Full text of Monthly Labor Review : November 1963, Vol. 86, No. 11

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LeLUtyu

Monthly
Labor
Review
Price Trends for Appliances
The Outlook for Scientists and Engineers
Benefits for Salaried Employees

KALAMAZOO
DEC 9 1953

PUBLIC LIBRARY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C la q u e , Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R o bert J. M y e r s , De-puty Commissioner of Labor Statistics
H. M. D

ou ty ,

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications

W. D u a n e E v a n s , Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth
P a u l R. K e r sc h ba u m , Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations
K e n n e t h G. V a n A u k e n , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
J ack Alterman, Chief, Division of Economic Growth
G e r t r u d e B a n c r o ft , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P . G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
Abe R othman, Chief, Division of Statistical Standards
W iluam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR .BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor

CONTENTS

Special Articles
1259
1266
1275

Price Trends and the Postwar Market for Appliances
Health and Insurance Benefits for Salaried Employees
Scientists and Engineers, 1960-70: Supply and Demand

Summaries of Studies and Reports
1283
1290
1297
1302
1307

1963 Survey of White-Collar Salaries
Outlook and Trends in Civil Aviation Employment
State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1963
Wage Chronology: American Viscose Division, FMC Corp.—Supplement
No. 2—1959-63
Wage Chronology: Western Union Telegraph Co.—Supplement No. 3—
1954-63

Departments
m
1323
1326
1328
1335
1345


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

November 1963 • Voi. 86 • No. II

INCOME SOURC ES IN 1961 OF PERSO N S UNEM PLO YED 5 W EEK S O R M O RE DURIN G THE YEA R
Percent W ho Received Income from Specified Source and Median Amount Received J /
DO LLARS

PERC ENT

NOTE:

Sum of percents equals more than 100 because many persons received income from more than one source.
j/Based on those who received such income.
¿/Includes income from such sources as rent from roomers and boarders, interest and dividends, and cash gifts from friends and relatives outside the household.

Sources of income were among the various new
findings obtained from a survey of the unemployed
sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in A p ril

1962.
A s the chart shows, wages and salaries remained the chief source of income for most workers
unemployed 5 weeks or more; only a small proportion of the group received significant amounts
from social security, veterans benefits, and self-employment.

A lthough supplying less income

than these latter sources, unemployment insurance provided the most extensive worker coverage
of all the nonwage sources.
"W o rk H isto ry , Attitudes, and Income of the Unemployed” which w ill appear in the Review in December,
discusses other survey findings.

ii


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The Labor Month
in Review
The AFL-CIO’s fifth biennial convention, which
opened as this article went to press, faced a com­
plement of issues at least as difficult as those met
at earlier conventions; a major problem is the
decline in union membership.
Affiliates of the AFL-CIO reported a net loss
of 222,000 members from 1960 to 1962, according
to the latest Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of
union membership. The average dues-paying
membership of Federation affiliates in 1962 in the
United States and Canada was 14,770,000.
Total union membership in the United States
declined by almost half a million between 1960 and
1962. The peak year in union membership was
reached in 1956, when there were 17.5 million mem­
bers; in 1962, there were 1 million fewer. While
these figures may be understated slightly because
of measurement problems, they are useful for ap­
praising trends in union activity. A detailed anal­
ysis of international and national membership
data will be presented in a forthcoming issue of
the Review, but the data so far available are suffi­
cient to illustrate various facets of the declining
membership problem,,
As Solomon Barkin succinctly put it in The
Decline of the Tabor Movement, “the major cause
for attrition in union membership has been the
shrinkage of employment in the organized indus­
tries. The changing occupational and industrial
pattern is unfavorable to employment in the older
industries in which unions have their most sub­
stantial foothold. As technology, competition of
products and services, changing consumer de­
mands, and rising labor productivity take their
toll of employment, unions in older economic areas
necessarily decline in size.”
Among the organized industries, mining was
one of the first to suffer large losses in employment.
The attrition in railroad and bus employment has
also been considerable. The 1962 BLS survey of
union membership shows the largest losses in man­


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ufacturing, and specifically in metal, machinery,
and transportation equipment industries.
Declining membership is a visible symptom of
malaise whose roots lie in unemployment and the
changing structure of the labor force, as well as
in internal problems of the unions. Among the
afflictions that accompany it is the higher per
capita cost of carrying out union programs.
At the 1961 convention of the Federation, dele­
gates raised the per capita tax on affiliates from
5 to 7 cents, which, because of the decline in mem­
bers, resulted in increasing total income by only
$326,000 (to $19.35 million) in the 2 years ending
June 30, 1963.
While it is difficult to count all the sums related
to organizing, expenses of the Federation's or­
ganizing department have increased roughly 50
percent since 1960. Recognizing the necessity for
maintaining and if possible raising union mem­
bership, the AFL-CIO has embarked upon a type
of organizing whereby various affiliates in an area
agree on targets for organizing campaigns staffed
and financed by the affiliates but directed and co­
ordinated by the Federation’s organizing depart­
ment. The Federation believes that such drives
are not only more successful in bringing in mem­
bers than traditional union by union approaches,
but that they minimize squabbles over who is en­
titled to new members.
The Executive Council report on organizing
activities prepared for delegates to the AFL-CIO
convention states that the Los Angeles drive, with
over 50 national and international unions par­
ticipating, has brought in 12,000 members. With
early encouragement from the Los Angeles cam­
paign, the Executive Council in May 1963 author­
ized a similar pilot program in the BaltimoreWashington, D.C. areas, as well as smaller drives
in other areas along the East Coast and in the
Midwest, upon which it is too early to report.
I n manufacturing , where the strength of the
industrial unions lies, the Federation lost 545,000
members. More than 80 percent of the drop was
in metals, machinery, and transportation equip­
ment, and in other equipment industries. In the
face of a rate of unemployment for semiskilled
workers in manufacturing that ranged from 7 to
li y 2 percent between 1960 and 1962, the current
organizing campaign, of the Industrial Union De­
ni

IV

partment of the AFL-CIO has been unable to
make much overall headway.
The president’s report issued at the IUD bi­
ennial meeting on November 7 and 8 indicated the
department had helped organize 42,000 workers
in the last 2 fiscal years, and that it had spent
almost a half million dollars in the 2 years ending
June 30,1963, on organizing, plus nearly $260,000
in the first 6 months of 1963 from its special or­
ganizing fund. However, IUD President Walter
P. Reuther indicated satisfaction with the progress
of the coordinated organizing drives which began
in a serious way last April. Between then and the
beginning of October, he reported that of 128
National Labor Relations Board elections involv­
ing 27,000 workers in which the IUD had been
involved, it had won 80. Nearly 200 organizers
are now assigned to coordinated area organizing
drives in various parts of the country.
h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s now constitute almost half
the nonfarm work force, as growth in nonproduc­
tion employment continues to increase. Union
membership, however, has not responded dynam­
ically to this change in employment. Despite the
concentrated efforts to adapt traditional union
services to appeal to workers in the service and
trade industries, in nonproduction work in manu­
facturing, and in government, organizing attempts
have had mixed results with white-collar workers
in the United States. For example, professional
groups such as engineers and technicians have not
recognized a need to be represented by unions,
while in many locations, organizing of retail trade
and food workers has been quite successful. How­
ever, the shift from blue-collar to white-collar
occupations is beginning to show up in overall
union membership. In 1962, the estimated propor­
tion of white-collar workers in unions rose 2 per­
cent over the 12 percent reported in 1960 and 1958.
Despite the steady expansion of women in the
labor force, women, more often than not employed
in white-collar jobs, held the union membership
figure of 3.3 million in 1962 that they have main­
tained since 1958.
Union members in government employment,
which is traditionally white-collar, increased by
about 162,000. Part of the gain may be attributed
to the effects of organizing stimulated by Execu­
tive Order 10988 of January 17, 1962, which

W


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

opened the way for formal collective bargaining
relations between the Federal Government and its
employees. The increase in the previous 2 years
had been only 35,000. To find out the kinds of
occupations and the areas in which union members
are concentrated in government, as well as which
unions have shown the most growth in government
representation, further study is necessary.
T h e n e w BLS s u r v e y shows that more than half
the Federation’s members live in New York, Cali­
fornia, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, where
labor has always been strong and manufacturing
is still heavily concentrated. There were small
gains (about 5,000 members each) in several south­
ern States, where new industry has been moving in,
but where unions have traditionally found it diffi­
cult to get a foothold. Colorado, New Mexico, and
Nevada showed gains attributable to defense ac­
tivities. The only major increases were in Cali­
fornia and Michigan—which acquired 50,000
members each. Massachusetts had a drop of
250,000 from 600,000 and Wisconsin lost 136,000
out of 400,000 members.
O v e r t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s , there has been a percep­
tible reduction in the proportion of union members
in nonagricultural employment. It now stands at
30 percent. The new survey of union membership
is thus further evidence that membership has not
paralleled the shifts in the economy to new indus­
tries and occupations, or to areas of new industrial
concentration. While the drop in membership has
been due to declining employment caused by struc­
tural shifts in the economy and lagging demand
for the products of industry, rather than by worker
disaffection with the labor movement, there is as
yet no evidence of a resurgence of organizing spirit
comparable to that in the late thirties and the early
forties that would bring in large groups of workers
in the expanding segments of the economy.
Changes in membership of individual unions,
which will be discussed in the article mentioned
earlier, should reveal more about the results of
union efforts at attaining a higher proportion of
members within existing units and organizing new
units through the coordinated cooperative pro­
grams that are underway in various areas of the
country.

Price Trends and
the Postwar Market

for Appliances
J a m e s C. D a u g h e r t y *

T h e p e r s i s t e n t w e a k n e s s in appliance prices
since the early 1950’s—a considerably greater
weakness at the retail than at the factory level—
appears paradoxical in the face of the generally
rising trend of prices, in which many related con­
sumer goods have participated. As an extreme
illustration, the Bureau of Labor Statistics index
of retail prices for electric refrigerators in 1962
was 1.1 percent below its prewar (1940) level,
whereas the Consumer Price Index had risen
nearly 116 percent, and consumer prices of both
services and durable commodities had nearly
doubled. Appliances, as a whole, averaged only
35 percent higher at retail in 1962 than in 1940,
and were in fact 25 percent below their 1951 levels.
These price trends, combined with simultaneous
product improvements, bear out the industry’s con­
tention that the consumer is now receiving more
value for his appliance dollar than in the past.1
This situation has developed against the back­
ground of an extremely competitive retail market,
which in turn was caused by improved methods
of production, excess capacity, and overproduction
in the face of an increasingly saturated market.

Price Trends

The present decline in retail appliance prices,
as measured by the CPI, dates back to early 1952.
Between December 1951, when the index for ap­
pliances2 reached a near postwar peak of 125.6


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(1957-59 = 100), and December 1962, retail prices
of household appliances declined 26.7 percent
(table 1). At the same time, the CPI itself rose
14.8 percent, services averaged 34.3 percent higher,
and retail commodity prices rose 6.5 percent.
Among consumer durables, prices of new cars
rose 13.9 percent, living room suites, 4.8 percent,
and wool carpeting, 2.0 percent. At the primary
market level, as measured by the Wholesale Price
Index, appliance prices in December 1962 were
9.8 percent below their December 1951 levels. The
All Commodities index during the same period in­
creased 5.0 percent, and prices of industrial com­
modities (“all commodities other than farm prod­
ucts and processed foods”) rose 11.3 percent;.
Before examining the trends in appliance prices
during these 11 years in greater detail, let us con­
sider developments during the years immediately
following World W ar II. These constitute the
background of the current price situation.
194-6 to 1951. As with many other consumer
durable goods, household appliances were gener­
ally unavailable during the war period. When
they reappeared in quantity in retail markets, in
the second half of 1946, their prices averaged
more than 30 percent higher than in 1941, the last
prewar year in which appliances were produced.
As a result of the accumulated demand and rela­
tive scarcity of the war years, consumer expendi­
tures for these items nearly doubled from $1.8
♦Of the Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Bu­
reau of Labor Statistics.
1 Because of frequent and continuing changes in features and
equipment, the index m aker’s perennial problems w ith quality
changes are particularly prevalent for household appliances. For
both the CPI and the W PI, the BLS tries to price the same item
in successive periods, but when item s disappear or become un­
im portant, a substitute which meets the established specification
m ust be priced. If the differences between the old and substitute
items are minor, prices of the two are compared directly and the
difference is reflected in the index. B ut if there is a sizable dif­
ference in quality and it is possible to do so, prices are adjusted
for the value of the quality difference, usually on the basis of
inform ation supplied by m anufacturers. When it is not possible
to obtain a quantitative evaluation of quality differences, the
Bureau attem pts to obtain the prices of both the old and the
substitute item in the same pricing period and introduces the
price of the new item by “linking,” so th a t the difference in price
is not reflected in the index. Therefore, the BLS appliance
indexes measure the price changes for products of equivalent
quality. They do not measure the cost to the consumer of buying
bigger or better appliances.
(For a detailed discussion of
quality change in the CPI, see “The CPI and Problems of Qual­
ity Change,” M onthly Labor Review, November 1961, pp. 11751185.)
2 In this article, a previously unpublished index of retail prices
for appliances has been used. The published quarterly appli­
ances index includes radios and television receivers, which are
not w ithin the scope of this article.

12Jj9

1260

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

billion in 1946 to $3.5 billion in 1948.3 Between
December 1946 and December 1948, retail appli­
ance prices continued to rise rapidly (20.3 per­
cent) to their all-time high (table 2). Factory
prices also participated in the rise, but increased
only 10 percent by December 1948 (table 3).
By early 1949, the accumulated demand caused
by the war had been fairly well satisfied, and the
first postwar recession brought an end to the up­
turn in consumer prices. During 1949 and the
first half of 1950, retail prices of appliances de­
clined 9.5 percent. The outbreak of the Korean
conflict in late June caused a wave of “scare buy­
ing.” Retail appliance prices rose steadily until
early 1951, but then remained relatively stable
through early 1952, reflecting the imposition of
price, wage, a n d cr ed it co n tro ls in J a n u a r y 1951.
When it became apparent that the crisis would not
cause shortages of consumer goods, these controls
were gradually relaxed, beginning in the spring
of 1952. Thus, the stage was set for the emer­
gence of a buyers’ market for household appli­
ances.
1952 to 1962. In early 1952, retail prices began
a downward movement which, with few interrup­
tions, caused more than a 25-percent decline over
the succeeding 11 years.
For purposes of this analysis, the downtrend
in appliance prices is divided into three periods,
T a b l e 1. P e r c e n t C h a n g e in W h o l e s a l e a n d R e t a il
P r ic e I n d e x e s f o r S e l e c t e d A p p l ia n c e s , D e c e m b e r
T 1951 to D e c e m b e r 1962
Indexes (1957-59=100)
Index and appliances

W P I—Household appliances
C P I—Appliances................................
C PI—Appliances, excluding radios
and television receivers..........
W PI—Cooking ranees. .
W P I—Gas ranges.................................
C P I—Ranges____________________
W P I—Automatic washers
W P I—Wringer-type w ashers............
C P I—Washing machines_______
W P I—Electric refrigerators.................
C P I—Electric refrigerators........ ..........
W PI—Vacuum cleaners
C P I—Vacuum cleaners...
W P I—Toasters______________
C P I—Toasters......................................
W P I—Sewing machines. _
C P I—Sewing machines ... ....

Percent
change

December
1951

December
1962

103.1
121.3

93.0
99.8

- 9 .8
-17.7

125.6
89.8
85.2
104.1
102.9
96.5
109.8
115.3
160.3
100.5
122.8
114.7
137.4
94.8
98.0

92.1
100.2
103.0
95.1
93.5
96.0
89.7
86.9
91.3
88.9
84.5
96.2
95.0
96.9
96.8

-26.7
+11.6
+20.9
-8 .6
-9 .1
-0 .5
-18.3
-24.6
-43.0
-11.5
-31.2
-16.1
-30.9
+ 2.2
- 1 .2

N ote: Exact comparisons between changes in wholesale and retail indexes
for the “same” appliances cannot be made, because of differences in method­
ology, item and outlet samples, and some differences in the quality of the
models priced for each index. The individual appliances for which price
changes are shown are only those which are generally common to both in­
dexes. Prices of additional items are included in the W P I index.


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according to the trends in the CPI appliance in­
dex. Annual average changes in CPI and W PI
appliance price indexes (December to December)
for the three periods were:
1951 to 1953:
C PI____
WPI____
1953 to 1956:
C PI____
WPI____
1956 to 1962:
CPI____
WPI____

Average
percent change
per year

-1. 5
+ 0. 5
-4 . 9
1.0
-

1. 8

-1. 3
Decreases in retail prices were moderate during
1952 and 1953. Between December 1951 and June
1952, they decreased 2 percent, but during the fol­
lowing 18 months, they remained relatively
stable—declining only 1.4 percent. Factory prices
decreased 1.1 percent during the first 6 months of
1952 but rose moderately, by 2.2 percent, to the end
of 1953.
During the period of greatest decline in retail
appliance prices—December 1953 to September
1956—they recorded a decrease of nearly 15 per­
cent. Refrigerator prices bore the brunt of com­
petitive pressures, falling 25.6 percent. On the
other hand, the other “big ticket” items included in
the index—washing machines and ranges—were re­
duced only 3.8 and 5.8 percent, respectively.
Toasters, representative of small appliances in the
CPI, declined 23.3 percent between the end of 1953
and September 1956. Wholesale appliance prices,
on the other hand, continued to rise until mid-1954,
when the postwar high was reached. Not until
early 1955, nearly a year after the beginning of
sharp retail price cuts, were declines in factory
prices noted. Competitive pressures in the retail
market were then reflected in the W PI, which de­
creased 3.9 percent in 1955 and the first half of
1956.
Although the divergence between the CPI and
W PI appliance index had begun in mid-1952, most
of it occurred during 1954-56, primarily as a result
of the greater relative decline at the retail level
(chart l) .4
8
U.8. Income and Output, 1958 supplement (U.S. Departm ent
of Commerce, Office of Business Economics), p. 150.
AP a rt of this could be a ttributed to the cut in m anufacturers’
excise taxes (from 10 to 5 percent) which went into effect Ja n ­
uary 1, 1954. The CPI Includes excise taxes, but the W PI does
not.

1261

PRICE TRENDS FOR APPLIANCES

In the period since 1956, one of gradual price de­
cline, movements of wholesale and retail appliance
prices have shown much greater correspondence,
with respective declines of 7.8 percent and 10.8
percent to the end of 1962. Both indexes have de­
clined further during the first half of 1963, appar­
ently continuing their recent trends.
Competitive Pressures

Discount Houses. Keener competition at the re­
tail level appears to have been the primary cause
of the decline in appliance prices during the past
11 years. The rise of the “discount” house was
the most significant contributing element. When
discount houses began during the late 1940’s, they
were located in low-rent areas near commercial
centers and were therefore easily accessible to
buyers. They carried relatively few lines of mer­
chandise, generally those items (e.g., appliances,
luggage, photographic goods) for which manu­
facturers’ list prices had been, on the whole, main­
tained at unrealistically high levels. Unlike
“conventional” retail outlets, discount houses set
prices at a fixed percentage below suggested retail
prices or above cost. Usually, the brands carried
were well-established and presold by the manu­
facturer through national advertising. The serv­
ices offered were limited or nonexistent. For
example, discounters sold for cash (although some
would arrange for credit through loan or finance
companies), did not accept trade-ins, and charged
extra for delivery and installation.
T a b l e 2. C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x e s f o r A p p l ia n c e s ,
E x c l u d in g R a d io s a n d T e l e v is io n R e c e iv e r s ,
D e c e m b e r 1946 to J u n e 1963
[1957-59=100]
Y ear

M a rc h

Ju n e

S ep te m b er D ecem ber

A nnual
average

1949..........................
1950...........................
1951...........................

109.0
121.2
122.5
116.4
125.4

112.0
120.2
118.1
114.9
125.5

117.8
124.7
118.0
118.6
125.4

105.5
119.9
126.9
117.8
121.7
125.6

113.5
122.7
119.9
117.6
125.1

1952...........................
1953..........................
1954...........................
1955...........................
1956 ______ _____
1957 .........................

124.6
122.1
121.0
114.4
105.9
103.7

122.7
122.2
117.2
113.4
103.9
102.6

122.9
122.3
117.1
112.0
103.2
101.1

122.7
121.9
115.4
108.4
103.2
101.3

123.5
122.2
118.3
112.6
104.5
102.4

1958...........................
1959..........................
1960...........................
1961...........................
1962...........................
1Qfi3

98.8
98.9
98.3
96.0
94.4
91.5

99.2
99.2
97.9
95.8
93.5
91.6

98.9
98.7
96.9
95.3
92.5

98.5
98.6
96.0
94.3
92.1

98.8
98.8
97.5
95.5
93.4

1946
1947
1948


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T able

3.

W h o l e s a l e P r ic e I n d e x e s f o r H o u s e h o l d
A p p l ia n c e s , M a r c h 1947 to J u n e 1963
[1957-59=100]

Vear

March

June

September December

Annual
average

1947
1948.......................
1949.......................
1950.......................
1951.......................

90.7
95.4
97.8
95.2
102.8

91.7
95.3
96.1
95.4
103.0

94.0
98.3
95.5
98.2
102.9

95.5
99.6
95.3
101.8
103.1

92.5
97.0
96.4
97.1
102.8

1952.......................
1953.......................
1954.......................
1955.......................
1956.....................
1957

102.3
102.8
1C4.3
102.1
100.3
101.8

101.8
103.0
104.6
1C1.4
100.1
100.2

102.2
104.0
104.2
101.2
100.5
99.7

102.4
104.0
104.2
100.8
100.9
100.4

102.3
103.3
104.4
101.8
100.5
100.5

1958.......................
1959.......................
1960.......................
1961.......................
1962.......................
1963

100.3
100.2
98.3
95.3
94.9
92.3

100.0
100.1
96.9
95.1
94.3
91.9

99.1
99.4
96.1
95.1
93.2

98.9
98.8
95.7
94.9
93.0

99.8
99.7
97.0
95.2
94.0

Since there was sufficient consumer demand for
most household goods at regular prices immedi­
ately following the war, the growth of discount
houses was initially slow. Discounting of ap­
pliances spurted following the end of the Korean
conflict in 1953; while continued high production
and lagging sales brought heavy inventories,
manufacturers and distributors attempted to move
appliances outside “regular” distribution channels.
Overstocked distributors and dealers made spe­
cial “deals” with discounters who could, because
of their low overhead and high volume, dispose
of large quantities of appliances at prices well
below list. In some cases, it was said that manu­
facturers were selling directly to discounters, thus
bypassing their normal channels of distribution.
As larger discounters began to expand, smaller
merchants entered the field, usually purchasing
items as needed from local distributors and deal­
ers in other cities. The “transshipping” of ap­
pliances, to a city other than the one from which
they were ordered, was a major factor in the
spread of discount houses.
As the discount house began to dominate the
market, regular outlets found themselves serving
merely as “showcases” for appliances and at­
tempted to regain customers by demanding that
manufacturers and distributors sell only through
franchised dealers and that fair trade laws be
strictly enforced. Those manufacturers who at­
tempted to control the distribution and selling
prices of their products met with little success,
however, and a number of producers were said to
be more concerned with maintaining high produc-

1262
Chart 1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
Appliance Prices and the General Price
Level, 1947-62

tion and sales. In any event, the traditional dis­
tribution system afforded no tight control of the
movement of goods after they left the factory, and
transshipment made the origin of goods difficult
to trace.
Efforts to enforce fair trade laws also met with
little success, primarily because discounting was so
widespread that manufacturers were unable, and
perhaps in some cases unwilling, to enforce com­
pliance with fair trade pricing under statutes
then in existence. This, combined with adverse
court decisions in many States,5 resulted in vir­
tually complete abandonment of fair trade for
appliances.
In the meantime, conventional appliance and
department stores had begun to meet discount com­
petition in a number of ways. At first, they re­
sponded by publicizing services, installation, and
warranties, while attempting to maintain selling
prices at or near list prices. Gradually, however,
other means were employed. Some stores gave
outright price cuts or discounts; others accom­
plished the same effect with overallowances on
trade-ins. As major producers abandoned fair
trade and, ultimately the use of list prices alto­
gether, many outlets openly met the competition.
The development of the new methods of mer­
chandising and the consequent price decreases
were accompanied by steady decreases in the profit


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margins of appliance dealers from the record levels
attained between World War I I and the Korean
conflict. According to a survey conducted by the
National Appliance and Radio-TV Dealers’ Asso­
ciation,6 an association of independent appliance,
radio, and television retailers, dealer net profits
after taxes declined from the 6.8 percent of sales
recorded in 1947 and 6.0 percent in 1950 to 1.1 per­
cent in 1962, despite the record volume of 1962
sales. Low profits have been particularly evident
since 1955. During this 7-year period, dealer
profits averaged only 0.93 percent. In the 5 pre­
ceding years, 1951-55, dealer profits averaged 2.9
percent of sales, and between 1947 and 1950, they
averaged 5.7 percent. Much of the relatively
larger decline in retail prices (compared with
wholesale prices) can probably be attributed to
competitive pressure on retailers.
Discount houses were not included in the sample
of outlets in which appliances prices were collected
for the CPI until after the sharpest decreases in
appliance prices were recorded in 1954-56. There­
fore, the declines registered by the index during
those years reflected, for the most part, the com­
petitive reactions of conventional retailers to the
growing importance of discount stores. To the
extent that these reactions postdated the entrance
of discounters into the market in substantial vol­
ume, the index lagged temporarily in its measure­
ment of the “real” price decline.7 Discount houses
are now included in the index outlet sample in
cities where they are important.
Overproduction and Market Shrinkage. The
competitive market situation has been intensified
by a general shrinkage of the appliance market,
in relative terms, since the early 1950’s, combined
with a general increase in productive capacity and
consequent overproduction. According to U.S.
Department of Commerce estimates, personal con­
sumption expenditures for furniture and house­
hold equipment reached a peak of 7.2 percent of
5 The decision in General Electric v. Masters Mail Order Go. of
W ashington, which the U.S. Supreme Court on July 10, 1957,
refused to review, was generally regarded as the coup de grace
for the enforcement of fa ir trade laws w ith respect to appliances.
6 Seventeenth Annual Gosts-of-Doing Business Survey (Chi­
cago, National Appliance and Radio-TV Dealers’ Association,
1963). Cited by permission.
7 The index would not, however, have reflected the difference in
price levels between discount houses and regular outlets, because
prices from new outlets are linked into the index.

1263

PRICE TRENDS FOR APPLIANCES

expenditures for all goods and services in 1950.8
By 1961 and 1962, this proportion had declined
to 5.7 percent. The share of expenditures for
appliances among household goods had in turn
decreased from 28.1 percent in 1950 to 24.0 per­
cent in 1962. These decreases are corroborated
by preliminary data from the Bureau’s Survey of
Consumer Expenditures,9 covering 17 large met­
ropolitan areas in which surveys were conducted
in 1950 and 1960. While the average dollar
amounts devoted to the purchase of housefurnishings and equipment by the responding families
increased in 14 of the 17 areas, the proportion of
total expenditures for these items rose in only
one area. In 1950, the unweighted average of
expenditures for housefurnishings in these areas
was $255 per family, or 6.3 percent of total ex­
penditures for current consumption. In 1960, the
average family expenditure rose to $290, but this
represented only 5.1 percent of total expenditures.
Much of this decrease in relative importance is
the result of price decreases; however, it also rep­
resents decreases in physical volume.
Further support for this view is found in the
market saturation, as measured by the proportion
of wired homes equipped with specific appliances.10
8
U.S. Income and Output, op. cit., pp. 150-153, and Survey of
Current Business, July 1963, pp. 20-21.
8 Consumer Expenditures and Income, Survey of Consumer
Expenditures, 1960-61 (BLS Reports 237-1, et seq.).
10
These estim ates are published each January in Electrical
Merchandising Week.

Chart 2.

For example, the proportion of wired homes
equipped with electric refrigerators rose rapidly,
from 67.2 percent in 1946 to 86.3 percent in 1951.
The estimate for January 1963 is 99.5 percent.
Similarly, the saturation of washing machines
rose from 71.8 percent in 1951 to 95.7 percent as of
January 1962. On the other hand, “growth” ap­
pliances such as dishwashers, clothes dryers, and
room air conditioners were estimated to have been
installed in a considerably lower proportion of
wired homes in January 1963 (8.9, 22.9, and 14.8
percent, respectively). Although the industry has
vigorously promoted these “low saturation” ap­
pliances, the older, standard items such as refrig­
erators, ranges, and washing machines still account
for the greatest part of industry sales.
As a consequence, replacement sales are account­
ing for an increasing proportion of the total. Elec­
trical Merchandising 'Week has estimated that 70.9
percent of refrigerator sales in 1962 were replace­
ments for older or wornout units. Similarly, re­
placements accounted for 69.7 percent of washer
sales, 54.6 percent of electric range sales, and 64.0
percent for vacuum cleaners.
With the “core” of the market thus restricted, the
appliance industry has become dependent to a
significant degree on broader factors such as f amily
formation and the level of new housing construc­
tion to provide the stimulus for any substantial in­
creases in sales. (See chart 2.) The upturns in
private home construction which occurred in 1950,

Retail Prices and Sales of Refrigerators and Ranges and Housing Starts, 1 9 4 7 - 6 2

INOEX 1957-1959:100

709-654— 63------ 2


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IN THOUSANDS

INOEX 1957-1959:100

IN THOUSANDS

1,800

800

1,700

1,700

1,600

1,600

1,500

1,500

1,400

1,400

1,300

1,300

1,200

1 ,2 0 0

1,100

1 ,1 0 0

1 ,0 00

1 ,0 0 0

900

900

800

800

1264
1955,1959, and 1962 were each accompanied by sub­
stantial increases in appliance production and
sales. Conversely, declines in new home construc­
tion have produced sharp decreases in the factory
output and sales of many appliances. Parentheti­
cally, most sales of appliances to builders and con­
tractors are made directly by manufacturers or dis­
tributors; therefore, conventional retailers do not
share in this market to any significant extent.
Appliances and Business Activity

Production and sales of durable goods in all
categories are particularly sensitive to the fluctua­
tions of business conditions in general. House­
hold durables, especially appliances, have histori­
cally exhibited wide fluctuations in output and
sales during periods of change in the overall level
of business activity. For example, during the
1948-49 recession, the industrial production index
dropped 8.3 percent from its prerecession high in
July 1948 to its low in July 1949, while appliance
production decreased 29.7 percent (from October
1948 to May 1949).11 The recovery from that re­
cession produced a rise of 47.7 percent in total out­
put (July 1949 to July 1953) and a 66.0-percent in­
crease in appliance production (May 1949 to
March 1953). Similarly, the recession of 1960-61
witnessed a decrease of 7.4 percent in the overall
index (January 1960 to February 1961) and an
11.5-percent drop in the rate of appliance output
(December 1959 to March 1961). Through June
1963 in the current recovery, there has been a rise
of 27.9 percent in appliance production and an
increase of 21.5 percent in total output. These
variations result in part from the fact that con­
sumer purchases of appliances, particularly “new”
appliances which are often considered to be con­
veniences and not necessities, are normally postponable for indefinite periods of time. Purchases
of replacements are also postponable but to a some­
what lesser extent.
Some activities of manufacturers themselves—
overoptimistic forecasting, overproduction, inven­
tory accumulation, and consequent “dumping” of
excess merchandise at reduced prices—have
plagued the industry on several occasions during
the past decade. Industry observers have often
stated that a forecast of a 5-percent increase in


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

sales (for example) will prompt many individual
manufacturers to increase production by 10 per­
cent. The resulting excess often produces some
price instability, because competitive reactions on
the part of producers and distributors with “nor­
mal” production and inventory levels will often
place price cuts on an industrywide basis. In the
early stages of a recovery, at least a few producers
may institute price cuts to gain a larger share of
an expanding market. On the other hand, a de­
cline in business activity may be accompanied by
price reductions to stimulate sales and/or reduce
excess stocks.
The Current Market

The causes of the weakness in appliance prices
appear to have become imbedded in the market
situation over the past decade. Many industry
spokesmen have publicly taken the position that
excess capacity and recurring overproduction,
stemming from the consumer goods boom of the
late 1940’s and early 1950’s, are at the heart of the
continuing price declines. This appears to be only
part of the answer. Under present methods of
distribution, special deals (for example, to build­
ers) effectively undercut conventional outlets and
appear to preclude the possibility of their realizing
stable market conditions. Given the extremely
competitive market conditions of the industry, it
may be extremely difficult to establish the desired
stability.
On the whole, however, the current market situa­
tion for appliances is far less chaotic than it was
in the mid-1950’s. During the past few years,
manufacturers have instituted a number of meas­
ures to aline production and inventories more
closely with sales. Improved (and more realistic)
forecasting, increased use of electronic computers,
and improved reporting procedures are but a few
of the devices being employed. Retailers, too, are
meeting this problem by gearing orders to sales
and thus avoiding excessive stocks. A number of
producers have instituted alternative methods of
distribution and franchising as a means of exer­
cising more control over pricing.
11
Based on seasonally adjusted indexes : Industrial Production,
1957-59 Base (W ashington, Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System), pp. 8-10, S-25 ; see also the Board’s monthly
Business Indexes release (series G.12.3).

1265

PRICE TRENDS FOR APPLIANCES

Many of the former distinctions between dis­
count houses and regular outlets have become less
sharp. Discount houses have been offering more
services and improving the physical appearance
of their stores. At the same time, conventional
retailers have become competitive in terms of price
and have succeeded in reducing their overhead
costs, even to cutting back on some of the services

offered. The use of manufacturers’ suggested re­
tail prices, once nearly universal, has decreased
markedly. Such changes appear to have slowed
the decline. However, it remains to be seen
whether or not prices will level off in view of the
fact that the industry remains extremely com­
petitive and there still remains substantial unused
manufacturing capacity.

The equipment to be used for getting the laundry done in American homes
was described in one of the national women’s magazines in 1901:
Tlie things absolutely necessary in doing a family washing are tubs, wash­
board, boiler, clothes-stick, pail, long-handled dipper, clotheslines and pins, irons,
and ironing board. In addition to these, when possible one should have a good
wringer, mangle, hot or cold, separate boards for shirts, shirtwaists, and sleeves,
shirt bosoms, and trousers.

Many workers’ wives at the beginning of the century did not have all the
“absolutely necessary” things. They were more likely to have only one tub
(wooden or galvanized iron), a washboard, a clothesline, and an iron and an
ironing board. Some of them, however, had washing machines based on the
principle of removal of dirt by friction, which had been used in washing
clothes throughout recorded time. Handcranked wooden washers retained
the rubbing principle through grooved sides and bottoms and paddles, and
one had a device resembling a three-legged stool attached to its cover. If
the kitchen had the requisite water supply, washers powered by water could
be used by attaching a hose to the faucet. The 1908 report on the Homestead
study reported that one of the steelworkers had such a machine. However,
use of such a washing machine would not have been possible in a large pro­
portion (if not in most) of the workers’ homes in 1900, because their homes
did not have running water.
—From How American Buying H a lits Change (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1959), p. 88.


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Health and Insurance
Benefits for
Salaried Employees
Arne H. Anderson

and

W illiam F. H ahn *

S alaried employees generally have broader health
and insurance coverage than production workers,
but more often pay part of the cost. They usually
have larger life insurance and accidental death and
dismemberment benefits, especially where they
may purchase additional insurance in an amount
related to their earnings. Although their basic
health benefits (hospital, surgical, and medical)
are usually the same as those for production work­
ers, they often have more comprehensive health
coverage because most of their plans also include
major medical benefits, which are relatively un­
common in production workers’ plans. These are
some of the significant differences noted in a com­
parison of the health and insurance programs sum­
marized in the Bureau’s forthcoming digest of 50
salaried employees’ plans with the programs for
production workers analyzed in other recent Bu­
reau reports.1
The 50 health and insurance plans ranged in size
from about one thousand to several hundred thou­
sand employees. They were selected to illustrate
the various types of coverage available to salaried
employees of one or more of the major companies
in each industry.2 Although the plans were not
selected as a representative sample, the benefits
provided are indicative of the types and levels of
benefits available to salaried employees in large
companies.3
Participation in some plans studied was auto­
matic; the employee and his dependents were
covered immediately upon commencement of his


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employment. Most plans, however, required the
employee to work from 1 to 6 months before he
could participate in the plan.
A typical health and insurance program for sal­
aried employees4 provides many types of protec­
tion for both active and retired employees and
their dependents.5 All of the plans studied pro­
vided life insurance for active employees, and 4
out of 5 extended this benefit to retirees. With
few exceptions, hospital and surgical benefits were
also provided active employees and their depend­
ents. Betired employees and their dependents
were covered by hospital and surgical benefits by
less than half of the plans. About the same pro­
portion of plans extended major medical benefits
to retirees and their dependents, although 4 out
of 5 plans provided this benefit for active em­
ployees and their dependents. Major medical
benefits were always provided for active employees
and, with one exception, their dependents, where
hospital, surgical and/or medical benefits were
♦Of the Division of In dustrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 Digest of SO Selected H ealth and Insurance Plans for Salaried
Employees, Spring 1963 (forthcoming BLS Bulletin 1377), and
Digest of One Hundred Selected H ealth and Insurance Plans
Under Collective Bargaining, W inter 1961-62 (BLS Bulletin
1330). The Bureau’s earlier analysis of production worker plans
also bear out this conclusion. See H ealth and Insurance Plans
Under Collective Bargaining: L ife Insurance and Accidental
Death and Dismemberment Benefits, Early Summer 1960 (BLS
Bulletin 1296) ; Major Medical Benefits, Fall 1960 (BLS Bulletin
1293) ; Surgical and Medical Benefits, Late Summ er 1959 (BLS
B ulletin 1280) ; Hospital Benefits, Early 1959 (BLS Bulletin
1274) ; Accident and Sickness Benefits, Fall 1958 (BLS Bulletin
1250).
2 The names of the companies selected are given in the fo rth ­
coming bulletin.
3 Although many plans made available identical benefits to all
salaried employees of a company, under some plans one or more of
the benefits varied according to an employee’s classification, geo­
graphic location, or both. For this article, where variations w ith­
in a plan occurred, the benefits and provisions analyzed were those
available to the largest group of salaried employees.
4 Salaried employee program s analyzed in this article covered
professional, technical, adm inistrative, clerical, and sales workers
and, in many cases, executives as well.
BF or a description of the various benefits provided by a plan,
see the Bureau publications listed in footnote 1, and Paid Sick
Leave Provisions in Major Union Contracts, 1959 (BLS Bulletin
1282).
Paid sick leave benefits, where formalized, are discussed in this
article, because of the common practice in private industry to
continue a salaried employee’s pay during an absence as a supple­
m ent to, or in lieu of, weekly accident and sickness benefits. How­
ever, as in other Bureau reports, inform al arrangem ents are not
accounted for.
“Dependents” include the employee’s spouse and children under
a specified age, usually age 19.
The term “retired worker” as used in this article does not neces­
sarily cover all pensioners. Employees retired before the exten­
sion of benefits to pensioners and those not meeting the prescribed
eligibility requirements may not be covered by a plan.

1266

BENEFITS FOR SALARIED EMPLOYEES

not included. On the other hand, only seven of
the plans without any basic health benefits and
four without one or more of the basic health bene
fits for retired employees and their dependents
included major medical benefits for them. Thirtynine plans included temporary disability benefits.6
Salaried employees, unlike production workers,
usually had to pay part of the cost of their bene­
fits.7 The employer paid the full cost of all em­
ployees’ benefits in only 1 out of 7 plans; all
dependents’ benefits were paid for entirely by the
employer in a slightly higher proportion of plans
(1 out of 5). For retired workers and their de­
pendents, however, employers more commonly
paid the full cost. In about 1 out of 4 of the
plans extending benefits to retired workers and
to their dependents, employers assumed the entire
cost of all the extended coverages.
Active workers’ benefits whose cost is related
to the employee’s salary level—life insurance, ac­
cidental death and dismemberment, and major
medical benefits—were usually jointly financed,
while those not related to earnings—hospital, sur­
gical, and basic medical benefits—were usually
entirely employer-financed.8 However, tempo­
rary disability benefits (accident and sickness and
sick leave), although their cost varies with earn­
ings, were usually employer-financed, because sick
leave is always employer-financed. About 4 out

e The omission of these benefits from 11 plans was probably due
to employees being covered by inform al sick leave arrangem ents
which are outside of the scope of this article and by statutory
benefits in States w ith tem porary disability benefit laws.
7 The package of benefits for each group of insured individuals
(active employees, dependents of active employees, retired em­
ployees and dependents of retired employees) was classified as
jointly financed if the worker contributed tow ard the cost of one
or more of the benefits included in the package or if he made a
general contribution toward the cost of all benefits.
8 For plans where the allocation of employee contributions to
specified benefits was not stated, each individual benefit was clas­
sified as jointly financed.
8 If supplementary (optional) life insurance was excluded, the
plans were nearly equally divided between employer and joint
financing. However, because 10 plans provide employer-financed
basic coverage and jointly financed supplementary coverage, and
5 plans provide employer-financed basic coverage and employeefinanced supplementary coverage, nearly 4 out of 5 were jointly
financed when supplementary benefits were included.
10 The sections on life insurance, accidental death and dismem­
berment, and tem porary disability benefits relate only to benefits
provided the active employees. Only one plan provided a life in­
surance benefit for dependents. Temporary disability benefits,
which depend on active employment, and accidental death and
dismemberment benefits were not extended to dependents.
u The to tal am ount of life insurance consists of the am ount of
basic coverage plus, where provided, the amount of supplementary
(additional) insurance available to employees.


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1267
of 5 of the plans required the employee to pay
part of the cost of his total life insurance cover­
age.9 A smaller proportion of plans (less than
3 out of 5) provided jointly financed accidental
death and dismemberment and major medical
benefits. In contrast, employer-financed tempo­
rary disability and basic medical benefits were
provided by 7 out of 10 of the plans, and employerfinanced hospital and surgical benefits, by over
half of the plans. Except for major medical
benefits, the employee was seldom required to pay
the full cost of any of his benefits.
Active employees contributed to the cost of their
dependents’ benefits more often than they did to
their own. Dependents’ benefits were jointly fi­
nanced by about half of the plans, and in most of
the remaining plans the employer paid the entire
cost of the basic health care benefits. The cost of
major medical benefits, however, was borne entire­
ly by the employee in about the same number of
plans as it was borne entirely by the employer.
The financing of health benefits for retired em­
ployees and their dependents followed the pattern
of financing of benefits for dependents of active
workers, except that major medical benefits were
employee-financed, rather than jointly financed, in
about half the plans. On the other hand, life in­
surance, which was usually jointly financed for ac­
tive workers, was usually company-financed when
extended to retired workers.
Active Employees’ and Dependents’ Benefits 10

Life Insurance. All 50 plans included a life in­
surance benefit for salaried employees. Usually,
the total amount of coverage for each worker was
determined by his salary (44 plans).11 Some
plans, however, provided either a uniform benefit
for all employees, regardless of salary (three
plans), or varied the amount according to the
employee’s length of service (three plans). Where
both basic and optional supplementary coverages
were available, usually both were geared to earn­
ings. The practice of providing total life insur­
ance coverage based on salary is more common
among salaried employees’ plans than among pro­
duction workers’ plans.
The total amount of insurance provided under
the graduated-by-salary plans, including both
basic and supplementary coverage, varied greatly.

1268

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

For the $5,000-a-year employee,12 it ranged from
a low of $4,000 to a high of $15,000, and averaged
about $9,000.13 For basic alone, the average bene­
fit was about $7,000.
Salaried employees often have significantly
higher life insurance coverage than production
workers in the same company.14 To illustrate, the
$5,000-a-year white-collar worker at Pittsburgh
Plate Glass Co., whose benefit was related to his
salary level, had a life insurance benefit of $15,000,
while a $5,000-a-year production worker employed
at that company, whose coverage would be the
same regardless of what he earned, had $5,000
coverage. However, the salaried employee con­
tributed to the cost of his insurance coverage and
the production worker did not.
Women employees were usually eligible for the
same amount of coverage as men. Only four
plans afforded women workers earning $5,000 or
more annually less protection than was made avail­
able to males at the same salary level.
Unless his salary changed, the amount of life
insurance, under most plans, remained the same
for the active worker during his entire period of
employment, regardless of his age. Eleven of the
plans studied, however, reduced benefits for the
older employees. The age of reduction was most
frequently 65, although it ranged from 55 to 68.
Under some plans, the benefits were reduced by a
single reduction at a specified age, but usually they
were decreased gradually at regular intervals un­
til minimum amounts were reached. These mini­
mum amounts were maintained for the duration of
the worker’s active employment.15

T em p o ra ry D is a b ility B en efits .16 About fourfifths of the plans provided temporary disability
benefits for salaried workers—a somewhat
smaller proportion than among production work­
er plans. About a third of the plans had only
accident and sickness benefits, a fifth only sick
leave, and another fifth both. The benefits for
salaried workers were, in general, more liberal
than those available to production workers be­
cause sick leave plans were more prevalent and
because combined plans—the most generous
type—were also relatively more common.
WeeJcly acciden t a n d sickness benefits in all but
6 of the 27 plans were based on employees’ earn­
ings. The weekly benefits provided the $5,000-ayear worker ranged from $40 to $70 and averaged
about $55 or approximately 57 percent of the
employee’s weekly salary.17 The six uniform
benefit plans paid smaller benefits than the gradedby-salary plans; their average weekly benefit was
only $33.75—about one-third of the weekly salary
of a worker earning $5,000 annually. Neverthe­
less, salaried employee benefits were, on the whole,
slightly higher than those for production workers
at the same earnings level. Only two plans, both
with uniform benefits, paid smaller benefits to
women than to men.
In half of the plans, benefits were immediately
payable if the disability was caused by a nonoccu­
pational accident. The remaining plans specified
a waiting period for nonoccupational accident ben­
efits ranging from 3 to 21 days—most frequently 7
days. The waiting period for sickness benefits was

A c c id e n ta l D e a th a n d D ism em b erm en t B en efits.

12
In order to facilitate the analysis of salaried employees’ bene­
fits and, where appropriate, the comparison of salary and produc­
tion workers’ plans, benefits were computed a t an earnings level
typical of both groups— $5,000 a year. The amounts shown in
this article for those employees under graduated plans would not
be applicable to employees a t other salary levels.
18
All averages cited in this article were computed by giving
equal weight to the am ount provided by each plan.
14 A recent survey by the National Industrial Conference Board
reached the same conclusion. See Management Record, November
1962, pp. 3-5.
15 Under these 11 plans, newly hired older workers also received
less coverage than th a t available to younger employees. One ad­
ditional plan reduced the amount of insurance available to em­
ployees becoming insured afte r age 45 but did not reduce the
coverage of employees hired before th a t age.
18 This analysis is lim ited to nonoccupational accident and sick­
ness benefits and sick leave. Benefits for occupational disabilities
are om itted because coverage is often provided in other ways such
as through workmen’s compensation.
17 Nine of these plans also contained provisions for paid sick
leave benefits, which, w ith few exceptions, supplemented accident
and sickness benefits. See Paid Sick Leave on page 1269.

The accidental death and dismemberment benefits
provided by 32 plans were always payable in addi­
tion to the life insurance benefit. However, in nine
plans, no benefit was payable if death or disability
resulted from a job-connected accident and in three
plans, if it resulted from a nonoccupational acci­
dent. In most plans, the amount of the accidental
death and dismemberment benefit was determined
by the salary level.
The amounts of accidental death benefit and
basic life insurance were often equal. However,
supplementary life insurance was often not
matched by a like amount of accidental death
coverage.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

BENEFITS FOR SALARIED EMPLOYEES

often more restrictive. With two exceptions, the
commencement of sickness benefits was delayed
until after the employee was absent for 3 to 21
days—usually 7 days. Under several plans, how­
ever, waiting periods were waived if the worker
was hospitalized during the waiting period.
The weekly accident and sickness benefit of most
of the plans were payable for at least 26 weeks per
disability. Only three plans provided the benefit
for a shorter period (13 weeks).
The amount of the accident and sickness benefit
remained unchanged during the entire period of
active employment, regardless of the age of the
employee. Four plans, however, placed a limit on
the number of weeks per year for which benefits
would be paid after an employee reached age 60.
Extended disability benefits—benefits payable in
addition to basic accident and sickness benefits—•
were included in two plans for employees absent
because of a long-lasting disability. Both the
Aluminum Co. of America and the Campbell
Soup Co. programs paid workers disabled through
sickness or accident for at least 6 months 40 and
50 percent of their base salary, respectively, until
age 65. Other companies granted benefits for ex­
tended disabilities through their pension pro­
grams.18
P a id sick leave was provided by 21 of the plans.
Nine plans with paid sick leave also provided
weekly accident and sickness benefits. Usually
sick leave payments were reduced by the amount
of the accident and sickness benefit, or payments of
the latter began after the expiration of the former.
Salaried employees were usually eligible for sick
leave pay either immediately or within 3 months
after their employment. However, three plans re­
quired a year’s employment and one required 2
years. There was no noticeable difference in the
minimum service requirements of plans with uni­
form benefit periods and the plans relating the
benefit to the employee’s length of service.
is See forthcoming BLS Bulletin 1373, Digest of F ifty Selected
Pension Plans for Salaried Employees, Spring 1963, for
perm anent and total disability benefits of the salaried employee
pension plans of the same companies whose health and insurance
plans were digested in forthcom ing BLS Bulletin 1377.
i9
Different benefits were provided employees and dependents by
five plans, including two covering employees in California. The
two California plans provided different benefits for employees
than for dependents during the first 20 days of hospitalization,
because employees, in addition to being eligible for the plans’
benefits, were eligible during this period for the $12-a-day benefit
provided under the S tate’s tem porary disability law.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1269
Salaried employees covered by the eight plans
with a uniform benefit period were paid for tem­
porary disability absences ranging from 1 to
26 weeks. Three plans with brief benefit periods
of 1 or 2 weeks were supplemented by accident and
sickness benefits; longer benefit periods (4, 8, or 26
weeks) were stipulated by all but one of the plans
without accident and sickness benefits. Full pay
was provided for the entire benefit period by 7 out
of 8 plans. Under the remaining plan, full salary
was paid for 13 weeks and half salary for an addi­
tional 13 weeks.
The graduated-by-service benefit found in 13
plans was frequently more complex than the uni­
form benefit. For example, several of the gradu­
ated paid sick leave plans, in addition to compen­
sating employees meeting the minimum service
requirements with full pay during specified peri­
ods of absences, extended benefits for additional
periods at less than full pay.
Disabled employees who had only the minimum
service required by plans with a graduated-by­
service benefit were granted full pay for 1 week
per year (five plans), for 2 weeks (seven plans),
or for 8 weeks (one plan). Employees attaining
the maximum service credited by these plans (5 to
25 years) were given full pay for much longer
periods, usually 12 weeks or more.
Hospital Benefits. Basic hospital benefits for nonmaternity disabilities were provided salaried em­
ployees and their dependents by all plans except
the three that provided comprehensive major med­
ical benefits instead. With few exceptions, both
employees and their dependents were accorded
identical benefits.19 Service benefits were included
in 26 plans, cash allowances in 16, and service
room-and-board benefits plus cash allowances for
ancillary services in 4.
The period during which full benefits were pay­
able ranged from 21 days to 730 days—usually not
less than 70 days. All of the plans with full-bene­
fit periods of 21 days and a few others had ex­
tended coverage periods ranging from 50 to 180
days (most frequently 180 days) during which a
fraction (usually half) of the full benefits were
payable. The duration of hospital benefits was
generally longer in service plans than in cash
plans. For example, a full-benefit period of at
least 70 days was available in about three-fourths

1270
of the service benefit plans but in only two-fifths
of the cash plans.
The 30 plans with service room-and-board bene­
fits paid the full cost of semiprivate room accom­
modations during the full-benefit period. Dur­
ing the extended coverage period included in 11
of these plans, the daily benefit was, with one ex­
ception, half of the semiprivate room charge.
Fifteen of the 17 plans with cash room-and-board
benefits paid daily allowances during the fullbenefit period that ranged from $12 to $20 for
employees and from $10 to $32 for dependents.
They averaged $14 for employees and $13 for de­
pendents. Plans of the International Business
Machines Corp. and of Safeway Stores provided
benefits on a coinsurance basis, i.e., they paid al­
lowances of 75 and 80 percent, respectively, of the
daily semiprivate room rate prevailing in the hos­
pital used by the patient.
Hospital charges for ancillary services were cov­
ered, at least partially, by both the service and
cash benefit plans. The 27 service plans paid the
full cost of specified services during the full-bene­
fit period and part of it (usually 50 percent) dur­
ing extended coverage periods. The cash plans,
on the other hand, provided for the full reim­
bursement of the cost of all extra services up to a
stated maximum or provided for the full payment
up to a certain level with additional reimburse­
ment on a percentage basis (e.g., up to $200 in full
plus 75 percent of the next $2,000 of charges).
In the 13 plans paying full reimbursements up
to a fixed maximum amount, the maximums were,
with one exception, less than $400 and averaged
$257 for employees and $202 for dependents. The
full reimbursements provided by the five plans
making further reimbursements on a percentage
basis averaged $262 for each group.
Surgical Benefits. Basic surgical benefits were in­
cluded in all but five plans, which covered surgical
fees solely through their major medical benefits
plans. Most of the surgical plans provided uni­
form cash benefits to all employees (32 plans) and
their dependents (31 plans) regardless of their in­
come. Twelve plans provided service benefits to
employees and their dependents with incomes be­
low certain limits; 20 all others received uniform
cash benefits. Half of these service plans limited
service benefits to employees with a family income


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

of under $4,000 or, if single, of $2,500. The rest
had higher income limits ($7,500 for both single
and married employees was usually the maxi­
mum). One plan provided service benefits irre­
spective of employee income.
While the “maximum schedule allowance”—the
allowance provided for the most expensive opera­
tion—ranged from $150 to $825, most plans pro­
vided a maximum of $250 or $300. The allowance
for an appendectomy, one of the most common
surgical procedures, varied from $100 to $220, and
most frequently was $125 or $150, or about half the
maximum schedule allowances.
Basic Medical Benefits. Basic medical benefits—
reimbursements for doctor visits not involving
surgery or obstetrics—provided salaried employ­
ees were included in 34 plans and for their de­
pendents in 31. All 16 plans without basic medi­
cal benefits for employees and 18 out of the 19
without such benefits for dependents partly re­
imbursed employees for doctor bills by providing
major medical benefits. Doctor visits in the hos­
pital were reimbursed, at least in part, by all plans
with basic medical benefits. Home and office visits
for employees were also reimbursed by eight plans
and for dependents by two plans.
Most of the plans provided cash benefits. The
10 service-with-income-limits medical plans, like
the associated surgical plans, gave service bene­
fits21 only to employees and dependents with in­
comes below a specified amount—usually $2,500 a
year for individual and $4,000 a year for those
with family coverage. Employees whose income
fell within stipulated limits were given these bene­
fits for a specified number of visits; they had to
pay the cost of additional visits.
With three exceptions, benefits for hospital
visits began immediately. Of the eight plans pro­
viding employees with home and office care of
accident disabilities, all but two provided imme­
diate coverage. However, in the case of sickness
disabilities, a short waiting period of not more
than 3 days was required by most plans before
benefits began.
The benefit amounts varied according to loca­
tion of the visit (e.g., The Crown Zellerbach
120Doctors agreed to accept as full paym ent the schedule allow­
ances if the annual income of the insured was below a specified
amount.
21 Ibid.

BENEFITS FOR SALARIED EMPLOYEES

Corp. plan provided $3 per day for visits in the
hospital, $4 for office visits, and $6 for home
visits). The daily in-hospital allowances avail­
able to employees were typically $3 and $4 (10
plans each) and $5 (8 plans).22 For dependents
they were usually $3 (7 plans), $4 (10 plans), and
$5 (8 plans). Office visit allowances were some­
what lower, ranging between $2 and $4 per visit.
For home visits they were usually $3 or $5.
Basic medical benefits were provided for a
specified number of visits per disability. The inhospital benefits, as a rule, were allowed only for
visits on days for which hospital benefits were pay­
able. The maximum amount allowable for any one
illness, which depends on the per visit allowance
and the length of the period during which it was
payable, ranged from $93 to $2,190. The median
was $450.
Major Medical Benefits. Major medical benefits
for salaried employees and their dependents were
found in 40 of the 50 plans. In 37 plans it supple­
mented basic health benefits (supplementary
major medical) and in 3 plans it was the only
health benefit provided (comprehensive major
medical).
With four exceptions, the insured had to pay in
full for the initial part of all his family’s personal
health care expenses not provided by the plan’s
basic hospital-surgical-medical benefits—the “de­
ductible”—before major medical benefits were
paid. In 33 plans, a “corridor” deductible was
specified; that is, the deductible was the
amount of health care expenses in excess of that
covered by the basic benefits, which the insured
had to pay in full. Four plans had an “inte­
grated” deductible, computed by subtracting the
value of the basic benefits used from the deductible
amount.
A uniform deductible—an amount payable by
the insured regardless of his income—was speci­
fied in 2 out of 3 of the plans. In the other plans,
the amount of the deductible depended on the
22 The higher-than-usual allowances for the first few visits or
days found in a few plans have been ignored; and the lower
amounts, which applied subsequently, were used in these tabula­
tions. However, the higher am ounts were used if the plans first
provided a higher allowance for an extended number of visits and
la te r a reduced amount.
23 Where the deductible was dependent on earnings, the amount
applicable to the employee earning $5,000 annually has been used
in the text.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1271
insured’s annual income.23 For employees with
annual salaries of $5,000 and their dependents, the
deductibles ranged from $25 to $500. Four plans
with deductibles of $25, $50, $62.50, and $100 did
not subject hospital and surgical expenses to the
deductible (i.e., coinsurance was immediately pay­
able for these expenses), and two plans with maxi­
mum deductibles of $50 and $100 specified lower
deductibles for hospital expenses than for' other
health care expenses. The “corridor” deductible
amounts were never more than $200 and, most
frequently, $100. On the other hand, the “inte­
grated” deductibles were higher, i.e., $300 and
$500, but subject to reduction by the value of the
basic benefits.
The period during which expenses to satisfy the
deductible might be accumulated ranged from 3
months to 2 years—usually 12 months or 1 calen­
dar year. However, to reduce the effect of using
an arbitrarily selected 12-month period—a calen­
der year—most of these plans credited toward the
deductible those unreimbursed expenses incurred
in the last 3 months of the preceding calendar year,
even though they may have been used to satisfy
that year’s deductible. In the plans with a cal­
endar-year accumulation period, the deductible,
usually $100, was applicable to all disabilities.
Furthermore, over half of the plans (14) with
other accumulation periods applied the deductible
to all disabilities occurring within a specified
period. In the remaining 10 plans, it was applied
to each disability.
Once the deductible amount was satisfied, em­
ployees and dependents were reimbursed for 80
percent of excess costs in 23 plans and 75 percent
in 17 plans. However, two comprehensive major
medical plans paid a higher percentage of some
of the charges in excess of the deductible. The
American Airlines plan absorbed the entire cost
of hospital services up to $500 and 80 percent of
the remainder; The General Electric Co. plan paid
the full cost of hospital and surgical charges up
to $225 and 85 percent of the remainder. Coin­
surance percentages usually applied to all expenses
regardless of type of illness. Under 10 plans, how­
ever, out-of-hospital psychiatric expenses were coinsured for only 50 percent and not covered at all
under 4 plans.
The benefit period—the period during which
major medical benefits were payable without

1272
another deductible having to be satisfied—ranged
from 12 months to 36 months, but was usually 12
months or a calendar year. During this period,
which in most plans began as soon as expenses ex­
ceeded the deductible, expenses for all disabili­
ties were usually covered, regardless of their num­
ber. However, in plans with long benefit periods,
(24 months or longer), the benefit period usually
applied to each disability rather than to all
disabilities.
All plans placed a limit on the amount of major
medical benefits that would be paid. Three out of
five plans provided lifetime limits—most fre­
quently $10,000—as well as per disability or per
benefit period limits. In these plans the per dis­
ability and per benefit period maximums were,
with one exception, one-half the lifetime maxi­
mums. Commonly, under plans with lifetime
maximums, after a specified amount of expenses
had been paid by the plans (e.g., $1,000), the origi­
nal limit was reinstated, if the insured provided
satisfactory evidence of insurability.
Maternity Benefits.24 With few exceptions, sal­
aried women employees and the wives of male
employees were provided benefits for maternity as
well as nonmaternity disabilities. These benefits
were usually available if pregnancy commenced
while insured, but often there was a 9-month wait­
ing period.
Generally, the weekly accident and sickness
benefits and the hospital and surgical benefits pro­
vided for maternity disabilities were similar to
those available for nonmaternity cases. Some
plans, however, substituted a general lump-sum
allowance for the individual health benefits.
Partial compensation of income losses due to
pregnancy was paid by 21 of the 27 plans with a
nonoccupational accident and sickness benefit.
With two exceptions, the weekly amount was the
same as the amount paid during absences caused by
nonmaternity nonoccupational disabilities. Under
the graduated-by-earnings plans, the maternity,
accident and sickness benefit for a $5,000-a-year
woman employee ranged from $40 to $63, but was
most frequently $60. These weekly amounts were,
with few exceptions, paid for 6 weeks—a much
shorter period than the 13 or 26 weeks usually
specified for nonmaternity benefits.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

Hospital benefits for expenses incurred during
maternity, as well as nonmaternity confinements,
were provided women employees and dependent
wives by 39 and 38 plans, respectively. Usually,
however, restrictions were placed on the bene­
fits for maternity confinements. Some plans
shortened the period during which the hospital
benefits were payable; in other plans, a different
type of benefit was offered for maternity than
for nonmaternity confinements. Plans changing
the type of benefit either provided cash allowances
instead of service benefits for each type of hospi­
tal service, or a flat amount for all hospital ex­
penses in lieu of separate cash allowances or serv­
ice benefits.
A cash hospital benefit was granted for mater­
nity confinements by all except the 12 plans that
provided service benefits. Most cash plans pro­
vided a single allowance for all hospital charges,
so that the shorter the patient’s confinement, the
larger the allowance available for ancillary
services. However, about 1 out of 3 plans paid
separate allowances for room and board and for
ancillary services.
The maximum duration of benefits was, with
one exception, for 10 days or longer, which would
ordinarily be ample for a normal delivery.23
The 12 plans providing service benefits paid the
full cost of semiprivate room accommodations.
In contrast, 5 of the 8 cash benefit plans specified
room and board allowances ranging from $9 to $14.
Certain ancillary hospital services were paid
for in full by the service benefit plans. The few
plans providing a cash allowance for ancillary
services paid the full cost of all services up to a
maximum amount which, with one exception,
ranged from $50 to $100.
The flat allowance for hospital room, board, and
extra services paid by 2 out of 3 of the cash bene­
fit plans ranged from $50 to $150—usually $80.
A surgical benefit was included in most of the
plans covering maternity disabilities to defray, at
least in part, the physician’s charge for prenatal,
normal delivery, and postnatal care. Cash benefits
21 The benefits described in this section are for normal delivery
m aternity disabilities. Usually, different hospital and surgical
benefits were available for other types of m aternity disabilities.
25 The average stay in the hospital for a m aternity case, in
1958-60, was 5 days. See Health Statistics From the V.S. Na­
tional Health Survey: Hospital Discharges and Length of S ta y ;
Short-Stay Hospitals, United States, 1958-60 (W ashington, U.S.
Public H ealth Service, 1962), Publication 5S4-B32, table 18,
p. 31.

BENEFITS FOR SALARIED EMPLOYEES

were paid women employees by 24 plans and de­
pendent wives by 22 plans. Twelve plans pro­
vided service benefits to both groups if the family
income was below a certain amount, usually
$4,000.26 An employee and a dependent wife
whose family income was in excess of the specified
limit were granted a cash allowance. Allowances
of $75 and $90 were most frequent in both the cash
and service-with-income-limit plans, although they
ranged from $50 to $105.
The general lump-sum allowances paid by 10
plans, in lieu of specific hospital and surgical bene­
fits, ranged from $100 to $300. I t was most fre­
quently $150 (four plans).
Benefits for Retirees and D ependents27

Life Insurance. Substantially reduced life insur­
ance coverage for retired employees was included
in almost all of the 38 plans which extended cov­
erage.28 With few exceptions, the amount of cov­
erage was reduced either immediately upon retire­
ment to a constant level (14 plans) or periodically,
beginning immediately upon retirement or shortly
thereafter, until a minimum level was reached (20
plans). In most cases, the amount of coverage
ultimately provided by the plans making periodic
reductions was greater than that extended by plans
making immediate full reductions.
Reductions were made by several different
methods. For example, 8 of the 13 plans covering
retirees that made supplementary insurance avail­
able to active employees effected an immediate
reduction by simply discontinuing supplementary
coverage. In 15 plans, the ultimate amount of
the retiree’s life insurance coverage varied ac­
cording to his years of active service. Eight of
the 20 plans that periodically reduced the retired
employee’s coverage, for example, terminated the
reduction at a percentage determined by his length
of service. The General Electric Co. plan, for
example, stopped making reductions after 27
months for the employees with 10 years’ service
or more so that coverage would not be reduced
®8 Service benefits, as a rule, only covered the delivery of the
child ; doctors were free to charge patients for prenatal and post­
natal care.
27 See footnote 5. Excluded from this discussion Is the acci­
dental death and dismemberment benefit extended by one plan.
28 The one plan with life insurance coverage for dependents of
active employees did not extend this benefit to dependents of
retirees.
29 Excluded from the ranges of benefit amounts and the averages
were the noncomputable coverages provided by three plans.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1273
below 33% percent of their preretirement cover­
age. Reductions were halted after 34 months for
those with 5 years’ service so that coverage would
not be reduced below 16% percent, and after in­
termediate periods, for retirees with 6 but less
than 10 years’ service.
The net effect of all these reductions was to
provide $5,000-a-year-workers retiring at age
65 with 20 years of service with life insurance
coverage that ranged, at age 65, from $500 to $13,500.29 Although the average benefit ($5,100) was
the same as the salary level at the time of retire­
ment, by age 70 subsequent reductions cut the
average benefit to $3,000.
The amounts actually payable at death by three
plans would, in most instances, be further reduced
because these plans deducted from their life in­
surance coverage the amounts they paid for major
medical benefits incurred after retirement.
Hospital Benefits. Only half the plans extended
hospital benefits to retired employees as compared
with nearly 4 out of 5 that extended life insurance.
However, five plans that did not extend hospital
benefits to retirees covered such expenses through
their major medical benefits plans. Unlike life
insurance, which was almost invariably reduced,
about half of the 24 plans extending hospital bene­
fits provided retired employees and their depend­
ents with the same benefits as they had prior to
retirement.
Service benefits were extended to retired em­
ployees and their dependents by 14 plans, all of
which also had this type of coverage for active
employees and their dependents. Eight of the
remaining 10 plans specified cash benefits. With
one exception, these plans also provided cash bene­
fits prior to retirement.
Benefits were payable for full-benefit periods
ranging from 21 to 730 days, but most frequently
120 days. During these periods, the full cost of
semiprivate room accommodations was allowed by
16 plans, and cash room and board allowances by
the remaining 8 plans. Instead of specifying the
number of benefit days, the Borden Co. plan,
which paid the full cost of semiprivate rooms,
placed a dollar limit ($1,050) on the total amount
that it would pay for such accommodations.
The cost of specified hospital ancillary services
was paid for in full during the entire period of

1274
hospital confinement by 8 of the 14 service benefit
plans, and during the full benefit period by 5 of
the remaining 6 plans. The 10 plans extending
cash benefits most frequently paid the full cost
up to a specified amount without additional re­
imbursement on a percentage basis.
Surgical Benefits. Half of the plans with surgi­
cal benefits for active employees and dependents
extended this coverage to retirees and their de­
pendents. In seven plans where surgical bene­
fits were not extended, such expenses were covered
by the major medical benefits plan. While usu­
ally the same benefits were provided, 5 of the 22
plans offering benefits reduced the allowances for
some or all procedures.
The annual income limits under the six plans
extending the service-with-income-limits benefits
were the same as prior to retirement. For indi­
vidual and family coverage, the income limits un­
der two plans were $2,500 and $4,000; under two
other plans, $4,000 and $6,000; and $7,200 and
$7,500 for both coverages under two other plans.
The maximum schedule allowances provided under
the cash and service-with-income-limits plans for
retirees and their dependents, ranged from $200
to $500, with over half of the plans having either
a $250 or a $300 maximum allowance. The appen­
dectomy allowances varied from $100 to $175 with
the majority specifying $125.
Basic Medical Benefits. Over half the plans (18)
with basic medical benefits for active workers and
their dependents extended them to retired em­
ployees and their dependents. Nine plans that
did not extend basic medical benefits covered these
expenses with major medical benefits. Medical
benefits, like surgical benefits, were usually ex­
tended without change; however, all plans
providing allowances for home and office visits
discontinued them.
Five of the 10 plans with service-with-incomelimits benefits for active employees continued
these benefits after retirement. Under these
plans, retired employees and their spouses with an­
nual incomes falling within the limits specified by


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

the plans had their physicians’ visits covered in
full up to a stated number per disability.
The 18 plans were almost evenly divided among
those providing $3, $4, and $5 for each in-hospital
visit. Although the maximum amount of basic
medical benefits payable by these plans ranged up
to $2,190, only seven plans allowed over $500 for
each disability.
Major Medical Benefits. Retired employees and
their dependents were provided major medical
benefits by 20 plans—one-half those granting them
to active employees and their dependents. One
plan with only basic benefits for active workers
and their dependents substituted a major medical
plan for retired workers and their dependents.
However, with seven exceptions, major medical
benefits supplemented basic health benefits.
Plans with major medical benefits for both ac­
tive and retired employees and their dependents
provided, with only one exception, less liberal
benefits after retirement. Generally, the reduc­
tions were effected by providing higher deductibles
(the initial amounts which the retirees paid before
being partially reimbursed by the plan) and
lower maximum benefits. The three plans that re­
duced the amount of life insurance coverage by
the amount of major medical benefits paid after
retirement limited the total amount payable to a
specified percentage of the retiree’s life insurance.
The deductibles ranged from $25 to $500—most
frequently $100. Seven plans had larger deduct­
ibles—at least twice as great—for the retired
group than for the active group.
Once the deductible was satisfied, retirees were
reimbursed for 75 or 80 percent (7 and 12 plans,
respectively) of health care charges incurred dur­
ing benefit periods ranging from a calendar year
or 12 months to 24 months. Limits were placed
on the total amount of these reimbursements, as
they were for active workers. However, while 5
out of 8 plans had a lifetime limit for the active
group, all of the plans had such a limit for the
retired group. Most often this limit was $5,000;
only 1 out of 4 had a lifetime limit of $10,000 or
more.

