68 52 82 36,240 40,191 45,893 38,986 40,508 32,012 39,242 33,357 51,734 44,173 6.2 6.1 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.1 .5 3.6 .0 2.2 Plymouth, M A .................... Suffolk, MA ........................ Worcester, M A ................... Genesee, M l ...................... Ingham, M l......................... Kalamazoo, M l................... Kent, Ml .............................. Macomb, M l....................... Oakland, Ml ....................... Ottawa, Ml ......................... 166,471 602,983 321,044 160,442 174,290 116,728 339,510 326,600 755,451 115,880 .8 .1 .3 -3.0 -.3 -1.7 - 1.8 -3.2 -1.4 -2.5 78 128 106 242 153 221 224 245 211 239 34,929 58,906 37,299 35,995 35,753 33,908 34,570 40,481 45,038 32,246 3.4 4.0 -.9 -.9 2.3 3.8 1.7 - 1.0 1.2 .9 Washtenaw, M l .................. Wayne, Ml ......................... Anoka, M N ......................... Dakota, M N ........................ Hennepin, M N .................... Ramsey, M N ...................... Hinds, M S ........................... Greene, M O ....................... Jackson, M O ...................... St. Louis, M O ..................... 195,562 848,463 109,521 155,662 863,674 333,380 134,285 140,739 384,942 641,151 .2 -2.4 -.3 1.3 -.8 .0 -.9 -.9 -2.3 -.8 117 238 154 59 186 131 194 195 235 187 40,249 42,968 34,585 35,683 45,495 40,400 31,138 28,065 37,405 38,929 .2 1.2 1.9 3.8 3.8 3.4 1.8 4.1 3.7 2.1 St. Louis City, M O ............. Douglas, NE ...................... Lancaster, N E .................... Clark, N V ............................ Washoe, N V ...................... Hillsborough, NH .............. Rockingham, NH .............. Atlantic, NJ ........................ Bergen, N J ......................... Burlington, N J .................... 245,192 325,629 148,200 720,184 193,571 192,712 130,917 141,240 453,626 187,398 -2.2 -.7 .9 3.2 2.4 .0 .7 .9 1.5 3.6 231 177 69 14 28 132 83 70 51 11 40,834 32,866 29,352 32,648 34,231 39,320 36,642 32,555 46,828 38,776 5.8 1.6 2.9 1.6 4.5 .3 2.3 4.8 1.1 3.1 See footnotes at end of table. N ovem ber 2002 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 P e rce n t 2001 p e rc e n t change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 A v erag e a n n u a l p a y R anked by 2 change, P e rce n t 2001 change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 3 Camden, N J ....................... Essex, NJ ........................... Hudson, N J ........................ Mercer, N J ......................... Middlesex, N J .................... Monmouth, NJ ................... Morris, NJ ........................... Ocean, N J ........................... Passaic, N J ........................ Somerset, N J ..................... 199,869 361,569 237,253 215,524 399,332 240,757 277,653 133,657 175,108 176,713 .5 -.5 .0 2.6 1.3 3.2 .4 3.7 - 1.1 1.7 95 164 133 25 60 15 101 10 204 44 36,530 46,526 47,638 46,831 47,726 40,399 53,829 31,034 39,192 55,769 4.0 4.2 .4 4.9 2.7 1.8 - 11.0 1.9 3.8 1.8 Union, N J ............................ Bernalillo, NM .................... Albany, N Y ......................... Bronx, N Y ........................... Dutchess, N Y ..................... Erie, N Y .............................. Kings, N Y ............................ Monroe, N Y ....................... Nassau, N Y ....................... New York, N Y .................... 236,609 309,166 229,957 214,227 112,912 454,839 439,343 393,783 593,368 2,342,338 -.1 .7 -.5 .4 2.5 - 1.1 -.1 -.7 -.8 -1.5 139 84 165 102 26 205 140 178 188 214 46,204 31,663 37,848 34,248 38,748 32,103 31,952 36,597 40,599 74,883 2.0 4.9 5.7 4.3 7.4 1.9 3.9 3.3 1.4 3.2 Oneida, N Y ........................ Onondaga, N Y ................... Orange, N Y ........................ Queens, N Y ....................... Rockland, N Y ..................... Suffolk, N Y ......................... Westchester, N Y ............... Buncombe, N C .................. Cumberland, N C ............... Durham, N C ....................... 108,686 249,754 120,903 478,661 107,348 581,938 404,974 105,378 106,381 169,609 - 1.8 - 1.1 .7 -.7 .4 .1 -.4 -.3 -2.8 .3 225 206 85 179 103 129 161 155 240 107 28,381 33,469 30,218 36,963 38,720 38,706 48,716 28,701 26,981 48,076 4.0 3.0 2.9 5.7 3.9 2.2 3.5 3.8 3.3 -2.6 Forsyth, NC ....................... Guilford, N C ....................... Mecklenburg, N C .............. Wake, NC ........................... Butler, O H ........................... Cuyahoga, O H ................... Franklin, OH ...................... Hamilton, O H ..................... Lorain, OH ......................... Lucas, O H ........................... 180,155 274,077 514,036 385,777 126,863 796,353 702,628 559,852 103,115 234,678 -.7 -2.0 .3 .9 -.5 - 1.6 .2 - 1.1 -3.5 -1.7 180 229 108 71 166 217 118 207 247 222 34,693 33,217 41,775 36,996 32,325 37,533 36,090 38,339 32,194 33,088 2.0 3.1 3.1 4.6 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.0 .6 2.6 Mahoning, OH ................... Montgomery, OH .............. Stark, O H ............................ Summit, O H ....................... Oklahoma, O K ................... Tulsa, O K ............................ Clackamas, OR ................ Lane, OR ............................ Marion, OR ........................ Multnomah, OR ................. 108,769 298,982 173,888 261,098 415,507 342,502 133,997 137,574 126,999 444,393 -3.7 -1.5 - 1.6 -2.1 .4 .6 -.2 -1.9 -.6 - 1.1 248 215 218 230 104 89 150 227 172 208 26,860 34,783 29,197 33,416 30,161 32,771 33,699 28,983 28,785 37,668 3.5 .7 2.4 2.1 3.2 5.2 3.7 4.0 2.4 2.4 Washington, O R ............... Allegheny, P A .................... Berks, P A ............................ Bucks, P A .......................... Chester, P A ....................... Cumberland, P A ............... Dauphin, P A ...................... Delaware, P A ..................... Erie, PA .............................. Lancaster, P A .................... 228,453 711,532 165,263 246,491 217,148 122,649 173,292 214,106 128,893 218,415 1.4 .3 -.7 .6 .6 -.6 .3 1.0 -2.3 -.3 53 109 181 90 91 173 110 63 236 156 42,222 38,086 32,807 35,239 44,216 33,996 34,855 38,494 29,293 31,493 -5.0 3.7 2.5 3.5 1.0 3.6 3.5 4.5 3.3 2.2 Lehigh, P A ......................... Luzerne, P A ....................... Montgomery, P A ................ Philadelphia, P A ............... Westmoreland, P A ............ York, PA ............................. Providence, R l ................... Charleston, S C .................. Greenville, SC ................... Richland, S C ...................... 172,860 141,944 485,822 658,827 134,128 165,879 288,650 180,711 226,362 205,841 .2 -.8 .5 -.7 -.4 - 1.0 -.7 - 1.0 -3.0 -.5 119 189 96 182 162 199 183 200 243 167 35,564 28,924 44,366 40,813 28,827 31,936 34,566 29,013 32,622 30,591 .8 3.8 1.3 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.8 4.3 3.3 See footnotes at end of table. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 79 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties E m p lo y m e n t C o u n ty 1 A v erag e a n n u al p ay R anked by P e rce n t change, 2001 P e rce n t p e rc e n t 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2001 change, 2 change, 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 3 Spartanburg, S C ................ Minnehaha, S D .................. Davidson, T N ..................... Hamilton, T N ...................... Knox, T N ............................. Shelby, T N ......................... Bexar, T X ............................ Cameron, T X ..................... Collin, T X ............................ Dallas, T X ........................... 117,262 106,717 434,006 187,724 203,470 496,647 655,195 111,374 181,007 1,550,835 -2.2 1.1 -.1 -.3 .6 -.5 .9 2.1 5.7 -.6 232 62 141 157 92 168 72 34 3 174 31,856 29,205 35,509 31,240 30,765 35,791 31,032 22,142 41,338 44,909 4.1 3.5 1.9 2.2 2.2 4.2 3.7 2.7 2.0 1.2 Denton, TX ........................ El Paso, T X ........................ Harris, TX ........................... Hidalgo, T X ........................ Jefferson, T X ..................... Lubbock, TX ...................... Nueces, T X ........................ Tarrant, TX ........................ Travis, T X ........................... Salt Lake, U T ..................... 122,552 248,407 1,864,100 168,610 118,764 118,042 143,470 709,162 534,861 530,497 .9 - 1.2 1.7 3.1 -1.9 2.1 .7 .5 -.7 -.1 73 209 45 17 228 35 86 97 184 142 30,788 25,847 43,751 22,313 32,570 26,577 29,406 37,287 41,698 33,210 5.1 3.1 4.5 2.8 4.1 1.1 4.3 5.2 .9 3.2 Utah, U T ............................. Arlington, V A ...................... Chesterfield, V A ................. Fairfax, V A ......................... Henrico, VA ....................... Norfolk, VA ........................ Richmond, V A .................... Virginia Beach, V A ............ Clark, WA ........................... King, W A ............................. 143,423 159,170 107,721 542,984 169,827 146,414 164,906 166,007 114,716 1,146,191 .5 .3 -.1 2.7 2.0 .8 -.7 .9 2.1 -.9 98 11Ì 143 24 38 79 185 74 36 196 28,266 55,390 32,957 52,641 37,869 33,504 40,173 26,750 33,125 47,186 1.3 4.8 3.4 2.1 4.8 4.1 4.0 5.3 3.0 -.6 Pierce, W A ......................... Snohomish, W A ................. Spokane, W A ..................... Kanawha, W V .................... Brown, W l ........................... Dane, W l............................. Milwaukee, W l ................... Waukesha, W l ................... 238,600 209,657 190,057 111,552 141,950 279,208 522,022 224,721 -1.5 -.3 .0 -.8 -.3 1.9 -.8 .6 216 158 134 190 159 40 191 93 31,261 36,388 29,310 31,601 32,631 34,097 35,736 37,092 4.7 3.6 -1.5 4.8 3.5 3.9 2.9 3.7 San Juan, PR .................... 324,791 -.5 169 22,179 4.1 1 Includes areas not officially designated as counties. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 2 Percent changes were computed from annual employment and pay data adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 4 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico. Note: Data pertain to workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (Ul) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. The 248 U.S. counties comprise 66.2 percent of the total covered workers in the United States. 3 Rankings for percent change in employment are based on the 249 counties that are comparable over the year. 22. Annual data: Employment status of the population [N um bers in thousands]______________________________________________ 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Civilian noninstitutional population........... 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 207,753 209,699 211,864 Civilian labor force................................... 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 140,863 141,815 Labor force participation rate............... 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.2 66.9 Employed............................................. 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 135,208 135,073 Employment-population ratio.......... 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 64.5 63.8 Agriculture...................................... 3,247 3,115 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 3,378 3,281 3,305 3,144 115,245 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 131,903 131,929 6,742 Employment status 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 5,655 Unemployment rate.......................... 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.8 Not in the labor force................................ 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 68,836 70,050 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] In d u s try 1 992 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9 2000 2001 Total employment........................................... 108,601 119,608 122,690 97,885 24,265 100,189 103,133 24,962 125,865 106,042 25,414 128,916 108,709 25,507 131,720 89,956 23,231 114,163 95,036 117,191 Private sector............................................... 110,713 91,872 23,352 131,922 110,989 24,944 635 4,492 610 4,668 601 4,986 18,104 18,075 Transportation and public utilities........ Wholesale trade..................................... 85,370 5,718 5,997 Retail trade............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services.................................................. Government........................................... Goods-producing...................................... Mining...................................................... Construction........................................... Manufacturing......................................... Service-producing..................................... Federal................................................. State..................................................... Local..................................................... 23,908 24,493 111,018 25,669 581 580 596 590 539 543 5,418 18,495 5,691 6,020 18,805 6,415 18,321 5,160 18,524 18,552 6,653 18,473 87,361 5,811 90,256 5,984 92,925 6,132 100,451 6,611 103,409 6,834 5,981 6,162 19,773 6,757 30,197 20,507 6,896 31,579 6,800 22,295 7,389 6,911 19,356 6,602 29,052 6,378 21,187 6,806 33,117 95,115 6,253 6,482 21,597 6,911 22,848 7,555 37,533 39,055 18,645 2,969 18,841 2,915 19,128 2,870 19,305 2,822 19,823 2,686 4,408 11,267 4,488 4,576 11,682 4,635 11,849 20,206 2,669 4,709 12,829 11,438 18,675 97,727 6,408 6,648 34,454 21,966 7,109 36,040 19,419 2,757 4,606 19,557 2,699 4,582 12,056 12,276 4,612 12,525 106,051 7,031 6,947 565 6,685 17,695 106,978 7,065 6,776 23,522 7,712 40,970 23,337 7,578 40,457 20,702 2,777 20,933 4,786 4,885 13,432 2,616 13,139 N o t e : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Private sector: Average weekly hours.................................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................... 2000 2001 34.4 10.57 363.61 34.5 10.83 373.64 34.7 11.12 385.86 34.5 11.43 394.34 34.4 11.82 406.61 34.6 12.28 424.89 34.6 12.78 442.19 34.5 13.24 456.78 34.5 13.76 474.72 34.2 14.32 489.74 43.9 14.54 638.31 44.3 14.60 646.78 44.8 14.88 666.62 44.7 15.30 683.91 45.3 15.62 707.59 45.4 16.15 733.21 43.9 16.91 742.35 43.2 17.05 736.56 43.1 17.22 742.18 43.5 17.56 763.86 38.0 14.15 537.70 38.5 14.38 553.63 38.9 14.73 573.00 38.9 15.09 587.00 39.0 15.47 603.33 39.0 16.04 625.56 38.9 16.61 646.13 39.1 17.19 672.13 39.3 17.88 702.68 39.3 18.34 720.76 41.0 11.46 469.86 41.4 11.74 486.04 42.0 12.07 506.94 41.6 12.37 514.59 41.6 12.77 531.23 42.0 13.17 553.14 41.7 13.49 562.53 41.7 13.90 579.63 41.6 14.37 597.79 40.7 14.83 603.58 38.3 13.43 514.37 39.3 13.55 532.52 39.7 13.78 547.07 39.4 14.13 556.72 39.6 14.45 572.22 39.7 14.92 592.32 39.5 15.31 604.75 38.7 15.69 607.20 38.4 16.21 622.46 38.2 16.79 641.38 38.2 11.39 435.10 38.2 11.74 448.47 38.4 12.06 463.10 38.3 12.43 476.07 38.3 12.87 492.92 38.4 13.45 516.48 38.3 14.07 538.88 38.3 14.59 558.80 38.5 15.22 585.97 38.2 15.86 605.85 28.8 7.12 205.06 28.8 7.29 209.95 28.9 7.49 216.46 28.8 7.69 221.47 28.8 7.99 230.11 28.9 8.33 240.74 29.0 8.74 253.46 29.0 9.09 263.61 28.9 9.46 273.39 28.9 9.77 282.82 35.8 10.82 387.36 35.8 11.35 406.33 35.8 11.83 423.51 35.9 12.32 442.29 35.9 12.80 459.52 36.1 13.34 481.57 36.4 14.07 512.15 36.2 14.62 529.24 36.4 15.14 551.10 36.1 15.80 570.38 32.5 10.54 342.55 32.5 10.78 350.35 32.5 11.04 358.80 32.4 11.39 369.04 32.4 11.79 382.00 32.6 12.28 400.33 32.6 12.84 418.58 32.6 13.37 435.86 32.7 13.93 455.51 32.7 14.67 479.71 Mining: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... Construction: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... Manufacturing: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... Transportation and public utilities: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (In dollars)...................... Wholesale trade: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... Retail trade: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... Finance, insurance, and real estate: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... Services: Average weekly hours................................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)........................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)....................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 81 Current Labor Statistics: 25. Labor Force Data Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] S e p t. S e rie s D ec. M a r. S e p t. P e rc e n t c h a n g e 2002 2001 2000 D ec . M a r. June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. 149.5 150.6 152.5 155.6 156.8 158.4 159.9 161.3 0.9 3.7 151.5 150.0 153.7 151.8 145.6 148.5 152.5 151.3 154.6 152.8 146.5 150.0 154.4 153.2 156.6 155.3 148.2 152.0 157.7 156.7 159.6 158.8 151.1 155.0 158.9 157.5 161.2 160.0 152.0 156.9 160.5 158.5 163.7 162.0 153.7 158.4 162.1 159.3 165.6 163.3 155.1 159.4 163.5 161.4 166.3 164.9 156.4 161.3 .9 1.3 .4 1.0 .8 1.2 3.7 3.0 4.2 3.8 3.5 4.1 Goods-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing......................................................................... Service-producing.................................................................... . Services................................................................................... Health services..................................................................... Hospitals.............................................................................. Educational services............................................................ 148.0 148.7 150.1 151.2 149.0 149.5 149.7 148.8 149.3 151.1 152.4 150.7 150.7 151.3 153.0 154.3 152.5 153.2 151.7 153.2 153.3 156.4 158.1 156.7 158.2 156.1 154.4 154.6 157.6 159.0 158.3 160.0 156.6 156.3 156.6 159.1 160.2 160.5 162.3 157.1 157.7 158.1 160.7 161.1 161.8 163.8 157.4 158.7 159.1 162.2 163.2 163.1 165.7 161.6 ..6 .6 .9 1.3 .8 1.2 2.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 4.1 4.7 3.5 Public administration3............................................................. Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... 146.9 148.3 150.6 153.8 155.2 156.5 157.5 160.2 1.7 4.2 149.6 150.7 152.6 156.0 157.2 158.7 160.2 161.7 .9 3.7 149.9 149.8 150.9 150.9 153.0 153.0 155.9 156.0 157.2 157.2 158.9 159.0 160.7 160.5 161.6 161.6 .6 .7 3.7 3.6 152.6 152.9 152.2 154.4 151.2 152.3 145.5 145.8 146.0 139.9 149.4 153.6 154.1 153.7 155.3 151.4 153.4 146.4 146.7 146.8 141.1 150.4 155.7 156.5 156.3 157.3 152.3 156.1 148.2 148.7 148.3 142.6 152.2 158.7 159.6 159.2 160.2 155.0 159.5 151.0 151.8 150.4 145.6 154.9 160.1 160.9 160.3 161.8 156.7 160.8 151.9 152.5 151.5 146.3 156.5 161.9 162.8 161.5 164.4 157.7 162.8 153.6 153.7 153.6 148.7 158.7 163.8 164.3 162.5 166.6 161.6 164.2 155.1 155.7 154.7 149.6 159.9 164.6 165.3 153.6 167.0 161.6 165.6 156.3 156.9 155.4 151.0 161.4 .5 .6 .7 .2 .0 .9 .8 .8 .5 .9 .9 3.7 3.6 2.8 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.7 4.2 146.6 C i v i l i a n w o r k e r s 2 ............................................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial........................... Administrative support, Including clerical........................... Blue-collar workers................................................................... Service occupations................................................................. Workers, by Industry division: P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s ....................................................................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................................. 151.3 150.6 Workers, by occupational group: W hite-collar workers............................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................................ Professional specialty and technical occupations........... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations................................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............ Transportation and material moving occupations........... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations............................................................... . 4 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................................................... Excluding sales occupations......................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ M anufacturing....................................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ Durables................................................................................ Nondurables......................................................................... Service-producing................................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ Transportation and public utilities..................................... Transportation.................................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ Excluding sales occupations........................................ Food stores...................................................................... 148.1 150.0 152.6 154.8 156.4 157.4 159.0 1.0 4.2 148.4 149.5 151.4 154.3 155.5 157.1 158.7 159.7 .6 3.5 147.9 147.2 151.3 149.6 145.8 145.1 148.7 151.4 149.3 146.7 149.4 147.5 148.8 148.2 151.9 150.5 146.8 146.7 149.3 151.5 149.7 147.8 150.1 147.7 150.7 150.1 154.5 153.0 148.2 148.2 151.3 154.2 152.2 149.1 151.8 150.4 153.1 152.5 156.8 155.3 150.8 151.7 153.3 156.0 153.8 151.3 154.0 152.0 154.4 153.7 158.1 156.5 151.9 153.0 154.6 156.9 154.7 152.7 155.3 153.2 156.2 155.5 160.1 158.4 153.6 154.1 156.6 159.1 156.7 154.6 156.9 156.0 157.6 156.9 161.9 160.2 154.8 155.2 158.1 161.1 158.6 155.8 158.3 157.5 158.6 157.9 162.9 161.1 155.9 156.3 159.1 162.2 159.6 156.7 158.9 159.2 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .6 .6 .4 1.1 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.2 4.7 150.6 151.1 152.6 153.9 144.5 146.3 147.4 142.8 153.5 153.9 152.9 148.3 149.6 152.1 152.7 146.2 142.2 143.4 151.7 152.2 153.7 155.1 145.3 147.9 148.3 143.9 154.1 154.7 153.4 149.4 150.6 154.4 154.9 146.6 144.4 144.5 153.8 154.6 155.8 157.5 147.7 149.6 150.5 145.4 157.3 158.3 156.0 151.0 152.6 155.1 156.9 148.7 147.3 146.1 156.9 157.8 159.C 160.9 150.9 152.2 153.5 148.2 160.7 162.8 158.1 153.7 155.4 158.6 160.0 150.5 149.7 149.7 158.2 159.0 160.3 162.2 151.4 154.2 155.5 151.1 161.5 163.4 159.1 155.5 157.1 159.5 160.6 153.2 150.9 151.7 159.9 160.9 162.1 164.1 153.2 155.9 157.3 152.5 163.6 166.0 161.3 156.5 157.5 161.« 162.3 153.5 152.4 152.9 161.8 162.4 164.C 165.6 155.2 157.0 158.9 153.9 165.5 166.1 164.8 159.5 160.0 166.: 164.4 155.6 154.2 154.5 162.7 163.5 164.7 166.5 156.6 158.5 160.8 155.4 168.2 169.0 167.2 159.6 160.3 165.« 166.1 156.C 156.1 156.3 .6 .7 .4 .5 .9 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.5 .1 .2 -.2 1.0 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.8 4.9 4.7 3.8 5.8 3.8 3.2 4.6 3.8 3.4 4.3 4.4 See footnotes at end of table. 82 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 1.2 1.2 25. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 S e rie s S e p t. 2001 D ec. M a r. June 2002 S e p t. D ec . M a r. June P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. 2 0 0 2 Finance, insurance, and real estate................................. 155.2 155.7 157.9 159.5 160.9 161,3 165.2 167.3 168.0 0.4 4.4 Excluding sales occupations......................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance............................................................................ Services.................................................................................. Business services.............................................................. Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services......................................................... Colleges and universities................................................ 