Scientists and
Engineers, 1960-70:
Supply and Demand
H oward V. S tambler*

I n 1961, the Bureau of Labor Statistics completed

a study for the National Science Foundation on
methods of projecting demand for technical man­
power.1 Because of the continued interest in this
field, a second major study was undertaken by the
Bureau, primarily to present revised and improved
projections of the demand for and supply of natu­
ral scientists, engineers, and technicians, but also
to bring up to date and review the basic source
material used in preparing the earlier study.
This article summarizes the results of that sec­
ond study.2 It presents the projections of demand
for and supply of scientists and engineers to 1970,
describes the methodology used in developing
them, and briefly discusses their implications.3
The demand for new scientists and engineers
arises as a result of two major factors—growing
technical manpower requirements of an expanding
and more technological economy, and needed re­
placements for scientists and engineers who retire,
die, or transfer to other fields.
Requirements for Scientists and Engineers

Underlying the projections of growth require­
ments prepared for the study are several general
assumptions: 4
(1)
That relatively high levels of economic ac­
tivity and employment will be maintained over the
decade and that gross national product in real
terms will increase 50 percent between 1960 and
1970 (about 4 percent per year), a target rate
agreed upon by the United States in discussions
with the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development.5


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(2) That national security expenditures will
rise 10-15 percent above 1962 levels.
(3) That scientific and technological advances
of recent years will persist and research and de­
velopment expenditures will continue to grow, but
not as rapidly as in the 1950’s.
(4) That economic institutions will be about
the same in 1970 as today.
On the basis of these assumptions, and using the
method described later, the projections indicate
an increase in requirements for scientists and en­
gineers in the United States over the 1960’s of
nearly 800,000— from 1,157,000 employed in Janu­
ary 1960 to a projected 1,954,000 needed in 1970,
an increase of 69 percent6 (table 1). In engineer­
ing, a growth in requirements of more than 553,000
is indicated, bringing the total need to 1,375,000
by 1970, a 67-percent increase. For scientists as
a group (including mathematicians), the increase
projected is 73 percent, or about 245,000, based on a
need of 580,000 in 1970.
The most rapid increase in requirements will be
in the field of mathematics, where the need will
more than double—to over 65,000 in 1970. Re­
quirements for physicists, medical scientists, and
biological scientists are expected to nearly double.
Requirements for chemists, the largest profession,
are expected to grow from about 104,000 in 1960
to 170,000 in 1970—a somewhat slower rate than
the average for all scientists. In absolute num­
bers, however, the growth will be greater in this
profession than in any other scientific field. Other
scientific professions which are expected to grow
somewhat less rapidly than the average are metal­
lurgists, agricultural scientists, and geologists and
geophysicists.
♦Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 The Long-Range Demand for Scientific and Technical Per­
sonnel— A Methodological Study (National Science Foundation,
NSF 61-65, 1961).
2 The complete report Scientists, Engineers, and\ Technicians in
the 1960’s— Requirements and Supply will be published late this
year by the National Science Foundation.
3 Although the study also discusses technicians, no attem pt
will be made to cover them in this article since reliable data upon
which to project supply was not developed for th a t study.
1 Other more specific assum ptions which underlie the require­
m ents estim ates such as continuation of c urrrent patterns of
technical manpower utilization are discussed in the complete
report.
5 Economic Report of the President transm itted to the Congress
in January 1962, p. 114.
9
The figures for 1960 represent the actual number of persons
employed, whereas the 1970 figures were developed independently
of supply considerations and thus represent projections of needs
under stated assumptions.

1275

1276

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
T a b l e 1.

C o m p a r is o n

of

E m p l o y m e n t o f S c ie n t is t s a n d
1970, b y D e t a il e d I n d u s t r y
S cien tists

In d u s tr y

All industries................................ .

T o ta l sc ie n tists a n d
engineers

E n g in e e rs
T o ta l

C h em ists

P h y sic ists

M e ta llu rg ists

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

1970

1,157,300

1,954,300

822,000

1,374,700

335,300

579,600

103, 500

169,500

29,900

59,300

14, 500

Mining___ _____ _______ _________

31,600

41,700

19,100

27,900

12,400

13,800

2,100

3,700

200

300

500

500

Construction______________________

55,100

106,500

52,700

102,000

2,400

4,600

600

1,100

100

200

400

Manufacturing____________________
Food and kindred products______
Textile mill products and apparel...
Lumber and furniture___________
Paper and allied products_______
Chemicals and allied products........
Petroleum refining and products of
petroleum and coal____________

613,500
9. 900
5.800
3. 000
10. 500
90.700

1,064,900
15, 000
6,600
3. 500
19,100
153,500

472,800
4, 500
3.800
2,000
7,100
38,2C0

823,800
6,800
4,300
2,300
13, 000
67, 500

140,700
5,400
2,000
1,100
3.300
52, 500

241,100
8,200
2,300
1,200
6,100
86, C00

72,400
3,800
1,900
700
2,300
34,100

115,100
5, 700
2,100
800
4,100
53,700

15,200
100
100
0)
100
1,300

31,300
100
100
0
200
2,800

11,900
(i)

18,900
(l)

(l)
700

(!)
1,100

27,700

41,100

17,400

25,900

10,400

15,200

5,100

7,800

300

500

100

100

Rubber products_____ _________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal products............ ......
Fabricated metal products and
ordnance____________________
Machinery____________________
Electrical equipment____________
Aircraft, missiles and spacecraft___
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Other transportation equipment__
Professional and scientific instru­
ments_______________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing 2___

7,600
10,200
35.100

9,300
15,600
57,100

5,200
7, 900
25,200

6,300
12, 000
41,000

2,400
2,300
9.900

2,900
3, 500
16,100

2,300
1,500
3,800

2,800
2,300
6,200

100
200
200

100
300
300

100
5,300

200
8,600

38,100
71,400
101, 400
106, 300
35,400
3,600

94. 800
98.100
198, 000
194, 500
52, 500
6,000

34,900
64,800
91,200
88,300
33,200
3,300

87, 700
87,300
178,200
155,600
49,400
5,600

3,200
6,600
10,200
18,000
2,100
300

7,100
10,800
19,800
3 8 ,9C0
3,200
400

1,700
1,600
3.3C0
3,000
800
100

3,600
2,600
5,300
5,400
1,200
200

300
900
4,100
5,800
300
0

700
1,700
8, 700
12,600
400
100

300
1,900
800
1,400
600
100

700
2,900
1,600
2,600
900
100

26,300
30,500

51,600
48,800

22,000
23,800

43,100
37,900

4,400
6,700

8,600
10,900

2,400
4,000

4, 700
6,400

900
600

1,800
1,000

200
400

300
800

Transportation, communications, and
electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Transportation_________________
C ommunication________________
Electric, gas, and sanitary services. „

61,500
11,700
24,300
25,500

79,400
17,500
33,100
28,900

58, 700
11,300
23,300
24,260

75,900
16,900
31,700
2 7 ,4C0

2,800
500
1,000
1,300

3,500
600
1, 400
1,500

900
200
200
500

1,200
300
300
600

700
600

900
0)
800
0

100
(l)
100
0

100
(1)
100
0

Government______________________
Federal Government____________
State governments______________
Local governments______________

170,100
99,100
41,000
30,000

242,100
151,300
50, 600
40,100

109, 400
56,200
29,300
24,000

147.100
80. 200
34,800
32,100

60.700
43, 000
11, 700
6,000

95, C00
71,100
15,800
8,000

10,100
6,200
1,200
2,700

14,900
9, 700
1,700
3,600

4,100
4,000
0
100

7,700
7,600
100
100

600
600

900
900

Colleges and universities____________

125,100

240,500

27,000

52,000

98,100

188,600

11,600

22,300

8,700

17,200

500

1,160

Other industries___________________
Miscellaneous business services___
Medical and dental laboratories___
Nonprofit organizations_________
Engineering and architectural ser­
vices________________________
All other nonmanufacturing______

100,400
7,800
1,600
6, 500

179.ICO
21,900
2,800
10,600

82,100
6,200
0
1,800

146, 000
17,300

33,100
4, 500
2,800
7,700

5,900
700
100
1,600

11,200
1,900
200
2, 600

1,000
200

1,800
5C0

800

600

1,000

0
(l)
100

1,400
100

2,900

18,200
1,600
1, 600
4, 700

56,900
27,6C0

91,600
52,300

54.200
20, 000

88,000
37, 800

2,600
7.600

3. 700
14,500

900
2,600

1,600
4,900

200
(»)

300
100

200
400

1 Less th a n 50 cases.

The projections further indicate that between
1960 and 1970 requirements for scientific and engi­
neering personnel in several broad industry divi­
sions will increase more rapidly than the 69 per­
cent anticipated for the economy as a whole. These
rapid growth industry divisions include construc­
tion, colleges and universities, and manufactur­
ing—where by far the largest number of scientists
and engineers are employed. The industry divi­
sions in which the rate of increase in scientific and
technical manpower requirements is likely to be
less than average are government (particularly the
Federal Government), mining (including petro­
leum extraction), and transportation, communica­
tion, and electric, gas, and sanitary services.

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0

«
0

24,400

0

200
300
800

2 In clu d es estim ates for m a n u fa c tu rin g firm s ex clu d ed fro m S T P s u rv e y s
because of size or o th e r reaso n s.

In addition to the scientists and engineers needed
to meet growth in requirements, additional thou­
sands will be needed annually to replace those who
will retire, die, or transfer to other occupations by
1970. Losses from deaths and retirements are ex­
pected to average more than 12,300 a year in engi­
neering and nearly 3,400 a year in science during
the 1960’s.7 Another annual average of about 1,700
scientists and 4,100 engineers will leave their pro­
fessions each year as a result of transfers or pro­
motions to other fields or positions (table 2).
7 Includes women who leave the labor force to m arry, have
children, or for other reasons. Does not include loss of gradu*
ates between 1960-69 who enter and leave the field by 1970.

1277

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND
E n g in e e r s in 1960 W it h P r o je c t e d R e q u ir e m e n t s
G r o u p and O c c u pa t io n

for

Scientists—Continued
Geologists and
geophysicists

Mathematicians

Medical scientists

Agricultural
scientists

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

1970

1960

23,200

29,100

31,400

65,100

31,400

59, 700

39,500

66,100

9,200

8, 600

200

300

100

200

(9

100

200

1,000

1,900

5,500
0
(l)
0
400

7,600
0
600

10,100
100
0
0
0
700

22, 500
100
(9
(9
100
1,400

4,000

5, 300

400

600

(9

400
300

600
300

100
100
200

100
100
300

(9
(9

(i)
200
100

200
200

800
1,100
1 800
4,000
400
(9
200
400

0
0

0
0

(9
200

0

300

6,100

11, 800

(9

(9

(9
5, 300

9,500

100

100

4,700
800

8,100
1,200

300
700
2,300

400
1,300
4,300

100

100

2,000
2,000
4 000
10,100
600
100

100
(9
1Ó0

100

400
700

200
200

400
(9
200
200

(9
7,000
4,500
2,300
100

1,200
400
400

200
3,000

100

900

5,800

500
400

200
300

400
600

100
100
(9
(9
19,200 28, 900 10, 600 18, 200
14, 600 22, 700 4, 900 10, 600
3, 600 4,900 3, 900 5, 300
1,000 1,300 1,800 2,300

(9
(9
(9
(9
6,600
6,100
200
200

(9
(9
(9
(9
7, 500
7,000
300
300

21, 500 41,900

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
200

0
300

200
100

200
100

5,700

13,400

27, 500

20,100

38, 700

14,000

26,400

2,200
1,000

6,900
700

1,300

2,200

400
600

700
900

1,200
(9
100

2,300
100

500
5,300

600

(9
1,100

300

Construction.

Manufacturing.
Food and kindred products.
Textile mill products and apparel.
Lumber and furniture.
Paper and allied products.
300
Chemicals and allied products.
3, 700
Petroleum refining and products’of
petroleum and coal.
500

100

1,400
300

0

400

(9
100
1,200
(9
3,600

3,700

400

200

9,100 13, 200
200
300

5,900 11, 700
500
700
19
(9
(9
(9
100
(9
4.700 8,900

(9
100

5,600
5,000
500
100

300
2,800

Mining.

(9

2,900
2,400
400
100

300

100

(9
400

100

500

800
100

29, 900

100

(9
200

300

(9

All industries.

40, 700 76, 600 21,000

100

4, 200
3,200
800
200

200

1970

(9

500

800

1960

200

2, 800
2,000
600
200

3,600
300
(9
^ 300

1970

(9
(9
100

(9
0

(9
0
(9
(9
3,900
2,100
1,700
100

(9
(9

1960

Industry

Other scientists

100

100

300
(9
100
200

500
100

600
100

(9

1970

Biological
scientists

(9
(9
(9
100
200
200
(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
1, 500

4, 600

7,900

4,400
100
1,900
1,800

400
(9
100

700
100

200

2.600
100
1,100
1,100

2,000

100
200

200
400

100
200

100
400

100

Rubber products.
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal products.
Fabricated metal products and
ordnance.
Machinery.
Electrical equipment.
Aircraft, missiles and spacecraft.
Motor vehicles and equipment.
Other transportation equipment.
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufactur ing .2
Transportation, communications, and
electric, gas, and sanitary services.
Transportation.
Communication.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.
Government.
Federal Government.
State governments.
Local governments.
Colleges and universities.
Other industries.
Miscellaneous business services.
Medical and dental laboratories.
Nonprofit organizations.
Engineering and architectural services.
AH other nonmanufacturing.

note : Totals and percents are calculated on the basis of all significant
digits and therefore may not correspond exactly with those indicated by the
rounded figures shown.

Methods. The following method was used to
project requirements for scientific and engineering
employment: (1) Ratios of scientists and engi­
neers to total employment were established for
each sector of the civilian economy, including pri8 At the time this study was prepared the most recent data
available on scientists and engineers was for 1960.
8 Projecting future demand on the basis of the relationship of
p a st employment of scientists and engineers to total employ­
m ent explicitly assumes th a t the number of scientists and engi­
neers employed has been equivalent to the demand. If there
were shortages in the period covered, the projected technical
manpower requirements developed are conservative. Over the
la s t decade, the substantial influx of college-trained persons
w ith degrees in other fields as well as of persons without degrees
(mostly in engineering) suggests th a t supply is somewhat flex­
ible and th a t employment levels which were considerably above
the supply of entrants with degrees in engineering and science
were thus close to actual demand.


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vate industry, government, and colleges and uni­
versities, for the base year 1960 8 and for all of the
previous years for which data were available.
(2) Trends in the ratios were extrapolated to 1970.
(3) The projected ratios for each industry were
then applied to independent 1970 projections of
total employment by industry to obtain first ap­
proximations of scientific and engineering man­
power requirements.9 The total employment
projections were preliminary data from a new
economic model, prepared by the BLS staff, show­
ing actual 1960 and projected 1970 employment
for all sectors of the economy in considerable
industry detail. (4) The first approximations of
1970 scientific and engineering manpower r equire-

1278
ments were then analyzed for reasonableness and
supported by detailed examinations of all avail­
able data for each of the more than 30 major
industries employing scientists and engineers. (5)
Projections of requirements for engineers and for
chemists, physicists, and each of the other scientific
professions were derived by applying an estimated
1970 distribution, based on past trends and other
information, to projected total requirements for
scientists and engineers in each major indus­
try.10
This general procedure was followed in develop­
ing 1970 projections for government and for most
major industries in the economy.11 However, some
variations in the procedure were necessary where
data were insufficient. For example, separate pro­
jections of scientific and technical personnel in
colleges and universities were developed for those
needed in teaching and administration and for
those needed in research, and were based heavily
on projected enrollments and degrees in colleges
and universities.12 (6) Detailed examinations
were also made of the aggregate projections. Be­
cause research and development spending is one
of the key factors affecting scientific and technical
manpower requirements in many of the industry
divisions, the most significant and detailed of these
aggregate analyses evaluated the reasonableness
of the research and development expenditures im­
plied by the manpower projections. This evalua­
tion required estimation of the proportion of total
scientific and engineering manpower requirements
projected for 1970 needed for research and devel­
opment activities, and what the cost per scientist
and engineer might be. A rough estimate of the
number of research and development scientists
and engineers in 1970 was obtained by estimating
and analyzing the growth of research and develop­
ment employment between 1954 and 1960, the only
period for which sufficient data were available, and
extrapolating the growth, by several methods, to
1970. It was then estimated that about 28 billion
dollars would be needed to support this projected
work force. This estimate seemed to be reason­
able, taking into account both past trends and an­
ticipated developments.
In estimating replacement needs arising from
retirements and deaths, separation rates for rele­
vant age groups were developed from tables of
working life for men and women.13 These sep­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

aration rates were then applied to the age distribu­
tion of engineers and scientists as of I960.14
About 1.5 percent of the experienced engineers and
1 percent of the experienced scientists were thus
estimated to leave the field for these reasons.
Other losses that were considered in estimating
replacement needs included transfers and promo­
tions of scientists and engineers to positions out­
side their particular specialty, for example, trans­
fers to nontechnical jobs or executive positions, or
from engineering to science. Although little is
known about the extent of such losses, an attempt
was made to quantify them in order to obtain a
more complete estimate of total future needs. On
the basis of information from several different
studies conducted over a long period of time, it was
estimated conservatively that about 0.5 percent
of all engineers and scientists leave their profes10 As in the preparation of the projections of total scientific
and technical manpower requirements, anticipated supply was
not taken into account in estim ating future requirements by
occupation.
11 D ata on scientists and engineers in industry and govern­
m ent were based on the following National Science Foundation
publications: Science and Engineering in American Industry,
Final Report on a 1953-5if Survey, NSF 56—16; Science and
Engineering in American Industry, Report on a 1956 Survey,
NSF 59050; Scientific and< Technical Personnel in American
Industry, Report on a 1959 Survey, NSF 60-62 ; Scientific and
Technical Personnel in Industry, 1960, NSF 61-75; Scientific
Research and Development of Nonprofit Organizations, Expendi­
tures and Manpower, 1957, NSF 61037; and Employm ent of
Scientific and Technical Personnel in S tate Government Agencies,
Report on a 1959 Survey, NSF 61-17. Other sources included
were Federal White-Collar Workers, August 1954, February 28,
1957, October 31, 1958, and October 31, 1959, U.S. Civil Service
Commission; and an unpublished survey of local government
agencies in six States conducted in 1960 by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for the National Science Foundation. At the tim e this
report was prepared, data from the 1960 Decennial Census of
Population on employment of scientists, engineers, and tech­
nicians were not available in the necessary detail needed for the
above analysis. However, prelim inary 1960 Census data on
engineers appeared to corroborate the data used in this study.
12 The prim ary sources of data used in projecting needs for
scientists and engineers in colleges and universities were Scien­
tists and Engineers Employed at Colleges and Universities, 1958,
NSF Scientific Manpower Bulletin 13, NSF 61-38, July 1961;
Illustrative Projections to 1980 of School and College Enrollments
in the United States, C urrent Population Eeports, Series P-25,
No. 232 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1961) ; and Ten-Year Objec­
tives in Education, Higher Education Staffing and Physical Facil­
ities, 1960-61 Through 1969-70 (U.S. D epartm ent of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, January 1961).
13 Seymour Wolfbein, “The Length of Working Life,” paper de­
livered a t the F ourth International Gerontological Congress,
Merano, Italy, July 1957.
14 Detailed data from the 1960 Census were not yet available
a t the time this report was prepared. E stim ates of the age dis­
tribution of scientists and engineers employed in 1960 are there­
fore based on the 1950 Census and take into account all new
entrants into the scientific and engineering work force between
1950 and 1960 (including both college graduates and nondegree
personnel) as well as losses from retirem ents, deaths, and tran s­
fers. Prelim inary data from the 1960 Census of Population agree
closely w ith these estim ates.

1279

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND

sions each year.15 Table 2 aggregates the demand
arising from growth in requirements and losses
owing to retirements, deaths, and transfers, and
presents the total demand for additional scientists
and engineers, 1960-70.

T able 2.

D em a n d

for

A d dition a l S c ie n t is t s
1960-70

and

E n g i­

neers,

D e m a n d re s u ltin g from —
O ccu p atio 11

T o ta l
dem and,
1960-70

S cie n tists a n d engineers, to ta l........ -

1,012,100

797,000

157,200

57,900

717,200
294,900

552,700
244,300

123,400
33,800

41,100
16,800

G ro w th
in re ­
q u ire ­
m e n ts

D e a th
and re­
tire m e n t
losses

T ra n s ­
fer
losses

A vailability of Scientists and Engineers

In developing projections of future entrants into
science and engineering, it was necessary to esti­
mate not only the number of new graduates with
bachelor’s degrees in science and in engineering
who ultimately enter the fields for which they
were trained, but also new entrants with degrees in
other fields, those without college degrees (mostly
technicians upgraded into engineering positions),
and immigrants. From this total was deducted
the estimated number who would have left these
professions before 1970, primarily as a result of
transfers and deaths. The resulting total repre­
sented the estimated net supply of new entrants
into the scientific and engineering professions
during the 1960’s.
Because of the many problems relating to defini­
tions, classification, and data adequacy, the anal­
ysis required a number of interpretations and
judgments. Although it is believed that the esti­
mates which follow represent reasonable indicators
of the future supply of engineers and scientists
under the assumptions stated later, they are not
intended to be predictions, but only illustrative
statements of what would happen under the given
assumptions. If any of the factors utilized in de­
veloping the projections should change signifi­
cantly—such as the proportion of all college
15
Among the studies utilized in developing these estim ates
w e re : Em ploym ent Outlook for Engineers (BLS Bulletin 968,
1949) ; Dael Wolfe, American Resources of Specialised Talent
(New York, H arper and Bros., 1954) ; Job Mobility of Workers
in 1955, Current Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 70 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1957) ; and Gladys Palmer, Labor Mobility
in Six Cities, A. Report on the Survey of Patterns and Factors in
Labor Mobility, 19^0-1950 (New York, Social Science Research
Council, 1954).,
is Degrees awarded in June 1960 are included w ithin the pro­
jections, since these graduates are not counted in the early 1960
employment estim ates. Similarly, June 1969 graduates will be
the last ones available for employment by early 1970. Only
bachelor’s degrees were projected since the total number of col­
lege-trained personnel a t the advanced degree levels available for
employment is basically restricted by the number of bachelor’s
degrees awarded in previous years.
17 This represents a refinement in method over previous supply
estim ates, which were based upon straight-line extrapolation of
degrees granted as a proportion of total degrees, and leads to
sm aller estim ates of total engineering supply.


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E n g in eers
S cie n tists__________________ _.

A n n u a l av erag e
S cie n tists a n d engineers, t o t a l . . . . . . .

101, 200

79,700

15,700

5,800

E n g in e e rs____________ _______
S cie n tists_____________________

71, 700
29,500

55,300
24,400

12,300
3,400

4,100
1,700

students who major in science—then the supply
estimate would change accordingly.
The projected net supply of new persons enter­
ing science and engineering will number about
764,000 over the 1960-70 period—313,900 in science
and 450,700 in engineering (table 3). In the sci­
ences, approximately 256,300 persons will enter
with college degrees in science, 61,200 with degrees
in other fields, and about 7,900 without college
degrees or through immigration. Losses of these
new entrants owing to transfers to other occupa­
tions and deaths will amount to about 11,500.
In engineering, about 294,700 will enter the pro­
fession with engineering degrees, 73,000 with col­
lege degrees in other fields, and 105,400 without
college degrees or through immigration. From
this number, about 22,400 new engineers will be
lost during the decade owing to transfers to other
fields and deaths.
Entrants with Degrees in Science and Engineering.
Projections of earned degrees in science were based
on the estimated proportion that bachelor’s degrees
in each science field will comprise of total bache­
lor’s degrees awarded in the 1960-69 period.16
These projections assume a rapid increase in col­
lege enrollments and an increasing proportion of
college graduates receiving degrees in science. In
engineering, since students generally choose their
field of study in their freshman year, it was pos­
sible to make rough projections of degrees in en­
gineering 4 years in advance (1962-66) on the
basis of freshmen engineering enrollments.17 Esti­
mates of bachelor’s degrees expected to be awarded

1280

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

in engineering for this period were derived by
applying an estimated retention rate to the actual
freshman engineering enrollments for the 1958-62
period as reported by the Office of Education.
Projections of engineering degrees for the remain­
der of the decade were developed by projecting
freshman engineering enrollments for the 1962-66
period and applying the same retention rate.18
The projections indicated that degrees in engi­
neering would decline from 37,808 in 1960 to 34,000
in 1963, and then remain at this level for the re­
mainder of the decade (table 4). Over the entire
1960-69 period, approximately 347,000 bachelor’s
degrees are expected to be awarded in engineering,
an average of about 34,700 per year. In science,
the projections indicate a near doubling during
this period, from 51,635 in 1960 to 101,000 in 1969,
or a total of 712,635 science degrees over the
decade.
Not all of the projected graduates with degrees
in science or engineering can be expected to enter
civilian employment in their fields of scholastic
specialization. Some science graduates obtain po­
sitions in engineering and, conversely, some with
degrees in engineering elect to follow a career in
the sciences. Many become teachers in elementary
or secondary schools; they are considered as teach­
ers rather than scientists and engineers for pur­
poses of this study. Some graduates begin profes­
sional training in related fields such as medicine or
dentistry or in other fields such as law, business
T a b l e 3.

S u pply

of

management, or education. A number take jobs of
nontechnical nature in such areas as management,
sales, or clerical work. Others utilize their tech­
nical training, but in semiprofessional jobs such as
laboratory assistant and technician. A number of
women graduates withdraw from the labor force
to become housewives within a year or two after
graduation. A few other graduates do not obtain
employment at all, mostly because of illness or dis­
ability.19
Through an analysis of several studies which
show the type of work obtained by recent science
and engineering graduates, it was possible to esti­
mate the proportion of each graduating class who
actually become scientists or engineers.20 I t was
estimated that about 36 percent of the graduates
with bachelor’s degrees in science and 85 percent
of those with degrees in engineering ultimately
18 Despite increasing demands for engineers and widespread
publicity about them, and despite increased public interest in
science and technology, freshm an engineering enrollments have
been declining in recent years. However, there are indications
th a t this decline has leveled off somewhat.
19 Those who enter graduate school are not among those as­
sumed to be lost to these fields, since most enter employment a t
a later date. Similarly, graduates entering the armed forces are
not losses, since, in normal times, they roughly equal the number
of graduates reentering the labor m arket after discharge.
20 Among studies used were Education and Employm ent Special­
ization in 1952 of June 1951 College Graduates (National Science
Foundation, 1954) ; Two Years A fte r the College Degree-Work
and F urther Study Patterns (NSF 63-26) ; George A. Hawkins,
Edward C. Thomas, William K. Lebold, “A Study of the Purdue
University Engineering G raduate,” Journal of Engineering Edu­
cation, June 1959, p. 930 et seq .; Survey of Employm ent Status
of 1950 Engineering Graduates (New York, American Society for
Engineering Education, 1952).

N e w E n t r a n t s I n to S c ie n c e

a nd

E n g in e e r in g , 1 9 60-69

Sciences
Year
Science
graduates

Graduates
with de­
grees in
fields other
than science

Other new
entrants

Engineering

Losses

Graduates
with de­
Engineering
grees in
Net supply graduates
fields other
than engi­
neering

Other
entrants

Losses

Net supply

Total, 1960-69..

256,300

61,200

7,900

11.500

313,900

294,700

73,000

105,400

22,400

450,700

Annual average..........

25,600

6,100

800

1,200

31,400

29,500

7,300

10, 500

2,200

45,100

1960..............................
1961_______________
1962..............................
1963..............................
1964_______________
1965______________
1966_______ _______
1967..............................
1968.......................... _
1969................... .........

18,600
19,400
20,600
22,100
24, 500
26,100
26,200
28, 700
33,700
36,500

4,600
4,800
5,100
5, 500
6,000
6,300
6,300
6,600
7, 700
8,400

700
700
700
800
800
800
800
800
900
900

1,700
1.600
1,500
1,500
1,400
1,200
1,000
700
600
400

22,200
23,300
24,900
26. 91,0
29. 900
32,000
32, 300
35, 400
41, 700
45, 400

32,100
30,500
29,800
28.900
28,900
28, 900
28, 900
28,900
28,900
28, 900

5,300
5,500
5,900
6,300
7,000
7,400
7, 5C0
8,200
9,600
10,400

9,400
9,600
9,900
10, ICO
10.400
10,600
10,900
11.206
11,000
11,800

4,000
3.500
3,300
2,800
2, 500
2,000
1,700
1,300
900
500

42,800
42,100
42,300
42; 500
43,800
44, 900
45,600
47,000
49,100
50,600

N ote. Totals are calculated on the basis of all significant digits and therefore may not correspond exactly with those indicated by rounded figures shown.
Data include persons entering these fields only through 1969, since the supply


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estimates are intended to reflect the early 1970 supply to be comparable to
early 1970 requirements.

1281

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND

enter the fields for which they are trained.21
These entrance rates were then applied to the 1960
through 1969 projections of new science and engi­
neering graduates to derive estimates of new grad­
uates who will actually enter their respective fields
of training each year during the 1960 decade.
Thus, for example, of the 73,000 persons expected
to receive bachelor’s degrees in science in 1965, only
36 percent—or 26,100—are projected to actually
enter the profession, as shown in table 3.
Entrants with College Degrees in Other Fields.
On the basis of further analysis of the material
in the previously mentioned studies of college
graduating classes, augmented by information
from other sources, estimates were made of the
number of new entrants into science and engi­
neering with degrees in other fields. In engineer­
ing, the results suggest that in recent years for
every 1,000 new graduates with degrees in engi­
neering who entered the profession, approximately
165 entered with a degree in some other field ; for
every 1,000 new graduates with degrees in science
who entered the profession, about 250 entered with
a degree in some field other than science. These
proportions were applied to the 1960 estimates of
new entrants with degrees in science and in engi­
neering. Projections of the numbers of nonengi­
neering degree entrants into the engineering field
were developed by increasing the 1960 estimates
in direct proportion to the projected increases in
degrees awarded in the sciences, since these non­
engineering degree entrants are drawn mainly
from the ranks of new graduates with degrees in
science. Projections of new entrants into science
were made by increasing the 1960 number in pro­
portion to increases in the total 1960-69 college
graduates, the pool from which the other non­
science graduates will mainly be drawn.
Other New Entrants. Significant numbers of per­
sons enter the scientific and engineering profes­
sion from still other sources. In engineering, for
21
Some g ra d u a te s who a re counted as e n terin g these fields in
a p a rtic u la r y ear are actu ally a tte n d in g g ra d u a te school a t th a t
tim e. H ow ever, i t is believed, th a t th is num ber is balanced by
g ra d u a te s from previous y ears who had been counted as en terin g
th e fields b u t who h ad in re a lity delayed th e ir en tran ce into the
pro fessio n s fo r a y ear or tw o. On th e o th er hand, th e recen t
larg er-th an -p ro p o rtio n al in crease in g ra d u a te enrollm ents could
m ean th a t th e num ber of e n tr a n ts Is slig h tly o v erstated in any
one year.


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T a b l e 4.

P r o je c t e d B a c h e l o r ’s D e g r e e s
a n d E n g in e e r in g , 1 960-69
Y ear

Science

in

S c ie n c e

E n g in e e rin g

712,635

346,668

A n n u a l av e ra g e__________________________

71,300

34,700

I960 .................................- ..................... .................
1 9 6 1 ............................................ - ..................... —-

51,635
54.000
57.000
61.000
68,000
73.000
73.000
80.000
94,000
101,000

37,808
35,860
35.000
34.000
34.000
34.000
34.000
34.000
34.000
34.000

1963............................................................................
1964 .........................................................................
1965............................................................................
1966 .................................................... — ...............
1967 ..........................................................................
1968 .................................................... - ...................
1969 ........................................ ......... .......................

example, large numbers of technicians and other
trained persons without college degrees are up­
graded into engineering positions. In the science
fields, immigrants have added considerably to the
supply.
Estimates of total numbers of such persons were
obtained by comparing the net increase in science
and engineering employment between 1950 and
1960, and comparing this to the increase in the
net supply of college-trained personnel during
this period. This comparison indicated in crude
terms the number of persons who entered these
fields during the 1950-60 period from sources
other than U.S. colleges and universities. Esti­
mates of future entrants into engineering; and
science without degrees were made by assuming
that a roughly similar number of persons without
college degrees will enter these fields during the
1960 decade as did during the 1950 decade, and
that the number of immigrants entering engineer­
ing and science positions will increase slightly
over the level of the late 1950’s, but below the
level of the 1960’s as a whole. About 94,000 engi­
neers and 7,000 scientists entered their profession
from these other sources during the 1950’s. For
the 1960 decade more than 105,000 engineers and
nearly 8,000 scientists from nondegree and foreign
sources are projected to enter these professions.
Losses From New Entrants. Many new entrants
leave the professions each year, due mainly to
transfers to other fields ; a few are lost from retire­
ment and deaths. Thus, of the projected 325,000
new entrants into science and 473,000 new entrants
into engineering between 1960 and 1970, it was
estimated that about 11,500 scientists and 22,400
engineers will have been lost to their respective
fields by 1970 (table 3).

1282

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T a b l e 5. C o m p a r iso n o f P r o je c t e d I n c r e a s e s in
D em a n d f o r a n d S u p p l y o f S c ie n t is t s and E n­
g in e e r s , 196 0 -7 0
Total, 1960-70

Annual average

Occupation
Increase
in demand
Scientists and en­
gineers total.................
Scientists_______ _

E n g in eers

Increase
in supply

Increase
in demand

1,012,100

764,600

101, 200

76,500

294,900
717,200

313,900
450, 700

29,500
71,700

31, 400
45,100

Increase
in supply

Demand and Supply Relationship

A comparison of the projections of supply and
demand indicates that fewer than 765,000 newly
trained scientists and engineers will become avail­
able to fill more than 1 million openings for such
personnel between 1960 and 1970. (See table 5.)
Thus unless concerted actions are taken to increase
or more effectively utilize the supply of scientific
and technical manpower in the middle and late
1960’s, the Nation may face a continuation and
intensification of the shortages which have marked
most of the 1950’s and early 1960’s.
In engineering, the demand for new personnel
over the 1960 decade is projected at more than
700,000—550,000 for increases in requirements,
and 165,000 for replacement needs. The number
of new entrants into engineering—including en­
gineering graduates, other college graduates, and
nondegree personnel—is projected at about 450,000
persons, 265,000 less than the projected demand.
The situation will probably be particularly
severe during the mid-1960’s, when the needs of the
U.S. space program and a growing economy may
require increasing numbers of engineers, and when
engineering graduations are expected to be at their
lowest point in many years. By the end of the
1960 decade, if expenditures for the Nation’s space
program level off and if the number of engineering
graduates should increase, the situation may be
somewhat less critical. Over the decade as a
whole, the demand for engineers is expected to
average about 72,000 a year, compared with a pro­
jected available supply of about 45,000 a year.
In the sciences, the numerical deficiency is ex­
pected to be less acute. The anticipated supply
of 314,000 scientists (including mathematicians)


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from all sources and at all degree levels is pro­
jected in rough balance with the projected demand
(295,000) over the 1960 decade. However, this
assumes the necessary college and university facil­
ities and faculty will be available to handle the
expected twofold increase in enrollments. Fur­
thermore, this anticipated overall balance should
not obscure the likelihood that some specialists,
particularly chemists, physicists, and medical and
biological scientists, will probably be in short sup­
ply throughout the 1960’s ; demand for scientists
with the doctorate may well exceed the supply in
all fields. Furthermore, in science as in engineer­
ing, the need is expected to be especially great in
the middle 1960’s, primarily as a result of the new
and rapidly growing space program, whereas the
large increase expected in college graduates with
science degrees for the most part will not take
place until the late 1960’s.
The projections of scientific and engineering
demand and supply were developed to provide a
basis for consideration of possible actions, and a
framework of data against which the results of
any such actions might be evaluated. Since the
demand projections were developed without taking
into account expected limitations in future sup­
ply, they represent needs in 1970, rather than ac­
tual employment. I t is unlikely that deficits of
the magnitude projected for engineering man­
power, for example, will be clearly observable in
1970. Accommodations to the existing manpower
situation will occur each year and adjustments
will be made by employers of these personnel.
Some adjustments might result in projects and
programs being postponed or even canceled.
Other adjustments could result in programs being
carried out but only with difficulty, less efficiently,
or over a longer period than anticipated. Efforts
to eliminate potential shortages might also take
the form of inducing more students to major in
engineering or science fields or in technician pro­
grams, and in inducing more graduates to remain
in their field after graduation. Others could re­
sult in steps being taken to improve utilization of
available technical manpower. In all probabil­
ity, some combination of these and other adjust­
ments will occur.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

1963 Survey of
White-Collar Salaries
B etween February-March 1962 and FebruaryMarch 1963, salary levels rose from 2 to 5 percent
for most of the professional, administrative, tech­
nical, and clerical occupation work levels surveyed
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Average
(mean) monthly salaries in the 1963 survey
ranged from $253 for clerks engaged in routine
filing to $1,977 for attorneys in charge of legal
staffs. For engineers, the largest professional
group studied, average salaries ranged from $588
a month for recent college graduates in trainee
positions to $1,666 for those in the eighth and
highest level studied. Among five levels of engi­
neering technicians, the average ranged from $397
to $688. The ranges for clerical occupations, where
there were fewer grade levels, were much smaller.
In almost all of the 75 job levels studied, the
highest paid employees earned at least twice as
much as the lowest paid workers. In part, this
dispersion reflected differences in industry pay
levels.

Employment

The occupations defined for the study accounted
for nearly 990,000 employees, or about 8 percent of
the estimated 11,860,400 employees of all types in
establishments within the scope of the survey.
The study covered a much higher proportion of
the white-collar workers in these establishments,
since production workers constituted well over half
of total employment. Among the selected occupapations, employment varied widely, reflecting not
only actual differences in employment by occupa­
tion but also the span of the defined work levels.
Among the professional and administrative occu­
pations, the eight levels of engineers accounted
for nearly 270,000 employees, whereas chief ac­
countants, managers of office services, job analysts,


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and directors of personnel each accounted for few­
er than 5,000. In the clerical field, the accounting
clerks, stenographers, and typists accounted for
almost three-fifths of the 503,000 employees. The
selected drafting room, occupations had aggregate
employment of 59,000 and the five engineering
technician levels together accounted for about the
same number.
Women, most of them in clerical positions,
accounted for nearly half the total employment
in the occupations studied. They made up more
than nine-tenths of the bookkeeping-machine op1
S alary d a ta fo r p rofessional and ad m in istra tiv e occupations,
collected betw een F e b ru ary 1 and M ay 15 of each year, relate, on
th e average, to M arch. F o r clerical an d d ra ftin g occupations,
th e labor m ark et surveys used fo r developing the n a tio n a l esti­
m ates were conducted betw een A ugust of one year an d Ju n e of
th e next, an d relate, on average, to F eb ru ary of each year, be­
cause of th e co n cen tratio n of em ploym ent in larg e m etro p o litan
areas, m ost of w hich w ere surveyed betw een Ja n u a ry and May.
T he full re p o rt of th is y e a r’s survey w as issued as National

Survey of Professional, Adm inistrative, Technical, and Clerical
Pay, February-March 1963 (BLS B u lletin 1387, 1963). The
ea rlie r survey re p o rts u n d er th is title w ere W inter 1959-60 (BLS
B u lletin 1286, 1960), W inter 1960-61 (BLS B ulletin 1310, 1961),
an d W inter 1961-62 (BLS B u lletin 1346, 1962)— w hich w ere also
sum m arized in th e M onthly Labor Review, December 1960 (pp.
1282-1292), December 1961 (pp. 1338-1343), an d December
1962 (pp. 1366-1372), respectively.
T he occupational definitions and in d u stria l coverage in th is
survey w ere id en tical w ith th e previous survey. The geographic
coverage w as extended th is year to include all 212 S ta n d a rd
M etropolitan S ta tis tic a l A reas a s revised in 1961 by th e B ureau
of th e B u d g e t; 188 a re a s w ere represented in th e previous su r­
veys. F o r scope of th e study, see fo o tn o te 1 of th e accom pany­
ing table. F u rth e r d etails a re given in appendix A, BLS B u lletin
1387, op. cit.
A m ajo r purpose of these surveys, designed by th e B ureau of
L abor S ta tis tic s in collaboration w ith th e B ureau of the B udget
an d th e Civil Service Commission, is to yield com parisons of
F e d e ra l sa laries w ith pay levels in p riv a te in d u stry . E ach occu­
p a tio n w as defined by th e Civil Service Com m ission, in col­
lab o ra tio n w ith th e B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, to p erm it clas­
sification of employees according to th e ir d uties and responsibil­
itie s in to w ork levels th a t would be equivalent to C lassification
A ct grades. (The definitions used in classifying em ployees by
occupation a n d level of w ork are av ailab le upon request to the
B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s. T hey also ap p e a r in appendix B
of B ulletin 1387, op. cit.)
T he num ber of w ork levels (usually designated by R om an
num erals, w ith th e low est level designated as Class I ) ranges
from one fo r office boys an d g irls to eig h t fo r chem ists and engi­
neers— from newly hired college g ra d u a te s th ro u g h seven higher
levels of responsibility. In o th e r occupations, d irecto rs of per­
sonnel an d chief acco u n tan ts, fo r exam ple, th e w ork levels neces­
sa rily w ere lim ited to fu lly experienced employees, w ith th e w ork
level determ ined by th e scope an d com plexity of th e program
fo r w hich th e employee w as responsible.

1283

1284

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

erators, file clerks, keypunch operators, stenog­
raphers, switchboard operators, and typists.
Among tabulating-machine operators, however,
women accounted for only a third of the workers,
and office boys outnumbered office girls by 3 to 2.
Women accounted for 1 of 3 tracers but less than
1 of 20 draftsmen and engineering technicians.
The few women in professional and administra­
tive occupations were usually in the first few
levels; those in which women accounted for as
much as 10 but less than 20 percent of the em­
ployment were accountants I, chemists I, directors
of personnel I, managers of office services I, and
job analysts I and II.
Trends in Salary Levels

Increases in average salary levels among the
12 occupations and occupational groups ranged
from 2.2 to 4.6 percent over the year ending February-March 1963, and from 4.0 to 8.0 percent
during the 2 years from February-March 1961:
Occupation or group

Percent increase in average
( mean ) salaries 1
February March 1962
to FebruaryMarch 1963

Accountants _
_
_ _
Auditors— _ _ _
________
Chief a ccou n tan ts______ __
Attorneys__ __ ______ __ _
Managers, office services_____
Job analysts _ _ ___ ____
Directors of personnel _____
Chemists._____ ___ __ __
Engineers_______ _ _______
Engineering technicians.
Drafting employees._ __ __
Clerical employees____ ______

3.3
3 .6
2 .8
4 .6
2.2
2. 6
3 .0
3 .8
4 .4
2.9
3 .6
2.6

FebruaryMarch 1961
to February March 1963

6. 3
6. 6
5. 4
8. 0
5. 6
4. 0
6. 7
7. 8
7. 0
(2)
7. 5
5. 7

i The effect of changes in the proportion of employees in various work levels
within each occupational category was eliminated by using February-March
1963 employment weights for each period,
s Not in February-March 1961 survey.

Although the 1962-63 changes in average sal­
aries differed among the various work levels, there
was no clear tendency toward a greater relative
rise at particular work levels within occupations.
The increases for 39 of the 48 professional and
administrative occupation work levels were be­
tween 2 and 5 percent. For nearly all of the 27
clerical, drafting, and engineering technician jobs
surveyed, the increases were within a 2- to 4-per­
cent range. (See accompanying table.)

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Average Salaries, February-March 1963

Accountants and Auditors. Among the five levels
of accountants surveyed, average monthly salaries
ranged from $513 to $936, and for the four levels
of auditors the range was $462 to $841. Only at
level I, which in both series included trainees with
a bachelor’s degree in accounting or the equivalent
in education and experience combined, were aver­
age salaries of auditors below those of account­
ants ; at level III, the largest group of employees
in each series, monthly salaries averaged $687 for
auditors and $639 for accountants. Half the rela­
tively few auditors I and approximately a fourth
of those in the higher levels were employed in
finance industries, whereas more than four-fifths
of the accountants at all levels were employed in
manufacturing and public utilities.2 The salary
range for chief accountants, surveyed separately,
was from $853 at level I to $1,293 at level IV.3
Nearly three-fourths of the chief accountants were
employed in manufacturing industries.
Attorneys. Among the seven levels of attorneys,
average salaries ranged from $621 a month for
trainees with LL.B. degrees and bar membership
to $1,977 for attorneys in charge of legal staffs
handling assignments in one or more broad legal
areas and, in large firms, usually reporting to the
general counsel or his immediate deputy. The fi­
nance, insurance, and real estate industries em­
ployed more attorneys than other industries, 39
percent compared with 29 percent in manufactur­
ing and 22 percent in public utilities.4
Office Services and Personnel Management.
Average salaries for managers of office services—
classified into four levels with functions ranging
from providing four or five of nine enumerated
services for 300-600 nonproduction employees, to
providing seven or eight services for 1,500-3,000
employees—ranged from $617 to $1,080 a month.
Manufacturing industries accounted for about
three-fifths of the employees in the four levels com2 E stab lish m en ts p rim a rily engaged in p roviding accounting and
a u d itin g services w ere excluded from th e survey.
3 Too few employees w ere found a t level V of chief acco u n tan t
to w a r ra n t p resen tatio n of sa lary figures.
4 E stab lish m en ts engaged p rim a rily in offering legal advice or
legal services w ere excluded from th e survey.

1285

1963 SURVEY OF WHITE-COLLAR SALARIES

bined, and an additional fifth were employed in
finance industries.
In the personnel management field, average
salaries for job analysts ranged from $534 for
trainees to $821 for those at level IV, who analyze
and evaluate a variety of the more difficult jobs
under general supervision and who may partici­
pate in the development and installation of evalua­
tion or compensation systems. Personnel direc­
tors at the four selected levels of responsibility
E m pl o y m en t a n d A v e r a g e S a l a r ie s
O c c u p a t io n s ,1 F e b r u a r y - M a r c h

fo r

1963

(determined by their participation in formulating
personnel policy and the types and numbers of em­
ployees serviced; all administered a formal
job evaluation system, and had employment and
placement and employee relations and services
functions) had average monthly salaries ranging
from $746 to $1,312.5 Manufacturing industries
BToo few employees were found a t director of personnel V to
w arran t presentation of salary figures. A t all levels, directors
who served as the principal company representative in contract
negotiations w ith labor unions were excluded.

S e l e c t e d P r o f e s s io n a l ,
a n d P er c e n t I ncr ea se in

A d m in i s t r a t i v e , T e c h n ic a l , a n d C l e r ic a l
A v e r a g e S a l a r i e s F rom F e b r u a r y - M a r c h

1962 »

Occupation and work level

A

ccou n ta nts a n d

A

M onthly salaries 2
Num­
ber of
em­
ploy­ Mean Medi­ Middle range3
an
ees

Per­
cent
in­
crease
in
mean
salary

u d it o r s

4, 372
8,000
17,928
12, 324
5,031

$513
559
639
769
936

$513
554
632
761
917

$474-$550
505-606
583-689
692-840
827-1,033

4.7
3.9
3.4
2.7
3.3

448
Auditors I ..................................
Auditors I I ,.............. ................ 1,874
Auditors III..............-..........— 3, 632
Auditors I V ............................. 2,234

462
575
687
841

454
568
676
821

418-505
508-640
607-758
743-921

3.8
4.5
3.9
2.6

301
I -------------I I ------------ 1,084
620
III...............
258
IV................

853
984
1,126
1,293

832
957
1,121
1,275

718-972
854-1,087
1,002-1, 262
1,141-1,443

2.6
3.0
2.7
2.1

Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants

I ...........................
I I -------------------I II......... - .............
I V ........................
V-------- -----------

Chief accountants
Chief accountants
Chief accountants
Chief accountants
A

t to r n ey s

621
707
858
1,025
1,281
1, 458
1, 977

632
689
840
982
1,255
1, 439
1,908

565-703
611-792
754-952
876-1,159
1,111-1,411
1,199-1, 663
1,677-2,227

13.7
5.8
2.5
3.9
3.1
6.4
5.9

617
753
871
1,080

598
742
861
1,047

557-683
680-817
778-962
965-1,200

.3
2.0
3.4
5.7

781
574

534
601
685
821

539
583
675
824

477-585
526-670
615-743
740-893

5.1
2.2
2.7
2.2

Directors of personnel I ______
760
Directors of personnel II.......... 1,483
911
Directors of personnel III____
320
Directors of personnel IV.........

746
890
1,120
1,312

732
849
1,075
1,239

639-837
755-987
969-1, 243
1,120-1, 478

1.2
2.4
4.2
4.3

532
599
691
854
1,035

537
590
680
844
1,022

492-582
546-646
621-754
752-949
909-1,149

4.3
4.0
4.2
3.1
3.7

265
Attorneys I .................................
707
Attorneys II------ ------- -------960
Attorneys III............. ...............
Attorneys IV----- ---------------- 1,237
Attorneys V ........ —........ ......... 1,067
592
Attorneys VI....... ......................
427
Attorneys V II..... ....................O

f f ic e s

Se

r v ic e s

Managers, office services I ____
Managers, office services I I ---Managers, office .services I I I ...
Managers, office services I V ...
P

Job
Job
Job
Job

C

e r s o n n e l

analysts
analysts
analysts
analysts

M

h e m is t s a n d

E

131
371

n g in e e r s

Chemists I ................ ................
Chemists I I _______________
Chemists I II ______________
Chemists IV ______________
Chemists V ________________

Chemists and E ngineers—
Continued
Chemists V I.................. .......... 2,544 $1,176 $1,159
Chemists V II- ........................
850 1, 405 1,342
289 1,652 1,626
Chemists V I I I .......................
Engineers I............ ...................
Engineers 11_______________
Engineers III.............................
Engineers IV______________
Engineers V_______________
Engineers VI______________
Engineers V II....... ....................
Engineers V III....... ...... ...........

$1,034-$l, 303
1, 216-1, 558
1,448-1,813

4.8
2.0
4.4

558-618
602-686
682-805
806-974
924-1,152
1,045-1,339
1,278-1, 572
1, 461-1,841

5.2
3.2
3.2
4.7
5.6
4.8
3.9
2.1

9,046
29, 767
70,130
80, 867
47,034
23, 640
7,368
1,758

588
644
744
894
1,045
1.200
1,438
1,666

583
641
743
885
1,033
1,198
1,426
1,640

3,059
9.272
17, 809
20, 287
8,763

397
465
536
606
688

396
464
538
603
679

361-433
426-506
492-581
563-647
635-737

1.3
2.2
2.9
2.9
4.1

Draftsmen, junior..................... 18, 564
Draftsmen, senior__________ 37, 375
Tracers....................................... 2,649

436
571
354

428
559
354

375-489
499-637
304-411

2.6
3.8
6.6

E ngineering T echnicians
Engineering technicians I ____
Engineering technicians I I ___
E n g in eerin g te ch n ician s I II__
Engineering technicians IV__
Engineering technicians V___
D raftsm en

C l er ic a l

429
609
290
67

a n a g em en t

I ______________
I I _____________
I II ____________
IV -----------------

Occupation and work level

M onthly salaries2
Per­
Numcent
ber of
in­
em­
crease
ploy­ Mean Medi­ Middle range 8 in
ees
an
mean
salary

1,348
3, 722
6,512
7,290
4, 725

Bookkeeping-machine operators I___________________
Bookkeeping-machine opera­
tors 11....... ..............................
Clerks, accounting I ________
Clerks, accounting II ................
Clerks, file 1_______________
Clerks, file 11.................... ........
Clerksi file I II...........................
Keypunch operators I ............ .
K e y p u n c h o p erato rs TT
Office boys or girls....................
Stenographers, general______
Stenographers, senior________
Switchboard operators_______
Switchboard operators, special.
Tabulating-machine operators
I __________ _______ _____
Tabulating-machine operators
I I ...........................................
Tabulating-machine operators
I II ...........................................
Typists I . . ................................
Typists I I _________________

19,398

291

283

252-323

3.1

4,927
52, 863
37, 731
16, 588
22. 878
7, 799
30,908
21, 315
22, 788
69, 364
39, 788
16, 338
937

361
338
447
253
283
356
318
364
274
346
394
347
386

362
331
441
247
274
350
311
361
264
343
395
352
394

313-409
282-384
380-510
220-276
244-316
300-403
271-362
321-412
238-300
299-392
353-435
300-400
350-426

2.1
2.4
2.5
2.9
2. 7
2.1
2.6
2.4
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.9
3.8

10,855

328

323

278-373

3.1

18, 217

400

398

354-448

1.7

9,189
62, 436
38, 492

482
290
343

479
283
338

430-532
253-322
300-384

2.8
2.4
2.9

1
The study relates to establishments employing 250 or more workers in employees by occupation and level appear in appendix B, BLS Bulletin
212 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States, as revised
1387, op. cit.
2 Salaries relate to the standard salaries that were paid for standard work
in 1961 by the Bureau of the Budget, in the following industries: Manufac­
turing; transportation, communication, electric, gas, and sanitary services;
schedules; i.e., to the straight-time salary corresponding to the employee’s
normal work schedule excluding overtime hours.
wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; engineering
and architectural services; and research, development, and testing laborato­
3 The middle (interquartile) range is the central part of the array of employ­
ees by salary, excluding the upper and lower fourths.
ries operated on a commercial basis. The definitions used in classifying


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1286
accounted for 80 percent of the job analysts and
71 percent of the directors of personnel included in
the study; the finance, insurance, and real estate
industries ranked next, with 13 percent of the job
analysts and 10 percent of the directors of
personnel.
Chemists and Engineers. The eight work levels
for both chemists and engineers started with pro­
fessional trainees and ended with jobs involving
either full responsibility over a very broad and
highly complex program or individual research
and consultation by recognized authorities in dif­
ficult problem areas where solutions would rep­
resent a major scientific or technological advance.6
Average monthly salaries ranged from $588 for
engineers I to $1,666 for engineers V III, and from
$532 for chemists I to $1,652 for chemists V III.
Although salaries of chemists at level I were al­
most 10 percent below those of engineers, the dif­
ference narrowed at higher levels; it was less than
5 percent at level IV (the largest group in both
series, including employees with full technical
competence, considerable independence, and in
some cases, a few professional and technical sub­
ordinates). Manufacturing industries accounted
for 83 percent of all engineers and 92 percent of
all chemists; public utilities 10 and 2 percent, re­
spectively ; and the surveyed engineering and
scientific services employed virtually all of the
others.
Technicians. The five-level engineering techni­
cian series was limited to employees who provided
semiprofessional technical support to engineers
engaged in such areas as research, design, devel­
opment, testing, or manufacturing process im­
provement, and whose work pertained to electrical,
electronic, or mechanical components or equip­
ment.7 The salary range for engineering techni­
cians was $397 to $688 a month. Averages for
intermediate levels I I I and IV, where a majority
of the technicians were classified, were $536 and
$606, respectively. Nearly all of the technicians
were employed in manufacturing (85 percent) or
in scientific services (11 percent). The techni­
cian-engineer ratio was about 1 to 5 in all indus­
tries studied. I t was approximately 2 to 7 in
mechanical and electrical equipment factories, and
1 to 2 in research, development, and testing
laboratories.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

In the drafting field, monthly salaries among
the three levels of work averaged $354 for the
relatively small group of tracers, $436 for junior
draftsmen, and $571 for senior (fully experi­
enced) draftsmen. These employees were distrib­
uted by industry in about the same proportion
as engineers, with 83 percent in manufacturing,
9 percent in public utilities, and virtually all of
the others in engineering and scientific service
industries.
Clerks. Monthly salaries among the 19 clerical
work levels ranged from $253 for file clerks I to
$482 for tabulating-machine operators III, who
performed complete reporting assignments by
machine, including difficult wiring. Averages of
$300-$400 a month were recorded for 12 of the
other 17 work levels; general stenographers, the
largest group of clerical employees studied, aver­
aged $346. Although more of the employees in
16 of the jobs worked in manufacturing than in
any other industry division, in only 7 instances
did a majority work in manufacturing.
Salary Distributions, 1963
Median monthly salaries for most of the work
levels were slightly lower than the weighted aver­
ages (means). Within nearly all of the 75 levels
studied, the top salary rates were at least twice
the lowest. Each occupation with two or more
defined levels of work showed substantial over­
lapping of individual salaries between work levels.
Such overlaps were also found within the salary
structures of individual firms.
The absolute spread in salaries within a given
work level tended to widen with each successively
higher level for most occupations. (See charts 1
and 2.) Although the relative spread in salary
ranges varied considerably among occupations, it
was no greater for many of the professional and
administrative work levels than for the clerical
levels. Thus, the range for the middle 50 percent
of the attorneys amounted to 25 percent or more
of the corresponding median in four of seven
levels, whereas the range was less than 25 percent
of the corresponding median for seven of the eight
6 Top engineering p o sitions of some com panies w ith very ex­
ten siv e an d com plex engineering or chem ical p ro g ram s w ere above
th e defined level.
7 T echnicians engaged p rim a rily in production or maintenance
w ork w ere excluded.

1963 SURVEY OF WHITE-COLLAR SALARIES

levels of chemists and all eight levels of engineers.
With two exceptions, the range for the clerical
work levels was between 20 and 30 percent of the
corresponding medians.
Chart 1.

1287
Such differences in salary ranges undoubtedly
result in part from differences in the range of
duties and responsibilities encompassed by the va­
rious work level definitions. In addition, salaries

Salaries in Professional and Technical Occupations, February-M arch 1 9 63
Median Monthly Salaries and Ranges Within Which Fell 50 Percent and 8 0 Percent of Employees

709-654— 63----- 3


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1288

of white-collar employees are generally set on an
individual basis or under formalized pay plans
with a rate range for each grade level within each
occupation, wThich tends to be relatively greater in
Chart 2.

professional and administrative jobs than in cleri­
cal jobs. Moreover, for many professional and
administrative occupations, the labor market is
national, whereas clerical employees are usually re-

Salaries in Adm inistrative and Clerical Occupations, February-M arch 1 9 6 3
Median Monthly Salaries and Ranges Within Which Fell 5 0 Percent and 8 0 Percent of Employees

OCCUPATION AND
CLASS

Directors of Personnel

Job Analysts

Managers, Office
Services

Tabulating-Machine
Operators

Clerks, Accounting
Stenographers, Senior
Stenographers, General
Switchboard Operators,
Special
Switchboard Operators
Bookkeeping-Machine
Operators
Keypunch Operators
Clerks, File

Typists
Office Boys or Girls


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0

$ 250

$500

$ 750

$ 1,000

$ 1,250

$ 1,500

$ 1,750

$ 2,000

1289

1963 SURVEY OF WHITE-COLLAR SALARIES

cruited locally.8 Variations from occupation to
occupation in the industrial composition of em­
ployment also affect salary levels and distributions
to the extent that salaries differ by industry.
Industry Differences

In all of the clerical occupations and in most of
the professional and administrative occupations
for which comparisons could be made, salary levels
were low^er in the retail trade and finance, insur­
ance, and real estate divisions than in other indus­
try divisions.9 Kanges in salaries overlapped
substantially among broad industry divisions, re­
flecting salary levels in the various industries and
establishments represented in each division.
Compared with the all-industry averages, salary
levels in manufacturing industries were similar for
a majority of the professional, administrative, and
technical occupations, and slightly higher for the
clerical job categories. In public utilities, the
levels generally were slightly above those in manu­
facturing. For engineers, however, relative
salary levels in utilities were 97 percent of the
all-industry level, compared with 100 for manu­
facturing, and 101 for the selected services com­
bined ( engineering and architectural services, and
commercial research, development, and testing
8 For an analysis of in terarea pay differentials in clerical sal­
aries, see Wages and Related Benefits, Metropolitan Areas, United
States and Regional Summaries, 1961—62 (BLS Bulletin 1303-83,
P a rt II).
9 The all-industry employment in each work level in each occu­
pation was used in computing the average salary for the occu­
pation in each industry group, to elim inate the influence of
industry differences in the portion of employment in various work
levels.
10 F or additional inform ation on scheduled weekly hours of office
workers employed in metropolitan areas, see Bulletin 1303-83, op.
cit., pp. 55 and 58.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

laboratories). The relative salary position of
chemists was above that for engineers in the se­
lected services; relatively more of the chemists
than of the engineers were employed in research,
development, and testing laboratories, where sal­
aries were higher.
The distribution of employment in the various
job categories among industries also underlay dif­
ferences in average weekly hours among occupa­
tions, and among work levels within occupations,
as shown in the following tabulation:
N um ber of job categories

Average

Professional,
administrative, and
technical

weekly hours i

1
7
5
28
15

t

___________________________

Clerical

7
12
_________

1 The length of the scheduled workweek, upon which the regular straighttime salary was based, for individual employees, with the distribution
rounded to the nearest half hour.

Workweeks of 40 hours predominated in all ex­
cept the finance, insurance, and real estate indus­
tries, where a majority of the employees we>re on
shorter schedules.10 Average workweeks of 39
hours or less for all levels of auditors and attorneys
and several of the clerical categories reflect their
concentration in the finance industries. Similarly,
the average weekly hours for chemists and engi­
neers reflect the high incidence of the 40-hour
workweek in manufacturing, public utilities, scien­
tific research, and engineering services industries.
—H

arry

F.

Zem a n

Division of Occupational Pay

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1290

Outlook and Trends in Civil
Aviation E m ploym ent1
T

he

specta cular

t e c h n o l o g ic a l

im p r o v e m e n t s

that have characterized civil aviation in the past
have been accompanied by rapid employment
growth. Future improvements are expected to be
met with additional rapid increases in employment.
About 280,000 people were employed in this field
in 1960—about twice as many as in 1947—and by
1970, the number is expected to reach 370,000
(table 1). Employment in the three civil avia­
tion divisions will grow at different rates. Air­
lines’ employment, which makes up three-fifths
of civil aviation employment, may rise by about
20 percent as passenger and cargo traffic increase,
but employment is expected to increase more than
twice as fast in general aviation and civil aviation
regulatory activities of the Federal Government.
These employment estimates and projections
were developed in a study conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics which included all nonmilitary
flying activities—the airlines (scheduled, supple­
mental, and foreign-flag air carriers) ; general
aviation (business, commercial, instructional, test,
ferry, and other flying, and certificated repair sta­
tions) ; and the regulatory activities of the Fed­
eral Government—Federal Aviation Agency
(FAA) and Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB).
Workers who perform civil aviation ancillary
services, such as those employed by civil airports,
air freight forwarders, or airport limousine opera­
tors were excluded for purposes of this study.
Some of the employment estimates—such as
those for general aviation and foreign-flag car­
riers—and the projections should be viewed only
as general indications of magnitudes and trends.
The projections, moreover, are significantly in­
fluenced by assumptions discussed later.
Occupational Employment Changes

Occupational patterns differ significantly in
each of the three civil aviation divisions, reflect­
ing their different activities. Principally because
of the differences in occupational patterns, but also
because of the lack of comparable comprehensive
occupational data for the three divisions, changes
in occupational patterns are best described sepa­
rately for each.

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Airlines. Occupational patterns for the sched­
uled airlines2 are described here in considerable
detail because the close regulation of these airlines
makes detailed occupational employment informa­
tion available (table 2). Less detail is presented
for the supplemental airlines and almost no occu­
pational detail is available for foreign-flag air­
lines operating in the United States.
Scheduled airlines’ employment grew very
rapidly after the end of World War I I as pas­
senger traffic increased fivefold. By 1960, em­
ployment reached 167,300—nearly double the num­
ber in 1947. Largely as a result of the growth in
passenger traffic which required more reservations,
ticket, baggage, and other services, the number
of nonflight workers—who account for 4 out
of 5 scheduled airline employees—nearly doubled.
The increase in flight employment, which resulted
mainly from the rise in the size of the airline fleet,
was even more rapid.
Aircraft and traffic servicing workers, the larg­
est occupational group, rose 16 percent between
1957 and 1960 to 43,500. In 1960, about 21,000 of
these workers did such work as handling cargo
or baggage. Another 17,000 did aircraft servicing
work such as parking, fueling, and routine
inspections of aircraft, or scheduling assignments
for operating crews. Nearly 4,000 employees did
both aircraft servicing and traffic servicing. An­
other 1,000 workers, whose main job was aircraft
and traffic servicing, also did other work, such
as selling tickets. Employment in this overall
category has varied with the number of passengers
and amount of cargo carried, the size of the airline
fleet, and the number of miles flown.
Office workers compose the second largest oc­
cupational category. In 1960, about 19,000 of the
1 A more comprehensive account of this study, including a de­
tailed discussion of the methodology used in deriving current em­
ployment estim ates and projections, will be presented in a forth­
coming BLS bulletin, Employment Outlook and Changing Occupa­
tional Structure in Civil Aviation.
2 For the scheduled airlines, strictly comparable occupational
inform ation for the entire 1947-60 period is available only for
pilots and copilots, flight attendants and flight engineers, navi­
gators, and other flight personnel. Although m aintenance worker
employment data prior to 1957 are not completely comparable
w ith late r data, a comparison of 1956 employment reports filed by
the airlines w ith the CAB w ith the 195(7 reports revealed enough
comparability for the data to be treated as homogeneous. Em­
ployment d ata for a irc raft and traffic servicing workers, office
workers, communications workers, and other workers for 19156
and earlier years are not comparable w ith late r years because of
substantial classification changes made in these categories in the
CAB employment reporting schedule.

1291

OUTLOOK AND TRENDS IN CIVIL AVIATION EMPLOYMENT

35,600 office workers wrote tickets, reserved, pas­
senger and cargo space, or sold individual tickets.
Another 13,500 office workers did stenography,
typing, and general office work. The remainder
were general management personnel, lawyers, law
clerks, traffic solicitors (who sell large blocks of
transportation), or purchasing personnel. Since
most office workers are employed in occupations
closely associated with ticketing passengers, the
number of passengers transported is an important
determinant of employment in this category. Be­
tween 1957 and 1960, as the number of revenue
passengers carried by the scheduled airlines in­
creased by 24 percent, office worker employment
increased 8 percent.
Nearly all of the 34,500 maintenance workers
were airplane mechanics; the others included car­
penters and electricians. Between 1947 and 1960,
maintenance employment increased by nearly twothirds, with practically all of the increase occur­
ring between 1947 and 1956. The growth was di­
rectly attributable to the 79-percent increase in the
number of planes operated. Between 1957 and
1960, the number of airplane mechanics and the
size of the airline fleet both grew very slowly be­
cause of the substitution of significant numbers of
jet aircraft for piston aircraft, particularly on in­
ternational routes. Jet craft carry 70 percent
more passengers 60 percent faster than the fastest,
largest piston-engine plane! in use in 1957.
Throughout the 1947-60 period, the ratio of me­
chanics to scheduled airline aircraft remained
fairly constant.
Between 1947 and 1960, employment of pilots
and copilots, the largest of the flight occupational
categories, increased 100 percent mainly because
of the increase in aircraft operated by the sched­
uled airlines. The ratio of pilots and copilots to
the number of aircraft fluctuated within a fairly
narrow range throughout the period.
About 90 percent of the 10,700 flight attendants
employed by the scheduled airlines in 1960 were
stewardesses; the others were stewards or pursers.
Flight attendant employment increased by about
160 percent between 1947 and 1960—almost double
the growth rate for total scheduled airline employ­
ment. Because flight attendants perform in­
flight passenger services, the employment gain re­
sulted mainly from the increase in the number
of revenue passenger miles, but it was less rapid
since increased aircraft speed and seating capac
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T

able

1.

E m pl o y m e n t i n C iv il A v ia t io n , I9 6 0
P r o je c t e d 1970

D iv isio n

1960

1970

and

P e rc e n t
change,
1960-70

_ ____________

280, 500

371,200

+ 3 2 .3

A irlin e s. ______ _________________ _____
S c h e d u le d ___
S u p p le m e n ta l_________________________
F o reig n flag __________________________
G en eral a v ia tio n _____ .
B u sin ess fly in g _ . __ _______________
C o m m ercial fly in g . . . _____________
In s tru c tio n a l f ly in g . _________________
T e s t, ferry, a n d o th e r fly in g ___________
In d e p e n d e n t ce rtific ate d re p a ir s h o p s ...
F ed eral G o v e r n m e n t-...................................... .

176, 000
167,300
2,300
6,400
64.000
16.000
14.000
7.000
1.000
26.000
40,500

212,200
200,000
1,200
11,000
100,000
25.000
26.000
10, 700
1,300
37.000
59.000

+ 2 0 .6
+ 1 9 .5
-4 7 .8
+ 7 1 .9
+ 5 6 .3
+ 5 6 .3
+ 8 5 .7
+ 5 2 .9
+ 3 0 .0
+ 4 2 .3
+ 4 5 .7

T o ta l . ________

ity and the growth of coach and economy service
permitted each flight attendant to service nearly
twice as many revenue passenger miles in 1960 as
in 1947.
In 1960, about 3,500 of the 3,900 employees
classified as other flight personnel were flight en­
gineers and the remainder were navigators. Be­
tween 1947 and 1960, total employment in. this
category nearly tripled, mainly because of a 1948
CAB regulation requiring flight engineers to be
aboard every aircraft with a gross takeoff weight
of more than 80,000 pounds. The number of
flight engineers increased as heavier aircraft, such
as the DC-6, DC-7, and the “Constellation” re­
placed airplanes weighing less than 80,000 pounds,
such as the DC-3 and DC-4. Between 1950 and
1957, the ratio of flight engineers to aircraft sta­
bilized between 4.6 and 5.2 for each aircraft over
80,000 pounds. Between 1957 and 1960, the num­
ber of flight engineers declined slightly. The em­
ployment decline was largely on international air­
lines where the introduction of jet aircraft led to
a decline in the international airline fleet.
Communications workers constitute the sm allest
airline occupational category. About 3,000 of the
4,200 communications workers in 1960 were
ground radio operators and teletypists. Workers
in a variety of other occupations such as teleg­
raphers and typists, indirectly related to com­
munications functions, are also included in this
category. Communications employment increased
only slightly between 1957 and 1960, despite the
tremendous rise in air traffic, because improved
communications equipment and procedures
greatly reduced the need for additional personnel.
New equipment permitted communications for
longer distances with only small increases in the
employment of ground radio and teletype opera-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1292
tors—the core of the communications worker cate­
gory.
A wide range of occupations, including hotel,
restaurant, and food service personnel, trainees of
all kinds, and instructor, watchman, porter, and
guard are included in a miscellaneous category
called “others.” The diversity of these occupa­
tions and the lack of any detailed occupational
employment data make it difficult to identify all
the factors that caused employment in this group
to rise by 17 percent—to 21,300—between 1957 and
1960. Many different factors were responsible,
including the increasing numbers of passengers
which required additional hotel, restaurant, and
food service personnel. In addition, the transi­
tion from piston-engine planes to jet aircraft led
to the employment of instructors to teach air­
craft operating and servicing personnel new flying
and maintenance procedures.
In the supplemental airlines, employment re­
mained relatively unchanged between 1957 and
1960—the only period for which employment data
are available. During this period, the number of
passenger miles flown by the supplemental airlines
nearly tripled and cargo ton-miles increased by 38
percent, but the number of planes increased by
only 3 percent.
Of the 2,300 employees of supplemental air­
lines in 1960,1,500 were reported in the flight occu­
pations. About two-thirds of the flight person­
nel were pilots or copilots; of the remainder, about
half were flight attendants, and the rest were navi­
gators or flight engineers. Of the 800 employees in
nonflight occupations, most were airplane me­
T a b l e 2.

E m pl o y m e n t

Y ear

in t h e

T o ta l
em p lo y ­
m ent

chanics, and the remainder worked in a variety of
jobs ranging from airline manager to baggage and
cargo loader.
An estimated 6,400 Americans were employed
by foreign-flag carriers in 1960, mainly in man­
agerial, sales, clerical, and maintenance positions.
General Aviation. Nearly all of the estimated
64,000 general aviation workers employed in 1960
(including an undetermined number of part-time
workers) were pilots, copilots, or airplane me­
chanics. Flight engineers, flight attendants, and
aircraft and traffic servicing workers were not
needed because of the small size and limited seat­
ing capacity of airplanes ordinarily used in gen­
eral aviation for passenger and cargo transpor­
tation.
The largest general aviation employer, with
about 25,000 mechanics and supervisors and an­
other 1,000 in other occupations as of July 1961,
was the independent certificated repair station
group. The FAA certificates such firms to per­
form various aircraft repair and maintenance op­
erations on general aviation aircraft and some
transport airplanes used by the military.
More than 90 percent (15,000) of the 16,000
workers employed in business flying in 1960 were
pilots or copilots. Maintenance work generally
is handled by independent certificated repair
stations.
More than 70 percent of the estimated 14,000
workers engaged in commercial flying were pilots
or copilots, with the remainder working in ground
occupations. For-hire operators (aircraft owners

S c h e d u l e d A ir l in e s ,

P ilo ts
and
copilots

by

O th e r flig h t
perso n n el

F lig h t
a tte n d a n ts

O c c u p a t io n a l C a t e g o r ie s , 1 947-60
M a in te ­
n an ce
p erso n n el

A ircraft a n d
traffic
serv icin g
p erso n n el

Office
p erso n n el

C o m m u n i­
catio n s
p erso n n el

O th e r

1947.............. .....................................................
1948_____________________ ___________
1949................ ........................... .......................
1950..____ _____________ _____________
1951._____ ___________________________

85,200
84, 600
83,000
85,900
100,500

6,600
6,900
7,200
7,800
9,100

1,300
1,500
1,700
1,700
2, 000

4,100
4,100
4,400
4, 500
5,400

21,100
21,800
20,100
20, 500
24,700

(')
0)
0)
0)
0)

0)

(0
(6
0)
0)

«
(>)
(0
(')
(>)

52,000
50.200
49,700
51, 500
59,200

1952................................................... ...............
1953....................................... ...........................
1954_______ ____ _____________________
1955...............................................................
1956_________________________________

108, 800
114, 500
113,100
126,900
138,100

9, 500
10,200
10, 000
11, 600
12,400

2,100
2,500
2,700
3,000
3,800

6,000
6,200
6, 500
7,600
8,200

27,400
27,400
26,100
30,400
32,700

0)
0)
(0
(>)
0)

(0
0)
(0
(0
0)

«
(0
(>)
(>)
(0

63,800
68,100
67, 700
74, 300
81,000

1957_________________________________
1958........ .................. .......................................
1959.............. ...................................................
1960................ ...................................................

153, 700
152,100
165, 500
167, 300

14,300
13, 600
14, 600
13,600

4,200
4,000
4,200
3,900

9, 600
10,000
10,800
10,700

32, 900
30,800
32, 800
34, 500

P rio r to 1957, d a ta are n o t co m p arab le .


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37,600
38,400
44,100
43, 500

32,800
32,800
34, 700
35,600

4,100
4,100
4,400
4,200

18,200
18, 500
19,900
21,300

S o u r c e s : F A A S t a ti s ti c a l H a n d b o o k o f A v i a ti o n , 1961 e d itio n ; (F ed eral
A v ia tio n A gency), H a n d b o o k o f A i r l i n e S t a t i s t i c s , 1961 ed itio n ; B L S esti­
m a te s (C iv il A ero n au tics B oard)

OUTLOOK AND TRENDS IN CIVIL AVIATION EMPLOYMENT

who lease their planes, with or without pilots, to
be used for any flying service) employed the
largest number of commercial flying workers—an
estimated 7,600. Employment was nearly evenly
divided between pilots and copilots and ground
workers. Of the remaining commercial flying
workers, an estimated 4,100 were employed in crop
dusting and 2,300 were in patrol and survey fly­
ing activities.
About 7,000 employees, all pilots, were estimated
to be employed in instructional flying in 1960.
Test, ferry, and other flying activities made up
the smallest general aviation activity, employing
about a thousand workers.
Government Regulatory Activities. The Federal
Government employed 40,500 workers in 1960, in a
variety of civil aviation occupations, including
some in which employees perform work similar to
that done by their counterparts in the airlines and
in general aviation. However, the vast majority
of Federal civil aviation workers were employed
in occupations different from those found in the
other divisions of civil aviation.
Of the more than 39,000 workers employed by
the FAA in 1960, the largest occupational group
was air traffic servicing, with 17,500 employees; of
these, 11,400 were air traffic controllers. Employ­
ment of traffic controllers, who control airplane
movements between and around airports, increased
more than threefold between 1952 and 1960, mainly
because of the increase in aircraft speed, which
makes control work more complex. Other reasons
for the rise include the nearly 30-percent increase
in the number of FAA airport control towers, the
introduction of radar to control traffic, and the in­
crease in the number of flights subject to control.
An additional 4,000 air traffic service personnel
were employed in flight service stations in 1960 to
relay air traffic control information, and provide
other flight assistance to pilots, such as search and
rescue. The great majority of these personnel
were flight service station specialists who operated
radio telephones and teletype machines. Employ­
ment in flight service stations decreased between
1952 and 1956 as the number of stations declined
6 Federal Aviation Agency, September 1961.
* Federal Aviation Agency, Office of Policy Development, No­
vember 1962.
BThis assumption was made prior to announcements by Pan
American World Airways and Continental Air Lines of orders
for several SST’s for delivery in the la tte r p a rt of the 1960’s.


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1293

from 415 to 358, and as improved long-distance
communications equipment was introduced. Be­
tween 1956 and 1960, when the number of flight
service stations remained relatively stable, em­
ployment increased because additional services
were performed for general aviation pilots.
In 1960, 13,000 workers were employed to main­
tain, repair, and install the electronic devices that
make up the Federal Airways—the invisible struc­
ture of electronic navigational guides and visual
navigational components. A little more than half
of these workers were electronics technicians. The
other major occupations, with a total employment
of 1,400, were electrical engineer, airway engi­
neer, and civil engineer. The remaining Federal
Government civil aviation workers were employed
in executive and clerical jobs in the FAA or the
CAB.
Employment Outlook, 1970

The employment projections developed in this
study are based on a series of assumptions regard­
ing the national economy and technological inno­
vations. For the most part, the assumptions used
by the FAA in Report of the Task Force on Na­
tional Aviation Goals—Project Horizon3 have
been accepted in this study. Use of these assump­
tions allows the adoption of that report’s projec­
tions of the number of aircraft and aviation
activity which are more recent and comprehensive
than comparable projections in other studies.
However, the latest FAA forecast of revenue
passengers and revenue passenger-miles in
Aviation Forecasts, Fiscal 1963-19684 were
adopted for this study.
Two major assumptions of this study are that
war or other cataclysmic events which would sub­
stantially alter the rate of our economic growth
will not occur, and that the relatively high levels
of economic activity in the United States today
will be maintained in the 1960’s. The following
assumptions were made concerning future tech­
nological developments which could directly affect
civil aviation employment: (1) The supersonic
transport plane (SST) will not be operational
until the early 1970’s.5 (2) The short- and me­
dium-range economical jet planes that will become
operational during the latter half of the 1960’s
will require the same size flight crews as the light
turboprop and piston-engine planes which they

1294
will replace, (3) During the latter half of the
1960’s, the scheduled airlines will place into serv­
ice a long-range, all-cargo plane capable of bring­
ing about “very substantial reductions in the price
asked for air freight service” 6 and a correspond­
ingly large increase in air freight volume and em­
ployment. (4) Helicopter service will not be
conducted on a large scale even though many more
improved helicopters will become operational dur­
ing the mid-1960’s. (5) Several additional types
of pure jet aircraft, specifically designed for gen­
eral aviation, will become operational during the
middle 1960’s.
Airlines. Employment in the scheduled airlines
is expected to increase by about 20 percent during
the 1960’s. Growth will stem from substantial
expansion in scheduled airline activity. Revenue
passenger-miles are expected to increase by nearly
85 percent to about 70 billion. Passenger seat
miles are projected to increase somewhat less
rapidly. Projected aircargo traffic in 1970 will be
nearly four times greater than in 1960 because of
anticipated reductions in cargo rates. In spite of
large increases in passenger and cargo traffic, the
size of the airline fleet is expected to be slightly
smaller in 1970 than in 1960. The decline will
result from the substitution of large, fast, more
efficient planes for smaller planes now in use. As
a result of these factors, total employment in the
scheduled airlines may number 200,000 by 1970
(table 3). Practically all of the employment
increase is expected to occur in ground occupa­
tions—particularly those involving service to the
growing number of people who will be flying.
All of the employment increase in flight occupa­
tions is expected to be among stewardesses.
Employment of aircraft and traffic servicing
workers is expected to increase by about 45 per­
cent between 1960 and 1970—making this the fast­
est growing occupational group. By 1970, the
scheduled airlines will employ about 63,500 air­
craft and traffic servicing workers. Increases in
the number of aircraft servicing workers will re­
sult mainly from increases in the number of pas­
senger seat miles and cargo ton-miles. However,
technological innovations and new procedures
6 Selected Characteristics of U.S. A ir Carrier, General Aviation,
and M ilitary Flying A ctivity— Historical and as Projected
Through 1970 (Annex to Project Horizon) (Federal Aviation
Agency, November 1961), p. VI.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

for aircraft cleaning, fueling, and other functions
will partially offset increased traffic. The growth
of traffic servicing workers, resulting from in­
creases in passenger and cargo traffic, will be some­
what slowed by increases in shuttle service (which
permits passengers to carry their baggage on board
the plane and reduces baggage handlers’ work),
and improvements in baggage handling equip­
ment and procedures, cargo packaging methods,
and loading equipment and procedures.
The number of office workers is projected to in­
crease by about 10 percent, to about 39,500, in
1970. Growth in office occupations will continue
to depend mainly upon the number of passengers
transported by the scheduled airlines. However,
employment is not expected to grow as rapidly as
the number of revenue passengers for several
reasons. Expansion of air shuttle service during
the 1960’s, particularly during the second half
of the decade, will dampen the increase in employ­
ment of ticket and reservations personnel. Also,
the increasing use of automatic reservations sys­
tems for passengers and cargo is expected to slow
the growth in the employment of office workers.
The number of maintenance workers, pilots and
copilots, and other flight personnel is expected to
be about the same in 1970 as in 1960. As in the
past, employment in these three occupational cate­
gories will be influenced by the size of the airline
fleet or, in the case of other flight personnel, the
size of the airline fleet weighing more than 80,000
pounds. Thus, although the airline fleet is ex­
pected to be made up of an increasing proportion
of jet planes, the ratio between aircraft and the
number of maintenance workers, pilots and co­
pilots, and other flight personnel is expected to
remain the same. On this basis, employment of
about 35,000 maintenance workers, 13,500 pilots
T a b l e 3. O c c u p a t io n a l D is t r ib u t io n o f S c h e d u l e d
A ir l in e E m p l o y m e n t , 1960 and P r o je c t e d 1970
1960

1970

O ccu p atio n al gro u p

N u m b e r P e rc e n t N u m b e r P e rc e n t
T o ta l______________ ____

167,300

100.0

200,000

100.0

A ircraft a n d traffic servicing w o rk e rs .
Office w o rk ers _____ _
M a in te n a n c e w o rk e rs. . _
F lig h t a tte n d a n ts ...............................
P ilo ts a n d co p ilo ts________________
O th e r flig h t p erso n n el ___
C o m m u n ica tio n s w o rk e rs ..
O th e r w o rk e rs ____________

43, 500
35,600
34, 500
10, 700
13,600
3,900
4,200
21,300

26.0
21.3
20.6
6.4
8.1
2.3
2.5
12.7

63, 500
39, 500
35,000
14, 500
13,500
3.900
4,000
26,000

31.8
19.8
17.5
7.3
6.7
1.9
2.0
13.0

N ote: Because of rounding, sum of items may not equal totals.

1295

OUTLOOK AND TRENDS IN CIVIL AVIATION EMPLOYMENT

and copilots, and 3,900 other flight personnel is
anticipated by 1970. The employment projection
for other flight personnel takes into account the
replacement of a few hundred navigators by auto­
matic navigation systems operated by the pilot or
copilot. However, the reduction among navigators
will be offset by a similar increase in the number
of flight engineers caused by a slight increase in
the number of aircraft weighing more than 80,000
pounds. Thus, by 1970, all workers in the other
flight personnel category will be flight engineers.7
The number of stewardesses and other flight
attendants is expected to increase at about the
same rate as the number of revenue passengermiles, and reach 14,500 by 1970. Although a con­
tinuation of the shift to coach, economy, and
shuttle traffic, and increased airplane speed will
allow a stewardess to service more passenger-miles
in the course of a working month, the rise in reve­
nue passenger traffic will offset this and result in
increased employment of stewardesses.
Employment of communications workers is ex­
pected to remain at about 4,000 throughout the
1960’s. Employment of ground radio operators
and other employees directly related to communi­
cations functions is expected to decline, mainly be­
cause of improved long distance communications
equipment. In addition, in recent years, many air­
lines have contracted their communications func­
tions to a company which is outside of civil avia­
tion as defined in this article. Increases in airline
communications needs during the 1960’s probably
will be met by this company. Employment de­
clines in occupations directly associated with com­
munications functions, however, will be offset by
anticipated increases among telegraphers, typists,
and others indirectly associated with communica­
tions functions.
The number of scheduled airline personnel in
the large miscellaneous occupational category
“other workers” is expected to grow by about 20
percent between 1960 and 1970—as in the past,
slightly faster than employment in the sum of the
other seven airline occupational categories. The
same factors that accounted for the relatively rapid
7
One assumption of this forecast is th a t the scheduled airline
flight crew on airplanes weighing more than 80,000 pounds will
be made up of three men— a flight crew complement now em­
ployed by a m ajority of the scheduled airlines. 'The third man is
classified as a flight engineer and not a copilot even though he has
some copilot qualifications, because Civil Air Regulations only
require the third man to have a flight engineer’s certificate.
709-654— 63-

-4


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growth of the “other worker” category between
1957 and 1960—mainly the increasing number of
passengers, the introduction of new aircraft, and
the growing complexity of the airline fleet—will
continue to operate during the 1960’s.
By 1965, employment in the supplemental air­
lines is projected to decline to 1,200—about half of
the 1960 level—and then remain stable through the
second half of the decade. As in the past, the sin­
gle most important determinant of employment
will be the size of the fleet, which is expected to
decline by 50 percent between 1960 and 1965, but
remain about the same between 1965 and 1970.
The number of U.S. citizens working for for­
eign-flag air carriers in office, aircraft and traffic
servicing, and other occupations probably will in­
crease rapidly during the 1960’s—by about 70
percent—to 11,000. This increase will stem mainly
from the same factors expected to cause increased
employment in the same occupations on the U.S.
airlines. Assuming that the foreign-flag air car­
riers maintain their share of the U.S. overseas
market, they will fly more than twice as many
revenue passenger-miles in 1970 as in 1960.
General Aviation. Employment in general avia­
tion will increase by an estimated 56 percent, to
about 100,000, by 1970. Employment of pilots,
copilots, and airplane mechanics will grow rapidly
and continue to account for nearly all general
aviation employment, as shown below:
I960

T o t a l ____
Pilots and copilots.
Airplane mechanics
Other

____
____
____
____

64,
133,
28,
2,

000
000
300
700

1970

100,
53,
43,
4,

000
000
000
000

1 T h e e s tim a te of p ilo t a n d co p ilo t e m p lo y m e n t o u ts id e of th e airlin es is
h ig h e r th a n th e n u m b e r of ‘ ‘a irp la n e p ilo ts a n d n a v ig a to rs ” shown, in th e U . S .
C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n : U . S . S u m m a r y for in d u s trie s o u tsid e of air tra n s p o rta ­
tio n . T h e m a jo r reaso n for th is difference is th a t th e p ilo t a n d co p ilo t em p lo y ­
m e n t estim ates u sed in th is article in c lu d e p a rt-tim e w o rk ers w h ereas th e
C en su s figures do n o t. A n o th e r reaso n is t h a t a irc ra ft o w n ers w ho p ilo t th e ir
p lan es professionally are in th e “ m an ag ers, ow n ers, a n d p ro p rie to rs ” g ro u p
r a th e r th a n “ airp lan e p ilo ts a n d n a v ig a to rs .” I n th is article, su ch persons
are classified as professional p ilo ts. A lso, B L S e m p lo y m e n t e stim a te s for
p ilo ts a n d copilots m a y b e o v e rsta te d becau se th e y are b ased o n th e n u m b e r of
F A A aircraft reg istered . I n a re c e n t s tu d y , i t w as fo u n d th a t a few th o u s a n d
a irp la n e ow n ers h a d scrap p ed , ex p o rted , or o th erw ise e lim in a te d th e ir a ir­
craft, b u t h a d failed to cancel th e F A A reg istratio n .

The number of aircraft and their complexity
are the two principal factors determining future
general aviation employment. The number of
aircraft is anticipated to increase by more than
one-third and the number of multiengine planes,
which are relatively complex, will almost double.

1296
Airplane fleets in each segment of general aviation
(except pleasure flying) will become larger and
more complex during the 1960’s.
Independent certificated repair stations are ex­
pected to continue to have the largest proportion—about one-third of all general aviation workers
throughout the 1960 decade. The number of cer­
tificated repair stations is expected to increase by
about 42 percent over the decade, with most of
the growth occurring during the first half. This
increase will result from greater maintenance re­
quirements of the general aviation fleet. Total
employment in these establishments is expected to
reach about 37,000 by 1970.
Employment in business flying is expected to in­
crease by 56 percent, to about 25,000, by 1970.
Pilots and copilots will continue to comprise 90
percent of business flying employment. Higher
employment will result from large increases in
the number of business aircraft as companies in­
creasingly operate their own aircraft for con­
venience, and to save time and improve their mar­
keting and sales procedures. By 1970, almost half
of the 105,000 aircraft used in general aviation
will be used in business flying.
Commercial flying employment is expected to
grow at a faster rate than any of the other general
aviation segments and, by 1970, will total about
26.000. Pilots and copilots will continue to ac­
count for nearly three-fourths of commercial fly­
ing employment throughout the decade. The ma­
jor reason for the projected employment growth in
commercial flying activities will be the expansion
of commercial flying services and the resulting in­
crease in the number of aircraft. Most of the
employment growth is expected to be in for-hire
activities where the number of workers may more
than double over the decade—reaching nearly
17.000. Employment in crop dusting activities
will increase rapidly, to about 6,000, and patrol
and survey flying will reach about 3,500 by 1970.
Regulatory Activities. By 1970, an estimated
59,000 civil aviation workers will be employed by
the Federal Government—46 percent more than
in 1960. The FAA will continue to employ prac­
tically all of these workers.
Systems installation and maintenance workers
are expected to supplant air traffic control workers
as the largest FAA occupational category. Em­
ployment of these workers will increase by about

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

70 percent, to about 24,000, by 1970. This increase
will result from the installation and maintenance
of additional electronic and mechanical equipment
used to facilitate navigation and control of air­
craft. For example, by 1970, radar is expected to
be used widely by controllers as a means of identi­
fying aircraft altitude.
Air traffic service employment is expected to in­
crease rapidly in the first half of the decade, to
about 19,800 in 1965, and then decline slightly.
The number of workers projected for the major
air traffic control activities follows:
T o ta l, a ir traffic service e m p lo y m e n t-----------A ir traffic c o n tro l c e n te rs..................................................
A irp o rt traffic c o n tro l to w e rs _____________________
F lig h t service s ta tio n s ____________________________
A d m in istra tio n , p la n n in g , sy ste m d ire c tio n , a n d
services_________________________________________

I960

1966

1970

17,500
7,200
5,400
4,000

19,800
7,500
6,800
4,600

19,400
6,700
6,900
4,800

830

1,000

1,000

N o te : B ecau se of ro u n d in g , s u m of ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls .

By 1970, controllers who direct traffic around
airports (airport controllers) are expected to out­
number controllers directing traffic between air­
ports (center controllers). The number of air­
port controllers will increase by 28 percent over
the decade because anticipated increases in traffic,
and the inauguration of additional services, will
require the operation of additional control towers.
Employment of center controllers is expected
to increase by about 5 percent during the first half
of the 1960’s, mainly because an increase in air­
craft operations (from 10 million aircraft handled
annually in 1960 to 11 million in 1965) will more
than offset a decline in the number of centers
(from 34 to 29). Although traffic will continue
to increase during the second half of the decade—
to about 13 million aircraft handled annually in
1970—employment of center controllers is antici­
pated to decline because of the planned introduc­
tion of an automatic air route traffic control
system.
An increase of about 20 percent in the number
of flight service station workers is expected over
the 1960-70 decade. A more than 20-percent in­
crease in the number of aircraft contacted and an
increase in the number of services provided will
more than offset efficiencies made possible through
consolidating stations and locating them near
areas of high activity.
— S h eld o n H. L u s k in
Division of Manpower and Occupational Outlook

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1963

State Labor Legislation
Enacted in 1963
T her e w as considerable activity in the 47 State
legislatures1 meeting in regular session this year,
as measured by the number of labor bills proposed
and the number enacted on a broad range of sub­
jects. The following article describes State labor
legislation passed in 1963.2
Among the most significant laws were an anti­
injunction act in Hawaii and a ban on certain
strikebreaking practices in Rhode Island and
Hawaii. Collective bargaining rights were
granted to public employees in Connecticut and
Oregon and to employees in nonprofit hospitals
in New York City. Five additional States pro­
hibited special payment to organizations for
“piggyback” transportation, and Wyoming passed
a “right-to-work” law. Laws prohibiting discrim­
ination because of race, creed, color, or national
origin were passed in Hawaii, Iowa, and Vermont;
Indiana required mandatory, instead of voluntary,
compliance with its law; and Colorado and Maine
adopted antidiscrimination provisions for appren­
tice programs. Age discrimination was banned
in Colorado and Maine. Missouri and Vermont
passed equal pay laws. Private employment agen­
cies are now subject to regulation under a new
North Dakota law. Oklahoma and North Caro­
lina regulated housing and sanitation in migrant
labor camps, and California empowered housing
authorities to operate residential centers for agri­
cultural workers. Occupational safety laws regu­
lated hazards in 11 States. A variety of laws were
passed in a number of the States relating to the
training or retraining of workers.

Wage Standards

Six States increased their statutory minimum
hourly rates, with one State’s law applying to
women and girls only. The new rates are: Idaho—
$1; Nevada—$1,121/2 until September 1964 and
$1.15 thereafter for women 18 years of age and
over, and $1 for girls under 18 effective in 1963;
New Hampshire—$1.15 starting January 1964 and
$1.25 in January 1965; New Mexico—80 cents for
general employment and 70 cents for service oc­
cupations; North Carolina—85 cents starting Jan­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1297

uary 1964. Massachusetts increased the rate for
certain service workers to 80 cents until September
1964 and 85 cents thereafter. In addition, higher
basic minimums took effect this fall in Alaska,
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island as
a result of two-step increases approved in 1961 or
1962.3
Ten States passed laws relating to the payment
of prevailing wages on public works. New Jersey
transferred authority to determine prevailing
wages from the contracting agencies to the labor
commissioner. Pennsylvania amendments now
require the secretary of labor, before determining
prevailing rates, to consult with a newly created
advisory board representing labor, industry, and
the public; a grievance and appeals board was also
provided. New Mexico gave the labor commis­
sioner additional responsibility in administering
and enforcing its law. Hawaii, New Hampshire,
and New Jersey added provision for inclusion of
certain fringe benefits in establishing prevailing
rates. Other enactments dealt with extended
coverage in Connecticut and Maryland, appren­
tice rates in Florida and Washington, and a re­
quest for a study of the existing law in Texas.
Wage payment and wage collection laws were
strengthened in three States. Coverage was ex­
tended in New Hampshire and Vermont and clari­
fied in Hawaii. Other changes included a require­
ment in Hawaii and New Hampshire that wage
statements be given to employees showing’ deduc­
tions, a prohibition in Hawaii against deductions
for such losses as those due to defective workman­
ship or failure of customers to pay, and a Vermont
provision that discharged employees must be paid
at the time of discharge. Hawaii and New Hamp­
shire also dropped the monetary limit on the
amount of a worker’s claim for unpaid wages that
can be assigned to their labor commissioners for
collection purposes.
Missouri enacted an equal pay law prohibiting
lower wage rates to women than men in the same
establishment for the same quantity, quality, and
classification of work, and Vermont included an
equal pay provision in its new law barring em­
ployment discrimination by prohibiting discrimi1All but Kentucky, Mississippi, and Virginia.
2 Workmen’s compensation a n d unemployment insurance legis­
lation will be covered in subsequent articles.
8
A $1.25 rate took effect in Connecticut, M assachusetts, and
Rhode Island, and a $1.75 rate in Alaska.

1298
nation in rates of pay because of sex. Hawaii,
which already had an equal pay provision in its
minimum wage law, also included in its new fair
employment act a prohibition against discrimina­
tion because of sex. There are now 24 States4with
equal pay laws.
Industrial Relations

New York granted collective bargaining rights
to employees in nonprofit hospitals and residentialcare institutions in New York City by extending
coverage of its labor relations act to such em­
ployees. The amendment also prohibited strikes
or lockouts of such employees but provided for
mediation, factfinding, and binding arbitration.
Hawaii expanded its labor relations act to cover
employers of two or more employees, instead of
eight or more as before.
Idaho, amending mediation provisions relating
to representation elections, conferred additional
authority on its labor commissioner, who may now
issue regulations on filing petitions for investiga­
tion and for certifying employee representatives.
An explicit requirement was added that employers
and unions must bargain in good faith when the
commissioner has designated a bargaining agent.
Hawaii passed an anti-injunction act; this is
the first such enactment since 1947 (when the
Puerto Rico act was passed), making 26 juris­
dictions 5 with such a law. The Hawaii act, like
most of the others, is patterned after the Federal
Norris-LaGuardia Act and prohibits the issuance
of injunctions in cases involving labor disputes
except under specified conditions. Massachusetts
amended its act by limiting to 1 year the effective
period of a permanent injunction in a labor dis­
pute case; it may be renewed only after a new
hearing and findings of fact.
Rhode Island prohibited the use of professional
strikebreakers, and a Hawaii law banned various
strikebreaking practices, including the use of pro­
fessional strikebreakers. California and Oregon
prohibited the use of lie detector tests as a con­
dition of employment, and Connecticut authorized
a study of such a ban.
A growing body of law is developing in em­
ployer-employee relationships in public employ­
ment. In general, these laws recognize the right
to bargain collectively but prohibit strikes. This

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

year Oregon approved such a measure, granting
rights of union membership and collective bergaining to public employees; strikes were forbidden,
and employees may not recognize a picket line
while performing official duties. A Connecticut
act authorized political subdivisions of the State to
bargain collectively with all their employees except
teachers; made available upon joint petition the
services of the State Board of Mediation and Arbi­
tration; and established a commission to study
and make proposals for legislation on such matters
as appropriate bargaining units, election pro­
cedures, and bargaining responsibilities. Rhode
Island granted policemen in cities or towns the
right to organize and bargain collectively on
wages, hours, and other working conditions ; the
act also required arbitration of unresolved issues,
declaring arbitration a necessary alternative to the
right to strike. New York, in an amendment ef­
fective until July 1, 1965, liberalized the condi­
tions of reemployment of public employees whose
employment has been terminated because of
prohibited participation in a strike, but added
salary-deduction penalties against such striking
employees.
A few laws restricting union activities were
enacted. Five more States, Arkansas, Florida,
Nebraska, New Jersey, and North Carolina (in
addition to last year’s enactments in Georgia, Ken­
tucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia),
prohibited “piggyback” payments to organiza­
tions. In effect, these laws prohibit special
payments by shippers or carriers for the rail
transportation of highway trailers. Wyoming be­
came the first State in 5 years to pass a “right-towork” law and the 20th State 6 to have such a law
i Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,
Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, M assachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, W ashington, Wisconsin,
and Wyoming.
5 Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indi­
ana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, M assachusetts, Min­
nesota, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North
Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Utah,
Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. F o r a discussion of such
acts, see “The Development and E xtent of State Anti-Injunction
Acts,” M onthly Labor Review, September 1962, pp. 1019—1021.
0 Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North
Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Virginia, and Wyoming. In addition, Louisiana has a law th a t
applies only to agricultural labor and those engaged in the proc­
essing of certain agricultural products.

1299

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1963

of general application. Colorado, amending its
labor relations act, made it an unfair practice for
a union or employee to encourage a strike or use
any other means to prevent the use of cost-reduc­
ing equipment or material.
Discrim ination in Employment

Laws prohibiting discrimination in employment
on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin
were passed for the first time in Hawaii, Iowa,
and Vermont; and Indiana made mandatory its
former voluntary law. Discrimination on the
basis of age also was prohibited by the Hawaii
law and by a new Nebraska measure. There are
now 26 jurisdictions7 with mandatory fair em­
ployment practice laws, and 188 that bar age dis­
crimination in employment.
Colorado and Maine took action to eliminate
discrimination in apprenticeship programs—Colo­
rado, by making its employment discrimination
ban applicable also to apprenticeship and other
training programs; and Maine, by requiring that
standards for apprenticeship agreements shall
contain a nondiscrimination provision.
Agricultural Workers

With this year’s enactments in North Carolina
and Oklahoma, there are now 30 States9 with
mandatory laws or regulations setting housing
and sanitation standards for migrant labor
camps. The new law in North Carolina, which
until now set advisory standards for the State
and mandatory standards in only five counties,
prescribed statewide mandatory standards. An
annual permit is required, to be issued only if the
local health director’s investigation or inspection
shows that the camp meets these standards. The
7 Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii
(effective 1 /1 /6 4 ), Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massa­
chusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mex­
ico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode
Island, Vermont, W ashington, and Wisconsin.
8 Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii
(effective 1 /1 /6 4 ), Louisiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New
Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico,
Rhode Island, W ashington, and Wisconsin.
9 Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Flor­
ida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Min­
nesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, W ashington, West Vir­
ginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.


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Oklahoma law, which also requires an annual li­
cense, gave the State Board of Health authority
to set housing, sanitation, and safety standards by
regulation, with the advice of an Advisory Board.
Illinois added to its present law an additional set
of camp standards, and made each set applicable
in accordance with the number of persons housed
in the camps and the period of time the camp is
operated.
A California law, declaring a need for housing
centers for agricultural workers in order to assure
a supply of workers when needed, empowered local
housing authorities to acquire such housing proj­
ects and operate them on a rental basis. Other
California enactments required each licensed farm
labor contractor to furnish statements to workers
showing wage deductions, and to have records
available for inspection by his workers and the
grower showing his own rate of pay and that of
his workers.
Occupational Safety and Health

The regulation of hazards resulting from the
peaceful use of atomic energy continues to pre­
dominate occupational safety and health legisla­
tion, as it has in recent years. Alabama, Missouri,
Nebraska, and Nevada enacted laws providing for
State control of radiation hazards; designated
their State health departments as the regulatory
agency; and, in general, provided for standards
and a regulatory program compatible with those
of the Federal Government, including inspection
and licensing or registration of sources of ionizing
radiation, and recordkeeping on the radiation ex­
posure of individuals. In addition, Kansas and
New Hampshire enacted more comprehensive laws
than formerly, and Illinois and North Carolina
strengthened existing provisions.
Ten States (Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, Ne­
braska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina,
Ohio, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin) authorized their
Governors to enter into agreements with the Fed­
eral Government to transfer to the State certain
radiation control responsibilities. To date, 27
States have granted their Governors such author­
ity. Thus far, agreements for transfer have been
concluded by the Atomic Energy Commission
with Arkansas and Texas in 1963, and with Cali­
fornia, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New York in

1300
1962. (A 1959 Federal act permits the Commis­
sion to approve such a transfer if it finds that the
State’s radiation control program is adequate.)
Advances in other areas of safety legislation
were made in four States. Arkansas and Okla­
homa prohibited work within 6 feet of high voltage
conductors unless specified protective measures are
taken. Arkansas also passed an elevator safety
act, to be administered by its labor department.
Michigan created a construction safety commission
with authority to issue safety regulations for the
construction industry. A New Hampshire amend­
ment added mines, quarries, and building and con­
struction occupations to the coverage of its safety
law, and also made the expanded law applicable
where one or more persons are regularly employed,
instead of three or more as before.
Private Employment Agencies

North Dakota passed a law, to be administered
by the attorney general, that regulates private
employment agencies for the first time, raising to
47 10 the number of jurisdictions that have some
regulation of such agencies. The law requires
agencies to be licensed and bonded, and prohibits
registration fees. Agencies must file a schedule
of placement fees with the attorney general and
may not charge more than scheduled fees. The
act also prohibits such practices as fee splitting,
fraudulent advertising, and failure to inform an
applicant of a strike or lockout at the place of pro­
posed employment. New York, whose existing
law had been administered locally up to this time,
transferred administration to the State labor com­
missioner for all areas except New York City.
(The city commissioner of licenses will continue to
administer the law in New York City.) A Texas
amendment limited its existing maximum place­
ment fee of 40 percent of the first month’s earnings
to cases where earnings are $750 a month or less on
earnings in excess of this amount, the fee may now
be determined by written contract between the
agency and the applicant.
Child Labor and Youth Employment

Colorado and Wyoming made extensive changes
in their child labor laws; both improved their
standards for employment during school hours.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

In Colorado, where a legislative council had been
directed last year to study the child labor and
school attendance laws and recommend revisions,
new laws were enacted to replace the old. The
new law raised the minimum age from 14 to 16
years for employment during school hours and for
factory employment at any time. It also set a
new 12-year minimum age for work in agriculture;
brought the provision dealing with hazardous oc­
cupations prohibited for minors into close con­
formity with Federal provisions under the Fair
Labor Standards Act; and added a 4-hour maxi­
mum for employment of school children under 16
years on school days. The new school attendance
law dropped the former exemptions (including one
for 14-year-olds who had finished the 8th grade),
and substituted new exemptions for high school
graduates under 16, participants in work-study
programs, and certain others.
Wyoming for the first time directly set a 16year minimum for employment during school
hours, retaining the 14-year minimum for most
employment outside school hours. Other changes
included strengthened certificate issuance provi­
sions. A Texas amendment raised from 12 to
14 years the minimum age at which a needy child
may obtain a work permit and also brought agri­
culture under coverage of its child labor law.
(However, the age and permit provisions of the
law do not apply between June 1 and Septem­
ber 1.)
Five States (Arkansas, Colorado, Ohio, Utah,
and Wyoming) permitted minors to work later
at night than previously. For example, girls of
16 and 17 years of age in Arkansas may work until
10 p.m., rather than 9 p.m.; boys of 14 and 15
years in Ohio may work until 10 p.m. before non­
school days upon approval of the school superin­
tendent, but as before may not work after 6 p.m.
on other nights; boys of 15 and girls of 15-17
years in Utah are no longer subject to nightwork
regulation.
Other enactments include a New Mexico law
transferring administration of its child labor law
from the Department of Public Welfare to the
Labor and Industrial Commission, and a Rhode
Island amendment requiring triple (rather than
double) compensation under its workmen’s com10
All but Alabama, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina,
and Vermont.

1301

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1963

pensation law for a minor injured while illegally
employed.
Training and Retraining

Enactments in a number of States show a
variety of efforts to cope with the training needs
of both young persons and adults.
Several laws instituted or strengthened voca­
tional or technical education programs. For ex­
ample, Tennessee authorized the establishment of
a statewide system of area vocational technical
schools for all persons, including school dropouts;
Florida authorized counties to establish such
centers; West Virginia requested its board of edu­
cation to submit to the legislature a plan for such
a system; and South Carolina created commissions
for certain counties to establish district technical
education centers, thereby implementing its 1961
technical education and training act. North
Carolina authorized the State Board of Education
to develop for the public schools an instruction
program in basic work skills and industrial edu­
cation, and California will evaluate the adequacy
of its secondary school vocational courses as prep­
aration for entering apprenticeship or on-the-job
training programs.
On-the-job training programs were promoted
in five States by amendments to their apprentice­
ship laws, and studies were authorized in two
additional States. Amendments were adopted in
Florida and Vermont to set standards under the
apprenticeship law for on-the-job training pro­
grams, and in Connecticut, Hawaii, and Washing­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ton to authorize, promote, or aid in developing
such programs. California created a Commis­
sion on Manpower, Automation and Technology
to study, among other subjects, the effectiveness
of job training programs. A new apprenticeship
law in Delaware created in the labor department
an Apprenticeship and Training Council, which
is to establish apprenticeship standards in con­
formity with Federal standards, and to study the
problem, among others, of training the unem­
ployed or underemployed.
Hawaii authorized conservation employment
programs for men, to be activated when the un­
employment rate in a county remains at 6 percent
or higher for 3 months; and Idaho made perma­
nent its summer conservation camp program for
boys 14-17 years old, started in 1961 as a pilot
project. A few laws were passed to provide work
training for recipients of public assistance includ­
ing those in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Wash­
ington.
Women’s Hours

Five States amended their women’s hours laws.
Idaho and Rhode Island amendments included a
requirement for the payment of time and one-half
after 48 hours a week, Maine and Connecticut ex­
tended their laws to cover additional industries,
and Colorado exempted clerical office workers from
its 8-hour-day law.
— S ylvia R. W eissbrodt
Bureau of Labor Standards

1302

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

Wage Chronology:
American Viscose Division,
FM C Corp.1
Supplement No. 2—1959-63
T h e A merican V iscose C orp. and the Textile
Workers Union of America (TWUA) amended
their pension agreement in December 1958 to pro­
vide benefits for workers whose employment was
terminated by plant shutdowns, although the
parties had agreed in 1956 that the pension plan
would not be changed for 10 years.
A 3-year contract on wages and related wage
provisions, negotiated in June 1959, provided pay
increases ranging from 10 to 14 cents an hour, ef­
fective May 31, and deferred wage increases of
5 cents an hour in June of 1960 and 1961. The
contract, which covered about 7,000 workers in
five synthetic yarn plants,2 also liberalized eligi­
bility for holiday and disability pay and added a
fourth week of paid vacation for employees with
25 years’ service, effective in 1960, and established
funeral leave of up to 3 days, effective in 1961.
When it appeared that a new agreement could
not be reached and ratified by June 1,1962, the ex­
piration date of the 1959 contract, the parties ex­
tended the contract through July 1. Agreement

was reached early in June on a contract that in­
cluded no wage changes in 1962 but provided de­
ferred increases of 5 cents an hour in 1963 and
1964. Immediate changes in fringe benefits in­
cluded liberalized paid holidays, paid vacations,
and funeral leave, and revised technological pay
provisions. In addition, the company increased
early retirement benefits and weekly sickness and
accident benefits and assumed the cost of hospital
and surgical benefits for dependent children
under 19.
In 1963, for the first time, employees received
pay for holidays falling during their vacation
periods. In January 1964, a seventh paid holiday
was to be added, and all 7 holidays were to be
paid for, regardless of when they occurred. E f­
fective in 1963, the requirement for a 3 weeks’
vacation was reduced from 15 to 12 years’ service
and for 4 weeks’ vacation, from 25 to 20 years.
The following tables record the wage changes
at the American Viscose Division through May 31,
1964, and take into account the revisions in supple­
mentary benefits and other changes provided in the
1959 and 1962 agreements.
1 The American Viscose Corp. was purchased by the FMC Corp.
on Aug. 5, 1963. For basic chronology and previous supplement,
see M onthly Labor Review, December 1952, pp. 630-636, and
November 1958, pp. 1275-1277.
2 The American Viscose Corporation’s fiber p lant in Marcus
Hook, Pa., closed in May 1954 ; the plant in Roanoke, Va., closed
in August 1958.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

May 31, 1959 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).
May 29, 1960 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).
June 4, 1961 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).
June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).
June 2, 1963 (agreement
dated June 1, 1962).
May 31, 1964 (agreement
dated June 1, 1962).

10 to 14 cents an hour increase,
averaging 10.6 cents.1
5 cents an hour increase, _ __

Agreement also provided deferred increases effective
June 1 of 1960 and 1961.2
Deferred wage increase.

5 cents an hour increase. _ _ __

Deferred wage increase.

5 cents an hour increase___ __ .

Agreement provided deferred wage increases effective
June 1 of 1963 and 1964.2
Deferred wage increase.

5 cents an hour increase_______

Deferred wage increase.

1Increases were as follows:
B a s e h o u r l y r a te s

In crea se p e r hour

$1.40-$1.81.......................
$1.82-$2.00____ ______
$2.01 and over________

10 cents
11 cents
14 cents


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2 The contracts specified that when the effective date of an increase was a
Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday, the increase became effective the be­
ginning of that pay week; when the effective date was a Thursday, Friday,
or Saturday, the increase became effective the beginning of the next pay week.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : AMERICAN VISCOSE DIVISION, FMC CORP.

1303

B—Plant Common Labor Rates 1
Effective date
June
May
May
June
June
May

Men

2, 195731, 1959
29, 1960
4, 1961-,
2, 196331, 1964

Women
$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

i Effective immediately for men and after 6 months’ service for women.
The rates for women hired for common labor were 90 percent of the base rate

53
63
68
73
78
83

$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

40
50
55
60
65
70

for the first 3 months and 95 percent for the following 3 months.

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Holiday Pay
June 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).

Mar. 31, 1961 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).
June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).

Feb. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated June 1, 1962).

Jan. 1, 1964 (agreement
dated June 1, 1962).

Added: 1 paid holiday (total 7)

Added: Holiday pay for incentive workers
to be based on straight-time average
hourly earnings during week in which
holiday occurred.
Employee to receive holiday pay (1) if ab­
sence on day before or after holiday was
caused by (a) death in immediate family
(unless funeral was on holiday) or (b) jury
duty, and employee reported for work on
shift following termination of such duty
or (2) if absence on day after holiday was
caused by hospitalization.
Changed: Good Friday substituted for
Easter Monday as a paid holiday.
Added: Employee paid for 4 holidays :if they
fell on a scheduled day off. Holidays were
Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving
Day, and Christmas Day.
Holidays that fell on scheduled workday
considered as time worked for overtime
purposes; holidays on scheduled days off
not included in overtime computation.
Holiday pay provided employee who reported
to work on last scheduled shift but was
excused before end of shift or who did not
work on last scheduled shift because of
scheduled grievance meeting with com­
pany.
Added: Holiday pay provided employee on
vacation during the week in which sched­
uled holiday fell, regardless of whether he
would have been scheduled to work on
holiday.
Holiday was New Year’s Day.
Added: Employee paid for 3 holidays (total
7) if they fell on a scheduled day off.

Paid Vacations
Jan. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).


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Added: Fourth week of vacation with pay
after 25 years’ service.

Changed: Pay for each week of vacation to
which employee was entitled to equal 2
percent of total earnings during preceding
income tax year.
Vacation pay for employee hired before Dec.
1, 1958, to be determined by previous
formula until employee became eligible for
the next higher level of vacation benefits.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1304

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Paid Vacations—Continued
Added: Vacation pay accrued during current
vacation year provided employee who re­
ceived permanent disability settlement or
was technologically displaced during the
year.
Continued: Above provision for employee
who retired during year.

June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).

Feb. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated June 1, 1962).

Changed: Requirement for 3 weeks’ vaca­
tion reduced to 12 years’ service and for
4 weeks’ vacation, to 20 years’ service.
Funeral Leave

June 1, 1961 (agreement
dated June 2, 1959).

Established: Up to 3 paid days of absence
at regular rate (guaranteed rate for incen­
tive workers), for scheduled hours on as­
signed workdays, allowed because of
death in immediate family.

June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).

Immediate family to include father, mother,
father-in-law, mother-in-law, spouse, sis­
ter, brother, son, and daughter.
No payment provided for days during em­
ployee’s vacation if funeral was not at­
tended or if employee failed, on request,
to provide proof of death and funeral
attendance.
Definition of immediate family extended to
include stepparent or stepchild under spec­
ified circumstances.

Technological Displacement Pay
Eligibility for technological displacement pay
changed to apply to employees with more
than 6 months’ service (was 60 days).
Continued: Technological change defined as
any change or increase in productivity that
reduced total number of employees (eli­
gible for technological displacement pay)
required to operate department affected by
change. Any eligible employee displaced
from related department as result of tech­
nological change considered to be dis­
placed by technological change.

June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).

Health and Welfare Benefits
June 2, 1959 (agreement of
same date).

Sickness and accident benefits:

Feb. 1, 1961 (agreement of
same date).

Changed: For employees and dependents:
Hospital benefits— To insured-service type
of plan. Benefits in effect and continued:
Room, and board— Up to maximum semi­
private-room rate for maximum of 120
days per disability.
Special services— Full hospital charges for
laboratory and X-ray examinations, elec­
trocardiograms, drugs, and medicines,
etc.


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Changed: Sum of payments from sickness
and accident benefits and workmen’s com­
pensation for same period limited to 110
percent of normal weekly pay.
Noncontributory for employees and wives.
Dependent children and nonemployee hus­
bands could be covered through payroll
deductions.
Benefits could be continued at employee’s
expense for 12 months after month in
which he was furloughed.
Plan available to retired employees at group
rates.
Dependent defined as spouse, unmarried chil­
dren under 19 or fully dependent, and
full-time students at certain types of
schools.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: AMERICAN VISCOSE DIVISION, FMC CORP.

1305

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Health and Welfare Benefits—Cont inued
Feb. 1, 1961 (agreement of
same date)— Continued

Maternity— Up to 10 days’ hospitalization.
Emergency cure— Full charges for emer­
gency med cal care and treatment within
24 hours of acc'dent, or for medical care
and treatment within 24 hours and in
connection with surgical operation.
Added: Major medical expense benefits— 80
percent of $2,000 for designated expenses
(incurred during one period of total dis­
ability or within 6 months thereafter) in
excess of $100 and benefits paid by basic
plan plus all allowable expenses above
$2,000, up to $20,000.

Expenses covered were: Hospitalization,
highest daily rate for semiprivate room
plus $4; necessary care and treatment by
doctor or oral surgeon; private nurse;
ambulance service; X-ray and diagnostic
laboratory procedures; X-ray, radium, or
radioactive isotope therapy; anesthesia
and its administration; prescription
drugs; dressings; surgical supplies; oxy­
gen; rental of durable equipment for
treatment.

June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).


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Increased: Sickness and accident benefits—
$35 to $50 per week, depending on earn­
ings (was $30 to $45).

Excluded: Nursing care and doctor’s visits,
charges covered by workmen’s compensa­
tion or other law, charges for dependent
entitled to benefits as employee or for­
mer employee, hospitalization or medical
care if begun before employee was covered
by policy, treatment not approved by
physician.
Successive periods of hospital confinement
considered one period of disability unless
(a) employee returned to work for 1 full
day between periods of hospitalization or
(b) dependent’s later hospitalization was
not related to causes of earlier stay or
followed earlier stay by at least 6 months.
Available only for pregnancies that began
after coverage or terminated within 9
months of cessation of coverage.

Not available to nonemployee husbands.
Company paid half of cost for employees
and wives.
Maximum benefits could be reinstated after
employee or dependent collected $1,000
or more in benefits, provided medical evi­
dence of insurability was satisfactory to
the insurance company.
Benefits extended for 3 months during total
disability continuous from date of termina­
tion of insurance.
Benefits for psychiatric outpatient treat­
ment were 50 percent of covered expenses
in excess of deductible amount or regular
benefits.
Did not cover dentist’s charges (except costs
of specified oral surgery), dental appli­
ances, eye glasses, or hearing aids, unless
required because of accidental injury; costs
of war injuries; costs of injuries received
while working for another employer or
for which statutory compensation was re­
received; costs of care in government hos­
pital or for which no charge was made;
costs for dependent who was covered em­
ployee; maternity costs (covered by hos­
pital benefit plan) ; expenses (except surg­
ical) for child during first 7 days after
birth.
Extended benefits— Benefits were payable for
any portion of benefit period after cover­
age had ended if: (a) expenses resulted
from disability that was in effect when
coverage ended and continued to date ex­
penses were incurred, and (b) benefits were
not duplicated by any other group or
employer-sponsored insurance plan in
effect when expenses were incurred.
Surgical and hospital service benefits— Com­
pany to pay for coverage of dependent
children under 19.

1306

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Health and Welfare Benefits— Continued
Jan. 1, 1963 (agreement of
June 1, 1962).

Added: Out-patient benefits— Annual limit
of $50 each for husband and wife.

When $50 was depleted, eligibility regained
only after lapse of 12 months.
Benefits not applicable to diagnostic exam­
inations (a) to which employee was entitled
as out-patient under hospital expense
insurance, (b) that were made while he
was an in-patient, or (c) that were required
for (1) childbirth or miscarriage or (2)
dental work, unless required because of
accidental injury to natural teeth.

Retirement Plan
Jan. 1, 1956 (trust agree­
ment dated Dec. 3, 1958).

June 1, 1962 (agreement of
same date).

Added: Termination benefits— Employee
terminated because of plant closing or
conversion and eligible for past service
benefits (i.e., for service prior to Dec. 26,
1943, under plan in effect on Dec. 31,
1955) at normal retirement date could
elect to receive immediately an amount
equal to employer’s contribution to past
service fund and to have his past service
pension reduced by proportion that termi­
nation benefit bore to actuarial value of
past service pension due employee.
Changed: Early retirement deductions to
4 percent for each year of retirement
before 65 (had ranged from 8.4 percent
at age 64 to 51.6 percent at age 55).
Disability Benefit Plan

June 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Apr. 22, 1960).

Dec. 8, 1960 (agreement of
same date).


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Changed: Benefits provided totally and
permanently disabled employee between
ages 50 and 63 with 20 years’ service,
including continuous service after Jan. 1,
1952.
Added: Employee disabled between ages
50 and 65 could elect early retirement at
age 63.

Changed: Age at which employee with 20
years’ service, already declared totally
and permanently disabled by insurance
carrier, was eligible for benefits was
reduced to 50.
Plan benefits for employee with 20 years’
service, including continuous service after
Jan. 1, 1952, and totally and permanently
disabled from industrial injury for which
workmen’s compensation was due, ex­
tended to cover ages 50 but less than 65.
Eliminated: Options of receiving (1) all or
any part of insurance in monthly install­
ments, (2) paid-up life insurance policy
of $500 to $1,000 in lieu of part of cash
benefits.
Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

Wage Chronology:;
Western Union Telegraph Co.1
Supplement No. 3— 1954-63
B etween 1954

and 1963, eight general wage
increases were agreed to by the Western Union
Telegraph Co. and the independent American
Communications Association (AC A), representing
New York City workers, and The Commercial
Telegraphers’ Union (CTU), representing the
company’s employees elsewhere.
Increases
designed to correct inequities, bring rates of shortservice employees up to those of long-service em­
ployees (those hired before November 2, 1941),
and eliminate or narrow the gap in rates among
cities were also provided in the agreements nego­
tiated during this period. In addition, a wide
variety of supplementary benefits were changed
and new benefits were added.
Negotiations in 1954, to replace agreements
scheduled to expire on May 31, began with the
CTU on March 24 and the AC A on April 5. Both
miions proposed wage increases (the CTU, 7 cents
an hour for all hourly employees, and the ACA,
$6 a week across the board) and improvements in
vacation and pension benefits. The CTU, in addi­
tion, proposed equalization of rates for employees
hired on or after November 2, 1941, with those
hired before that date2 and substitution of auto­
matic progression for merit increases from the
minimum to maximum rates of pay. Other pro­
posals by the ACA included a Monday through
Friday standard workweek for all employees and
improved welfare benefits.
All major union proposals were rejected by the
company. However, the company indicated its
willingness to accept the CTU plan to equalize
rates of long- and short-term employees over a
3-year period. Other company proposals included
improved pension benefits and an additional pro­
gression step for employees hired before Novem­
ber 2, 1941.
Agreements were signed by the ACA on May 28
and by the CTU on June 6, 1954. They provided
wage increases in three steps for short-service
workers to equalize pay schedules by mid-1955 for
all workers in the same occupation, regardless of


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1307

length of service. All long-service employees re­
ceived a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase, and those
who had been at the job rate (progression step next
to the top) for a year or more were advanced to
the maximum rate, with a minimum increase of 5
cents an hour. In addition, pensioners retiring
after June 1, 1954, were permitted to continue 25
percent of their life insurance; minimum pensions
and automobile messenger vehicle allowances were
increased; and effective January 1, 1955, vacation
benefits were improved. The CTU agreement also
improved overtime pay provisions, and the ACA
contract raised severance allowances to CTU levels
and improved call-in pay. Both contracts were
to remain in effect through May 31, 1956, with no
provisions for reopening.
Negotiations for new contracts were initiated by
both unions early in April 1956. The CTU pro­
posed a 29-cent-an-hour package—including a 16cent-an-hour general wage increase, job reclassi­
fication adjustments averaging 8 cents an hour,
and improved fringes totaling 5 cents an hour—
in a 1-year contract. The ACA package proposal
for a 1-year contract called for a 25-cent-an-hour
across-the-board wage increase, 5 cents an hour for
inequity adjustments, increased pension and health
and welfare benefits, improved holiday and vaca­
tion provisions, and a Monday through Friday
workweek. The company offered a 3-year con­
tract with major revisions of job classifications.
Later in the month, it offered a 7-cent-an-hour
wage increase, except for nonmotor messengers
(walking, bicycle, and telecycle messengers), effec­
tive June 1, 1956.
Early in May, modifications were made in the
original demands by both unions; however, no
agreement had been reached by the May 31 es:piration date of the contracts, and both the ACA and
the CTU had taken strike votes. On May 31, the
ACA agreed to extend the contract for 30 days
while negotiations continued, subject to 24-hour
strike notice. CTU members in several major
1 For basic chronology and supplements 1 and 2, see Monthly
Labor Review, February 1951, pp. 174-183 ; March 1952, pp.
297-300 ; and October 1953, pp. 1085-1089.
2 In 1952, the hours of employees hired before Nov. 2, 1941
(except walking, bicycle, and telecycle messengers) were reduced
and their hourly rates were increased 20 percent to m aintain
weekly pay. About half the employees covered by the CTU
agreement and 60 percent of those covered by the ACA agree­
ment were affected by these changes.

1308
cities left their jobs to attend union meetings, but
there was no action either on contract extension or
on an immediate strike call.
Early in June, the company and the two unions
reached agreement on 2-year contracts providing
hourly wage increases of 13 cents, retroactive to
June 1. An additional 5 cents an hour, effective
January 1, 1957, was to be used for inequity and
reclassification adjustments. The settlement in­
creased pension and death benefits and vehicle
allowances for automobile messengers for both
unions and also increased allowances for CTU
telecycle messengers. The CTU agreement liber­
alized call-in and overtime pay and moving ex­
pense provisions and increased the subsistence and
lodging allowance.
An agreement on job classification revisions
signed by the CTU on March 2, 1957, in accord­
ance with the 1956 contracts, regrouped offices and
reduced the number of city-size and branch office
groups, and in many cases reduced intercity differ­
entials in rates for comparable jobs. For the New
York City area, the ACA agreed, on April 23,
1957, to contract amendments under which per­
sonalized rates were eliminated; rates were in­
creased for some jobs where duties had become
more difficult or productivity had improved; some
inequities were corrected; and maximum rates for
specified nonmotor messengers were increased.
In March 1958, the ACA proposed contract
changes, including wage increases totaling 30
cents an hour, a 30-hour workweek, and improved
pension, insurance, vacation, and holiday provi­
sions. Late in March, the CTU proposed changes
in its contract, to be effective for 2 years begin­
ning June 1. The proposals included an 18-centan-hour general wage increase, pension plan im­
provements, a company-paid hospitalization
program, and improved vacation provisions. The
company’s counteroffer included wage increases
totaling 10 cents an hour (except for nonmotor
messengers). In addition, the company proposed
reducing the mandatory retirement age from 70
to 65, and indicated it might pay part of a hos­
pitalization and medical plan. Late in May, ACA
and CTU members authorized strike action.
Tentative agreement on terms of 2-year contracts
was reached on May 31 by the ACA and June 2,
1958, by the CTU. The agreements provided for
general wage increases of 6 cents an hour, effective


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

June 1, and 5 cents an hour, effective September 1,
except for low seniority CTU nonmotor messen­
gers and all ACA nonmotor messengers. Effec­
tive November 1, 1958, a total of $20 an hour was
allocated to correct wage-rate inequities in the
New York City area. The CTU received an ad­
ditional increase averaging 3 cents an hour,
effective January 1, 1959, to eliminate job classi­
fication inequities between their schedules and
those in effect in the ACA area. Pension and
severance benefits for employees represented by
both unions were improved. The CTU contract
also improved provisions for overtime pay and
premium pay for work on Sunday, and the ACA
contract increased the vehicle allowance for motor
messengers.
During the April 1960 negotiations, the CTU
proposed a 2-year agreement providing wage in­
creases totaling 25 cents an hour, job classification
revisions, a company-paid medical and hospital
benefits plan for employees with more than 30
days’ service, and improved vacation, holiday, and
insurance provisions. The ACA proposed a 30cent-an-hour across-the-board wage increase,
elimination of inequities, and improved pension,
welfare, and vacation provisions in a 1-year agree­
ment. Both unions rejected the company’s offer
of wage increases of 5 cents an hour in 1960 and
again in 1961, and completed strike votes in
mid-May.
Oral agreements were reached by the negotiators
on the eve of the May 31 expiration date of the
contracts. The final agreements—dated May 31
for the ACA and June 1 for the CTU—increased
wages immediately by 10 cents an hour for most
employees and 5 cents an hour for nonmotor mes­
sengers and provided a deferred increase of 5
cents an hour for other than nonmotor messengers
on January 1, 1961. Job classification revisions
for CTU members averaged about 2 cents an hour.
The agreements also established a noncontributory
health insurance plan for employees and a con­
tributory plan for dependents. In addition, a
$3,000 noncontributory group life insurance policy
was provided all active employees with 5 years or
more of service. Vacation pay, vehicle allow­
ances, contributory life insurance, and pension
provisions were improved. The agreements
could be terminated by either party after May 31,
1962.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

The National Bargaining Committee of the
CTU drew up demands on March 19 to be pre­
sented at the first negotiating session on May 7,
1962. Major demands in a proposed 2-year con­
tract included a general wage increase of 20 cents
per hour, additional adjustments for certain skilled
classifications, and a fund totaling $960 per hour
to be used for shortening rate ranges and correct­
ing classification inequities. Among many other
union demands were improvements in group hos­
pital-medical insurance and elimination of deduc­
tion of the equivalent of social security benefits
from pension payments. Federal mediators en­
tered negotiations on the May 31 expiration date,
after continuous negotiations that began early in
May had not resulted in agreement. On June 1,
the company and union announced tentative agree­
ment on terms of a 2-year contract covering 23,000
employees. The contract changes, valued at 15
cents, included pay increases of 4 cents an hour,
except for nonmotor messengers, effective June 1,
1962, and 7 cents an hour 1 year later. Nonmotor
messengers with 2 years or more of service were
to receive 4 cents an hour on September 1, 1962,
and the hourly vehicle allowances of automobile
and telecycle messengers were to be increased 4
and 2 cents an hour, respectively, effective June 1,
1962. In addition to the general wage increase,
provision was made for increases ranging up to 25
cents an hour in the rates of some skilled classi­
fications. A variety of improvements were made
in other work rules, vacation pay, and health and
welfare benefits.
Negotiations between the company and the ACA
opened on April 12, 1962. The union demanded
a general wage increase plus additional sums to
skilled classifications, correction of wage inequi­
ties, and progression increases for nonmotor mes­
sengers with 1 and 2 years of service. Other pro­
posals were directed toward a 30-hour Monday to
Friday workweek with the same take-home pay,
addition of four premium holidays with double
time and one-half for hours worked, and an in­
crease in the night shift differential. In addition,
the union asked for liberalized vacation provisions,
with 10 days of paid sick leave per year to be
added to the vacation allowance if not used. Pro­
posed health and welfare improvements included
an increase in the maximum pension to $125 per
month, company assumption of the cost of the den­


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1309

tal plan and full cost of life insurance policies of
$5,000 for employees with up to 5 years of service
ranging up to $10,000 for employees with more
than 10 years’ service. Other demands included
job security benefits in the form of guarantees
against layoff or reduction in pay because of
mechanization or other changes in major opera­
tion methods, no reduction in wages when an em­
ployee was reduced to a lower classification, and
an increase in severance pay to 4 weeks per year
of service.
The first counterproposal to the ACA, made by
Western Union negotiators on May 10, consisted
of a 2-year contract with wage increases of 22 to
25 cents an hour for 375 of 600 skilled plant de­
partment employees, effective June 1, 1962; a 3percent general increase in hourly wages, the dis­
tribution of which was to be negotiated, effective
June 1, 1963; a 4-cent increase in the hourly ve­
hicle allowance for motor messengers; and com­
pany assumption of the full cost of employees’ hos­
pital room charges.
When no agreement was reached by the May 31
contract expiration date, the ACA held an “off-thejob” meeting on June 1. At this closed session,
the union agreed to the company proposal that the
expired contract be extended on a day-to-day ba­
sis. Negotiations continued and agreement was
reached on June 8.
Major changes in the contract, covering about
4,000 workers in the New York City area, included
the same monetary increases and health and wel­
fare improvements as negotiated with the CTU.
The agreement also provided increases ranging up
to 25 cents an hour for some skilled classifications
and for reclassifications resulting from combina­
tion of existing classifications with increases for
warehouse, repair shop, and some other groups.
The hourly vehicle allowance for automobile mes­
sengers was increased by 4 cents.
In January 1963, both the CTU and ACA
reached agreement with the company to liberalize
the joint and survivorship option in the pension
plan.
The CTU and ACA contracts were to remain in
effect until June 1,1964.
The following tables present the wage changes
and the revisions in supplementary benefits pro­
vided by agreements negotiated between 1954 and
January 1963.

1310

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28, 1954,
and CTU agreement dat­
ed June 1, 1954).

Minimum 5 cents an hour increase for
long-service employees, 1 to 35 cents
for short-service employees, or 9
cents an hour averaged over all em­
ployees.

Hourly rated employees hired on or before Nov.
1, 1941—future progression to the maximum to
be automatic; no change in basic wage-rate
schedules; immediate advancement to maxi­
mum rate for all employees at job rate for a
year or more.
Hourly rated employees hired after Nov. 1, 1941
— wage-rate schedules raised to level of longservice employees in 3 steps: CTU— rates in
effect prior to Sept. 1, 1952, increased by 16
percent on June 1, 1954, 18 percent Dec. 1,
1954, and 20 percent (full conversion) June 1,
1955; ACA— rates increased by 50 percent of
difference between short- and long-service rates
on June 1, 1954, 25 percent Dec. 1, 1954, and
the remaining 25 percent on June 1, 1955.
These employees to be advanced to maximum
rate of job classification on Dec. 1, 1955, or 1
year after reaching job rate, whichever occurred
later.
Nonmotor (walking, bicycle, and telecycle) mes­
sengers— 4 cents an hour increase effective
June 1, 1954, or on subsequent completion of
1 years’ service.
Nonmotor messengers—minimum rate increased
to $1 an hour by amendment to Fair Labor
Standards Act.
Nonmotor messengers— 5 cents an hour increase,
effective June 1, 1956, or on subsequent com­
pletion of 18 months’ service.
Agreements also provided deferred increases to
eliminate job inequities by establishing a
nationwide wage structure, regrouping offices,
reducing intercity and internal rate differen­
tials, and eliminating personalized rates. See
provisions effective Jan. 1, 1957.
CTU— Elimination of previous wage-rate differ­
entials between Western Union Division and
Southern and Southwestern Divisions by
establishing nationwide city-size groups based
on average monthly revenue, regrouping and
reducing number of city-size and branch office
groups; and reduction in some differentials
among company offices and divisions. Em­
ployees in downgraded offices to continue in
former wage schedule or rate of new wage sched­
ule, whichever was higher, as long as they
remained in the position occupied on Dec. 31,
1956.
ACA— Elimination of personalized rates by in­
creasing group maximum to equal or exceed
these rates; improvement of rates for jobs
where productivity or responsibility had in­
creased or job content had changed; correction
of inequities within the company; and improve­
ment in the progression system of some jobs.
Maximum rate for nonmotor messengers with
5 years or more of service increased 5 cents an
hour.
CTU— 5 cents an hour increase for telecycle
messengers with 1 but less than 2 years’ serv­
ice. No change in wage rates for nonmotor
messengers with less than 1 year’s service.
3 cents an hour per employee, excluding
nonmotor messengers, allocated to reduce wagerate inequities between CTU city-size group 1

Mar. 1, 1956
June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date and
ACA agreement dated
June 6, 1956).

13 cents an hour increase.

Jan. 1, 1957 (CTU agree­
ments dated June 1, 1956,
and Mar. 2, 1957, and
ACA agreements dated
June 6, 1956, and Apr. 23,
1957).

5 cents an hour average increase.

Jan. 1, 1957 (CTU agree­
ments dated June 1,
1956, and Mar. 2, 1957,
and ACA agreements
dated June 6, 1956, and
Apr. 23, 1957)— Contin­
ued

June 1, 1958 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).


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6 cents an hour increase.

1311

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Provision

Effective date
June 1, 1958 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date)—Continued

Sept. 1, 1958 (ACA and
CTU agreements dated
June 1, 1958).
Nov. 1, 1958 (ACA
ments dated June
Oct. 17, 1958).
Jan. 1, 1959 (CTU
ment dated Dec. 9,

5 cents an hour increase.

agree­
1 and
agree­
1958).

3 cents an hour average increase.

June 1, 1960 (ACA Mem­
orandum of Understand­
ing dated May 31, 1960,
and CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1960).

10 cents and hour increase.

Jan. 1, 1961 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understand­
ing dated May 31, 1960,
and CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1960).
Sept. 3, 1961_____________

5 cents and hour increase.

June 1, 1962 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).

4 cents an hour increase_____________

Sept. 1, 1962 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understanding
dated June 8, 1962, and
CTU company letter
dated June 11, 1962).
June 1, 1963 (ACA and
CTU agreements dated
June 1, 1962).
Sept. 3, 1963_____________


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7 cents™an hour increase- _.

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
job rates and New York Metropolitan Division
rates, with any remaining funds to eliminate
other wage-rate inequities, effective Jan. 1,
1959.
ACA— 5 cents an hour increase for nonmotor
messengers with 1 but less than 2 years’ serv­
ice, an aggregate of $20 per hour for the New
York Metropolitan Division, allocated for cor­
rection of wage-rate inequities, effective Nov. 1,
1958.
CTU and ACA— Deferred increase of 5 cents an
hour, effective Sept. 1, 1958.
Deferred increase.
CTU— Not applicable to nonmotor messengers
with less than 2 years’ service.
ACA— Not applicable to any nonmotor mes­
sengers.
Increases of 4 to 17 cents an hour for about 600
workers, averaging .005 cent an hour for all
employees in bargaining unit.
Primarily in Class 1 cities, to equalize schedules
of CTU and N ew York Metropolitan Division
employees; small proportion of the 3 cents used
to correct job inequities.
5 cents an hour increase for nonmotor messengers.
CTU— Additional job classification revisions in
smaller divisional cities, larger district offices,
and plant and engineering departments, aver­
aging about 2 cents an hour over the entire
CTU bargaining unit.
CTU and ACA— Deferred increase of 5 cents an
hour, effective Jan. 1, 1961.
Deferred increase, not applicable to nonmotor
messengers.