157.4 165.8 154.8 152.9 157.5 149.0 149.2 158.8 158.6 158.4 166.5 155.2 154.1 158.4 150.6 151.1 159.9 159.2 161.2 170.8 157.6 156.5 160.5 152.7 153.5 162.3 162.2 163.1 172.7 159.3 157.8 163.0 154.7 155.9 162.6 162.6 164.7 175.4 159.9 160.0 165.2 156.8 158.4 166.4 166.2 165.0 174.5 161.3 161.0 166.2 158.4 160.3 167.6 167.5 169.8 182.1 164.0 162.6 166.3 160.6 162.8 168.5 168.1 171.3 184.2 166.1 163.7 166.6 162.0 164.5 169.0 168.4 172.1 184.6 167.1 164.9 167.2 163.2 166.2 173.5 172.0 .5 .2 .6 .7 .4 .7 1.0 2.7 2.1 4.5 5.2 4.5 3.1 1.2 4.1 4.9 4.3 3.5 Nonmanufacturing................................................................ 150.0 151.1 153.1 154.7 156.3 157.6 159.3 161.1 162.0 .6 3.6 White-collar workers.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ Blue-collar occupations..................................................... Service occupations.......................................................... 152.6 153.8 143.9 146.3 153.7 155.1 144.8 147.8 155.8 157.5 146.9 149.5 157.5 159.1 148.1 150.7 159.0 160.9 150.2 152.1 160.5 162.3 150.6 154.1 162.2 164.2 152.2 155.9 164.1 165.7 154.0 156.9 164.8 166.6 155.4 158.4 .4 .5 .9 1.0 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.1 S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ......................................................... 147.8 148.9 150.3 151.2 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 160.1 2.2 3.8 147.3 146.6 149.2 148.3 145.9 148.3 147.4 150.7 149 4 147.2 149.5 148.4 152.4 150 7 148.6 150.4 149.2 153.7 151 6 149.0 153.7 152.8 156.4 154 ? 154.4 153.2 157.6 155 fi 155.2 153.6 159.5 15fi Q 155.7 154.1 159.6 1SR n 2.3 2.6 1.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 151.5 153.2 154.0 154.7 159.3 158.1 162.3 161 0 158.4 2.4 4.6 Services.................................................................................... 148.0 148.9 149.9 150.6 154.4 154.9 155.5 155.9 159.7 2.4 3.4 Services excluding schools5................................................ Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services.......................................................... Schools............................................................................. Elementary and secondary......................................... Colleges and universities............................................ 147.6 148.8 150.1 151.9 154.5 156.1 157.9 158.7 161.0 1.4 4.2 150.0 150.7 147.9 148.2 147.3 150.5 151.6 152.0 148.7 149.0 148.1 151.7 152.1 152.2 149.6 149.9 148.5 153.7 154.4 154.7 150.1 150.5 149.0 154.3 157.1 157.4 154.1 154.4 152.8 153.8 158.5 159.1 154.5 154.8 153.1 159.6 160.4 160.7 154.8 155.1 153.4 160.0 161.4 161.8 155.1 155.4 153.6 160.4 163.5 164.1 159.2 159.6 157.7 164.7 1.3 1.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.1 4.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.6 Public administration3............................................................. 146.9 148.3 150.6 151.9 151.9 155.2 156.5 157.9 160.2 1.7 4.2 Workers, by occupational group: W hite-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial......................... Blue-collar workers.................................................................. Workers, by industry division: 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 83 Current Labor Statistics: 26. Compensation & Industrial Relations Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2000 2002 2001 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e rie s S e p t. D ec. M ar. June S e p t. M a r. D ec . June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. 147.0 147.9 149.5 150.8 152.3 153.4 154.8 156.1 157.2 0.7 3.2 White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial........................... Administrative support, including clerical........................... Blue-collar workers.................................................................. Service occupations................................................................. 149.2 148.3 151.6 148.5 142.0 145.7 150.2 149.6 152.4 149.6 142.9 147.1 151.7 151.1 154.0 151.6 144.7 148.6 153.1 152.155.8 152,7 146.0 149.7 154.5 154.2 156.7 154.6 147.6 151.2 155.6 155.1 158.1 155.7 148.5 153.0 157.0 155.6 160.7 157.3 149.7 154.2 158.4 156.2 162.6 158.4 151.0 155.1 159.6 158.0 163.5 159.6 151.9 ‘ 56.2 .8 1.2 .6 .8 .6 .7 3.3 2.5 4.3 3.2 2.9 3.3 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing......................................................................... Service-producing..................................................................... Services................................................................................... Health services..................................................................... Hospitals.............................................................................. Educational services............................................................ 144.3 145.7 148.0 149.9 146.7 145.6 148.9 145.3 146.5 148.9 151.0 148.3 147.3 149.6 147.0 148.5 150.5 152.6 149.8 148.8 150.5 147,6 150.0 151.7 153.6 151.8 151.2 151.0 149.5 150.7 153.4 156.2 153.7 15.5 154.6 150.5 151.7 154.5 157.1 155.5 155.5 155.1 151.8 153.1 155.9 158.1 157.3 157.2 155.3 153.1 154.5 157.2 158.8 158.5 158.6 155.6 153.9 155.4 156.4 160.7 159.6 160.3 .5 .6 ,8 1.2 .7 1.1 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.8 4.4 3.0 144.6 147.2 146.1 148.1 147.6 149.7 148.7 149.7 150.3 152.6 151.6 153.8 152.5 155.0 153.4 156.4 154.8 157.5 .9 .7 3.0 3.2 146.8 146.5 147.7 147.6 149.4 149.5 150.9 150.8 152.1 152.2 153.3 153.3 154.7 154.9 156.3 156.1 157.0 157.0 .4 .6 3.2 3.2 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations....... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............ Transportation and material moving occupations........... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 149.7 149.9 148.6 152.3 149.0 149.1 141.9 142.0 142.9 136.5 145.0 150.6 151.1 150.2 153.0 148.7 150.1 142.8 142.8 143.7 137.6 146.2 152.3 153.0 152.1 154.7 149.2 152.3 144.6 144.6 145.6 139.5 148.0 153.8 154.4 153.2 156.5 151.5 153.6 145.9 145.7 146.9 140.7 149.8 154.8 155.7 154.8 157.2 151.2 155.3 147.5 147.7 148.1 142.1 151.0 156.1 156.9 155.9 158.6 152.6 156.5 148.3 148,4 149.0 142.8 152.4 157.7 158.6 156.7 161.3 153.6 158.2 149.6 149.2 150.5 144.8 154.2 159.4 160.0 157.4 163.6 157.0 159.2 150.9 151.0 151.6 145.2 155.1 160.0 169.8 158.2 164.3 156.9 160.3 151.7 151.8 152.0 146.3 156.0 .4 .5 .5 .4 -.1 .7 .5 .5 .3 .8 .6 3.4 3.3 2.2 4.5 3.8 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.3 Service occupations............................................................... 143.5 144.9 146.4 147.5 148.7 150.6 152.0 152.8 153.9 .7 3.5 145.0 146.0 147.7 149.0 150.3 151.5 152.7 154.0 154.7 .5 2.9 144.3 143.4 147.9 146.0 142.0 139.4 145.7 148.7 146.6 143.4 146.1 145.0 145.2 144.6 148.7 147.2 143.1 140.7 146.5 149.2 147.5 144.6 147.3 145.4 147.0 146.3 150.5 148.9 144.7 142.1 148.5 151.1 149.9 146.4 149.0 147.5 148.6 147.8 152.3 150.5 146.1 143.9 150.0 152.7 150.5 147.8 150.5 149.0 149.5 148.7 152.6 150.8 147.4 145.1 150.7 152.8 150.5 149.1 151.5 149.3 150.5 149.7 153.6 151.7 148.4 146.3 151.7 153.3 151.0 150.3 151.7 153.9 151.7 150.9 155.0 152.9 149.6 147.0 153.1 154.9 152.3 151.7 153.9 151.9 153.1 152.2 156.6 154.5 150.7 148.2 154.4 156.6 153.9 152.8 155.3 153.1 153.9 153.0 157.9 155.4 151.5 149.0 155.4 157.7 155.0 153.5 156.0 154.4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .6 .7 .7 .5 .5 .8 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 147.9 148.3 150.0 151.2 141.6 143.5 141.3 137.4 146.4 146.7 145.9 146.4 148.2 149.6 151.3 144.8 139.7 140.2 148.9 149.4 150.9 152.3 142.2 144.8 142.3 138.6 147.1 147.4 146.6 147.4 149.0 151.6 153.2 145.2 142.2 141.6 150.5 151.3 152.5 154.3 144.3 146.1 143.7 139.8 148.7 149.2 148.1 148.4 150.7 151.6 154.9 146.9 143.8 143.3 151.9 152.6 154.0 155.6 145.3 147.2 145.7 141.6 151.0 151.8 149.9 150.1 151.9 154.5 156.5 147.8 145.5 144.5 153.2 154.2 155.2 157.2 147.5 148.4 146.7 142.6 152.0 153.3 150.4 150.6 153.1 154.1 157.4 148.8 145.7 145.7 151.9 156.1 157.2 158.2 148.1 149.4 149.2 145.7 153.6 155.2 151.7 152.1 156.1 157.2 158.2 160.4 149.4 151.6 150.5 147.4 154.3 155.3 153.0 153.0 157.7 158.5 159.9 161.6 151.1 152.4 152.1 148.6 156.4 157.1 155.5 155.7 158.4 159.3 160.5 162.5 151.8 153.5 153.4 149.6 158.2 159.6 156.5 155.5 .4 .5 .4 .6 .5 .7 .9 .7 1.2 1.6 .6 -.1 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.4 4.6 4.9 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.3 154.8 157.9 150.7 146.5 146.7 157.2 159.4 150.9 147.9 148.0 161.3 161.2 152.7 148.9 148.9 160.4 162.6 152.9 150.1 150.1 -.6 .9 .1 .8 .8 4.1 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.0 C i v i l i a n w o r k e r s 1 ............................................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: Public a dm in istratio n............................................................. Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s ....................................................................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.............................................................. Excluding sales occupations............................................ Professional specialty and technical occupations........... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations................................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................................................... Construction.......................................................................... M anufacturing....................................................................... Service-producing................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade.................................................. Food stores...................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 84 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 _ _ _ _ _ _ 26. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2000 2001 2002 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e rie s S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M ar. June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. Finance, insurance, and real estate................................. Excluding sales occupations......................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance............................................................................ Services................................................................................. 151.7 154.1 165.7 150.8 151.8 156.0 148.1 146.8 154.3 152.9 153.9 156.6 169.4 152.4 153.8 158.2 149.8 148.5 155.4 154.1 154.6 157.6 170.8 153.3 155.0 160.8 151.8 151.0 156.1 155.0 155.8 159.1 173.2 153.6 157.1 162.8 153.6 153.3 159.6 158.4 156.0 159.1 171.7 155.0 158.2 163.7 155.4 155.4 160 5 159.6 160.3 164.5 181.2 157.1 159.5 164 0 157.3 157.1 161 2 159.9 162.0 165.7 182.8 158.6 160.3 164 0 158.4 158.6 161 2 159.9 162.4 166.1 182.7 159.6 161.5 164 6 159.9 160.2 165 2 163.1 0.2 .2 -.1 .6 .7 4 4.2 4.4 5.5 3.9 2.8 11 Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services......................................................... Colleges and universities............................................... 151.7 153.3 165.0 150.7 150.6 155.3 146.6 144.9 153.4 152.5 .7 1.0 25 3.8 4.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 Nonmanufacturing................................................................ White-collar workers.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations....................................... Blue-collar occupations..................................................... Service occupations.......................................................... 146.9 149.6 150.7 140.3 143.4 147.9 150.6 151.9 140.9 144.7 149.5 152.3 153.9 142.8 146.0 150.9 153.8 155.3 143.9 147.1 152.2 155.0 156.9 145.8 148.2 153.5 156.4 158.3 146.4 150.1 155.0 158.0 160.1 147.5 151.4 156.5 159.6 161.3 149.0 152.3 157.2 160.2 162.1 149.8 153.4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .7 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.7 3.5 S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ........................................................ 147.2 148.3 150.2 151.2 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 160.1 1.8 3.1 147.1 147.4 147.3 145.0 143.9 148.0 148.2 148.8 146.2 145.1 149.0 149.1 150.1 147.0 146.0 149.8 149.8 151.5 147.6 146.5 152.7 153.0 153.9 149.8 149.1 153.3 153.4 155.1 150.9 150.8 153.9 153.6 156.6 151.9 151.6 154.4 154.1 157.4 157.5 159.0 155.1 154.5 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.6 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial......................... Administrative support, including clerical........................... Blue-collar workers.................................................................. Workers, by industry division: Services.................................................................................... 147.9 148.7 149.5 150.2 153.7 154.2 154.6 155.0 158.4 2.2 3.1 Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services.......................................................... Schools............................................................................. Elementary and secondary......................................... Colleges and universities............................................ 146.7 147.7 147.7 148.0 148.1 147.9 148.3 147.9 149.3 149.2 148.7 148.9 148.5 149.5 149.1 149.9 149.5 149.5 149.7 149.0 151.4 150.7 151.9 151.8 150.0 150.2 149.5 151.8 153.2 154.2 154.2 153.6 153.8 152.8 156.5 154.9 155.8 155.7 154.0 154.1 153.1 156.7 156.7 157.8 157.7 154.2 154.3 153.4 156.8 157.3 158.6 158.8 154.5 154.6 153.6 157.3 159.1 160.5 160.6 158.1 158.3 157.4 160.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.2 3.9 4.1 4.2 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.7 Public administration2............................................................. 144.6 146.1 147.6 148.7 150.3 151.6 152.5 153.4 154.8 .9 3.0 Services excluding schools4................................................ 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 27. 156.8 152.8 152.1 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]_________________________________________________ 2000 2001 2002 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e rie s S e p t. D ec. M a r. June S e p t. D ec . M ar. June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. Private in d u s try w o rke rs........................................................... 157.5 158.6 161.5 163.2 165.2 166.7 169.3 171.6 173.1 0.9 4.8 White-collar workers................................................................. Blue-collar workers.................................................................. 160.4 153.1 161.5 154.1 165.2 155.7 167.4 156.7 169.5 158.3 171.2 159.2 173.5 162.2 176.1 164.0 177.2 166.2 .6 1.3 4.5 5.0 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................................................... Service-producing..................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... 155.7 157.9 154.9 158.1 156.2 159.4 154.8 159.7 158.5 162.6 157.1 162.9 159.6 164.6 157.9 164.9 160.8 167.1 158.5 167.4 162.6 168.4 160.4 168.6 165.8 170.7 163.7 171.1 167.4 173.3 165.5 173.5 168.8 174.9 166.8 175.2 .8 .9 .8 1.0 5.0 4.7 5.2 4.7 Workers, by occupational group: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 85 Current Labor Statistics: 28. Compensation & Industrial Relations Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] 2000 2001 2002 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e rie s S e p t. D ec . M a r. June S e p t. D ec. M ar. June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e p t. C O M P E N S A T IO N W o rk e rs, b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1 Union................................................................................................ Goods-producing........................................................................ Service-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................. Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... 146.1 146.8 145.2 147.1 145.0 146.9 147.3 146.4 147.4 146.2 147.9 147.9 147.6 147.9 147.3 149.5 149.3 149.5 148.8 149.4 151.0 150.6 151.2 149.9 151.1 153.1 151.6 154.2 151.4 153.5 154.8 153.4 156.0 153.4 155.0 156.3 154.7 157.6 154.6 156.6 158.1 156.2 159.9 155.9 158.6 1.2 1.0 1.5 .8 1.4 4.7 3.7 5.8 4.0 5.1 Nonunion......................................................................................... Goods-producing........................................................................ Service-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................. Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... 150.6 148.4 151.2 149.2 150.7 151.6 149.3 152.3 149.9 151.8 153.8 151.6 154.4 152.4 153.9 155.3 153.1 155.9 153.7 155.4 156.7 154.0 157.5 154.4 157.0 157.8 155.3 158.6 155.5 158.2 159.6 157.2 160.3 157.6 159.9 161.4 158.6 162.2 159.1 161.7 162.5 159.5 162.9 160.1 162.4 .5 .6 .4 .6 .4 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4 149.3 147.6 152.2 150.8 150.3 148.6 153.3 151.8 151.6 151.1 154.8 154.3 153.7 152.3 156.0 156.0 155.2 153.5 157.4 157.6 156.3 154.6 158.6 159.4 158.3 156.2 161.1 160.4 159.9 157.6 162.2 162.9 160.5 158.9 163.5 163.8 .4 .8 .6 .6 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.9 150.1 148.8 151.0 150.3 153.1 152.1 154.6 153.7 156.0 154.8 157.4 155.6 159.1 157.5 160.9 158.5 161.8 160.0 .6 .9 3.7 3.4 Union................................................................................................ Goods-producing........................................................................ Service-producing...................................................................... Manufacturing............................................................................. Nonmanufacturing..................................................................... 140.0 140.2 140.1 141.4 139.2 141.2 141.3 141.5 142.6 140.4 142.1 142.4 142.2 143.9 141.1 143.7 144.2 143.7 145.5 142.7 145.1 145.3 145.4 146.7 144.3 147.4 146.3 148.9 148.0 147.1 148.4 147.2 150.0 149.0 148.1 149.8 158.6 151.4 150.2 149.6 151.3 150.0 152.9 151.0 151.1 1.0 .9 1.0 .9 1.0 4.3 3.2 5.2 3.3 4.7 Nonunion......................................................................................... Goods-producing....................................................................... Service-producing...................................................................... 148.1 145.8 148.7 147.2 148.0 149.0 146.8 149.6 148.0 148.9 150.8 148.8 151.4 150.1 150.7 152.2 150.3 152.7 151.6 152.0 153.4 151.1 154.1 152.2 153.3 154.4 152.1 155.1 153.1 154.4 155.9 153.5 156.7 154.7 155.9 157.5 154.8 158.3 156.1 157.5 158.1 155.5 158.9 156.8 158.1 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.1 145.3 145.3 148.6 148.2 146.0 146.3 149.6 149.2 147.3 148.3 150.9 151.3 149.2 149.3 152.3 152.9 150.6 150.2 153.6 154.3 151.7 151.2 154.7 156.0 153.5 152.5 157.1 156.4 154.9 153.6 158.5 158.7 154.9 154.7 159.2 159.3 .1 .7 .4 .4 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.2 147.1 144.7 148.0 146.0 149.8 147.4 151.2 148.8 152.4 149.7 153.7 150.5 155.1 151.7 156.7 152.6 157.4 153.8 .4 .8 3.3 2.7 W o rk e rs, b y re g io n 1 Northeast........................................................................................ South............................................................................................... W o rk e rs, b y a re a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas........................................................................ W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s t a t u s 1 W o rk e rs, b y re g io n 1 Northeast........................................................................................ South............................................................................................... W o rk e rs, b y a re a s iz e 1 Other areas.................................................................................... ' The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the M onthly Labor Review Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. 86 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 29. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 I te m Number of employees (in 000’s): With medical care...................................................... With life insurance..................................................... With defined benefit plan.......................................... 1982 1980 1984 1986 1 9 8 8 1989 1991 1997 1995 1993 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 - 9 25 76 25 9 26 73 26 - - - 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 8 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 80 3.3 89 9.1 81 3.7 89 9.3 24 3.3 21 3.3 22 3.3 96 20 3.5 96 21 3.1 97 67 37 26 65 60 53 58 56 84 93 38,409 T im e -o ff p l a n s Participants with: Paid lunch time........................................................... . Average minutes per day......................................... Paid rest time............................................................... Average minutes per day......................................... Average days per occurrence................................. Paid holidays............................................................... Average days per year............................................. - 75 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 9.8 23 3.6 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 Paid personal leave.................................................... 99 10.1 20 Paid vacations............................................................. 100 99 99 100 98 22 3.1 97 67 67 70 Unpaid maternity leave.............................................. 62 - - - - _ 69 33 16 68 37 18 _ _ Unpaid family le a ve ................................................... _ 95 In s u ra n c e p la n s Participants in medical care plans............................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care...................................................... 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 58 62 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 26 27 46 51 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 72 74 - 64 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 53 55 Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Average monthly contribution................................ Average montmy contrioution................................ Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance.................................................................. Retiree protection available...................................... Participants in long-term disability Participants In sickness and accident Participants in short-term disability plans ’ ................. R e tire m e n t p la n s Participants in defined benefit pension plans............ 84 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................... Early retirement available........................................ Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years................ Terminal earnings formula...................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security................ 55 98 53 45 58 97 52 45 63 97 47 54 56 64 98 35 57 62 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 22 64 63 55 98 7 56 54 52 95 6 61 48 52 96 4 58 51 52 95 10 56 49 - 60 45 48 48 49 55 57 - 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 10 36 12 12 13 52 38 5 32 7 Participants in defined contribution plans................... Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements............................................................. - - _ - O th e r b e n e f its Employees eligible for: Premium conversion plans......................................... The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 5 9 5 12 23 fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. Note : Dash indicates data not available. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 87 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 30. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987,1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996 S m all p riv a te e sta b lis h m e n ts Item 1990 1992 1994 S ta te an d local g o ve rn m e n ts 1996 1987 1990 1992 1994 Scope of survey (in 000's)........................................... 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care...................................................... With life insurance..................................................... With defined benefit plan.......................................... 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 - - 50 3.1 82 51 3.0 80 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 3.7 73 Paid vacations............................................................. 9.5 11 2.8 88 9.2 12 2.6 88 7.5 13 26 88 7.6 14 30 86 10.9 38 27 72 13.6 39 ?9 67 14.2 38 29 67 11.5 38 a.o 66 Paid sick leave2......................................................... 47 53 50 50 97 95 95 94 Unpaid leave................................................................ Unpaid paternity leave............................................... Unpaid family leave..................................................... 17 8 - 18 7 - _ 47 _ 48 57 30 - 51 33 - 59 44 - 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 42 $25.13 67 47 $36.51 73 52 $40.97 76 52 $42.63 75 35 $15.74 71 38 $25.53 65 43 $28.97 72 47 $30.20 71 $109.34 $150.54 $159.63 $181.53 $71.89 $117.59 $139.23 $149.70 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 78 76 1 67 19 25 79 2 20 77 1 19 23 20 6 26 26 T im e -o ff p la n s Participants with: Paid lunch time............................................................ Average minutes per day......................................... Paid rest time.............................................................. Average minutes per day......................................... Average days per occurrence................................. Paid holidays............................................................... Average days per year'........................................... Paid personal leave.................................................... _ _ - _ _ 93 In s u ra n c e p la n s Participants in medical care plans............................... Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care..................................................... Physical exam........................................................... Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage............................................................ Average monthly contribution................................ Average monthly contribution................................ Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance.................................................................. Retiree protection available...................................... Participants in long-term disability 1 67 1 74 1 1 64 2 13 55 45 46 46 22 31 27 28 30 14 21 22 Participants in sickness and accident 29 Participants in short-term disability plans 2................. R e tire m e n t p la n s Participants in defined benefit pension plans............ 20 22 15 15 93 90 87 91 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................... Early retirement available......................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years................ Terminal earnings formula...................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security................ 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 - 47 92 53 44 89 88 16 100 8 92 89 10 100 - 92 90 33 100 18 10 92 87 13 99 49 31 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 17 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 Participants in defined contribution plans................... Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements............................................................. O th e r b e n e f its Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans............................................... Reimbursement accounts 3........................................ Premium conversion plans ...................................... 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 8 14 19 12 5 31 50 64 ' Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable with those reported In 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-dlsabillty plans previously reported as sick leave. 88 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 7 Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing perdisablllty benefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. Note : Dash indicates data not available. 2 00 0 2002p 2001 A n n u a l to ta ls M e a s u re D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. 2001 J an Number of stoppages: S e p t. Aug. J u ly June M ay Apr M ar Feb 39 29 2 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 40 30 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 3 5 3 4 3 3 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... 394 99 3.0 24.9 .0 6.0 .0 1.5 2.9 4.1 13.7 102 4.1 29.0 1.6 6.0 1.0 2.5 2.9 7.0 1.5 5.3 3.5 397 5.1 9.2 6.7 In effect during period (in thousands). 8.2 6.2 13.7 20,419 1,151 55.7 316.4 11.2 55.0 21.0 9.0 43.5 80.7 138.2 36.0 54.0 50.6 39.3 .06 .00 (2) .01 (2) <2) ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 Days idle: Percent of estimated workina time1.... /-vyi ii/ u u u i a i t*i iwi ......... . •» w> • w •• ..........— -------- ------- 1-----j ---- — * • . __ the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in " Total economy’ measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review, October 1968, pp. 54— 56. 2 Less than 0.005. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 89 Current Labor Statistics: 32. Compensation & Industrial Relations Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated]____________________________________ Annual average 2000 2001 2002 2001 Series Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS All items..................................................................... All Items (1967- 100)............................................... 172.2 515.8 177.1 530.4 178.3 534.0 177.7 532.2 177.4 531.3 173.6 173.1 173.4 193.8 161.3 174.6 174.1 174.3 195.1 162.4 175.3 174.9 175.2 195.2 163.5 175.2 174.6 174.7 Cereals and bakery products.............................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs............................ 168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6 167.1 212.2 169.4 212.1 139.2 159.6 155.7 155.7 139.2 160.2 Other foods........................................................ 137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 Other miscellaneous foods1,2........................ Dairy and related products1................................ Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials........................................................... Other foods at home............................................ Sugar and sweets.............................................. 176.7 5292.0 177.1 530.6 177.8 532.7 178.8 535.5 179.8 538.6 179.8 538.5 179.9 538.9 180.1 539.5 180.7 541.2 181.0 542.1 176.2 176.6 176.1 176.3 197.0 162.8 176.7 176.2 176.4 198.1 162.5 176.4 175.8 176.2 196.7 162.1 176.4 175.9 176.0 197.6 161.8 176.4 175.8 175.5 198.2 162.4 175.8 175.0 198.7 161.9 176.6 176.0 175.2 198.7 162.3 176.6 176.0 174.9 194.9 162.7 175.2 174.7 174.7 195.3 162.0 198.6 162.2 176.9 176.4 175.2 198.4 161.8 170.8 213.5 171.2 212.9 170.8 214.4 169.9 224.8 170.1 223.3 169.4 225.8 168.7 223.4 169.0 221.0 168.0 217.4 167.6 217.4 167.2 217.0 166.3 218.4 139.9 160.9 156.4 18.5 160.9 156.1 156.9 177.9 139.5 161.3 158.4 158.3 177.4 140.0 160.4 158.5 157.2 140.1 159.9 157.2 156.4 138.0 160.0 157.9 155.9 140.2 160.8 159.6 154.1 176.1 154.9 177.3 137.6 160.6 159.9 154.1 175.9 137.5 160.8 158.0 154.6 177.4 138.3 161.0 160.2 176.3 140.1 161.5 159.6 156.5 177.8 176.9 177.0 108.9 108.0 107.8 108.0 108.9 109.0 110.1 109.3 109.7 176.0 156.6 158.5 176.2 159.5 177.0 139.5 160.3 154.9 155.6 177.6 107.5 108.9 108.9 108.9 110.6 108.5 Food away from home1.......................................... 169.0 176.0 176.4 177.0 177.1 177.2 177.6 178.2 179.2 115.5 181.2 115.5 180.9 115.5 181.8 115.8 182.6 116.3 182.5 116.9 182.9 117.1 183.3 117.6 183.5 1787.5 117.7 183.8 178.8 115.3 180.4 175.6 115.4 180.8 175.8 109.0 174.7 173.9 113.4 179.3 175.1 Other food away from home1,2........................... Alcoholic beverages............................................... Housing..................................................................... 118.1 184.2 118.8 183.9 169.6 193.4 176.4 200.6 177.4 202.0 176.7 202.4 176.9 202.9 176.9 203.2 177.6 204.5 178.5 206.1 179.1 207.0 179.5 207.5 179.7 207.5 180.7 208.1 181.2 208.8 209.6 200.2 181.5 209.2 183.9 117.5 192.1 193.9 194.7 195.5 196.4 197.0 197.7 198.2 199.3 116.8 114.5 111.6 108.0 200.2 123.6 206.3 208.1 209.0 210.1 210.9 212.8 213.3 120.1 213.7 120.9 198.7 119.3 212.2 121.9 Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence3... 113.1 211.6 199.8 121.7 200.7 118.6 198.5 122.1 198.8 Lodging away from home................................... 214.3 214.9 215.4 117.6 216.2 Tenants’ and household insurance1'2................ Fuels and utilities................................................ Fuels.................................................................. Fuel oil and other fuels................................... Gas (piped) and electricity.............................. Household furnishings and operations............... Apparel..................................................................... Men's and boys’ apparel...................................... Women's and girls' apparel................................. 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 106.7 150.6 135.7 125.3 143.1 129.4 106.9 144.6 129.1 121.5 135.9 129.0 106.9 143.5 127.8 118.3 134.7 129.1 106.3 142.2 126.2 112.7 133.5 128.9 106.4 141.5 125.3 112.9 132.4 128.7 106.8 140.0 123.7 112.3 130.6 128.6 106.8 140.2 123.8 112.8 130.7 128.7 107.2 140.3 123.8 115.1 130.6 128.9 107.6 141.5 125.1 114.4 132.1 128.9 107.8 146.2 130.3 112.7 128.0 128.2 106.2 150.2 135.4 129.3 142.4 129.1 138.0 128.7 108.6 146.8 130.8 111.6 138.6 128.6 109.6 146.8 130.7 112.1 138.5 128.1 110.0 147.2 131.0 115.2 138.7 128.1 129.6 129.7 121.5 127.3 125.7 119.3 126.8 123.7 120.3 129.5 127.5 122.1 128.0 127.4 119.4 123.7 122.8 114.8 120.4 120.8 109.7 123.5 122.0 115.3 128.2 125.2 121.3 128.8 125.6 122.2 127.1 124.3 229.4 122.7 120.8 113.7 118.7 118.4 107.6 120.5 118.3 111.0 124.6 120.1 118.0 Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel1............................. Footwear............................................................. Transportation........................................................... Private transportation............................................ 130.6 123.8 153.3 149.1 129.2 129.3 122.9 131.5 132.4 123.7 150.2 146.1 128.5 125.0 117.1 148.6 144.4 127.2 129.9 198.9 127.4 124.9 122.9 123.5 150.5 146.3 124.5 153.7 149.6 124.5 153.8 149.5 121.2 153.4 149.1 118.5 153.7 149.5 124.3 119.7 153.9 149.7 126.2 119.5 148.4 144.1 100.8 99.1 98.8 139.2 Rent of primary residence.................................. 123.0 154.3 150.0 155.5 151.2 124.9 152.3 148.1 120.6 148.5 144.3 101.3 142.1 100.2 100.6 101.3 101.6 140.2 143.5 157.2 96.1 95.4 105.8 186.4 204.8 99.6 140.7 99.3 140.4 157.3 131.4 130.7 105.2 185.1 212.7 142.6 157.4 104.5 103.8 105.8 186.4 205.1 100.1 141.2 158.7 124.7 124.0 104.8 183.5 210.6 141.0 157.8 116.3 115.6 105.5 186.0 209.1 101.0 142.7 Gasoline (all types)............................................ Motor vehicle parts and equipment.................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair............... Public transportation.............................................. 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6 155.6 97.9 97.2 106.2 187.1 205.8 153.9 98.2 97.6 106.1 188.0 207.3 152.1 107.7 107.1 106.5 188.5 207.9 Medical care.............................................................. Medical care commodities..................................... Medical care services............................................ Professional services.......................................... Hospital and related services............................. 260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3 272.8 247.6 278.8 246.5 338.3 275.0 249.6 281.0 247.9 342.6 275.9 250.2 282.0 248.4 344.8 276.7 250.6 283.0 248.8 347.1 277.3 251.6 283.5 248.9 348.3 279.6 252.6 286.2 250.6 353.1 281.0 253.7 287.7 251.4 356.4 New and used motor vehicles2............................ New vehicles..................................................... Used cars and trucks1....................................... Motor fuel............................................................. 121.6 154.0 150.0 98.8 98.7 98.7 138.1 153.4 121.5 120.9 107.7 191.0 209.4 138.7 152.2 120.1 119.5 106.7 190.0 211.3 138.7 152.7 120.8 120.3 107.4 189.8 209.7 284.1 255.4 291.2 252.9 364.5 284.7 256.4 291.7 253.2 365.3 286.6 257.5 293.8 255.0 367.6 287.3 257.7 294.7 254.9 371.3 152.8 121.4 120.8 106.8 189.0 209.7 139.8 151.8 121.4 120.8 106.8 189.9 211.3 282.0 254.1 288.9 251.9 359.4 283.2 254.8 290.2 252.5 362.4 152.2 121.7 121.1 107.4 191.4 206.5 287.7 257.9 295.2 254.8 373.3 Recreation2............................................................. 103.3 104.9 105.2 105.3 105.5 105.3 105.7 105.9 106.1 106.5 106.4 106.2 106.2 106.3 106.2 Video and audio1,2............................................... 101.0 101.5 101.3 101.3 101.4 101.2 102.1 102.9 102.9 102.9 103.1 103.0 102.6 102.4 102.3 Education and communication2.............................. Education2............................................................ Educational books and supplies....................... 102.5 105.2 106.6 107.1 107.0 106.9 107.2 107.3 106.6 106.2 106.6 106.9 107.6 108.9 109.5 112.5 279.9 118.5 295.9 121.7 305.4 122.2 307.2 122.3 304.7 122.0 294.7 122.6 303.0 123.2 314.4 123.3 314.2 123.3 314.4 123.5 315.6 124.3 317.4 124.8 318.3 127.1 319.6 129.6 323.2 324.0 93.6 341.1 93.3 350.0 93.1 351.5 93.6 352.0 93.3 352.2 93.4 353.2 93.4 353.9 93.1 354.1 92.0 354.1 91.2 354.6 91.9 356.8 91.8 358.3 92.6 365.6 93.2 372.8 92.5 92.8 92.3 92.0 92.5 92.2 92.3 92.2 92.0 90.8 90.0 90.7 90.6 90.8 91.5 90.7 98.5 99.3 99.2 99.9 99.6 99.6 100.3 100.3 99.1 98.2 99.3 99.2 99.5 100.6 100.1 25.9 21.3 20.3 20.2 20.0 19.8 19.4 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.5 18.4 18.4 18.3 17.8 24.6 287.2 432.8 23.8 23.1 22.0 21.1 291.5 449.0 22.6 294.4 467.4 22.3 288.5 433.4 22.9 292.9 461.4 23.0 290.2 449.3 294.5 467.2 295.9 478.2 297.0 485.8 174.9 Tuition, other school fees, and child care......... Communication1,2................................................ Information and information processinq1,2....... Telephone services1,2.................................... Information and information processing Personal computers and peripheral equipment1,2............................................ Other goods and services........................................ Tobacco and smoking products............................ 41.1 29.5 26.7 26.4 271.1 394.9 282.6 425.2 287.8 444.0 285.6 429.9 25.8 289.2 446.7 25.3 286.4 431.7 Personal care1....................................................... 165.6 170.5 171.9 172.3 172.6 172.6 173.2 173.7 174.1 174.4 174.7 174.9 175.0 174.9 Personal care products1..................................... 153.7 155.1 155.5 155.4 155.4 155.4 155.2 155.5 155.1 155.4 154.8 155.4 154.6 154.3 154.4 Personal care services1..................................... 178.1 184.3 185.5 185.9 186.8 186.4 186.3 186.4 187.3 187.9 188.3 188.3 188.7 189.1 189.2 See footnotes at end of table. 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 32. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated] 2001 A nnual average Series 2000 2001 Miscellaneous personal services.. Commodity and service group: Commodities...................................................... Food and beverages......................................... 252.3 263.1 149.2 168.4 Commodities less food and beverages............. Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel.......................................................... 137.7 147.4 129.6 150.7 173.6 137.2 147.1 127.3 Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel.................................................. Durables................ .......................................... . 162.5 125.4 124.6 Services................................................................ 195.3 Rent of shelter3.................................................. Transporatation services.................................. Other services................................................... 201.3 196.1 229.9 173.0 165.7 167.3 139.2 149.1 162.9 158.2 Sept. Oct. 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June July A ug. Sept. 267.3 268.0 268.5 270.4 271.8 272.9 273.2 274.2 274.6 275.1 275.4 275.2 149.5 175.2 147.9 175.2 147.8 176.2 148.1 176.4 149.4 151.0 176.7 150.5 176.4 149.6 176.6 134.6 142.8 128.0 132.3 138.4 123.7 131.6 137.9 120.4 132.1 139.6 123.5 143.6 128.2 136.0 148.4 128.8 135.4 147.4 127.1 149.8 176.4 134.4 145.7 149.3 176.6 138.0 149.6 126.8 150.5 175.3 136.1 146.0 129.5 133.6 144.4 118.7 134.0 145.4 120.5 150.2 176.9 134.8 147.2 124.6 167.5 123.4 160.4 156.2 152.6 123.6 157.3 122.1 164.7 121.9 164.1 164.0 124.2 151.6 124.3 153.6 123.6 121.7 121.3 164.3 121.1 164.8 120.7 120.6 203.4 204.9 204.7 205.1 205.3 206.3 207.3 208.0 208.4 208.8 209.8 210.7 211.5 211.5 208.9 201.9 238.0 210.3 202.8 240.6 210.8 203.4 241.4 211.3 204.2 241.9 211.7 204.5 241.9 213.0 205.2 242.9 214.7 206.5 243.5 215.6 207.3 243.6 216.1 207.9 243.8 216.1 208.9 244.5 216.8 209.0 245.1 217.4 209.6 246.4 218.3 210.1 248.2 317.9 210.1 249.1 177.8 169.7 171.9 179.0 170.9 173.0 139.7 178.2 169.9 172.4 177.8 169.3 172.0 136.4 177.0 168.2 171.3 134.1 140.9 153.4 177.4 168.4 171.7 133.5 178.2 168.7 172.4 179.2 169.7 180.4 170.9 174.3 137.8 150.4 180.4 170.9 174.2 137.3 180.6 170.9 174.4 181.5 171.3 175.0 135.9 147.7 165.8 161.2 181.8 171,9 175.3 136.7 163.4 151.5 174.6 122.7 176.6 133.7 122.7 165.2 Special indexes: All items less food............................................. All items less shelter......................................... All items less medical care................................ Commodities less food..................................... Nondurables less food...................................... Nondurables less food and apparel................. Nondurables....................................................... Services less rent of shelter3............................ Services less medical care services................ . Energy............................................................... All items less energy......................................... All items less food and energy....................... Commodities less food and energy.............. Energy commodities................................... Services less energy..................................... 138.9 149.1 164.1 165.5 162.7 149.5 165.0 162.1 136.3 148.0 164.9 161.2 180.8 170.9 174.5 135.5 146.7 165.2 160.6 214.8 215.1 216.0 217.5 218.6 219.5 200.8 115.6 187.1 201.6 122.9 187.4 190.2 144.4 202.6 124.9 121.6 216.3 121.6 216.6 187.3 190.1 143.4 120.3 217.2 203.2 125.5 187.5 190.3 142.5 120.9 218.0 204.2 125.8 188.1 191.0 99.5 215.1 189.8 144.6 108.6 215.9 201.2 122.2 187.5 190.3 145.1 142.8 121.5 219.0 191.3 142.6 122.9 218.9 173.2 515.0 173.7 517.5 174.7 520.2 175.8 523.7 175.8 523.6 175.9 524.0 176.0 524.5 176.6 526.0 177.0 527.3 175.7 176.1 175.6 175.5 197.0 162.7 176.1 175.5 175.3 197.9 162.1 175.7 175.1 174.4 198.2 162.1 175.7 176.0 175.4 198.6 161.8 174.3 198.7 162.2 175.9 175.3 174.0 198.5 162.0 176.2 175.7 162.0 175.8 175.3 175.1 197.5 161.6 161.5 169.7 223.2 170.0 222.2 169.2 224.9 168.7 222.0 168.7 219.1 167.8 216.4 167.4 216.4 167.0 216.2 166.1 217.5 138.8 161.0 139.5 160.1 158.5 157.0 176.8 139.7 159.6 157.1 156.3 176.5 139.4 161.0 153.4 156.2 178.2 137.3 159.7 136.9 160.4 158.8 154.3 177.9 137.6 160.5 159.9 154.7 177.6 136.9 160.1 159.6 154.0 177.3 139.6 160.3 159.5 155.2 177.2 160.6 151.5 168.0 162.3 137.8 148.1 161.5 160.8 145.1 157.7 159.1 156.8 140.5 154.5 157.0 202.9 212.3 213.9 213.0 213.3 213.2 213.9 214.3 188.9 124.6 178.6 181.3 144.9 129.5 202.1 196.6 129.3 183.5 186.1 145.3 125.2 209.6 198.1 132.5 184.5 187.1 198.2 116.0 185.4 145.2 131.0 211.2 197.8 122.1 185.1 187.6 145.6 116.9 211.7 188.1 146.0 105.8 212.3 198.3 111.4 185.2 187.8 144.7 97.6 212.6 199.2 111.7 185.7 188.2 143.7 200.2 111.0 186.5 189.2 144.2 99.3 213.8 163.2 486.2 173.5 516.8 174.8 520.6 174.0 518.3 173.7 517.3 172.9 515.0 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 173.0 172.5 172.4 193.6 161.2 174.0 173.5 173.4 194.8 162.3 174.8 174.3 174.3 195.1 163.2 174.5 174.1 173.7 194.7 162.6 174.6 174.1 173.7 195.1 161.8 159.4 201.8 167.1 210.8 169.4 211.0 170.8 212.2 171.2 211.5 170.6 212.8 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 138.4 159.1 138.4 139.2 160.4 156.2 159.1 177.3 138.7 159.7 137.7 133.9 142.2 155.4 158.0 173.3 135.6 145.9 158.7 160.2 149.3 166.1 162.2 220.0 204.1 126.1 188.4 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items................................................................... All items (19 6 7 -1 0 0 )............................................. Food and beverages.............................................. Food...................................................................... Food at home..................................................... Cereals and bakery products............................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.......................... Dairy and related products1.............................. Fruits and vegetables....................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials......................................................... Other foods at home......................................... Sugar and sweets............... ........................... Fats and oils................................................... Other foods...................................................... 155.6 155.4 176.3 159.8 156.2 158.1 176.5 154.7 155.1 177.8 160.5 155.9 156.5 178.3 175.2 175.3 196.7 158.5 158.0 177.9 157.6 155.7 176.7 175.2 174.1 174.3 198.4 Other miscellaneous foods1,2...................... 104.6 109.1 109.2 109.5 110.8 109.0 109.3 108.5 108.3 108.5 109.5 109.6 110.8 109.9 110.1 Food away from home1....................................... 165.0 105.1 168.8 173.8 175.0 175.8 176.9 177.0 177.1 177.5 178.0 178.4 178.7 179.0 115.6 180.1 115.8 180.8 176.0 115.8 180.5 176.4 113.6 178.8 175.6 115.7 180.5 115.8 181.4 116.0 182.1 116.8 182.2 117.4 182.8 117.7 183.1 118.1 183.2 118.2 183.6 118.9 183.8 119.3 183.4 160.0 181.6 172.1 194.5 173.2 196.0 172.5 196.6 172.8 197.2 172.9 197.7 173.4 198.7 173.9 199.8 174.4 200.6 174.8 201.0 175.1 201.2 176.1 20.7 176.5 202.3 176.9 202.9 177.0 203.0 Rent of primary residence................................ 177.1 196.3 113.2 192.3 197.5 197.8 122.2 175.7 191.5 118.4 197.0 Lodging away from home2............................... 119.4 192.9 122.2 193.3 122.0 193.9 98.1 120.7 194.2 106.8 139.4 122.7 112.4 129.7 124.9 122.4 122.2 107.5 139.6 122.7 114.7 129.6 125.1 127.9 125.8 120.9 107.6 140.7 123.9 114.0 131.0 125.0 126.2 124.6 118.2 Other food away from home1,2........................ Alcoholic beverages............................................ Housing................................................................... Shelter................................................................. Owners’ eguivalent rent of primary residence3 Tenants’ and household insurance1,2............... Fuels and utilities............... .............................. Fuels................................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels................................. Gas (piped) and electricity............................ Household furnishings and operations............ Apparel................................................................... 101.6 128.7 Men's and boys' apparel................................... Women's and girls' apparel.............................. 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 Infants’ and toddlers’ aDDarel1.......................... Footwear............................................................ Transportation........................................................ 130.3 126.2 143.4 Private transportation......................................... New and used motor vehicles2......................... 187.6 106.4 149.5 134.2 129.2 141.5 125.8 126.1 193.3 194.0 194.9 195.7 116.8 189.2 114.8 190.0 111.8 190.9 108.8 191.7 106.8 150.1 134.7 107.0 144.0 127.9 121.4 135.0 125.5 128.3 127.3 120.2 107.1 142.8 126.7 118.5 133.7 125.6 127.2 127.3 118.0 106.3 141.5 125.2 112.7 132.5 125.4 125.8 117.3 125.3 142.2 126.0 125.6 123.7 118.3 131.1 123.0 155.1 152.3 133.5 124.9 151.4 140.7 130.9 123.1 153.6 150.8 148.6 134.3 124.2 149.2 146.4 100.4 101.9 100.7 101.1 101.7 106.4 140.8 124.2 113.0 131.4 125.0 119.6 121.0 108.5 113.8 106.9 139.6 122.8 112.7 129.8 124.9 126.9 125.2 119.7 128.4 119.3 147.1 144.2 131.7 122.8 149.2 146.4 131.7 124.4 152.7 144.5 126.7 117.7 147.5 144.6 149.8 129.9 124.4 152.7 149.8 102.0 101.3 100.3 99.7 99.5 99.3 123.0 122.7 113.5 130.3 121.0 147.4 198.7 199.2 199.6 200.0 120.4 194.7 121.3 195.2 122.9 195.7 117.7 196.4 107.9 145.6 109.7 146.2 129.6 111.3 137.4 124.2 110.1 146.5 129.1 112.2 136.9 124.8 122.0 121.1 112.7 108.7 146.1 129.6 110.9 137.5 124.7 118.0 118.6 106.5 119.6 118.2 109.6 129.9 114.5 137.6 123.9 123.5 119.8 116.8 127.5 121.0 152.4 149.5 125.3 118.2 152.7 149.9 126.8 119.6 153.0 150.2 128.4 121.4 153.1 150.4 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 91 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 32. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise i n d i c a t e d ] _________________________ S eries 2000 2001 2002 2001 A nnual average Sept. O ct. Nov. Dec, Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay June July A ug. Sept, 143.9 143.2 141.3 142.1 143.8 144.7 143.8 142.3 141.8 141.5 140.9 140.3 139.8 139.1 139.8 Used cars and trucks1................................. Motor fuel....................................................... 157.1 159.8 158.2 158.7 158.3 158.1 156.5 154.8 153.0 152.6 152.7 153.0 153.6 154.2 153.1 129.5 124.9 132.4 116.2 104.4 98.5 108.0 121.7 121.8 120.4 121.2 121.8 122.1 128.8 124.2 121.3 106.0 190.5 204.5 106.0 191.4 206.3 105.9 191.5 205.9 121.6 106.7 187.8 200.4 105.7 189.9 203.0 120.6 106.7 187.5 203.7 97.9 105.3 189.5 202.5 119.9 186.7 207.0 97.6 105.3 188.6 121.2 104.0 185.1 204.9 103.8 105.0 121.2 100.9 178.8 203.4 115.5 104.7 107.5 Motor vehicle parts and equipment.............. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair........ Public transportation....................................... 131.7 104.4 96.3 95.7 98.2 Gasoline (all types)..................................... 259.9 271.8 242.7 273.9 244.6 280.7 274.9 245.2 275.6 245.6 282.6 Medical care....................................................... Medical care commodities.............................. Professional services.................................... Hospital and related services....................... 233.6 265.9 239.6 313.2 Recreation2...... ,................................................ 102.4 Video and audio1,2......................................... 100.7 Medical care services..................................... 278.5 248.7 333.8 104.9 187.9 200.1 201.0 280.9 248.5 287.2 253.6 351.4 249.0 288.4 254.0 354.3 281.9 249.6 282.9 250.3 250.9 342.7 278.5 247.6 285.7 252.8 348.2 279.8 246.7 283.0 251.0 343.6 289.6 254.6 357.1 290.6 255.3 359.4 251.3 291.3 255.3 360.6 276.2 283.6 191.4 204.7 107.0 192.5 204.5 285.5 252.3 286.3 252.3 293.5 257.2 363.2 294.5 256.9 367.1 192.9 201.9 286.7 252.5 294.9 250.1 338.3 281.7 250.5 340.5 103.6 103.8 103.8 104.0 103.8 104.2 104.5 104.6 105.0 104.9 104.6 104.6 104.7 104.4 100.9 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.5 101.4 102.2 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.2 101.8 101.6 101.4 256.8 368.9 Education and communication2...,................... . 102.7 105.3 106.5 107.1 106.9 106.9 107.1 107.2 106.5 106.0 106.5 106.7 107.4 108.6 109.1 Education2...................................................... Educational books and supplies................ 112.8 283.3 118.7 299.9 121.7 309.8 122.3 311.7 122.3 308.9 122.1 297.3 122.7 305.2 123.3 315.2 123.3 315.1 123.3 315.3 123.5 316.3 124.4 318.2 124.8 319.1 126.9 320.4 129.3 323.9 Tuition, other school fees, and child care.. 318.2 334.7 94.5 344.4 94.9 344.9 94.5 346.2 94.7 347.0 94.5 347.2 93.3 347.2 92.6 347.7 93.3 350.3 93.1 351.4 93.9 357.7 94.6 342.9 94.3 345.2 Communication1,2.......................................... 364.9 93.9 Information and information processing1,2. 94.1 93.8 93.6 94.2 93.8 93.9 94.0 93.7 92.6 91.7 92.5 92.4 92.7 93.4 92.4 Telephone services1,2............................. Information and information processing 98.7 99.4 99.4 100.1 99.7 99.9 100.4 100.5 99.3 98.4 99.4 99.3 99.7 100.8 100.3 other than teleDhone services1,4.......... Personal computers and peripheral 26.8 22.1 21.2 21.0 20.8 20.6 20.1 19.7 19.5 19.3 19.2 19.1 19.1 18.9 18.5 12 94.6 94.6 equipment ' ..................................... Other goods and services.................................. Tobacco and smoking products..................... 40.5 29.1 26.6 26.1 25.5 25.0 24.3 23.5 22.8 22.5 22.7 22.3 22.1 21.7 20.8 276.5 395.2 289.5 292.4 430.9 297.3 448.3 293.3 432.9 294.0 433.5 298.3 450.7 295.2 434.1 301.7 426.1 295.5 444.7 462.7 299.1 450.1 303.5 468.7 303.5 468.8 306.0 480.7 307.8 488.4 Personal care1................................................ 165.5 170.3 171.4 171.9 172.3 172.3 172.7 173.2 173.7 173.9 174.0 174.4 174.4 174.3 174.4 Personal care products1.............................. 154.2 155.7 156.1 156.1 156.1 156.0 155.9 156.3 156.0 156.2 155.4 156.2 155.3 155.1 155.2 Personal care services1.............................. Miscellaneous personal services................ Commodity and service group: 178.6 184.9 186.1 186.5 187.4 187.1 187.0 187.1 188.0 188.7 189.1 189.4 189.8 190.0 251.9 262.8 265.6 266.8 267.5 268.0 269.8 271.4 272.5 272.6 273.6 189.0 274.1 274.7 275.2 274.9 149.8 167.7 139.0 149.1 151.4 150.1 174.5 135.9 144.2 148.4 174.6 133.4 139.4 148.3 175.7 132.7 149.8 176.1 134.7 151.2 175.7 136.8 150.5 175.7 135.9 127.2 123.0 149.3 126.2 147.8 122.0 150.4 175.9 135.6 147.7 151.0 176.2 136.4 138.9 119.6 150.1 275.7 135.2 146.5 128.3 148.6 175.8 133.1 140.7 122.4 151.7 174.8 137.4 147.4 128.3 152.5 174.0 139.8 152.0 125.6 151.2 173.0 138.7 149.0 126.1 118.0 119.6 123.5 and apparel............................................... Durables........................................................ 165.3 125.8 166.3 125.3 171.4 162.7 158.2 167.3 167.6 168.5 123.1 122.3 168.1 122.1 167.2 124.8 154.2 124.1 159.4 124.3 153.1 124.9 155.4 124.1 122.0 121.6 121.5 121.3 169.1 121.1 Services............................................................ 191.6 199.6 201.1 201.0 201.4 201.7 202.5 203.3 203.9 204.2 204.8 205.8 206.6 207.3 207.6 Rent of shelter3.............................................. T ransporatation services............................... Other services................................................ Special Indexes: 180.5 192.9 225.9 187.3 199.1 233.7 188.7 200.1 235.9 189.3 200.9 236.8 189.9 202.3 237.2 190.4 202.6 237.3 191.4 203.4 238.3 192.5 204.7 239.0 193.2 205.6 238.8 193.7 206.2 238.9 193.9 207.1 239.7 194.3 207.3 240.4 194.8 208.0 241.6 195.5 208.6 243.4 195.5 208.8 244.1 All items less food.......................................... All items less shelter..................................... 169.1 163.8 164.7 140.4 150.7 173.6 167.6 169.1 140.2 150.8 174.9 173.8 173.4 166.9 174.3 167.1 168.5 175.8 168.4 175.9 168.4 176.1 168.4 176.7 168.9 177.1 169.5 169.1 137.6 146.4 168.3 135.1 141.8 137.6 150.0 171.3 136.9 148.7 171.8 137.4 149.8 172.2 138.1 151.5 166.7 171.5 163.5 154.7 158.9 161.4 163.5 161.5 157.3 154.7 157.5 157.0 158.5 168.3 Nondurables................................................... 159.5 159.7 171.1 139.1 152.5 168.7 171.0 138.5 151.4 165.4 170.0 136.5 147.0 160.7 171.2 134.5 141.8 173.3 166.1 169.0 134.8 143.1 175.7 167.6 169.5 139.0 149.4 172.5 165.7 172.7 168.8 170.3 141.3 153.8 160.8 163.7 162.9 169.2 162.2 169.6 163.2 Services less rent of shelter3........................ Services less medical care services............ Energy........................................................... All items less energy..................................... All Items less food and energy.................... Commodities less food and energy......... Energy commodities................................ Services less energy................................. 180.1 188.5 189.9 189.0 189.3 189.2 189.8 190.1 181.6 193.2 194.1 194.9 195.3 193.1 128.7 194.6 132.6 180.7 194.4 121.2 181.3 194.8 114.8 181.8 195.0 110.0 181.5 195.7 110.5 181.6 197.4 121.6 183.4 197.9 122.2 183.3 198.9 124.1 183.2 200.6 125.3 184.3 183.2 146.3 116.7 208.3 183.8 146.9 105.5 209.0 183.5 185.5 185.4 145.6 97.5 209.4 183.6 144.4 145.0 108.7 212.1 145.8 121.9 212.6 145.0 121.9 213.0 185.3 144.2 199.6 124.7 183.3 185.4 200.4 125.0 183.8 182.6 146.0 132.1 207.6 196.5 109.8 182.5 184.4 190.5 197.0 114.7 182.9 184.9 190.7 185.4 124.8 175.1 177.1 145.4 129.7 198.7 186.0 143.7 121.8 215.1 186.5 144.4 122.2 215.4 Commodities..................................................... Food and beverages...................................... Commodities less food and beverages......... Nondurables less food and beverages........ Apparel....................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, All items less medical care............................ Commodities less food.................................. Nondurables less food........... ...................... Nondurables less food and apparel............. 179.8 181.7 146.1 125.3 206.0 99.2 210.4 144.8 99.5 211.5 167.9 168.0 162.2 120.5 213.3 4 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. M onthly Labor Review 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 165.8 168.5 144.8 126.9 176.1 137.5 150.5 127.9 N ovem ber 2002 161.6 143.2 121.2 214.3 149.4 33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated]__________________________________________________________________ Pricing All Urban Consum ers sched- 2002 ule1 Mar. Apr M ay June Urban W age E arners 2002 July Aug. Sept. Mar. Apr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. M 178.8 179.9 179.8 179.9 180.1 180.7 181.0 174.7 175.8 175.8 175.9 176.1 Northeast urban.................................................................... M 187.0 187.8 187.7 187.8 188.3 189.3 189.5 183.1 184.2 184.1 184.2 184.7 185.7 186.2 Size A—More than 1,500,000.......................................... M 188.6 189.3 189.2 189.5 190.1 181.3 191.2 183.6 184.5 184.3 184.6 185.2 186.4 186.7 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003...................................... M 111.2 111.9 112.0 111.6 111.8 112.0 112.6 110.8 111.7 111.7 111.4 111.7 112.0 112.0 M 173.6 174.7 174.8 175.3 175.3 175.8 176.2 169.1 170.3 170.3 170.7 170.8 171.3 171.7 Size A—More than 1,500,000.......................................... M 176.0 177.3 177.2 177.7 177.5 178.2 178.2 170.6 172.2 172.3 172.1 172.8 173.4 Size B/C—50,000 to 1.500.0003...................................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000).................. M 110.2 110.7 110.8 111.2 111.3 111.4 111.5 109.7 110.2 172.0 110.7 110.7 110.9 111.0 111.1 M 167.1 168.1 168.2 168.9 169.4 169.7 170.0 164.8 166.0 166.1 166.7 167.3 167.6 167.8 South urban.......................................................................... M 172.1 173.1 173.2 173.5 173.6 173.8 174.2 169.6 170.8 170.8 171.1 171.1 171.3 171.7 Size A—More than 1,500,000.......................................... M 173.3 172.4 174.6 174.9 174.8 175.4 175.7 170.5 171.7 171.9 172.3 172.2 172.7 172.9 Size B/C—50,000 to 1.500.0003...................................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000).................. M 110.0 110.8 110.7 110.9 111.0 110.9 111.2 109.3 110.2 110.1 110.2 110.2 110.2 111.5 M 169.9 170.5 170.6 171.6 172.2 172.7 172.6 170.2 171.2 171.1 171.8 172.1 172.8 173.0 West urban........................................................................... M 184.0 185.1 184.8 184.5 184.7 185.3 185.7 179.0 180.0 180.0 179.7 179.8 180.3 180.7 U.S. city average............................................................ 176.6 177.0 Region and area size2 Size A—More than 1,500,000.......................................... M 186.2 187.2 187.5 187.2 187.4 187.9 188.2 179.5 180.5 181.0 180.7 180.8 181.3 181.7 Size B/C—50,000 to 1.500.0003...................................... M 112.8 113.7 112.5 112.2 112.5 113.0 113.1 112.2 112.9 112.3 112.0 112.2 112.5 112,7 M M M 163.4 110.7 171.5 164.2 111.4 172.4 164.3 111.2 172.4 164.5 111.3 173.0 164.6 111.4 173.3 165.3 111.5 173.9 165.5 111.8 174.3 161.3 110.1 170.2 162.4 110.9 171.3 162.5 110.7 171.1 162.6 110.7 171.7 162.7 110.9 172.0 163.4 111.0 172.5 163.8 111.3 172.9 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL—IN—W l..................................... Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA....................... M M 179.8 181.1 180.9 182.2 181.4 182.6 182.1 181.9 181.2 182.2 181.6 183.0 182.1 183.4 173.5 173.8 174.8 174.8 175.3 175.4 175.9 174.7 175.1 175.0 175.5 175.6 175.8 176.3 188.5 Size classes: A5....................................................................................... B/C3................................................................................... D........................................................................................ Selected local areas3 New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA.. M 191.1 191.8 191.4 191.5 192.0 193.1 193.3 185.6 186.6 186.4 186.5 187.1 188.1 Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT...................... 1 194.7 - 194.8 195.7 - 199.1 193.2 - 193.3 - 194.1 - 197.7 Cleveland-Akron, OH........................................................... 173.7 - 173.0 173.4 - 174.6 164.1 - 164.0 - 164.5 - 165.7 Dallas-Ft Worth, TX............................................................. 1 1 - 172.1 173.2 171.4 Washinqton-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7......................... 1 111.9 - 112.8 - 113.4 - 114.0 111.4 - 112.4 - 113.1 - Atlanta, GA............................................................................ 2 - 178.6 - 179.1 - 179.7 - - 175.5 - 176.5 - 176.8 - Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, M l.................................................. 2 - 179.0 - 179.0 - 180.9 - - 173.4 - 173.2 - 175.0 - Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX....................................... 2 2 - 158.8 - 158.3 174.4 - 160.1 175.2 - - 156.8 - 156.7 - 158.0 - 172.9 172.9 175.0 172.5 172.5 172.6 172.0 172.9 113.7 172.8 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD..... 2 - 183.1 - 186.3 - 188.3 - - 182.3 - 184.7 _ 186.7 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.............................. 2 - 193.0 - 193.2 - 193.5 - - 188.8 - 189.1 - 189.3 - Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA......................................... 2 - 188.8 - 189.4 - 190.3 - - 183.6 - 184.1 - 184.8 - 1 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1— January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. - MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine, Wl; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. 6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed Report-. Anchorage, AK; Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN; Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 93 Current Labor Statistics: 34. Price Data Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 100] S e rie s 1 99 2 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index................................................................... Percent change........................................................... Food and beverages: Index.......................................................................... Percent change.......................................................... Housing: Index................................................................ Percent change........................................................... Apparel: Index............................................................... Percent change........................................................... Transportation: Index..................................................................... Percent change................................................... Medical care: Index............................................................... Percent change............................................................. Other goods and services: Index................................................................. Percent change.......................................................... Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All Items: Index........................................................... Percent change............................................................. 94 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 138.7 1.4 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 2.8 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148.5 2.6 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 -.2 - 1.0 126.5 2.2 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 190.1 7.4 201.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 220.5 4.5 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 138.2 2.9 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 N ovem ber 2002 1 99 6 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 2001 166.6 2.2 172.2 3.4 177.1 2.8 164.6 2.2 168.4 2.3 173.6 3.1 163.9 2.2 169.6 3.5 176.4 4.0 - .2 131.3 -1 .3 129.6 -1 .3 127.3 - 1.8 2.8 144.4 2.0 153.3 6.2 154.3 0.7 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 272.8 4.6 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 282.6 4.2 163.2 2.2 168.9 3.5 173.5 2.7 3.2 _ 2.9 2.3 159. / 1.3 35. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] A n n u al a v e ra g e 2001 2 002 G ro u p in g 2000 Finished consumer goods......................... Finished consumer foods........................ 2001 S ept. O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay June Ju ly A ug. S ept. 138.0 138.2 137.2 140.7 141.5 141.3 141.7 142.9 142.9 139.6 139.9 141.8 139.7 138.4 140.5 137.2 136.8 140.4 137.4 137.2 141.1 137.7 137.5 142.3 138.7 138.9 143.4 138.8 139.2 139.2 138 6 139.1 139.4 139 0 139.6 139.8 138 8 139.6 139.8 138 7 139.5 139.2 138 9 139.8 138.4 138.4 138.7 133.9 138.8 141.4 142.8 133.9 139.7 142.7 145.1 133.2 139.4 139.0 139.2 134.4 139.8 137.3 136.8 134.5 139.9 135.1 134.0 133.9 139.7 135.4 134.4 133.9 139.7 135.4 134.3 134.1 139.8 136.9 136.7 133.6 139.5 138 9 139.8 133.5 139.3 138 6 139.5 133.0 139.1 139 3 140.6 132.8 139.0 139.1 141 0 131.5 138.4 139.3 141.3 131.3 138.2 142.0 142 5 131.1 138.1 Finshed consumer goods Durable goods........................................ Capital equipment.................................... In te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u p p l i e s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ................................. 129.2 128.7 130.1 127.6 126.7 125.4 125.5 125.2 126.1 127.2 127.1 127.7 128.1 128.5 129.4 Materials and components for manufacturing....................................... Materials for food manufacturing............. Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials for durable manufacturing........ Components for manufacturing................ 128.1 119.2 132.6 129.0 126.2 127.4 124.3 131.8 125.2 126.3 126.6 127.5 129.9 124.2 125.9 125.9 126.1 128.7 123.4 125.9 125.2 123.9 127.4 122.8 125.9 124.7 122.5 126.2 122.5 126.0 124.5 122.1 125.4 122.5 126.3 124.6 122.6 125.4 122.6 126.3 125.1 122.9 126.5 123.5 126.4 125.5 121.8 128.0 123.7 126.3 125.5 121.2 128.1 124.1 126.2 125.9 122.1 128.8 124.7 126.1 126.3 122.7 129.7 125.3 126.0 126.7 123.1 130.7 125.6 126.2 127.0 123.9 131.7 125.8 125.9 150.7 102.0 151.6 136.9 150.6 104.5 153.1 138.6 150.8 108.4 153.0 138.6 150.4 97.4 152.4 138.3 150.3 94.7 152.2 138.3 149.0 89.3 152.2 138.1 150.2 90.0 152.6 138.2 150.2 88.8 151.9 138.1 150.7 91.3 151.7 138.3 151.1 95.3 151.2 138.5 151.4 94.8 151.0 138.4 151.5 96.4 151.3 138.7 151.7 97.3 151.4 139.1 152.1 97.3 151.7 139.4 152.3 100.4 152.8 139.7 120.6 100.2 130.4 121.3 106.2 127.3 108.0 108.5 103.8 97.7 104.7 89.4 104.8 98.3 105.5 94.8 96.4 90.2 98.9 99.6 95.0 98.0 102.0 91.4 103.7 102.8 100.9 108.3 96.5 114.0 109.9 98.2 115.6 105.7 96.8 109.2 106.8 98.0 110.2 108.3 99.6 111.5 108.5 100.7 111.1 goods, excluding foods................ energy goods................................ goods less energy........................ consumer goods less energy...... goods less food and energy........ 138.1 94.1 144.9 147.4 148.0 140.4 96.8 147.5 150.8 150.0 141.3 100.1 147.9 151.4 149.8 138.8 90.1 147.9 151.3 150.4 137.7 85.5 147.7 151.0 150.6 136.1 80.7 147.6 150.9 150.4 136.3 81.3 147.7 151.1 150.4 136.3 81.3 148.1 151.6 150.4 137.2 85.0 148.2 151.9 150.2 138.5 88.8 147.3 150.6 150.4 138.2 88.4 147.1 150.5 150.2 138.6 89.8 147.3 150.7 150.2 138.4 90.5 146.7 150.3 149.5 138.4 91.0 146.5 150.0 149.4 138.8 92.8 146.2 149.6 149.3 Finished consumer goods less food and energy.................................................. 154.0 156.9 156.8 157.5 157.8 158.0 157.6 157.6 157.4 157.9 157.7 157.8 157.1 157.0 156.9 Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy............................................... 169.8 175.1 175.6 175.8 176.4 176.4 176.4 176.2 176.3 177.6 177.6 178.0 177.9 177.9 178.7 and feeds.................................................... Intermediate foods and feeds..................... Intermediate energy goods......................... Intermediate goods less energy................. 130.1 111.7 101.7 135.0 130.5 115.9 104.1 135.1 130.7 118.7 107.9 134.7 128.2 117.3 97.1 134.2 127.3 115.5 94.3 133.7 126.0 114.3 89.0 133.4 126.1 113.6 89.6 133.3 125.9 113.6 88.4 133.3 126.8 114.3 90.9 133.8 127.9 113.6 94.9 134.0 127.9 112.9 94.6 134.0 128.4 114.2 96.2 134.4 128.8 115.8 96.7 134.8 128.8 116.5 96.7 135.2 130.0 117.9 100.1 135.4 Intermediate materials less foods and energy................................................. 136.6 136.4 135.8 135.3 134.9 134.6 134.6 134.6 135.0 135.4 135.4 135.7 136.0 136.5 136.6 Crude energy materials............................... Crude materials less energy....................... Crude nonfood materials less energy........ 122.1 111.7 145.2 122.8 112.2 130.6 93.1 113.3 128.5 75.2 109.8 125.8 96.5 104.8 124.5 76.7 103.4 124.2 82.8 106.2 126.1 76.9 108.5 128.1 89.9 109.3 129.0 107.3 105.5 131.8 108.3 107.5 134.9 97.8 107.4 138.6 98.1 108.9 141.0 100.1 110.9 140.5 100.0 110.5 139.6 Materials and components Processed fuels and lubricants.................. Containers..................................................... Supplies........................................................ C ru d e m a te ria ls fo r fu rth e r p r o c e s s i n g .......................................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs............................ Crude nonfood materials............................. S p e c ia l g r o u p in g s : Finished Finished Finished Finished Finished Intermediate materials less foods https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 95 Current Labor Statistics: 36. Price Data Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [D ecem ber 1984 = 100, unless otherw ise indicated] SIC A nnual average In dustry 2000 2001 2001 Sept. Oct. 