Nonmotor messenger minimum rate increased to
$1.15 an hour by amendment to the Fair Labor
Standards Act. Further increase to $1.25 an
hour, effective Sept. 3, 1963.
Not applicable to nonmotor messengers.
Deferred increase of 7 cents an hour, effective
June 1, 1963.
ACA—Jobs in plant department, New York
repair shop, and Jersey City warehouse were
reclassified and regrouped and some rates were
increased up to 25 cents an hour. These ad­
justments resulted in an additional increase
of about 3 cents an hour when averaged over
the entire bargaining unit.
CTU— A number of jobs were regraded and
additional increases of 8 to 25 cents an hour
were provided certain plant and traffic depart­
ment employees. These adjustments resulted
in an increase of 3 cents an hour when aver­
aged over the entire bargaining unit.
4 cents an hour to nonmotor messengers with 2
years or more of service.

Deferred increase, not applicable to nonmotor
messengers.
CTU—Formula for grading branch offices was
changed.
Nonmotor messengers minimum rate increased to
$1.25 an hour by amendment to Fair Labor
Standards Act.

1312

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

B—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Overtime Pay
June 1, 1954 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).
June 1, 1958 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

Added: Double time for work in excess of
12 hours a day.

Added: Paid holidays (except those falling
on regular day off), days excused with pay
for death in family, and days excused with
pay for jury duty (except for nonmotor
messengers) considered days worked in
determining eligibility for premium pay
for work beyond 40 hours. For nonmotor
messengers, paid holidays and days ex­
cused for death in family counted for
overtime purposes.
Added: Paid vacations to be considered as
workdays in determining eligibility for
premium pay for work beyond 40 hours.
Previously applied only to nonmotor mes­
sengers.
Added: Time paid for calls to work on
unassigned day, before or after scheduled
tour or between midnight and 6 a.m.
(exclusive of traveltime), considered in
determining eligibility for premium pay
for work beyond 40 hours.

Premium Pay for Sunday Work
June 1, 1954 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).
June 1, 1958 (CTU agreement of same date).

Added: Double time for work in excess of
12 hours.

Added: (other than nonmotor messengers)
Time and one-half for Sunday work paid
in district offices if the work involved a
split shift by mutual consent.
Previously applied only to nonmotor mes­
sengers.

Paid Sick Leave
June 1, 1954 (ACA agreement dated May 28,
1954).

Established: Full day’s pay provided em­
ployee reporting for work and excused
because of illness.
Paid Vacations

Jan. 1, 1955 (ACA agreement dated May 28,
1954, and CTU agree­
ment dated June 1, 1954).

Changed: 4 weeks’ paid vacation after 30
years’ (was 35) service.

Jan. 1, 1956 (CTU agree- _________________________________________
ment dated June 1, 1956).

Jan. 1, 1960 (ACA Memo- Changed: 4 weeks’ paid vacation after 25
randum of Understanding
years’ service,
dated May 31, 1960, and
CTU agreement dated
June 1, 1960).
June 1, 1962 (CTU agree- _________________________________________
ment of same date).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

CTU and ACA— Previous practices of pro­
viding an additional day with pay when
holiday fell in vacation period and in­
cluding subsistence payments in vacation
pay continued.
CTU— Relief employees and employees on
temporary assignments to be returned to
regular place of assignment or head­
quarters city prior to starting vacation at
company expense and without loss of pay
or vacation time.

Clarification: CTU— Vacation pay to in­
clude night and other differentials received
by employee before and after vacation.
Vacation pay of line crewmen to include
subsistence allowance of $7 (was $6) per
day.

1313

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Call-In Pay
June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28,
1954, and CTU agree­
ment dated June 1, 1954).

ACA— Changed to: Minimum of 4 hours’
pay plus traveltime guaranteed regular
employee called to work after completion
of regular tour. Traveltime provided
regular employee called to work 1 hour
prior to regular tour.

June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

CTU— Previous practice of providing mini­
mum of 4 hours’ pay plus traveltime for
calls to work after regular tours, on
holidays, for special events, and between
midnight and 6 a.m. continued.
Traveltime between home and office and
return paid employee not notified prior to
completion of regular assignment of call
to work on unassigned day.

Subsistence and Lodging
Increased: Per diem of authorized regular
relief employees in commercial department
and migratory gang employees who
accepted per diem in lieu of subsistence,
to $5; per diem of employees accepting
assignment away from home on detail to
seasonal resort areas, to $3 plus trans­
portation.
Increased: Per diem of authorized regular
relief employees in commercial depart­
ment and migratory gang employees who
accepted per diem in lieu of subsistence,
to $6; others on seasonal details, to $5.
Increased: Per diem of authorized regular
relief employees in commercial depart­
ment and migratory gang employees who
accepted per diem in lieu of subsistence,
to $7.

June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

June 1, 1960 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

June 1, 1962 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

Vehicle and Mileage Allowance
June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28,
1954, and CTU agree­
ment dated June 1, 1954) .
June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date and
ACA agreement dated
June 6, 1956).
Nov. 1, 1958 (ACA agree­
ment dated June 1, 1958).
June 1, 1960 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understand­
ing dated May 31, 1960,
and CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1960).
June 1, 1962 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).

Increased: Hourly automobile messenger
allowance to: CTU—50 cents (was 48
cents), ACA—46 cents (was 35 cents).
Increased: Hourly automobile messenger
allowance to: CTU—57 cents, ACA—
53 cents; CTU telecycle messenger to 20
cents (was 18 cents).
Increased: Hourly automobile messenger
allowance to: ACA— 57 cents.
Increased: Hourly allowance of CTU and
ACA automobile and bicycle messenger
to 60 cents and 3 cents, respectively;
CTU telecycle messenger to 22 cents.

Eight cents a mile paid other employees
authorized to use personal cars.

Increased: Hourly allowance of CTU and
ACA automobile messenger to 64 cents;
CTU telecycle messenger to 24 cents.

Increased: Allowance paid other employees
authorized to use personal cars to 10
cents a mile.

Moving Expenses
June 1, 1954 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).
June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect: Moving and transportation costs
for employee and family provided em­
ployee promoted to position in another
city.
Added: Up to 15 days’ reasonable living
expenses provided employee promoted
to position in another city while locating
a place to live.

1314

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Moving Expenses— Continued
Jan. 23, 1959 (CTU stipula­
tions of same date, and
others).
June 1, 1960 (CTU agree­
ment of same date).

Added: Benefits extended to include certain
employees who elected to transfer with
their work to another location or who
exercised seniority rights to obtain a
position in another city.
Increased: Up to 30 days’ reasonable living
expenses provided employee promoted
to position in another city while locating
a place to live.
Added: Up to 30 days’ reasonable living
expenses plus moving and transportation
costs, for employee and family, provided
employee displaced as a result of district
office closing.
Severance Allowance

June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28,
1954).

Changed: All employees with 2 but less
than 15}^ years’ service accepting layoffs,
eligible for 4 to 34 weeks’ severance
allowance; 1 additional 4 weeks for each
additional year of service.

June 1, 1958 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).

Employees affected by force reduction to
have choice of (1) accepting severance
allowance, (2) accepting pension if eligible,
(3) accepting force reduction furlough with
right to claim severance pay within 4
years of effective date of furlough, or (4)
under specified conditions, displacing an
employee with less seniority.
Added: One-half severance allowance paid
employee, aged 70, forced to retire and
ineligible for pension.

Health and Welfare Benefits2 (Revised)
1945 (ACA and CTU)

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect: Contributory and noncontributory
plans providing:
Life insurance—Available to employee
with 6 months’ continuous service, pro­
viding $500 for employee earning less
than $30 a week or $130 a month and
$1,000 for employee earning more than
$30 a week or $130 a month.

Accident benefits—Employee physically dis­
abled by work-connected injury to receive
for (1) total disability—half pay for 6
years, after which benefits were not to
exceed $20 a week, (2) partial dis­
ability— 50 percent of difference between
wages earned by employee at time of dis­
ability and wages employee was sub­
sequently capable of earning.

The company had two plans in effect in
1945—a contributory life insurance plan
and a non contributory accident, sickness,
and death benefits plan which was estab­
lished in 1913. Neither plan was included
in the company’s agreements with the
unions.
Employee to contribute 60 cents a month
per $1,000 of life insurance. Balance of
cost borne by company.
Insurance continued, on payment of regular
premiums, for employee (1) totally dis­
abled before reaching age of 60, (2) on
authorized disability leave, (3) on furlough
for union business, (4) on maternity
furlough, or (5) on other authorized
absences for limited periods.
Plan excluded walking and bicycle mes­
sengers, joint railroad employees, students
not in production work, employees nor­
mally assigned outside the United States,
and nonregular employees and pensioners.
Former Postal Telegraph employees were
insured under another policy at their
option.
Amount of payment could be changed if
disability changed from total to partial
or from partial to total. No payments
for partial disability to be made after 6
years of disability payments.
Benefits to begin on first day on which a
full day’s wage was not paid.

1315

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Health and Welfare Benefits2 (Revised)—-Continued
1945 (ACA and CTU)—
Continued

May 1, 1947 (CTU) and
July 1, 1947 (ACA).

July 1, 1950 (CTU) and
July 7, 1950 (ACA).

Sickness benefits— Employee disabled be­
cause of sickness, including injuries not
arising in the course of employment, to
receive for (1) 10 years or more of serv­
ice—half pay for 52 weeks, (2) 5 to 10
years—half pay for 26 weeks, (3) 2 to 5
years—half pay for 13 weeks.
Death benefits—In event of death from (1)
work-connected a c c id e n t —benefits to
equal 3 years’ wages, but not more than
$5,000, or (2) sickness (a) with 10 years or
more of service— 1 year’s wages, (b) 5 to
10 years— 6 months’ wages, but not more
than $2,000 for (a) or (b).
All insurance and death benefit payments
received under Social Security Act to be
deducted from benefits payable under the
company plan.
Increased:
Accident benefits for (1) total disability—full
pay for 13 weeks and half pay thereafter,
but not to exceed $20 a week after 6 years,
(2) partial disability— 100 percent of the
difference between pay at time of dis­
ability and amount employee was capable
of earning for first 13 weeks, 50 percent
of the difference thereafter.
Sickness benefits for (1) 10 years or more of
service—full pay for 13 weeks and half
pay for 39 weeks, (2) 5 to 10 years—full
pay for 13 weeks and half pay for 13
weeks, (3) 2 to 5 years—full pay for 4
weeks and half pay for 9 weeks. Onehalf of disability and death benefit pay­
ments received under Social Security Act
to be deducted from company benefits.
Increased: Life insurance— $1,000 for em­
ployees earning less than $1.15 an hour
or $200 a month, $2,000 for employees
earning more than $1.15 an hour or $200
a month, without additional cost to
employee.

June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28, 1954,
and CTU agreement dated
June 1, 1954).
June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date and
ACA agreement of June
6, 1956).
Jan. 1, 1961 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understand­
ing dated May 31, 1960,
and
CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1960).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In case of an accident resulting in permanent
loss of a bodily member or loss of its use,
special benefits, in lieu of all other benefits,
could be awarded; however, not to exceed
amount payable for death from accidental
injury.
Benefits to begin on 8th calendar day of
absence; if employee had been receiving
benefits and was again absent within 2
weeks, benefit to begin on 1st day.
Sick benefits limited for the following:
Neurasthenia, nervous breakdown, nerv­
ousness, etc.— maximum 2 weeks; influ­
enza, colds, etc.— maximum 1 week;
appendicitis, without operation—maximum
1 week, with operation—maximum 4 weeks
after date of operation.

Added: Life insurance—pensioners retiring
after June 1, 1954, permitted to continue
25 percent of life insurance, minimum
$500, at contributory group rates at own
expense.

Increased: Death benefits—m a x im u m to
$15,000 for work-connected injury result­
ing in death.
Changed: Contributory life insurance—to
flat $3,000.

Added:
Contributory life insurance available to
walking, bicycle, and telecycle messengers
after 5 years’ service.
To continue contributory insurance during
periods of total disability, employee re­
quired to (1) be totally disabled for 9
months, (2) have paid contributions during
that period, and (3) provide acceptable
proof of total disability.

1316

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Health and Welfare Benefits2 (Revised)—Continued
Jan. 1, 1961 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understanding
dated May 31, 1960, and
CTU agreement dated
June 1,1960)—Continued

Added : Noncontributory life insurance—
$3,000 provided active employee with 5
years or more of service.

Established: Noncontributory nonoccupational health insurance plan for employees
providing: 3

Hospital benefits:
Room and board— Up to $20 a day for a
maximum of 120 days per disability.
Special in-hospital service benefits— Actual
cost, less $25, of anesthetic, administra­
tion of anesthetic, ambulance, operat­
ing room, and services, including labo­
ratory, X-ray, drugs, and dressings.
In-hospital medical care— Up to $3 per
visit, maximum $360.

Surgical benefits:
Surgical schedule— Up to $300 per pro­
cedure.
Maternity— Up to $200 for room and
board plus $90 for normal delivery,
$150 for Caesarean section, and up to
$75 for miscarriage.
Major medical— 75 percent of expenses
exceeding sum of $100 and benefits
payable under basic or other health
plans. Maximum benefits of $10,000
for each participant, limited to $5,000
in a calendar year. Expenses covered
were: physicians’, surgeons’, and spe­
cialists’ services; semiprivate hospital
room and board up to $25 a day; hos­
pital services required for medical or
surgical care or treatment; anesthetic
and its administration; X-rays and
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Same exclusions applicable to noncontrib­
utory as to contributory insurance.
Insurance continued during periods of total
disability. Insurance continued for 3
months on payment of regular premiums
for employees on authorized furlough.
All retirees, including those retired be­
cause of age but not elibible for pension,
insured under the contributory plan for
the 5 years preceeding retirement, could
elect to continue insurance in the amount
of $1,500 (one quarter of the sum under
both plans) by paying 90 cents per month.
Applicable to nonmotor messengers after 1
year’s service and to other employees after
30 days.
Company to contribute $3.93 a month per
employee.
Coverage continued at company expense for
employee absent because of sickness.
Benefits continued for 3 months at company
expense for employee on furlough because
of reduction in force. Thereafter coverage
could be continued at employee’s expensp.
Benefits could be continued during absence
for employee on regular, union, or mater­
nity furlough on payment by employee
of regular premiums.
Same exclusions applicable to health insurance
as to life insurance.
Employee to pay first $25 of hospital
charges.

Where surgery was necessary, maximum to
be greater of (a) $3 times number of days
of confinement required by disability caus­
ing operation, less day of operation and all
subsequent days of hospitalization, or (b)
$3 times days of hospitalization, less surgi­
cal benefit payment.
Not applicable for pregnancies or childbirth
complications.

Benefits not payable for pregnancies existing
on effective date of plan.
Maximum benefits amount could be re­
stored for individual who had received
benefits of $1,000 or more on submission of
acceptable evidence of insurability.
Maternity care limited to severe complica­
tions of pregnancy.
Benefits not available for dental services,
glasses, hearing aids, cosmetic surgery, or
services in a government hospital.
Employee to contribute 92 cents per month,
in addition to company contribution.4

1317

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

B—Related Wage Practices— Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Health and Welfare Benefits2 (Revised)— Continued
Jan. 1, 1961 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understand­
ing dated May 31, 1960,
and CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1960)—
Continued
June 1, 1962 (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).

diagnostic laboratory procedures; Xray or radium treatments; oxygen and
its administration; transfusions, includ­
ing cost of blood; registered nurses’
charges; drugs and medicines; ambu­
lance services; and rental of iron lung
and similar equipment.
Changed:
Hospital benefits:
Room and board— Up to semiprivate
room rate.
Major medical__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Increased: Company contribution to $4.70
per month for each employee.5
Added: Deductible expenses incurred by
employee during last quarter of calendar
year to be applied to deductible for sub­
sequent year.
Only one deductible assessable against em­
ployee when two or more members of
family are injured in same accident.
Reduced: Employee contribution to 74 cents
per month.6

Pension Plan (Revised)
1945 (ACA and CTU—
plan established in 1913).

May 1, 1947 (CTU) and
July 1, 1947 (ACA).
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect: Noncontributory plan providing
the following benefits for employees hired
before Dec. 31, 1936:
Normal benefits:
Eligibility— (1) men at age 60 or older,
women at 55 with 20 years or more of
service, (2) men at 55, women at 50
with 25 years or more of service, and
(3) any employee with 30 years or more
or service who did not meet above age
requirements.
Annuities— 1 percent of average annual
pay during 10 years preceding retire­
ment, or the 10 consecutive years during
which employee received highest wages,
times years of service up to age 70.
Benefits to be reduced by amount of
primary social security benefits at
time benefit was paid.
Minimum monthly pension, $30, except
in case of retirement for disability.
Disability benefits— Employee with 15 years
or more of service totally disabled as a
result of a nonoccupational sickness or
injury to receive pensions as computed
under normal benefits.
Death benefits— 1 year’s or 6 months’ salary
depending on length of service. Maxi­
mum of $2,000, less retirement benefits
received, paid beneficiary. Where re­
tiree had received more than above
aynount, beneficiary to receive pension
for a maximum of 3 months, but not
more than $100.
Funeral benefits— If retiree (1) had bene­
ficiary, 1 month’s benefits, but not more
than $25, (2) did not have beneficiary, up
to $150 for funeral and pre-death medical
expenses.
Benefits reduced by any lump-sum death
payments made under the Social Security
Act. Survivors insurance not deductible.
Changed: Normal and death benefits: Bene­
fits reduced by one-half the amount of
social security payments.

N ot covered by union agreements.7

Employee retiring under (1) could retire at own
request or at request of the committee ad­
ministering plan; others at discretion of the
committee with approval of the president.

Continuity of service not to be broken by
leaves of absence of less than 6 months,
periods of disability, or temporary layoff.
Employee paid for vacation earned during
year in which he retired.
Social security deduction to be increased as
social security benefits were raised by
amendment to law.
Retirement could be at discretion of the com­
mittee administering plan with approval
of a designated company official.

Covered by union contract.

1318

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

B—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Pension Plan (Revised)— Continued
Apr. 1, 1950 (ACA) and
July 1, 1950 (CTU).
June 1, 1954 (ACA agree­
ment dated May 28,1954,
and CTU agreement
dated June 1, 1954).

Benefits extended to all employees-

June 1, 1956 (CTU agree­
ment of same date and
ACA agreement dated
June 6, 1956).

Increased: Minimum pension to $100 a
month, less one-half social security pay­
ment; $75 for employee less than social
security minimum age.

June 1, 1958, (ACA and
CTU agreements of same
date).

Changed: Normal benefits— Annuities of 1
percent of average annual pay during 5
consecutive years of highest earnings.
Added: Disability benefits— Employee with
20 years or more of service, and with sum
of age and service equal to 80 years or
more, and employee with 30 years or more
of service, totally disabled by nonoccupational sickness or injury, permitted to
retire with pension at own request.
Eliminated: Death benefits— Deduction of
one-half of lump-sum payments under
Social Security Act.
Added: Joint and survivor option— Provid­
ing actuarially reduced benefits for life
to employee and after death of retiree to
beneficiary.

June 1, 1960 (ACA Memo­
randum of Understanding
dated May 31, 1960, and
CTU agreement dated
June 1, 1960).

Increased: Minimum pension to $60 a
month, including one-half of social se­
curity benefits.

Jan. 1, 1963 (CTU agree­
ment dated Jan. 7, 1963,
and
ACA agreement
dated Jan. 22, 1963).
1 T h e sch ed u le p ro v id e d 4 w eeks’ p a y for em ployees w ith 2 b u t less th a n
y e a rs ’ service, an a d d itio n a l 2 w eeks’ p a y for each yea r from 4 Vi b u t less
th a n 7 Y i, a n d a n a d d itio n a l 3 w eek s’ p a y for each yea r from 7V i b u t less th a n
\hVi.
2 F o rm e rly re p o rte d as Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits a n d Group
4M

Insurance.
3 E m p lo y ee s could elect id e n tic al coverage for d e p e n d e n ts a t co st of $8.75
a m o n th , a n d re tire d em ployees could, on a s s u m p tio n of in d iv id u a l an d /o r
d e p e n d e n t p re m iu m s (to ta l $12.68), elect to c o n tin u e in p la n p ro v id in g
red u ce d benefits.
‘ E m p lo y e e could elect id e n tic a l coverage for d e p e n d e n ts a t a d d itio n a l cost
of $1.31 p er m o n th . E m ployees re tirin g on or after J u n e 1, 1960, cou ld elect
m ajor m edical coverage, w ith m a x im u m b en e fit of $2,500, a t m o n th ly co st of
92 cen ts, or $2.23 for self a n d d ep e n d en ts.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Changed: For employee retiring on or after
June 1, 1954, social security deduction
limited to one-half primary social security
benefits to which employee was eligible
at time of retirement.
Added:
Social security deduction for employee re­
tiring before becoming eligible for social
security benefits to be based on benefits
that would have been paid had employee
been eligible.
For employees with 20 years or more of
continuous service, all periods of service,
except those for which severance payments
were made, included in computing pen­
sion benefits.
Changed:
All periods of service, except those for which
severance payments were made, included
in determining employee’s qualification
for and in computing amount of pension
benefits for employee with 15 years or
more of service.
CTU— Social security deduction for em­
ployee retiring before becoming eligible
for benefits to begin with first social
security payment.
Applicable only to employees retiring after
June 1, 1958.
Eliminated: Discretion of committee to
approve retirement of employees other
than men at 60, women at 55, with 20
years’ service.
Changed: All periods of service, except those
for which severance payments were made,
included in determining employee’s quali­
fication for and in computing amount of
pension benefits for employee with 10
years or more of service.
Employee could choose between monthly
benefits that (1) remain unchanged so long
as either pensioner or beneficiary was alive
or (2) remain level during life of retiree,
reduced by Yi or after his death. Death
of employee or beneficiary before retire­
ment voided option.
Added: Joint and survivor option— Option of
providing beneficiary with annuity re­
duced by
after retiree’s death.

8 D e p e n d e n t p re m iu m increased to $9.59 p er m o n th ; retiree to ta l p re m iu m
in creased to $14.29. P en sio n ers h a d th e o p tio n of co n tin u in g u n d e r th e old
p la n , in c lu d in g m ajo r m ed ical coverage, a t th e fo rm er ra te or accep tin g th e
rev ise d p la n .
8 M ajo r m ed ical coverage, w ith m a x im u m ben efits of $2,500, ex ten d ed to
retiree a n d h is d e p e n d e n ts a t a cost of $1.81 p er m o n th ; 74 cen ts a m o n th for
retiree coverage o n ly .
1 T h e U .S . C o u rt of A p p eals for th e S ix th C irc u it in American Federation
of Labor v . the Western Union Telegraph Co. (17 L a b ., C A S (C C H ) P a ra
65569, 25 L E E M 2327) h eld th a t th e w o rd in g of th e ag ree m en t, w h ich p ro ­
v id e d th a t th e pen sio n a n d b en e fit p lan s could n o t be a b a n d o n e d or m odified
w ith o u t co n sen t of th e p arties, m a d e th ese p la n s p a r t of th e ag reem en t.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

1319

C -l. Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Occupations in the CTU, Western Union Division, September 1,
1952, June 1, 1954, December 1, 1954, and June 1, 1955 1
Employees hired on or before Nov. 1,

Employees hired after Nov. 1,1941 a

1941 s

Occupation and rate range 2

Effective Sept. 1, 1952, and effective
June 1, 1955, for employées hired
after Nov. 1,1941

Effective June 1,1954

Effective Dec. 1,1954

1. Commercial Department— Divisional Office Group 4
1

telephone:
Starting rate____________
Maximum rate_______________ Operators—Morse, senior automati
senior telephone:
Starting rate_______________ Maximum rate_____________ Clerks—delivery EMD, delivery tube
and envelope, messenger personnel: s
Starting rate________________ Maximum rate............................ Clerks—cashier, counter-sales, credit
and collection:
Starting rate________________
Maximum rate______________
Messengers, automobile:
Starting rate________________
Maximum rate______ _____ __

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

$1.32 $1.32 $1.3C $1.27 $1.26 $1.25 $1.24 $1.28 $1.28 $1.25 $1.23 $1.22 $1.21 $1.19 $1.30 $1.30 $1.27 $1.25 $1.24 $1.23 $1.22
1.69 1.68 1.67 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.57 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.52 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.55
1.50 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.32 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.35
1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.70 1.68 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.65
1.25 1.25 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.23 1.23 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.18 1.17
1.43 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.35
1.32 1.32 1.30 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.30 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22
1.61 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.49 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.44 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.46
1.26 1. 26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.18
1.36 1.36 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.25 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.22 1.21 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.24 1.23
ir i

2. Traffic Department—-Local Office Group 8
M -l

Operators—automatic CND, Morse,
Morse-automatic:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______________
Operators—automatic, telephone; clerksD and A, method, service:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______ _______

M -2 M -3 M -4 M -5

R -2

M -l

M -2 M -3 M -4 M -5 R -2

M -l

$1.35 $1.32 $1.30 $1.28 $1.25 $1.32
1.84 1.82 1.80 1.77 1.75 1.82

$1.37 $1.35 $1.32 $1.30 $1.27 $1.35
1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.78 1.85

1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.20 1.26
1.78 1.78 1.76 1.70 1.66 1.78

1.24 1.22 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.22
1.72 1.72 1.71 1.65 1.60 1.72

1.26 1.24 1.22 1.19 1.18 1.24
1.75 1.75 1.73 1.68 1.63 1.75

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

7
2

3

See footnotes a t end of table.

709- 654— 63-

5


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

5

6

$1.32 $1.32 $1.30 $1.27 $1.26 $1.25
1.56 1.56 1.54 1.51 1.50 1.49

$1.28 $1.28 $1.25 $1.23 $ 1 . 2 2 $1.21
1.51 1.51 1.48 1.46 1 . 4 5 1.44

$1.30 $1.30 $1.27 $1.25 $1.24 $1.23
1.53 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.46

1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.22
1.52 1.52 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.46

1.24 1.24 1.22 1.19 1.18 1.18
1.47 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.42

1.26 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.20
1.50 1.50 1.48 1.45 1.44 1.44

1.25 1.25 1.22 1.22 1.20 1.20
1.43 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.38

1.21 1.21 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.16
1.38 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.33 1.33

1.23 1.23 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.18
1.40 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.36 1.36

4. Plant and Engineering Department— All Divisions and Offices
Technicians—wire, W and R:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______________
Cablemen; equipment men; maintainers,
section:
Starting rate......... ........ ...............
Maximum rate_______________
Linemen, section:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______________
Linemen (excluding subsistence) :
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______________

R -2

$1.39 $1.37 $1.34 $1.32 $1.30 $1.37
1.91 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.88

3. Accounting Department —City Group

Clerks—adjustment, bill rendition,
direct billing, service:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate___ ____________
Clerks—assembly, CAK message, in­
spection, sortergraf:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______________
Clerks—telephone billing, graphoaddresso:
Starting rate_________________
Maximum rate_______ , ....... .......

M -2 M -3 M -4 M -5

$1.86
2.33

$1.80
2.25

$1.83
2.29

1.86
2.21

1.80
2.13

1.83
2.17

1.61
1.90

1.55
1.83

1.58
1.86

1.31
1.52

1.26
1.47

1.29
1.50

1320

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

C—1. Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Occupations in the CTU, Western Union Division, September 1,
1952, June 1, 1954, December 1, 1954, and June 1, 19551—Continued
E m p lo y ee s h ire d a f te r N o v . 1 ,1 9 4 1 3

E m p lo y ee s h ire d on o r before N o v . 1,
19413
O ccu p atio n a n d ra te ran g e 2
E ffective S ept. 1, 1952, a n d effective
J u n e 1, 1955, for em plo y ees h ire d
a fte r N o v . 1, 1941

E ffec tiv e J u n e 1,1954

E ffectiv e D ec. 1,1954

5. Messengers — All Divisions and Officers 8
E ffec tiv e J u n e 1, 1954, reg ard less of h irin g d a te
$ 0 .85-$0. 94
.8 5 - .94
.8 5 - .94

T elecy cle_____________________________
B icy cle_______________________________
W a lk in g ______________________________
1 R a te s show n a p p ly o n ly to em ployees o u tsid e th e N ew Y o rk M e tro p o li­
ta n area rep resen ted b y th e W e stern U n io n D iv isio n of T h e C o m m ercial
T e leg rap h e rs’ U n io n . E m p lo y ee s in th e N ew Y o rk area are re p re se n te d b y
th e A m erican C o m m u n ica tio n s A ssociation. F o r som e o cc u p atio n s, ra te s
p aid em ployees in th e S o u th e rn a n d S o u th w estern d iv isio n s of W e stern
U n io n , rep resen ted form erly b y F ed eral la b o r u n io n s b u t n o w b y th e C o m ­
m ercial T eleg rap h e rs, differ from th o se show n.
2 E ffective J u n e 1, 1954, progression from th e s ta rtin g to th e m a x im u m ra te
w as a u to m a tic , if re q u ire m e n ts w ere m e t, in all ra te ranges w h ich h a d m a x i­
m u m rates. T h e in te rv a l in progression from th e job ra te to th e m a x im u m
ra te w as 12 m o n th s. T h is d id n o t a p p ly to h o u rly ra te d em ploy ees h ire d
afte r N o v . 1,1941, u n til D ec. 1, 1955, or 1 yea r a fte r reaching job ra te , w h ic h ­
ever occurred la te r. B efore J u n e 1, 1954, a d v a n c e m e n t th ro u g h th e la st 20
p erce n t of th e ran g e w as to be in itia te d b y e ith e r th e co m p a n y or th e u n io n
a t th e to p level. B y stip u la tio n of th e p arties, d a te d A p r. 30, 1948, it w as
agreed th a t no m e rit increases in th e 20-percent range w o u ld b e g ra n te d .
U n d e r th e te rm s of th e J u ly 1950 agree m en t, increases, g en erally b etw e en th e
jo b a n d m a x im u m rates, w ere g ra n te d to ce rta in gro u p s of em ployees o n th e
b asis of le n g th of service. T h e 1952 ag ree m en t p ro v id e d th a t, in each specified
ra te range, th e first 80 p erce n t w o u ld b e considered th e “ a u to m a tic ” area a n d
th e la st 20 p erce n t, th e “ m e rit” area.
2 E ffec tiv e J u n e 1,1954, em ployees h ire d on or before N o v . 1,1941, w h o h a d
b een a t th e ir job ra te 1 yea r or m ore w ere ad v a n ced to th e m a x im u m ra te for
th e ir classification (w ith a m in im u m increase of 5 ce n ts); o th e r em p lo y ees re ­
ceived a 5-cent-an-hour increase. M in im u m a n d m a x im u m ra te s rem ain ed
u n ch a n g ed .

4 Divisional cities were: Group 1—Chicago; Group 2—Detroit, Los Angeles
San Francisco, Washington, D.C.; Group 3—Boston, Cleveland, Phila
delphia, St. Louis, Seattle; Group 4—Baltimore, Cincinnati, Denver, Kan
sas City (Mo.), Minneapolis, Oakland, Pittsburgh, Portland (Oreg.); Group
5—Birmingham, Buffalo, Columbus, Dayton, Indianapolis, Milwaukee,
Newark, Omaha, Providence, Salt Lake City, San Diego; Group 6—Akron,
Bridgeport, Charlotte, Des Moines, Hartford, Little Rock, Phoenix, Roches­
ter, St. Paul, Spokane, Syracuse, Toledo, Wichita; and Group 7—Albany,
Duluth, Grand Rapids, Lincoln (Nebr.), New Haven, Peoria, Sioux City,
Springfield (Mass.).
5 Rates applied to various jobs at the same level, but job titles differed in
some divisional offices.
8 Local traffic offices were: M anual operation—Group M -l—Chicago;
Group M-2—4 cities with same general traffic as Pittsburgh; Group M-3—12
cities with same general traffic as Baltimore; Group M-4—20 cities with
same general traffic as Albany; and Group M-5—Lincoln (Nebr.); Reper­
forator operation—Group R-2— Boston, Cincinnati, Detroit, Kansas City
(Mo.), Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Oakland, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg.),
St. Louis, and Syracuse.
7 Accounting department city groups were: Group 1—Chicago; Group 2—
Detroit, Los Angeles, San Francisco; Group 3—Boston, Cleveland, Phila­
delphia, St. Louis; Group 4—Cincinnati, Denver, Kansas City (Mo.),
Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Portland (Oreg.); Group 5—Buffalo, Omaha; and
Group 6—Syracuse.
8Increases of 5 cents an hour granted after 3 months’ service and 4 cents
after 12 months’ service.

C-2. Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Occupations in CTU Areas, Selected Effective Dates, 1957-63 1
Jan. 1, 1957

Occupation and rate range 2

1

1
Operators—automatic, relief automatic, senior
branch, telephone:
Starting rate___________________________
Maximum rate_________________________
Operators—Morse, senior automatic, senior telephone; clerks—bookkeeping summary,5 relief
delivery, accounting statistical;5 dispatchers,
messenger:
Starting rate---------- ------------------------------Maximum rate_________________________
Clerks—delivery EMD, delivery tube and envelope,8 employment,8 file, telephone billing;8
typists:
Starting rate. --------------------------------------Maximum rate_________________________
Clerks—cashier, branch delivery, credit and collection, counter-sales,8 adjustment,5 direct
billing:5
Starting rate............................... ........................
Maximum rate.. - ________________ _____
Messengers, automobile:
Starting rate--------- ----------------------------Maximum rate.............................................. .
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2

3

June 1, 1962

June 1,1960

June 1, 1963

Commercial Department3— Divisional Office Group 4
4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

$1.45 $1.43 $1.40 $1.40 $1. 66 $1.64 $1.61 $1.61 $1.75 $1.73 $1.70 $1.70 $1.82 $1.80 $1.77 $1.77
1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.21 2.35 2.33 2.31. 2.28

1.63
2.03

1.59
1.99

1.55
1.95

1.55 1.84
1.92 2.29

1.80 1.76 1.76
2.27 2.25 2.22

1.93
2.38

1.89 1.85 1.85 2.00
2. 36 2.34 2.31 2.45

1.38
1.60

1.35
1.56

1.33
1.52

1.33
1.51

1.60
1.87

1.56
1.82

1.54
1.79

1.72
2.00

1.69
1.96

1.65
1.91

1.45
1.82

1.43
1.80

1.40
1.76

1.40 1.66 1.64 1.61
1.76 2.14 2.10 2.04

1.61
2.02

1.75
2.23

1.73
2.19

1.39
1.54

1.38
1.51

1.36
1.49

1.34
1.45

1.55
1.76

1.70
2.01

1.68
1.97

1.63
1.91

1.61
1.92

1.59
1.88

1.57
1.82

1.96
2.43

1.92
2.41

1.29
2. 83

1.63
1.88

1.79 1.76
2.07 2.03

1.72
1.98

1.70
1.95

1.70
2.13

1.70
2.11

1.82
2.30

1.80
2.26

1.77
2.20

1.77
2.18

1.66
1.91

1.64
1.85

1.77
2.08

1.75
2.04

1.73
1.98

1.71
1.92

1321

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO.

C-2. Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Occupations in CTU Areas, Selected Effective Dates, 1957-63 1—
Continued
O ccu p atio n a n d ra te range >

J a n . 1, 1957

J u n e 1, 1960

J u n e 1, 1962

J u n e 1, 1963

2. Traffic Department— Divisional Office Group 7
1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

O p erato rs—a u to m a tic G N U , M orse, M o rse -au to ­
m a tic , senior a u to m a tic ,5 senior te le p h o n e ,5 press
u n it a u to m a tic :5
S ta rtin g r a t e ........... ......... ....................... ...................... $1.58 $1.56 $1.54 $1.51 $1.79 $1.77 $1.76 $1.72 $1.88 $1.86 $1.85 $1.81 $1.95 $1.93 $1.92
M a x im u m r a te __________ _____ _______________ 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 2.29 2.27 2. 25 2.22 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.45 2.43 2.41
O p erato rs—a u to m a tic , telep h o n e; clerks—ca b le,5
c ity r o u te c h a rt; C N D — 5 D a n d A , m e th o d ,
ro u te , service; sten o g ra p h ers:
S ta rtin g r a t e _________ ____ ___________________ 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.80 1.78 1.77
M a x im u m r a t e ....................... ..................... ............. ..
1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.28 2. 26 2.24 2. 21 2.35 2. 33 2.31
C le rk s—s w itc h in g ,5 telefax, tr u n k ro u te :
S ta rtin g r a t e ________________________________ _ 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.75 1.73 1.72
M a x im u m r a te _______________________________
1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 2.12 2.10 2.07 2. 05 2.19 2.17 2.14
C le rk s—d ire cto ry , d is trib u tin g , m essage, file:
S ta rtin g r a t e _____________________ ______ _____ 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.75 1.73 1.72
M a x im u m r a t e ............ ......................... ......... ............... 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.93 2.05 2. 03 2.01

4

$1.88
2.38

1.75
2.28
1.72
2.12
1.72
2.00

3. Plant and Engineering Department— All Offices 8
T e c h n ic ia n s—a u to m a tic , o p e ra tio n s,5 W a n d R ;
m a in ta in e rs , a u to m a tic , radio:
S ta rtin g r a t e _________________________________
M a x im u m r a t e _____________________ ________
C ab lem e n ; e q u ip m e n t m e n ; m a in ta in e rs , section:
S ta rtin g r a t e ___________ ______ _________ ____
M a x im u m r a te _______________________________
L in e m e n , section; m a in ta in e rs , b u ild in g :
S ta rtin g r a t e _____________ ____ ______________
M a x im u m r a te _______________________________
L in e m e n (excluding su b sisten ce):
S ta rtin g r a t e _______________ ____ ____________
M a x im u m ................... ..................... ............. ............. ..

$2.02
2. 53

$2.23
2.85

$2.54
3.16

$2.61
3. 23

2.00
2.44

2.21
2.71

2.52
3. 02

2.59
3.09

1.80
2.12

2.01
2.46

2.10
2.55

2.17
2.62

1.44
1.65

1.65
1.89

1.74
1.98

1.81
2.05

4. Messengers— All Offices
T elecycle:
S ta rtin g ra te
M a x im u m rate.
B icycle:
S ta rtin g r a t e . . .
M a x im u m ra te
W a lk in g :
S ta rtin g r a t e . . .
M a x im u m ra te

$1.00
1.10

$1.05
1.26

8 $1. 15
1.30

if $1.25
1.30

1.00
1.05

1.05
1.21

« 1.15
1.25

io 1.25
1.25

1.00
1.05

1.05
1.21

» 1.15
1.25

io 1.25
1.25

1 R a te s sh ow n a p p ly o n ly to em ployees o u tsid e th e N e w Y o rk M e tro p o lita n
a re a re p re se n te d b y T h e C o m m ercial T e le g ra p h e rs’ U n io n . W ith th e job
reclassifica tio n ag reem en t effective J a n . 1,1957 (Job C lassification S tip u la tio n
1-57, M a r. 2,1957), form er differences in o cc u p atio n a l w age ra te s b etw e en th e
W e stern U n io n D iv isio n a n d th e S o u th e rn a n d S o u th w estern div isio n s w ere
e lim in a te d , a n d w age ra te s w ere b ased on average m o n th ly re v en u e or m e s­
sage lo ad , regardless of location, as follows: C o m m e r c ia l D e p a r t m e n t —C - l,
$250,000 or m ore; C -2, $100,000 to $249,999; C -3, $50,000 to $99,999; a n d C -4,
u n d e r $50,000; T r a ffic D e p a r t m e n t —T - l , 425,000 m essages a n d over; T -2 ,
240,000 to 424,999; T - 3 , 120,000 to 239,999; a n d T -4 , u n d e r 120,000. A ccounting
ce n ters a n d , in 1959, m o st p la n t a n d engineering offices w ere assigned to th e
gro u p in th e C o m m ercial D iv isio n c ity in w h ich th e y w ere located.
2 P ro g ression from th e s ta rtin g to th e m a x im u m ra te w as a u to m a tic for
em p lo y ees m e e tin g th e re q u ire m e n ts of th e job. P ro v isio n w as m a d e for
a p p ly in g th e grievance a n d a rb itra tio n sections of th e ag ree m en t, w ith th e
b u rd e n of p roof on th e c o m p an y , w h en em ployees w ere n o t a u to m a tic a lly
a d v a n c e d to th e n e x t ste p . N o t all of th e o cc u p atio n s listed in each occ u p a­
tio n al w ag e-rate g roup w ere found in each city-size class, no r w ere all occu­
p a tio n s classified a t th e specified level listed .
A s of J a n . 1,1959, progression from th e s ta rtin g to th e m a x im u m ra te w as:
C o m m e r c ia l a n d A c c o u n t in g D e p a r t m e n t s —60 m o n th s for all levels show n
o th e r th a n au to m o b ile m essengers, w here progression to th e m a x im u m
re q u ire d 36 m o n th s, a n d d e liv e ry E M D clerks, etc., w here progression re ­
q u ire d 48 m o n th s; T r a ffic D e p a r t m e n t —60 m o n th s for all levels sh o w n o th e r
t h a n d ire c to ry clerk, etc., w here progression to th e m a x im u m re q u ire d 48
m o n th s; P l a n t a n d E n g in e e r in g D e p a r t m e n t —72 m o n th s for levels of te c h n i­
cian s listed a n d ca b lem e n a n d e q u ip m e n t m e n , 60 m o n th s for lin em e n an d
m a in ta in e rs , a n d 36 m o n th s for lin em e n (excluding su b sisten ce); a n d M e s ­
s e n g e r s —24 m o n th s for each ty p e listed .
3 E ffec tiv e J a n . 1,1959, th e n u m b e r of A cco u n tin g D e p a rtm e n t ce n ters w as
red u c e d to 2 a n d th e n u m b e r of cities to 4. A ll o ccu p atio n s for w h ich w ager a te in fo rm atio n h a s b een show n, as w ell as a large n u m b e r of o th e r o c c u p a ­
tio n s, w ere tra n sferre d to th e C om m ercial D e p a rtm e n t. B ecause of th e
s m a ll n u m b e r of em ployees in t h e A cco u n tin g D e p a rtm e n t a fte r J a n . 1,1959,
o cc u p atio n a l w age ra te s for th is d e p a rtm e n t h av e been elim in a te d . W age
ra te s in effect on J a n . 1,1957, w ere:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

O c c u p a t io n a n d r a te r a n g e *

1

2

S

Clerks—adjustment, bill rendition, direct billing:
$1.45 $1.43
$1.43 $1.40
Starting rate_______
Maximum rate______________________
1.78 1.74
1.70
Clerks—assembly, inspection, sortergraf, graphoaddresso:
1.42
Starting rate.____ ____________
1.42 1.39 1.35
Maximum rate______________________
1.73 1.69
1.65
Clerks—telephone billing, typist:
Starting rate____________________________ 1.38 1.35 1.33
Maximum rate_______________ ___ __
1.60 1.56
1.52
*See footnote 2 above.
4 Divisional cities, on Jan. 1, 1957, were: Group 1—8 cities with about the
same average monthly revenue as Chicago; Group 2—17 cities with about
the same average monthly revenue as Atlanta; Group 3—23 cities about the
same as Akron; and Group 4—24 cities about the same as Albany.
5 Added to occupations originally listed, as occupational structure was
reorganized by the parties.
6 Deleted or changed from occupations originally listed, as occupational
structure was reorganized by the parties.
7 Divisional cities, on Jan. 1, 1957, were: Group 1—19 cities with about the
same average monthly revenue or load as Atlanta; Group 2—9 cities about
the same as Baltimore; Group 3—21 cities about the same as Akron; and
Group 4—22 cities about the same as Albany.
3Plant and Engineering Department groups were essentially the same as
Traffic Department Groups 1-3. Plant and Engineering Group 4 was
composed of migratory crews and headquarters not listed iu the other 3
groups.
increase in minimum rate, effective Sept. 3, 1961, in accordance with
amendment to Fair Labor Standards Act; maximum, effective Sept. 1, 1962,
by company letter dated June 11, 1982.
10 Increase in minimum rate, effective Sept. 3, 1963, in accordance with
amendment to Fair Labor Standards Act.

1322

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

D—Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Occupations in the New York Metropolitan Area (ACA), Selected
Effective Dates, 1952-63
E m p lo y e e s
h ire d o n or
b e fo re N o v .
1 ,1 9 4 1 2

S e p t . 1, 1952,
a n d e f fe c tiv e
J u n e 1, 1955,
fo r e m p lo y e e s
h ir e d a f te r
N o v . 1 ,1 9 4 1

D e p a r tm e n t, o c c u p a tio n , a n d c la ss ific a tio n i

T

r a f f ic

D

la n t

a n d

E

n g in e e r in g

D

C
C
C
C

o m m e r c ia l

le rk s ,
le rk s
le rk s ,
le rk s ,

D

epa r t m e n t

(b

r a n c h

o f f ic e s

Motor messengers (b) -------------------------------All other messengers3. ___________________ e w

Y

o rk

R

e p a ir

S

e r se y

C

it y

W

a r e h o u se

J u n e 1 ,1 9 6 2

J u n e 1 ,1 9 6 3

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

M a x i­
m um

M in i­
m um

$ 1 .3 2
1 .6 1
1 .3 2

$ 1 .7 8
1 .9 5
1 .7 8

$ 1 .2 8
1 .5 5
1 .2 8

$ 1 .6 8
1 .8 6
1 .6 8

$ 1 .3 0
1 .5 8
1 .3 0

$ 1 .7 3
1 .9 1
1 .7 3

$ 1 .5 0
1 .7 6
1. 50

$ 1 .9 8
2 .1 7
1 .9 8

$ 1 .7 1
1 .9 7
1 .7 1

$ 2 .1 9
2 .3 8
2 .1 9

$ 1 .8 0
2 .0 6
1 .8 0

$ 2 .2 8
2 .4 7
2 .2 8

$ 1 .8 7
2 .1 3
1 .8 7

$ 2 .3 5
2 .5 4
2 .3 5

1 .8 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 3
1 .7 7
1 .8 5

2 .3 7
2 .1 6
2 .1 9
2 .1 6
2 .2 1

1 .8 1
1 .7 0
1 .7 5
1 .7 0
1 .7 7

2 .2 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2 .1 0

1 .8 5
1 .7 3
1 .7 9
1 .7 3
1 .8 1

2 .3 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 1
2 .1 6

2 .1 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1

2 .6 0
2 .4 0
2 .4 5
2 .4 0
2 .4 5

2 .3 1
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 2

2 .8 5
2 .6 5
2 .7 0
2 .6 5
2 .7 0

2. 54
2 .3 1
2 .5 2
2 .3 1
2. 52

3 .1 6
2 .7 4
3 .0 1
2 . 74
3 .0 1

2 .6 1
2. ¿8
2. 59
2 .3 8
2. 59

3 .2 3
2 .8 1
3 .0 8
2 .8 1
3 .0 8

1 .3 2
1 .2 3
1 .3 2
1 .5 3

1 .7 8
1 .4 1
1 .7 8
1 .9 1

1 .2 8
1 .2 0
1 .2 8

1 .6 8
1 .3 7
1 .6 8

1 .3 0
1 .2 2
1 .3 0

1 .7 3
1 .3 9
1 .7 3 .

1 .5 0
1 .3 6
1 .5 0

2 .0 9
1 .7 1
2 .0 9

1 .7 1
1 .5 7
1 .7 1

2 .1 9
1 .7 6
2 .1 9

2.25
1.71
1.10

2.44 2.21
1.92 1.76
1.21 41.15

2.53 2.28
1.83
2.01
1.25 51.25

2 .3 5
1 .9 2
2 .3 5

1.92
1.46
1.00

2 .2 8
1 .8 5
2 .2 8

1 .8 7
1 .7 3
1 .8 7

2.12
1.67
1.05

1 .8 0
1 .6 6
1 .8 0

M a x i­
m um

1.29
1.02

1.53

1.48
1.26
.85

1.82
1.48
.94

1.50
1.27
.85

1.86
1.50
.94

1.88
1.90
1.53
2.01

2.09
2.09
1.70
2.28

1.17
1.37
1.65
1.65

1.29
1.59
2.16
2.06

2. 60
2.08
1.25

1.80
1.82
1.48
1.92

1.99
1.99
1.63
2.15

1.84
1.86
1.50
1.96

2.04
2.04
1.67
2.22

2.03
2.03
1.66
2.24

2.32
2.37
1.85
2. 50

2.24
2.24
1.87
2.45

2.57
2. 75
2.06
2.75

2.49
2.49
(«)
(6)

3.06
3.06
(«)
(6)

2. 56
2.56
(6)
(8)

3.13
3.13
(ä)
(6)

1.15
1.33
1.59
1.59

1.26
1.53
2.05
1.96

1.16
1.35
1.62
1.62

1.27
1.56
2.11
2.01

1.34
1.50
1.79
1.79

1.47
1.85
2. 29
2.29

1.55
1.71
2.00
2.00

1.68
2.06
2.50
2.50

1.64
1.80
2.21
2.21

1.82
2.15
2.59
2.59

1.71
1.87
2.28
2.28

1.89
2.22
2.66
2.66

7

Packers, light instruments (a)___ _________
Packers, material (b)_______________________
Clerks, receiving (d)_____ ____ _____
Clerks, shipping (d)________________________

i E ffec tiv e J u n e 1,1954, progression from th e s ta rtin g to th e m a x im u m r a te
w as a u to m a tic , if re q u ire m e n ts w ere m e t, in all ra te ranges w h ich h ad m a x i­
m u m rates. T h e in te rv a l in progression from th e job ra te to th e m a x im u m
r a te w as 12 m o n th s. T h is d id n o t a p p ly to h o u rly ra te d em ployees h ire d
after N o v . 1,1941, u n til D ec. 1, 1955, or 1 yea r a fte r reac h in g job ra te , w h ic h ­
ev e r occurred la ter. Before J u n e 1,1954, a d v a n c e m e n t to th e m a x im u m ra te
w as d e te rm in e d b y th e co m p an y , su b jec t to ap p lic a tio n of th e g rievan ce a n d
a r b itra tio n sections of th e ag ree m en t, w h en claim w as m a d e th a t th e co m p a n y
acted in a n a r b itra ry or capricious m a n n e r in th e d e te rm in a tio n of su ch
increases.
P rogression from th e s ta rtin g to th e m a x im u m ra te w as: (a) 24 m o n th s,
(b) 36 m o n th s, (c) 48 m o n th s, (d) 60 m o n th s, a n d (e) 72 m o n th s.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

J u n e 1 ,1 9 6 0

h o p

Machinists (c)----------------- ------------- ---------Wiremen (e)_____________ _______________
Shopmen (b)________
________ ______
Instrument makers (e) ____ _ . ____________
J

J a n . 1 , 1957

)

o p e r a t o r ( d ) ------------------------ ------------------------ -------------( a ) ______________________________________________________
i n t e r m e d i a t e ( d ) ----------------------- -----------------------------s e n i o r ( c ) . . _ _______________________________________

N

D e c . 1, 1954

e pa r t m e n t

A s s i s t a n t c h ie fs — a u t o m a t i c , t e l e p r i n t e r , r e p e a t e r ,
w i r e ( e ) _____
_____________________________________________
C i t y l i n e m e n ( d ) ____________________ _________ ______________
E q u i p m e n t m e n — c o n s t r u c t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e ( d ) __
E q u i p m e n t m e n , c i t y ( d ) ---------------------------------------------------C a b l e m e n ( d ) - - ..................- ..................... .......... ........................................
C

J u n e 1 ,1 9 5 4

e pa r tm en t

O p e r a t o r s — t e l e p h o n e , a u t o m a t i c ( d ) ----------------------------O p e r a t o r s — M o r s e , M o r s e - a u t o m a t i c ( d ) ----------------C l e r k s — c i t y r o u t e , g e n e r a l r o u t e , D a n d A ( d ) -------P

A ll e m p lo y e e s

E m p lo y e e s h ir e d a f te r N o v .
1 ,1 9 4 1 2

2 See fo o tn o te 3, ta b le C - l.
3 I n 1954, th e sch ed u le p ro v id e d p rogression to th e m a x im u m a fte r 12
m o n th s. I n 1960, th e m a x im u m ra te w as reac h ed a fte r 24 m o n th s .
4 In crease in m in im u m r a te , effective S ep t. 3, 1961, in ac co rd an ce w ith
a m e n d m e n t to F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A ct.
6
In crease in m in im u m ra te , effective S e p t. 3, 1963, in acco rd an ce w ith
a m e n d m e n t to F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A ct.

6 Occupational titles eliminated.

7 O ccu p atio n al title s ch an g ed J a n . 1, 1962; p ac k ers, lig h t in s tr u m e n ts
ch an g ed to P a c k e r B ; p ack ers, m a te ria l to P a c k e r A ; clerk s co m b in ed u n d e r
one title —clerk , receiv in g a n d sh ip p in g .

----W lL L M O N F

r ID IE

Division of Wage Economics

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

discriminatory result that naturally followed
therefrom.”
However, the court said, in line with a previous
circuit court decision,2 the company was legally
required to follow—as closely as possible—the
existing collective bargaining agreement with
regard to the employees whose work was termi­
nated by the decision.

Labor Relations

Contract Bar. The NLRB held3 that a contract
containing a checkoff clause that does not conform
fully to the statutory checkoff requirements is not
a defective bar to a representation election, unless
the clause is unlawful on its face or has been found
unlawful in an unfair-labor-practice proceeding
or one initiated by the Attorney General.
The Electrical Workers (IUE) petitioned for
an election in a unit represented by the Teamsters,
contending that the existing contract was no bar
to the election because it contained a retroactive
union-security clause and an illegal checkoff clause.
The latter provision, the IU E pointed out, failed
to specify that deductions could be made only upon
individual employees’ authorizations irrevocable
for 1 year only, as required by section 302(c) (4)
of the LMRA.
The retroactivity of the union-security clause,
the Board determined, had resulted from the
parties’ action to correct an erroneous dating of
the contract. To that end, the parties had exe­
cuted a document that fully conformed to the
original agreement and bore the date of that agree­
ment’s conclusion. The Board ruled that since
the new document was merely a “redraft” of the
old, the union-security provision did not invalidate
the contract as a bar to the petition.
In rejecting the allegation that the checkoff
clause was illegal, the Board relied upon its deci­
sion in the Paragon Products,4 where it ruled that

Subcontracting. A U.S. court of appeals held 1
that a purely economic decision of an employer to
contract out a phase of its business was not a re­
quired subject of collective bargaining, but the
Labor Management Relations Act did require ne­
gotiation with regard to the treatment of the
employees affected by the decision. The court re­
jected the contention of the National Labor
Relations Board that no illegal motivation or in­
tent for a decision to subcontract need be shown
in order to find an unfair labor practice.
The employer processed and sold milk and other
dairy products and distributed them by unionized
driver-salesmen employees and by independent
contractors. In order to meet the competition of
rival dairies, the company attempted to lower its
costs of delivery and, to this end, sought an agree­
ment with the union. Failing to obtain the
union’s cooperation, the company changed over
completely to independent contractors and then
notified the union of its action and of the termi­
nation of the driver-salesmen. The discharged
employees received 1 week’s pay in lieu of a prior
notice plus all accumulated vacation pay. The
union complained to the National Labor Relations
Board.
The Board held the employer was dutybound to
negotiate concerning the decision to subcontract,
even though no antiunion motivation was involved.
The court rejected the Board’s contention that
the employer was required by section 8(a)(5) of
the act to consult with the union regarding the
decision, and pointed out that the Board had
failed to establish antiunion motivation on the
part of the employer. Here, the court said, “We
conclude that the Board herein was not free to
completely ignore the question of intent and de­
clare an act as an unfair labor practice without
first finding some illegal motivation or intent or


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»Prepared in the U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis­
trativ e developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
1NLR B v. Adams Dairy, Inc. (C.A. 8, Sept. 12, 1963).
2 NLRB v. Rapid Bindery, Inc., 293 F. 2d 170 (1961).
3 Gary Steel Supply Co. and International Union of Electrical,
Radio and Machine Workers, 144 NLRB No. 45 (Sept. 10, 1963).
¿134 NLRB 662 (1961).

1323

1324
contracts with ambiguous—though not clearly un­
lawful—union-security provisions would operate
as bars to elections unless they have been declared
unlawful by the Board or a Federal court in an
unfair-labor-practice case. In support of that
opinion, the Board had pointed out to the Supreme
Court’s frowning upon “presumptions of illegal­
ity,” and had said that a different rule would have
an unsettling impact upon established collective
bargaining relations.
In dismissing the IU E petition, the Board con­
cluded, “We now believe that the policies of the
act can best be effectuated by establishing a com­
parable rule with respect to contracts containing
checkoff provisions.” The decision in Keystone
Coat, Apron and Towel Supply Co.* on this issue
was overruled to the extent that it was inconsist­
ent with this ruling.
Union Recognition. The NLRB held6that it was
an unfair labor practice for an employer to recog­
nize an inside union, even though it presented
signatures of a majority of employees, because a
rival international union presented a conflicting
claim and it was for the Board, not the employer,
to determine the question of representation.
During an organizing campaign at a plant that
had been reopened under new ownership, the em­
ployer took various actions to forestall the em­
ployees’ interest in an international union, which
had represented the plant’s workers under the old
management, but did not discourage the employees
from joining an independent union formed by
some employees since the plant’s reopening. The
independent’s demand for recognition was sup­
ported by signatures of a large majority of the
workers, whereas the international did not present
any signatures or authorization cards but claimed
to represent a majority of the employees. The
international subsequently filed a representation
petition with the NLRB. Three days after the
petition was filed, and with the knowledge of the
filing, the employer recognized the independent
union and later executed a labor contract with it.
The Board reasoned that the percentage of em­
ployees represented by a contending union does not
establish the absence of a real dispute over rep­
resentation. It quoted from one of its earlier
decisions, “Membership cards obtained during
the heat of rival organizing campaigns do not

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

necessarily reflect the ultimate choice of a bargain­
ing representative; indeed, the extent of dual
membership among the employees during periods
of intense organizing activities is an important
unknown factor affecting a determination of ma­
jority status, which can best be resolved by a
secret ballot among the employees.” 7
Furthermore, the Board said, the employer’s un­
lawful conduct during the campaign did not create
a reasonable basis for belief that the signatures
represented the employees’ free choice. Other
facts—the international’s participation in the cam­
paign, interest in that union among employees,
and its filing of a petition for election—also indi­
cated that the company’s taking upon itself to
resolve the conflicting claims was unjustified; that
task was exclusively within the Board’s compe­
tence.
The Board also pointed out that the determina­
tion of whether the international showed that it
represented a substantial number of employees
when it filed its petition was also within its exclu­
sive competence.
The Board concluded that, by recognizing and
entering into a contract with the independent
union, the employer had granted it unlawful as­
sistance and support in violation of section 8(a)
(2) and (1) of theLMRA.
Railway Labor Act. A U.S. court of appeals dis­
missed 8an action by an airline pilots’ union for an
injunction to prevent an airline from bargaining
with anyone other than the International, on the
grounds that judicial intervention was not war­
ranted since the case involved a question of proper
representation—an area largely reserved by Con­
gress for the National Mediation Board under the
Railway Labor Act, The International had
charged the carrier with illegally inducing its
pilots to join a new organization formed by dis­
sident members of the union.
The pilots’ negotiating committee, formed in
accordance with the policy of the International
Air Lines Pilots’ Association (ALPA), differed
with the parent organization over the terms of a
6 121 NLRB 125 (1958).
8 Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., and United Packinghouse Food and
Allied Workers, 144 NLRB No. 64 (Sept. 17. 1963).
7 No vak Logging Co. and International Woodworkers of Amer­
ica, 119 NLRB 1573 (1958).
8 Ruby v. American Airlines (CA 2, Sept. 16, 1963).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

proposed contract with the American Airlines.
As a result, the executive board of the Interna­
tional declared the negotiating committee was no
longer the bargaining representative of the Ameri­
can Airline pilots and directed the International’s
president, or his representative, to negotiate the
agreement. Efforts by the International’s bar­
gainers to join the negotiations proved futile, and
an injunction was sought to prevent the employer
from bargaining with anyone other than the
International.
The company reached an understanding with the
original negotiating committee shortly after the
suit for injunction was filed, but the International
refused to sign it. Thereupon a council of officers
of the American Airlines locals authorized the
formation of a new organization, the Allied Pilots
Association, to represent American’s pilots.
Claiming to have authorization from a vast ma­
jority of the pilots, the Allied filed an application
with the National Mediation Board for an investi­
gation and certification as the bargaining repre­
sentative under the act.
The International filed a statement with the
Board, alleging company assistance, influence, and
coercion directed toward forming the new union.
The mediator, however, recommended that a mail
ballot election be held, whereupon the Interna­
tional brought an action to stay that election pend­
ing determination of the injunction proceeding.
At the insistence of the new union, the company
recognized it and signed a contract with it.
The district court dismissed the case as not war­
ranting judicial intervention since it involved a

• Sw itchm en’s Union v. National Mediation Board, 320 U.S.
297 (1943).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1325
question of representation wholly within the com­
petence of the Board.
The court of appeals upheld the lower court’s
decision. It held that the union’s action for in­
junction was not maintainable, relying primarily
upon a Supreme Court decision 9 that a district
court was without jurisdiction to cancel a certifi­
cation by the Board issued under section 2 Ninth
of the act. Although in this case no Board certi­
fication had yet been made, the court said, inter­
vention might “prevent [the Board] from per­
forming its statutory duty.”
Moreover, the court pointed out, since there was
a substantial representation dispute the employer
could not be required to bargain with the Inter­
national, the previously designated representative.
The court found no basis for judicial interference
with the Board’s conclusion that no wrong had
been done by the airline, pointing out that the
Board had made an adequate investigation as re­
quired under the Railway Labor Act. I t rejected
the International’s argument that since the act
affords no such opportunity as the National Labor
Relations Act for a full administrative hearing
which might disqualify a union found to have
benefited from unlawful conduct by an employer,
the Federal courts should fill the supposed statu­
tory vacuum. The congressional scheme found in
the Railway Labor Act would be distorted, the
court asserted, were the courts to require the Medi­
ation Board to transform itself into a judging and
prosecuting agency like the NLRB.
In conclusion, the court said that this action for
injunction “was subject to the vice that it sought
orders from a Federal court that might frustrate
ultimate determination by the agency to which
Congress gave exclusive responsibility” in the mat­
ter involved.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

prior to subcontracting a part of its operations for eco­
nomic reasons. Although the court ruled that the decision
to subcontract was not a required subject of bargaining,
it held that the law did require the company to bargain
on the terms of dismissal. (See also p. 1323 of this
issue.)

September 13

September 3, 1963
T h e m in im u m w age for employees covered by the Fair
Labor Standards Act prior to the 1961 amendments in­
creased to $1.25 from $1.15. Minimums for those covered
for the first time in 1961 will not be changed until Sep­
tember 1964, when their rates increase to $1.15. A 44hour workweek takes effect this year for all newly
covered employees. At least 2.6 million workers are esti­
mated to be directly affected by the increase to $1.25.
On September 30, new regulations took effect governing
the exemption of executive, administrative, and profes­
sional employees from the monetary provisions of the act.
For executive and administrative employees, the minimum
exempt salary increased to $100 a week from $80 and $95,
respectively, and for professionals, to $115 from $95.
Until September 1965, when the new minimums become
effective for employees in retail establishments, the old
minimums w ill apply to such workers. ( See also p. 1330
of this issue.)

September 8
A conteact reached between the United Federation of
Teachers and the Board of Education of New York City
covering 43,000 employees averted a strike scheduled for
the opening of school the following day. The 2-hour agree­
ment provides increases in the second year for all teach­
ers, amounting to about $330 for the estimated 27,000
with 1 year or more of service. It also limits to 35 the
number of pupils in elementary and junior high school
classes and to 39 those in senior high school classes.
( See also p. 1330 of this issue.)

September 9
T h e U n ited E lectrical W orkers (Ind.) opened its 28th
convention in New York City. During the meetings, dele­
gates reelected President Albert J. Fitzgerald and passed
resolutions calling for a 35-hour workweek; improved
Federal welfare programs; approval of the test ban
treaty ; and adoption of President John F. Kennedy’s civil
rights program.

September 12
T h e U.S. C ourt

of A p pe a l s in St. Louis overruled the
National Labor Relations Board in NLRB v. Adams Dairy,
Inc., by holding that the Labor Management Relations Act
did not require the employer to consult with the union

1326


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T h e P a pe r m a k er s and P a perw o rkers completed its third
triennial convention, after unanimously endorsing a res­
olution authorizing continued merger discussions with
other AFL-CIO printing and paper unions. The con­
vention approved reduction of regional districts from 13 to
12, endorsing a 1961 executive board action. President
Paul L. Phillips was reelected.
T h e conv en tio n of the Street, Electric Railway Em­
ployes closed after adopting a new name, The Amalga­
mated Transit Union, to be effective July 1, 1964. It also
authorized the international to bargain for an industry­
wide pension plan and called for protection of transit
em ployees in pending Federal legislation for subsidizing
the development of automated transit systems. (See also
p. 1332 of this issue.)
co nvention of Railway Carmen closed in
Kansas City after reelecting President A. J. Bernhardt,
increasing its per capita tax and setting up a strike fund.
Among resolutions passed was one establishing a 30-hour
week as a union objective. ( See also p. 1332 of this issue.)

T h e 2-w e e k

T h e co nvention of the Lithographers Union closed in
Montreal, Canada, after delegates had voted to merge with
the Photo Engravers. The issue is subject to approval by
members of both unions. The New York City Local of
the ILA rejected the merger in a vote taken September
24, but authorized local officers to look into merger in a
vote with some other graphic arts union. ( See also Chron.
item for August 24, MLR, Oct. 1963 and p. 1332 of this
issue.)

September 19
T h e A llied I n d u str ia l W orkers U n io n closed its 14th

biennial convention in Chicago after modifying strike
benefits to $15 per week, reelecting President Carl W.
Griepentrog and other officers for 4-year terms, and re­
vising its constitution to permit local bylaws to designate
officers automatically entitled to be delegates to future
national conventions of the union. (See also p. 1333 of
this issue.)

September 20
T h e A m er ic a n B a k e r y

and

C o nfection ery W o rkers ,

representing about 9,000 workers, and the National Biscuit
Co. agreed to a 2-year contract providing an 8-cent-an-hour
increase retroactive to September 1, several classification
adjustments, and an additional 10 cents in 1964. Health
and accident and hospitalization benefits and pensions
were increased, and a ninth paid holiday was added.
(See also pp. 1330-1331 of this issue.)

1327

CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS

September 24
T h e P r u d e n t ia l I n su r a n c e Co. reached a contract with
the Insurance Workers Union, representing 17,000 Pru­
dential agents. Wages were increased $5.12 a week, and
working conditions were improved. (See also p. 1332 of
this issue. )

September 25
A bout 70,000 General Electric workers, represented by

the International Union of Electrical Workers, are

covered by a 3-year contract which includes two pay
increases averaging 7 cents an hours each. Threti-week
vacations are provided after 10 instead of 15 years’ serv­
ice, and 4 weeks after 20 instead of 25 years. Pay for
work performed on holidays was increased to 2y2 times
the regular rate, from double time. Provisions which
improve vacations, insurance, and pensions are to run for
5 years. The scope of the arbitration clause was limited.
The United Electrical Workers (Ind.), representing 11,000
workers, accepted similar terms with GE on September
6. (See also pp. 1328-1329 of this issue.)

»

709- 654— 63-

-6


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Developments in
Industrial Relations*

Collective Bargaining

Metalworking. The General Electric Co. reached
agreement on contract terms during September
with major unions representing its workers and
announced similar changes for its nonunion em­
ployees. The settlements closely match GE’s
early formal proposals, although negotiations were
to continue with the Independent United Electri­
cal Workers on the scope and range of arbitration
and the International Union of Electrical Workers
filed charges with the NLRB that the company
had refused to bargain in good faith.1 John W.
Callahan of the union’s General Electric Confer­
ence Board characterized the settlement terms as
“still seriously inadequate in the light of current
conditions.”
The first settlement was reached on September
6, when the company and the Electrical Workers
(Ind.), representing 11,000 GE workers at 15
plants, agreed on a 3-year contract to replace the
one that was to expire on September 29. This pact
provided a 3.1-percent wage increase retroactive
to September 2 and another increase of 2.5 percent
in April 1965. Improved supplementary benefits,
to be effective immediately, included a reduction
from 25 to 20 years in service required for 4 weeks’
vacation and from 15 to 10 years for 3 weeks; in­
creases in the maximum weekly sickness and acci­
dent benefit to $100 from $85 and in the maximum
major medical coverage to $25,000 from $15,000;
double time and one-half for holiday work instead
of double time; and other changes in life insur­
ance, layoff protection and retirement income.
Provisions for vacations, insurance, and pensions
extend to 1968. An understanding was also
reached on interim procedures limiting arbitration
of certain grievances and questions of contract
interpretation and application pending further
negotiations. Formal negotiations between GE
and the union had begun on August 5; settlement
1328


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terms were substantially those offered by the com­
pany on August 27.
On September 9, the Sheet Metal Workers,
representing 2,700 workers at the five plants of
GE’s Hotpoint Division in Chicago announced its
members had ratified an agreement providing pay
increases and improved benefits similar to those
agreed to by UE. The contract was negotiated
under the reopening clause of a 30-month agree­
ment signed last March. The SMW had orga­
nized the Hotpoint plants in 1962 and concluded
its first contract in the spring of 1963 after a strike
of about 3 weeks.2
The contract for the largest unit was settled on
September 25, as GE and the International Union
of Electrical Workers agreed on a 3-year contract
for 70,000 workers at various plants. The agree­
ment provided two wage increases—the first, effec­
tive September 23, amounted to 3.1 percent, 2.5
percent, or 2.1 percent, depending on wage and
fringe options taken by IU E locals earlier. Local
unions that chose an eighth paid holiday and a
fourth week of vacation after 25 years’ service and
a 3-percent wage increase under the previous con­
tract in 1962 were to receive a 3.1-percent increase
in 1963 under the new agreement; those who chose
no chailge in fringe benefits and received a 4-percent wage increase in 1962 were to receive either
2.1 percent and an eighth paid holiday or a 2.5percent wage increase. The second wage increase,
effective in April 1965, was to be 2.5 percent for
all IU E members. Other contract terms, includ­
ing improvements in vacations, insurance, holiday
pay, and pension and layoff benefits, were similar
to those gained by the UE and SMW. Arbitra­
tion provisions were modified by adding specific
language defining the authority of the arbitrator
and the scope of the clause.
GE granted wage increases and supplemental
benefit improvements similar to those contained
in the new contracts to its nonunion hourly em­
ployees at various locations and announced a pay
increase of 3.1 percent retroactive to August 26
for most graded salaried employees. An addi­
tional 2 ^ -percent increase was scheduled for April
♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in early
October.
1 A tria l examiner’s report sustaining a sim ilar charge filed by
the IUE in 1960 was aw aiting review by the NLRB. See Monthly
Labor Review, June 1963, p. 709.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, May 1963, p. 556.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

5,1905. Both graded salaried and exempt salaried
employees were granted improvements in insur­
ance and pensions effective September 30 and im­
proved vacations effective January 1, 1964.
The Bullard Co., manufacturer of heavy-duty
metal-cutting machine tools, announced a 3-percent wage increase effective September 8 for its
employees at Bridgeport, Conn. The increase,
ranging from 7 cents to 12 cents an hour, was sim­
ilar to one granted in January 1962. Bullard
workers are not represented by a union.
Timken Holler Bearing Co., with unionized
plants in Canton, Gambrinus, Wooster, and Co­
lumbus, Ohio, agreed in September on a contract
for 9,000 workers represented by the Steelworkers
Union providing an extended vacation plan and
other changes. The vacation plan provided 5
weeks’ vacation with 7 weeks’ pay once in the 5year period from January 1, 1964, to January 1,
1969, for employees with 5 years’ service, in addi­
tion to the existing annual vacations (maximum
4 weeks after 25 years). The contract, effective
until August 24, 1965, also provided wage in­
creases for 6,700 of the employees; improved
methods of setting incentive rates for changed
products, changed grievance procedures, liberal­
ized pension eligibility and benefits, life insurance,
sickness and accident, and hospitalization bene­
fits, and strengthened seniority provisions with
preferential hiring; and lengthened the trial
period to 45 days for all transfers. Previously, the
Steelworkers had rejected offers of an annual guar­
antee of 1,800 hours’ work on a year-to-year basis
for employees with at least 2 years’ service.
Salaried employees of U.S. Steel Corp. and
Bethlehem Steel Co. were covered, effective Janu­
ary 1, 1964, by modifications of the extended va­
cation plan negotiated for hourly workers with the
Steelworkers.3 The U.S. Steel plan, which extends
to employees below the vice president level, pro­
vides employees with an option of taking time off
with pay or an equal amount in cash, to be in­
vested in U.S. Steel common stock or Government
obligations. Employees with 20 years or more
service will receive 8 extra weeks of vacation in
addition to their usual 4 every 5 years; employees
with 6 years or more of service will receive 6 extra
weeks in addition to their usual 3 every 5 years;
3 See M onthly Lahor Review, August 1963, p. 959.


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1329
employees with less than 6 years’ service will re­
ceive 4 weeks in addition to their usual 2. Onesixtieth of the employees will be eligible every
month beginning January 1.
The Bethlehem Steel Co. plan provides the
equivalent of an additional 2 weeks of vacation
every year, 1 of which must be taken in cash rather
than in time off, for employees with at least 1 year’s
service. The employee has the option of saving
1 week of vacation until the following year when
as much as 6 weeks can be taken off at one time.
The Boeing Co. announced a 3.7-percent salary
increase effective September 13, 1963, for 20,000
general office employees at all divisions except the
Vertol Division. Reportedly, the improvements
in a medical-health program, life insurance, and
retirement benefits granted by the company to
office workers in June and the 3.7-percent salary
increase raised costs about 6 percent for each office
employee.
Forty thousand Boeing production workers,
represented by the International Association of
Machinists, received a 5y2- to 9-cent-an-hour de­
ferred wage increase on September 16. The IAM
members also received a 2-cent-an-hour cost-ofliving adjustment—the first such adjustment
under the escalator clause negotiated earlier in
1963.
Other Wage Actions. The National Biscuit Co.
and the American Bakery and Confectionery
Workers’Union, representing approximately 9,000
workers in nine States, reached agreement Sep­
tember 20, on a 2-year contract providing for an
8-cent-an-hour wage increase retroactive to Sep­
tember 1, several classification adjustments, and
an additional 10 cents effective in 1964. A ninth
paid holiday—New Year’s Eve—was added, An
increase in company pension fund payments to 13
from 10 cents an hour will finance advancing
monthly pension benefits to $125 from $100 for
employees over 65 years of age with at least 25
years of service. A lit-cent increase in the com­
pany contribution to the health and welfare fund
will support a raise in the weekly sickness and
accident benefit to $50 from $40. Daily hospitali­
zation benefits were increased to $23 from $18 and
miscellaneous hospital expenses were raised by
$230.

1330
Funeral leave was liberalized by allowing 1
day’s leave for the death of a grandparent.
In late August, the Glass Container Manufac­
turers Institute, Inc., representing 26 manufac­
turers (including Ball Brothers Co., Inc.,
Overmayer Mold Co., Armstrong Mold Co.,
Owens-Illinois, Knox Glass Co., and Foster Farber
Co.), and the Flint Glass Workers Union, repre­
senting about 3,500 craftsmen in moldmaking de­
partments signed a 2-year contract providing for
an increase in monthly pension benefits to $2.50,
from $2, per year of credited service and removing
the maximum limit on the number of years
credited. Company contributions for employees’
insurance were increased, and $1,000 each of life
and hospitalization insurance was established for
retirees. Other benefit changes included liberal­
ized funeral leave and inclusion of hours paid for
holidays in weekly overtime calculations. A 3percent wage increase was deferred to the second
year of the contract.
Three more Bell Telephone companies reached
38-month agreements with the Communications
Workers on wage increases and changes in supple­
mental benefits similar to the pattern established
in the Michigan Bell settlement.4 With these
settlements, approximately three-fourths of the
Bell workers represented by the CWA were
working under contracts concluded since negotia­
tions started in early July. Weekly wage rates
were increased $2 to $5 for 51,000 employees of
Southern Bell Telephone Co. in nine States, ef­
fective September 5, and from $2.50 to $8 a week
for 17,000 employees of Pacific Telephone and
Telegraph Co. in northern California and Nevada,
effective August 18. CWA members employed by
the Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Co.,
after rejecting one offer on August 8, agreed on
September 2 to weekly wage increases of up to $5
for the 14,000 employees in seven States.
The Southern New England Telephone Co. and
the Connecticut Union of Telephone Workers
(Ind.) reached agreement on September 5 on a
38-month contract for 8,500 employees granting
weekly wage increases from $1.50 to $6 a week and
supplementary benefits similar to those in other
Bell contracts. This union had been the last in
the telephone industry under a 12-month agree­
ment.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

Six food chains in upstate New York and
northern Pennsylvania reached agreements with
Local 1 of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters, repre­
senting some 9,000 employees, providing wage
increases totaling 10 cents over a 2-year period.
A 3-cent increase was retroactive to May 5, with
an additional 2 cents effective in November, and
5 cents in 1964. A pension fund was established
into which the companies were to pay $26 a month
per employee; the plan provided for early retire­
ment at age 50 and vesting at age 40 after 10 years’
service. The companies were also to contribute
4 cents an hour to provide sick pay equal to takehome pay for up to 10 weeks. A third week of
vacation was granted after 8 years’ service.
Following a trend among department stores
toward elimination of the salary plus commission
method of payment for sales people of other than
“high ticket” items, Montgomery Ward and Co.
and the Betail Clerks International Association
reached agreement in August on a multiyear con­
tract providing for payment of straight salaries.
It has been argued that straight salary plans would
guarantee employees a steady, year-round income,
and give management more flexibility in assigning
sales people, though they might reduce a worker’s
incentive. Split shifts were eliminated. Future
holiday and vacation pay was to be based on aver­
age earnings rather than on base salary rates.
Wages were to be increased a total of 15 cents an
hour over the final years of the contract, seniority
was strengthened, and a union shop security clause
was obtained. The contract covered some 4,500
employees.
The Hotel & Kestaurant Employees reached
agreement in mid-September on a 3-year contract
affecting about 7,000 workers with Washington,
D.C., hotels providing a 3-cent hourly increase for
most nontipped classifications effective September
16, with additional increases of 4 and 3 cents on
the anniversary dates. For tipped employees, the
increases were 2 cents each year. Cooks and bar­
tenders received increases of $3 a week in 1963 and
$2 in September 1965. The hotels also agreed to
contribute 4 cents an hour to the pension plan
(instead of 2 cents) and agreed to provide liber­
alized medical and surgical benefits.
4 See M onthly Labor Review, September 1963, pp. 1080-1081.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

The Prudential Insurance Co. of America and
the Insurance Workers, representing 17,000 Pru­
dential agents, on September 21 agreed on a con­
tract which included a wage increase of $5.12 a
week and improved working conditions. On July
15, a general salary increase of $3 to $5 had been
granted by Prudential to its 23,000 clerical and
related employees throughout the country.5
Government Wage Actions

Military Pay. President John F. Kennedy signed
on October 2 a bill to provide an average 14.4-percent pay raise for about 2 million active members
of the Armed Forces and increases in pensions for
retired service personnel. The pay increases
ranged from $5 monthly for privates to $120
monthly for some officers in the middle grades.
The maximum percentage increase was 25.7 per­
cent. About 742,000 low ranking draftees and 2year volunteers serving their obligations under the
Selective Service Act were not included.
Personnel who had retired between June 1,1958,
and April 1, 1963, received a 5-percent cost-ofliving increase in pensions and those who retired
prior to June 1, 1958, were given the choice of
receiving either a recomputed benefit on the basis
of the new pay scales or the 5-percent cost-of-liv­
ing increase. If the Consumer Price Index rises
3 percent or more above the 1962 average index in
January, the retired personnel will be eligible for
a proportionate increase effective in April.6 In
creases in pay were also voted for reserves on drill
pay status, men in combat areas, service doctors
and dentists, and servicemen required to leave their
dependents at home, and in pensions of widows.
The law also gave the Secretary of Defense au­
thority to make or withdraw special hardship al­
lowances for overseas duty. On October 4, Secre­
tary McNamara withdrew hardship allowances
from about 375,000 servicemen, most of them sta­
tioned in Western Europe, Japan, and Hawaii.
Some 600,000 had been receiving the allowances.
Teachers. A contract agreed to on September 8
by the New York Board of Education and the
5 Ibid, p . 1082.

8 Sim ilar provisions were enacted in 1962 for civilian employees
covered by the Classification Act. See M onthly Labor Review,
December 1962, pp. 1399-1401,,
7 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1961, p. 653.


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1331
United Federation of Teachers provided a basic
$330 increase during the term of the 2-year
contract period for teachers who currently had 1
year or more of service, with the first increase to
be effective in April 1964. Teachers with shorter
service will receive $200 in two installments.
Teachers with a subject specialization will receive
an additional $250 differential in January 1965.
It was estimated that about 27,000 of the 43,000
teachers were entitled to this differential.
The first step of the New York scale for teachers
without advanced degrees remained unchanged at
$5,300 but the top was to be increased to $9,500 by
July 1, 1964, from the existing $9,170, for teachers
with 14 years of service or more. In addition,
continued differentials of $400 for 30 advanced
credits and $800 for 60 credits plus the specializa­
tion increment will bring the top scale to $11,025
from $10,445. The contract also limited the num­
ber of students per classroom to 35 for elementary
and junior high school and to 39 in senior high
schools.
Developments of the agreement was aided by a
mediation panel comprised of Frank E. Karelsen,
Judge Simon H. Rifkind, and Theodore W. Kheel
appointed by New York City Mayor Robert F.
Wagner.
Fair Labor Standards Act. On September 3,
1963, the minimum wage rate for employees
covered prior to September 1961 under the FLSA
was increased to $1.25 from $1.15 an hour in ac­
cordance with the 1961 amendments of the act.7
The Administrator of the U.S. Department of
Labor’s Wage and Hour and Public Contracts
Divisions estimated that of the 24 million workers
covered by the act, 2.,6 million received increases
as a result of the new statutory minimum. On the
same date, for the approximately 2.2 million
workers in retail and service establishments and
1 million in construction brought under the wage
provisions of the act by the 1961 amendments, a
requirement of time and a half pay for work in
excess of 44 hours a week became effective. Rates
for these workers remained at $1 per hour.
At the end of September, new salary tests for
exemption of executive, administrative, and pro­
fessional employees from the wage and overtime
provisions of the act were put into effect by the
Administrator. Under the new regulations, the

1332
minimum weekly salary used in determining these
exemptions was increased to $100 for both execu­
tive and administrative employees and to $150 in
order for employees to meet the “shortened duty”
test, while the minimum salary or aggregate fees
required for exemption for professional employees
wTas increased to $115. The salary tests had been
$80 for executive employees, $95 for administra­
tive employees and professional workers, and $125
for “shortened duty” exemption. Lower salaries
were specified for Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
and American Samoa. Special interim tests, effec­
tive September 3, 1965, were also provided for
employees of retail and service establishments:
$95 for professional employees and $80 for execu­
tive and administrative employees. Other pro­
visions of the definitions of the exempt categories
were not revised.
Conventions

The Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of Amer­
ica, one of the largest nonoperating railroad un­
ions, with 125,000 members, held its quadrennial
convention in Kansas City, Mo., in early Septem­
ber. The 900 delegates reelected President A. J.
Bernhardt and other incumbents. Reporting to
the delegates, Mr. Bernhardt advocated a shorter
workweek with no reduction in weekly pay to off­
set the loss of 500,000 railroad jobs in the past 10
years. The delegates voted to raise monthly per
capita payments to $2.50 for all working members,
from the existing $1.50 or less, and allocated 25
cents of the increase to establish a strike fund.
Delegates also adopted a series of collective bar­
gaining objectives, including proposals for job
stabilization agreements and inclusion of addi­
tional work within future agreements.
The 132,000 member association of Street, Elec­
tric Railway Employes held its 37th convention
at Minneapolis, Minn., September 9-13. Dele­
gates voted to change the name of the organiza­
tion to the Amalgamated Transit Union, effective
July 1,1964. Reelected President John M. Elliott
urged organized labor to take an active role in
community planning of mass transit facilities,
predicting that the population increase would
force a return to mass transit. The convention
voted to oppose the mass transit subsidy bill pend­
ing in the United States House of Representatives
unless the Senate amendments encouraging col­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

lective bargaining and protecting workers dis­
placed by automation were included. After long
debate, the delegates voted to retain a constitu­
tional provision requiring a local to propose arbi­
tration of disputes before seeking international
strike sanction. President Elliott supported the
provision on grounds that it answered the argu­
ments for compulsory arbitration. The delegates
urged passage by Congress of a civil rights pro­
gram. They also voted to bargain for a national
pension fund for 20,000 to 25,000 members of
smaller locals, to provide a minimum pension of
$100 a month after 30 years’ service. Members in
large cities are currently covered by local plans.
The Stereotypers’ Union held its 60th annual
convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, September 9-13.
Secretary-Treasurer Frank G. Creamer attributed
the fall in union membership by 1,000, from 11,000
in 1961, to consolidation of employers, and intro­
duction of new machines and techniques. To
avert further reductions, he recommended limiting
apprenticeship programs, and seeking longer vaca­
tion periods and shorter workweeks. President
James II. Sampson reported that $30,000 had been
contributed voluntarily by locals to members
striking the Kingsport Press, Kingsport, Tenn.,
since March 11. Delegates voted to raise the In­
ternational’s contribution to the strikers by $1,000
a week.
Delegates to the 17th convention of the Lithog­
raphers Union (Ind.) at Montreal, Canada, in
September voted approval of merger plans with
the Photo-Engravers, whose convention had ap­
proved a merger referendum the previous month.8
President Hall of the Photo-Engravers com­
mended the step as creating a modern union able
to cope with technological change in the graphic
arts. Later in the month, New York locals of
both unions rejected the proposal, with Lithog­
raphers Local 1 authorizing officers to explore pos­
sibilities of other affiliations.
The Woodworkers 23d biennial convention at
Vancouver, B.C., September 16-20, reelected
President A . F. Hartung and other incumbent
officers without opposition. Hartung urged that
legislation such as immediate tax cuts, retraining
programs, larger unemployment benefits, and an
expanded area redevelopment program be given
8 See M onthly Lahor Review, October 1963, p. 1206.

1333

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

top priority in both the United States and Canada.
He suggested that the labor movement consider
the establishment of an interunion strike fund with
a $2-a-month per capita assessment, $1 to go to
the international and $1 to either the AFL-CIO
or the Canadian Labor Congress. The delegates
affirmed opposition to high U.S. tariffs and quotas
on Canadian softwood. They approved resolu­
tions opposing racial discrimination within union
ranks, a civil rights bill, and a $2-an-hour Federal
minimum wage.
At the 14th biennial convention of the Allied
Industrial Workers held at Chicago, September
16-20, President Carl W. Griepentrog was re­
elected for a second 4-year term. He stated that
the union was previously under the influence of
racketeers, with an empty treasury and under
threat of expulsion from the AFL-CIO, but that
now it was financially sound, honest, and demo­
cratic, with a membership that had grown to
80,000. Walter W. Heller, chairman of the Presi­
dent’s Council of Economic Advisers, supported a
tax cut as a means of furthering the objectives of
the Employment Act of 1946.
The Barbers Union held its 22d convention at
Indianapolis, Ind., September 9-14. Joseph De
Paola of Meriden, Conn., defeated Vincent N.
Pace of Syracuse, N.Y., in the election to choose
a successor to William C. Birthright, president
since 1936. E. M. Saunders of Dayton, Ohio,
was elected Secretary-Treasurer, defeating Birth­
right, who was to become president emeritus as of
January 1, 1964. The convention selected a 15man general executive board and revised the con­
stitution to give the board new powers, including
the authority to veto presidential appointments.
A 96-cent-a-month assessment for death benefits
was abolished.
The Electrical Workers (Inch), at its 28th
annual convention in Yew York City, September
9-13, reelected President Albert J. Fitzgerald,
Secretary-Treasurer James J. Matles, and Direc­
tor of Organization Robert C. Kirkwood for
1-year terms. Delegates approved a resolution
proposing a reduction in the workweek to 35 from
40 hours with no loss in earnings to protect
9 M onthly Labor Review, February 1963, p. 183.
10 M onthly Labor Review, December 1960, p. 1321.
11 M onthly Labor Review, October and November 1962, pp. 1157
and 1222.


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workers from unemployment caused by auto­
mation.
Other Union Activity

After almost a quarter century of unsuccessful
organizing effort, the Automobile Workers won
bargaining rights for production employees of
four plants of Burroughs Co. in Detroit when, on
September 13, they voted 2,760 to 2,404 in an
NLRB election to be represented by the union.
The company subsequently asked the NLRB to
set aside the election on the basis of the conduct
of the UAW during the campaign, charging that
the union had implied a merger with the Ford
Motor Co. wras pending.
International representatives and national staff
members of the Automobile Workers in late Sep­
tember asked the international executive board to
recognize a union they had formed. If recogni­
tion was not granted the unnamed group, it re­
portedly planned to petition the NLRB for a
representation election among 700 of the union’s
employees. President Walter Reuther offered a
plan for processing and arbitrating staff griev­
ances and a national council of representatives to
bring problems to the attention of top union
leadership as an alternative to recognition. Cur­
rently, the Office Employes Union represents the
UAW clerical employees, the American News­
paper Guild its publicity and union newspaper
workers, and the Broadcast Engineers and Tech­
nicians Union its radio and television workers.
A1 Hartnett, suspended secretary-treasurer of
the Electrical Workers (IU E ), filed suit in Fed­
eral District Court in Washington, D.C., Septem­
ber 30, asking that he be restored to his position
and awarded back pay for the period from June
30, 1963. He alleged that the union’s executive
board did not have authority to suspend him from
his office. He had been suspended from December
1962,9 on charges that he had not followed the
orders of the board and President James B.
Carey.10 In August 1962, Hartnett had filed and
then withdrawn a suit asking that Carey be re­
strained from interfering with Hartnett’s exercise
of his office. In September 1962, the union con­
vention authorized the executive board to suspend
Hartnett if he failed to follow the directions of
Carey and the board.11

1334
Civil Rights

The Joint Committee on Equal Employment
Opportunity of the Construction Industry Joint
Conference on September 23 issued to unions and
contractors detailed recommendations to imple­
ment the policy set forth in August that the quali­
fications of the applicants be the only criteria in
the choice of an apprentice.12 The guidelines in­
cluded recommendations that apprentices stand­
ards include a nondiscrimination clause. Quali­
fications standards suggested include age, educa­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

tion, physical ability, and aptitude test scores.
The recommendations also included standards for
conducting interviews to determine personal qual­
ities that indicate the likelihood of successful
completion of training and satisfactory perfor­
mance as a journeyman. The conference also pro­
posed that existing application lists be reviewed
and discarded if found to be discriminatory. A
tripartite appeals board to hear applicants who be­
lieve they were treated unfairly in the selection
process was also recommended.
“ See M onthly Labor Review, October 1963, pp. 1207-1208.

Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this

section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of
view or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews

Managing a Fair Day's W ork: An Analysis of
Work Standards in Operation. By John G.
Hutchinson. Ann Arbor, University of
Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Relations,
1963. 275 pp. (Report 15.) $6.
Each year the student, teacher, or practitioner
of industrial engineering is faced with a myriad of
“new” motion and time study texts, many in their
third, fourth, and fifth editions. Too often these
texts are distinguished by their lack of originality
and their dedication to trite and hackneyed de­
scriptions of outmoded techniques and procedures.
Managing a Fair Day's Work is not such a text.
Hutchinson is not interested in proclaiming the
abnormality of an industrial world which differs
from the utopia of the text book, but, rather, he
accepts the real world as it is. His book is an
attempt to describe and analyze work standards in
operation.
The data on which the report is based were
collected by interviewing top management and
senior industrial engineers at the corporate level;
plant managers, production supervisors, industrial
engineering supervisors, and industrial relations
supervisors at the plant level; and the research and
engineering staff of the United Automobile Work­
ers. Interviews were supplemented by question­
naires in some instances. Local union leaders
were not contacted formally, but their attitudes
were recorded when chance meetings resulted in
personal discussions. In addition, the author
corresponded with several other national unions.
Personal interviews were limited to a “non­
probability judgment sample” of firms in the auto­
mobile industry, both assembly and parts.
Hutchinson’s study covers a wide area ranging
from specific questions of the method of reading


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the stop watch, the worker timed, the number of
cycles timed, etc., to such broad problems as ob­
taining a fair day’s work, administering systems
of production standards, and the union’s role and
attitudes.
The limitations of this book are important and
must be stated. It is unfortunate that in a study
devoted to finding out “what is,” the author is
unable to overcome his own bias in favor of the
use of production standards. He not only as­
sumes that production standards do result in net
increases in production, but he also assumes that
there is a corresponding decrease in unit costs;. It
is interesting to note on this point that Hutchin­
son’s study reveals a general lack of knowledge of
the cost of maintaining a standards system. If the
costs of setting and administering a production
standards program are not known, what is the
basis for assuming that workers, management, and
the economy as a whole benefit from their use ?
A second shortcoming, recognized by the au­
thor, lies in the fact that the study is restricted to
the automobile industry. This is basically a non­
incentive, one-union, large plant industry. While
there are many small auto parts suppliers;, the
sample chosen for this study was from the 50 larg­
est parts firms. The usefulness of this study for
other industries, for companies with incentive pay
schemes and other unions, and for small firms is
severely limited.
Hutchinson recognizes and takes great pains to
emphasize the influence of unions on the setting of
production standards and their administration.
It is unfortunate that, after recognizing the ex­
tent of union influence and the inevitableness of
conflict, Hutchinson did not make greater effort to
research unions’ attitudes and actions. He did
interview the UAW headquarters’ engineering
staff, but he stresses that international union poli­
cies are frequently not in evidence in local situa­
tions. Like many of his predecessors, he relies on
management opinion to “document” present and
anticipated local union attitudes toward produc­
tion standards. While Hutchinson is careful to
indicate in his text that these are management
opinions, he discusses them and draws conclusions
from them as if they were, in fact, union opinions.
A thorough and objective study of the union role
in the setting and maintenance of produ ction
standards is sorely needed and would be of great
benefit. It is unfortunate indeed that Hutchin1335

1336

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

son’s “experimental design” stifled progress toward
this end.
In spite of these deficiencies, Managing a Fair
Day's Work comes as a breath of fresh air to the
generally muggy and fetid atmosphere of indus­
trial engineering publications. I t does attempt
to describe “work standards in operation,” and
some interesting and surprising discoveries are
made.
On balance the strengths of this book far out­
weigh its weaknesses. It is hoped that Professor
Hutchinson continues to use his unique combina­
tion of industrial relations and industrial engi­
neering education and experience to focus on the
very real problems of the use and abuse of pro­
duction standards. Optimistically, there could
emerge a change from the “inevitability” of con­
flict to only “high probability” of conflict.
— B ertram G ottlieb
Industrial Engineer, AFL-CIO

The Search for Ability—Standardized Testing in
Social Perspective. By David A. Goslin.
New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1963.
204 p p .

$4.

Over the past 50 years, a marked and significant
change has occurred in our society in the criteria
used for establishing status; namely a shift from
traditional determinants (such as order of birth,
sex, religion, race, and family background) to the
use of standardized tests of ability. Goslin’s book
has been written to provide a groundwork for a
series of studies designed to evaluate what the pos­
sible effects of this change may be.
An early chapter sets ability testing in historical
and social perspective by tracing the growth of the
testing movement to a combination of cultural
factors. Emphasis is placed on the popular ac­
ceptance of the view that inherited differences in
intelligence and other abilities did exist between
individuals; this acceptance gave impetus to the
search for tools to measure these differences. As
the tests themselves became available, their ac­
ceptance in turn was facilitated by factors such as
manpower allotment problems of World Wars I
and II, the growing concern with the efficiency of
our system of public education beginning in the
1920’s, the increasing technological complexity of
our society requiring identification of talent for
specialized jobs, and the growth of civil service.

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From a variety of sources, the author estimates
that more ability tests are given annually in this
country than there are people and proceeds to a
relatively detailed discussion of current usage of
these tests in our educational institutions, business
and industry, government, and the military. One
cannot help but be impressed with the variety of
purposes for which tests are being used and the
vast number of decisions that are made on the
basis of them. Any suspicion the reader might
have that Goslin is setting up a straw man and
that ability testing has not permeated all levels
and most phases of these social institutions should
be thoroughly dispelled.
This discussion is followed by an analysis of
what ability tests do measure and includes a com­
pact model of the variables influencing test scores
which should be revealing to many readers who
are not intimately involved in testing problems.
The next chapter extends this material to the
problem of the value of tests in predictions. Here
the author attempts, not wholly successfully, to
deal with some complex issues in simple terms.
The concluding chapter speculates on possible im­
plications of the widespread use of tests for the in­
dividual’s self-concept, achievement motivation,
and opportunities for development; the way his
peers, family, teachers and other superiors will
respond to him ; the social structure of our institu­
tions ; and finally for our society as a whole.
While the book contains few original ideas, it
is a highly commendable effort at bringing to­
gether a body of widely scattered facts and pro­
vocative opinions about an important issue. It
is clearly written, free of unnecessary jargon, and
can be read in a single evening. One reservation
must be stated. The book is not a rigorous treat­
ment of the topic; some key definitions are shal­
low, several analogies limp badly, and a few
important issues have been bypassed. These limi­
tations do not compromise the value of the effort if
it is evaluated in terms of an attempt to write at a
level which would attract and hold an audience
wider than would otherwise be possible. If, on
the other hand, it is evaluated as a groundwork
upon which to build a series of analytical, empiri­
cal studies, some reservation about its level of
sophistication must be expressed.
— J am es E. K e n n e d y
Psychology Department
University of Wisconsin

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

the Shop Floor: Two Studies of Workshop
Organization and Output. By T. Lupton.
New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1963. 208
pp. (International Series of Monographs on
Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yol. 2.)
$7.50.
This meticulous study is an important contribu­
tion to an analysis of the factors affecting the be­
havior of industrial workers. The two case studies
involve markedly different English factories—a
small consumption goods firm operating in a free
market and a large capital goods-producing com­
pany operating under essentially oligopolistic
conditions. The choice was deliberate on the part
of the author who is head of the Department of
Industrial Administration, College of Advanced
Tecliology, Birmingham.
Lupton examined in a broader context some of
the generalizations on workers’ behavior that stem
from the Hawthorne studies in America of the
1920’s and 1930’s. He poses his central question
this way:
On

In industrial sociology, behavior such as I had seen and
experienced is widely described as “restriction of out­
put.” It seemed from the literature as if managements
estimated what output could reasonably be expected from
a workshop on technical grounds and giving due weight to
the skill, experience, and organization of the working
force. Outputs below this were regarded as “restrictive,”
and as the outcome of the kind of behavior I have been
describing. The puzzling question arises: Why do the
workers behave this way? It is especially difficult to ex­
plain why restriction is encountered in workshops where
money incentives are offered to call forth the best efforts
of the workers.

Lupton is dissatisfied—as are many other stu­
dents of workers’ behavior, including this writer—
with the narrow focus and explanations in the
Hawthorne studies. He states, “Briefly, the con­
clusion of the Bank Wiring Room study in the
Hawthorne series was that what has become known
as restriction of output was the outcome of a dis­
crepancy between two logics. Management is a
logic of efficiency. Workers are ‘groupish,’ they
adhere much more to custom and tradition, and
their logic is a logic of sentiment.”
The research for this study is impressive. Lup­
ton personally spent 6 months working in a gar­
ment assembly workshop and another 6 months in
an electrical engineering plant. Using the “open
participation” method of directly involving the
employees, management, and the union, he

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1337
gathered the most exact and detailed data on all
aspects of factory life one could possibly explore.
The influence of technological, administrational,
and social factors affecting output are analy2 ,ed in
almost microscopic detail.
Lupton’s general conclusions include this salient
point:
I freely admit that the failure to establish a correlation
between social status in the group on the one hand, and
output and earnings on the other, may be due to the diffi­
culties of handling a large number of variables in a situa­
tion where minor changes were constantly occurring.
Whether this is so or not, it still seems clear that a
comparative analysis of the social relationships of the
workers, taken by itself, does not help much in explaining
the observed differences of behavior between the two
workshops.

Rather, the explanation lies in a combination of
“external” and “internal” factors. Among the ex­
ternal factors, include the character of the indus­
try and the nature of the trade union involved.
Among the internal, include the sex of the workers,
methods of wage payment, productive system, and
management work relationships. This is more
meaningful than any limited social psychology,
sociology, or industrial administration approach,
important as any one of these may be in furnish­
ing particular insights.
—B. J. WlDICK
Graduate School of Business
Columbia University

Labor Relations in the Lithographic Industry. By
Fred C. Munson. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press, 1963. 272 pp., bibliography.
(Wertheim Publications in Industrial Rela­
tions.) $6.50.
The timing of this book’s appearance may be
fortuitous; it could not have been chosen better
deliberately. When Fred Munson began studying
the lithographic industry in 1957 for his doctoral
thesis, he could not have anticipated that publica­
tion of the thesis would occur in the same year
that the Amalgamated Lithographers of America
made its most significant merger attempt to date.
If the union’s current merger plans with the In ­
ternational Photo-Engravers’ Union of North
America succeed, Munson may well have written
the final work on the ALA as an independent
union. His book is not primarily a union history,
however, and merits reading beyond its analysis
of momentary and past union developments.
Munson views labor relations in the lithographic
industry through Dunlop’s theory of an industrial

1338
relations system, a not surprising approach con­
sidering the author’s student days in Cambridge.
He spends considerable time identifying the ac­
tors in the system and describing the economics
and technology upon which the system rests.
These factors, as well as the later inevitable cata­
log of economic achievements of collective bar­
gaining, are organized somewhat mechanically but
are an essential part of the story.
Munson really comes into his own when analyz­
ing the historic and current institutional responses
to underlying changes. Some accepted theories of
labor relations are reinforced in striking ways.
The role of National Labor Relations Board de­
cisions in changing the course of labor relations
and the labor movement is exemplified by its de­
termination of the bargaining unit for lithograph­
ers. The NLRB has, in effect, supported the in­
dependent existence of ALA and determined union
strategy in organizing (and reorganizing) work­
ers. Changes in technology have not only in­
creased the lithographic market but have also
changed labor and skill requirements and blurred
skill lines between various printing crafts. On
the other hand, many of Munson’s findings show
that trends in labor relations are not always uni­
form. Among the exceptions that characterize
the lithographic industry are the replacement of
national bargaining with local bargaining, the
decline in effectiveness of employer associations in
labor relations, and the meaningful longstanding
union support of technological change. The last
is particularly significant in view of recent union
pronouncements questioning the methods by which
such changes are implemented but not the changes
themselves. Munson warns that even the ALA’s
traditional interest in technological change is con­
ditional on continued increases in job opportuni­
ties.
Despite expansion of job opportunities, improve­
ments in worker wages and hours, and increasing
membership, Munson is frankly critical of the
ALA. He blames its leadership with short­
sightedness for permitting a decline in the per­
centage of eligible employees organized, for pro­
moting interunion rivalry, and for refusing to
work with lithographic managements. These
harsh judgments may not take into full account
the internal and external political realities of the
union. In this light, it is ironic to read today
Munson’s 1962 evaluation of possible merger
partners for the A LA :

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

Viewed solely as a question of bargaining power [ALA],
preference should rest with the IPP&AU [printing press­
men], the ITU [typographers], and the IPEU [photo­
engravers], in that order; as a practical matter, proba­
bilities run in precisely the opposite direction.

One can argue with the appropriateness of the
author’s final generalizations of his findings from
one small industry. The existence of his findings
alone are of interest and significance. He has
clearly shown the impact of major economic and
technological changes on a craft, union, and in­
dustry. He has also demonstrated the value of
labor relations research independent of union
auspices. More such research should be en­
couraged.
---J . J 0 S E P H LoEWENBERG

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Administration of the Labor Contract—Volumes
/ - / / / . By Benjamin Werne. Chicago,
Callaghan & Co., 1963. Yol. I, xliii, 430 pp.;
Yol. II, xxxvii, 404 pp.; Yol. I l l , xxxvii,
440 pp. $67.50.
Mr. Werne, a member o f the New York Bar,
has written Law and Practice of the Labor Con­
tract. The work being reviewed here serves as a
natural companion to the author’s previous publi­
cation. These interesting and well prepared vol­
umes add significantly to the field of labor contract
law.
The author’s major contribution is in bringing
together leading arbitration awards and pertinent
court cases that arose in the application of contract
language. He has succeeded in an easy and forth­
right style to lead the reader through the labyrinth
of contract interpretation and dispute.
If the reader obtains nothing else from the book,
he will learn that misuse or careless selection of
words may render a clause invalid; ambiguous, un­
certain, or indefinite language may have the re­
sultant aftermath of recrimination, accusations of
bad faith, and costly time-consuming arbitration
or litigation.
Emphasizing that the meaning behind the words
used in a contract is vital, Werne quotes Justice
Oliver Wendell Holmes, “A word is the skin of a
living thought, not wholly crystal or transparent,
but changing in color and texture.”

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Werne observes that parties sitting down to
negotiate and draft a collective bargaining con­
tract are generally not prone to think of their
tasks in terms of semantics. He admonishes his
reader that the “importance of these precepts in
all their ramifications cannot and should not be
overlooked by the careful practitioner.” The vol­
ume of arbitration awards dealing with the mean­
ing of the words in a contract is a clear warning
that the job is only half done when oral under­
standing has been reached at the bargaining table.
This edifying tool will be of great value to those
faced with the responsibility of reducing to writ­
ing agreements reached at the bargaining table.
The student, teacher, attorney, labor relations
official, employee representative, and others inter­
ested in the field will find the author’s careful
selection of cases, references, and background ma­
terial a much needed reference work that will
become an integral part of his source material.
Each chapter treats the major area of interest
under the broad headings of Introduction and Ad­
ministration. The Introduction section first dis­
cusses the background of the problem which gave
rise to the particular contract clause. This is
followed by a section on What the Clause Should
Contain.
The value of the work is enhanced by the divi­
sion into 60 chapters of such titles as: Holidays,
overtime, pensions, premium pay, rest periods,
severance pay, absenteeism, discrimination, layoff
and recall, technological changes, work assign­
ments, arbitration, and grievances. The chapter
dealing with “Quits” lists under its Introduction
the following subsections: Voluntary act, dis­
charge vs. quit, absolute severance, use of exit in­
terview, and what the clause should contain. In
the Administration section, there are further ana­
lytical subheadings. A wards are then analyzed to
show the problems that have arisen in the course of
applying contract language and how experts in
the field have approached and resolved these
problems.
The reviewer is of the opinion that these vol­
umes will enhance the literature in this important
and growing field. It should become a standard
reference.
— L o u is S . W aller stein
Labor-Management Liaison Officer
U.S. Department of Labor


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1339
Administration of Wages and Salaries. By
Elizabeth Lanham. New York, Harper &
Row, Publishers, 1963. 491 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $9.75.
This book was designed for college courses on
emloyee compensation and for practitioners in the
field. Unpretentious in style and orthodox in ap­
proach, it is a comprehensive treatment of the
entire field.
According to Professor Lanham, successful
wage and salary administration hinges on em­
ployee acceptance. Whether discussing adoption
of a new incentive plan, a job evaluation system,
or a profit-sharing scheme, the book stresses the
crucial importance of preparing employees and
their union through extensive explanation and
consultation. This emphasis on cultivating em­
ployee understanding and approval, although not
new, is welcome in a field where much friction has
arisen from the imposition of “scientific” methods
of job evaluation, motion study, and the like by
technicians who claim unchallengeable validity for
decisions arrived at through these techniques.
Professor Lanham recognizes that prospects are
dim for a job evaluation system established in a
company where union-management relations have
deteriorated. Where relations are basically good,
however, she recommends joint union-management
participation from the time a decision is made to
install such a plan. To alleviate union fears that
job evaluation may restrict collective bargaining,
she suggests incorporation of part or all of the
plan in the contract. This latter prescription
coincides reasonably well with current practice,
since many contracts do contain provisions dealing
with job evaluation although inclusion of the en­
tire plan is rare.
The core of the book describes procedures for
setting up, pricing, and administering a job struc­
ture. The mechanics of analysis, description,
evaluation, and classification of jobs are treated
as thoroughly as one could hope for and particular
attention is given to methods for conducting a
wage survey. Practice problems in the use of these
methods are lacking, however.
A strong plea is made for the use of only ex­
perienced professionals to direct the various pro­
grams and one is left with the impression that the
costs involved put such programs out of reach for
firms of modest size although orderly salary and

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1340
wage structures appear equally necessary in small­
er firms.
Elsewhere there is a survey of economic theories
from Smith to Keynes as they relate to wage de­
termination and a summary of legislation affecting
employee compensation. Neither of these sections
adds much to the value of the book since they are,
of necessity, rather brief and seem tacked on to
the book rather than blended into it.
The same cannot be said of the sections on in­
centives and management compensation which are
meticulous and nicely integrated with the basic
material on job and rate structure.
A final chapter, concerned with future prospects,
offer little expectation of radical changes or ex­
citing developments. It sees such things as an
increasing governmental role and continuing un­
ion influence in compensation decisions as well as
further emphasis on income security. Professor
Lanham expects escalator clauses to be less im­
portant if prices rise no more rapidly than they
have recently, and she does not like the annual
improvement factor as a means of determining
wages. Her look into the future is focused on
well established trends, a point of view which
characterizes her entire book.
—L. A.

O ’D o n n ell

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Price and Quantity Trends in the Foreign Trade
of the United States. By Robert E. Lipsey.
Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press,
1963. 487 pp. (National Bureau of Eco­
nomic Research Studies in International Eco­
nomic Relations, 2.) $10.
This book is a significant contribution to the
statistics of international trade. It provides a
much more carefully constructed decomposition of
U.S. foreign trade into price and quantity compo­
nents for the period 1879 to 1923 than has been
available before. It uses these and more recent
data to test some theories and beliefs regarding
general trends in international trade. I t calls into
question at least two beliefs regarding price move­
ments and shows that they need to be restated
since at least one of them is contradicted by U.S.
experience over the last 80-odcl years.

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Mr. Lipsey and the associated staff of the Na­
tional Bureau of Economic Research proceeded
carefully and in detail, and the resulting esti­
mates give every appearance of being well con­
structed. Quarterly, as wTell as annual, data are
presented for business cycle analysis, but for stu­
dents of foreign trade, interest will center on the
annual data.
The decomposition of value change over time
into price change and quantity change is nearly
always difficult of interpretation for economic ag­
gregates, and this is especially true of exports and
imports, because quantity changes in foreign trade
are often violent. The difficulty lies, of course,
in defining a unit of quantity with a clear and
unambiguous meaning, and Mr. Lipsey offers no
new solution to this problem.
Particular interest centers on the terms of trade
(index of export prices divided by index of im­
port prices). Between 1879 and 1960, the period
covered by these estimates, no clear time trend
appears for the period as a whole. This is per­
haps fortunate for the international economist,
since in this period the United States shifted from
primarily an exporter of raw materials and farm
products and an importer of manufactures to pri­
marily the reverse, and under these conditions it
would be difficult to interpret a long-term time
trend in the terms of trade. Quite sizable changes
do appear over business cycles, long cycles, and
wars, and the meaning of these changes is in most
cases fairly clear and not unexpected. On the
other hand, changes in the terms of trade accom­
panying and following the rather large changes
in U.S. and foreign tariff rates which occurred in
this period do not seem to be large and are by no
means easy to interpret.
The two beliefs which Mr. Lipsey calls into
question are (1) that there has been a tendency
for the terms of trade of developed nations to im­
prove at the expense of those of the less-developed
nations, and (2) that there has been a tendency
for the prices of manufactured goods to rise rela­
tive to the prices of farm products. I t is true that
these two views have been stated a number of
times, sometimes without distinction between them,
and in this sense, they may be assumed to be
“widely held.” The data in this book do not show
clear trends to support either belief. The evidence
rather effectively destroys the second thesis since

1341

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

both in value and in variety of exports and im­
ports, the United States is the world’s leading
trading Nation. It is less conclusive regarding
the first thesis since this Nation is not typical of
either developed or less-developed countries, and
shifted from one category to the other during the
period under consideration.
— W il l ia m

C.

S h elton

Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Education and Training
Retraining for the Unemployed. By Paul Mali. (In
Vocational Guidance Quarterly, Washington, Sum­
mer 1963, pp. 286-291. $1.)
Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational
Education to the Office of Education, Fiscal Year
Ended June 30, 1961. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Edu­
cation, 1963. 68 pp. (OE-80008-61.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Economic Setting for Vocational Guidance. By Harold
Goldstein. (In Vocational Guidance Quarterly,
Washington, Summer 1963, pp. 227-231. $1.)
Manpower Problems From the Viewpoint of Vocational
Education and Training: Selected Annotated Ref­
erences, 1960-1963. By Mary R. Heslet. Washington,
Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service,
July 1963. 10 pp.
Opportunities in: Acting —Stage, Motion Pictures, Tele­
vision, by Dick Moore (128 pp.) ; Agricultural En­
gineering, by Archie A. Stone (128 pp.) ; Foreign
Service, by Lucille Harrigan (126 pp.) ; Interior De­
sign and Decoration, by Victoria Ball (126 pp.) ;
Recreation and Outdoor Education, by Jay B. Nash
(112 pp.). New York, Vocational Guidance Manuals,
1963. Bibliographies. (Career Series.) $1.45 each.
Occupational A bstracts : B otanist; Pharmaceutical Sales
Representative. Jaffrey, N.H., Personnel Services,
Inc., 1963. 6 pp. each, bibliographies. (Occupa­
tional Abstracts 261 and 262.) 50 cents each; 25
cents to students.
Jobs in Science. Chicago, Science Research Associates,
Inc., 1963. 48 pp. (Job Family Series, No. 1.) Rev.

Employee Benefits
Multi-Employer Pensions & Labor Mobility. By Robert
C. Miljus and Alton C. Johnson.
(In Harvard
Business Review, Boston, September-October 1963,
pp. 147-148, 151-152, et seq. $2.)


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Fringe Benefit Survey Covering Production and Mainte­
nance Workers in Massachusetts by Principal In­
dustry Groups. [Boston], Associated Industries of
Massachusetts, 1963. 12 pp.
Blue Shield in New York City—A Report and a Program.
New York, New York Labor-Management Council of
Health and Welfare Plans, Inc., 1963. 24 pp.
Ontario's “Portable Pension” Law. (In Social Security
Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington,
September 1963, pp. 20-22, 34.
25 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.)
How Much Holiday for Europe's Workers? By Hans
Reithofer. (In Free Labor World, International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Brussels, JulyAugust 1963, pp. 4—7.)

Health and Safety
Occupational Health Services for Employees: A Guide
for State and Local Governments. By Margaret F.
McKiever and Gordon S. Siegel. Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pub­
lic Health Service, 1963. 91 pp. (Publication 1041.)
35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Hygiene in Commerce and Offices. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1963. 68 pp. (Report IV (1) prepared
for International Labor Conference, 48th session,
1 964.)

75 c e n ts.

D is t r ib u te d in U n ite d S ta t e s b y

Washington Branch of ILO.
Past Development and Present Trends in Occupational
Medicine. By Luigi Parmeggiani. (In International
Labor Review, Geneva, August 1963, pp. 107-128.
75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing­
ton Branch of ILO.)
Benefits in the Case of Industrial Accidents and Occupa­
tional Diseases. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1963. 58 pp. (Report V (1) prepared for Inter­
national Labor Conference, 48th session, 1964.) 75
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.
Injury Experience in Quarrying, 1960. By John C.
Machisak and others. Washington, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1963. 57 pp.
(Information Circular 8171.)

Industrial Relations
Experiments in Positive Labor Relations. By Robert A.
Neiman. (In Personnel, American Management As­
sociation, New York, September-October 1963,
pp. 18-24. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)

1342
Executive Order 10988—A New Concept in Federal LaborManagement Relations. By Thomas E. Diggin. (In
Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., September 1963,
pp. 383-388. 75 cents.)
Employee Solicitation and Distribution—A Second Look.
By Frank W. Vanderheyden. (In Labor Law Journal,
Chicago, September 1963, pp. 781-789. $1.)
The Case for Boulwarism. By Herbert R. Northrup. (In
Harvard Business Review, Boston, September-October 1963, pp. 86-97. $2.)
A ttrition in Job Elimination. By Jack Frye. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, September 1963, pp. 809-817.
$ 1. )
The Long-Range Impact of Strike Insurance Plans. By
Thomas P. Gilroy. (In Personnel, American Man­
agement Association, New York, September-October
1963, pp. 42-46. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Grievance Arbitration Experience as a Guide to Compul­
sory Arbitration Expectations. By Maurice C. Benewitz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, September
1963, pp. 790-794. $1.)
Arbitrator—Friend or Foe. By Lawrence Stessin. (In
Personnel Administrator, American Society for Per­
sonnel Administration, Fort Collins, Colo., SeptemberOctober 1963, pp. 23-26. $1.25.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
September 1963—Part II, Added Supplement, pp. 98100, 148, 150. 75 cents.)
Professional Personnel for the City of New York: Report
of the Study of Professional, Technical, and Mana­
gerial Manpower Needs of the City of New York.
By David T. Stanley and others. Washington,
Brookings Institution, 1963. 461 pp. $7.50.
School Dropouts—A )Tragic Manpoiver Problem. By Dan­
iel H. Kruger. (In Personnel Administrator, Ameri­
can Society for Personnel Administration, Fort Col­
lins, Colo., September-October 1963, pp. 2, et seq.
$1.25.)
Skill Categories and the Allocation of Labor. By M. D.
Steuer and M. D. Godfrey. (In British Journal of
Industrial Relations, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, June 1963, pp. 228-240.
$2.50.)
Labor-Turnover—A Reassessment. By Maxine Bucklow.
(In Journal of Industrial Relations, Industrial Rela­
tions Society of South Australia, Sydney, April 1963,
pp. 29-37. 10s.)
Problems in the Interpretation of Australian Statistics
of Unemployment. By S. P. Stevens. (In Economic
Record, Economic Society of Australia and New Zea­
land, June 1963, pp. 142-152. 14s., Melbourne Uni­
versity Press, Parkville, Victoria.)

The Agency Shop Under State and Federal Law. By Rob­
ert T. Noonan. (In University of Cincinnati Law
Review, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 1963, pp. 349367.)

Labor Organizations

Stiffer B attles Ahead Over Work Standards? By John
G. Hutchinson. (In Personnel, American Manage­
ment Association, New York, September-October
1963, pp. 47-54. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)

On the Origins of Business Unionism. By Philip Taft.
(In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca,
N.Y., October 1963, pp. 20-38. $1.75.)

Labor Force

The Economic Analysis of Labor Union Power. By
Edward H. Chamberlin. Washington, American
Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1963.
50 pp. Rev. ed. $1.

The Employment Challenge in the 1960's \A Major Cana­
dian Problem]—P arts I and II. By Roy A. Matthews.
(In Business Management Record, National Indus­
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, August 1963.
pp. 21-29; September 1963, pp. 32-43.)

Labor Looks at Labor. Santa Barbara, Calif., Center for
the study of Democratic Institutions, 1963. 32 pp.
Single copy free.

The Trade Unions of Argentina: A Current Picture. By
Morris A. Horowitz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chi­
cago, September 1963, pp. 795-805. $1.)

Mobility and Worker Adaptation to Economic Change in
the United States. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Manpower Administration, Office of Manpower,
Automation and Training, 1963. 77 pp., bibliography.
(Manpower Research Bulletin 1, Revised.)

Personnel Management

Labor Mobility, Resource Allocation, and Structural Un­
employment. By Lowell E. Gallaway. (In American
Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., September 1963, pp.
694-716. $2.)

Underlying Sources of Job Satisfaction. By Frank Friedlander. (In Journal of Applied Psychology, Wash­
ington, August 1963, pp. 246-250. $2.)

New F it to the White Collar. By Thomas R. Brooks.
(In Dun’s Review and Modern Industry, Chicago,


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The Personnel Audit. By Grant M. Bakewell. (In
Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., September 1963,
pp. 391-394. 75 cents.)

Technical Manpower Recruitment Practices. (A study by
Deutsch & Shea, Inc.) New York, Industrial Rela­
tions News, Inc., 1963. 32 pp. $2.50.

1343

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Social Security
California Workmen’s Compensation Practice. Berkeley,
State Bar of California, Committee on Continuing
Education of the Bar, 1963. 739 pp. (California
Practice Handbook 18.)
Law of Social Security and Unemployment Insurance.
By Thomas F. Broden. Chicago, Callaghan & Co.,
1962. 542 pp. $27.
Unemployment Insurance Activities During 1962. By
Irwin Fischel. {In Labor Market and Employment
Security, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em­
ployment Security, Washington, August 1963, pp. 1622. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington. )
Unemployment and Sickness Benefit Operations [ Under
the Railroad Retirement and Unemployment Insur­
ance Acts, Fiscal Year Ending June SO, 1963]. {In
Monthly Review, U.S. Railroad Retirement Board,
Chicago, August 1963, pp. 11-14.)
Medical Care Benefits Under the Mexican Social Insur­
ance Scheme. {In International Labor Review,
Geneva, August 1963, pp. 157-179. 75 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by AVashington Branch of
ILO.)
State Action on the Public Assistance Provisions of the
1962 Amendments. {In Welfare in Review, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Welfare Administration, AVashington, August 1963,
pp. 1-15. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

Wages and Hours
The North-South Wage Differential. By Lowell E. Gallaway. {In Review of Economics and Statistics,
Cambridge, Mass., August 1963, pp. 264-272. $2,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge.)
Pressures Affecting Wage Determinations. By Alton C.
Johnson and E. Arthur Prieve. {In Personnel
Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., September 1963, pp. 403407. 75 cents.)
Wage Gains Under Bargaining. {In American Federationist, American Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations, AVashington, September
1963, pp. 13-19.)
Wage Payment Methods of the Future. By Robert B.
McKersie. {In British Journal of Industrial Rela­
tions, London School of Economics and Political
Science, London, June 1963, pp. 191-212. $2.50.)

B u lle tin
N o.

Worcester, Mass., June 1963____
Akron, Ohio, June 1963________
Houston, Tex., June 1963______

1345-80
1345-81
1345-82

Pages

P r ic e
{c e n ts )

20
20

20
20

22

25

Equal Pay in Australia? By Richard Blandy. {In Jour­
nal of Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations So­
ciety of South Australia, Sydney, April 1963, pp.
13-28. 10s.)
Personal Income by States in 1962. {In Survey of Cur­
rent Business, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office
of Business Economics, Washington, August 1963, pp.
7-15. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington. )
The Shorter Work Week—Selected References {Supple­
ment to a List of September 1951). Detroit, Mich.,
Detroit Public Library, Sociology and Economics
Department, February 1963. 6 pp.

Miscellaneous
American Women: Report of the President’s Commission
on the Status of Women, 1963. Washington, 1963.
86 pp. $1.25, Superintendent of Documents, Washing­
ton.
Library Service to Labor. Compiled by Dorothy Kuhn
Oko and Bernard F. Downey. New York, Scarecrow
Press, Inc., 1963. 313 pp. $6.50.
Economic Effect of Textile Mill Closings in Selected Com­
munities in Middle Atlantic States. AVashington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1963. 58 pp. 25 cents, Su­
perintendent of Documents, Washington.
Labor and Industrial Society. By Abraham L. Gitlow.
Homew'ood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 773 pp.
Rev. ed. $11.35.
Work and Leisure: A Contemporary Social Problem.
Edited by Erwin O. Smigel. New Haven, Conn., Col­
lege and University Press, 1963. 208 pp. $1.75,
paper.
Our Economy. By Troy J. Cauley. Scranton, Pa., Inter­
national Textbook Co., 1963. 324 pp. $5.75.
The Economic Process—Its Principles and Problems. By
Raymond T. Bye and William W. Hewett. New York,
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Pub­
lishing Co., 1963. 895 pp. 2d ed. $7.95.

Occupational Wage Survey: New York, N .Y ., April 1963.

Economic Analysis and Policy—Background Readings for
Current Issues. By Myron L. Joseph, Norton C. Seeber, George Leland Bach. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963. 511 pp. $3.95, paper.

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1963. 54 pp. (Bulletin 1345-79.)
40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Other bulletins in this series include:

The Collier Quick and Easy Guide to Economics. By
George G. Dawson and Russell H. McClain. New
York, Collier Books, 1963. 128 pp. $1.50.


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1344
The Economic Consequences of Increased Immigration.
By Melvin W. Reder. (In Review of Economics and
Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1963, pp. 221-230.
$2, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.)
The United States Balance of Payments in 1968. By Wal­
ter S. Salant and others. Washington, Brookings In­
stitution, 1963. 298 pp. $5, cloth; $2.95, paper.
Disarmament and the Economy. Edited by Emile Benoit
and Kenneth E. Boulding. New York, Harper & Row,
Publishers, 1963. 310 pp. $5.75.
Statistical Analysis—Ideas and Methods. By E. Vernon
Lewis. Princeton, N.J., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
1963. 484 pp. $8.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
Country Reports on the Organization of Scientific Re­
search: United States. By Mary E. Corning. Paris,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop­
ment, 1963. 96 pp., bibliography. Distributed by Na­
tional Science Foundation, Washington.
How to Select and Develop Leaders. By Jack W. Taylor.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1962. 262
pp. $6.50.
Aerospace Facts and Figures, 1968. Edited by Gerald J.
McAllister. Washington, Aerospace Industries Asso­
ciation of America, Inc., 1963. 180 pp. $3, Aero
Publishers, Inc., Los Angeles.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
a

1346
1347
1351
1355

.— :

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.

1355 A-5.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, season ally
adj usted
»

1356 A-6.
B .—]Labor Turnover
1357 B -l.
c —:
1360 C -l.
1372 C-2.
1372 C-3.
1373 C-4.
1375 C-5.
1375 C-6.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D .— Consumer

and Wholesale Prices

1376 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
1377 D-2.
1378 D-3.
1380 D-4.
1381 D-5.
E .—

1382 E -l.
F .—

F -l.
i T h i s t a b l e Is i n c l u d e d i n t h e J a n u a r y , A p r i l , J u l y , a n d O c to b e r is s u e s o f t h e

N ote :

W ith t h e e x c e p tio n s n o te d , th e s ta tis tic a l s e rie s h e re fro m

Statistical Series

th e

B u re a u

Review.

of

L a b o r S ta tis tic s a re d e s c rib e d

in

Techniques of Preparing Major B L S

( B L S B u l l e t i n 1 1 6 8 ,1 9 5 4 ), a n d c o v e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i t h o u t A l a s k a a n d H a w a i i .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1345

1346

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In th o u san d s]
E s tim a te d n u m b e r of p erso n s 14 y ea rs of age a n d o v er 1

E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s

1963

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

1962

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

A n n u a l a v e r­
age
S ep t.

1961

1960

T o ta l, b o th sexes
T o ta l la b o r force____________ ____ _ ______ 75,811 77,167 77,917 77, 901. 75, 864 74, 897 74, 382 73, 999 73,323 74, 142 74,532 74, 923 74, 914 74,175

73,126

C iv ilia n la b o r force______________________
U n e m p lo y m e n t...............................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te seasonally ad ju ste d 2_________ ___________________
U n em p lo y ed 4 w eeks or l e s s ..................
U n em p lo y ed 5-10 w e e k s______________
U n em p lo y ed 11-14 w eek s______________
U n em p lo y ed 15-26 w eek s_____________
U n e m p lo y e d over 26 w e e k s__________
E m p lo v m e n t___________________________
N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l.._______________ . .
W o rk ed 35 ho u rs or m o re ___________
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs _________________
W orked 1-14 h o u rs __________________
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk 3________
A g ric u ltu ra l............... ................. ....... ............
W o rk ed 35 h o u rs or m o re ___________
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs _____ ___________
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs __________________
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk 3. ...........

73,062 74, 418 75,173 75,165 73,127 72, 161 71, 650 71,275 70, 607 71, 378 71, 782 72,187 72. 179 71,603
3, 516 3, 857 4,322 4,846 4, 066 4, 063 4, 501 4, 918 4,672 3, 817 3,801 3,294 3, 512 4,806

70,612
3,931

5.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.7
5.6
6.1
5.8
5.6
1,682 1,670 1,907 2,802 1,833 1 , 597 1 . 553 1,814 1,996 1 , 697
617
806 1,221
806
679
672
963 1,315 1,162
840
332
430
260
222
262
371
598
485
361
300
382
439
376
502
649
743
684
696
612
525
503
510
557
514
643
681
691
619
541
453
69, 546 70, 561 70, 851 70,319 69,061 68, 097 67, 148 66, 358 65, 935 67, 561
64. 220 65,065 64, 882 64,365 63, 883 63, 424 62, 812 62,309 61, 730 63, 495
50,462 47, 678 47,214 49,804 50,383 46, 505 48, 669 47, 063 48,480 49, 175
7,124 6, 985 6, 556 7,015 7,261 10, 455 7, 588 8, 573 7,235 7, 932
3,645 3,261 3,332 3,580 4,144 3, 856 4, 119 4,238 3, 845 4, 143
2. 990 7,142 7, 780 3, 966 2,093 2, 608 2, 436 2,432 2,172 2, 243
5,326 5, 496 5, 969 5,954 5,178 4, 673 4, 337 4,049 4,206 4, 066
3, 619 3, 702 4,130 4,199 3,489 3, 198 2, 587 2,261 2,522 2, 352
1,170 1,155 1,237 1,226 1,196 1 , 041 1 , 042 1,040
987
907
424
444
466
413
415
305
467
483
444
490
112
196
137
119
80
129
241
267
249
316

5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60, 958
46,388
8,249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190

5.8
5.5
5.8
6.7
1,960 1,546 1 , 681 1,897
684
654
964
630
292
229
295
411
469
418
428
728
397
447
477
804
67,981 68, 893 68. 668 66, 796
63,098 63, 418 63, 103 61,333
45,107 48,047 49, 684 47,257
11, 894 9,426 7. 265 7,522
4,074 3, 811 3, 475 3,610
2,021 2,133 2, 680 2, 946
4, 883 5, 475 5, 564 5,463
3,262 3,688 3, 693 3,540
1,069 1,232 1 , 310 1,245
462
398
426
477
153
129
101
200

M ales
T o ta l la b o r force__________________

50, 602 52,060 52,477 52,204 50, 483 50, 010 49,675 49,503 49,269 49, 574 49, 719 49, 974 50,110 49, 918

49,507

C iv ilia n la b o r force_______________
U n e m p lo y m e n t_________________
E m p lo y m e n t___________________
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l______________
W o rk ed 35 hours or m o re ___
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs _________
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs.......... .........
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk 3.
A g ric u ltu ra l___ ______________
W o rk ed 35 hours or m o re ___
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs_________
W o rk e d 1-14 h o u rs __________
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk *.

47,884
1,902
45,983
41,880
35,317
3,205
1,552
1,808
4,103
3,067
631
301
102

47.378
3,060
44,318
39, 811
32, 984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179

47,025
2,541
44,485
39, 807
32,511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172

T o ta l la b o r force...................................

25,209 25,108 25, 440 25, 697 25,381 24, 886 24, 707 24,492 24,054 24,568 24,812 24, 949 24, 804 24,257

23,619

C iv ilia n la b o r force_______________
U n e m p lo y m e n t_________________
E m p lo y m e n t.......................... ..........
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l______________
W o rk ed 35 ho u rs o r m o re ___
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs _________
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs __________
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk s.
A g ric u ltu ra l__________________
W o rk ed 35 ho u rs o r m o re ___
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs_________
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs _____ ____
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk 3.

25,178
1,615
23, 563
22,340
15,147
3,921
2.092
1,183
1,223
551
537
122
10

23, 587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13,877
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17

49,342
2,224
47,118
42, 733
34,007
3,345
1,441
3, 941
4. 385
3,232
669
315
168

49,765
2,516
47,249
42, 538
33, 791
3,060
1.437
4,250
4, 711
3,591
681
329
111

49, 500
2,779
46, 722
42,078
35,283
3,256
1,551
1,988
4,644
3, 634
637
276
96

47, 778
2,434
45,345
41,205
35, 055
3,161
1,795
1,193
4,140
3,071
702
296
68

47,306
2,600
44. 706
40, 762
32, 806
4, 941
1,658
1,357
3, 945
2,888
700
247
112

46, 975
3,013
43, 962
40,251
33, 648
3, 439
1,688
1,476
3. 711
2,383
730
384
216

46, 816
3,293
43,523
39, 994
32, 710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3,529
2,074
786
423
246

46, 585
3,080
43, 505
39, 839
33.648
3,251
1,593
1,351
3, 666
2,281
751
400
232

46, 841
2,522
44,319
40, 782
33, 946
3, 612
1,760
1,461
3, 537
2,181
656
424
276

47, 001
2,259
44, 743
40, 703
31, 704
6,130
1,618
1,250
4,040
2, 908
692
307
133

47,269
1,881
45, 387
41,131
33, 774
4,428
1,628
1,302
4,256
3,168
694
281
114

47,406
1,991
45, 415
41, 052
34, 769
3,261
1,433
1,588
4,363
3,180
780
309
92

F em ales

25,076
1.633
23,443
22,332
13,672
3, 640
1,819
3,202
1,111
467
485
129
28

25,408
1,806
23, 602
22.344
13, 424
3, 496
1,895
3,529
1,258
539
556
137
26

25,665
2,067
23, 598
22,287
14, 522
3,760
2, 029
1,978
1,310
564
590
135
23

25,349
1,632
23, 717
22,679
15,327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117
12

1 E s tim a te s are b ased on in fo rm atio n o b ta in e d from a sam ple of h o u seh o ld s
a n d a re su b jec t to sam p lin g v a ria b ility . D a ta relate to th e c a len d ar w eek
en d in g n e a re st th e 15th d a y of th e m o n th . T h e e m p lo y ed to ta l in c lu d es all
w age a n d sala ry w orkers, self-em ployed persons, a n d u n p a id w o rk ers in
fam ily -o p era ted en terp rises. P erso n s in in s titu tio n s are n o t in c lu d ed .
B ecause of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s do n o t n ecessarily eq u a l
to tals.
2 U n e m p lo y m e n t as a p erce n t of la b o r force.
3 In c lu d e s p ersons w ho h a d a job o r b u sin ess b u t w ho d id n o t w o rk d u rin g
th e s u rv e y w eek because of illness, b a d w eath er, v ac atio n , or la b o r d is p u te .
P rio r to J a n u a ry 1957, also in c lu d e d w ere p ersons on layoff w ith d efin ite
in s tru c tio n s to re tu r n to w o rk w ith in 30 d a y s of layoff a n d p ersons w h o h a d


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

24, 854
1,463
23,391
22,663
13,699
5,515
2,198
1,251
728
311
341
59
17

24, 675
1.489
23,186
22,560
15,022
4.149
2, 430
960
625
204
312
83
26

24,460
1,625
22,835
22,315
14,356
4, 547
2,459
950
520
187
255
57
20

24,022
1.592
22, 430
21, 890
14, 835
3,983
2,252
820
540
243
236
44
17

24, 537
1,295
23,242
22,714
15,228
4,319
2,383
782
528
172
252
66
40

24, 781
1,543
23,238
22,395
13, 404
5,763
2,457
771
843
355
377
91
27

24. 918
1,413
23, 505
22,287
14,273
4, 998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15

24,773
1,520
23,253
22,051
14, 914
4,004
2,042
1,092
1,201
512
529
152
9

24,225
1,747
22, 478
21, 523
14,273
3.934
2,098
1,217
955
408
419
107
22

n e w jobs to w h ich th e y w ere sch ed u led to re p o rt w ith in 30 d ay s. M o st of
th e p erso n s in th e se g ro u p s h av e , since t h a t tim e , b e e n classified as u n e m ­
p lo y e d .
N o t e : F o r a d e scrip tio n of th e se series, see E x p la n a to ry N o te s (in E m p l o y ­
m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s,
c u rre n t issues).
F ig u res for p erio d s p rio r to A p ril 1962 are n o t s tr ic tly c o m p arab le w ith
c u rre n t d a ta b ecau se of th e in tro d u c tio n of 1960 C en su s d a ta in to th e esti­
m a tio n p ro ced u re. T h e change p rim a rily affected th e la b o r force a n d em ­
p lo y m e n t to ta ls , w h ich w ere red u ce d b y a b o u t 200,000. T h e u n e m p lo y m e n t
to ta ls w ere v ir tu a lly u n ch a n g ed .

A.—EMPLOYMENT

1347

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[in thousands]
1963

1962

A nnual
av e ra g e

I n d u s try
S e p t.2 A u g .2
T o ta l em p lo y ees....................................................
- . ----------- --------------------------------- - M e ta l m in in g ___ _______________________
Iro n o res______________________________
C o p p e r o res___________________________

642

C o al m in in g ____________________________
B itu m in o u s _____________________ _____

—

Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g ______
----------------------------G en eral b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs____________
H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n __________________ . .
H ig h w a y a n d stre e t co n stru c tio n ..........
O th e r h e a v y c o n s tru c tio n _______ _____
S p ecial tra d e c o n tracto rs________________

C o n tra c t c o n s tr u c tio n

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

1962

1961

58,186 57,632 57,422 57, 609 56,967 56,505 55, 714 55, 374 55, 409 57,044 56,828 56,953 56,872 55,841 54,224

M in in g

C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s____ .
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu ra l gas fields.
O il a n d gas field services......... ....... ...........