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. Apr. M ay June July A ug. Sept. 10 12 13 14 T o t a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................... 113.5 114.3 90.8 78.3 88.3 77.6 81.9 78.0 87.5 99.8 100.3 Metal mining.................................. Coal mining (12/85 = 100)...................... Oil and gas extraction (12/85 = 100).............. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels........................ 93.5 93.5 93.6 95.1 73.8 84.8 126.8 70.8 91.3 127.5 71.7 92.1 95.9 69.8 92.9 79.1 68.9 95.4 92.0 68.9 92.5 78.3 71.0 95.3 84.0 72.3 94.5 77.9 72.9 94.6 92.7 73.4 94.4 111.9 73.9 94.4 112.7 76.9 93.7 101.7 74.7 93.9 102.0 74.4 93.8 102.1 74 1 93 6 104 5 20 21 22 23 T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s ................................. 24 25 26 Food and kindred products........................ Tobacco manufactures............................ Textile mill products....................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials...... Lumber and wood products, except furniture.......................................... Furniture and fixtures................................. Paper and allied products....................... 137.0 141.0 141.5 141.8 141.6 141.5 142.5 143.4 143.5 143.4 143.6 143.7 143.7 143.7 143.4 133.5 128.5 345.8 116.7 134.6 132.8 386.1 116.9 135.6 134.5 391.1 116.4 133.7 134.1 391.1 116.5 132.7 132.4 398.3 116.3 131.6 131.7 398.2 116.1 131.7 131.5 391.7 116.3 132.0 132.0 391.7 115.8 132.8 132.0 392.2 115.8 133.8 131.5 407.8 115.8 133.5 130.9 408.0 115.5 133.6 131.3 408.2 115.8 133.6 131.5 408.6 115.7 133.7 131.3 408.6 115.6 134 2 131 4 408.5 115 7 125.7 125.8 125.9 125.9 125.6 125.3 125.2 125.1 125.2 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 125.4 125 4 158.1 143.3 145.8 156.2 145.1 146.2 157.3 145.4 145.5 154.6 145.5 145.1 154.0 145.5 144.6 153.4 145.5 144.8 154.0 145.6 144.1 154.8 145.8 143.2 156.7 145.7 142.9 156.8 145.7 143.3 156.0 145.9 142.5 155.3 146.1 142.8 155.5 146.6 142.9 155.7 146.2 143.9 155.1 146 3 144.6 27 Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... 182.9 188.7 189.4 189.7 190.2 192.0 192.0 192.1 192.1 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 192.6 192.6 192.9 Chemicals and allied products...................... Petroleum refining and related products........ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products..................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products..... Primary metal industries........................ Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation equipment............................. 193.1 193.0 156.7 112.8 124.6 137.9 134.6 119.8 158.4 105.3 125.9 141.3 136.0 116.1 156.6 114.9 125.6 141.5 136.4 115.3 155.7 94.6 125.5 141.2 136.6 114.6 155.4 86.3 125.6 140.9 136.9 114.2 154.3 75.9 125.2 140.3 136.7 114.0 154.0 77.7 125.1 140.2 136.9 113.7 154.3 79.5 124.4 139.8 136.4 113.7 155.1 89.2 124.6 140.0 136.3 114.4 155.9 100.5 124.8 140.1 136.6 114.7 156.3 99.7 125.3 140.6 137.1 115.4 157.0 98.9 125.8 140.9 137.2 116.3 158.5 101.1 125.5 141.4 137.0 116.9 158.7 103 1 126.4 141.7 137.3 117.5 193.6 159 5 108 7 126 3 141 6 137 4 117 8 1,310.3 131.0 131.1 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.2 131.2 131.2 131.3 131.4 131.6 131.9 132.0 132.2 35 Machinery, except electrical........................... 117.5 118.0 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.8 117.7 117.6 117.7 117.6 117.6 36 117.4 117.2 Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies............................... Transportation............................................ Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks....................... Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries industries (12/85 = 100)................................. 116.8 116.8 108.3 136.8 107.0 137.9 106.5 137.3 106.4 138.5 106.5 138.3 106.6 138.6 106.7 138.0 106.6 138.5 106.6 137.9 106.1 137.7 105.9 137.1 105.8 137.0 105.5 135.5 105.7 135.4 105.5 134.9 126.2 127.3 127.5 127.6 127.8 127.7 128.3 128.6 128.9 128.2 128.2 128.3 128.3 128.4 128 5 130.9 132.4 132.8 132.7 132.6 132.4 132.7 133.4 132.9 133.3 133.1 133.3 133.4 133.2 133.4 119.4 135.2 122.6 147.7 102.3 123.1 143.4 129.8 157.2 110.3 123.8 145.4 133.9 158.5 111.7 123.6 145.4 133.5 158.9 111.8 123.4 145.4 130.2 156.8 112.0 123.1 145.4 129.7 157.1 112.0 123.2 145.4 129.3 157.1 111.1 123.4 145.4 128.9 157.1 111.3 123.5 145.4 128.7 156.8 111.6 123.7 145.4 127.9 156.3 111.5 124.1 145.4 131.7 156.2 111.3 124.3 145.4 134.0 156.8 111.5 124.3 155.0 135.4 157.9 112.3 124.6 125 0 155.0 155.0 135.4 135.2 158.9 159.0 112.5 I 112.5 37 38 39 S e rv ic e in d u s trie s : 42 43 44 45 46 96 Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 = 100)..................... U.S. Postal Service (06/89 = 100).................... Water transportation (12/92 = 100).................. Transportation by air (12/92 = 100)................. Pipelines, except natural qas (12/92 = 100).... M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] In d e x 1 99 2 1 993 1 994 1 995 1 99 6 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 2001 Finished goods 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 140.7 141.3 96.8 150.0 114.7 113.9 84.3 122.0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.8 84.3 133.1 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 129.7 124.3 104.1 136.4 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 101.8 106.5 72.1 97.0 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 120.6 100.2 122.1 118.0 121.3 106.2 122.8 101.8 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Crude materials for further processing Other................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 97 Current Labor Statistics: 38. Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100] SITC Rev. 3 2(>01 In dustry Sept. 2002 O ct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay June July A ug. Sept. 0 Food and live anim als........................................................ 01 Meat and meat preparations....................................... 04 Cereals and cereal preparations..................................... 05 Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry.......... 103.3 107.8 106.4 100.8 102.7 107.8 103.9 102.1 100.9 99.2 105.2 99.7 101.2 97.8 107.2 100.6 102.7 93.1 108.4 110.5 100.0 91.3 106.0 102.4 100.3 93.2 105.4 102.5 100.6 92.0 105.2 103.7 99.7 91.6 103.8 103.8 99.8 90.0 106.5 99.0 101.1 87.8 112.7 98.0 103.4 88.7 119.9 98.2 107.7 89.8 133.4 98.9 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels........................... 22 Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits..................................... 24 Cork and wood........................................ 25 Pulp and waste paper.......................................... 26 Textile fibers and their waste........................................ 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............................ 89.5 99.0 90.2 77.3 87.7 85.1 87.1 89.8 89.7 77.7 84.5 82.7 86.3 89.1 88.7 77.4 82.0 81.4 87.1 90.9 88.0 77.2 84.0 81.3 87.1 91.6 88.1 75.8 85.3 84.9 86.9 89.4 87.6 73.9 86.6 87.0 87.7 92.0 87.2 74.1 86.2 87.3 89.7 93.8 87.3 77.1 86.8 91.7 90.9 95.1 87.4 81.0 84.9 98.9 95.3 102.9 87.1 89.3 88.6 99.8 99.8 117.0 88.1 96.5 94.6 99.6 97.9 113.5 88.8 89.6 93.1 97.9 97 3 114.1 90.0 86 5 94 2 93.9 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products............. 32 Coal, coke, and briquettes..................................... 33 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 103.3 108.8 103.6 93.4 108.9 88.4 88.3 108.9 80.9 82.4 108.8 74.6 87.1 109.5 80.1 84.3 109.7 76.5 89.8 110.8 83.6 99.7 111.4 95.8 95.4 111.4 90.2 93.9 110.9 87.9 97.1 114.3 91.6 97.3 114.3 92.0 102 8 114.0 98.0 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s............................ 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products........................ 55 Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations......... 57 Plastics in primary form s...................................... 58 Plastics in nonprimary forms...................................... 59 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s........................... 93.8 101.1 99.1 88.6 97.2 99.0 93.8 100.9 99.0 89.2 95.9 98.6 93.6 100.9 98.9 88.5 95.8 98.7 92.8 100.9 98.8 86.5 95.8 97.6 92.2 101.1 97.5 85.4 95.9 98.1 92.3 100.8 97.1 85.8 95.7 97.6 93.2 100.5 97.6 87.6 95.8 98.0 94.8 100.3 97.5 90.5 95.3 97.4 95.1 100.2 97.1 92.2 95.6 97.4 95.4 100.4 97.3 92.5 96.0 97.5 96.1 100.8 97.1 93.1 96.4 97.3 96.4 101.3 97.5 93.1 96.5 98.2 96 8 101.3 97.4 92.9 96.9 98.3 6 M anufactured goods classified chiefly by m aterials.... 62 64 66 68 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s.............................. Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard..................................................... Nonmetalllc mineral manufactures, n.e.s......................... Nonferrous metals............................................. 7 Machinery and transport equipm ent................................ 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 Power generating machinery and equipment.................. Machinery specialized for particular industries................ General Industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts..................................... Computer equipment and office machines...................... Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment.......................... Electrical machinery and equipment.............................. Road vehicles....................................................... 87 Professional, scientific, and controlling instrum ents and apparatus............................................. 98 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 98.2 97.3 96.6 96.7 97.3 97.2 96.7 97.4 97.4 98.0 98.7 99.0 99.1 101.0 100.6 100.5 100.9 100.4 100.4 100.8 101.1 101.5 102.7 103.8 105.1 205.9 95.6 101.1 90.2 95.1 101.1 86.9 95.2 101.4 81.8 95.2 102.1 83.1 95.3 101.7 85.3 94.1 101.4 85.9 92.5 102.1 85.1 92.9 101.9 86.5 93.1 102.0 86.5 94.8 102.2 85.3 95.7 102.2 85.2 96.2 102.2 84.9 96.3 102.2 84.4 100.0 99.7 99.7 99.6 99.3 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.3 98.9 98.7 98.8 98.7 103.0 99.5 103.1 100.6 104.1 100.5 104.0 100.5 104.6 100.7 104.4 100.8 104.6 101.1 104.6 101.4 104.6 102.0 104.5 101.8 104.5 102.1 104.6 102.0 104.6 101 8 101.9 94.8 101.8 94.6 101.9 94.2 101.7 92.9 102.1 92.5 102.0 92.9 102.2 93.1 102.1 92.5 102.3 91.7 102.3 90.4 102.1 90.4 102.3 90.3 102.3 89 3 98.5 97.6 100.2 98.0 95.9 100.3 98.0 95.9 100.2 97.7 95.9 100.3 97.9 94.8 100.1 97.5 94.6 100.2 97.5 94.7 100.3 97.8 94.8 100.3 97.8 94.6 100.4 97.7 93.9 100.3 96.2 93.3 100.4 96.3 93.5 100.6 96.4 93.6 100.6 100.9 101.0 100.9 100.9 100.8 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.4 N ovem ber 2002 39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100] 2002 2001 SITC In dustry Rev. 3 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M ar. A pr. M ay June Ju ly A ug. Sept. 0 Food and live anim als......................................................... 95.1 94.7 95.1 94.8 95.8 94.3 96.4 97.0 96.4 94.5 96.3 96.6 98.7 Meat and meat preparations............................................. Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates....................................................... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry........... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof............... ................................................. ............ 113.5 114.8 118.0 109.8 105.5 107.4 109.8 110.1 105.4 104.0 105.9 105.4 103.4 86.3 98.5 84.6 99.1 82.8 101.5 82.9 99.3 82.3 106.8 82.0 98.1 80.4 104.0 80.1 104.9 80.0 108.1 79.8 102.2 81.9 105.0 83.0 105.0 84.9 106.7 80.1 77.3 77.2 78.5 77.5 78.8 83.3 88.5 83.8 84.6 84.2 84,5 93.5 01 03 05 07 1-2.0 102.7 102.6 103.0 102.9 102.9 102.1 102.0 102.7 103.0 102.7 102.5 102.6 102.4 102.6 102.6 103.1 103.2 103.2 102.5 102.3 102.4 102.8 102.4 102.2 102.2 96.6 94.5 91.3 89.9 90.1 92.7 95.8 96.3 97.0 96.4 96.8 96.8 96.4 112.2 77.3 92.8 83.8 105.1 76.8 91.6 93.4 97.5 78.0 89.8 93.1 91.7 77.7 91.2 96.0 92.6 78.1 91.4 92.2 98.6 77.2 92.7 91.7 106.6 74.9 93.7 92.3 108.1 73.4 95.0 90.5 105.2 74.7 95.6 103.8 103.1 77.1 95.9 92.8 103.4 80.2 96.4 91.0 101.8 82.3 95.2 97.5 98.3 82.3 93.3 104.9 Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 85.8 86.8 77.8 72.3 73.0 65.7 65.0 63.0 75.9 61.2 59.8 68.7 64.0 62.6 70.8 65.2 65.6 58.2 76.4 77.4 64.8 87.1 86.8 86.0 89.0 89.1 84.3 86.0 85.9 83.6 66.1 88.9 77.7 91.1 92.9 72.7 96.3 97.8 81.1 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s............................ 52 Inorganic chemicals........................................................... Dying, tanning, and coloring materials............................. 53 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products........................... 54 Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations......... 55 Plastics in primary forms................................................... 57 Plastics in nonprimary forms............................................. 58 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s.......................... 59 98.3 98.1 96.3 97.0 99.7 99.7 99.3 99.0 98.8 99.4 97.1 97.5 99.8 99.8 101.6 99.2 97.8 98.9 96.8 97.3 99.7 99.8 101.1 98.6 97.5 97.6 97.1 97.0 100.1 99.8 100.9 97.8 97.7 97.0 97.8 97.1 100.1 98.6 100.8 96.1 96.7 97.1 97.4 96.3 99.9 97.1 100.6 95.2 96.3 97.8 97.2 96.0 99.8 91.5 100.6 93.6 97.3 98.5 95.6 96.6 98.9 91.4 101.8 94.5 97.5 98.5 95.6 96.7 99.1 91.1 101.8 94.3 97.0 98.6 96.2 98.0 99.9 91.8 100.3 93.6 98.6 100.0 96.4 98.7 100.4 96.6 99.6 93.5 98.9 100.2 96.8 100.0 101.2 96,4 99.5 93.5 98.7 100.1 96.6 99.5 98.4 97.9 99.5 92.4 1 Beverages and tobacco...................................................... 11 Beverages.......................................................................... 2 24 25 28 29 Cork and wood................................................................... Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s.................. 3 33 34 6 M anufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.... 94.8 93.8 92.4 92.0 92.4 92.3 92.2 92.6 92.3 92.8 93.0 93.1 93.5 62 64 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s.............................................. Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, 98.7 98.5 97.8 97.9 97.3 97.6 97.6 97.9 98.1 98.1 98.2 98.2 99.3 66 68 69 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s........................ 99.3 99.3 82.2 99.3 98.6 97.5 78.7 99.7 97.6 97.2 73.7 99.5 96.1 97.5 73.8 99.0 95.0 97.2 76.4 99.0 93.7 97.0 77.2 98.5 93.4 96.9 76.9 98.5 92.5 96.9 79.2 98.2 91.9 97.0 79.7 98.3 91.7 97.0 79.7 98.3 91.7 97.2 79.2 98.3 93.7 97.5 77.7 98.6 93.2 97.5 76.4 98.6 98.0 98.0 97.9 97.7 97.4 97.2 97.1 97.2 97.0 97.1 96.9 96.9 96.7 99.1 99.2 99.0 98.7 98.5 98.5 98.5 98.6 98.8 99.0 98.7 99.2 98.4 98.0 90.0 98.7 89.1 98.1 89.0 97.8 88.8 98.1 88.6 97.5 88.2 97.5 88.1 97.6 88.2 97.4 88.0 97.8 87.8 98.1 87.2 98.4 86.9 98.4 86.4 96.8 98.6 100.0 96.5 98.7 100.3 96.4 98.6 100.2 96.3 97.0 100.3 95.7 96.9 1,001.0 95.1 97.0 100.2 94.8 96.8 100.1 94.8 97.0 100.2 94.5 97.1 100.0 94.4 97.1 100.2 94.0 96.6 100.3 93.1 96.7 100.3 92.8 96.6 100.3 100.4 99.9 99.9 100.3 99.3 99.6 99.5 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.4 98.2 98.6 98.5 98.4 97.7 97.3 97.2 97.2 97.4 97.8 98.4 98.8 98.4 Manufactures of metals, n.e.s.......................................... 7 Machinery and transport equipm ent................................ Machinery specialized for particular industries............... 72 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., 74 75 76 Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment.......................... 77 78 85 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods, n.e.s................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 99 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100] 2001 C a te g o ry S e p t. O c t. 2002 N o v. D ec . J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. A L L COMMODITIES.......................................................... 99.0 98.3 97.8 97.6 97.5 97.3 97.6 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.3 98.5 98.8 Foods, feeds, and beverages....................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................. Nonagrlcultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 102.6 103.6 92.9 101.2 102.2 91.9 99.7 100.7 90.9 100.6 101.6 90.4 102.0 102.6 96.3 98.9 99.4 94.5 99.7 100.0 98.3 100.3 100.8 96.2 100.4 100.9 96.1 101.5 101.7 100.7 104.0 104.5 100.0 106.1 106.7 100.7 110.0 111.0 101.3 Industrial supplies and materials................................... 95.2 93.6 92.3 91.4 91.5 91.4 91.9 93.4 93.8 94.6 95.6 95.5 95.9 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials........... 96.8 93.8 92.1 93.3 92.3 92.9 93.6 93.6 93.0 95.8 97.9 97.7 98.4 Fuels and lubricants..................................................... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials...................... Selected building materials......................................... 103.2 93.6 88.5 83.5 85.6 83.8 85.6 90.3 87.9 86.7 88.3 88.0 92.9 93.8 95.5 93.4 95.1 92.8 94.4 92.3 94.1 92.3 94.4 92.2 94.4 92.6 94.2 94.0 94.3 94.8 94.1 95.7 94.2 96.7 95.0 96.5 95.4 96.4 96.2 Capital goods................................................................... Electric and electrical generating equipment........... Nonelectrical machinery.............................................. 100.0 101.6 98.6 99.7 101.6 98.2 99.7 101.6 98.1 99.4 101.5 97.7 99.1 102.1 97.2 99.2 102.0 97.3 99.4 102.1 97.5 99.5 101.8 97.6 99.2 101.8 97.3 98.7 102.0 96.5 98.5 101.8 96.2 98.5 102.1 96.2 98.4 102.1 96.0 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines..................... 100.4 100.5 100.4 100.5 100.7 100.8 100.9 100.7 100.9 100.9 100.9 101.1 101.2 Consumer goods, excluding automotive...................... Nondurables, manufactured....................................... Durables, manufactured.............................................. 99.7 99.1 100.4 99.7 99.0 100.6 99.8 99.1 100.5 99.9 99.1 100.5 99.5 98.2 100.6 99.1 98.2 99.9 99.1 98.1 99.7 98.9 98.2 99.3 99.0 98.3 99.2 99.1 98.5 99.4 99.1 98.5 99.5 99.3 98.7 99.7 99.3 98.7 99.6 Agricultural commodities................................................. Nonagricultural commodities.......................................... 102.5 98.6 100.7 98.1 99.2 97.7 100.2 97.3 100.9 97.2 98.3 97.2 98.9 97.5 99.6 97.8 99.5 97.8 100.7 97.8 103.4 97.9 105.2 97.9 108.8 98.0 41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100] 2001 C a te g o ry S e p t. O c t. 2002 N ov. D ec . J an . F eb . M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. A L L COMMODITIES.......................................................... 95.9 93.7 92.3 91.4 91.6 91.6 92.8 94.3 94.4 94.1 94.5 94.8 95.5 Foods, feeds, and beverages....................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................ Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 95.0 97.8 89.2 94.5 97.8 87.8 95.2 99.5 86.4 94.6 98.3 86.8 95.7 99.9 87.0 93.8 97.2 86.8 95.0 99.5 85.5 96.0 100.9 85.5 97.2 102.7 85.2 96.2 101.3 85.1 96.9 102.4 85.0 96.9 102.0 86.0 99.7 105.3 87.3 Industrial supplies and materials.................................. 91.0 84.3 79.9 77.6 79.1 79.8 84.9 90.3 90.8 89.8 91.3 92.6 95.2 Fuels and lubricants..................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products....................... 86.1 86.7 72.9 73.4 65.7 63.6 61.6 59.9 64.5 63.0 65.9 65.7 76.4 76.9 87.1 86.7 88.5 88.4 85.8 85.3 88.1 88.5 90.7 91.8 96.2 97.1 Paper and paper base stocks.................................... Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials............................................... Selected building materials......................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods............... 93.9 93.1 92.3 90.7 90.0 88.8 88.0 87.0 86.7 87.1 88.0 89.3 90.5 97.9 103.7 87.1 100.4 98.0 99.9 85.1 99.9 96.7 96.1 82.1 98.9 96.2 92.9 82.1 99.0 96.3 93.1 83.2 98.4 96.0 96.1 83.8 97.6 95.9 100.7 83.8 97.2 97.4 101.0 86.2 97.6 97.4 99.6 86.6 96.8 97.1 99.1 88.5 96.7 98.1 99.9 89.4 97.1 99.1 99.2 88.6 97.0 99.3 97,8 89.7 96.9 Capital goods.................................................................. Electric and electrical generating equipment........... Nonelectrical machinery.............................................. 96.8 101.4 95.6 96.7 101.4 95.4 96.5 101.2 95.3 96.2 100.6 94.9 95.7 97.3 94.8 95.4 96.7 94.5 95.2 95.5 94.4 95.2 95.3 94.5 95.1 95.0 94.4 95.1 95.1 94.4 94.8 95.3 93.8 94.9 95.9 93.9 94.7 95.8 93.7 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines...................... 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.1 99.8 100.1 99.9 100.1 99.9 100.1 100.2 100.2 100.3 Consumer goods, excluding automotive...................... Nondurables, m anufactured....................................... Durables, manufactured.............................................. Nonmanufactured consumer goods.......................... 99.1 99.6 98.7 97.9 98.9 99.6 98.4 95.8 98.8 99.6 98.3 95.7 98.7 99.7 98.0 96.4 98.7 99.8 97.8 95.8 98.4 99.7 97.4 95.7 98.2 99.2 97.3 96.1 98.1 99.1 97.2 95.8 98.2 99.1 97.2 97.6 98.1 99.1 97.2 95.6 98.2 99.3 97.3 95.3 98.2 99.6 97.0 95.6 98.1 99.4 96.8 95.4 42. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [2000 = 100]_______________________ 2000 C a te g o ry S e p t. 2001 D ec. M ar. June Air freight (inbound)....................................................... Air freight (outbound).......................................................... 100.2 100.2 99.0 100.2 97.9 100.1 95.1 98.0 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)................................... Air passenger fares (foreign carriers).............................. Ocean liner freight (inbound)............................................ 103.1 103.2 101.1 99.9 97.6 101.0 101.9 100.7 102.8 106.4 103.8 100.8 100 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 2002 S e p t. 107.6 110.2 98.1 D ec. 103.5 100.8 93.6 M a r. June S e p t. 93.9 98.3 98.4 100.3 97.5 103.3 99.4 91.7 110.7 110.9 90.3 114.3 118.5 93.5 43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] II III IV I II III IV 1 2002 II 117.2 132.4 110.5 113.0 114.1 113.4 117.3 135.0 111.7 115.1 117.9 136.3 111.9 115.6 117.5 137.3 117.4 137.5 117.9 137.8 120.1 138.3 122.5 139.3 123.1 140.8 111.2 112.0 113.7 114.3 116.6 134.3 117.1 135.3 114.0 112.3 113.4 116.4 131.5 109.8 113.0 115.6 113.9 118.3 127.8 106.6 107.5 108.0 106.3 118.8 109.5 108.5 119.5 130.4 107.9 108.6 109.1 107.1 109.5 107.7 108.6 119.5 131.7 108.2 109.8 107.4 117.8 126.9 106.7 106.9 107.8 104.5 119.5 108.4 108.0 132.1 124.2 105.4 94.0 133.6 131.4 110.5 98.4 134.9 129.3 107.9 95.9 135.4 132.2 109.4 97.7 135.9 131.5 108.0 96.7 2001 2000 1999 Item III IV 1 113.6 123.4 107.3 110.4 114.1 115.2 127.0 107.8 115.3 115.3 131.4 110.5 114.0 110.7 111.8 112.1 112.8 112.9 124.5 106.6 110.3 115.8 112.3 114.7 126.3 107.2 114.7 130.8 114.7 115.8 122.7 104.2 105.7 106.0 104.6 126.0 III Business 110.2 119.3 116.2 124.7 142.6 113.2 114.3 119.7 116.3 138.2 122.3 139.5 123.8 141.2 111.1 111.2 112.0 111.8 111.0 111.1 111.6 112.0 112.2 116.9 112.3 115.2 117.1 113.6 115.8 116.8 115.5 116.4 115.1 117.2 115.9 113.7 119.9 116.0 114.4 116.7 136.3 110.9 116.8 113.8 115.7 116.6 136.3 117.2 136.7 Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons.......................................... 110.1 117.0 112.6 110.0 111.1 111.2 115.2 115.6 113.4 114.8 112.8 114.3 121.8 110.1 110.2 119.3 137.2 110.7 116.9 115.3 116.3 116.6 117.2 116.8 115.0 119.2 116.5 113.4 121.7 116.4 114.0 121.7 116.8 114.0 121.9 116.9 119.4 131.9 106.5 111.3 110.4 113.5 95.4 120.4 132.7 107.0 111.7 110.3 115.5 97.9 111.0 110.5 124.9 134.7 108.3 109.5 107.9 114.0 107.6 112.4 109.4 236.7 136.2 108.6 109.4 107.5 114.5 107.8 108.9 109.9 123.5 133.6 107.8 109.8 108.2 114.1 107.6 112.4 109.6 109.3 128.4 138.1 109.6 109.5 107.5 114.8 104.9 112.3 109.1 135.4 133.0 107.4 98.2 136.4 133.3 107.5 97.8 137.6 134.3 108.3 97.6 140.9 135.6 109.0 96.2 142.3 136.6 108.9 96.0 144.2 138.1 109.6 95.8 Nonfinancial corporations 121.2 103.7 105.3 105.6 104.5 127.7 110.4 107.2 110.1 110.2 108.9 98.6 106.3 108.9 118.8 131.3 106.9 110.8 110.6 111.6 93.1 106.9 109.3 112.8 Manufacturing 129.8 122.6 Unit labor costs............................................ ....................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104.9 94.4 135.4 132.0 107.4 97.5 M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 101 Current Labor Statistics: 44. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 1960 Ite m 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................................ Output per unit of capital services................................. Multifactor productivity..................................................... Output.................................................................................... Inputs: Labor input......................................................................... Capital services................................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input................... Capital per hour of all persons.......................................... 45.6 110.4 65.2 27.5 63.0 80.0 42.0 75.8 101.5 88.3 59.4 90.2 99.3 95.3 83.6 54.0 24.9 42.3 41.3 61.0 37.8 52.4 56.7 71.9 58.6 67.3 74.7 89.4 84.2 87.7 90.8 48.7 64.9 118.3 82.6 41.9 77.3 105.7 90.5 59.6 39.3 40.5 59.3 35.5 50.7 54.8 70.7 56.4 65 9 73.1 41.8 124.3 72.7 38.5 54.2 116.5 84.4 56.5 70.1 100.9 75.3 99.3 97.3 92.0 30.9 51.3 38.2 28.2 52.9 104.2 48.5 85.4 44.8 48.8 67.0 107.5 74.7 92.5 75.0 73.7 87.0 104.8 95.8 99.9 92.5 92.5 98.0 111.1 91.3 96.1 94.4 82.6 94.8 97.7 96.6 85.7 95.4 98.5 97.1 88.5 96.6 100.3 98.1 92.8 97.3 99.7 98.4 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.3 86.0 89.3 87.7 87.5 95.0 97.0 91.8 89.8 91.1 96.8 95.6 92.6 94.6 96.3 98.0 96.0 97.3 97.6 91.4 96.6 94.7 82.5 94.8 97.9 96.6 85.5 95.3 98.8 97.1 88.4 96.5 100.3 98.1 92.6 88.0 89.0 87.3 91.8 89.5 88.8 102.0 104.8 104.8 100.5 105.2 100.1 102.6 110.6 100.1 102.6 110.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.7 104.7 104.0 101.5 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 106.4 110.4 107.7 104.7 97.5 99.9 98.6 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 104.5 99.8 102.4 104.5 99.8 102.4 110.6 110.6 95.4 92.3 97.8 95.9 100.0 100.0 103.8 104.9 106.6 106.6 110.8 110.8 101.1 Private nonfarm business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................................ Output per unit of capital services................................. Multifactor productivity..................................................... Output.................................................................................... Inputs: Labor input......................................................................... Capital services................................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input.................... Capital per hour of all persons......................................... 120.1 69.1 27.2 50.1 22.6 90.3 100.0 95.6 83.5 100.2 100.9 105.1 89.2 83.5 87 3 87 1 88 4 qi 90.3 94.7 96.8 96.5 96.3 97.6 100.0 101.5 104.7 104.7 92.8 95.0 97.5 98.3 95.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.9 105.0 104.0 109.0 105.0 105.0 113.4 112.8 117.1 105.6 109.8 123.5 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 124.3 106.5 113.2 130.7 100.4 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.4 n Manufacturing (1992 = 100) Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................................ Output per unit of capital services................................. Multifactor productivity..................................................... O utput.................................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons.......................................................... Capital services................................................................. Energy................................................................................. Nonenergy materials......................................................... Purchased business services......................................... Combined units of all factor inputs................................. 102 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 86.6 101.6 100.1 93.6 92.1 97.0 101.1 100.4 103.3 102.6 101.4 103.6 104.5 107.3 111.3 105.1 106.0 102.2 103.7 105.7 103.0 102.9 108.7 104.0 108.0 109.5 104.5 106.1 116.9 112.8 110.0 103.7 111.9 107.0 120.4 108.9 107.9 110.2 105.5 116.9 103.9 120.4 114.2 112.5 105.2 105.2 122.8 122.8 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 109.2 127.2 116.8 115.5 45. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Item 1 960 1 97 0 1 980 1 990 1 993 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1997 1998 1999 2000 2 001 B u sin e ss Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Compensation per hour..................................................... Real compensation per hour............................................. Unit labor costs.................................................................... Unit nonlabor paym ents.................................................... Implicit price deflator........................................................... N o n fa rm 48.8 13.7 59.8 28.0 25.2 27.0 67.0 23.5 78.6 35.1 31.6 33.9 80.4 54.2 89.2 67.4 61.5 65.2 95.2 90.7 96.3 95.3 93.9 94.8 100.5 102.5 100.0 101.9 102.5 102.2 101.9 104.5 99.9 102.6 106.4 104.0 102.6 106.7 99.6 104.1 109.4 106.0 105.4 110.1 100.1 104.5 113.3 107.7 107.8 113.5 101.0 105.3 117.1 109.7 110.6 119.7 105.0 108.2 114.5 110.6 113.5 125.2 107.6 110.3 113.9 111.8 116.9 133.8 111.2 114.4 112.0 1113.5 118.2 137.7 111.4 116.5 114.7 115.8 51.9 14.3 62.6 27.5 24.6 26.5 68.9 23.7 79.2 34.4 82.0 54.6 89.8 66.5 60.5 64.3 95.3 90.5 96.2 95.0 93.6 94.5 100.5 102.2 99.7 101.7 103.0 102.2 101.8 104.3 99.7 102.5 106.9 104.1 102.8 106.6 99.4 103.7 110.4 106.1 105.4 109.8 99.8 104.2 113.5 107.6 107.5 113.1 100.6 105.2 118.0 109.8 110.3 119.1 104.5 108.0 115.7 110.8 112.9 124.3 106.8 110.1 115.5 112.1 116.2 133.0 110.6 114.4 113.5 114.1 117.5 136.6 110.5 116.3 116.4 116.3 100.7 111.7 b u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Compensation per hour.............. .................................. . Real compensation per hour............................................. Unit labor costs.................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... Implicit price deflator........................................................... 31.3 33.3 N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s Real compensation per hour............................................. Unit labor costs.................................................................. Unit nonlabor costs........................................................... Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... Implicit price deflator........................................................... 55.4 15.6 68.1 26.8 28.1 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 25.3 84.4 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81.1 56.4 92.9 68.4 69.6 65.1 68.8 66.0 68.4 95.4 90.8 96.5 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 102.0 99.6 101.0 101.3 100.2 113.2 103.5 102.1 103.1 104.2 99.6 101.1 101.0 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 104.2 106.2 99.0 102.0 101.9 102.2 139.0 111.6 105.1 107.5 109.0 99.0 101.2 101.4 100.6 152.2 113.8 105.5 108.4 110.3 98.1 101.5 101.8 100.9 156.9 115.2 106.2 116.0 101.7 103.3 103.8 102.2 141.7 112.3 106.6 114.7 121.1 104.1 105.1 105.6 103.5 131.7 110.7 107.3 117.1 129.2 107.4 109.8 110.3 108.3 113.2 109.5 110.0 118.3 132.4 107.0 112.9 111.9 115.8 100.5 111.8 111.9 41.8 14.9 65.0 35.6 26.8 30.2 54.2 23.7 79.2 43.8 29.3 35.0 70.1 55.6 91.4 79.3 80.2 79.9 92.9 90.8 96.4 97.8 99.8 99.0 101.9 102.7 100.2 100.8 100.9 100.9 105.0 105.6 101.0 100.7 102.8 102.0 109.0 107.9 100.6 99.0 106.9 103.9 112.8 109.4 99.4 96.9 109.9 104.8 117.6 111.5 99.1 94.8 110.0 104.1 123.3 117.4 103.0 95.2 103.7 100.4 129.7 122.1 104.9 94.1 104.9 100.7 134.9 131.1 109.0 97.2 107.0 103.2 136.2 133.1 107.7 97.8 - 70.4 M a n u fa c tu rin g Output per hour of all persons.......................................... Unit labor costs.................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments..................................................... Implicit price deflator........................................................... Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 103 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 46. Annual indexes o f o u tp u t per h our fo r selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100] In d u s try S IC M in in g Copper ores................................................................. Gold and silver ores.................................................... Bituminous coal and lignite mining........................... Crude petroleum and natural gas............................. Crushed and broken stone........................................ 102 104 122 131 142 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 102.2 100.5 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 115.2 141.6 133.0 102.1 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.9 107.2 118.9 158.5 176.6 125.2 112.6 118.3 187.6 188.0 127.5 110.2 110.0 197.5 194.9 134.5 105.0 122.6 239.9 207.0 142.5 101.9 M a n u fa c tu rin g Meat products............................................................... Dairy products............................................................. Preserved fruits and vegetables............................... Grain mill products....................................................... Bakery products........................................................... 201 202 203 204 205 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.4 92.7 99.6 108.3 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.4 100.5 107.8 93.8 104.3 109.6 106.8 109.2 94.4 101.2 111.8 107.6 108.4 96.4 102.3 116.4 109.1 115.4 97.3 97.4 116.0 109.2 108.0 95.6 102.5 119.3 110.7 118.2 99.1 102.3 119.3 117.8 126.2 100.9 101.8 112.7 120.4 129.3 106.4 102.9 113.5 123.5 127.5 107.6 Sugar and confectionery products............................ Fats and oils................................................................. Beverages.................................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products............... Cigarettes..................................................................... 206 207 208 209 211 103.2 118.1 117.0 99.2 113.2 102.0 120.1 120.0 101.7 107.6 99.8 114.1 127.1 101.5 111.6 104.5 112.6 126.4 105.2 106.5 106.2 111.8 130.1 100.9 126.6 108.3 120.3 133.5 102.9 142.9 113.7 110.1 135.0 109.1 147.2 116.7 120.2 135.5 104.0 147.2 123.0 137.3 136.4 112.4 152.2 127.0 154.4 129.7 113.9 137.7 130.5 151.4 128.6 116.3 139.1 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton................................ Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade......................... Narrow fabric m ills...................................................... Knitting mills................................................................. Textile finishing, except wool.................................... 221 222 224 225 226 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 111.2 116.2 99.6 114.0 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.3 78.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 127.9 79.3 122.1 142.5 120.1 134.1 81.2 134.0 145.3 118.9 138.3 78.5 137.3 147.6 126.3 150.3 79.2 131.2 162.2 110.8 138.0 94.3 136.2 168.6 117.7 135.9 93.7 139.3 175.3 124.9 146.6 94.4 140.2 167.4 117.1 155.6 97.2 Carpets and rugs......................................................... Yarn and thread mills................................................. Miscellaneous textile goods....................................... Men's and boys' furnishings....................................... W omen's and misses' outerwear.............................. 227 228 229 232 233 93.2 110.2 109.2 102.1 104.1 89.2 111.4 104.6 108.4 104.3 96.1 119.6 106.5 109.1 109.4 97.1 126.6 110.4 108.4 121.8 93.3 130.7 118.5 111.7 127.4 95.8 137.4 123.7 123.4 135.5 100.2 147.4 123.1 134.7 141.6 100.3 150.4 118.7 162.1 149.9 102.3 153.0 120.1 174.8 151.9 96.0 157.6 128.0 190.9 173.9 103.0 155.4 134.4 200.3 189.9 W omen's and children's undergarments................. Hats, caps, and m illinery............................................ Miscellaneous apparel and accessories................. Miscellaneous fabricated textile products Sawmills and planing mills......................................... 234 235 238 239 242 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 99.8 113.7 91.1 91.8 100.7 102.6 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 108.1 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 101.9 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 103.3 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 110.2 174.5 82.2 120.1 105.6 115.6 208.9 87.1 101.5 119.2 116.9 216.4 98.7 108.0 117.3 118.7 294.7 99.3 105.8 128.8 125.4 352.3 106.1 111.3 132.5 124.4 Millwork, plywood, and structural members............ W ood containers......................................................... W ood buildings and mobile homes........................... Miscellaneous wood products.................................... Household furniture..................................................... 243 244 245 249 251 98.0 111.2 103.1 107.7 104.5 98.0 113.1 103.0 110.5 107.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 114.2 110.5 97.0 100.1 103.8 115.3 110.6 94.5 100.9 98.3 111.8 112.5 92.7 106.1 97.0 115.4 116.9 92.4 106.7 96.7 114.4 121.6 89.1 106.2 100.3 123.4 121.3 91.3 106.5 99.2 131.2 125.7 89.2 103.9 100.3 140.7 128.9 91.4 104.6 94.6 146.5 128.4 Office furniture............................................................. Public building and related furniture........................ Partitions and fixtures................................................. Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures........................ Pulp mills....................................................................... 252 253 254 259 261 95.0 119.8 95.6 103.5 116.7 94.1 120.2 93.0 102.1 128.3 102.5 140.6 102.7 99.5 137.3 103.2 161.0 107.4 103.6 122.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 104.7 128.9 101.1 173.3 101.2 110.0 131.9 106.4 181.5 97.5 113.2 132.6 118.3 214.9 121.1 110.7 82.3 113.1 207.6 125.6 121.9 86.6 108.9 222.4 125.9 119.1 84.8 111.2 202.0 131.9 110.5 78.8 Paper mills.................................................................... Paperboard m ills......................................................... Paperboard containers and boxes............................ Miscellaneous converted paper products................ Newspapers................................................................. 262 263 265 267 271 102.3 100.6 101.3 101.4 90.6 99.2 101.4 103.4 105.3 85.8 103.3 104.4 105.2 105.5 81.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 107.9 79.4 110.2 114.9 108.4 110.6 79.9 118.6 119.5 105.1 113.3 79.0 111.6 118.0 106.3 113.6 77.4 112.0 126.7 109.7 119.5 79.0 114.8 127.8 113.5 123.0 83.6 126.2 134.9 111.9 126.0 86.0 133.5 135.3 112.9 128.3 88.3 Periodicals.................................................................... Books............................................................................. Miscellaneous publishing........................................... Commercial printing.................................................... Manifold business forms............................................ 272 273 274 275 276 93.9 96.6 92.2 102.5 93.0 89.5 100.8 95.9 102.0 89.1 92.9 97.7 105.8 108.0 94.5 89.5 103.5 104.5 106.9 91.1 81.9 103.0 97.5 106.5 82.0 87.8 101.6 94.8 107.2 76.9 89.1 99.3 93.6 108.3 75.2 100.1 102.6 114.5 108.8 77.9 112.2 100.9 119.4 109.9 76.7 111.2 106.1 127.2 115.0 70.6 109.9 106.1 127.8 118.7 69.4 Greeting cards............................................................. Blankbooks and bookbinding.................................... Printing trade services................................................ Industrial inorganic chemicals................................... Plastics materials and synthetics............................. 277 278 279 281 282 100.6 99.4 99.3 106.8 100.9 92.7 96.1 100.6 109.7 100.0 96.7 103.6 112.0 109.7 107.5 91.4 98.7 115.3 105.6 112.0 89.0 105.4 111.0 102.3 125.3 92.5 108.7 116.7 109.3 128.3 90.8 114.5 126.2 110.1 125.3 92.2 114.2 123.3 116.8 135.4 104.1 116.5 126.7 145.8 142.2 109.3 123.8 121.5 148.5 148.6 105.1 126.2 119.6 141.3 151.0 Drugs............................................................................. Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods............................ Paints and allied products......................................... Industrial organic chemicals...................................... Agricultural chemicals................................................. 283 284 285 286 287 103.8 103.8 106.3 101.4 104.7 104.5 105.3 104.3 95.8 99.5 99.5 104.4 102.9 94.6 99.5 99.7 108.7 108.8 92.2 103.8 104.6 111.2 116.7 99.9 105.0 108.7 118.6 118.0 98.6 108.5 112.5 120.9 125.6 99.0 110.0 112.4 126.4 126.4 111.3 119.8 104.3 122.7 126.8 105.7 118.0 105.6 114.8 122.7 120.6 104.6 106.2 124.8 124.6 127.8 112.0 1990 See footnotes at end of table. 104 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 1991 1992 1 993 1 994 1995 1 996 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100] __________________________________________________ 1 990 1991 1 992 1 993 1 994 1 99 5 1 996 1997 1998 1 99 9 2000 In d u s try S IC Miscellaneous chemical products............................. Petroleum refining........................................................ Asphalt paving and roofing materials....................... Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products........... Tires and inner tubes.................................................. 289 291 295 299 301 97.3 109.2 98.0 94.8 103.0 96.1 106.6 94.1 90.6 102.4 101.8 111.3 100.4 101.5 107.8 107.1 120.1 108.0 104.2 116.5 105.7 123.8 104.9 96.3 124.1 107.8 132.3 111.2 87.4 131.1 110.1 142.0 113.1 87.1 138.8 120.3 149.2 123.1 96.5 149.1 120.8 155.8 124.7 98.5 144.1 123.3 170.2 123.4 86.5 142.1 125.6 180.2 126.1 82.9 145.9 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing............ Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c............................. Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.................... Footwear, except rubber............................................ Flat glass....................................................................... 305 306 308 314 321 96.1 109.0 105.7 101.1 84.5 92.4 109.9 108.3 94.4 83.6 97.8 115.2 114.4 104.2 92.7 99.7 123.1 116.7 105.2 97.7 102.7 119.1 120.8 113.0 97.6 104.6 121.5 121.0 117.1 99.6 107.4 121.0 124.7 126.1 101.5 113.5 125.3 129.9 121.4 107.6 112.7 132.3 133.8 110.9 114.0 110.6 136.9 140.9 132.6 129.4 115.4 144.7 145.4 146.2 140.4 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.................. Products of purchased glass..................................... Cement, hydraulic........................................................ Structural clay products............................................. Pottery and related products..................................... 322 323 324 325 326 104.8 92.6 112.4 109.6 98.7 102.3 97.7 108.3 109.8 95.9 108.9 101.5 115.1 111.4 99.5 108.7 106.2 119.9 106.8 100.3 112.9 105.9 125.6 114.0 108.5 115.7 106.1 124.3 112.6 109.4 121.4 122.0 128.7 119.6 119.4 128.3 125.1 133.1 111.9 124.2 135.2 122.0 134.1 114.8 127.4 139.3 130.2 138.6 123.5 122.0 135.8 137.2 136.9 124.8 121.2 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products................. Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.......... Blast furnace and basic steel products.................... Iron and steel foundries............................................. Primary nonferrous metals......................................... 327 329 331 332 333 102.3 95.4 109.7 106.1 102.3 101.2 94.0 107.8 104.5 110.7 102.5 104.3 117.0 107.2 101.9 104.6 104.5 133.6 112.1 107.9 101.5 106.3 142.4 113.0 105.3 104.5 107.8 142.6 112.7 111.0 107.3 110.4 147.5 116.2 110.8 107.6 114.7 155.0 120.8 112.0 112.8 114.9 151.0 121.1 118.9 111.1 113.3 155.6 128.9 117.7 105.1 116.1 160.1 132.1 111.9 Nonferrous rolling and drawing................................. Nonferrous foundries (castings)................................ Miscellaneous primary metal products.................... Metal cans and shipping containers......................... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware............................. 335 336 339 341 342 92.7 104.0 113.7 117.6 97.3 91.0 103.6 109.1 122.9 96.8 96.0 103.6 114.5 127.8 100.1 98.3 108.5 111.3 132.3 104.0 101.2 112.1 134.5 140.9 109.2 99.2 117.8 152.2 144.2 111.3 104.0 122.3 149.6 155.2 118.2 111.3 127.0 136.2 160.3 114.6 115.7 131.5 140.0 163.8 115.7 121.4 129.8 149.0 157.9 121.9 118.0 129.7 154.3 159.5 125.4 Plumbing and heating, except electric..................... Fabricated structural metal products........................ Metal forgings and stampings.................................... Metal services, n.e.c................................................... Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c............................. 343 344 346 347 348 102.6 98.8 95.6 104.7 82.1 102.0 100.0 92.9 99.4 81.5 98.4 103.9 103.7 111.6 88.6 102.0 104.8 108.7 120.6 84.6 109.1 107.7 108.5 123.0 83.6 109.2 105.8 109.3 127.7 87.6 118.6 106.5 113.6 128.4 87.5 127.3 111.9 120.2 124.4 93.7 130.5 112.7 125.9 127.3 96.6 125.7 112.8 128.3 126.1 91.0 132.2 112.8 129.8 135.7 92.8 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products................ Engines and turbines.................................................. Farm and garden machinery..................................... Construction and related machinery........................ Metalworking machinery............................................. 349 351 352 353 354 97.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 101.1 97.4 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 101.1 103.3 113.9 102.0 104.3 102.0 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 103.2 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 106.6 122.7 134.7 122.1 114.8 108.3 136.6 137.2 123.3 114.9 107.7 136.9 141.2 132.5 119.2 111.6 146.1 148.5 137.6 119.8 109.3 151.5 128.6 133.6 123.0 109.2 164.5 139.6 139.8 129.8 Special industry machinery........................................ General industrial machinery..................................... Computer and office equipment................................ Refrigeration and service machinery........................ Industrial machinery, n.e.c......................................... 355 356 357 358 359 107.5 101.5 138.1 103.6 107.3 108.3 101.6 149.6 100.7 109.0 106.0 101.6 195.7 104.9 117.0 113.6 104.8 258.6 108.6 118.5 121.2 106.7 328.6 110.7 127.4 132.3 109.0 469.4 112.7 138.8 134.0 109.4 681.3 114.7 141.4 131.7 110.0 960.2 115.0 129.3 124.5 111.2 1356.6 121.4 127.5 138.6 113.1 1862.5 124.0 135.8 172.2 118.7 2172.0 122.3 141.8 Electric distribution equipment.................................. Electrical industrial apparatus................................... Household appliances................................................ Electric lighting and wiring equipment..................... Communications equipment....................................... 361 362 363 364 366 106.3 107.7 105.8 99.9 123.8 106.5 107.1 106.5 97.5 129.1 119.6 117.1 115.0 105.7 154.9 122.2 132.9 123.4 107.8 163.1 131.8 134.9 131.4 113.4 186.4 143.0 150.8 127.3 113.7 200.7 143.9 154.3 127.4 116.9 229.5 142.8 164.2 142.9 121.8 275.4 147.5 162.3 150.2 129.2 284.5 148.9 158.3 149.5 132.4 371.9 155.4 157.0 162.4 134.8 448.8 Electronic components and accessories................. Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies... Motor vehicles and equipment................................... Aircraft and parts......................................................... Ship and boat building and repairing....................... 367 369 371 372 373 133.4 90.6 102.4 98.9 103.7 154.7 98.6 96.6 108.2 96.3 189.3 101.3 104.2 112.3 102.7 217.9 108.2 106.2 115.2 105.9 274.0 110.5 108.8 109.5 103.8 401.5 114.1 106.7 107.8 98.1 515.0 123.1 107.2 113.1 99.3 613.4 128.3 116.3 114.7 105.5 768.6 135.3 125.2 140.1 102.5 1062.6 147.2 136.7 138.1 113.1 1440.1 156.0 127.1 132.2 121.6 Railroad equipment..................................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts............................... Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts.................... Search and navigation equipment............................ Measuring and controlling devices........................... 374 375 376 381 382 141.1 93.8 116.5 112.7 106.4 146.9 99.8 110.5 118.9 113.1 147.9 108.4 110.5 122.1 119.9 151.0 130.9 119.4 129.1 124.0 152.5 125.1 114.9 132.1 133.8 150.0 120.3 116.9 149.5 146.4 148.3 125.5 125.1 142.2 150.5 184.2 120.4 133.6 149.5 142.4 189.1 127.7 138.9 149.1 143.5 212.8 122.4 156.1 149.6 152.4 218.4 119.4 113.3 163.7 158.5 Medical instruments and supplies............................ Ophthalmic goods........................................................ Photographic equipment & supplies........................ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware....................... Musical instruments.................................................... 384 385 386 391 393 116.9 121.2 107.8 99.3 97.1 118.7 125.1 110.2 95.8 96.9 123.5 144.5 116.4 96.7 96.0 127.3 157.8 126.9 96.7 95.6 126.7 160.6 132.7 99.5 88.7 131.5 167.2 129.5 100.2 86.9 139.8 188.2 128.7 102.6 78.8 147.4 196.3 121.5 114.2 82.9 158.6 199.0 128.0 113.1 81.4 160.4 235.2 160.6 134.3 97.1 167.0 250.2 169.4 144.9 105.3 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 105 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 46. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries [1987=100]_____________________ _______ In d u s try S IC Toys and sporting goods............................................ Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies..................... Costume jewelry and notions.................................... Miscellaneous manufactures..................................... T r a n s p o r ta tio n Railroad transportation............................................... 394 395 396 399 1 99 0 108.1 118.2 105.3 106.5 1991 109.7 116.8 106.7 109.2 1 992 104.9 111.3 110.8 109.5 1 993 1 994 1 99 5 1 99 6 1997 1 99 8 1 99 9 2000 114.2 111.6 115.8 107.7 109.7 129.9 129.0 106.1 113.6 135.2 143.7 108.1 119.9 144.1 142.2 112.8 125.7 127.5 118.0 109.4 131.6 132.5 131.2 108.5 126.6 123.4 130.8 114.9 140.4 124.9 145.3 115.9 118.5 127.8 139.6 145.4 150.3 156.2 167.0 169.8 173.3 182.5 195.8 4213 431 Air transportation......................................................... 4512,13,22(pts.) U tilitie s Telephone communications....................................... 481 Radio and television broadcasting........................... 483 Cable and other pay TV services............................. 484 Electric utilities............................................................. 491,3(pts.) Gas utilities................................................................... 492,3(pts.) T ra d e 521 Lumber and other building materials dealers......... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores............................ 523 Hardware stores........................................................... 525 Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores... 526 Department stores....................................................... 531 111.1 104.0 92.9 116.9 103.7 92.5 123.4 104.5 96.9 126.6 107.1 100.2 129.5 106.6 105.7 125.4 106.5 108.6 130.9 104.7 111.1 132.4 108.3 111.6 129.9 109.8 108.4 131.6 110.9 109.1 131.2 113.6 110.7 113.3 104.9 92.6 110.1 105.8 119.8 106.1 87.6 113.4 109.6 127.7 108.3 88.5 115.2 111.1 135.5 106.7 85.3 24.1 121.8 142.2 110.1 83.4 50.5 125.6 148.1 109.6 84.5 80.8 137.1 159.5 105.8 81.9 116.8 145.9 160.9 101.7 84.7 150.0 158.6 170.1 104.5 86.1 159.6 144.4 186.3 108.4 85.0 162.0 147.2 201.3 109.9 87.6 169.6 160.6 104.3 106.8 115.3 84.7 96.8 102.3 100.4 108.7 89.3 102.0 106.4 107.6 115.2 101.2 105.4 111.4 114.2 113.9 107.1 110.4 118.9 127.8 121.2 117.0 113.5 117.8 130.9 115.6 117.4 116.1 121.6 133.5 119.5 136.4 123.8 121.8 134.8 119.0 127.5 129.1 134.2 163.5 137.9 133.7 135.8 143.0 165.1 147.6 150.4 146.0 144.2 170.1 145.7 154.5 160.4 Variety stores................................................................ Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............ Grocery stores............................................................. Meat and fish (seafood) markets............................... Retail bakeries............................................................. 533 539 541 542 546 154.6 118.6 96.6 98.9 91.2 159.0 124.8 96.3 90.8 96.7 173.9 140.4 96.5 99.2 96.5 191.9 164.3 96.0 97.7 86.5 197.9 164.8 95.4 95.7 85.3 212.4 167.4 93.9 94.4 83.0 240.4 167.7 92.1 86.4 75.9 260.1 170.4 91.7 90.8 67.6 271.2 185.9 92.2 95.7 68.1 315.0 199.6 95.3 97.4 83.1 330.9 224.3 96.1 110.0 88.4 New and used car dealers......................................... Auto and home supply stores.................................... Gasoline service stations........................................... Men's and boy's wear stores..................................... W omen's clothing stores............................................ 551 553 554 561 562 106.7 103.7 103.0 115.6 106.6 104.9 100.2 104.8 121.9 111.2 107.4 101.6 110.2 122.3 123.6 108.6 100.8 115.9 119.5 130.0 109.7 105.3 121.1 121.7 130.4 108.1 109.1 127.2 121.4 139.9 109.1 108.2 126.1 129.8 154.2 108.8 108.1 126.1 136.3 157.3 108.7 113.1 133.9 145.2 176.0 111.6 115.5 141.7 154.5 190.2 112.5 119.3 139.0 165.0 205.7 Family clothing stores................................................. Shoe stores................................................................... Furniture and homefurnishings stores..................... Household appliance stores...................................... Radio, television, computer, and music stores....... 565 566 571 572 573 107.8 107.9 104.6 104.6 120.8 111.5 107.8 105.4 107.2 129.3 118.6 115.5 113.9 116.1 139.3 121.5 117.3 113.3 118.7 153.8 127.7 130.7 114.7 122.4 178.2 141.8 139.2 117.4 139.6 198.1 146.9 151.9 123.6 142.2 206.6 150.2 148.4 124.2 155.2 216.8 153.1 145.0 127.3 184.2 258.3 155.9 152.9 134.5 186.4 309.1 160.4 160.2 141.1 209.3 359.4 Eating and drinking places......................................... Drug and proprietary stores....................................... Liquor stores................................................................ Used merchandise stores........................................... Miscellaneous shopping goods stores..................... 581 591 592 593 594 104.5 106.3 105.9 103.0 107.4 103.8 108.0 106.9 102.3 109.3 103.4 107.6 109.6 115.7 107.9 103.8 109.6 101.8 116.7 111.7 102.1 109.9 100.1 119.5 117.3 102.0 111.1 104.7 120.6 123.2 100.6 113.9 113.8 132.6 125.3 101.6 119.8 109.9 140.3 129.4 102.0 125.7 116.5 163.6 138.7 104.0 129.8 114.5 183.2 143.7 107.3 136.9 127.7 216.7 150.6 Nonstore retailers........................................................ Fuel dealers................................................................. Retail stores, n.e.c....................................................... F in a n c e a n d s e rv ic e s Commercial banks....................................................... Hotels and motels........................................................ Laundry, cleaning, and garment services................ Photographic studios, portrait.................................... Beauty shops................................................................ 596 598 599 111.1 84.6 114.5 112.5 85.3 104.0 126.5 84.3 112.5 132.2 91.9 118.1 149.0 99.0 125.8 152.5 111.4 127.0 173.5 112.5 140.2 186.8 109.1 147.8 208.3 105.8 157.4 220.6 115.2 162.5 263.2 117.3 168.1 602 701 721 722 723 107.7 96.2 102.3 98.2 97.5 110.1 99.3 99.9 92.1 95.8 111.0 108.0 99.3 95.8 100.9 118.5 106.5 99.9 101.8 97.0 121.7 109.9 105.0 108.3 101.1 126.4 110.5 106.6 116.2 104.8 129.7 110.0 109.8 110.7 107.6 133.0 108.2 109.0 114.1 108.5 132.6 108.2 116.0 121.6 110.5 135.9 109.9 120.8 107.7 113.4 143.2 114.1 123.6 112.0 114.5 Barber shops................................................................ Funeral services and crematories............................ Automotive repair shops............................................. Motion picture theaters............................................... 724 726 753 783 100.7 91.2 107.9 118.1 94.9 89.9 100.1 118.2 113.2 103.8 105.1 114.8 121.9 98.7 105.7 113.8 118.8 104.3 114.3 110.4 115.7 100.2 121.6 105.0 128.8 97.6 116.1 104.1 150.4 101.9 117.2 103.4 157.4 104.2 124.9 106.1 132.8 100.2 126.4 108.7 129.9 93.9 128.5 112.3 4011 Trucking, except lo c a l1............................................... unitea states postal service ~.................................... Meters to output per employee. " Meters to output per tun-time equivalent employee year on tiscai Dasis. 106 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted A n n u a l a v e ra g e C o u n try 2000 2000 2001 I II 2001 III IV I II III IV United States........ 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.6 Canada.................. Australia................ Jaoan1................... France1.................. 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.4 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.7 6.1 6.5 4.8 9.9 6.1 6.4 4.7 9.5 6.1 6.1 4.7 9.3 6.1 6.2 4.8 9.0 6.2 6.5 4.8 8.6 6.3 6.9 4.9 8.5 6.4 6.8 5.2 8.7 6.8 6.8 5.5 8.9 Germany1............. 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 Italy1,2.................... 10.7 9.6 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.1 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.3 Sweden1................ 5.8 5.5 5.0 6.6 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 United Kingdom1.. - 1 Preliminary for 2001 for Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, - See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian and the United Kingdom. Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1959-2001 (Bureau of Labor 2 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, Statistics, Mar. 25,2002), on the Internet at h ttp ://w w w .b ls .g o v /f ls /h o m e .h tm and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. also on this site. Dash indicates data not available. M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 107 Current Labor Statistics: 48. International Comparison Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] E m p lo ym e n t statu s an d c o u n try 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 000 2001 128,105 14,177 8,557 129,200 14,308 8,613 131,056 14,400 8,771 132,304 14,517 8,995 133,943 14,669 9,115 136,297 14,958 9,204 137,673 15,237 9,339 139,368 15,536 9,466 140,863 15,789 9,678 141,815 16,027 9,817 66,870 C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e United States..................................................................... Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................ Japan.................................................................................. 65,040 65,470 65,780 65,990 66,450 67,200 67,240 67,090 66,990 24,570 39,010 24,640 39,100 24,780 39,070 24,830 38 980 25,090 39 140 25,210 39 420 25,520 39 750 25 830 39 800 25 980 39 750 22,910 22,570 22,450 22,460 22,570 22,680 22,960 23,130 23,340 23,540 6,950 4,520 28,410 7,100 4,443 28,430 7,190 4,418 28,440 7,260 4,460 28,560 7,370 4,459 28,720 7,530 4,418 28,910 7,690 4,402 29,040 7,900 4,430 29,300 8,050 4,489 29,450 4,537 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 55.9 58.2 66 3 65.5 63.5 63.3 55.8 57.7 66 6 65.2 63.9 63.1 55.8 57.4 66 6 64.9 64.6 62.9 55.6 57.1 67 1 65.8 64.2 62.4 56 4 57.6 67 2 65.9 64.7 62.0 56.4 57.5 47.5 47.9 47.3 47.1 67 1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55.7 57.3 47.2 67 1 65.4 64.3 62.8 56 1 57.7 Italy..................................................................................... 66 8 64.7 64.6 63.0 55 8 57.1 47.1 47.6 47.8 48.1 _ Netherlands....................................................................... Sweden.............................................................................. United Kinqdom................................................................ 57.8 65.7 63.1 58.6 64.5 62.8 59.0 63.7 62.7 59.2 64.1 62.7 59.8 64.0 62.8 60.8 63.3 62.9 61.7 62.8 62.9 62.8 62.8 63.2 63.5 63.8 63.3 - Netherlands....................................................................... Sweden............................................................................. United Kingdom................................................................ - - P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 1 Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................ Japan.................................................................................. 88 9 66.0 64.7 61.6 64.2 - E m p lo y e d United States..................................................................... Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................ Japan.................................................................................. 118,492 12,672 7,660 63,620 120,259 12,770 7,699 63,810 123,060 13,027 7,942 63,860 124,900 13,271 8,256 63,890 126,708 13,380 8,364 64,200 129,558 13,705 8,444 64,900 131,463 14,068 8,618 64,450 133,488 14,456 8,808 63,920 135,208 14,827 9,068 63,790 France................................................................................ Germany............................................................................ 22,020 36,390 21,740 35,990 21,720 35,760 21,910 35,780 21,960 35,640 22,090 35,510 22,510 36,060 22,940 36,360 23,530 36,540 Italy..................................................................................... 21,230 20,270 19,940 19,820 19,920 19,990 20,210 20,460 20,840 Netherlands....................................................................... Sweden............................................................................... United Kingdom................................................................ 6,560 4,265 25,530 6,630 4,028 25,450 6,670 3,992 25,720 6,760 4,056 26,070 6,900 4,019 26,380 7,130 3,973 26,880 7,380 4,034 27,210 7,640 4,117 27,530 7,810 4,229 27,830 135,073 14,997 9,157 63,470 _ - 21,280 - 4,309 - E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n ra tio 2 United States..................................................................... Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................ Japan................................................................................. France................................................................................ Germany............................................................................ 61.5 58.9 57.2 62.0 50.1 54.2 44.0 61.7 58.5 56.8 61.7 49.2 53.2 43.0 62.5 59.0 57.8 61.3 48.9 52.6 42.0 Netherlands....................................................................... Sweden............................................................................. United Kinqdom................................................................ 54.5 62.0 56.7 54.7 58.5 56.2 54.7 57.6 56.7 62.9 59.4 59.2 60.9 49.0 52.4 41.5 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 48.8 52.0 41.6 63.8 59.7 59.0 61.0 48.8 51.6 41.6 64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.5 52.3 41.9 64.3 61.3 59.8 59.4 50.1 52.6 42.3 64.5 62.1 60.6 59.0 51.1 52.8 42.9 55.1 58.3 57.2 56.0 57.7 57.6 57.5 56.9 58.5 59.2 57.6 58.9 60.8 58.4 59.4 61.6 60.1 59.4 63.8 61.9 60.3 58.4 - _ 61.0 - U n e m p lo y e d United States..................................................................... Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................ Japan................................................................................. 9,613 1,505 897 1,420 8,940 1,539 914 1,660 7,996 1,373 829 1,920 7,404 1,246 739 2,100 7,236 1,289 751 2,250 6,739 1,252 760 2,300 6,210 1,169 721 2,790 5,880 1,080 658 3,170 5,655 962 611 3,200 France............................................................................... Germany............................................................................ 2,550 2,620 2,920 3,200 2,640 3,130 3,510 2,650 3,020 3,690 2,890 3,440 1,680 3,060 3,320 2,510 3,120 3,910 Italy..................................................................................... 2,900 3,110 2,300 2,690 2,750 2,670 2,450 3,210 2,500 Netherlands....................................................................... Sweden............................................................................. United Kingdom................................................................ 390 255 2,880 470 415 2,980 520 426 2,720 500 404 2,490 470 440 2,340 400 445 2,030 310 368 1,830 270 313 1,770 240 260 1,620 6,742 1,031 661 3,400 _ 2,270 _ 228 - U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te United States..................................................................... Canada.............................................................................. Australia............................................................................. Japan................................................................................. Italy..................................................................................... 7.3 6.9 10.8 10.6 2.5 11.8 80 10.2 Netherlands....................................................................... 5.6 5.6 10.1 6.6 9.3 10.5 United Kingdom................................................................. 7.5 10.6 10.5 2.2 10.4 6.7 1 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. 2 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. NOTE: S ee notes on the data for information on breaks in series. 108 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 12 4 99 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.8 93 4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 11.2 86 4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 94 81 4.8 6.4 6.7 5.1 87 8.0 11.8 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 12.5 90 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.5 10.7 9.6 6.9 9.1 8.7 6.4 9.9 8.1 5.3 10.1 7.0 4.0 84 6.3 3.4 7.1 6.0 3.0 58 5.5 50 6.1 9.5 9.4 2.9 12.3 8.5 11.2 5.6 8.6 8.2 3.2 11.8 82 7.2 9.6 9.6 For further qualifications and historical data, see C o m p a ra tiv e C iv ilia n L a b o r F o rc e S ta tis tic s , T e n C o u n trie s , 1959-2001 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mar. 25,2002), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm Dash indicates data are not available. - 49. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1992 = 100] Item and country 1960 1980 1970 1990 1991 1994 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Output per hour United States.......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan..................................................................... Belgium.................................................................. Denmark................................................................. Germany................................................................ Italy......................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... 37.8 13.8 18.0 29.9 22.0 29.2 23.6 18.5 37.4 27.3 30.0 54.9 37.5 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 44.3 37.9 58.8 52.2 43.2 70.5 72.9 63.2 65.4 90.4 66.8 77.2 74.2 68.8 77.5 73.1 54.3 96.9 93.4 94.4 96.8 99.1 93.8 99.0 95.8 98 5 97.6 94.6 89.2 97.9 95.3 99.0 99.1 99.4 97.0 98.3 95.9 99 6 98.2 95.5 93.8 102.1 105.8 101.7 102.5 100.8 100.6 101.8 101.4 101 6 99.6 107.3 103.9 108.2 109.5 104.9 1132 99.6 119.4 107.1 113.9 112.2 108.0 118 2 100.7 121.9 104.9 114 6 113.9 108.1 120 2 102.5 124.5 103.8 33.4 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 23.0 31.5 57.4 45.9 67.3 58.9 39.2 57.6 68.0 64.1 70.9 48.1 59.1 90.6 80.7 90.2 75.8 83.6 60.4 78.2 91.4 88.7 85.3 84.4 76.8 104.4 90.7 87.2 101.6 106.0 97.1 101.0 102.8 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.9 100.9 110.1 105.4 98.3 99.0 102.0 100.7 101.5 99.8 102.3 99.3 100.4 99.0 104.1 100.0 103.5 105.9 96.3 97.0 95.6 95.7 92.4 96.5 98 4 101 7 101.9 101.4 111.1 114.1 94.9 101.4 105.6 100.3 95.1 102.4 104 6 104 6 117.1 106.1 118.4 119.6 98.9 104.2 111.6 104.9 95.2 107.2 108 1 107 3 128.4 107.8 92.1 88.3 77.8 170.7 136.5 140.8 142.3 97.6 170.5 153.6 168.3 224.6 104.4 107.1 104.4 174.7 129.0 148.5 136.3 108.5 156.1 153.9 154.7 208.8 107.5 114.6 95.6 119.7 101.1 132.9 110.5 113.8 111.7 134.7 124.0 160.5 104.8 113.5 102.9 104.3 103.7 105.6 100.1 103.7 101.4 103.4 116.4 118.1 100.4 103.9 103.1 101.5 102.1 102.9 104.1 103.6 100.9 100.8 109.0 106.6 101.4 100.1 94.7 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 95.2 96.8 102.1 94.9 97.6 103.6 103.0 91.9 93.6 92.7 86.8 97.6 92.4 105 0 98.1 99.1 14.9 10.0 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.8 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.0 23.7 17.1 16.4 13.7 13.3 10.4 20.7 5.3 20.2 11.8 10.7 6.1 55.6 47.6 58.5 52.5 49.6 40.9 53.6 30.4 64.4 39.0 37.3 32.1 90.8 88.3 90.5 90.1 92.7 90.9 89.4 87.6 90.9 92.3 87.8 82.9 95.6 95.0 96.4 97.3 95.9 96.4 91.5 94.2 95.3 97.5 95.5 93.8 102.7 102.0 102.8 104.8 104.6 102.6 106.4 105.7 103.8 101.5 97.4 104.6 26.4 31.3 30.1 15.4 19.4 27.8 7.5 34.6 12.7 15.0 9.8 31.1 43.8 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 11.9 53.3 20.1 20.6 14.1 78.8 65.2 92.5 80.3 54.9 61.3 69.4 41.0 93.7 50.3 51.0 59.0 93.7 94.6 95.9 93.0 93.5 96.9 90.3 91.5 92.3 94.6 92.9 92.9 97.6 99.6 97.4 98.1 96.5 99.3 93.1 98.2 95.6 99.2 100.0 100.1 36.0 15.5 27.0 20.2 23.0 17.1 23.3 25.9 17.5 23.1 19.1 78.8 67.4 51.8 88.3 58.8 76.8 59.6 59.0 82.9 63.3 70.2 93.7 98.0 83.8 89.5 91.2 94.1 87.3 94.1 89.1 94.0 91.3 93.9 97.6 105.1 91.7 92.3 91.0 93.1 87.5 97.5 89.9 95.0 96.3 100.1 - - 107.3 110.8 103.3 108.4 121 9 119.4 109.9 122 3 102.0 132.3 105.2 126.5 113.1 121.2 129.2 127 7 120.3 110.0 125 0 99 9 139.5 107.0 135.3 116.0 126.9 129.5 132 7 120.4 109.9 128 5 103 6 149.7 111.6 142.9 118.4 134.1 133.4 142 5 127.9 113.0 133 8 104 5 158.0 118.0 121.3 119.6 103.0 106.6 106.7 104.6 92.5 105.4 108 7 110 3 131.1 108.5 127.9 127.7 106.5 113.8 115.2 109.7 95.7 108.8 111 5 114 2 138.0 109.9 133.1 132.8 100.2 116.4 115.7 115.0 97.2 110.7 114 8 113 7 147.6 110.8 141.2 141.0 101.9 118.0 115.1 118.7 95.8 110.5 118 1 113 8 157.8 111.1 147.0 148.8 107.6 122.2 122.9 124.1 101.7 113.9 123 7 110 2 168.7 113.3 104.0 106.4 89.1 92.0 92.1 84.9 99.3 91.5 106 6 105.3 102.7 103.6 109.0 88.7 91.1 91.3 81.2 97.5 90 4 107 6 105.3 104.5 105.4 112.4 88.0 89.6 90.0 80.1 99.0 91 1 112 0 104.3 104.5 105.2 117.5 82.7 90.1 90.0 80.7 100.6 91 8 113 7 105.8 103.6 104.4 121.5 80.3 91.1 102.8 125.6 80.2 91.7 89.4 79.6 100.5 92 0 109 8 105.4 99.6 87.1 79.5 100.7 92 5 105 4 106.8 96.0 103 4 104.3 92.4 105.6 103.7 104.9 106.1 106.0 111.7 106.8 108.2 104.4 100.0 106.7 107.9 106.0 108.3 109.2 110.0 117.5 111.3 110.7 109.2 106.5 107.9 109.4 107.0 109.2 110.9 112.1 122.3 119.0 113.0 113.6 114.4 109.5 111.5 109.3 112.9 114.9 112.0 124.7 123.0 115.8 118.7 119.4 113.9 117.4 110.5 115.8 116.6 112.6 126.5 122.2 120.6 125.7 124.4 120.5 122.1 112.3 115.2 118.3 116.3 129.3 124.6 124.0 133.0 129.3 129.6 131.1 113.9 114.5 121.1 120.8 133.5 127.8 131.0 140.0 131.8 135.2 133.1 117.8 115.0 125.9 126.6 137.7 132.6 147.6 137.2 140.4 100.6 96.4 101.1 102.3 103.7 101.9 104.5 104.3 102.1 101.9 90.8 100.8 98.5 93.6 101.5 97.9 96.2 97.9 102.0 101.9 95.6 104.8 83.8 99.7 94.8 94.3 97.6 96.4 96.4 96.6 104.7 103.0 93.7 108.4 87.4 102.9 93.5 97.5 94.0 94.7 103.7 97.8 107.4 110.0 94.0 110.8 91.9 105.5 91.9 96.2 93.3 90.5 99.7 91.9 104.4 111.9 94.7 116.4 90.2 108.2 92.8 97.7 95.5 90.2 102.9 88.2 105.2 111.1 96.5 125.7 89.2 112.7 90.2 96.8 90.8 91.4 105.4 87.7 107.4 113.4 96.6 128.4 86.3 116.2 91.7 96.1 85.4 90.8 101.8 84.8 104.4 113.1 97.9 134.0 83.4 114.5 91.4 101.5 89.8 93.9 101.7 86.5 106.6 115.4 100.6 90.3 115.4 95.1 96.5 95.2 98.7 81.6 96.6 89.2 67.8 85.6 98.5 82.8 125.9 94.2 91.4 93.4 98.2 77.9 92.4 92.3 63.2 86.4 94.8 83.0 131.7 105.2 104.0 103.5 114.2 77.9 102.7 106.4 71.3 91.9 93.5 86.4 109.6 98.4 108.0 101.2 111.5 87.9 98.1 106.6 79.8 93.2 91.9 84.0 97.7 81.2 91.0 83.3 94.0 80.9 85.3 102.1 68.8 100.4 92.8 79.6 92.4 79.9 92.7 79.1 93.3 78.8 85.5 103.5 65.3 105.7 90.2 78.8 101.2 77.6 91.0 75.4 91.4 76.9 82.1 102.2 60.8 106.4 91.7 78.2 100.4 66.8 75.9 63.2 76.9 66.4 72.1 94.5 53.0 98.3 - 113.8 112.4 111.0 113.2 - 117.0 109.7 116.1 117.0 121.3 113.5 121.0 127.0 - - 145.6 116.1 128.1 134.1 148 3 128.2 115.0 105 3 160.4 119.8 Output United States.......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan..................................................................... Belgium.................................................................. Denmark................................................................. France.................................................................... Germany................................................................ Italy......................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... 141.3 143.9 99.1 121.7 126.7 126.3 101.8 114.6 10ft 9 167.4 110.7 Total hours United States.......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan...................................................................... Belgium.................................................................. Denmark................................................................. France.................................................................... Germany................................................................. Italy......................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... - - 97.1 123.9 77.4 90.7 86.3 78.8 99.7 Compensation per hour United States......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan...................................................................... Belgium.................................................................. Denmark................................................................. France.................................................................... Germany................................................................. Italy......................................................................... Netherlands............................................................ Norway................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States.......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan...................................................................... Belgium.................................................................. Denmark................................................................. France.................................................................... Germany................................................................. Italy......................................................................... Netherlands............................................................ Norway................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... - 140.1 85.5 117.2 Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis United States.......................................................... Canada................................................................... Japan...................................................................... Belgium................................................................... Denmark................................................................. France.................................................................... Germany................................................................. Italy......................................................................... Netherlands............................................................ Norway................................................................... Sweden.................................................................. United Kingdom..................................................... - 32.9 11.0 19.4 13.4 21.0 10.4 15.0 16.1 11.1 16.9 15.6 77.7 91.4 79.2 93.6 67.0 73.7 62.5 76.2 65.7 - 96.8 48.2 95.5 NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1991 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1991 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 109 Current Labor Statistics: 50. International Comparison Occupational injury and illness rates by industry. United States In d u stry and typ e o f case2 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993“ 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 5 Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.8 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 8.4 3.8 8.1 3.6 7.4 3.4 7.1 3.3 6.7 3.1 6.3 3.0 6.1 3.0 - - - - - - - - 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 108.3 11 6 5.4 126.9 11 2 5.0 97 4.3 87 3.9 84 4.1 79 3.9 73 3.4 71 - 10 0 4.7 - - - - 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 - 6.3 3.9 - 6.2 3.9 - 5.4 3.2 - 59 3.7 - 49 2.9 - 44 2.7 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 122 5.5 - 11.8 5.5 - 10 6 4.9 - 99 4.5 - 95 4.4 - 8.8 4.0 - 8.6 4.2 - 4.1 - 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 - 10.9 5.1 9.8 4.4 - 9.0 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 - 8.4 3.9 - 8.0 3.7 - 7.8 3.9 - Heavy construction, except buildinq: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 11.1 5.1 - 10.2 5.0 9.9 4.8 - 9.0 4.3 - 8.7 4.3 - 8.2 4.1 - 7.8 3.8 - 7.6 3.7 - Special trades contractors: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 - 12.5 5.8 11.1 5.0 - 10.4 4.8 - 10.0 4.7 - 9.1 4.1 - 8.9 4.4 8.6 4.3 - 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 - 12.2 5.5 - 11.6 5.3 - 10.6 4.9 - 10.3 4.8 - 97 4.7 - 92 4.6 - 90 4.5 - Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 - 13.5 5.7 - 12.8 5.6 - 11.6 5.1 - 11.3 5.1 - 10.7 5.0 - 10.1 4.8 _ Lumber and wood products: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays.......................................................................... 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 - 15.7 7.7 - 14.9 7.0 - 14.2 6.8 - 13.5 6.5 - 13.2 6.8 - 13.0 6.7 12.1 6.1 - A g ric u ltu re , f o re s tr y , a n d f is h in g 5 Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 3.6 - M in in g Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 47 3.0 - C o n s tru c tio n Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ General building contractors: Total cases............................................................................... Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ 8.3 M a n u fa c tu rin g Lost workday cases.................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................ Durable goods: - Furniture and fixtures: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases........................................................................ Lost workdays................................................................................. Stone, clay, and qlass products: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays.......................................................................... 16.1 7.2 - 16.9 7.8 - 15.9 7.2 - 14.8 6.6 128.4 14.6 6.5 - 15.0 7.0 - 13.9 6.4 - 12.2 5.4 - 12.0 5.8 - 11.4 5.7 - 11.5 5.9 - 11.2 5.9 - 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 - 13.2 6.5 - 12.3 5.7 - 12.4 6.0 - 11.8 5.7 - 11.8 6.0 - 10.7 5.4 - 10.4 5.5 - Primary metal industries: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays.......................................................................... 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 - 16.8 7.2 - 16.5 7.2 15.0 6.8 - 15.0 7.2 - 14.0 7.0 - 12.9 6.3 - 12.6 6.3 - Fabricated metal products: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays.......................................................................... 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 16.4 6.7 - 15.8 6.9 - 14.4 6.2 - 14.2 6.4 - 13.9 6.5 - 12.6 6.0 - 11.9 5.5 - 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4.4 86.6 11.1 4.2 87.7 11.1 4.2 11.6 4.4 - 11.2 4.4 9.9 4.0 10.0 4.1 - 9.5 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 8.2 3.6 - 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 - 8.3 3.6 - 7.6 3.3 - 6.8 3.1 - 6.6 3.1 - 5.9 2.8 - 5.7 2.8 - 5.7 2.9 - 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 19.6 7.8 18.6 7.9 16.3 7.0 15.4 6.6 - 14.6 6.6 13.7 6.4 - 13.7 6.3 - 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 5.3 2.4 5.1 2.3 4.8 2.3 4.0 1.9 4.0 1.8 - 4.5 2.2 - 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 4.6 - 9.9 4.5 9.1 4.3 9.5 4.4 8.9 4.2 8.1 3.9 - 8.4 4.0 - 7.2 3.6 - Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Transportation equipment: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Instruments and related products: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturinq industries: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 1 1 .1 5.1 97.6 See footnotes at end of table. 110 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ovem ber 2002 50. C ontinued— O ccup a tiona l injury and illness rates by ind ustry ,1 United States In d u stry and type o f case 1989 1 1990 1992 1991 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 7.8 4.2 - 8.2 4.3 - - - 15.0 8.0 - 14.5 8.0 - 13.6 7.5 - 12.7 7.3 - 12.4 7.3 - 6.7 2.8 5.9 2.7 6.4 3.4 - 5.5 2.2 6.2 3.1 - - 6.7 3.1 - 7.4 3.4 6.4 3.2 6.0 3.2 - - - 7.4 3.3 7.0 3.1 5.8 2.8 6.1 3.0 - - 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 19 964 1997 4 Nondurable goods: Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases......................................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................................. 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 11.3 5.3 121.8 10.7 5.0 - 10.5 5.1 - 9.9 4.9 - 9.2 4.6 - 8.8 4.4 Food and kindred products; Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 - 17.1 9.2 - 16.3 8.7 - Tobacco products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 5.3 2.4 5.6 2.6 - - - - - Textile mill products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 - 8.2 4.1 - 7.8 3.6 - Apparel and other textile products: Total c ases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 8.9 3.9 8.2 3.6 - - - - - 6.2 2.6 - Paper and allied products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 9.6 4.5 - 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 - 7.1 3.7 - 7.0 3.7 - 6.5 3.4 - Printinq and publishinq: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays............................................................................... 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 3.0 - 6.0 2.8 - 5.7 2.7 - 5.4 2.8 - 5.0 2.6 - 5.1 2.6 - 5.5 2.7 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.2 2.1 - 4.4 2.3 - 4.2 2.2 - 4.6 2.5 4.3 2.2 3.9 1.8 3.7 1.9 Chemicals and allied products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays........................ ....................................................... 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 2.8 - Petroleum and coal products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - - - - 4.1 1.8 - Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 - 14.0 6.7 - 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 - 11.2 5.8 - 10.1 5.5 - 10.7 5.8 - Leather and leather products: Total cases................................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................................... Lost workdays.............................................................................. 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 12.0 5.3 11.4 4.8 10.7 4.5 10.6 4.3 9.8 4.5 10.3 5.0 - - - - - - - 9.0 4.3 - 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 8.7 5.1 8.2 4.8 7.3 4.3 7.3 4.4 4.3 - - - - - - Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases......................................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................................. 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 - 7.9 3.4 7.5 3.2 6.8 2.9 6.7 3.0 6.5 2.8 6.1 2.7 - - - - - - - - Wholesale trade: Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases......................................................................... Lost workdays.................................................................................. 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 - 7.7 3.8 - 7.5 3.6 - 6.6 3.4 - 6.5 3.2 - 6.5 3.3 - 6.3 3.3 - 5.8 - Retail trade: Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................................. 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 - 7.9 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 6.9 2.8 - 6.8 2.9 6.5 2.7 - - - 6.1 2.5 - 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.9 1.2 2.7 1.1 2.6 1.0 2.4 .9 2.2 .9 .7 .5 - - - - - - 1.8 .8 - 1.9 .8 - 5.5 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 7.1 3.0 68.6 6.7 2.8 6.5 2.8 6.4 2.8 6.0 2.6 5.6 2.5 5.2 2.4 4.9 4.9 2.2 2.2 - - - - - - - - - T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases......................................................................... Lost workdays................................................................................. - W h o le s a le a n d re ta il tr a d e - F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d rea l e s ta te Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................................. S e r v ic e s Total cases..................................................................................... Lost workday cases........................................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................................. 2.7 51.2 1 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class ification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. Occupational Injuries. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. Dash indicates data not available. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review N ovem ber 2002 111 Current Labor Statistics: 51. Injury and illness Fa ta l o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s b y e v e n t o r e x p o su re , 19 96-2001 F a ta litie s E ve n t o r e x p o s u re 1 1996-2000 20002 A ve ra g e N um ber 2001 3 Num ber P e rc e n t 6,094 5,920 5,900 100 Highway incident................................................................................... Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment............................. Moving in same direction.............................................................. Moving in opposite directions, oncoming................................... Moving in intersection................................................................... Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment.............................. Noncollision incident.......................................................................... Jackknifed or overturned— no collision...................................... Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident............................. O verturned.......................................................................................... Aircraft.................................................................................................... Worker struck by a vehicle.................................................................. W ater vehicle incident.......................................................................... Railway................................................................................................... 2,608 1,408 685 117 247 151 289 372 298 378 212 263 376 105 71 2,573 1,365 696 136 243 154 279 356 304 399 213 280 370 84 71 2,517 1,404 723 142 256 137 295 339 273 324 157 247 383 90 62 43 24 12 2 4 2 5 6 5 5 3 4 6 2 1 Shooting............................................................................................. Stabbing............................................................................................. Other, including bombing................................................................ Self-inflicted injuries.............................................................................. 1,015 766 617 68 80 216 930 677 533 66 78 221 902 639 505 58 76 228 1,005 567 364 57 293 157 128 1,006 571 357 61 294 157 123 962 553 343 60 266 144 122 16 9 6 1 5 2 2 714 636 106 153 90 55 734 659 110 150 85 56 808 698 122 159 91 84 14 12 2 3 2 1 535 290 132 40 112 57 92 73 481 256 128 29 100 48 94 75 499 285 124 35 96 49 83 59 8 5 2 2 1 1 1 196 177 188 3 20 19 24 Total................................................................................................ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n c i d e n t s ........................................................................................................ C o n t a c t w i t h o b j e c t s a n d e q u i p m e n t ....................................................................... Struck by object.................................................................................... Struck by falling object...................................................................... Struck by flying object...................................................................... Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects........................ Caught in running equipment or machinery.................................. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials................................... F a l l s ............................................................................................................ Fall to lower level.................................................................................. Fall from ladder.................................................................................. Fall from roof...................................................................................... Fall from scaffold, staging............................................................... Fall on same level................................................................................. Contact with electric current................................................................ Contact with overhead power lines................................................ Contact with temperature extremes................................................... Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances................ Oxygen deficiency................................................................................ O t h e r e v e n t s o r e x p o s u r e s 4................................................................................................ 1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness 3 15 11 9 1 1 4 1 Total excludes 2,886 work-related fatalities resulting from events of September 11. Classification Structures. 2 The BLS news release issued Aug. 14, 2001, reported a total of 5,915 fatal work injuries for calendar year 2000. Since then, 4 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." NOTE: Totals for major categories may include sub-categories an additional five job-related fatalities were identified, bringing not shown separately. the total job-related fatality count for 2000 to 5,920. because of rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.5 percent. 112 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Novem ber 2002 Percentages may not add to totals Obtaining information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics O ffice or Topic Bureau o f Labor Statistics Information services In ternet address http://www.bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/opub/ E-mail blsdata_staff@ bls.gov Employment and unemployment Employment, hours, and earnings: National State and local Labor force statistics: National Local Ul-covered employment, wages Occupational employment Mass layoffs Longitudinal data http://www.bls.gov/ces/ http://www.bls.gov/sae/ cesinfo@ bls.gov data_sa@ bls.gov http ://w ww. bis.go v/cps/ http://www.bls.gov/lau/ http://www.bls.gov/cew/ http://www.bls.gov/oes/ http://www.bls.gov/lau/ http://www.bls.gov/nls/ cpsinfo@ bls.gov lausinfo@ bls.gov cewinfo@bls.gov oesinfo@ bls.gov mlsinfo@bls.gov nls_info@ bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ http://www.bls.gov/ppi/ http://www.bls.gov/mxp/ http://www.bls.gov/cex/ cpi_info@bls.gov ppi-info@bls.gov mxpinfo@bls.gov cexinfo@bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ http://www.bls.gov/ebs/ http://www.bls.gov/ect/ http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ http://www.bls.gov/iif http://stats.bls.gov/iif/ http://www.bls.gov/cba/ ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov ocltinfo@bls.gov oshstaff@ bls.gov cfoistaff@bls.gov cbainfo@bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/lpc/ http://www.bls.gov/lpc/ http://www.bls.gov/mip/ dprweb@ bls.gov dipsweb@ bls.gov dprweb@ bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/emp/ http://www.bls.gov/oco/ oohinfo@ bls.gov oohinfo@ bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/fls/ flshelp@ bls.gov http://www.bls.gov/ro4/ http ://www.bls.gov/ro 1/ http://www.bls.gov/ro5/ http://www.bls.gov/ro6/ http://www.bls.gov/ro7/ http://www.bls.gov/ro2/ http://www.bls.gov/ro3/ http://www.bls.gov/ro9/ BLSinfoAtlanta@bls.gov BLSinfoBoston@bls.gov BLSinfoChicago@bls.gov BLSinfoDallas@bls.gov BLSinfoKansasCity@bls.gov BLSinfoNY@bls.gov BLSinfoPhiladelphia@bls.gov BLSinfoSF@bls.gov Prices and living conditions Consumer price indexes Producer price indexes) Import and export price indexes Consumer expenditures Compensation and working conditions National Compensation Survey: Employee benefits Employment cost trends Occupational compensation Occupational illnesses, injuries Fatal occupational injuries Collective bargaining Productivity Labor Industry Multi factor Projections Employment Occupation International Regional centers Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Kansas City New York Philadelphia San Francisco Other Federal statistical agencies https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis http://www.fedstats.gov/ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics Postal Square Building, Rm. 2850 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 Periodicals Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor USPS 987-800 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Address Service Requested MLR S T IE R 442K ISSDUE010R 1 KATRINA STIERH0LZ L I B UNIT F E D R E S E R V E BA N K OF ST L O U I S P 0 BOX 4 4 2 SAINT LOUIS MO 63166 Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series Series Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Release date Period covered Employment situation November 1 October December 6 November January 10 December Productivity and costs November 7 3rd quarter December 4 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes November 14 October December 12 November January 14 December 3 8 -4 2 Producer Price Indexes November 15 October December 13 November January 15 December 2; 3 5 -3 7 Consumer Price indexes November 19 October December 17 November January 16 December 2; 3 2 -3 4 Real earnings November 19 October December 17 November January 16 December 14, 16 January 30 4th quarter 1-3; 2 5 -2 8 Employment Cost Indexes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3rd quarter MLR table number 1; 4 -2 4 2; 4 3 -4 6