J u ly

3 ,3S5

646
84. 7
28.2
27.5

641
84.4
27. 9
27.5

650
84.0
26.9
27.9

643
83.0
26.5
27.9

632
81.5
24.4
28.5

616
78.7
23.1
28.0

618
79.5
22.9
28.0

622
77.9
21.5
28.0

634
76.8
22.4
28.0

644
77.5
23.1
27.8

652
78.0
23.9
27.7

657
78.8
24.4
27.9

652
82.8
25. 5
28.5

672
87 4
26 9
29.0

135 1
124.5

125.9
114.5

138.8
128.0

141.5
130.5

142.8
131.9

141.7
130.5

147.3
135.8

148.1
136.6

147. 9
136. 2

150.0
138.1

151.5
139.8

150.1
138.8

151.7
139.8

161.3
147 1

297.7
166.6
131.1

302.2
167.5
134.7

300.3
166.3
134.0

295.0
163.0
132.0

289.7
162.9
126.8

288.1
162.3
125.8

287.8
163.1
124.7

289.1
163.4
125.7

295.6
163.7
131.9

294.5
164.3
130.2

297.4
165.0
132.4

301.6
167.8
133.8

299.2
167.4
131.8

303 1
171.3
131.8

128.2

128.5

127.0

123.3

118.1

107.7

103.8

106.8

113.2

121.9

124.9

126.5

118.7

119.8

3,430 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 2,556 2,470 2,584 2,776 3,057 3,195 3,235 2,909 2,816
1,051.2 1,033.5 984.6 916.0 864.0 768.6 741.7 781.2 837.8 916.7 944.9 959.0 881.1
874.9
735.2 718.4 691.0 635.7 551.0 451.0 420.7 448.4 511.4 620.3 690.0 709.1 593.8 683 3
403. 6 392.3 377.6 341.5 274.9 203.8 181.9 197.7 239.2 317.3 367.1 381.7 298.1 291. 5
331 6 326.1 313.4 294.2 276.1 247.2 238.8 250.7 272.2 303.0 322.9 327. 4 295. 7 201 8
1,643.1 1,612.0 1,556.1 1,497.2 1, 430.9 1,336.5 1,308.0 1, 354.2 1,427.0 1, 520.2 1, 559. 6 1,567.2 1, 434.5 1,357.9

__________
. . ------- —
17,370 17,184 17,050 17,111 16,960 16,845 16,756 16,683 16,687 16,862 17,023 17,157 17,249 16,859 16,327
D u ra b le goods________ ____ __________ 9,772 9, 598 9,666 9, 738 9, 673 9, 593 9, 508 9,474 9,481 9, 546 9, 606 9, 633 9,638 9, 493 9,072
N o n d u ra b le goods_______________ ____ 7,598 7,586 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7, 248 7,209 7, 206 7,316 7,417 7,524 7,611 7, 367 7,255

M a n u fa c tu rin g

Durable goods
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_______________
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s ----S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip m e n t___
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories-----------L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n itu re ____________________________
Logging cam p s a n d logging c o n tra c to rs.
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills __________
M illw o rk ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
re la te d
p ro d u c ts ____________________________
W o o d en c o n ta in e rs____________________
M iscellaneous w ood p r o d u c ts ...............
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ________________________

H o u seh o ld fu rn itu re __________________
Office f u rn itu re _______________________
P a rtitio n s ; office a n d store fix tu res____
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fixtures___________
S to n e, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts .......... .........
F la t g l a s s . . .............. ............... .. . . . ___
G lass a n d g lassw are, pressed or b lo w n . _
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ____________________
S tru c tu ra l clay p r o d u c t s . . . .....................
P o tte r y a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts __________
C oncrete, g y p su m , arid p la ster p roducts.
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts _____

58.9

276.3
192.0
26.0
58.3

276.2
191.1
26.6
58.5

275.5
189.3
27.7
58.5

274.5
187.7
28.6
58.2

273.9
186.9
29.4
57.6

277.9
189.8
30.1
58.0

279.2
190.6
30.9
57.7

279.8
190.2
31.5
58.1

280.7
191.0
31.5
58.2

281.0
190.8
31.9
58.3

279.4
189.8
31.9
57.7

279.2
189.3
32.2
57.7

270.7
183.4
32.1
55.1

234. 7
153.3
33.6
47.8

613.2
91.6
262.7

610.5
89.6
263.6

589.4
82.8
256.2

584.9
78.5
255.4

594.6
82.4
257.1

571.9
74.1
248.3

560.9
71.1
244.9

556.1
72.6
241.8

561.2
74.7
244.0

572.5
78.5
246.4

589.8
84.3
253.9

601.5
87.3
258.7

610.5
90.8
262.1

588. 7
83.0
255.7

582.9
84.6
257.9

157.7
35.9
65.3

156.3
36.4
64.6

150.6
36.4
63.4

149.9
36.6
64.5

155.1
36.0
64.0

151.7
35.0
62.8

148.0
34.3
62.6

146.4
34.0
61.3

147.3
34.2
61.0

150.8
35.2
61.6

154.1
35.6
61.9

156.6
36.4
62.5

158.3
36.2
63.1

151.9
36.4
61.8

143.2
38.4
59.0

399.7
289.0

396.7
286.5
27.3
41.1
41.8

386.5
279.4
25.8
40.4
40.9

387.7
280.7
26.9
39.0
41.1

382.8
278.0
26.6
38.2
40.0

382.6
278.9
26.8
37.8
39.1

383.0
278.6
27.0
38.7
38.7

382.3
277.3
27.2
38.9
38.9

384.2
276. 7
28.3
39.6
39.6

387.8
279.8
28.9
39.0
40.1

391.8
282.1
29.0
39.9
40.8

393.1
283.1
27.0
42.1
40.9

392.6
281.7
26.8
42.4
41.7

385.1
276.0
27.8
40.6
40.7

367.5
262.0
26. 6
38. 2
40.7

635.7
31.5
116.6
42.7
72.0
44.4
185.4
122.8

630.0
30.3
116.1
42.7
71.3
43.7
184.0
122.4

626.8
30.2
115.6
42.3
71.1
43.5
183.3
121.3

615.3
30.1
113.6
41.0
69.8
43.7
177.3
120.3

599.6
29.9
112.6
40.0
67.7
43.6
168.0
118.5

574.1
29.3
110.9
36.3
63.9
43.0
154. 8
116.5

563.2
29.5
109. 5
35.4
62.9
42.7
148.6
115.5

567.7
29.7
107.6
37.0
64.2
42.8
150.8
116.2

583.1
30.7
108.7
38.7
66.8
43.2
157.9
117.7

601.9
31.5
109.4
41.1
68.8
44.2
168.2
119.0

612.0
31.0
110.9
41.6
69.6
45.0
174.4
119.8

616.4
30.8
111.7
42.2
70.8
44.4
177.0
120.3

594.0
30.4
109.6
40.1
68.3
43. 8
164.4
118.9

582.0
29.9
106.6
40.2
70.4
42.9
158.5
116.4

276.9
192.5

42.9
632.5
117.2
42.4
70.5
182.3
122.2

P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s _______________ 1,163.6 1,170.4 1,195. 9 1, 209.1 1,191.6 1,174.8 1,151.9 1,136.4 1,123.0 1,123 2 1,117.4 1,122.3 1,135.0 1,163.8 1,142.7
B la s t fu rnace a n d basic steel p ro d u c ts .. 582.4 593.0 615.9 623.9 612.2 597.9 578.5 564.3 550.6 550.3 545.8 550.1 561.1 591.9 595.5
Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s_______________
199.1 195.7 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 195.1 194.4 193.4 193.5 193.0 193.8 194. 7 193.6 186.7
69.6
68.4
67.6
66.7
66.5
N o n ferro u s sm eltin g a n d refin in g .......
67.0
68.3
67.8
68.8
68.7
70.5
70.3
69.9
68.1
66.6
N o n ferro u s
rolling, d raw in g , an d
e x tru d in g ___________ _______ ______ _
183.9 183.3 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 181.4 181.0 180.9 180.9 180.9 181.6 181.8 181.3 174.4
71.4
71.5
71.9
71.3
71.5
71.5
71.9
N o n ferro us fou n d rie s_________________
70.8
70.6
70.6
70.6
63.7
70.7
70.9
70.0
58.3
58.7
58.2
58.6
58.7
59.2
M iscellan eous p rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s .
58.8
57.4
57.3
57.4
58.6
57.6
58.1
58.9
5 5 .7
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts .................. .......... 1,173.9 1,162.4 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147. 6 1,133. 7 1,121.5 1,119. 7 1,123.0 1,133.8 1,140.5 1,145.0 1,146.7 1,127.5 1,084.5
64.6
63.0
62.0
60.2
58.8
58.1
57.4
57.7
60.7
M e ta l ca n s____________________ ______
65.0
65.0
61.3
64.7
65.7
59.9
C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls, a n d general h a rd w a r e ____
135.6 132.5 130.5 135.5 134.6 134.8 134.8 135.7 136.2 137.0 137.3 136.1 134.8 134.8 127.7
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g
77.0
75.9
74.8
74.3
74.5
73.4
74.4
75.3
76.4
77.5
76.1
74.9
fix tu res________ ______ _____ ______ _
78.4
78.8
73.2
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c ts . .
352.4 353.1 346.6 344.3 335.9 327.5 320.8 319.7 322.6 328.0 332.0 336.6 340.7 331.5 332.7
89.1
88.9
88.5
88.3
88.8
88.4
88.5
88.2
87.7
89.3
88.4
87.9
S crew m a ch in e p ro d u cts, b o lts, e tc ____
88.9
87.6
82.1
197.1 193.8 190.4 177.2
194.6 187.3 189.0 196.8 196.1 194.4 192.7 193.1 196.1 197.9 197.1
M e ta l s ta m p in g s .................. .............. ..........
70.2
69.7
68.7
67.1
66.9
66.8
67.9
70.4
69.8
69.1
69.1
67.2
C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allied services.
72.7
71.1
62.5
57.9
57.7
57.3
57.3
56.8
57.0
57.7
58.2
M iscellan eo u s fab ricate d w ire p ro d u c ts.
58.0
57.2
56.7
58.9
58.0
57.0
53.3
127.3 127.0 126.8 127.6 126.2 125.9 125.6 125.2 124.4 125.0 124.3 121.9 122.3 122.9 115.8
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products..

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1348

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[In thousands
1963

1962

A nnual
av erag e

In d u s tr y
S e p t.2 A u g .2

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

1962

1961

M a n u fa c tu rin g — C o n tin u e d

D u r a b l e g o o d s—

C o n tin u e d

M a c h in e ry ........................................................... 1,521.4 1,517.5 1,512.4 1, 523.1 1,516.4 1,518.8 1,514.4 1, 506.4 1, 501.8 1, 496. 8 1, 495.9 1,495.1 1,498.4 1,489. 8 1, 419.0
86.3
85.5
E n g in es a n d tu rb in e s ____________ ____
84.7
84.4
84.5
85.7
85.9
86.2
84.9
84.3
85.7
84.6
84.8
84.0
79.3
F a rm m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t . .
115.5 117.3 120.0 122. 6 125.0 125.1
123. 4 118 5 114 5 111. 4 112 0 112 9 112 4 108 ft
C o n stru c tio n a n d re la te d m a c h in e r y ... 217.2 217.5 214.6 215.1 212.3 211.6 210.8 210.4 210.3 210.8 210.5 210.0 213.6 210.7 200.9
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d eq u ip 268.9 269.4 268.3 271.0 269.4 269.4 268.4 266.8 265.7 265.3 263.8 261. 5 260.1 261. 7 247.5
m e n t - . _____________________________
167.3 166.7 166.8 168.5 168.0 168.5 168.1 167.5
Special in d u s try m a c h in e ry ___________
169.0 169.8 169.8 169.0 161.6
168.0 169.0
G eneral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry ................ .. 233.5 232.1 231.0 231.1 229.2 229 5 229.3 228.6 229.7 227.9 230. 0 230.7 230.3 227.6 217.2
Office, co m p u tin g , a n d acco u n tin g
m a c h in e s________________ _________ _ 153.4 153.5 152.8 153.0 152. 3 153. 5 153.9 153.8 154.8 155.1 155.5 155.6 156.8 156.3 152.0
98.9
98.3 101.2 102.9 103.3 101.9 100.1
Service in d u s try m a c h in e s _____ _____ _
98.8
98.3
98.4
99.2
99.3 100.0 100.8
95.4
179.4 179.0 175.7
M iscellaneous m a c h in e r y .........................
177.0 174.9 173.7 173.0 171.2 170.3 170.9 172.2 171.6 170.1
167.4 156.4
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ............. 1,599.7 1,570.8 1,566.3 1, 580.4 1,572.8 1, 572.4 1,577.4 1, 586.9 1, 597. 3 1, 610.4 1,614.3 1,613.6 1,007.8 1, 579. 2 1,474.7
171.4 170.5 168.6 168. 5 167.8 167.6 167.4 168.0 168.9 170.3 170.6 170.4 170.0 167.8 162.8
E lectric d is trib u tio n e q u ip m e n t_______
188.7 188.0 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 185. 7 186.3 186.6 187.5 187. 6 187.1
E lectrical in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ................
187.1
185. 4 176.6
158.9 154.0 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.9 149.2 149.8 150.0 150. 8 150.7 151.7 1.50.9 150.2 148.2
H o u se h o ld a p p lian ce s___ _____ _______
152.4 150.5 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 147.2 146.7 146.1
E le c tric lig h tin g an d w irin g e q u ip m e n t.
146.9 147.2 147.6 146.7 143.2 135.6
124.0 118.0 113.5 112.1
R ad io a n d T V receiving s e ts __________
106.9 103.7 104.9 106.3 108.7 112.1
116.1
118.4 117.9 110.7 102.8
428.7 425.1 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 447.1 452.1 455. 5 458.6 456.8 453. 8 451.3 445.0 404.7
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t___________
268.7 265.8 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 265.5 265.9 268.9 271.0 272. 1 272.0 272.5 266. 8 243.0
E lectro n ic c o m p o n en ts an d accessories.
M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t
106.9
98.9 108.6 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.4 111.8 112.6 113.2 113.2 112.6 111.4 110.0 101.0
a n d su p p lie s______ ____ ____________
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______________ 1,593.9 1,471.7 1,600.4 1.620.7 1,620. 4 1,616. 5 1,603. 7 1, 607.5 1,612. 7 1,609.2 1,600.2 1, 590. 2 1,575.0 1, 542.3 1,458.8
721.2 601.3 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 727.4 730.8 740.3 741.5 734.7 726.8 712.2 691.6 633.1
M o to r vehicles a n d e q u ip m e n t________
646.0 644.6 643.3 644.9 644. 5 647.6 649.4 653.0 655.1 653.7 650. 7 644. 6 643. 8 634.6 619.2
A ircraft a n d p a rts _____________ ______
143.1 142.3 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 149.3 147.2 145.6 142.4 141.5
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ..
143.3 141.9 141.3 141.6
44.2
44.3
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t__
42. 3
40 0
34 7
44. 7
43.0
42 3
41.6
40.0
39 3
39 4
42 1
40 5
39.3
O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t__
38.9
38.9
35. 0
35 0
34 2
30 3
40.1
34.9
32.3
33.9
37. 6
35 3
31. 7
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___
E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts .
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d control
devices_____________________________
O ptical a n d o p h th a lm ic goods.................
S urgical, m edical, a n d d e n ta l equipm e n t________________ _
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u n p lie s.
W a tc h e s a n d clocks_________
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .
Jew elry , silverw are, a n d p la te d w a r e ...
T o y s, am u se m en t, a n d s p o rtin g goods
P en s, pencils, office a n d a r t m a terials
C o stu m e jew elry, b u tto n s, a n d n o tio n s.
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______

377.9

377.0
74.5

372.0
73.1

373.5
73.9

368.1
73.4

367.3
73.6

366.0
74.1

364.8
74.1

364.8
75.2

365.3
75.3

365.3
75.2

364.8
75.2

364.2
75.1

360.4
73.9

347.4
74.4

98.2
41.6

97.8
41.4

97.9
41.1

97.9
42.0

97.0
41.5

97.4
41.0

97.5
40.9

97.3
40.9

96.8
40.4

96.3
40.5

96.0
40.4

95.5
40.7

95.4
40.6

95.0
40.6

89.7
39.2

54.3

54.0
78.3
31.0

52.3
77.7
29.9

53.6
76.0
30.1

53.0
74.3
28.9

52.7
73.8
28. 8

52.3
73.1
28 1

52.1
72.7
27. 7

51.7
72.9
27.8

51.4
73.4
28. 4

51.4
73.5
28. 8

51.2
73.4
28 8

51.0
73.3
28 8

50.1
72.4
28 3

48.1
69.4
20 4

419.1
43.2

409.1
42.0
115.9
32.2
59.3
159.7

388.2
38.8
106.3
31.3
56. 5
155.3

393.2
41.7
105.2
31.9
58.0
156.4

388.7
41.5
103 6
32.1
56.1
155.4

3S1.2
41.6
90 8
31 7
55.2
155.9

377.0
41.5
92 3
31 4
56.1
155.7

371.6
41.9
86 7
30 8
56.4
155.8

365.7
41.7
82.2
30.9
55.8
155.1

383.1
42.6
92 4
31 6
58.3
158.2

407.7
43.6
111. 5
32 2
60.1
160.3

416.3
43.4
118 1
32 4
59.9
162.5

412.4
43.0
114 8
32 n
59.6
163.0

391.2
42.3
102 5

378.2
42.4

___

162.3

57.8
157.6

Q7 7

30 0
56.7
151. 4

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ____
1,869.8 1,862.3 1,779.5 1, 732.0 1,679.9 1,659.4 1, 658.2 1,648.7 1, 671.1 1, 724.0 1,764.3 1,842.2 1,912.6 1, 759.9 1, 775. 2
M e a t p ro d u c ts _____
312.3 312.5 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 299.1 301.8 305.4 313.1 318.0 318.2 315. 5 312.9 319. 5
D a iry p ro d u c ts _____________
300.0 305.9 307.9 305. 2 297.5 294.2 292.0 290.6 291.4 294.6 296.3 299.9 305.9 303.4 310.5
C a n n e d a n d p reserv ed foods, except
m e a ts ______________
340.4 264.3 227. 4 203.2 197. 5 197.4 190.1 196.3 210.6 234.9 304.7 383.2 253.7 249.7
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts ___
134.1 136.2 135.9 134.1
131.1 127.8 128.6 127.6 128.4 128. 8 128.5 132.4 134. 6 130.8 131.0
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts___
292.4 294.8 296.0 294.0 290.7 289.4 290.6 289.7 290.8 294.2 296.4 296.1
295.2 293.6 295.9
S u g a r __________ _
31.4
30.7
30.6
36.2
40 5
35 3
30 4
30. 9
29 8
47.1
28 9
28 4
48 7
33 3
C onfectionery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___
79.6
69.9
75.9
72.6
70.8
71.3
75.4
76.6
80.6
75.0
83.8
81.7
79.6
75A
76.9
B everages______
220.8 223.6 223.9 219.9 213.2 209. 5 206.7 202.4 204.6 210.3 211.8 215.6 220.8 212.3 213.1
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d produ c ts _______________
144.1 141.6 140.2 140.1 139.2 140.2 140.4 141.3 141.4 144.7 145.9 147.1
144.5 142.4 142.3

___

T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ______
C ig a rettes___________
C ig a rs ______________

114.7

98.7
38. 3
23.0

74.9
38.2
21 9

75.6
38.1
22 8

76.5
37. 5
22. 8

78.6
37 6
23 0

80.8
37 6
23 3

86.1
37 1
23 3

89.1
37. 4
23 2

94.8
37. 5
24 2

96.7
37 3
24 0

111.2
37 3

117.5
38 2

91.0

90.7
38 0

T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts __________
C o tto n b ro a d w oven fabrics___
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w o v en fabrics.
W e av in g a n d finishing b ro a d w o o le n s..
N arro w fabrics a n d sm allw ares____
K n ittin g _________
F in ish in g textiles, except wool a n d k n it .
F loor co v e rin g . ________
Y a rn a n d th r e a d .—...........................
M iscellaneous te x tile goods_____

894.6
233.2
83.9
47.4
27.3
219.9
74.3

896.8
234.0
84.2
49.0
27.1
219.4
74.4
37.8
106.0
64.9

884.0
232.4
82.5
49.5
26.1
216.4
73.6
37.0
101.9
64.6

895.1
233.0
83.6
50.4
27.2
218.3
74.5
37 1
104.9
66.1

887.6
232.5
82.6
50.2
26.9
215.3
74.1
37 1
103. 6
65.3

886.9
233.0
82.1
50.7
26.8
213.3
74.5
37 7
103.1
65.7

884.8
233.5
81.9
50.8
26.7
212.1
74.4
37 7
102.4
65.3

881.2
233.4
81.9
50.7
26.8
208.8
74.1
38 3
102. 4
64.8

881.4
234.9
82.3
49.1
26.9
207.1
74.3
38 6
102.2
66.0

893.1
236.8
82.8
49.3
27.5
212. 5
75.3
38 9
103.4
66.6

901.9
237.7
82.3
50.1
27.8
219.7
75.1
39 0
103.4
66.8

906.4
237.8
82.0
51.3
27.5
223.6
75.1
38 5
103. 9
66.7

908.1
238.8
82.4
52.0
27.7
224.2
74.6

902.6
240.4
81.7
51.8
27.6
219.4
74.9

893.4
243.6
82.6
51.9
26.6
214.3
73.4

103. 8
68.8

103.3
66.3

99. 3
65.9

See footnotes

a t en d


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

of ta b le.

105.7
65.3

1349

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[In thousands]

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov,

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products_________ 1,329.4 1,330.4 1,280.0 1, 289.2 1, 288. 2 1, 280. 2 1,301.2 1,284. 0 1, 251. 2 1, 267.8 1,284.8 1,290.3 1,297.1 1, 266. 7 1,214.5
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 117.4 116.6 113.9 118.8 117.9 116.3 117.7 117.9 117.9 118. 5 117.9 118.7 119.6 117.2 114.3
Men’s and boys’ furnishings................. 336.6 339.5 330.2 334.1 330.3 326.8 323.6 322.5 319.4 323.6 326.8 327.1 328.6 319. 0 296.3
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____ ______________________ 398.1 402.9 384.9 380.2 388.4 390.5 404.8 396.0 375.1 376. 7 379.8 378.3 380.4 381.7 368.6
Women’s and children’s undergarments_____________ _____ ______
123.8 121.7 113.4 116.0 116.1 116.4 116.5 115.8 114.5 117. 7 120.2 120.8 119.1 116. 5 114.3
31.2
35. 4
33.2
31.2
29.9
32. 8
30.7
29.5
35.8
32.7
33.0
Hats, caps, and millinery......... ........... 32.4
34 8 32.6
82.3
81.3
77.8
76.6
78.4
79.6
75.4
80.6
79.0
78.7
78.4
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
76.1
702
81.2
81.1
73.0
71.0
71.5
69.4
67.8
73.7
78.0
78.8
71.4
73.9
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
77.8
71.6
75.3
72.7
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products........................................................ 164.0 158.5 151.1 154.1 155.0 152.6 150.0 146.4 145.5 149.8 153.8 154.9 153.9 147.2 140.9
Paper and allied products..........................
Paper and pulp_________ __________
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries_________ _____ ____________
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books____________________________
Commercial printing_______ _______
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries________________ _______ ___

629.0
217.7
67.9

628.6
219.5
68.4

620.6
217.2
67.9

624.1
217.8
67.9

615.8
213.6
67.7

614. 5
212.9
66.8

613.2
212.2
87.4

609.9
212.2
67.2

613.0
214.1
67.5

618.2
215. 4
67.4

618.9
216. 3
67.1

621.4
217.5
67.1

623.4
218.9
66.4

614. 5
217. 3
65.8

601.3
219.6
66.3

151.2
192.2

150.4
190.3

147.6
187.9

147.9
190.5

146.7
187.8

147.5
187.3

146. 6
187.0

145.2
185.3

145.2
186.2

146.3
189.1

145.8
189.7

146.6
190.2

146.6
191. 5

144. 5
180.9

137.1
178.3

939.6
325.8
300.1
51.4

935.1
325.8
69.5
76.5
296.8
51.5

930.5
325.9
68.3
74.1
296.2
51.5

932.8
325.9
68.8
74.4
297.7
51.6

927.9
323.4
69.9
74.1
296.8
50.4

925.3
321.3
70.3
73.7
296.5
50.1

907.7
303.0
71.2
72.8
297.5
49.7

903.3
302. 2.
71.0
72.4
295.2
49.0

906.0
302.1
71.7
72.7
297.3
49.3

913. 7
305. 4
71.3
72.6
300. 6
49.7

938.0
329.1
71.6
73.0
299.5
49.5

936.9
327.6
70.8
73.2
299.1
49.8

933.4
326.5
70.4
73.6
297.2
50.4

924.9
324.1
70.3
72.15
296.0
49.1

917.3
325.9
70.7
70.9
292.4
47.7

115.1

115.0

114.5

114.4

113.3

113.4

113.5

113.5

112.9

114.1

115.3

116.4

115.3

113.0

109.6

869.4
285.2
168.7
115.4
97.7
64.1
56.8
81.5

870.1
284.6
166. 0
115.1
98.3
63.6
61.3
81.2

858.1
283.2
164.7
114.6
98.2
62.8
53.4
81.2

850.1
282.2
164. 2
114.0
97.6
62.4
49.3
80.4

846.2
282.2
164.4
113. 4
97.3
61.8
47.3
79.8

846.4
282.5
163.7
113. 4
98.0
61.9
45.8
81.1

847.8
282.8
164.0
112.8
99.0
62.2
45.0
82.0

849.8
282.6
163. 6
112.2
99.6
63.0
46.6
82.2

852.0
283.0
164. 7
112.0
99.6
63.8
46.2
82.7

846. 0
283.4
161.2
111. 3
96.9
62.9
48.3
81.9

827.2
281.8
153.4
108.5
94.5
62.1
46.9
80.0

Chemicals and allied products. ................
Industrial chemicals________________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs-----------------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals_____ ________
Other chemical products................ ........

871.4
286.4
171.3
117.2
102.8
64.9
47.0
81.8

877.0
290.1
172.9
118.3
101.8
66.0
46.0
81.9

872.3
288.4
172.6
117.6
99.5
66.1
46.0
82.1

870.2
287.6
170.9
116.8
99.2
65.3
48.9
81.5

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining_________________
Other petroleum and coal products___

190.2
154.0
36.2

193.2
156 0
37.2

191.1
154.4
36.7

190.4
153.9
36.5

188.9
153.4
35.5

187.0
153.6
33.4

185. 7
154.3
31.4

185. 6
153.7
31.9

184.8
152.1
32.7

186.2
152.5
33.7

188.4
153.4
35.0

190.0
153.9
36.1

191.6
155.4
36.2

195. 0
160. 5
34. 5

201.9
168. 4
33.6

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Tires and inner tubes----------------------Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products . . . . .

406.9
92.6
159.8
154.5

405.6
92.4
159. 7
153.5

400. 5
96. C
155. 7
148.8

412.4
98.7
162.1
151.6

410.4
98.4
161.1
150.9

408.1
98.3
160.6
149.2

405. 6
98.1
160. 9
147.6

406.0
98.4
161.3
146.3

412.1
99.3
163.7
149.1

413.1
99.8
164.2
149.1

416.0
99.6
164.3
152.1

417. 8
99.8
164.5
153.5

415.1
100.4
164.1
150.6

405.
99.
160.
146.

S
2
5
0

375.3
97.7
148.6
128.9

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products______________

352.6
31.3
234.1
87.2

358.1
31.6
239.0
87.5

350.6
30.7
236.2
83.7

350.7
31.5
235.7
83.5

342. 6
30.9
232.3
79.4

342.0
30.6
232.1
79.3

351.5
30.8
237.4
83.3

353.9
31.2
239.9
82.8

350.9
32.0
238.4
80.5

358.5
32.2
240.7
85.6

359.7
32.2
237.9
89.6

357.7
32.1
235.6
90.0

360.0
32.0
239.0
89.0

360. 3
31.9
241.2
87.2

358. 2
32.3
239. 6
86.3

3,983

3,974
790.5
696.9
257 7
86.9
111 0
43.7
922.4
211.2
192 1
20.4
306.1
839. 7
698.3
33.6
103. 5
626.3
251.5
158.4
176.6
39.8

3,975
789.8
695.0
258 4
87.0
111 4
43 7
920.1
211.8
191.3
20 5
305. 7
842.4
701.4
34 0
102.7
625.9
251.5
158.3
176.3
39.8

3,954
788.9
694.7
268.9
87.7
111.7
42.7
912.3
210.7
189.5
20.4
302.4
831.5
691.8
34.1
101.3
619.1
249.2
156.9
173.8
39.2

3,897
779.7
684.5
274.4
88. 1
112.7
41.6
877.3
209.4
187.8
19.9
305.6
824.4
685.8
34.7
99.6
606.7
243.8
153. 5
171.0
38.4

3,859
768.9
674. 4
273.2
87.3
113.9
40.5
868.3
208.4
186.7
20.0
294.0
823.7
684. 5

3,847
761.0
666.9
275.7
87.8
116.9
39.7
858.6
207. 8
186.5
20.0
297.9
821.2
683.1
35. C 35.0

3,844
757.3
664.4
276.6
87.8
117.6
39.9
856.7
207.3
186.6
20.0
302.2
819.2
681.0
35.3
98.6
605. 0
244. 7
153.0
170.5
36. S

3,775
755.4
663.4
277.4
88.2
117.6
41. 1
853.8
207.7
187.0
20.3
236.0
819.2
681.6
35.6
97.7
605.6
244.7
153.3
170.9
36.7

3,914
783. 2
681.6
276.4
88.4
116.3
40.8
893.0
205.9
185.4
20.6
304.8
822.9
684.1
36.3
98.2
607.4
244. 8
154.0
171.7
36.9

3,912
778.3
683.1
273.9
88.7
113.7
40.9
906.4
205.3
184.6
20.7
295.3
823.8
685.7
36.4
97.4
608.4
244.9
154.6
172.0
36.9

3,935
788.9
692.8
273.7
89.1
112.4
41.4
915. 2
206. S
185.8
20.9
294.2
825.4
686.5
36.4
98.2
609.9
245.5
154.7
172.6
37.1

3,832

3,903
797.1
700. 2
271. 1
90.5
113.2
41.4
879.9
200.5
179.5
21.3
297.1
824.7
687.7
37. C
95.8
611.1
246. 5
155.1
172.7
36.7

3,903
816. 8
717. 5
276.9
98.5
114.3
40.9
845.1
195.7
175.4

Transportation and public utilities... . . . .
Railroad transportation___________ _
Class I railroads___________________
Local and interurban passenger transit...
Local and suburban transportation.. .
Taxicabs... . . . _____________ —
Intercity and rural buslines.. . . __ .
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation__ ______ . . . _
Air transportation, common carriers—
Pipeline transportation_______________
Other transportation-------------------------Com m unication____________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication _________
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

99.9

98.8

602.8
240.9
153. 1
170.8
38.0

605.2
244.7
152.9
170.4
37.2

780.6
684. 7
270.8
89.3
111.6
42.4
910.0
205. 4
184.8
21.3
296.7
830.0
691.4
36.9
97.4
616.9
248.6
156.3
174.8
37.2

22.2

303.5
828.9
693.3
37.5
93.9
613.7
248.6
155. 6
175.0
34.5

1350

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[ in th o u san d s]
1963

1962

A nnual
av erag e

In d u s tr y
M a r.

Wholesale and retail trade____________ 11,930 11,868 11,832 11,848 11,720
Wholesale trade___________________ 3,198 3,198 3,168 3,132 3,085
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment____________________
237.2 237.5 236.7 234.1
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts_________________________ _
192.5 190.7 190. 2 188.5
Dry goods and apparel____________
135.3 134.8 134.1 131.
Groceries and related products_____
512.
508.5 497.1 475.6
Electrical goods_________________
231.
31.0 228.6 227.4
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods__ ______ ________________
146.6 147.3 145.8 144.1
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies_________________________
549. 7 547.2 538. 9 533.5
Retail tr a d e ......................................... . 8,732 8,670 8,664
;,716 8,635
General merchandise stores................
1.596.1 1.583.8 , 605. 4 1,590. 2
Department stores______________
926.0 923.2 940.0 932.0
Limited price variety stores___
310.4 306.0 311.2 312.0
Food stores___________ ______
1.401.0 1.403.8 , 402. 8 1,395. 2
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
1,230.3 1,233.3 , 230. 5 1, 222. 7
583 .
Apparel and accessories stores______
588.0
610 . 7 608 . 5
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores___
96.7
97.6 101
97.5
223.3 218.3 228.2 229.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores____
Family clothing stores........... ..........
91.2
87.5
86.0
90.0
Shoe stores____________________
119.3 118.5 122.
124.1
391.4 390.3 389.7 387.2
Furniture and appliance stores_____
1.798.2 1,809. 9 ,817.9 1, 789. 2
Eating and drinking places________
Other retail trade..:______________
2.895.1 2.892.8 , 889. 6 2, 864. 2
Motor vehicle dealers___________
679.8 679.
676.
671.8
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
168.6 168.3 167.
163.4
379.2 377.0 377.4
Drug stores_____________________
378.
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
2,920 2,916 2,885 2,858
Banking______________________ ___
752.5 749.7 739.3 730.8
295.4 295.6 291. 6 289.3
Credit agencies other than banks_____
89.4
89.1
Savings and loan associations______
87.0
85.4
155.2 155.5 154.9 154. 4
Personal credit institutions________
125.5 125.7 124.3 123. 5
Security dealers and exchanges_______
878.1 874.2 865. 3 861.6
Insurance carriers__________________
468.0 466.0 461.2 460.0
Life insurance___________________
52.7
Accident and health insurance_____
52.6
51.9
51.4
315.0 313.5 310.8 309.3
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
222.4 221.3 219.2 217. 4
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
569.0 571.3 569. 2 559.5
Real estate_______________________
Operative builders_______________
57.9
58.
57.3
55.2
Other finance, insurance, and real
estate.............. ................ .............. ......
76.4
77.8
76.7
76.1
Services and miscellaneous_____________ 8,436 8,461 8,474 8,423 8,294
Hotels and lodging places___________
769.1 766.3 692.7 626.0
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___
662.9 662.0 633.8 575.7
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants________________________
512.6 517.7 519.9 513.6
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising_____________________
108.9 108.9 107.6 108.1
Motion pictures___________________
184.4 181.1 177.6 171.2
Motion picture filming and distrib­
uting_________________________
34.3
38.3
36.4
33.0
Motion picture theaters and services.
146.1 144.7 143.3 138.2
Medical services:
Hospitals_______________________
1,312.6 1.312.6 , 302.9 , 290. 7
Government________________________ 9,572 9,149 9,170 9,506 9,546
Federal Government3______________ 2,352
.365
340
367 2,375
Executive_______________________
2,337.0 2,344.5 , 334. 4 311.0
Department of Defense__________
951.3 953.9 951.5 949.9
Post Office Departm ent_________
588.7 588.7 585.7 582.8
Other agencies____________ _____
797.0 801.9 797.2 778.3
Legislative______________________
24.4
23.7
24.6
24.5
Judicial_________________________
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.7
State and local government4_________ ’, 220 6,782 6,795
,141
206
State government________________
1,739.4 1.751.7 ,790.7 808.7
State education________________
581.7 528.3 588.0 634.8
Other State government_________
1,220. 7 1,223.4 , 202. 7 173. 9
Local government________________
5,042.3 5,043.3 349.9 397.3
Local education________________
2,604.8¡ 2,601.112, 961.7 076.3
Other local government__________
2,437.5! 2,442.2 2, 388.2 321.0
1 B eg in n in g w ith th e O ctober 1963 issue, figures differ from th o se p rev io u sly
p u b lish e d . T h e in d u s tr y series h a v e b een a d ju ste d to M a rc h 1962 b en c h ­
m a rk s (com prehensive co u n ts of e m p lo y m e n t). F o r co m p arab le b ac k d a ta ,
see 'E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a ti s ti c s f o r the U n it e d S ta te s , 1 9 0 9 -6 2 , (B L S
B u lle tin 1312-1). S tatistic s from A p ril 1962 forw ard are su b jec t to fu rth e r
rev isio n w h e n n ew b e n c h m a rk s becom e available.
T h e se series are b ased u p o n e sta b lis h m e n t re p o rts w h ich cover all fulla n d p a rt-tim e em ployees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts w ho w o rk ed
d u rin g , or received p a y for a n y p a r t of th e p a y p erio d e n d in g n ea re st th e 15th
of th e m o n th . T herefore, persons w ho w o rk ed in m ore th a n 1 e s ta b lis h m e n t
d u rin g th e rep o rtin g p erio d are c o u n te d m ore th a n once. P ro p rieto rs, selfem p lo y ed persons, u n p a id fam ily w orkers, a n d d om estic s erv an ts are ex­
clu d ed .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,075
232.6

144.1

, 849.
669.
161.7
378.1
2 , 8.
730.
288.0
85.1
153. 8
123.0
860.0
459.0
51.4
308.
216.6
548.2
53.0

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

1962

1961

11,497 11,433 11,535 12,420 11,856 11,704 11,656 11,581 11,337
3,069 3,065 3,073 3,118 3 , 1Ó0 3,109 3 ,1Ó7 3.061 2,993
232.0

231.2

229.8

231.7

230.9

231.2

231.8

228.2

218.6

189.2
131.9
476.9
224.6

188.8
131. 5
474.4
224.4

188.5
132.2
477.9
223.9

190.5
132. 7
489. C
223.0

190.5
132.6
488.6
222.2

189.8
133.2
493.1
221.4

188. 5
132.7
495.5
220.1

187.0
131.5
487.1
218.1

181.5
129.4
485.6
211.0

144.0

144.0

142.3

140.4

518.2 520. 9 511.8
8, 595 8, 549 8,521
1,645.1 1,611.0 1,627.0
965.8 939.8 959.6
328. 9 326.5 325.3
1,380. 5 1. 365.1 1,371.4
1,212.8 1,199. 8 1,202.9
636 . 2 618. S 610 . 0
617 . 2
104.4
98.9
97.0 100.5
238.3 231.6 225.9 229.3
98.9
94.6
94 1
96.1
120.1 120. 7 122.7 120.9
393. 7 389. 5 388.6 389.5
1, 742. 4 1, 752. 6 1, 766. 6 1,722.8
2,831. 9 2,807. 9 2,807. 7 2, 792. 5
654.4 650.2 646.7 642.0
159.9 154.4 154. 8 152. 7
380. 5 378.1 375.5 374.3
2,813 2,814 2.821
2,798
721.4 720.4 720.2 714.0
282.3 280.6 281.4 279.4
82. 7
82.3
81.9
81.0
151.2 150.1
151. 6 150.8
123.8 125. 6 128.3 131.8
856.0 854.4 855.6 851.4
455. 9 455. 1 455.4 454.1
51.4
51.3
51.4
51.1
308.1 307.4 308.2 305. 7
214.7 213.2 213. 1 211.9
538.7 542.8 544.3 532.9
50.0
51.9
51.2
48.1

486.4
8,344
1,578.1
924.6
323.4
1, 354. 6
1,183.1

142.9

142.3

142.1

143.0

143.3

528.3
8, 428
1, 537. 2
903.3
307.5
1,393.1
1,222. 5

525.8
8, 368
1, 514. 5
889.5
300.2
1, 396. 6
1, 221. 2

521.7
8, 462
1,588. 6
943.9
311.2
1,385.1
1, 215. 8

521.4
9,302
2,112. 3
1, 282.0
414.2
1,415.2
1,236. 4

586 . 5

518.7
8, 756
1, 757. 5
1,046.2
346. 5
1,393. 9
1,222. 7

576 . 9

602 . 8

731 . 4

95.6
97.7 104.4 130.3
221.9 215.4 223.3 269.6
88.9
88. 5
94.3 121.0
115.2 111. 7 114.6 132.9
388.9 386.8 390.2 405.4
1, 713. 7 1,698. 7 1, 693. 4 1, 736. 5
2,808. 5 2,794. 7 2, 801. 5 2, 901.1
666.8 665.9 662.5 657.7
155.6 153.8 155.9 164.5
376.8 373.6 377.0 396.1
2,825 2,813 2,806 2,811
729.2 727.3 723.1 723.8
286.3 285. 6 284.9 284.3
84.4
84.1
84.3
83.1
153. 3 153.1
152. 0 152.7
123.6 122.9 122.0 123.1
861.3 859.3 855. 7 856.5
460.1 458. 9 457. 2 456.2
51.4
51.3
51. 1
51.3
309.0 308.3 306.8 308.3
216.1 216. 1 215.0 215.0
533.3 526. 9 529.9 532.4
49.8
46.5
46.8
48.1

611 . 8

97.3
228.5
95.8
118. 3
389.0
1, 664. 8
2, 745. 2
628.8
146.6
368.7
2, 731
693.5
270.9
75.3
151.1
128.5
843.7
455.6
50.1
298.5
203.9
514.3
42.8

75.4
8,199
600.2
554.7

75.4
8,076
586.5
545.1

75.1
7,997
581.4
540.7

75.6
7,956
575.3
534.8

76.1
8,014
575. 5
532.2

76.4
8,047
582.7
538.7

77.0
8,084
594.3
547.3

77.6
8,075
617.8
560.8

76.9
7,949
596.5
539.9

76.2
7,610
577.3
521.2

511.1

501.7

498.9

504.5

506.3

510.1

515.4

515.9

516.2

517.2

107.7
170.2

108.0
162.4

107.3
160.1

108.1
162.6

108.6
166.0

108.6
169.3

107.9
175.2

107.7
182.4

107.9
176.3

107.2
186.5

32.9
137.3

35.0
127.4

35.8
124.3

37.7
124.9

38.8
127.2

38.5
130.8

38.4
136.8

39.5
142.9

39.4
136.9

46.8
139.7

1,260.4 1,256.2
9,412 9,247
2.333 2,336
2,303. 7 2, 306. 4
963.9 962.6
583.9 587.1
755.9 756.7
24.0
23.9
5.6
5.5
7, 079
5, 911
1,779.9 1,725.2
615.1 543.5
L, 164. 8 1.181.7
5,299. 0 5,186.1
3,013.9 2. 867. 4
2,285.1 2,318.7

1,246.7
9,188
2, 340
2,310.6
963.3
597.2
750.2
23.7
5.5
R, 849
1, 726.4
567.7
1,158.8
5,122.1
2, 832.3
2,289.8

1,188. 9
8,828
2.279
2,250.9
943.7
596 7
710.5
23.2
5.1
6. 548
1, 663.6
530.8
1,132.8
4,884. 5
2, 644.2
2,240.3

, 289.0
9,542
,344
,314.7
951.9
583.3
779.5
23.8
5.6
198
805. 0
631.9
173.1
393.2
087.4
305.8

1,287.1 1,280. 4 1,268. 5 1,265.3 1,266.2
9,541 9,516 9,444 9,613 9,476
2,334 2. 332 2, 327 2,492 2, 348
2, 304.3 2, 302.3 2.297.5 2, 462. 4 2.31S.8
951.8 957.0 959.1
961.9 965.1
582.2 580.6 582.5 742.7 587.8
770.3 764.7 755.9 757.8 765. 9
23.8
23.8
23.6
23.7
23.9
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
7,207 7,184 7,117 7,121 7,128
1, 803. 6 1,800.0 1. 786.8 1,784.2 1, 786.2
636.5 627.6 619.2 619.7 625.1
1,167. 1 1,172. 4 1,167.6 1,164. 5 1,161.1
5, 403.2 5, 383. 6 5,330.2 5, 336. 3 5,342.0
3.110.2 3. 095. 5 3, 050.0 3, 054. 8 3,051.9
2,293.0 2,288.1 2,280. 2 2,281.5 2,290.1

2 P re lim in a ry .
3 D a ta relate to civ ilian em p lo y ees w h o w o rk ed on, or receiv ed p a y for,
th e la s t d ay of th e m o n th .
4 S ta te a n d local g o v ern m en t d a ta exclude, as n o m in a l em ployees, elected
officials of sm all local u n its a n d p a id v o lu n teer firem en.
S o u k c e : U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tistic s for all
series ex cep t th o se for th e F ed eral G o v ern m en t, w h ich is p re p a re d b y th e
U .S . C iv il Service C o m m issio n , a n d th a t for C lass I railro ad s, w h ic h is
p re p a re d b y th e U .S . I n te r s ta te C o m m erce C o m m issio n .

A —EMPLOYMENT
T able

1351

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
[in thousands]

Revised series; see box, p.1354.

1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.* July
Mining_____
_ __ __ _ ______
Metal mining________ _____ ____ _
Iron ores_______ _______ ________
Copper ores..._______ ___________

508
70 5
24.3
22.4

Coal mining....................... ......... ............
Bituminous________ _______ ____
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services___________

505
7ft 1
24 ft
22 3

June
512
69.8
23.1
22. 7

May
506
68 ft
22 6
22.9

Apr.
496
67 3
20 5
23 4

Mar.
481
64 fi
19 2
22. 9

Feb.
482
64 Q
1Q ft
22 9

Jan.
485
63 2
17 6
22 9

118 8 111 5 122 3 124 0 12ñ 8 124 7
109 4 101 3 112. 7 114 3 116 1 114 9 119 7 12ft

.......

211.6 215.6 214.5
98. C 98.5 98.1
113.6 117.1 116.4

210.4
95.8
114.6

205.2 204.5
95. £ 96.1
109.3 108.4

203.8
96.6
107.2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

21.3

23 ft

141.8

fi

205.1
96.7
108.4

1961

211.5
96.9
114.6

210.5
97.4
113.1

212.5
97.8
114.7

216. 5 214. 0 218. 8
99.9 99.7 104 5
116.6 114.3 114.3

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining..........

106.8 107.3 105.8 102.7 97.7 87.3 83.5 86.4 93.4 102.0 104.6 106.2 98.6 99.5
O in r ,
2 97ft
2 142
2,777 2 600 2 398 2 114
919 1 002 ft 855.3 787. 7 735. 4 641 5 6Í3 9 653 3 71ft ft
657 2 630 3 613.1 558. 6 474.0 376 1 346, 2 372 8
33Ç 7
370.7 359 3 345. 4 309.8 243.5 173. 4 151 9 167. 8 2ft8 9
286.5 280.0 267.7 248.8 230. 5 202.7 194.3 205.0 225.7 256.1 275. 4 279.1 247. 6 244. 5
1,393 5 1 364 6 1,308. 6 1,253.5 1 188 5 1 096 7 1 969 a 1 115 8 1 186 9
1 317 3
Manufacturing_______
____ __
12,893 12,701 12,571 12,652 12,526 12.426 12,344 12,276 12,286 12,45!) 12,613 12,753 12,840 12,494 12,085
Durable goods______ ___________ 7,160 6,992 7,056 7,138 7,083 7, 010 6,919 6, 884 6,896 6, 962 7, 026 7, 059 7, 064 6,946 6, 620
Nondurable goods.......................... 5,733 5,709 5,515 5, 514 5,443 5, 416 5, 425 5,392 5,390 5,497 5, 587 5,694 5, 776 5,548 5,464
Durable goods
Contract construction______ _ _ . . . __
General building contractors___________________
Heavy construction... . . . __ _______
Highway and street construction........ ..
Other heavy construction__________
Special trade contractors___ _________

Ordnance and accessories................. .......
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______ _______ _________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and related products................................................. .
Wooden containers................. .............
Miscellaneous wood products...............
Furniture and fixtures_____ ___ _____
Household furniture__________ ____
Office furniture__ ______ ________
Partitions; office and store fixtures___
Other furniture and fixtures________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass_______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown._
Cement, hydraulic_______________
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products___ ____ ___ ______________
Other stone and mineral products____

118.6
68.3
40.0

118.2
68.2
10 4
39.6

552.0 549.1
86.8 84.6
240.9 241.8
134.8
32.7
56.8

133.4
33.1
56.2

940.8 945.2
474.1 482.7
169.0 165.5
54.0 54.3

45.2

44.9

Fabricated metal products.......................
Metal cans...____ ___ ____ _______
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware. _ _____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures___________________ ______
Fabricated structural metal products__
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings____________ ____
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.

903.1
54.6

890.8
55.4

106.3

103.2

7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

117.5
65.7
12.4
39.4

527.5 522.9
78.0 73.3
234.4 233.4
126.9 126.7
33.3 33.4
54.9 56.1

532.9
77.3
235.3

511. C 500.5 496.0 500.9
68.9 66.5 67.9 69.9
227. C 223.3 220.3 222.5

511.6
73.7
224.8

528.6
79.9
231.9

539.6
82.9
236.2

548.5 526.2 518. 4
86. 4 78.2 78.7
239. 7 233. 0 233 5

132.0
32.8
55.5

128.7
31.9
54.5

127.9
31.9
53.3

130.9
32.2
53.7

133.1
33.1
54.3

134.7
32.9
54.8

128. 6 120.9
33. 0 34. 7
53.5
50.7

317.3 317.8 317.7 316.7 319.0 322. 7 326.2 327.7
237.4 238.7 238.0 236.4 236.1 239.2 241.2 242.5
21 4
20. 9 21. 2 21. 4 21. 6 22. 7 23 2
28.4 28.0 28.7 29.0 29.8 29.4 30.1 32.2
30.6 29.9 29.6 29.8 30.4 30.9 31.5 31.6
496.7 482.4 457.7 447.2 451.8 466.7 486.0 495.9
24.3 24.2 23.6 23 9 24. 2 25 2 26 ft
6
98.0 96.9 95.0 93.6 91.8 92.6 93.6 94.8
32.7 31.8 28.4 27.5 29.1 30.7 33.1 33.6
59.6 57.4 54.1 53.0 54.0 56.9 59.0 59.6
37.1 37.2 36.4 36.0 36.2 36.4 37.4 38.3
139.8 131.1 118.2 112.4 114.7 121.6 131.9 137.8
89.3 88.0 86.1 85.2 85.9 87.3 88.7 89.8
970.0 984.4 969.6 952.6 929.2 914.1 899.8 899.3 893.3 896.7
505.0 513.0 503.1 488.7 468.6 454. 5 439. 8 438.2 433. 5 436.7
168.3 170.4 168.6 167.4 165.2 164.5 163.7 163.7 163.0 163.6
54.3 54.0 52.8 52.2 51.4 51.1 51.5 52.5 52.8 53.4

326.7
240.9

319. 7 303. 9
235.7 223. 5
21 0
30i 5 28. 2
31.3 31.2

119.8
67.3
12. 8
39.7

125.3
31.1
54.3

120.3 121.4 122.7
67.8 68.0 69.1
13. C 13. 4 13 3
39.5 40.0 40.3

124.0
30.8
53.0

124.9
30.9
52.7

123.3 122.4 122. 9 119. 7 106.8
69.3 68.9 69. 4 68.2 58.9
13 6 13 5 13 fi 13 5 14 8
40.4 40.0 40. 0 3&0 33.1

334.0 331.0 321.3 322.5
248.1 245.5 238.9 240.0
21 8 2ft fi 21.3
31.3 3Ò.4 29.3
33.4 32.4 31.5 31.9
513.7 515.8 512.1 508.1
25 2 24 fi 24.5
101.4 101.0 100.6 100.1
34.2 34.4 34.4 34.0
60.0 61.5 60.9 60.7
37.8 37.1 36.9
144.7 147.8 147.6 145.6
91.0 91.5 91.2 90.5

Primary metal industries......... ...............
Blast furnace and basic steel products...
Iron and steel foundries____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading_______________________
Nonferrous foundries______________
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries....... ...................... ....... , ............

709- 654— 63-

118.2 118.4 118.1
67.6 67. C 66.4
10 7 11.4 11.8
39.9 40.0 39.9

140.0
58.5

139.4
58.4

138.3
59.4

32.4
32.2
500.2

479.1

469. 4

95.6
34.1
60. 7
37.8

93.2
32.1
58.3
37.2

89. 5
32.3
60.2
36. 4

140.4
90.3

128.9
88.8

124. 7
86.8

909.5 935.8 91.4. 6
447.6 475.5 478. 4
164.5 163.7 156. 6
53. 4 52.6 51.0
139.0 139.5 139.1 132. 5
58. 7 58.7 58.1 52.3
45.3 45.8 46.7 43.7

141.8
59.3

140.0 138.8
59.2 59.3

44.9 45.9
878.7 893.9
54.7 54.4
101.4 106.4

46.2

46.3

46.5

46.8

46.7

46.6

880.0 867.6
52.8 51.8

855.4
49.8

853.6
48.5

857.2
47.7

868.7
47.1

874.1
47.3

880.1
50.2

881.2 863.8
54. 5 51.2

105. 6 105.9

105.9

106.5

107.0

108.4

108.6

107.5

106.0

55.9 55.8
230.7 224.1
69.7 70.1
157.4 155.7
56.9 55.3
45.5 45.4
93.81 93.3

55.7
223.1
70.2
155.9
55.4
45.0
93.3

54.6
226.0
69.9
158.9
55.5
45.1
92.5

55.4
231.1
69.9
160.8
56.7
46.0
93.3

56.3 57.3
234.0 239.5
69.7 69.6
160.0 159.7
59.0 58.6
46.4 46.6
92.8 91.1

138.7
58.8

45.9

59.1 59.3 58.3 57.9 56.8
253.3 253.6 247.7 245. 9 239.0
70.4 69.9 68.7 70.1 69.8
157.3 149.9 151.3 159. 4 158.9
60.9 59.2 57.4 58.3 57.6
47.0 46.3 45.4 46.3 45.8
94.2 94.0 93.8 95.2 93.7

138.0
59.5

138.3
59.7

138.3
59.9

138.5
58.9

826.0
51.1

106.2

£9.8

57.0 55.6
243.0 234.7
69.1 69.4
156.8 153.8
57.9 56.1
45. 7 45.1
91.2 91.8

54.0
235. 6
64.1
142.0
61.8
41.9
85.7

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1352

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by

industry 1—Continued
Revised Series; s e e box, p. 1354.

[in thousands]

I

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept. 2 Aug.* July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery...... ............................-......... . 1,051.3 1,044.8 1,040.9 1,054.8 1,052.1 1,055.5 1,050.8 1,046.1 1, 043.2 1,039.8 1,039.0 1, 040.0 1.041.7 1,036.0 976.7
57.2 56.3 55.6 65.4 55.4 56.7 56.7 56.9 57.5 56.2 55.7 56.0 55.7 55.7 50.3
Engines and turbines.___ _________
81.8 84.1 86. 7 89.6 91.9 91.9 90.4 86.4 82.6 79.7 80.3 80.9 80.5 76.2
Farm machinery and equipment........
146.2 145.9 142.7 144.1 141.6 141.0 140.2 139.4 139.6 139.7 139.5 138.9 142.3 139.6 129.9
Metalworking machinery and equip­
195.4 182.9
ment............ .................................... 200.1 199.8 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 199.5 199.2 197.9 197.9 196.8 195.2 193.5
114.4 113.7 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.4 114.9 115.5 116.9 116.8 117.8 117.4 116.8 111.9
Special industry machinery.......-.......
155.2 153.6 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.3 153.1 154.3 152.5 155.1 155.8 155.7 153.8 146.6
General industrial machinery---------Office, computing and accounting ma­
89.2 88.9 88.5 89.8 90.3 92.1 93.0 93.5 94.9 95.7 96.2 96.4 97.3 97.4 96.3
chines —
69.0 64,7
66.7 66.1 68.7 70.7 71.3 69.8 68.0 67.3 66.2 66.5 66.9 67.5 68.1
Service industry machines_________
139.3 138.7 135.1 136.3 134.5 133.4 132.8 131.4 130.9 131.8 132.3 132.1 130.8 128.0 117.9
Miscellaneous machinery...................
Electrical equipment and supplies.......... 1,067.7 1,047.7 1,040.2 1, 056.9 1, 048. 8 1, 047.7 1,049.9 1, 057. 7 1,069.1 1.080.0 1, 086.5 1,087.7 1, 084. 5 1,060.3 980.5
Electric distribution equipment........... 113.4 112.9 111.1 111.4 110.8 110.9 110.4 111.1 112.3 113.3 113.9 113.6 113.5 111.3 106.7
129.3 128.2 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 126.5 127.1 127.3 128.0 128.3 127.6 127.9 126.7 119.1
E lectrical In d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________
121.7 117.7 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 113.9 114.5 114.9 115.6 115.6 116.5 116.0 114.8 112.9
Household appliances-------------------Electric lighting and wiring equip118.6 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 114.4 114.3 114.0 114.7 115.0 115.4 115.1 111.6 105.1
95.0 91.0 86.0 84.8 78.7 75.2 76.4 77.6 79.9 83.7 87.8 90.0 89.4 82.8 75.4
Radio and TV receiving sets.......... —
217.0 215.2 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 230.3 233.5 236.6 237.8 237.3 236.3 234.6 230.4 209.0
Communication equipment________
Electronic components and accessories.. 195.2 193.8 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 194.6 194.9 197.9 200.4 201.8 202.2 202.9 198.8 176.7
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
77.5 71.8 81.5 84.4 84.1 83.4 83.4 84.7 86.2 86.5 86.8 86.1 85.1 84.0 75.7
supplies..............................................
Transportation equipment—.................. 1,096.0
Motor vehicles and equipment--------- 558.6
Aircraft and parts------------------------- 352.1
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 119.6
Railroad equipment........................... .
Other transportation equipment-........
Instruments and related products-------- 241.8
Engineering and scientific instruments
Mechanical measuring and control de­
63.5
vices------- -------------- ---------------29.8
Optical and ophthalmic goods— .......
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
37.9
ment____ ____ ______ _____ —
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks______________
341.2
33.5
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions
129.4
Other manufacturing industries.

976.1 1,098.9 1,121.1 1,120. 7 1,118.0 1,104.4 1,104.8 1,112. 5 1,111.7 1,104. 5 1,096.0 1, 080.0 1, 060. 7
440.9 564.8 581.2 580.5 574.6 563.6 567.2 576.4 579.3 573.3 565.4 551.0 534.1
350.8 349.8 352.1 350.3 353.3 352.8 354.7 358.8 358.3 356.2 351.8 350.0 350.6
118.9 118.8 121.0 126.3 127.1 127.5 124.0 122.8 119.5 118.8 120.5 119.2 118. G
33.2 33.4 33.8 31.6 32.3 31.7 30.9 29.3 28.8 28.9 30.0 31.4 29.9
32.3 32.1 33.0 32.0 30.7 28.8 28.0 25.2 25.8 27.3 28.3 28.4 27.6
241.2 236.6
40.0 38.2

997.1
479.7
351.5
117.6
24.0
24.3

238.8
39.2

234.8
38.8

234.5
38.9

233.1
39.4

232.4
39.3

232.3
40.1

233.3
40.3

233.6
40.3

233.7
40.2

232.7
39.9

230.4
39.3

223.1
40.7

63.3
29.7

63.7
29.3

64.0
29.8

63.3
29.5

63.7
29.6

63.7
29.5

63.7
29.5

63.3
29. 1

63.0
29.3

62.8
29.2

62.5
29.7

62.2
29.3

62.1
29.6

58.7
29.1

37.9
45.0
25.3

36.8
44.2
24.4

37.6
43.7
24.5

37.4
42.3
23.5

37.2
41.8
23.3

36.8
41.2
22.5

36.6
41.1
22.2

36.1
41.3
22.4

35.8
42.2
22.7

35.9
42.2
23.2

35.7
42.3
23.3

35.8
42.2
23.3

34.9
41.6
22.9

33.4
40.2
20.9

335.6 314.6
33.6 32.9
97.6 85.5
24.3 23.2
49.8 48.0
130.3 125.0

303.5
33.2
81.6
22.1
46.8
119.8

331.9 311.7
32.5 29.7
98.7 88.7
24.5 23.7
49.4 47.0
126.8 122.6

316.3 312.0 304.9 300.3 294.6
32.0 31. S 32.3 31.9 32.4
88.2 87.1 80.1 75. 5 70.1
24.3 24.1 23.8 23.6 22.9
48.2 46.4 45.6 46.3 46.6
123.6 122.5 123.1 123.0 122.6

288.6 305.5 331.0 339.5
32.3 33.1 34.1 34.0
65.4 75. C 94.7 100.9
22.8 23.7 24.3 24.6
50.3 49.9
46.1 48.3
122.0 125.4 127.6 130.1

Nondurable goods
. 1,280.8 1,269.3 1,188.2 1,145. 8 1,097. 7 1,080. 5 1,080.9 1,072.0 1,093.5 1,143. 4 1,182. 4 1, 258. 7 1,321.6 1,175. 5 1,191. 4
. 252.7 251.9 250.6 247.5 243.0 240.3 239. C 241.3 244.6 253.0 257.0 257.4 253.8 251.6 256.8
Dairy products......................... .......... . 148.6 153.3 154.9 153.6 147.3 145.4 143.0 142.0 142.4 144.5 145.9 148.2 152.9 152.2 161.4
Canned and preserved food, except
300.4 225.0 189.4 165.6 159.8 159.8 152.9 158.8 172.7 196.9 266.2 341.5 214.9 211.7
meats___________________
.
94.0 95.8 95.6 94.2 91.9 88.9 89.6 89. 1 89.8 90.2 89.6 93.4 95.0 91.5 91.4
. 169.7 171.4 172.1 170. £ 167.5 165.6 167.2 165. £ 166.5 169.4 171.5 172.2 170.9 168.4 169.1
29.4 30.3
27.2
41.3 43. C 40.3
24.6 23.8 24.0 24.0 22.5 22.5 23. £ 30.4
Sugar.
65.0
68.1 66.5 64.4 60.1
60.4
55.7 56.1 59.7 60.1
61. i
64.5 60.5 55.0 57.4
Beverages______________________ . 114.8 117.7 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 107.1 102.6 105.9 110.2 111.6 114.8 118.4 111.7 113.9
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
96.7 93.7 92.4 92.3 91.7 92.5 93.0 94.2 94.0 97.1 98.8 99.7 97.4 95.8 96.5
ucts_________________________

Food and kindred products...

Tobacco manufactures....... .................... .
Cigarettes______________________
Cigars....... ......... ......... ......................

100.8

Textile mill products___ ____
Cotton broad woven fabrics.

.

8 0 1 .8
2 1 6 .3
75.
4 i. e
23. S
197.
63.

.

9 7 .3
5 4 .7

.
.

Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares......... .
Knitting.............................................. .
Floor covering.............................
Yarn and thread........ ................
Miscellaneous textile goods------See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86.0

63.1

63.8

64.8

66.9

68.8

74.1

77.2

3 1 .8
2 1 .3

3 1 .5
2 0 .4

3 1 .5
2 1 .2

3 1 .0
2 1 .2

3 1 .2
2 1 .4

3 1 .2
2 1 .6

3 1 .0
2 1 .6

3 i.;
2 1 .5

8 0 3 .8
2 1 6 .6
7 5 .9
4 3 .0
2 3 .8
1 9 7 .6
6 3 .6
3 1 .5
9 7 .6
5 4 .2

7 9 1 .6
2 1 5 .2
7 4 .3
4 3 .6
2 2 .8
1 9 4 .8
6 2 .8
3 0 .6
9 3 .5
5 4 .0

8 0 2 .5
2 1 5 .8
75. '
4 4 .5
2 3 .8
1 9 6 .7
6 3 .6
3 0 .6
9 6 .6

7 9 6 .0
2 1 5 .'
7 4 .5
4 4 .'
2 3 .6
194. (
6 3 .2
3 0 .7
9 5 .2
5 5 .0

7 9 5 .3
2 1 5 .6
7 4 .0
4 4 .7
2 3 .6
1 9 2 .2
6 3 .6
3 1 .'
94. S

7 9 3 .6
216. i
73. Í
45. (
2 3 .'
1 9 1 .0
6 3 .'
3 1 .:
9 4 .4
5 5 .0

7 9 0 .1
2 1 6 .'
73. £
44. £
2 3 .'
1 8 7 .6
6 3 .:
3 1 .7
9 4 .4
5 4 .5

7 9 0 .1
2 1 8 .;
7 4 .3
4 3 .2
2 3 .6
1 8 5 .7
6 3 .'
3 2 .0
9 4 .2

55.5

55.4

55.6

82.7

31. <
2 2 .:
8 0 1 .6
2 1 9 .8
7 4 .8
4 3 .'
2 4 .2
1 9 0 .9
6 4 .3
3 2 .5
9 5 .6
5 6 .1

84.6

98.9

105.0

79.1

3 1 .1
2 2 .;

31. J
21. £

32. (
2 2 .0

3 1 .'
2 2 .2

7 9 .6
3 2 .4
2 3 .6

8 1 0 .4
2 2 0 .'
7 4 .5
4 4 .2
2 4 .4
1 9 7 .9
6 4 .3
3 2 .7
9 5 .6
56.

8 1 4 .9
2 2 0 .5
7 4 .0
4 5 .3
2 4 .2
2 0 1 .9
6 4 .3
3 2 .2
9 6 .1
5 6 .4

8 1 7 .3
221.
7 4 .7
46. :
2 4 .3

8 1 2 .4
2 2 3 .4
7 3 .9
45.
2 4 .2
198.
6 4 .2
3 1 .2
9 5 .6
5 5 .9 |

8 0 5 .0
2 2 7 .7
7 4 .7
4 5 .8
2 3 .2
1 9 3 .8
6 3 .1
3 0 .0
9 1 .9
5 4 .8

202.6
64. C
31.
96.
56. £

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

1353

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[In th o u san d s]

1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.

Aug.3

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b l e go o d s —Continued

Apparel and related products. —.............. 1,181.6 1,182. 7 1,132.9 1,139.6 1,141. 7 1,135.3 1,157.2 1,141.2 1,109. 0 1,125. 1,141. 4 1,146.2 1,153.9 1,125.4
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 104.9 104.6 1 0 2 . C 106.2 105.4 103. £ 105.1 105.4 105.6 105.8 105.3 105.9 ' 107. 1 ' 104.9
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.. ______ 306.4 309. c 299.8 303.3 300.2 297.3 294.1 292.6 290.1 293.5 296.7 297.4 298.9 289.6
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____ ______ ____ _________ 355.9 359.9 342.6 336.8 346.1 349.0 364.2 356.0 335.0 337.3 339.6 337.4 346.1 342.2
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents___ ___________ ______ __ 109.6 107.7
99.9 102.5 102.5 1 0 2 . 8 1 0 2 . 8 1 0 2 . 1 1 0 1 .1 104.2 106.3 106.9 105.3 103.1
Hats, caps, and millinery___________ _____
30.8
28.6
27.0
26.0
27.3
31. £ 31.3
29.2
27.5
26.3
28.9
29.3
29.2
Girls’ and children's outerwear_______
70.6
72.5
72.4
73.6
71.1
66.9
72.6
72.4
69.3
68 .6
70.3
70.8
70.6
70.2
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel ..
65. 5 62. 8
62.9
61.4
61.2
62.1
60.3
58.3
67.9
64.0
67.5
63.9
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products..... ............................................... 137.9 132.4 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 124.4 121.1 120.4 124.6 129.0 130.0 129.1 122.4
Paper and allied products.......................... 495.6 494.7 487.1 491.5 484.3 483.0 482.3 479.6 482.7 487.7 488.8 492.0 493.7 486.0
Paper and pulp____________________ 174.9 176.7 174.5 175.6 172.1 171.3 170.5 170.8 172.4 173.8 174.5 175.6 176.7 175.2
Paperboard_______________________
54.2
54.5
54.1
54.3
54.1
53.1
53.7
53.6
54.0
54.0
53.9
53.4
53.8
52.9
Converted paper and paperboard products__________________ _______
113.4 112.2 109.6 110.1 109.2 109.9 109.7 108.2 108.2 109.0 108.8 110.0 109.9 108.5
Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 153.1 151.3 148.9 151.5 148.9 148.7 148.4 147.0 148.1 150.9 151.7 152.5 153.7 149.4
Printing, publishing and allied industries. ........................... ................ .
598.1 592.3 588.9 592.4 589.8 588.4 579.3 575.5 578.1 586.3 602.3 603.3 600.3 594.0
Newspaper publishing and printing__
164.5 163.6 163.5 163.9 163.1 161.7 151.9 150.9 151.2 154.1 169.5 168.8 168.1 166.5
Periodical publishing and printing....... ___
26.9
26.4
27.0 27.9
28.6
28.9
28.8
28.8
28.8
28.9
29.0
28.7
28.5
B o o k s.___ ____ __________________
44 2
46 2 44 3 45 2 45 0 44 7 44 3
Commercial printing__________ ___ _
235.9 232.2 231.9 233.2 232.5 232.2 233.7 231.6 233! 7 237! 3 236.4 236.4 234.9 233! 8
Bookbinding and related industries___
41.5
41.7
41.5
40.8
40.4
41.6
39.9
39.3
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.8
39.6
Other publishing and printing industries .............................................
81.7
81.7
81.2
81.6
80.5
80.8
80.6
80.7
80.5
82.8
82.0
82.8
84.0
81.4
Chemicals and allied products..............
529.1 530.4 524.7 527.3 530.0 531.9 521.5 515.9 513.8 513.6 516.0 518.1 520.7 517.2
Industrial chemicals_______________
166.0 167.4 165.5 166.5 165.1 164.8 163.9 163.0 163.3 163.3 163.9 163.7 164.5 165.0
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__ 115. 7 116.0 115.1 115.0 113.5 111.3 110.7 111.0 111.7 111.3 111.8 111.6 112.5 110.0
Drugs.......................................................
63.2
63.0
64.0
62.5
62.2
63.4
61.5
61.4
61.1
61.0
60.8
60.1
60.0
60. 0
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods.............
63.6
62.1
59.7
58.7
60.1
59.3
59.6
59.3
58.9
59.6
60.3
60.9
61.3
58.6
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
37.6
37.0
36.8
36.4
38.0
38.1
35.6
35.2
34.9
34.9
35.3
35.9
36.7
36.0
Agricultural chemicals.........................
32.3
40.3
37.4
30.5
44.9
33.4
31.5
30.2
29.7
29.6
31.2
29.1
30.6
32.9
Other chemical products____________
53.1
53.3
53.2
53.4
53.0
53.0
52.8
52.6
62.4
53.4
54.3
54.7
55.1
54.6
Petroleum refining and related industrie s ._______________ _________ 121.2 123.0 122.1 121.7 120.6 119.1 117.4 117.3 116.9 118.5 120.0 120.9 122.1 125.3
Petroleum refining_________________
95.4
95.5
96.3
95.2
95.7
95.8
96.1
95.5
94.3
94.9
95.2
95.3
96.2 100.9
Other petroleum and coal products___
26.2
25.8
26.7
26.4
25.4
23.3
21.3
2 1 .8
22 .6
23.6
24.8
25.6
25.9
24.3
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______
_________________
Tires and inner tu b es______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products______

312.3
65.6
124.2
122.5

310.6
65.5
123.8
121.3

306.7
68.9

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products______________

311. 5
27.4
208.8
75.3

316.5
27.7
213.5
75.3

Transportation and public utilities;
Local and interurban passenger transit;
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural buslines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation ______________
Communication:
Telephone com m unication_________
Telegraph communication 3
.....
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems___ ....
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1, 079.6
102.4
268.4
331. 8
101.5
29.0
68 . 0
116.7
478.0
177.6
53.6
104.3
142.6
591.7
168.2
29.5
232.2
38. 5
80.3
504.3
133.3
103.6
59.1
56.7
35.4
32.2
54.0
129.9
106.1
23.8

117.0

319.1
71.9
127.3
119.9

317.0
71.5
126.2
119.3

315.2
71.4
125.9
117.9

313.9
71.3
126.1
116.5

313.1
71.4
126.5
115.2

318.9
72.3
129.1
117.5

320.2
72.6
129.7
117.9

323.2
72.4
130.1
120.7

325.4
72.5
130.6
122.3

322.5 314.3
73. 1 72.1
129.8 126.6
119.6 115.6

288.3
70.6
116.6

309.3
26.8
210.5
72.0

309.8
27.7
210.3
71.8

301.4
27.0
206.6
67.8

300.5
26.8
206.2
67.5

310.0
27.0
211.5
71.5

312.7
27.5
214.0
71.2

310.0
28.1
213.2
68.7

317.0
28.5
215.2
73.3

318.0
28.3
212.3
77.4

316.0
28.3
77.7

318.5
28.1
213.5
76.9

318.6
28.0
215.7
74.9

315.4
28.3
214.0
74.1

82. 7
40.7
840.3
17.5

82. 7
40. 6
837.9
17.6

83.3
39. 8
829.6
17.6

83.9
83 0
38. 5 37. 5
796.0 787. 2
17.1
17.2

83. 7
36 8
777. 9
17.2

83 9
36 8
775. 9
17.1

84 3
38 2
773 7
17.4

84 6
84 8
37 8
37 9
814. 1 828 4
17.7
17.8

85 2
38 4
837 6
17! 9

85 3
3Q 4
833 6
18.3

38 5
803 9
18.2

563.3
24.0
85.3
548.3
214.9
140.0
158.4
35.0

566.5
24.1
84.4
547.8
214.9
140.0
157.9
35.0

559. 5
24.3
83.6
541. 3
213.0
138. 7
155.3
34.3

555. 3
24. 7
81. 5
529. 5
207. 8
135 4
152.7
33.6

552 8
25.1
81.2
528 5
209 2
135 0
151 9
32.4

551 9
25 3
80.9
528 8
209 2
135 2
152 3
32.1

552 5 555 4
25 7 26 3
80.4
80.3
530 2 532 8
209 3 209 8
135 5 136 5
153 3 154 4
32.1
32.1

557 6
26 5
81.9
536 O
210 8
137 0
155 7
32.5

562 ()
26 8
81.1
542 Q
213 7
138 6
158 1
32.5

120.8

554.1
24. 9
81.3
526 4
205. 6
135 2
152. 3
33.3

556 8
26 4
80.8
534 3
210 2
137 0
155 0
32.1

2 1 0.0

86 3

101.1

93 3
772 . 9

18.7

55Q 6
26 9
7 9 .9

537 1
211

4

137 6
156 ?
32.0

79! 5
21? 6
138 6
156 1
2 9 !9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1354
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box below.

[in thousands]

Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
W h o lesale a n d re ta il tra d e 4-------- -------------------------W holesale t r a d e . .......................................- ....................
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e e q u ip ­
m e n t____________________________ ________
D ru g s, chem icals, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ..................
D r y goods a n d a p p a re l--------------- -------------------G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ----------------------E le c tric a l goods.............................. ..............................
H a rd w a re , p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g
goods............................................ ............................
M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d su p p lie s........ .........
R e ta il tra d e 4__________________________________
G eneral m e rch an d ise sto re s -------- ------- -----------D e p a rtm e n t sto res___ ______________________
L im ite d price v a rie ty sto res.............................
F o o d sto res____________ _____ __________ ____ _
G rocery, m e a t, a n d v egetable sto res________
A p p arel a n d accessories sto res.................. ..........
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ ap p a re l stores-------------------W o m en ’s read y -to -w ear s to re s --------------------F a m ily clo th in g s to res_____________________
Shoe s to re s ................................................................
F u rn itu re a n d a p p lian ce stores----------------------O th e r retail t r a d e . . . ............................ .....................
M o to r vehicle d ea lers______________________
O th e r v ehicle a n d accessory d e a le rs ................
D ru g sto re s ............................ ............... ......... .........
F in an c e, in su ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te :
B a n k in g ................................................................ ............
S e c u rity dealers a n d exchanges________ _____ —
In su ra n c e ca rriers______________________________
Life in s u ra n c e ---------------- ------------------------------A ccid en t a n d h e a lth in s u ra n c e _______________
F ire , m a rin e, a n d c a su a lty in s u ra n c e ...... .........
S ervices a n d m isc ellan eo u s:
H o tels a n d lodging places:
H o tels, to u rist co u rts, a n d m o te ls ____________
P e rso n a l services:
L a u n d rie s, cleaning a n d d y ein g p la n ts ----------M o tio n pictures:
M otion p ictu re film ing and d is trib u tio n ________

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

638 2
115 Í
787.6
422. 9
47.2
281.0

636.2 626.3
115.6 114.3
783.8 775.3
420.8 416.4
46.9 46.2
279.8 277.1

618.2
113.4
772.6
415.6
45.8
276.1

618.2
112.9
770.9
414. 5
45.6
275.6

617.1
113.6
773.4
416.2
45.8
276.1

615.0 611.7 614.1 612.3 611.7
113.0 112.2 113.1 114.0 115.9
771.4 768.5 770.4 770.4 769.0
415.1 413.8 413.7 413.1 412.7
45.6 45.5 45.6 46.0 45.9
275.6 274.1 275.9 276.0 275.1

611.5 606.7
118.8 122.3
771.2 768.0
413.9 413. 0
46.1 45.8
276.1 273.9

591.1
120.6

765.2
417.1
44.9
268.3

625.8

624.4

597.4

541.8

521.5

512.7

509.1

502.5

500.7

507.2

516.4

530.0

509.2

494.0

377.2

381.1

382.2

376.0

374.4

365.6

364.0

369.0

370.0

373.7

377.1

378.6

377.7

383.1

23.9

23.6

22.6

21.6

20.8

21.6

22.1

23.7

25.2

24.2

24.4

24.3

24.6

29.1

Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics’
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the workmg super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
2 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
< Excludes eating and drinking places.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish­
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w ,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t and. Earnings
S ta tis tic s for the U nited S ta te s , 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1961

8,981 8,914 8,926 8,829 8,898 8,687 8,646 8,760 9,601 9,039 8,886 8,824 8,805 8,674
2,740 2,714 2,680 2,636 2,630 2,625 2,621 2,633 2,681 2,665 2,674 2, 671 2,630
195.7 196.0 192.8 184.7
201 3 201.8 201.0 198.3 197.1 196.3 195.5 194.3 195.7 195.2
158.4 157.6 156. 4 153.0
160.0 158.2 157.8 156.5 157.1 157.1 156.8 156. 5 158.8 159.0
111.0 110. 5 109.6 110.0
112 0 111. 7 110.9 109.0 108.8 109.3 108.3 109.2 110.0 110.2 436.2
431.1 430.2
452. 6 448.8 437.8 418.4 415.9 420.2 418.5 421.8 433.5 433.0 193.5 437.9
192.6 191.0 185.0
200.0 199.3 197.9 197.0 196.7 195.6 195. 5 195.3 195.1 194.4
124.9 123.2 122.1
126 8 127.8 126.3 124.7 124.7 123.8 123.4 123.0 124.0 124.3 124.5 443.7
436.5 416.5
467.7 466.4 458.1 452.9 452. 5 448.6 445.6 444.2 444.4 442.7 6, 442.8
212 6,153 6.175
6,221 6,200 6,246 6,193 6, 268 6,062 6, 025 6,127 6,920 6, 374 1,512.4
1.
496.8
1,
479.
7
1,
618.
8
1,
972.1
1,
453.4
1,
379.6
1,401.2
1.480.1
1 461 0 1,448.7 L 469. 4 1.453.0
886.3 860.9 881.4 850.4
847 0 843.6 860.3 851.7 869.9 824.1 810.7 863.7 1,200. 4 964.5 307.4
304.
L 303.2
305.0
321.7
388.1
287.8
276.8
304.2
283.2
287.1 283.1 288.2 289.2
1,298.6 1,287.2 1,271.7 1, 280.2
1 306 0 1,308. 5 1, 308. 6 1,301.3 1, 305.6 1,296.5 1, 301. 3 1,291.1 1,319.5
1,120.5
1,115.0
1,128.2
1,136.
7
1,150.0
1,130.6
1,134.6
1,135.2
1,143.8 1,146.4 1,144.6 1,137.2 1,135. 2
561.2 552. 5 560.3 556.3
530.8 525.2 552.1 550.5 608.0 528.8 519. 7 545.6 672.9 578.8
120.5 94.9 89.6 yi. 9 91. 4 88.5
87.1 87. 9 92.4 88.2 91.4 86.2 88.5 95. 1 248.9
217.8 210.8 205. 5 209.0 209.1
203.2 197.2 207.1 208.4 217.9 201.6 194.9 203.2
92.0 87.6 86.8 88.9 88.8
79 5 81.0 84.4 83.4 86.0 82.0 81.6 87.3 113.8 106.6
107.2 109.1 107.6 104.9
105.2 104.1 108.2 110.0 142.6 101.4 98.2 100.9 119.3
346.6 345.9 347.2 349.4
351.0
363.1
346.8
345.3
343.8
344.0
343.8
346.7
348.1 347.3
502. 7 2,490. 5 2, 460. 3
2,504,
2, 574.8 2,570.4 2, 568. 8 2, 544. 5 2, 530. 7 2.490. 5 2. 480. 9 2,489.9 2, 592. 5 2,526. 7 567.59 2, 564.
9 552.0
592.6 591.7 589.1 585.2 582.2 580.8 579.7 577.3 573. 4 570.6 131. 5 131.42 559.
129.6 124.7
144.3 143.8 143.6 140.0 137.9 132.0 130.0 131.8 142.4 137.1
344.5
348.9
348.0
351.3
353.5
350.0
368.6
346.7
348.5
349.7
349.6
348.8
351.0 350.8

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

Bureau.

1962

1355

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[in th o u san d s]

S e p t.2 A ug.2
T o t a l _____________________

____

_

M in in g ............................................................... ..
C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ,,
M a n u fa c tu rin g ,

.

.

.

.

____________
...........

__________ ____ ________
.

. . . .

1962

1963

I n d u s tr y div isio n a n d group

____
. . .

J u ly

June

57,427 57,325 57,340 57,194

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

57,060 56, 873 56, 706 56,458 56,333 56,211 56,205 56,195 56,125

633

635

640

639

640

639

631

631

631

633

640

644

647

3,059

3,076

3,069

3,046

3,019

3,005

2,928

2,920

2,967

2,913

2,942

2,939

2,941

17,046 17,017 17,103 17,075 17,095 17,037 16,948 16,872 16,871

16,851

16,858 16, 910

16,921

9,676
276
587
393
613
1,162
1,160
1,527
1,583
1,602
375
398

9,640
275
580
393
616
1,175
1,163
1,527
1,573
1,564
376
398

9,701
277
564
392
615
1,208
1,159
1,512
1,587
1,618
375
394

9, 685
278
559
390
612
1,202
1,156
1,508
1,593
1,623
375
389

9,683
276
592
388
612
1,184
1,151
1, 506
1,597
1,614
370
393

9,660
274
588
387
607
1,174
1,148
1,504
1,595
1,623
370
390

9,586
278
597
388
597
1,145
1,136
1,501
1,589
1,597
368
390

9, 546
279
590
386
590
1,133
1,131
1, 499
1, 589
1,595
366
388

9,542
280
593
389
595
1,124
1,125
1,503
1,593
1,586
365
389

9, 518
279
586
386
591
1,126
1,127
1,501
1,595
1,574
364
389

9, 509
280
588
386
596
1,121
1,125
1,513
1,586
1,561
362
391

9, 543
280
585
384
599
1,125
1,127
1, 512
1, 590
1,587
362
392

9,542
279
585
385
597
1,133
1,133
1,504
1, 590
1,583
361
392

N o n d u ra b le goods____________________________________ _ 7,370
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts _____ ___________________ 1,720
91
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ____________________________
885
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _______________ ____ __________
A p p arel a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ......................................... ... 1,306
622
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________________________
937
P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s ................ .
868
C h em icals a n d allied p r o d u c ts ___________________
189
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u s trie s __________
400
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts .......... ..
352
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts .................. . ......................

7, 377
1,726
89
887
1,300
623
937
871
189
405
350

7,402
1,730
87
891
1,317
623
935
870
188
408
353

7,390
1, 732
88
889
1,306
620
936
868
187
414
350

7,412
1,743
89
889
1,317
620
934
864
188
417
351

7, 377
1,738
90
891
1,296
618
929
862
188
416
349

7, 362
1,757
89
892
1,286
619
910
859
188
411
351

7,326
1,747
89
890
1,273
617
907
856
188
408
351

7, 329
1, 752
89
891
1,268
617
910
853
187
411
351

7, 333
1,756
91
893
1,265
616
908
851
189
408
356

7,349
1,745
92
896
1,266
615
928
851
190
409
357

7,367
1,751
93
898
1,273
616
929
851
190
408
358

7,379
1,760
93
898
1,274
616
931
850
190
408
359

3,951

3,939

3,936

3,919

3, 909

3,890

3,894

3,899

3,821

3,898

3,896

3,904

3,901

D u ra b le goods________________________
.. .
.
_________
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_______
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u cts, except fu rn itu re _______
F u r n itu r e a n d fixtures______ ______ _________ ____
.. .
S tone, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ______
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s _______
.
. _ .. ..
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts __________________
_ ,
M a c h in e ry
. _ __ ________ . . .
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ____________ _ ..
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t___ _____
. . . ____
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts __ ___ _________
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .
________

T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s ..............................................

W h o lesale a n d re ta il tr a d e ____________ __________________ 11,910 11,897 11.884 11,864 11,825 11, 784 11,795 11, 729 11,685 11,629 11,637 11,627 11,637
W holesale tra d e _________________________________ ____ 3,169 3.157 3,159 3.148 3,129 3,119 3,106 3,093 3,085 3,072 3,069 3,075 3,079
R e ta il tr a d e .................................................................................... 8,741 8,740 8,725 8, 716 8, 696 8, 665 8,689 8, 636 8,600 8, 557 8, 568 8, 552 8, 558
F in a n c e , in su ran c e, a n d real e s ta te ............................................ . 2,874

2,874

2,870

2,865

2,864

2,853

2, 848

2,839

2,834

2,822

2, 821

2, 817

2,807

Service a n d m iscellaneous........................ ......... ......................... .

8,377

8,377

8,349

8,282

8, 228

8,199

8,207

8,144

8,110

8,079

8,063

8,044

8,019

G o v e r n m e n t.................................................. .......................................
F e d e r a l.............................................. .............................................
S ta te an d lo c a l___ ____ ______________________________

9, 577
2.357
7,220

9,510
2,348
7,162

9,489
2, 351
7,138

9, 504
2, 349
7,155

9.480
2, 345
7,135

9, 466
2, 339
7,127

9,455
2,340
7,115

9,424
2. 332
7,092

9,414
2,353
7,061

9,386
2,349
7,037

9,348
2, 353
6,995

9,310
2,342
6,968

9,252
2,341
6,911

1 F o r coverage of th e series, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2.
2 P re lim in a ry .

N o t e : T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d u sed is d escrib ed in “ N ew Seaso n al A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827.

T able A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[ in th o u s a n d s ]

S e p t.2 A ug.2
1VTa rm fa e tn r in p-

D u ra b le goods . .
.
. . . . . . ______________
O rd n anoe a n d accessories_________________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u cts, except fu rn itu re .........
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s .. _______ _______ ________
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ___________________
P r im a r y m e tal in d u s trie s ______________________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts _______________________
M a c h in e ry
_
_
. . . . ________ _______
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s _______________
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t_______________________
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ______ _________
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s __________

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb .

Jan .

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

12,584 12,570 12,650 12,628 12,647 12,604 12, 521 12,455 12, 453 12,443 12,452 12, 509 12,524
7,065 7,046 7,103 7 ,0S6 7,081 7,070 6,994 6, 956 6, 950 6,935 6,932 6,967 6,969
122
122
122
121
121
119
120
119
118
120
119
119
119
523
523
527
533
525
531
530
538
528
503
498
526
518
320
319
319
321
323
322
321
323
322
326
325
326
326
480
483
481
474
476
480
474
492
489
493
494
498
496
899
907
901
897
900
922
911
962
952
984
977
938
952
867
859
863
862
860
868
864
883
881
888
889
893
891
1,057 1,059 1,045 1,042 1,040 1,041 1,038 1,038 1,045 1,044 1,054 1, 057 1,048
1,050 1,051 1,061 1, 069 1,068 1,067 1,061 1,059 1,063 1,065 1,062 1,064 1,066
1,107 1,070 1,118 1,122 1,112 1,123 1,099 1,094 1,085 1,080 1,066 1,091 1,091
230
230
231
231
233
234
233
236
240
237
241
241
239
315
315
311
311
315
313
311
313
312
315
321
317
320

N o n d u ra b le goods________
____________ __________ 5, 519
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ............................................. 1,140
78
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___ _________ ________ ____
792
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ________________ ________ ___
1,161
A p p arel a n d 're la te d p ro d u c ts _________________ ___
489
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s ... ____________________
594
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u s trie s ................
528
C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts -----------------------------120
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u s trie s ------------306
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts ........ ..
311
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _____________________
1 F o r d efin itio n of p ro d u c tio n w orkers, see footnote 1, ta b le A-3.
* P r e lim in a ry .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1962

1963

M a jo r in d u s try group

5,524
1,146
77
794
1.154
490
594
529
120
311
309

5,547
1,148
75
798
1,169
490
594
527
120
315
311

5,542
1,151
75
797
1,160
489
594
527
119
321
309

5, 566
1,158
77
798
1,171
488
595
525
120
324
310

5, 534
1,152
78
800
1,153
486
591
524
120
323
307

5, 527
1,172
77
800
1,141
488
582
521
119
318
310

5,499
1,163
77
799
1,130
486
579
521
119
315
310

5,503
1,167
77
800
1,125
487
582
519
118
318
310

5, 508
1,170
79
802
1,123
486
581
516
121
315
315

5,520
1,162
80
804
1,125
484
594
518
121
316
316

5, 542
1,169
81
806
1,130
487
596
519
121
316
317

5,555
1,176
81
808
1,134
486
596
520
121
316
317

N o t e : T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d u se d is d escrib ed in “ N ew Sea­
so n al A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts ,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1356
T able

A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[A ll item s except av erag e b en e fit a m o u n ts are In th o u sa n d s]
1962

1963
Ite m
J u ly

A ug.
E m p lo y m e n t se rv ic e :2
N ew a p p licatio n s for w o rk .............................
N o n fa rm p la c e m e n ts ........................................

829
611

M ay

June

928
572

1,096
577

A p r.

911
612

M a r.

904
581

Jan.

F eb.

861
496

904
423

N ov.

D ec.

1,097
459

766
434

O ct.

907
533

A ug.

S ep t.

948
643

856
652

879
642

S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran c e p rogram s:
2,102
1,747
1,267
In itia l claim s 8 4 ______________ _____ ____
1,086
1,351
973
1,079
1,216
1,127
1,308
1,353
956
1,197
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t5 (average w eek ly
1,469
2,546
2,591
2,063
1,625
1,385
1,468
1, 624
1, 918
2,298
1,331
v o lu m e ).............. ..................... ......... ...............
1,419
1, 493
6.2
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.9
4.7
5.6
6.3
6.1
4.0
3.3
3.6
R a te of in su re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8............. ..
3.6
5,702
6,732
7, 919
9,091
9,025 10,002
6,307
5, 207
4, 695
W eek s of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d ...
6,695
5,308
5,781
5,368
A verage w eek ly b en e fit a m o u n t for to ta l
u n e m p lo y m e n t________________________ $34.67 $34. 43 $34. 34 $34.91 $35. 54 $35.80 $35. 70 $35. 52 $35.11 $34.95 $34. 69 $34. 42 $34.29
T o ta l b en e fits p a id ............................................ $186,814 $195, 632 $188,189 $235,851 $274,798 $316,422 $313, 272 $342, 411 $214,203 $193, 551 $176, 608 $160, 559 $197, 414
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p en satio n for ex-service­
m en: 7 8
In itia l c la im s 8____________ ________ ____
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8 (average w eek ly
v o lu m e ).............. ............. ............... .................
W eek s of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d ...
T o ta l b en efits p a i d .. . . . . . . . _________

29

31

22

20

23

45
184
$6,202

44
176
$5,909

42
181
$6, 269

47
203
$6, 760

58
267
$8, 797

U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en satio n for F e d e ra l
civ ilian e m p lo y e e s :8 8
I n itia l claim s 8__________________________
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8 (average w eek ly
v o lu m e )_________________________ ____
W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d ..
T o ta l b en efits p a id ______________________

12

19

12

11

13

11

12

20

29
123
$4,844

30
no
$4,387

26
113
$4, 941

28
119
$4, 678

31
137
$5, 241

35
150
$5, 591

38
148
$5,433

37
156
$5, 744

R a ilro a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran c e:
A p p lic atio n s 10__________________________
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (average w eek ly
v o lu m e )_______________________________
N u m b e r of p a y m e n ts 11__________________
A verage a m o u n t of b en e fit p a y m e n t 12___
T o ta l b en e fits p a id 13. ......................................

15

46

11

4

4

5

7

19

12

37
90
$77.96
$6,906

39
7t
$76.07
$5,852

32
77
$73. 87
$5, 563

39
9£
$74. 44
$7,333

A ll p ro g ra m s :14
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8____ ___________

1, 568

1,651

1,628

1,799

1 In c lu d e s d a ta for P u e rto R ico, b e g in n in g J a n u a ry 1961 w h en th e com ­
m o n w e a lth ’s program becam e p a rt of th e F e d e ra l-S ta te U I sy stem .
1 In c lu d e s G u am a n d th e V irgin Islan d s.
8 I n itia l claim s a re notices filed b y w orkers to in d ic a te th e y a re s ta r tin g
p erio d s of u n e m p lo y m e n t. E xcludes tra n sitio n a l claim s.
4 In c lu d e s in te rs ta te claim s for th e V irgin Islan d s.
8 N u m b e r of w orkers re p o rtin g th e com pletion of a t le ast 1 w eek of u n e m ­
p lo y m e n t.
8 T h e ra te is th e n u m b e r of in su red u n em p lo y ed expressed as a p e rc e n t of
th e average covered e m p lo y m e n t in a 12-m onth period.
7 E xcludes d a ta on claim s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith o th e r pro g ram s.
8 In c lu d e s th e V irgin Islands.
6 E xcludes d a ta on claim s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te p ro g ram s.
10 An ap p licatio n for benefits is filed b y a railroad w orker a t th e b e g in n in g
of his first period of u n e m p lo y m e n t in a b en e fit y e a r; n o a p p lic a tio n is re ­
q u ire d for su b se q u e n t p erio d s in th e sam e y e a r.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39

31

29

31

27

39

71
77
77
303
306
338
$9,932 $10,027 $11,100

25

27

65
235
$7. 679

57
222
$7,298

52
214
$7,019

52
200
$6,549

52
211
$6, 934

12

12

14

10

12

31
116
$4, 262

29
115
$4,282

27
111
$4,182

25
98
$3, 797

26
114
$4,354

16

16

32

22

64
61
49
57
73
61
60
65
50
173
132
124
129
11S
138
137
133
148
$77.11 $80. 24 $80. 58 $79. 97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74. 47 $83. 26 $78.53
$9,005 $11,004 $10, 881 $13, 732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081 $10,134 $10,081
2,089

2, 465

2,726

2,778

2,223

1,780

1,539

1,497

1,628

n P a y m e n ts a re for u n e m p lo y m e n t in 14-day re g istra tio n p erio d s.
h T h e av erag e a m o u n t is a n av erag e for all co m p en sab le perio d s, n o t
a d ju ste d for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts or se ttle m e n t of u n d e rp a y m e n ts .
13 A d ju ste d for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts a n d se ttle m e n t of u n d e r p a y ­
m e n ts.
14 R ep re sen ts a n u n d u p lic a te d c o u n t of in su re d u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r th e
S ta te , E x-servicem en a n d U C F E p ro g ram s an d th e R a ilro a d U n e m p lo y m e n t
In s u ra n c e A ct.

Source: U .S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of E m p lo y m e n t S ecu rity for
all item s ex cep t railro ad u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e , w h ich is p re p a re d b y th e
U .S . R a ilro a d R e tir e m e n t B o ard .

1357

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

[P er 100 em ployees]

A nnual
av erag e

1962

1963
M a jo r in d u s tr y g roup
A u g .2

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r.

F eb.

M a r.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

1962

4.1

4.1

1961

A ccessions: T o ta l
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A c tu a l__________________________ _____
S e a s o n a l ly a d j u s te d .
__ .
D u ra b le goods______ ________ ______ ____
O rd n an ce a n d accessories......................... ..
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
fu rn itu re ___________ ___________ _ . . .
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s________________
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ...........
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s ...........................
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ........................
M a c h in e ry _________ _________________
E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s____
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____________
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u str ie s ......... ........... ........................... ...............
N o n d u ra b le goods______________________
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts _____ _____
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ...................................
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ........... .......
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _____________
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g a n d allied in d u strie s __________________ _____________
C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts .................
P e tro le u m refin in g a n d re la te d in d u str ie s ______________ ____ ____________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts ____________________________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___ ______
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m in in g ___________________________
C o al m in in g ____________________________

4.7

4.3

4.8

4.0

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.6

2.4

3.0

3.9

4.9

5.1

3 .6

4 .0

3 .9

3 .S

4 .1

S .8

3 .9

3 .7

3 .8

3 .8

3 .9

4 .0

3 .9

4.1
2.3

3.7
2.6

4.2
2.9

3.8
2.5

3.8
2.3

3.5
2.1

3.2
2.2

3.5
2.5

2.3
1.7

2.8
1.9

3.6
2.6

4.5
2.6

4.5
2.8

3.8
2.0

3.9
2.9

5.9
5.3
3.7
2.3
4.5
2.7
3.7
6.0
3.6

5.7
5.5
4.2
2.4
4.3
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.4

7.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
4.9
3.4
3.6
4.1
3.9

7.3
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.2
2.7
2.9
3.8
3.1

6.6
4.4
5.7
3.8
4.3
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.6

6.0
3.8
4.7
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.5

4.4
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.7
3.3
2.4

4.6
4.1
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.8
2.7

2.4
2.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.0
2.1
2.9
1.7

3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.8
3.5
2.4

4.5
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.9
2.9
3.5
4.5
2.6

5.4
5.0
3.4
2.7
4.5
2.9
3.8
8.1
2.6

5.4
6.0
4.1
3.4
5.5
3.2
4.0
6.1
3.4

5.5
4.5
3.8
2.8
4.1
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.7

5.3
4.1
3.7
3.4
4.4
3.1
3.6
4.7
2.6

6.1

7.0

5.5

5.2

5.7

5.1

5.0

6.2

2.4

3.7

5.8

6.7

6.8

5.6

5.6

5.4
9.2
27.0
4.1
5.6
2.8

5.1
7.5
8.3
4.0
7.1
2.9

5.5
8.9
3.1
4.0
5.7
4.0

4.2
5.6
2.4
3.9
5.9
2.7

3.9
4.9
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.7

3.5
4.3
2.6
3.5
4.7
2.4

3.4
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.4
2.2

3.7
4.2
3.6
3.3
5.9
2.3

2.5
3.3
6.0
1.9
3.1
1.6

3.2
4.0
5.6
2.7
4.4
1.9

4.3
6.5
4.4
3.5
5.3
2.4

5.4
9.4
16.6
3.8
5.2
2 .8

5.8
10.1
19.8
4.2
6.2
3.0

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
5.5
2.6

4.2
6.0
5.9
3.5
5.7
2 .6

3.2
1.8

3.2
2.2

4.0
3.3

2.8
2.0

2.8
2.6

2.6
2.4

2.6
1.9

2.9
2.0

2.0
1.3

2.5
1.4

3.2
1.9

3.7
2.1

3.5
2.0

3.0
2.1

2.9
2.1

1.1

1.9

3.0

2.0

2.1

1.6

.9

1.3

.6

.8

1.2

1.5

1.7

1.4

1.3

3.7
5.7

4.5
6.6

4.0
6.3

3.7
5.6

3.8
4.4

3.4
4.1

3.0
4.2

3.2
5.9

2.3
3.5

3.1
4.4

3.8
4.8

4.7
4.7

4.4
5.5

3.8
5.0

3.9
5.0

2.6
3.0

2.7
2.1

3.8
1.5

3.6
2.1

5.7
2.2

2 .9
2.5

2 .8
2.2

3.2
2.2

2.0
1.4

2 .9
1.5

2 .7
1.7

2 .9
2 .5

2 .4
2.5

2 .9
1.7

2 .7
2.2

Accessions: N ew h ires
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A c tu a l____________________________ ___
S e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d . ____ _ . .
D u ra b le g oods____________ _____________
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
L u m b e r an d w ood p ro d u c ts, ex c ep t
f u r n i t u r e . . ----- --------------------------------F u r n itu r e an d fixtures______________- .
S to n e, clay, and glass p r o d u c t s ...----P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s _______ ____
F a b ric a te d m e tal p ro d u c ts ................ .......
M a c h in e ry _______ ____________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t an d su p p lie s____
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____________
In s tr u m e n ts an d related p ro d u c ts _____
M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u str ie s ------------- -----------------------------------N o n d u ra b le goods______________________
F o o d an d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ......... ............
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s .. _____________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _________________
A p p arel a n d related p ro d u c ts _________
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _____________
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u strie s __________ — ______ ___ ______
C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts ________
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u str ie s ________ ____ __________________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts .............................. .......... .............
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _________
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m in in g ___________________________
C o al m in in g .................................................. ..
See foo tnotes a t en d of ta b le,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.0

2.7

3.3

2.5

2.3

2.0

1.8

2.5

2.2

2.2

2.5

2.3

2.3

3.2

2.2

3.1

2.4

2.5
1.5

2.3
1.7

2.9
1.9

2.3
1.4

2.2
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.7
1.3

1.7
1.4

1.1
1.0

1.6
1.2

2.2
1.7

2 .6
1.9

2.6
2 .0

2.3
2 .0

1.9
2.1

5.1
4.6
2.6
1.1
3.4
1.8
2.3
1.8
2.6

4.7
4.4
3.0
1.2
2.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.2

6.3
4.0
3.7
2.1
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
3.1

5.5
3.5
2.8
1.7
2.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0

4.6
3.3
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.8

3.7
2.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7

2 .9
2 .7
1.6
.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6

2.6
2 .7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9

1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1

2 .5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.6

3.6
3.5
1.8
.9
2.6
1.8
2.3
2.3
2.0

4.4
4.3
2.2
1.0
3 .0
1.9
2 .7
2 .9
2.0

4.6
4.9
2 .6
1.0
2.9
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.1

3.9
3.5
2.2
1.1
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.1
2 .0

3.3
2 .8
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.7

4.3

4.1

3.7

3.2

3.2

2.6

2.7

2.6

1.5

2.5

4.3

5.3

5.1

3.8

3.6

3.7
6.0
16.6
3.1
4.0
2.0

3.2
4.6
3.3
2.8
4.0
2.1

3.8
5.9
1.8
3.0
3.6
3.1

2.7
3.5
1.3
2.8
3.6
1.9

2.4
2.8
1.1
2.5
3.4
1.7

2.2
2.2
1.6
2.2
3.2
1.5

2.0
1.9
1.1
2.0
3 .1
1.3

2.1
2.1
1.9
1.9
3.2
1.3

1.3
1.7
3.4
1.2
1.5
.9

1.9
2.3
2.4
1.8
2 .7
1.2

2 .9
4.1
3.1
2.5
3.5
1.8

3.8
6.2
10.9
2 .7
3.8
2.2

3 .9
6.6
7.8
3.2
4.5
2.2

2.8
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5
1.8

2.5
3.4
3.1
2.2
3.1
1.7

2.3
1.3

2.5
1.6

3.0
2.6

2.1
1.4

2 .0
1.8

1.9
1.6

1.8
1.2

2.1
1.2

1.3
.7

1.9
.9

2 .6
1.3

3.1
1.5

2.7
1.3

2.3
1.5

2.1
1.4

2. 2

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.6

1.8

1.9

1.2

2.3

2.3

2.4

.8

1.6

2.4

1.5

1.3

.9

.5

.7

.4

.6

.9

1.1

1.2

1.0

.9

2.4
4.0

2.6
4.2

2.7
3.9

2.4
3.2

2.1
2 .6

1.9
2.3

1.8
2.4

1.7
3.3

1.2
2.1

1.8
2 .7

2 .6
3.2

3.5
3.2

3.1
3.8

2.4
3.1

2.0
2.8

1.8
1.1

1.5
.9

2.7
.7

1.6
.8

1.7
.8

1.5
.8

1.4
.9

1.7
.6

1.2
.4

1.3
.6

1.5
.8

1.4
.7

1.3
.7

1.5
.5

1.2

.6

1358

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T able B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

P e r 100 em ployees]
1963

1962

A nnual
average

M a jo r in d u s tr y gro u p
A ug.2

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

1962

4.1

4.0

1961

S ep aratio n s: T o ta l
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A c tu a l
_____ _______________ _______
Seasonally adjusted __________ ____ __________
D u ra b le goods_____________
O rd n an ce a n d accessories________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n i t u r e ...____ __________ ____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res______ ______ _
S tone, clay, a n d glass p r o d u c ts ..............
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ..........................
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ......................
M a c h in e ry _____________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s.........
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t________
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s ________________________ ____
N o n d u ra b le goods......... ............... .............
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s . . _____
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s _______ ____ _
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ____ ________
A p p arel a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ____
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _______
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g a n d allied in d u strie s _____ ____ _____ ______ _
C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts .........
P e tro le u m refin in g a n d re la te d in d u strie s ___________________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts ____________________________ .
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ...........
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m in in g _______________
C oal m in in g ____________

4.7

4.1

3.4

3 .6

3.6

3.5

3.2

4.2

3.8

3 .8

4.0

4.4

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.8

3. 7

4.0

5.0

3.8

3. 9

5.1

4. 0

4 0

4 5

4.8
2.7

4.0
2.2

3.2
2.4

3.3
2.3

3.3
2.4

3.3
4.2

3.1
3.1

3.7
3.2

3.4
2.0

3.6
2.7

3.9
2.8

4.3
3.5

5.3
2.9

3.8
2. 7

3 .9
2.3

6.2
5.2
4.0
3.8
4.4
3.2
3.6
8.8
2.9

5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
4.6
2.8
3.2
5.9
3.0

5.1
4.2
3.2
2.0
3.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
2.3

5.0
4.4
3.1
2.1
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.7

5.2
4.5
3.0
2.1
3.5
2.6
3.1
3.9
2.3

5.4
4.5
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.6
3.5
2.4

4.7
3.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
2.3
3.1
3.3
2.4

5.0
4.5
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.7
3.7
2.9

5.5
3.7
5.2
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.8
3.2
2.1

6.1
4.3
4.1
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3.5
2.6

5.6
4.6
4.2
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.4
3.9
3.0

6.7
5.2
5.0
3 .8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4.1
3.3

6.8
5.7
4.6
3.8
4.7
3.8
3.9
10.5
3.1

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2
2.8
3.3
4.6
2.6

5.4
4.3
3 .8
2.8
4.6
3 .2
3.3
5.0
2.5

4.9

5.2

4.2

4.5

4.8

4.2

3 .8

5.5

11.5

7.8

5.5

5.6

6.1

6.0

5.8

4,7
6.5
4.5
4.3
5.7
3.3

4,3
5.8
2.6
3.8
6.4
2.5

3.8
4.8
2.2
.3.3
5.6
2.2

4.0
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.8
2.5

3.9
4.8
3.9
3.7
6.0
2.5

3.7
4.9
7.0
3.5
4.8
2.5

3.4
4.7
9.2
3.1
4.2
2.3

4.3
6.4
6.8
3 .9
5.5
2.9

4.3
6.3
11.0
3.4
5.9
2.5

4.6
7.1
17.1
3 .7
5.2
2.7

5.0
8.3
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8

5.8
9.5
5.5
4.5
6.0
4.3

4.8
6.8
2.9
4.5
5.9
3.5

4.4
6.2
6. 7
3.7
5.8
2. 8

4.2
6.0
5.7
3.4
5.8
2.7

3.4
2.5

2.6
1.8

3.0
2.1

3.0
2.6

2.6
1.9

2.7
1.7

2.3
1.4

3.0
1.7

2.7
1.6

2.9
2.0

3.1
1.8

4.1
3.1

3.5
2.4

2.9
2.1

2.9
2.0

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.8

2.1

2.2

1.8

2.7

2.5

1.8

1.7

4.1
6.1

4.3
5.6

3.3
4.1

3.5
4.9

3.2
5.9

3.7
4.7

3.0
3.8

3.6
5.2

2.9
5.4

3 .6
4.5

4.0
5.4

4.6
5.9

4.3
5.9

3.6
5.2

3.6
5.0

2.6
1.9

2.6
2.6

2.5
1.8

3.1
2.2

3.0
2.8

3.1
2.5

2.6
2.0

3.6
2.1

5.5
1.8

3 .8
3 .2

3.6
2.6

6.0
2.1

4.9
2.3

3.5
2.8

3.1
2.7

1.4

1.2

S ep aratio n s: Q u its
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A c tu a l___ ____ _______
Seasonally adjusted.. .................
D u ra b le goods____________ ______
O rd n an ce a n d accessories . . . .
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
fu rn itu re ______ ______ __ .
F u rn itu re a n d fix tu res________
S tone, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ________
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s _____________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________
M a c h in e ry ____
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s ____
T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s .. .
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s ....... ............................... .
N o n d u ra b le goods________
._
F ood a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ...............
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts __________
A p p arel a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s _________ .
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u strie s ________ ____
C h em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts . ______
P e tro le u m refining aiid re la te d in d u stries ______________ ____
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts _____________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___ ______
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m in in g ____ __________
C oal m i n i n g _____ ____ _
See footnotes a t en d of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.

2.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.3

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.0

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.5

2.4

1.3

2.1

1.4

1.4-

1.3

/

1.7
1.3

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.0

1.3
1.0

1.1
.8

1.0
.9

.9
.9

.9
1.0

.7
.7

1.0
.8

1.3
1.1

2.0
1.9

1.8
1.6

1.2
1.2

1.0
1.1

4.0
3.1
1.8
1.0
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.0
1.6

2.9
2.1
1.3
.7
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.1

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.3

2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.1
.8
1.0

2.2
1.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0

1.6
1.5
.7
.4
.8
.7
1.0
.7
1.0

1.7
1.7
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.0
.7
1.1

1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.7
.6
.8
.5
.8

1.9
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.7
1.0

2.5
2.1
1.2
.5
1.3
.9
1.3
1.0
1.4

4.2
3.0
2.1
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.9

3.7
3.1
1.9
.9
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.6

2.4
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.2

1.9
1.5
1.0
.5

fi

1.0

.8
1.2
.8
1.0

2.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.6

2.2

3.0

2.9

2.0

1 .8

2.4
2.8
1.4
2.8
3.1
1.7

1.7
1.9
.8
2.1
2.5
1.0

1.6
1.7
.7
1.9
2.2
1.0

1.7
1.6
.8
2.1
2.4
1.0

1.5
1.4
.8
2.0
2.3
1.0

1.4
1.4
.7
1.7
2.0
.9

1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
2.0
.8

1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8

1.8
2.2
.9
2.0
2.4
1.1

2.9
4.1
2.1
2.6
3.0
2.5

2.5
3.0
1.4
2.8
3.2
1.9

1.7
1.9
.9
1.9
2.3
1.1

1.5
1.6
.9
1.6
2.0
1.0

1.9
1.3

1.3
.7

1.5
.7

1.5
.8

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.1
.5

1.2
.6

.9
.5

1.3
.5

1.5
.7

2.5
1.8

2.1
1.2

1.5
.8

1.4

.9

.7

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.6

.7

1.4

1.2

.7

.5

2.0
3.6

1.4
2.5

1.4
2.2

1.4
2.4

1.3
2.3

1.1
2.0

1.0
1.6

1.1
2.0

.8
1.5

1.1
1.9

1.5
2.5

2.3
3.1

2.0
3.3

1.4
2.3

1.2
2.0

1.7
5

1.3
.5

1.4
.3

1.5
.4

1.4
.5

1.2
.4

1.2
.3

1.2
.3

.8
.3

.9
.3

1.1
.5

2.3
.5

1.8
.5

1.2
.4

1.0
.4

.7

B .— L A B O R T U R N O V E R

T

able B - l.

1359

L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s , b y

m a jo r in d u s tr y

g r o u p 1— C o n t i n u e d

Per 100 employees]

R e v is e d s e r ie s

s e e box, p . 1354.

Annual
average

1962

1963
Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1962

1961

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual.------ -------- ---------------------

,

Durable goods______________ ______
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............. ................. ...........
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.......... ........
Machinery______________ _______
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment__ _______
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................................................Nondurable goods-________________
Food and kindred products___ _____
Tobacco manufactures-....................... .
Textile mill products..........-.................
Apparel and related products_______
Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries......... ....................... ..............Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.................... ............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products___ _________________
Leather and leather products..........

i

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining.........................................

2.0
21

2.0
1. 9

1.4
1.7

1.5
1.8

1.6
1.8

1.7
1.8

1.6
1.8

2.2
2.0

2.5
2.0

2.3
1.9

2.2
2.0

1.9
1.9

2.2
2.3

2.0

2.2

2.3
.8

2.1

1.3
.9

1.3
.8

1.4
1.1

1.6
2.7

1.6
1.8

2.0
1.7

2.2
1.0

2.0
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.6
1.1

2.7
.8

1.9
.9

2.2
.7

.7

1.3

1.5

1.2

1.1

1.8

2.5

2.3

2.6

3.6

3.5

2.1

1.6

2.1

2.4

2.8

1.3
1.4
2.2
1.6
1.1
1.2
6.9

.7

1.4
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.3
4.0
1.3

1.6
1.2
.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6

1.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.7

1.5
1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7

1.8
1.4
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.7
1.9
.7

1.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
.9
1.4
1.9
.9

2.1
3.4
1.4
2.5
1.3
1.8
2.1
1.0

2 .0
4.0
1 .7
2.3
1.0
1.4
1.9
.8

2.1
2 .8
2 .0
2 .4
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.1

1.7
2.3
2 .4
2.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9

1.4
2 .2
2 .3
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.9
.7

1.7
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.2
8.2
.8

1.8
2 .2
2.1
2 .2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.6
.9

1.4

2.6

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

3.6

9.9

5.5

2.4

1.6

2.1

3.1

3.2

1.6
3.0
2.7
.9

1.9
3.2
1.3
1.1

1.5
2.5
1.2
.8

1.6
2. 9 ,
8.1
1.1

2.4
4. 4
5.4
1.7

2.8
4.7
9.9
1.9

2.7
5.2
15.9
1.7

1.6
3.1
1.0
1.0

2.2
3.9
4.4

2.6
1.2

2.2
4.6
2.6
1.2

1.7
.9

2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2

2.7
1.3

2.6
5.4
9.2
1.2

2.6
.6

1.8
2.8
2.6
1.1

1.7
2. 9
5.8
1.2

3.0
.8

1.7
2.4
2.7
1.1

2.7
1.0

1.3
3.1
1.1

.9
.8

.8
.7

.9
.9

1.1
1.4

.9
.8

1.0
.6

.8
.5

1.3
.7

1.3
.8

1.2
1.1

1.2
.8

1.1
.8

.9
.8

1.0
.8

1.0
.9

1.9
1.0

2.6
.9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.1
1.1

1.8
1.2

2.7
1.5

4.1
1.4

2.3
1.2

.5

.4

.3

.5

.5

.7

.9

.8

.9

1.0

.6

.7

.6

.6

.6

1.4
1.5

2.1
2.3

1.2
1.1

1.3
1.7

1.2
2.9

1.8
2.0

1.3
1.6

1.8
2.5

1.6
3.4

1.9
2.0

1.7
2.3

1.5
2.0

1.5
1.7

1.5
2.1

1.8
2.2

.4
.8

.6
1.6

.4
1.0

.8
1.4

.9
1.8

1.4
1.6

.9
1.3

1.3
1.4

4.1
1.1

2.2
2.2

1.7
1.7

2.9
1.0

2.4
1.4

1.5
1.9

1.4
1.9

i For comnarability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963. see footnote 1. table A-2.
Month-to-month changes In total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes

709-654— 63------ 8

3.0
.9

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of
such stoppages.
2 Preliminary.

1360

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

C.— Earnings and Honrs
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.s Aug.J July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
M ining,......................................................
Metal mining___________________
Iron ores........................................ .
Copper ores................ .................. .
Coal m ining.......... .............................
Bituminous__________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas....... .
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_____________________
Oil and gas field services________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
Contract construction________________
General building contractors________
Heavy construction..............................
Highway and street construction..
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors__________ _
Manufacturing........................................... .
Durable goods................................
Nondurable goods_____________

$115.08 $112.06 $117.85 $114.39 $112.75 $110.97 $112.48 $111.60 $111.66 $110.02 $111.78 $112.47 $110.70 $106.92
118.37 116. o9 118.85 117.71 117.50 118.37 117.14 116.16 116. 85 116.31 116.44 117.71 117.45 113.44
119.78 119. 50 124.14 120.08 117. 80 116. 73 116.05 118.95 115.36 119. 56 117.87 122.61 122.19 115.50
125.99 121.98 122.69 122.55 124.12 125.71 121.69 121.12 121.41 120.13 119.14 120.98 120.70 119.03
120.05 108.19 128.74 122.14 117.73 113. 77 121.29 120.43 119.11 110.77 113.28 112. 53 113.09 110.62
121.52 110.21 130.60 124.66 119.81 114. 56 122.77 120.90 119.88 111. 24 114.76 113.67 114.50 112.01
112.10 112.36 113.36 110.62 111. 45 110.77 110.51 110.09 111.61 109.30 109.46 110.99 109.20 105.75
118.32 120.30 123.31 117. 74 120.30 118.26 118.15 121.09 119.11 115.18 114.09 119.81 115.46 113.96
.......... 106.82 105.46 105.04 104.49 103.52 104.25 103.76 100.43 105.71 104.40 105.90 103.58 103.63 98.44
......... 113.62 113.83 112.91 110.32 106. 56 102.00 98. 77 100.14 98.25 106.76 110.40 113.24 105.43 100.09
132.70 130.90 129.79 128.06 124. 58 122. 72 118.33 121.07 118.67 121.61 127.25 128.64 122.47 118.08
—
122.34 120.62 118 58 117.85 115.84 113.34 108. 85 111.11 108. 55 113.34 117.12 117.81 112.
50 108. 83
138.09 135.22 132.13 126.96 122.36 117.30 110. 70 115.82 112.00 118.99 127. 98 130.17 122. 31 120.09
—
135.28 133. 62 130.09 123.68 117.74 109. 42 99. 72 107. 54 104.60 115.02 126.42 128.76 118.37 113.81
—
141.43 136.92 134.60 131. 02 127.98 123.80 119.19 123.13 118.24 123. 56 130.38 131.93 126. 48 127.12
.......... 137.24 136.14 135. 75 134.67 131.40 130.31 125.93 128.47 127. 40 127.80 133.91 134.98 128. 50 123.44
$99.88 98.42 99.23 100.37 99.23 97.36 98.09 97.20 97.44 98.01 97.36 96.32 97.27 96.56 92.34
108.36 107.01 108.09 109.82 108.36 106.37 106.49 106.23 105.82 107.53 105. 78 105.37 105. 88 104. 70 100.35
89.15 88.18 88.36 88.36 87.52 85.97 86.68 85.85 86.24 86.94 86.33 85.50 86.80 85.54 82.92
Average weekly hours

Mining................................... .................. .
Metal mining___________________
Iron ores______ ___ _________
Copper ores__________________

42.0
41.1
39.4
43.0

Coal mining_____________________
Bituminous_______ ___ ______

38.6
38.7

Crude petroleum and natural gas........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_____ _______ ________
Oil and gas field services________ ..........
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___

42.3

42.4

42.3

41.9

41.9

40.8
43.6

41.2
43.4

41.8
42.7

40.6
43.0

41.2
42.6

Contract construction________________
General building contractors________
Heavy construction..................... .......
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors___________
Manufacturing_____________________
Durable goods______________
Nondurable goods.........................

—

___
—

40.6
41.2
39.8

41.2
40.8
38.8
42.8

42.7
41.7
40.7
42.9

41.9
41.3
39.5
43.0

41.3
40.8
38.0
43.4

40.5
41.1
37.9
43.8

40.9
41.1
37.8
43.0

40.9
40.9
39.0
42.8

40.9
41.0
37.7
42.9

40.9
41.1
39.2
42.6

41.4
41.0
38.9
42.1

41.5
41.3
40.2
42.3

41.0
41.5
39.8
42.8

40.5
41.4
38.5
43.6

41.0
41.2

39.4
39.7

38.1
38.4

36.7
36.6

39.0
39.1

39.1
39.0

38.3
38.3

36.2
36.0

36.9
36.9

36.3
36.2

36.6
36.7

35.8
35.9

41.8

41.7

41.7

42.6

42.2

42.1

42.2

42.0

41.8

40.5
42.9

40.6
42.7

41.9
41.5

41.5
43.5

40.7
43.5

40.6
43.4

41.6
42.8

40.8
43.0

40.7
42.8

46.0

45.9

45.9

45.4

44.4

42.5

41.5

41.9

40.6

44.3

46.0

46.6

44.3

43.9

38.8
37.3
43.7

38.5
37.0
43.2

37.3
36.2
41.2
41 9
40.5
36.5

34.7
33.7
36.9

35.4
34.4
38.1

34.8
33.4
36.6

36.3
35.2
39.4

38.1
36.6
42.1

38.4
36.7
42.4

42.0
37.4

38.0
36.6
41.9
42. 5
41.2
37.1

36.2
35.2
39.1

42.6
37.6

38.4
36.6
42.9
43.8
41.8
37.5

39.3
35.8

37! 6
34.5

38! 6
35.1

37.’3
35.0

39.1
35.6

41.0
37.3

41.1
37.6

37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3

36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2

40.5
41.0
39.9

40.5
41.1
39.8

40.8
41.6
39.8

40.5
41.2
39.6

39.9
40.6
38.9

40.2
40.8
39.4

40.0
40.7
39.2

40.1
40.7
39.2

40.5
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.0
39.6

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.7
41.2
40.0

40.4
40.9
39.6

39.8
40.3
39.3

$2.74
2.88
3.04
2.93

$2.72
2.86
3.08
2.85

$2.76
2.85
3.05
2.86

$2.73
2.85
3.04
2.85

$2.73
2.88
3.10
2.86

3.14
3.17

3.10
3.14

3.09
3.12

Average hourly earnings
Mining___________________
Metal mining___________
Iron ores___________
Copper ores_________
Coal mining____________
Bituminous_________

3.11 ...
3.14 ..........

Crude petroleum and natural gas........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields______________________
Oil and gas field services________

2.65

2.65

2.68

2.64

2.66

2.90
2.45

2.92
2.43

2.95
2.46

2. 90
2.43

2.92
2.43

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining......

2.47

2.48

2. 46

2.43

2.40

Contract construction____ ___________
General building contractors____ ___
Heavy construction______ ________
Highway and street construction..!
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors___________

3.42
3.28
3.16
3.04
3.32
3.65

3.40
3.26
3.13
3.03
3.26
3.64

3.38
3.24
3.08
2.97
3.22
3.62

3.37
3.22
3.03
2.91
3.18
3.63

3.34
3.20
2. 97
2.81
3.16
3.60

2.43
2.61
2.21

2.45
2.63
2.22

2.46
2. 64
2.22

2.45
2.63
2.21

2. 44
2.62
2.21

M anufactur ing.................... .
Durable goods____
Nondurable goods . ..
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.46
2.63
2.24

$2. 74 $2. 75 $2.73 $2.73 $2.69 $2.70 $2.71 $2.70 $2.64
2.88 2.85 2.84 2.85 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.83 2.74
3.08 3.07 3.05 3.06 3.05 3.03 3.05 3.07 3.00
2.87 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.82 2.83 2.86 2.82 2.73
3.10 3.11 3.08 3.11
3.06 3.07 3.10 3.09 3.09
3.13 3.14 3.10 3.13 3.09 3.11 3.14 3.12 3.12
2. 65 2.65 2.64 2.62 2. 59 2.60 2.63 2.60 2. 53
2.92 2. 91 2.89 2.87 2.83 2. 81 2.88 2.83 2.80
2.43 2.43 2.42 2.43 2.40 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.30
2.40 2.38 2.39 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.43 2.38 2.28
3.39 3.41 3.42 3.41 3.35 3.34 3.35 3.31 3.20
3.22 3.23 3. 23 3.25 3.22 3.20 3. 21 3.16 3.04
3.00 3.00 3.04 3.06 3.02 3.04 3.07 3.02 2.98
2.82 2.77 2.86 2.93 2.89 2.94 2.96 2.88 2.81
3.15 3.17 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.18 3. 21 3.17 3.17
3.64 3. 65 3.66 3.64 3. 59 3.59 3.59 3.54 3.41
2.44 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.32
2.61 2.61 2.60 2.61 2.58 2. 57 2.57 2. 56 2.49
2.20 2.19 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.11

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1361

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

1962

A nnual
averag e

I n d u s tr y
Sept.2

Aug.»

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan.

D ee.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

1962

1961

A v erag e w eek ly earn in g s
M a n u fa c tu rin g —Con tin u e d
D u ra b le goods

O rd n a n c e a n d accessories_____________ $119.31 $119. 31 $117. 74 $118.24
A m m u n itio n , except for sm a ll a rm s . 121.66 122.25 118. 96 119.65
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l eq u ip m e n t_________ _____ ____ ______
119. 6f 121.0E 120.1C
O th e r o rd n a n c e a n d accessories____ 115.08 114.52 114.93 115.36
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n itu r e _______________________ ___
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ________
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d related
p ro d u c ts ________________________
W ooden c o n ta in e rs _______________
M iscellan eo u s w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .............................
H o u se h o ld fu rn itu re ____ ____ ____
Office fu rn itu re _____________ _____
P a rtitio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu re s ..
O th e r f u rn itu re a n d fix tu re s..............

$117. 67 $115.14 $118.20 $119. 65 $119. 65 $120.10 $117. 71 $116.03 $116. 72 $116.31 $1.13.29
117. 5C 116.24 117.86 119. 31 119. 02 120. 06 118.37 116. 69 117.38 116. 69 115.49
122. 01 119. 2C 127.98 128 29 .128 35 131. 24 128.87 125. 58 125 40 126 18 1.17 27
116.90 112.19 116.05 117.59 117. 74 116. 06 113. 44 111. 79 112.06 112. 34 108.39

84.86
75.7 1

84.01
75.98

82.42
74.96

82. 62
76. 07

80. 6C
73.97

78. 41
71.82

77.81
71.16

77.22
70.62

77. 03
70. 98

78. 40
71.23

79.00
72.31

79.60
72.98

82. 42
75.30

79.20
71. 71

76.83
68.99

9 0 .6£
68.3C
74.93

90.92
69.47
75. 07

89. 66
70.14
74.48

90.29
69.14
74. 85

90.07
68.31
73.89

87.94
66.73
72. 36

87.94
65. 01
73.12

86.88
64.91
72.90

87.10
64. 02
73. 08

87. 94
64.29
72.80

87. 53
65. 76
73.71

86. 88
66.66
73.44

89.23
68.04
74.62

87.12
66.17
72. 54

84. 44
63.12
69. 77

84.84
80.83

83.62 81.19 81.39 79.60
78. 62 76. 52 76. 70 74. 99
96.23 94. 71 96.93 94. 71
109. 78 107.64 105.37 101. 75
85.08 86. 52 82.21 82.82 82.42

78.01 79.19 79.19 79. 00
74. 21 75. 36 74. 96 74.19
92. 63 93.15 92.29 94 07
98. 39 101. 20 100. 58 101. 85
81.19 79. 98 81.18 80. 78

81. 68 80.16 81.76 81. 54 79.37 76. 40
78. 02 76.63 77. 38 77.15 75. 07 71.46
95 40 91. 77 91 17 92 57 92 57 90 54
99. 04 100. 65 107. 01 107. 87 1Ò3. 57 100. 53
81.81 81.20 81. 61 82. 00 81. 41 79.99

A verage w eek ly h o u rs
O rd n an ce a n d a c c e sso rie s.........................
A m m u n itio n , except for sm a.ila rm s .
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l eq u ip m e n t_________________ ________
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories____
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u rn itu re .............................................. .........
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ________
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts ................................................
W o o d e n c o n ta in e rs________________
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res________________
H o u se h o ld f u rn itu re ______________
Office fu rn itu re ______ ____________
P a rtitio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu re s ..
O th e r f u rn itu re a n d fix tu res........ ..

41.0
41.1

41.0
41.3

40.6
40.6

41.2
41.4

41.0
40.8

40.4
40.5

40.9
40.5

41.4
41.0

41.4
40.9

41.7
41.4

41.3
41.1

41.0
40.8

41.1
40.9

41.1
40.8

40.9
41.1

41.1

39.5
40.9

39. 7
40.9

39.9
41.2

40.4
41.6

39.6
40.5

42.1
41.3

42.2
41.7

42.5
41.9

43.6
41.6

43.1
41.1

42.0
41.1 .

41.8
41.2

42.2
41.3

40. 3
40.9

40.8
40.1

40.6
40.2

40.6
40.3

40.9
40.9

39.9
40.2

39.6
39.9

39.3
39.1

39.4
38.8

39.3
39.0

39.2
38.5

39.5
39.3

40.0
40.1

40.8
40.7

39.8
39.4

39.4
39.2

41.6
40.9
40.5

41.9
41. 6
40.8

41.7
42.0
40.7

41.8
41.4
40.9

41.7
41.4
40.6

40.9
40.2
40.2

40.9
39.4
40.4

40.6
39.1
40.5

40.7
38.8
40.6

40.9
39.2
40.0

40.9
40. f
40.5

40.6
40.4
40.8

41.5
40.5
41.0

40.9
40.1
40.3

40.4
39.7
40.1

42.0
42.1

41.6
41.6
41.3
41.9
42.0

40.8
40. 7
41.0
41.4
40.3

40.9
40.8
41.6
41.0
40.8

40.2
40.1
41.0
39.9
40.4

39.8
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.8

40.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.4

40.2
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.6

40.1
40.1
40.9
40.1
39.6

41.2
41.5
41.3
39.3
40.3

40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.2

41.5
41.6
40.7
41.8
40.4

41.6
41.7
40.6
42.3
41.0

40.7
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.3

40.0
39.7
40.6
40.7
40.4

41.5

A verage h o u rly earn in g s
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s.
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip m e n t____________________________
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories____
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts, except
fu rn itu re ____________________________
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills _______
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts ________________________
W o o d en c o n ta in e rs ________________
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res............. ........... ........
H o u se h o ld f u rn itu re ____________ .
Office fu rn itu re ______ ____________
P a rtitio n s , office a n d store fix tu re s ..
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu re s .______
See footnotes a t e n d of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.91
2.96

$2.91
2.96

$2.90
2.93

$2. 87
2.89

$2.87
2.88

$2.85
2.87

$2. 89
2.91

$2.89
2.91

$2. 89
2.91

$2.88
2.90

$2.85
2.88

$2.83
2.86

$2.84
2. 87

$2.83
2.86

$2. 77
2.81

2.80

3.03
2.80

3. 05
2.81

3. 01
2.80

3.02
2. 81

3.01
2.77

3. 04
2.81

3.04
2. 82

3.02
2. 81

3.01
2.79

2. 99
2.76

2.99
2.72

3.00
2.72

2.99
2.72

2.91
2.65

2.08
1.89

2.07
1.89

2.03
1.86

2.02
1.86

2.02
1.84

1.98
1.80

1.98
1.82

1.96
1.82

1.96
1.82

2. 00
1.85

2.00
1.84

1.99
1.82

2.02
1.85

1.99
1.82

1.95
1.76

2.18
1. 67
1.85

2.17
1.67
1.84

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.16
1.65
1.82

2.15
1.66
1.80

2.15
1.65
1.81

2.14
1.66
1.80

2.14
1.65
1.80

2.15
1.64
1.82

2.14
1.64
1.82

2.14
1.65
1.80

2.15
1.68
1.82

2.13
1.65
1.80

2.09
1.59
1.74

2. 02
1.92

2. 01
1.89
2. 33
2.62
2. 06

1.99
1.88
2. 31
2.60
2. 04

1.99
1.88
2.33
2. 57
2.03

1.98
1.87
2.31
2.55
2.04

1.96
1.86
2.31
2. 51
2.04

1.97
1.87
2.30
2.53
2.03

1.97
1.86
2.29
2. 54
2. 05

1.97
1.85
2.30
2.54
2.04

1.98
1.88
2.31
2.52
2. 03

1.96
1.86
2.30
2.51
2.02

1.97
1.86
2.24
2.56
2.02

1.96
1.85
2.28
2.55
2.00

1.95
1.84
2.28
2.52
2.02

1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.98

2. 05

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1362
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1228.
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Sept. 2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Flat g lass.___ ______________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown__ _________________
Cement, hydraulic____________
Structural clay products.... ............
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, ' and plaster
products______ ___ ___ ___ Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries__________
Blast furnace and basic steel products_____________ _____ ___
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining. __
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding. _________________
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.—----- ---------------------

$104.00 $104.33 $104.33 $104. 41 $103.07 $101.11 $99. 47 $97. 36 $97. 36 $97.84 $100.53 $100. 67 $101.33 $98. 57 $95. 24
134. 74 133.45 139. 40 133.51 131. 66 130. 65 127. 92 129. 26 130. 42 133.06 127. 59 1.26. 94 126.01 122. 68
97.89 100. 50
118. 53 116.18
90. 64 90 91
87.40

100. 25
118. 86
90. 71
89.01

101.00
116.05
90. 92
90.16

100.10
116.48
90. 71
90. 46

98. 00
119. 99
90. 27
88. 37

100. 40
112. 87
86. 67
89. 31

110.11 111.35 110.45 110. 01 108. 62 103. 92 99.48
104.67 103 50 104.00 102.92 102. 26 100. 61 100.12

100. 65
111.63
84. 77
88.14

100.15
112.16
85. 41
87. 69

99.14
111. 50
85.41
88.88

99. 38 - 98.49
115. 21 114. 26
86. 90 87. 56
89. 65 89. 87

97.76
116. 62
87. 34
89.20

98.33
112. 75
86.69
86.85

95. 44
106. 52
84. 45
82.13

95.60 102. 96 105. 36 108.14 100.96 97.10
98. 74 99.06 99.14 99.87 98. 33 95. 24
120. 80 120. 39 117. 91 116. 92 119.10 119. 80 114.84
128. 44 126. 68 123.39 122.42 125.00 127. 40 122. 92
108.14 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 107. 45 106. 52 98.81
116. 20 117. 32 116. 75 114.80 116. 75 114. 95 110.16

93. 93 94.40
99. 23 98.00

122.31 122. 72 125. 77 129. 55 127.30 127. 82 122. 91 122. 21
129.30 129.96 135.20 140. 70 138. 28 141. 70 131. 27 129. 89
111. 24 110. 42 111.78 115. 45 112.98 110.15 110.15 110. 83
119.11 118. 69 118.12 117.45 118.43 120.12 117. 31 116. 33

119.00 118. 72 119. 00 120.83 118. 72 115.23 116. 34 116.34 116.89 118. 43 116. 62 115. 09 116. 47 116.05 111.76
106. 71 106. 71 105 41 107.38 106. 45 105. 01 106. 45 106. 45 107. 38 106.81 105.01 105. 41 104. 60 104. 55 100. 75
127. 72 125. 26 128.44 129.16 127.10 125.05 126. 99 127.60 129. 98 129. 25 125.14 123.49 126.00 124. 50 117.16
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Flat glass___ _____ ___________
Glass” and glassware, pressed or
blow n____________________
Cement, hydraulic_______ ____
Structural clay products___ ____
Pottery and related products___
Concrete, gypsum, ’ and plaster
products___________________
Other stone and mineral products...

41.6

41.9
40.1

41.9
39.6

42.1
41.0

41.9
39.5

41.1
39.3

40.6
39.0

39.9
38.3

39.9
38.7

40.1
38.7

41.2
39.6

41.6
38.9

41.7
38.7

40.9
38.3

40.7
38.7

39.0
41.3
41.2

40.2
41.2
41.7
38.5

40.1
42.0
41.8
38.7

40.4
41.3
41.9
39. 2

40.2
41.6
41.8
39. 5

39.2
42.1
41.6
39.1

40.0
40.6
40.5
39.0

40.1
40.3
39.8
39.0

39.9
40.2
40.1
38. 8

40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5

40.4
41.0
40.8
40.2

40.2
41.1
41.3
40.3

39.9
41.5
41.2
40.0

40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3

40.1
40.5
40.6
38.2

44.4
41.7

44.9
41.4

44.9
41.6

44.9
41.5

44.7
41.4

43.3
40.9

41.8
40.7

39.8
40.5

40.0
40.0

40.0
40.3

42.9
40.6

43.9
40.8

44.5
41.1

42.6
40.8

42.4
40.7

Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel
products___ _______________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding..... ...............................
Nonferrous foundries______ ____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries........................................

40.5

40.5

41.1

42.2

41.6

41.5

40.7

40.6

40.4

40.4

39.7

39.5

40.1

40.2

39.6

39.1
41.0
41.9

38.2
40.5
41. 4

37.9
40.5
41.0

38.7
40.7
41. 4

39.2
40.5
41.2

38.9
38.9
40.8

39.3
41.2
41.5

39.5
41.2
41.5

40.6
41.4
41.3

42.0
42.6
41.5

41.4
42.0
41.7

41.8
41.1
42.0

39.9
41.1
41.6

39.6
41.2
41.4

33.4
40.5
41.5

42.5
41.2

42.4
41.2

42.5
40.7

43.0
41.3

42.4
41.1

41.6
40.7

42.0
41.1

42.0
41.1

42.2
41.3

42.6
41.4

42.1
40.7

41.7
40.7

42.2
40. 7

42.2
41.0

41.7
40.3

41.2

40.8

41.3

41.8

41.4

41.0

41.5

41.7

42.2

42.1

41.3

41.3

42.0

41.5

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Flat glass........................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown...... ....................................
Cement, hydraulic................ .........
Structural clay products________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.____ _ . . . ______
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries..___ _____
Blast furnace and basic steel
products................... ...................
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining ..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding__________________
Nonferrous foundries.....................
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________ ____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.50

$2.49 $2.49
3.36 3.37

$2. 48 $2. 46 $2. 46 $2. 45 $2. 44 $2. 44 $2. 44 $2.44 $2. 42 $2.43 $2.41 $2. 34
3. 40 3. 38 3. 35 3. 35 3. 34 3. 34 3. 37 3. 36 3. 28 3. 28 3. 29 3.17

2. 51
2.87
2.20

2. 50
2. 82
2.18
2. 27

2.50
2. 83
2.17
2.30

2. 50
2. 81
2.17
2. 30

2. 49
2. 80
2. 17
2. 29

2.50
2. 85
2.17
2. 26

2. 51
2. 78
2.14
2. 29

2.51
2. 77
2.13
2. 26

2. 51
2. 79
2.13
2. 26

2. 46
2. 76
2.13
2. 25

2. 46
2. 81
2.13
2. 23

2. 45
2. 78
2. 12
2. 23

2. 45
2.81
2.12
2. 23

2. 44
2. 75
2.13
2. 21

2. 38
2. 63
2.08
2.15

2.48
2. 51

2. 48
2. 50

2.46
2. 50

2. 45
2. 48

2.43
2. 47

2.40
2. 46

2. 38
2. 46

2. 36
2. 45

2. 36
2. 45

2. 39
2. 45

2. 40
2. 44

2. 40
2. 43

2. 43
2. 43

2. 37
2.41

2. 29
2.34

3.02

3.03

3.06

3. 07

3. 06

3. 08

3. 02

3. 01

2. 99

2. 98

2. 97

2. 96

2.97

2.98

2.90

3. 29
2. 70
2. 87

3. 29
2. 68
2. 86

3.33
2.70
2.86

3. 35
2. 71
2. 83

3. 34
2. 69
2. 84

3. 39
2. 68
2. 86

3. 29
2. 68
2.82

3. 28
2. 69
2. 81

3. 26
2. 67
2. 80

3. 24
2. 68
2. 80

3. 23
2.66
2. 82

3. 23
2. 63
2.80

3. 23
2. 64
2.82

3. 25
2. 63
2.79

3.16
2. 54
2.70

2.80
2. 59

2.80
2. 59

2. 80
2. 59

2. 81
2. 60

2.80
2. 59

2. 77
2. 58

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2. 60

2. 78
2. 58

2. 77
2. 58

2. 76
2. 59

2. 76
2. 57

2. 75
2. 55

2.68
2. 50

3.10

3.07

3.11

3. 09

3. 07

3.05

3. 06

3. 06

3. 08

3. 07

3. 03

2. 99

3. 00

3. 00

2. 90

1363

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T a b l e C -l. G ross h ou rs a n d earn in gs o f p ro d u ctio n w o rk ers,1 b y in d u str y — C o n tin u ed
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Sept. 2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products__________ $108.73 $108.32 $107. 53 $108. 84 $108. 32 $104 75 $105. 67 $105. 01 $105. 52 $106. 30 $105. 22 $105. 73 $106. 66 $104. 81 $100.85
Metal cans________________ -- 131.15 134.64 132.07 131.94 128. 65 125.14 122.59 120. 88 122.29 122. 48 119.99 123. 26 133.11 126.30 121.80
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware_______------------ --- 102.41 101. 50 100.35 103.98 104. 24 99.70 101. 75 101.59 102. 59 103.09 102. 51 100. 86 99. 96 99.14 93. 63
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures ___________________ 102. 72 102.82 102. 47 103.22 100.15 97. 86 98. 60 98. 95 98.95 98. 60 99. 20 101. 09 101. 34 98. 55 94. 95
Fabricated structural metal products. 108. 73 109. 78 108. 58 108.84 107.53 104. 64 104.12 103. 60 103. 46 104. 64 104.34 105. 78 106.97 104. 60 102.06
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 109 39 108. 20 106.75 108.80 108.38 105. 08 106. 26 107.19 108. 46 108. 46 106. 09 104. 75 107.18 108.00 98.49
Metal stampings______________ 115. 35 113.15 113. 98 116. 75 116. 47 112. 06 113. 57 113.15 113. 01 113.82 113. 55 112. 56 112. 56 111. 76 105. 41
Coating, engraving, and allied services. 96. 64 94.83 93.73 95.63 95.63 92.80 94.12 91.53 92.39 93.98 92.70 93.79 92. 55 93. 34 90. 32
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products___________ ___ . .. 99. 25 96. 93 96. 22 97. 64 97.58 95.51 97.34 96.93 98. 06 97.70 95.76 96. 64 97.29 96.64 94.07
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products___________________ 106. 25 105.15 105. 71 105.93 106. 45 104.23 104. 86 104. 09 104. 75 105. 67 105. 01 105. 41 105. 67 103.53 100.19
Machinery___ _ _ ______________ 115.93 115. 23 115. 51 117. 04 115. 79 113. 85 115. 51 114.82 114. 40 114. 53 112. 75 112. 88 112. 74 113. 01 107. 42
Engines and turbines___ ______ 122.92 120.90 122.21 123. 73 122. 41 119. 30 124. 23 123.11 120.99 122. 40 121. 20 121. 20 121. 20 119.88 114. 80
110. 29 110. 28 111.79 109. 07 111.66 112. 61 113.16 111. 66 110. 43 108.14 108. 41 107. 46 107.59 102. 66
Farm machinery and equipment.
Construction and related machinery. _ 116.20 116. 76 115. 93 117.18 115.93 113. 57 113.85 113. 44 112. 75 112.88 111. 66 112. 75 112. 61 112. 34 106. 52
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_________________ 125.67 125.83 128.30 130.52 128. 90 128.17 130. 52 128. 76 127. 01 126.87 123.25 122. 69 123.55 125.57 117.04
110. 40 108. 52 109. 20 110.33 109.13 107.17 108. 88 107. 94 108. 71 109.31 106.68 106. 68 108.38 106. 77 101. 43
Special industry machinery...... .
General industrial machinery.. . .. 116.06 114.12 113.16 114. 54 112. 61 110.16 110.98 no. 70 110. 43 112. 06 111. 52 111.38 110. 97 110.83 105. 04
Office, computing, and accounting
machines __________________ 117. 67 116. 28 117.14 116. 57 115.59 114.33 115.30 114. 90 114. 21 114. 49 112.84 112. 72 113. 68 113.15 111. 24
Service industry machines_______ 102.87 102. 21 103. 22 103.57 103.98 101.15 102. 31 100. 90 100. 90 100.35 101.15 99.94 100. 44 100.12 95.84
Miscellaneous machinery..... ......... 110. 99 110.83 110. 56 112.99 112.04 109. 36 110. 72 109. 62 111. 09 112.14 110.14 110.24 109. 82 109.13' 104.00
Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products__ _______
Metal cans___________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware. ____________ ___
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures _____________ __
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings__ ___________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products____ _______________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products.......................................
Machinery____ _________ ______
Engines and turbines___ ______
Farm machinery and equipment-.
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_____ _ _____ ___
Special industry machinery--------General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines ________ ______
Service industry machines______
Miscellaneous machinery_______
Fabricated metal products_________
Metal cans____ ____________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware______ __
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures
. ____ ______
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings_____ ___
__
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products_________ ______ .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products___________________
Machinery________ _____________
Engines and turbines___
____
Farm machinery and equipment
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_____ _ __ _ ___
Special industry machinery--------General industrial machinery.. . ..
Office, computing, and accounting
machines
__________
Service industry machines______
Miscellaneous machinery...............
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.8
41.0

40.7
40.7

41.1
42.1

40.5
42.0

41.2

41. 4

41. 5

41. 0

40.8

40. $

39.8

39.9
40.1
42.7
41.7
40.7

39.6
40.4
42.7
42.0
41.4

40.0
40.6
42.1
41.9
41.2

40.6
41.0
41.9
42.0
41. 5

40.7
41.3
42.7
42.0
41.5

39.9
40. 7
42. 4
41. 7
41. S

39.4
40.5
40. 7
40.7
40. 5

41.4

41.1

41.3

41.4

41.3

40.9

40.8
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.9

40. 7
41.3
40.4
40.2
40.9

40. 7
41.5
40.4
40.3
41.3

40.8
41.6
40.4
40.4
41.4

40. 6
41.7
40. 5
40.6
41.3

40. 4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.5

43.2
42.3
40.9

43.3
42.7
41.2

42. 5
42.0
41.0

42.6
42.0
41.1

42. 9
42.5
41.1

43.3
42.2
41.2

41.8
41.4
40.4

40. 5
40.2
42.4

40.6
40.3
42.8

40.3
40.3
42.2

40. 4
40.3
42.4

40.6
40.5
42.4

40.7
40. 7
42.3

41.2
40.1
41. 6

40.3

41.1

41.2

40.2

40.7

40.8

40.8
41.9
42.1
41.6
40.7

40.5
41.6
41.7
41.6
40.4

40.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
41.4

39.9
41.2
42.5
42.2
41.4

39.3
40.4
41.7
41.2
40.7

39.6
40.2
42.0
41.6
41.1

39.9
40.0
42.2
41.6
40.5

41.7

40.9

40.6

41.2

41.0

40.3

40.9

40.9

41.2

40.4
41.7
40.3
41.5

40.6
41.6
39.9
40.4
41.7

40.5
41.7
40.6
40.1
41.7

40.9
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.0

41.1
41.8
40.4
40.1
41.7

40.4
41.4
39.9
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.1

40.5
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.1

40.6
41.6
40.6
40.9
41.0

42.6
42.3
41.6

42.8
41.9
41.2

43.2
42.0
41.0

43.8
42.6
41.5

43.4
42.3
41.1

43.3
41.7
40.5

43.8
42.2
40.8

43.5
42.0
40.7

41.0
40.5
42.2

40.8
40.4
42.3

41.1
40.8
42.2

40.9
41.1
42.8

40.7
41.1
42.6

40.4
40.3
41.9

40.6
40.6
42.1

40.6
40.2
42.0

$2.62
3.05

$2. 61 $2. 61 $2.61
3.06 3.05 3.04

40.6
41.5
42.4
42.1
41.3

41.5
43. 5

41.1
40.4

40.6

40.8

41.3
41. 5

41.2
41.1

40.9
40.9

41.7
43.4

41.5
44.0

41.5
42.6

40.6
41.3

41.2
43.3

41.5
43.0

Average hourly earnings
$2.61 $2. 58 $2.59 $2.58 $2.58 $2. 58 $2. 56 $2. 56 $2.57
3.02 3.03 2. 99 2. 97 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.97 3.06
2.53 2.48 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45

2. 51

2.50

2.49

2.53

2.53
2. 62
2. 58
2. 74
2.34

2.52
2. 62
2. 57
2. 72
2.33

2. 53
2. 61
2. 56
2.74
2.32

2.53
2. 61
2. 56
2. 76
2.31

2. 51
2.61
2. 55
2.76
2.31

2. 49
2. 59
2. 52
2. 72
2.28

2.49
2. 59
2.53
2.73
2.29

2. 48
2.59
2. 54
2.72
2.26

2.48
2.58
2.54
2.71
2.27

2.38

2.37

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.33
2. 58
2.73
3.00
2. 69
2.73

2.49
2.59
2. 54
2.71
2.27

2.48
2. 57
2.52
2.71
2.25

$2. 55 $2.49
3.0C' 2.90
2.43

2.35

2.49
2. 59
2. 51
2.68
2.23

2.47
2.57
2.50
2.68
2.26

2.41
2.52
2.42
2.59
2.23

2.34

2.35

2.34

2.30

2. 59
2.72
3.00
2.69
2.73

2. 59
2.71
3.00
2. 66
2. 72

2. 55
2.71
2.96
2. 65
2. 72

2.48
2.62
2.87
2. 56
2.63

2.49
2.58
2. 50
2.68
2.26

2.80

2. 59
2.77
3.03
2.73
2.80

2.61
2. 77
3.01
2. 75
2.78

2.59
2.78
3.04
2.74
2.79

2.59
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.78

2.58
2.75
2.99
2.73
2.77

2. 57
2.77
3.03
2.74
2.77

2. 57
2. 76
3.01
2.74
2.76

2. 58
2.75
2.98
2.73
2.75

2.59
2. 74
3.00
2. 72
2.76

2. 95
2. 61
2. 79

2.94
2.59
2. 77

2.97
2. 60
2. 76

2. 98
2. 59
2.76

2.97
2.58
2.74

2. 96
2. 57
2. 72

2. 98
2.58
2.72

2. 96
2. 57
2.72

2. 94
2.57
2.70

2.93
2.56
2.72

2.90
2.54
2.72

2.88
2. 54
2. 71

2.88
2. 55
2.70

2. 90
2. 5o
2.69

2.80
2.45
2.60

2.87
2. 54
2. 63

2.85
2. 53
2.62

2.85
2. 53
2. 62

2.85
2. 52
2. 64

2.84
2.53
2.63

2.83
2. 51
2.61

2.84
2.52
2. 63

2.83
2. 51
2.61

2.82
2. 51
2.62

2.82
2.49
2.62

2.80
2.51
2.61

2.79
2.48
2.60

2.80
2. 48
2.59

2.78
2.46
2. 58

2.70
2. 39
2* 50

2. 63
2.78
3.05

1364

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

$98. 66
104. 75
102.56
105.01

$98.49
104.60
102. 66
105.26

$99.22
105.22
103. 16
105. 67

$97. 44
102.87
102.00
104.23

$94. 47
101.00
98.58
101.30

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances..-.................
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
ment______________________
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces­
sories_______ ___ __________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies________________
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___

Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and re­
pairing____________________
Railroad equipment___________
Other transportation equipment__

$100.28
109.59
105.88
110.54

$98.49
108.92
104.04
107.71

$98.89
106.11
105.63
110.68

$99.88
107.98
105. 73
111.22

$98. 74
106.11
104. 81
108.39

$96.87
103. 34
102. 36
106.25

$97. 84
104. 78
102. 97
107. 71

94.66 93.15 92.86 94.02 93. 09 90.00 91.14
87.12 85.89 86.76 86.33 86. 46 83.00 85. 36
108.14 106.93 105.60 106.92 105.99 103. 88 106.11
83.37 81.95 81.72 82.76 82.97 82.14 83.58
104.70 100.80 106.49 109. 82 106.23 102.94
125.10 121.88 125.58 126.90 125. 76 121.54
128.83 122.82 130. 54 132. 62 131.89 125. 44
122. 54 123.14 122.13 121. 72 120.30 118. 90
123.00 122.40 120.39 121. 77 122.01 119.25
—
117.18 125.36 122. 91 119. 80 119.10
93.15 94.02 93. 86 93.21 91.17

$98. 09
104. 23
104.14
104.52

$97.93 $100.21
102. 91 107.12
102.82 102.97
103. 74 107.94

90. 29 90.52 92.52 92.52 91.66 93.25
86.02 84.92 86.72 85. 06 87.23 89. 13
107. 30 107.27 109.15 107. 53 107.27 108.32
82.35 82.37 83.20 82.59 82.40 83.02

103.34 107.27 110. 72 111.41 108.42
123. 85 123. 14 124.74 129. 73 128.27
128. 29 127. 38 129. 63 138. 40 136. 89
120. 18 121. 76 122.64 123. 94 123.09
119. 95 118. 55 118. 61 119. 72 116.18
121.88 115.84 118. 89 115. 54 114.46
88.66 87.60 85.46 86.72 84.24

90.85 87.91
85.75 82.11
106. 97 102.72
82.00

80.40

109. 62 107.49 106. 66 97.11
126.10 124. 07 122.22 113.40
132. 54 130. 59 127. 67 114. 69
122. 80 120. 38 119 97 114.68
116. 76 116. 76 114.97 111.20
115.34 118. 89 118.10 108.11
88.29 88.99 86.22 83. 71

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances__________
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
ment____ ___ _____________
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces­
sories _____________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies________________
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_____________
Ship and boat building and re­
pairing_______ ____________
Railroad equipment___________
Other transportation equipment...

40.6
41.2
41.2
41.4

40.2
41.1
40.8
40.8

40.2
40.5
41.1
41.3

40.6
40.9
41.3
41.5

40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9

39.7
39.9
40.3
40.4

40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8

40.2
40.4
41.0
40.2

40.3
40.2
40.8
39.9

40.9
41.2
40.7
41.2

40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7

40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8

41.0
41.1
41.1
40.8

40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4

40.2
40.4
40.4
40.2

40.8
39.6
40. 5

40.5
39.4
40.2

40.2
39.8
40.0

40.7
39.6
40.5

40.3
39.3
40.3

39.3
37.9
39.8

39.8
38.8
40.5

39.6
39.1
40.8

39.7
38.6
41.1

40.4
39.6
41.5

40.4
39.2
41.2

40.2
40.2
41.1

40.9
40.7
41.5

40.2
39. 7
41.3

39.6
39.1
40.6

39.7

39.4

39.1

39.6

39.7

39.3

39.8

39.4

39.6

40.0

39.9

40.0

40.3

40.0

40.2

40.9

40.0

40.8

41.6

40.7

39.9

39.9

41.1

42.1

42.2

41.7

42.0

41.5

41.5

39.8

41.7
42.1
41.4

40.9
40.4
41.6

42.0
42.8
41.4

42.3
43.2
41.4

42.2
43.1
41.2

41.2
41.4
41.0

41.7
42.2
41.3

41.6
41.9
41.7

42.0
42.5
42.0

43.1
44.5
42.3

42.9
44.3
42.3

42.6
43.6
42.2

42.2
43.1
41.8

42.0
42.7
41.8

40.5
40.1
41.4

41.0

40.8
38.8
41.4

40.4
41.1
41.6

41.0
40.7
41.9

41.5
40.2
41.8

40.7
40.1
40.7

40.8
40.9
40.3

40.6
39.4
40.0

40.9
40.3
39.2

41.0
39.3
39.6

40.2
39.2
39.0

40.4
39.5
40.5

40.4
40.3
41.2

40.2
39.9
40.1

40.0
38.2
39.3

$2.43 $2.42
2.58 2.57
2.52 2.51
2. 58 2.58

$2.42
2.56
2.51
2.59

—

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances__________
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
ment...................................... ......
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces­
sories. ___ _______________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies________________
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_____________
Ship and boat building and re­
pairing____________________
Railroad equipment___________
Other transportation equipment...
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.47 $2.45
2. 66 2.65
2.57 2.55
2.67 2.64

—

$2.46 $2.46
2.62 2.64
2. 57 2.56
2.68 2.68

$2.45
2.62
2.55
2.65

$2. 44 $2.44
2.59 2.60
2.54 2.53
2.63 2.64

$2.44
2.58
2.54
2.60

$2.43
2.56
2.52
2.60

$2.45
2.60
2.53
2.62

2.28
2.20
2.63

2.28
2.20
2.61

2.29
2.19
2.63

2.32
2.20
2.67

2.30
2.18
2. 66

2.31
2.18
2.64

2.10

2.08

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.08

2.56

2.52

2.61

2.64

2.61

2.58

2.59

2.61

2.63

3.00
3.06
2.96

2.98
3.04
2.96

2.99
3.05
2.95

3.00
3.07
2.94

2.98
3. 06
2.92

2.95
3.03
2.90

2.97
3.04
2.91

2.96
3.04
2.92

3.00

3.00
3.02
2.25

2.98
3.05
2.26

2.97
3.02
2.24

2.94
2.98
2.23

2.93
2.97
2.24

2.94
2.98
2.20

2.92
2.94
2.19

2. 31
2.18
2.64

2.31
2.20
2.63

2.29
2.19
2. 61

2. 29
2.20
2.62

$2. 40 $2.35
2.54 2.50
2.50 2.44
2.58 2.52

2.29
2.17
2.61

2.28
2.17
2.61

2.28
2.19
2.61

2.26
2.16
2.59

2.08

2.07

2.06

2.06

2.05

2.00

2.64

2.60

2. 61

2.59

2. 57

2.44

2.97
3.05
2.92

3. 01
3.11
2.93

2.99
3.09
2.91

2. 96
3.04
2.91

2.94
3.03
2.88

2.91
2.99
2.87

2.80
2.86
2.77

2.90
2.95
2.18

2.92
2.94
2.19

2.89
2.92
2.16

2.89
2.92
2.18

2.89
2.95
2.16

2.86
2.96
2.15

2.78
2.83
2.13

2.22
2.10
2.53

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1365

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

1962

Anrual
average

Industry
Sept.J Aug.J July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s— Continued

Instruments and related products____ $102.00 $101.59 $100.94 $101.84 $100.94
Engineering and scientific instru119.65 116.85 119.11 115.87
ments_____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
102.91
102.41
101.50 103.07 102. 56
devices.............-_____ _______
Optical and ophthalmic goods____ 92.32 92.13 92.13 93.44 94.08
Surgical, medical, and dental
86.88 85.65 85.65 86.30 84.21
equipm ent____ ____ _______
Photographic equipment and sup113.15 114.80 113. 40 113 15
plies . - ______________
83.95 82.32 82.50 84.14
Watches and clocks___________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ___________ ___ _________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware..... .......................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_________ ___________
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials ________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions. -- ________________
Other manufacturing industries__

$99.14 $101.18 $101.18 $99.88 $101.52 $101.35 $99.96 $100.21 $99.80 $96.87
114 86 118.69 119 26 117.29 117.88 118.16 117.88 117. 59 115.64 112.07
100.10 101.09 99.70
93.02 93. 66 93.02
82. 58 83.39

98.74 101.68 100.44
92.80 92.80 90.42

83. 79 82.97

84.44

84.85

99.38
91.08

98.80
89.84

98.98
89.62

95.91
86.92

83.41

85.27

84.45

81.81

111 78 114 26 115 51 113 44 116 06 117 17 113 16 113 02 114 26 110 09
82.50 83. 53 83.74 82.29 83.13 83.82 83.79 84.00 83.37 80.68

80.80 80.00 79.18

80.19

79.40

79.17

80.39

80.19

79.58 80.19

78.41

78.41

78.60

78.21

75.84

89.54 87.23

86.29

88.70

87.02

85.54

86.40

85.36

85.60

91.56

88.97

86.67

85. 26 84.82

81.81

71.94

71.42

72.17

72.37

71. 63 73 14 73 34 73.15

71.44

70 98 72.47

71.68

71.37

70.17

79.97

77.81

79.38

77.41

76.43

77.02

78.59

76.44

76. 76 75.98

75. 55 75. 52 74.82

72. 86

74.19 72. 89 71.97
86. 58 86.00 85.10

73.05
86.40

72.65
85.97

71.39
85.14

72.47
86.22

69.30
85.20

70. 59 71. 64 71.68
85.01 85.86 84.82

68. 78
81.78

73.82 71.16
87.64 87.02 86.15

Average weekly hours
40.8
Instruments and related products-.......
Engineering and scientific instruments_____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
41.0
devices____________________
41.4
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment------------ -------------40.6
Photographic equipment and supplies _____________________
Watches and clocks______ _____ ..........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________ .
-------40.0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___ ___________________
40.7
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods________________ ___
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials_________ ____ _ __
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______ _ ___ _____
Other manufacturing industries__
40.2

40.8

40.7

40.9

40.7

40.3

40.8

40.8

40.6

41.1

41.2

40.8

40.9

40.9

40.7

41.4

41.0

41.5

40.8

40.3

41.5

41.7

41.3

41.8

41.9

41.8

41.7

41.3

40.9

40.8
41.5

40.6
41.5

40.9
41.9

40.7
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.6
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.3
41.8

41.0
41.8

40.5
41.1

40.4
41.4

40.0
41.4

40.4
41.3

40.3
41.0

40.4

40.4

40.9

40.1

39.7

39.9

39.9

39.7

40.4

40.6

40.1

40.8

40.6

40.3

40.7
39.6

41.0
39.2

40.5
39.1

40.7
39.5

40.5
39.1

41.1
39.4

41.4
39.5

41.1
39.0

41.9
39.4

42.3
40.3

41.3
39.9

41.4
40.0

41.7
39.7

41.7
39.5

39.8

39.2

39.7

39.5

39.0

39.6

39.5

39.2

39.7

39.6

39.8

40.1

39.7

39.5

40.2

39.4

40.5

40.1

39.6

40.0

39.7

40.0

42.0

41.0

40.5

40.6

40.2

40.3

39.1

38.4

38.8

38. 7

38.1

38.7

38.4

38.3

38.0

39.0

39.6

39.6

39.0

39.2

40.8

39.7

40.5

39.9

39. 6

39. 7

40.3

39. 4

40.4

40.2

40. 4

40.3

39. 8

39.6

39.9
40.1

39.1
39.7

40.1
39.9

39. 4
40.0

38. 9
39.4

39.7
40.0

39. 7
39.8

38. 8
39.6

39.6
40.1

38. 5
40.0

39.0
40.1

39. 8
40.5

39.6
40.2

39.3
39.7

$2. 46 $2. 45 $2. 45 $2.44

$2.38

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instruments__ _____ ________ ___
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_______ _____ _____
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment_________________
Photographic equipment and supplies__________ ___________

$2.48

2.89

2.85

2. 87

2. 84

2.85

2. 86

2. 86

2. 84

2.82

2.82

2.82

2.82

2.80

2. 74

2.51
2.23

2.51
2.22

2.50
2.22

2. 52
2.23

2.52
2.24

2.49
2. 22

2. 49
2.23

2. 48
2. 22

2.45
2. 22

2.48
2.22

2.48
2.20

2. 46
2.20

2. 47
2 17

2.45
2.17

2.38
2.12

2.14

2.12

2.12

2.11

2.10

2. 08

2. 09

2.1C

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.08

2.09

2. 08

2.03

2. 76
2.11

2.77
2.11

2. 77
2.08

2.74
2.10

2.73
2.10

2.74
2.10

2.64
2.04

2.78
2.12

2.80
2.10

2. 8C
2.11

2.78
2.13

2. 76
2.11

2.02

2.01

2.02

2.02

2.01

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.02

1.98

1. 97

1.96

1.97

1.92

2.20

2.17

2.19

2. ie

2.17

2.16

2.16

2.15

2.14

2.18

2.17

2.14

2.10

2.11

2.03

1.84
1.96

1.86
1.96

1.86
1.96

1.87
1.94

1.88
1.93

1.89
1. 94

1.91
1.95

1.91
1.94

1.88
1.90

1.82
1.89

1. 83
1. 87

1. 81
1. 87

1.83
1.88

1.79
1.84

1.85
2.17

1.82
2.17

1. 85
2.17

1.85
2.15

1. 85
2.16

1.84
2.16

1.83
2.16

1.84
2.15

1.83
2.15

1.8C
2.13

1.81
2.12

1.8C
2.12

1. 81
2.11

1. 75
2.06

W a tc h e s a n d clocks

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ ______________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware__________
____ ___
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_____ - . . ____
Pens, pencils, office and art materialsCostume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______ _ __________
Other manufacturing industries__
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 49 $2. 48 $2. 46 $2. 48 $2. 48 $2. 46 $2.47

$2.49

$2.50

2.18

2.78
2.12

2. 79
2.12

1366

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Annual
average

1962
Apr.

Mar.

Manufacturing—Continued

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

$92.63 $92.52 $93.71 $92.89 $90. 98 $92.57
97.46 100.19 102.26 102.09 99.39 98.98
96.79 97.29 97.33 96.64 96.22 98.01
73.26 73.13 71.99 70.12 72.77 78. 69
102. 93 103. 64 104. 58 105.30 103.74 104.20
91.31 90.68 92.29 93.61 92.11 93.89
101.18 96. 93 96.30 96.93 88.26 102. 75
76.64 76.44 77.59 77.18 78.14 80.12
102.05 101.79 104.41 103.88 103.46 105.71

$91.62
98.66
96.05

$88.75
96.52
93.08

73.53
101.92
91.30
97.75
76.61
103.31

70. 67
99.01
88.04
95.27
73.42
99.85

91.81
70.97
93.03
59.82
68.11
65.27

91.38
71.41
89. 54
57.82
68.21
66.75

87.34
69.42
85.72
56.02
65.04
63.20

Average weekly earnings

N o n d u r a b le

Food and kindred products.................
Meat products_______________
Dairy products.___ __________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats____________________
Grain mill products___________
Bakery products_____________
Sugar................ ............................
Beverages___________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products___ ____ __________
Tobacco manufactures____________
Cigarettes____________ ______
Cigars______________________
Textile mill products...........................
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics...................... ................
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens........................ ............
N a rro w fa b ric s a n d s m a llw a r e s ...

$95.22 $93. 75 $95. 63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $93.32
105.42 99.39 100.94 101.43 101.11 97.66 98.85
101.20 99.45 99.92 99.92 98.33 97.02 97.48
78. 00 75. 08 73.06 74.03 72.96 74.84
107.12 105. 75 107.87 105.33 103.01 99.49 101.99
94.30 94.37 96.17 95. 53 94.19 92.00 91.37
105. 41 107.26 104.49 110.14 105.18 104.75
83. 02 79.20 79. 60 81.00 77.62 75.64 77. 62
108. 53 108.99 112.25 111.25 107.30 106.11 105.46
93. 88 94. 53 93.66 92.57 92.60 90.67 91.76
67.86 73. 60 78. 76 81.81 78. 17 68. 71 73.11
97. 47 93.37 98. 75 96.29 82.95 88.22
62. 24 60.42 61.44 58.46 53.72 58. 56
70. 00 69.19 68.68 69. 70 69.02 67.26 68.51
68. 06 68.23 66. 66 67.32 66. 99 66.50 66.33
73.60 73. 70 73.10 74.39 74.91 72.49 73.35
75. 03 73.89
71. 75 70.47
65. 46 64.22

76. 49 77.04
71.28 72.04
62. 76 63.41

76.31
71.28
62.37

74.21
69.26
59.94

Knitting__________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit______________ ______ _
79.15 77. 83 75.89 80.89 79.29 78.35
Floor covering______ ___ _____
75. 78 73. 75 75.30 72.67 71.73
Yam and thread______________ 63.11 63.27 63.90 64.53 63.65 62.16
Miscellaneous textile goods....... . 81. 77 80. 75 80.95 83. 95 80. 95 78. 76

92.86
69. 70
85.51
58.99
68.00
65.84
73.35

92.65
73.15
90.32
59. 57
67.26
66.66

92.88
75.20
95. 53
59.14
68.45
67.49

73.35

92.88
72.35
95.94
61.23
68.45
67.16

91.37
68. 40
86.56
60.60
68.45
67.16

74.99

74.47

74.47

73.35

73.44

68.72

76.86 76.49
69. 77 70.18
61.07 60.59

75.35 74.80
70.69 70.69
59. 94 60.16

73.67
70.07
61.82

74.44
70.07
61.99

76.80
71.45
62.15

77.17
70.93
61.44

72.28
68.11
59.21

80.09
76.50
62.56
79.73

75.48
71.86
60.61
78.98

80.46
75.47
61.29
80.73

80.04
76.46
61.69
81.12

77.98
76.11
62.00
79.73

76. 59
75.15
61.85
79.32

78.07
73.04
62.22
78.91

74.70
71.05
59.55
75.36
40.9
40.9
42.5

79.15
74.80
61.54
79.73

A v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u rs

Food and kindred products_________
Meat products............................. .
Dairy products_______________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats____________ ___ _____
Grain mill products___________
Bakery products______________
Sugar.................... ....... .......... .....
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages___________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products___________________
Tobacco manufactures-........................
Cigarettes___________________
Cigars______________ _______
Textile mill products_______ ______
Cotton broad woven fabrics...........
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics____________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens.......................................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares......
Knitting____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit_______________ ______
Floor covering________________
Yarn and thread___ __________
Miscellaneous textile goods............

41.4
42.0
42. 7

41.3
40.9
42.5

41.4
41.2
42.7

41.2
41.4
42.7

40.8
41.1
42.2

40.0
39.7
42.0

40.4
39.7
42.2

40.1
39.3
41.9

40.4
40.4
42.3

41.1
41.4
42.5

41.1
41.5
42.2

40.8
40.9
42.2

41.7
40.9
42.8

40.9
40.6
42.5

40.0
45.0
40. 5
41. 5
40.0
41. 6

38.9
45.9
41.1
41.9
39.6
42.2

36.9
45.4
41.0
41.3
40.5
42.3

37.2
44.4
40.6
42.2
39.2
40.8

36.3
42.7
40.0
40.3
38.2
40.5

37.8
43.4
39.9
41.9
39.6
40.1

37.0
43.8
39.7
40.8
39.3
39.4

37.5
44.1
39.6
40.9
39.4
39.3

37.3
44.5
40.3
46.3
40.2
39.7

37.3
45.0
40.7
46.6
40.2
39.8

38.3
45.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.1

41.2
45.5
41.0
41.6
41.3
40.5

38.2
38.7
44.7
44.8
40.2
40.4
42.5 . 43.5
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.1

40.7
41.0

42.2
40.0
41.3
38.9
40.7
41.1

42.0
38.8
39.9
38.0
40.4
40.4

41.7
40.3
42.2
38.4
41.0
40.8

41.9
38.7
40.8
37.0
40.6
40.6

41.4
34.7
35.6
34.0
39.8
40.3

41.9
37.3
37.7
37.3
40.3
40.2

42.4
36.3
36.7
37.1
40.0
39.9

42.5
38.5
39.1
37.7
39.8
40.4

43.0
40.0
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9

43.4
38.9
41.0
39.0
40.5
40.7

43.1
40.0
37.8
38.6
40.5
40.7

42.9
41.5
40.1
38.1
40.3
39.8

42.7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7

45.2
40.3
41 1
40.8
42.1
39.0

42.4
39.0
39.5
37.6
39.9
40.0

42.3

42.6

42.5

43.0

43.3

41.9

42.4

42.4

42.4

43.1

42.8

42.8

42.4

42.7

41.4

41.0
41. 0
39.2

40.6
40.5
39.4

41.8
41.2
38.5

42.1
41.4
38.9

41.7
41.2
38.5

41.0
40.5
37.0

42.0
40.8
37.7

41.8
40.8
37.4

41.4
41.1
37.0

41.1
41.1
37.6

40.7
40.5
38.4

40.9
40.5
38.5

42.2
41.3
38.6

42.4
41.0
38.4

41.3
40.3
38.2

42.1

41.4
42.1
40.3
41.2

40.8
41.2
40.7
41.3

42.8
41.6
41.1
42.4

42.4
40.6
40.8
41.3

41.9
40.3
40.1
40.6

42.6
42.5
40.1
41.1

42.1
42.5
39.7
41.1

40.8
40.6
39.1
40.5

42.8
42.4
39.8
41.4

42.8
43.2
39.8
41.6

41.7
43.0
40.0
41.1

41.4
42.7
39.9
41.1

42.2
41.5
40.4
41.1

41.5
40.6
39.7
40.3

$2.29 $2.28
2.48 2.47
2.30 2.29

$2.26
2.46
2.29

$2.23
2.43
2.28

$2.22 $2.24
2.42 2.43
2.29 2.26

$2.17
2.36
2.19

40.2
41.3

A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s

Food and kindred products_________ $2. 30
Meat products.................................. 2. 51
Dairy products____________ ____ 2.37
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______________________
Grain mill products.......................... 2.37
Bakery products.............................. 2.34
Sugar_________________ _______
Confectionery and related products. 2.02
Beverages_____________________ 2. 66
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
2.23
Tobacco manufactures............................ 1.74
Cigarettes..........................................
Cigars____________________ ____ —
Textile mill products_______________ 1.72
Cotton broad woven fabrics............ 1.66
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics__________________ ____ 1.74
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_________________ ____ 1.83
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 1. 75
K n ittin g ............ ....................... ...... 1.67
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit.___ ___________________
1.88
Floor covering.............................. .
Yarn and thread............................. . Ï.57
Miscellaneous textile goods............. 1.98
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.27 $2.31
2. 43 2.45
2. 34 2.34

$2.31 $2. 32 $2.31
2.45 2.46 2.46
2.34 2.33 2.31

$2.31
2.49
2.31

$2.31
2.48
2.31

1.95
2. 35
2.33
2.54
1.98
2.62

1.93
2. 35
2.34
2.56
2. 01
2. 66

1.98
2.32
2.33
2.53
2.00
2.63

1.99
2.32
2.32
2.61
1.98
2.63

2.01
2.33
2.30
2.61
1.98
2.62

1.98
2.35
2.29
2.50
1.96
2.63

1.98
2.35
2.30
2.48
1.95
2.59

1.95
2.35
2.29
2.37
1.94
2.59

1.93
2.35
2.29
2.08
1.93
2.63

1.88
2.34
2.30
2.08
1.92
2.61

1.90
2.29
2.28
2.19
1.92
2.58

1.91
2.29
2.29
2.47
1.94
2.61

1.90
2.28
2.26
2.30
1.92
2.57

1.85
2.21
2.19
2.19
1.84
2.49

2.24
1.84
2. 36
1.60
1.70
1.66

2.23
2.03
2 34
1.59
1.70
1.65

2.22
2.03
2 34
1.60
1.70
1.65

2.21
2.02

2.19
1.98

2.19
1.96

2.19
1.92

2.18
1.90

2.16
1.88

2.14
1.86

2.12
1.71

2.14
1.71

2.14
1.85

2.06
1.78

L 58
1.70
1.65

ll 58
1.69
1.65

1.57
1.70
1.65

l! 59
1.70
1.65

1.58
1.69
1.65

1.54
1.69
1.65

1.57
1.69
1. 65

1.57
1.69
1.65

1.57
1.69
1.64

1.55
1.68
1.64

1.49
1.63
1.58

1.73

1.72

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.66

1.82
1.74
1. 63

1.83
1. 73
1. 63

1.83
1.74
1.63

1.83
1.73
1.62

1.81
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.60

1.81
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.60

1.75
1.69
1.55

1.88
1.80
1.57
1.96

1.86
1.79
1.57
1.96

1.89
1.81
1.57
1.98

1.87
1. 79
1.56
1.96

1.87
1.78
1.55
1.94

1.88
1.80
1.56
1.94

1.88
1. 76
1.55
1.94

1.85
1 77

1.88
1 78

1.87
1 77

1.87

1 77

1.85

1.85

1.55 1.54 1.55 1.55
1.95 1.95 1.95 1.94

ll 55
1.93

l! 54
1.92

1.80
1 75
1.50
1.87

2 3fi

1367

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.

Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Annual
average

1962

1963

Industry

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
N ondurable goods— Continued

Apparel and related products_______ $64.25
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats- _ 78.23
Men’s and boys’ furnishings.......... 56.54
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear__________________ 66.98
Women’s and children’s undergarments_____________________ 60.42
Hats, caps, and millinery..............Girls’ and children’s outerwear__ 57.08
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_____ ____ __________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products___________________ 68.99
Paper and allied products_____ ____ 107.25
Paper and p u lp ...___ _________ 118.80
Paperboard...___ ___________ 117.78
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________
94.24
Paper board containers and boxes.. 99.41
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... ......................
112.71
Newspaper publishing and printing. 113.98
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books_______ _
115.63
Commercial printing_________
Bookbinding and related industries. 87.85
Other publishing and printing industries........................................ 113.75
Apparel and related products__
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear____________
Women’s and children’s undergarments__________
Hats, caps, and millinery.. .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..... ...................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products............ ............
Paper and allied products____
Paper and pulp........... ......
Paperboard____ ____ ___
Converted paper and paperboard
products_____________
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries________________
Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books_______________
Commercial printing________
Bookbinding and related industries
Other publishing and printing industries......................... .

$62.95 $61.71 $61.35 $61. 52 $60.16 $62. 59 $61. 54 $60.35 $60.31 $61.18 $60.67 $62.05 $61. IS $58.06
77.07 74.37 78.17 74. 03 70. 76 73.48 72. 93 71.57 73.13 72. 54 71.57 74.09 72.54 67. 78
54.58 54.58 54.05 53. 91 52.48 53.28 52.91 52.85 52.82 53. 77 53. 77 54. 48 53. 53 49.87
66.78

65.17

62.68

64.33

58.28
68.07
56.11

55.94
66.79
56.15

56.00
64.79
56.61

56.15 53.86
62. 48 60.16
55.85 52.44

65.50

64.62

64.80

63.19

66.78 64.53 66.85
107.07 106.82 106. 21
119.61 120.42 117. 31
120.39 122.03 119. 97

66.47
104. 55
116. 87
117. 48

93.60 92.74
98.09 96.05
111.27
112. 58
117.27
109.56
112.71
88.53

110.02
111.91
118.78
105.78
112.03
87.40

93. 60 91.84
97.44 94.99
110.69
113.20
115.49
105. 97
112.32
38.24

110.21
113. 52
112. 58
106.14
112.22
88.69


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

62.79

63. 50 62.65

65.23

64.45

61.61

56.52 55.02 54.11 55.33
69.38 66. 76 63. 70 64.97
55. 54 55. 85 54.67 52.50

57. 38 56.70
62.11 63.70
53.45 53.35

57.22 55.43
66. 79 65. 52
54. 93 54. 72

54.02
63.19
52. 75

68. 35 66. 28 63.65

67. 71 66. 07 66. 25 64.98

58. 47 62.83

61.06

63.19

67.16

65. 02
104.13
116. 42
117.40

64. 47
102. 97
115. 02
115.02

64.18
103. 21
115.46
114.93

65.88
104. 43
115.46
119.08

66.43
103. 28
114. 23
115.01

66.39
103. 28
113. 45
113. 45

90.09 91.43
92. 75 94.30

90.98
92.97

91.84
92.80

92.77
94.66

90.61
94.69

91.24
96.22

110.21
109. 74
116.18
103. 57
113.18
88.01

108.20
108. 42
112. 97
100. 98
110. 87
85.95

107.16
107.16
106.65
100. 84
109. 52
86. 71

109.24
113.22
113.15
100. 04
111.50
87.01

108. 49
113.09
111.15
97.64
109. 98
85.19

107. 82
111. 13
113. 43
98.11
109. 70
85.86

64.90
102. 24
114.23
115. 01

108. 97
111.19
113. 58
103.28
110. 58
87.17

65.28
104.49
114.06
116. 77

62.65

64.26
102.01
112.92
114.22

62. 75
99.45
109.69
109. 44

92.13 90.64
97. 78 94. 24

87. 54
91.10

109. 24
111. 75
117.86
102.16
111.39
88.53

107.62
110.35
111.95
99.85
110.15
85.91

105.05
107.45
109.81
99.06
106. 20
82.35

114.64 113.37 112. 60 112.01 111.81 115.71 114. 55 113.68 112. 23 110.11 109. 54 110.59 110. 59 108.96
Average weekly hours
35.4
36.3 36.6 36.3 36.3 36.4 35.6 36.6 36.2 35.5 35.9 36.2 35.9 36.5 36.2
35.3
36.9 36.7 36.1 37.4 37.2 36.1 37.3 37.4 36.7 37.5 37.2 36.7 37.8 37.2
36.4
37.2 37.9 37.9 37.8 37.7 36.7 37.0 37.0 36.7 37.2 37.6 37.6 38.1 37.7
34.0

34.6

34.3

33.7

34.4

34.4

35.6

34.7

33.5

33.4

33.6

32.8

33.8

34.1

33.3

38.0
35.9

37.6
36.4
36.2

36.8
36.1
36.7

36.6
36.4
37.0

36.7
35.7
36.5

35.2
33.8
34.5

36.7
37.1
36.3

36.2
35.7
36.5

35.6
35.0
35.5

36.4
36.5
35.0

37.5
34.7
35.4

37.3
35.0
35.1

37.4
36.3
35.9

36.5
36.2
36.0

36.5
35.7
35.4

36.8

35.9

36.0

35.5

34.6

35.7

35.5

35.7

36.3

36.6

36.3

36.6

36.1

35.8

39.2
42.9
44.0
43.3

38.6
43.0
44.3
44.1

37.3
42.9
44.6
44.7

38.2
43.0
44.1
44.6

38.2
42.5
44.1
44.0

37.3
41.9
43.6
43.4

37.8
42.5
44.1
44.3

37.7
42.2
43.9
43.9

37.1
42.3
43.9
43.7

38.3
42.8
43.9
44.6

38.4
42.5

38.4
43.0
43.7
44.4

37.8
42.5

43.4

38.6
42.5
43.3
43.3

44.1

37.8
42.5
43.7
43.6

41.7
42.3

41.6
42.1

41.4
41.4

41.6
42.0

41.0
41.3

40.4
40.5

41.0
41.0

40.8
40.6

41.0
40.7

41.6
41.7

41.0
41.9

41.1
42.2

41. 5
42.7

41.2
41.7

41.1
41.6

38.6
36.3
39.6
38.7

38.5
36.2
40.3
42.3
39.0
39.0

38.2
36.1
40.4
41.0
38.9
38.5

38.3
36.4
40.1
40.6
39.0
38.7

38.4
36.5
39.5
41.3
39.1
38.9

38.1
36.1
39.3
40.5
38.8
38.4

38.4
36.1
40.2
40.3
39.3
38.6

38.1
35.9
39.5
39.6
38.9
38.2

38.0
35.6
38.5
39.7
38.7
38.2

38.6
37.0
39.7
39. 7
39.4
38.5

38.2
36.6
39.0
38.9
39.0
38 2

38.1
36.2
39.8
39.4
38.9
38.5

38.6
36.4
4Ü. 5
40.7
39.5
39.7

38.3
36.3
39.7
40.1
39.2
38.7

38.2
36.3
39.5
40.6
38.9
38.3

38.3

38.6

38.3

38.3

38.1

38.7

38.5

38.3

38.4

38.4

38.5

$1.68
1.95
1.42

$1.69
1.95
1.43

$1.69
1.95
1.43

$1.70
1.96
1.43

$1.69
1.95
1.42

$1.64
1.92
1.37

1.90

1.88

1.89

1.91

1.93

1.89

1.85

1.52
1.82
1.54

1.52
1.78
1.50

1.53
1.79
1.51

1.52
1.82
1.52

1.53
1.84
1.53

1.62
1.81
1.52

1.48
1.77
1.49

$1.77 $1.72 $1.70 $1.69 $1.69
Apparel and related products............
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 2.12 2.10 2.06 2.09 1.99
Men’s and boys’ furnishings... .
1.52 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.43
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear________ ________
1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.87
Women’s and children’s undergarments............................ . .
1.59 1.55 1.52 1.53 1.53
Hats, caps, and millinery____
1.87 1.85 1.78 1.75
Girls’ and children’s outerwear
1.59 1.55 1.53 1.53 1.53
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel_______ _________
1.78 1.80 1.80 1.78
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products_______ _________
1.76 1.73 1.73 1.75 1.74
2.50 2.49 2.49 2. 47 2. 46
Paper and allied products________
Paper and pulp______________
2.70 2.70 2.70 2. 66 2.65
Paperboard_________________
2.72 2.73 2. 73 2.69 2. 67
Converted paper and paperboard
products__ ________________ 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.25 2.24
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.30
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. ______________________ . 2.92 2.89 2.88 2.89 2.87
Newspaper publishing and printing. 3.14 3.11 3.10 3.11 3.11
Periodical publishing and printing.
2.91 2.94 2. 88 2. 85
Books__ ___ _ _________
2.59 2.58 2.61 2. 57
Commercial printing___________ 2.92 2. 89 2.88 2.88 2. 87
Bookbinding and related industries. 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.28
Other publishing and printing industries..___ _____ ___ _____ 2.97 2.97 2.96 2.91 2.94
See footnotes at end of table.

64.67

38.7 38.7 38.8
Average hourly earnings
$1.69 $1.71 $1.70 $1.70
1.96 1.97 1.95 1.95
1.43 1.44 1.43 1.44
37.9

1.88

1.92

1.91

4 3 .6

4 3 .6

1.54
1.87
1.53

1.52
1.87
1.53

1.69

1.76

1.72

1.77

1.85

1.85

1.82

1.81

1.80

1.75

1.74
2.44
2.62
2. 65

1.72
2. 45
2.64
2.65

1.71
2.44
2. 62
2.62

1.73
2. 44
2. 63
2.63

1.72
2. 44
2.63
2.67

1.73
2.43
2.62
2.65

1.72
2.43
2.62
2. 62

1.70
2.43
2. 61
2.63

1.70
2. 40
2.59
2. 59

1.66
2.34
2.51
2. 51

2. 23
2.29

2.23
2. 30

2.23
2.29

2. 24
2.28

2. 23
2.27

2.21
2. 26

2.22
2.28

2.22
2.29

2. 20
2.26

2.13
2.19

2.86
3.08
2. 89
2. 55
2.85
2.27

2. 87
3.04
2. 89
2.57
2.88
2.28

2.84
3.02
2.86
2. 55
2.85
2.25

2.82
3.01
2. 77
2. 54
2.83
2.27

2.83
3.06
2.85
2. 52
2.83
2.26

2.84
3.09
2.85
2.51
2.82
2.23

2.83
3.07
2.85
2. 49
2.82
2.23

2.83
3.07
2.91
2. 51
2.82
2.23

2.31
3.04
2.32
2.49
2.31
2.22

2.75
2.96
2.78
2.44
2.73
2.15

2.95

2.99

2.96

2.93

2.90

2.86

2.86

2.88

2. 38

2. 83

1.53
1.78
1.52

1368

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

Industry
Sept.1 Aug.1 July
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals___________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass______________________
Drugs______________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes, and allied produ c ts ............................................
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________

June

May

Annual
average

1962
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
$113.71 $112.75 $113.98 $113. 42 $112. 59 $113.40 $111.37 $110. 83 $111.10 $112.17 $110. 95 $110. 54 $110.81 $109. 98 $106.81
127.93 127.51 128.33 127. 60 126. 58 130.82 126.46 126. 16 126.05 127. 56 126. 65 125. 63 125. 52 124. 68 120.93
112.74 112.05 114.09 113.94 111.76 113. 55 110. 27 109. 33 109. 59 111. 19 109.45 108. 77 109. 82
102.09 99.38 99.54 100.04 99.38 98.98 100.70 100. 45 100. 85 101.02 100. 53 100. 60 98.57
107.63 107.94 106.75 107.27 105. 41 103. 83 104. 49 103. 86 103. 97 104. 70 104. 55 104. 70 106. 14
105.98 106.24 107.84 106. 50 108. 36 103. 48 103. 38 102.21 101.71 102 31 101. 66 100. 75 101. 75
94.60 91.10 91.74 92.44 97.83 99.70 91.08 89. 68 89. 68 90. 30 89. 46 89. 25 90. 10
108.21 107.74 109.56 107.94 107. 59 105.37 104. 45 104. 65 105.83 107.10 105.25 105.16 105. 75

109. 52 107.07
98.40 94.37
103. 89 100.45
101. 59 97.85
88. 39 84.38
103. 75 100.77

Petroleum refining and related industries................................................... 133.67 130.21 133.98 133. 25 131. 57 133.77 128. 61 126. 36 130.62 126. 99 127. 71 127. 19 131.09 126.88 124.31
Petroleum refining.......................... 139.28 134.06 138.94 138. 53 137. 03 140.95 134. 97 132. 68 137. 52 132. 48 132. 57 130. 88 135. 24 131. 43 129.24
Other petroleum and coal products. 113.99 116.22 115.26 113.09 110.12 104.83 99.10 97.96 102.25 105.34 108.03 113.03 115. 32 107.75 102.10
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ ______________________ 102.59 100.86 100.04 100. 53 99.23 98.25 100. 12 99.88 100. 37 101. 76 100. 61 100. 21 101. 19 100.04 96.15
Tires and inner tubes__________ 138.77 133.09 130.73 128- 88 124. 66 126. 88 129. 36 128. 32 129. 52 134. 55 132. 75 132. 11 131.78 130. 47 121.88
Other rubber products__________ 97.03 96. 22 94. 40 97. 27 96. 22 94. 40 96. 22 96.22 96. 29 97.23 96. 59 95.71 96.88 95. 53 91.53
Miscellaneous plastic products___ 89.03 88.61 87.76 87. 56 87. 13 85.24 87. 13 86.51 86. 72 86. 51 85. 26 85. 48 86. 53 85. 90 83.03
67.14 67.06 66.12 66. 70 64. 42 62. 13 64. 58 64.70 65.60 65.05 64.03 62.63 64. 36 64.67 62.83
Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing____ 91.71 89.82 90. 23 93. 75 91.76 89. 38 88. 58 88. 36 88.84 88. 84 87.78 88. 04 88. 26 87. 42 84. 35
Footwear, except rubber________ 64.40 64.98 64.39 64. 30 61.20 59.33 61.88 62. 33 63. 54 62. 66 60. 67 59. 30 61. 69 62. 66 60.15
65.80 65.02 63.07 64.09 62. 56 60.52 63.04 62. 87 62.70 62. 42 63.67 61.79 62.54 62.58 61.07
Other leather products_________
Average weekly hours
41.5
41.4

41.3
41.4

41.6
41.8

41.7
41.7

41.7
41.5

42.0
42.2

41.4
41.6

41.2
41.5

41.3
41.6

41.7
42.1

41.4
41.8

41.4
41.6

41.5
41.7

41.5
41.7

41.4
41.7

41.6
41.0
41.1

41.5
40.4
41.2

42.1
40.3
40.9

42.2
40. 5
41. 1

41.7
40.4
40.7

41.9
40.4
40.4

41.3
41. 1
40.5

41.1
41.0
40.1

41.2
41. 5
40.3

41.8
41.4
40.9

41.3
41.2
41.0

41.2
41.4
40.9

41.6
40.9
41.3

41.8
41.0
40.9

41.5
40.5
41.0

41.4
43.0
41.3

41.5
41.6
41.6

41.8
41.7
42.3

41.6
42.6
42.0

42.0
45.5
41.7

40.9
48.4
41.0

40.7
44.0
40.8

40.4
42.5
41.2

40.2
42.3
41.5

40.6
42.0
42.0

40.5
42.0
41.6

40.3
42.5
41.4

40.7
42.5
41.8

40.8
42.7
41.5

40.6
42.4
41.3

Petroleum refining and related industries....................................................
Petroleum refining..........................
Other petroleum and coal products.

42.3
41.7
44.7

41.6
40.5
45.4

42.4
41.6
45.2

42.3
41.6
44.7

41.9
41.4
43.7

42.2
42.2
42.1

40.7
40.9
39.8

40.5
40.7
39.5

41.6
41.8
40.9

41.5
41.4
41.8

41.6
41.3
42.7

41.7
40.9
44.5

42.7
42.0
45.4

41.6
41.2
43.1

41.3
40.9
42.9

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________________
Tires and inner tubes__________
Other rubber products..................
Miscellaneous plastic products.......

41.2
41.3
40.6
41.8

41.0
40.7
40.6
41.6

40.5
40.1
40.0
41.2

40.7
39.9
40.7
41.3

40.5
39.2
40.6
41.1

40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4

40.7
40.3
40.6
41.1

40.6
40.1
40.6
41.0

40.8
40.1
40.8
41.1

41.2
41.4
41.2
41.0

40.9
4,1.1
41.1
40.6

40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9

41.3
40.8
41.4
41.4

41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1

40.4
39.7
40.5
40.7

Leather and leather products...............
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products_________

37.3
40.4
36.8
37.6

38.1
40.1
38.0
37.8

38.0
40.1
38.1
37.1

37.9
41.3
37.6
37.7

36.6
40.6
36.0
36.8

35.5
39.9
34.9
35.6

36.9
39 9
36.4
37.3

37.4
39.8
37.1
37.2

37.1
40.2
37. 6
37.1

37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6

36.8
39.9
35 9
37.9

36.2
40 2
35.3
37.0

37 2
40.3
36.5
37.9

37.6
40.1
37.3
37.7

37.4
39.6
36.9
37.7

Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial chemicals......................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.............................................
Drugs......... ............... ....................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes and allied products_____ ________ ________
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________

$2.74
3.09

$2.73
3.08

2.71
2.49
2.62

2.70
2.46
2.62

2.71
2.47
2.61

2.70
2. 47
2.61

2. 68
2. 46
2.59

2. 71
2. 45
2.57

2.67
2.45
2.58

2.66
2. 45
2. 59

2.56
2.20
2.62

2.56
2.19
2.59

2. 58
2.20
2.59

2.56
2.17
2. 57

2.58
2.15
2. 58

2. 53
2.06
2. 57

2. 54
2.07
2. 56

2. 53
2.11
2. 54

$2. 69 $2. 68 $2. 67 $2. 67 $2. 65 $2. 58
3.03 3.03 3.02 3.01 2. 99 2.90
2. 66 2.66 2. 65 2. 64 2. 64 2. 62 2.58
2. 43 2. 44 2. 44 2. 43 2. 41 2. 40 2.33
2. 58 2.56 2. 55 2. 56 2.57 2. 54 2. 45
2.53 2. 52 2. 51 2.50 2. 50 2. 49 2. 41
2.12 2.15 2.13 2.10 2.12 2.07 1.99
2.55 2. 55 2.53 2.54 2. 53 2.50 2.44

Petroleum refining and related industries_________ ________________
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products.

3.16
3.34
2.55

3.13
3.31
2.56

3.16
3.34
2.55

3.15
3.33
2. 53

3.14
3.31
2.52

3.17
3.34
2.49

3.16
3. 30
2. 49

3.12
3. 26
2.48

3.14
3.29
2.50

3.06
3.20
2.52

3.07
3.21
2.53

3.05
3.20
2.54

3.07
3. 22
2.54

3.05
3.19
2.50

3.01
3.16
2.38

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.............................................
Tires and inner tubes__________
Other rubber products....................
Miscellaneous plastic products.......

2.49
3.36
2.39
2.13

2.46
3.27
2.37
2.13

2.47
3.26
2.36
2.13

2. 47
3.23
2.39
2.12

2.45
3.18
2.37
2.12

2.45
3.18
2.36
2.11

2.46
3.21
2.37
2.12

2. 46
3. 20
2.37
2.11

2.46
3.23
2.36
2.11

2. 47
3.25
2.36
2.11

2.46
3.23
2.35
2.10

2.45
3.23
2.34
2.09

2.45
3.23
2.34
2.09

2.44
3.19
2.33
2.09

2.38
3.07
2.26
2.04

1.80
2.27
1.75
1.75

1.76
2.24
1.71
1.72

1.74
2.25
1.69
1.70

1.76
2.27
1.71
1.70

1.76
2.26
1.70
1.70

1.75
2.24
1.70
1.70

1.75
2.22
1.70
1.69

1.73
2.22
1.68
1.69

1.74
2.21
1.69
1.69

1.73
2.21
1.68
1.66

1.74
2.20
1.69
1.68

1.73
2.19
1.68
1.67

1.73
2.19
1.69
1.65

1.72
2.18
1.68
1.66

1.68
2.13
1.63
1.62

Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals___________
Plastics and synthetics, except
gl ass
Drugs_______________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes, and allied products_______________________
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________

Average hourly earnings

Leather and leather products................
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber.......... ......
Other leather products_________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.74 $2. 72 $2. 70 $2.70
3.07 3.06 3.05 3.10

$2. 69 $2. 69 $2.69
3.04 3.04 3.03

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1369

C -l. Gross hours and earnings

of

production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

1962

Annual
average

In d u s try

Sept.3 Aug.3 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

A v e ra g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s

Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age......................................................
Pipeline transportation____________
Communication:
Telephone communication______
Telegraph communication *______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems_____
Combined utility systems...... .......
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems.............................................

$118. 25 $114.96 $121.67 $118. 25 $116. 48 $117. 85 $117. 94 $114. 26 $115.87 $ 112.94
$103. 76 $103.09 $103. 63 $102. 48 100. 38 99. 72 100. 32 98. 83 100.01 100. 25 100.01 99. 59 100.11 98.24
135. 53 133. 44 124. 27 122. 69 123. 12 118. 29 121. 39 123. 52 115. 51 116. 48 118.15 124.32 118. 40 110 76
119. 71 118.85 118. 58 117. 31 115.36 114. 95 114.39 111.93 115. 23 113. 30 113. 98 116. 20 113. 30 108. 58
135. 27 138.65 140. 56 137.16 138. 45 135. 94 138. 63 138. 58 139. 52 131. 78 130.07 135. 05 132. 76. 131. 45

____

102. 26
112. 71
131. 66
121.13
122. 96
111.65
131. 75
97.88

102.36
112.98
132.10
121.13
124. 09
111.93
130.19

102.00
113. 25
132.10
121.42
123. 55
112. 74
131.14

101. 24
110. 30
131. 66
119. 72
121.66
112. 20
129.15

99. 94
108.16
135. 04
119. 31
120. 42
111.24
129.05

97. 64 97.41

95.94

96.70

100. 58
107. 38
131 99
119.02
120.13
112. 07
128. 43

101.09
108.05
131.93
119.60
119. 43
113. 44
129. 68

96. 93 98.06

99. 94
108.05
134. 30
119. 19
120. 42
111.38
128. 64

103.07
105. 78
132. 78
119.07
119. 89
110. 70
129. 27

102.06
107. 74
131.14
118. 78
120. 30
110. 29
128. 23

102.31
109.98
130. 81
118. 53
120. 06
111.10
127.82

98. 95
107. 78
127. 20
116. 85
118. 24
108. 53;
126. 59

93. 38
104.33

97. 23 96. 29 96.93

95.06

96.88

94.66

92.62

101. 35
106. 97
130. 93
120. 77
121. 60
113. 98
130. 94

120.12

112. 07
112. 75
104.19
121. 77

A v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u rs

Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3_____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation
Intercity and rural buslines...........
Motor freight transportation and. storPipeline transportation............ ............ ..........
Communication:
Telephone communication______
Telegraph communication 4_____
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems...........
Combined utility systems_______

Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems—.......... ..............................

43.0

41.5

43.3

43.0

41.9

42.7

43. 2

41.1

42.6

42.3

42.7
46.1

42.6
45.7

43.0
43.3

42.7
42.9

42.0
42.9

41.9
41.8

41.8
43.2

41.7
43.8

42.2
41.4

42.3
41.6

42.2
42.5

42.2
44.4

42.6
42. 9

42.9
42.6

42.3
40.5

41.7
40.9

42.2
41.1

41.6
40.7

41.2
40.6

41.2
40.1

41.0
40.3

40.7
41.0

41.6
41.4

41.2
40.3

41.6
39.9

42.1
40.8

41. 5
40. 6

41.6
40.2

40.1
41.9
39.3
41.2
41.4
40.6
41.3

40.3
42.0
39.2
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.2

40.0
42.1
39.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5

39.7
42.1
39.3
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0

39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1

39.6
41.3
39.4
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.9

39.8
41.4
39.5
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.3

39.5
41.4
39.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1

39.9
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7

40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3

40.5
41.6
39.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.1

40.6
42.3
39.4
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1

39.9
42.1
38. 9
41.0
41.2
40. 8
41.1

39.4
41.9
38.5
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0

41.3

41.2

41.1

41.0

40.8

40.9

41.2

41.2

40.8

40.9

40.8

41.4

40.8

40.8

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation
Intercity and rural buslines...........
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age.....................................................
Pipeline transportation____________ ..........
Communication:
Telephone communication______
Telegraph communication A..........
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services----Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems_____
Combined utility system s............. ..........
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems....... ....... .............................
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 75 $2.77
$2.43
2.94

$2.42 $2.41
2.92 2.87

$2.81

$2. 75 $2.78

$2. 76 $2.73

$2.78 $2.72 $2.67

$2.40
2.86

2.39
2.87

2.38
2.83

2. 40
2.81

2.37
2.82

2.37
2. 79

2.37
2.80

2.37
2.78

2. 36
2. 80

2.3.5
2. 7(5

2.29
2.60

2.83
3.34

2.85
3. 39

2.81
3.42

2.82
3.37

2.80
3.41

2. 79
3.39

2.79
3.44

2. 75
3.38

2. 77
3.37

2.75
3.27

2. 74
3.26

2. 76
3.31

2.73
3.27

2.61
3.27

2.55
2. 69
3. 35
2. 94
2.97
2. 75
3.19

2.54
2. 69
3. 37
2. 94
2. 99
2.75
3.16

2.55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2. 77
3.16

2. 55
2.62
3.35
2.92
2.96
2. 75
3.15

2.53
2.60
3.41
2. 91
2.93
2. 74
3.14

2.54
2.60
3.35
2.91
2.93
2.74
3.14

2. 54
2.61
3.34
2. 91
2.92
2. 76
3.14

2.53
2. 61
3. 40
2.90
2.93
2.71
3.13

2.54
2.59
3.34
2.91
2.93
2. 74
3.14

2.52
2. 58
3.37
2.89
2.91
2. 70
3.13

2.52
2.59
3.32
2. 89
2.92
2. 69
3.12

2.52
2.60
3.32
2. 87
2.90
2.69
3.11

2.43
2.56
3. 27
2.85
2.87
2.63
3.03

2.37
2.49
3.12
2. 74
2.75
2 56
2.97

2.37

2.37

2.37

2.34

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.36

2.37

2.33

2.34

2.32

2.27

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

1370
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
A nnual
av erag e

1962

1963
I n d u s tr y
S ep t.

2

A ug. 2

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

1962

1961

A verage w eek ly earn in g s
W holesale a n d re ta il tra d e 5 ______ ____ _
W holesale tr a d e _____________________
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e
e q u ip m e n t________ _______ D ru g s, chem icals, a n d allied prodn e ts
_ __ -- _ __________ D ry goods a n d ap p a re l . _ ___
G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts
E lectrical goods— ______ ___
H a rd w a re , p lu m b in g , a n d h e a tin g
goods _____________________
M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d supplies - ________________________
R e ta il tra d e s . _ __ _ _ _________
G eneral m e rch an d ise stores
___
D e p a rtm e n t s to res____________
L im ite d price v a rie ty sto res. —
G rocery, m e at, a n d v egetable
stores ______ _____________
A p p arel a n d accessories stores .
* ‘ M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ ap p a re l stores.
W o m e n ’s read y -to -w e ar sto re s..
F a m ily c lo th in g stores ______
Shoe s t o r e s __________________

$78. 59 $78. 79 $78.19 $77.39 $76.62 $76.42 $76.03 $76.03 $75.47 $75.26 $75.46 $76.05 $75.08
99.72 99. 55 100.12 99.47 98. 58 98.58 97. 93 97.36 98. 74 97.44 97.03 97.68 96.22

$72. 56
93.56

92.82

89.46

100. 40 100. 60 100.65 99.75 99.50 99.75 99.75 98.65 99.29 99.94 98.80 99. 54 97.84
92. 23 90.86 90.86 90.64 92.38 91.48 91.96 91.10 92.83 92.37 92.37 92.88 92.48
93. 83 94.75 94.47 93.38 92.51 91.65 90.58 90.64 92.00 91.54 90.47 91.32 89.86
102.91 102. 40 102.77 101.85 101.71 102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 102.97 102.97 102. 91 101. 59

94.24
92.72
86.53
97.53

95.11

94. 89

94.66

94.66

94.24

93.15

92.74

92. 96

93.83

93.41

93.86

93.86

92.97

89.91

108.09 107.68 109.06 108.09 107.16 107.16 106.49 106.34 108.65 106. 60 105.37 107.38 104.14
69.30 69.30 68. 96 67.68 67.48 66.75 66.75 66. 93 66.29 66.38 66.18 66.70 65.95
55.42 55.38 54.79 53. 51 53.28 53.01 52. 51 53.01 53.70 51.68 52.67 53.28 52. 59
59. 86 60.03 59. 68 58.31
57.80 57.12 56.45 57.12 57.70 55.61 57.80 58.65 57.10
41.50 41.08 40.22 39.48 39.48 39.36 39.16 38.96 39.67 38.32 38.32 39.15 38.91
67. 87 67. 68 66.93 65. 58 65. 26 65.24 64.73 64. 91 65.31 65. 66 64. 94 65.50 64. 78

101. 59
64.01
50.52
55.04
37.28
63.01

96.05

69.14
54.91
67.82
48.22
55.08
56.25

95. 65

69. 50
55. 77
68. 96
49. 27
55.34
56.45

96.05

68. 74
54.70
67.28
48.76
54.32
54.15

95.65

66.82
54.06
66.06
48.33
53.40
54. 78

95.00

66.66
55.36
66.39
49.13
54.01
58.35

93.96

66.47
53.35
64.40
47.52
52.10
55.26

93.50

66.12
53.85
65.15
47.71
53.44
55.44

94.66

66.69
55.20
66.77
48.67
53.82
56.28

95.30

94.54

94.60

94.83

66.36
55.89
67.23
49.84
54.87
57. 61

67.45
53.38
64.06
47. 57
52.44
54.44

66. 53
53.20
64.59
47. 52
51.90
53.94

66.95
54.13
65. 45
47.66
52.95
56. 78

66.22
53.63
65.82
47.46
52.45
55. 61

64.44
51.90
64.67
45.77
51.91
52.97

38.4
40.6

38.5
40.6

38.8
40.7

38.7
40.6

38.8
40.5

A v erag e w eek ly h o u rs
W holesale an d retail tra d e 5 ______________
W holesale tra d e . _____ ________ ____
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e
e q u i p m e n t _________ ___
- Drugs,* chem icals, a n d allied prodn e ts
___ _________ ___________
D ry goods a n d a p p a re l___________
G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ____
E lectrical g oods_____________ H a rd w a re ,'p lu m b in g , a n d h e a tin g
goods_______ - -- _______ ___
M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p ­
plies - ________________________
R e ta il tra d e 5 _ _ _____________________
G eneral m e rch an d ise sto res_______ —
D e p a rtm e n t sto res___ ________
L im ite d p rice v a rie ty s to res__
F o o d sto res__________ ___________
G rocery, m e a t, a n d vegetable
stores ______________________
A p p a re l a n d accessories stores ...
* M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a re l sto res.
W o m e n ’s read y -to -w e ar storesF a m ily clo th in g sto res________
Shoe sto res___________________

38.4
40.3

38.4
40.4

38.9
40.8

41.4

41.4

41.5

41.7

41.7

41.9

41.9

42.0

42.0

39.9
37.8
41.1
40.4

39.9
38.0
40.8
40.5

40.1
37.8
41.2
40.7

40.2
38.2
42.2
40.9

40.3
37.7
41.8
40.7

40.0
37.7
41.5
40.7

40.3
37.3
41.7
41.0

40.1
37.9
41.6
40.8

40.1
38.0
41.4
40.3

40.5

40.3

40.8

40.9

40.4

40.6

40.7

40.6

40.5

40.9
37.5
34.2
33.8
32.0
34.7

40.8
37.5
34.1
33.6
32.1
34.8

40.9
37.6
34.2
33.6
32.2
34.9

41.0
38.1
35.8
35.4
34.2
35.3

41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32.2
35.3

41.0
37.6
34.2
34.0
32.2
35.1

41.3
37.9
34.6
34.3
32.9
35.6

41.0
37.9
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.4

40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.8

34.8
34.3
36.6
33.6
34.7
33.6

35.1
34.5
37.3
33.8
34.5
33.5

35.3
35.6
38.2
35.1
36.1
33.3

35.5
34.0
36.4
33.5
34.5
32.6

35.2
34.1
36.7
33.7
34.6
32.3

35.8
34.7
37.4
33.8
35.3
33.6

35.6
34.6
37.4
33.9
35.2
33.3

36.0
34.6
37.6
33.9
35.8
32.9

$1.98
2.41

$1.94
2. 42

$1.96
2.40

$1.96
2.39

$1.96
2. 40

$1.94
2. 37

$1. 87
2. 31

39.2
40.8

38.9
40.7

41.9

41.8

41.7

41.7

41.7

40.0
37.8
41. 7
40.2

40.4
37.7
42.3
40.0

40.1
37.7
41.8
40.3

39.9
37.3
41.5
40.1

39.8
37.4
41.3
40.2

40.7

40.7

40.7

40.7

40.6

41.1
38. 5
35.3
34.6
33.2
36.1

41.1
38.5
35.5
34.7
33.4
36.0

41.0
38.1
34.9
34.3
32.7
35.6

41.1
37.6
34.3
33.9
32.1
34.7

40.9
37.7
34.6
34.2
32.9
34.9

36.2
35.2
38.1
34.2
36.0
34.3

36.2
35.3
38.1
34.7
35.7
33.8

35. 8
34. 4
37. 8
34.1
35.5
31.3

34.8
34.0
36.7
33.8
34.9
31.3

34.9
34.6
37.3
34.6
35.3
32.6

34.8
34.2
36.8
33.7
34.5
32.7

38.5
40.6

38.5
40.4

38.4
40.4

39.1
40.7

A v erag e h o u rly earn in g s
W holesale a n d re ta il tra d e 5_____________ _
W holesale tr a d e ______________________
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e
e q u ip m e n t...................... .....................
D ru g s, chem icals, a n d allied p ro d ­
u c ts ____________
___________
D r y goods a n d a p p a r e l . . ________
G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ____
E le c tric a l g o o d s . ___ I _______ _ .
H a rd w a re , p lu m b in g , a n d h ea tin g
goods______ ________ ___________
M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p ­
p lie s____________________________
R e ta il tra d e 5__ ___________ ___ .
G eneral m e rch an d ise s to res_______
D e p a rtm e n t sto res. _________
L im ite d price v a rie ty stores
F o o d sto res__________________
G rocery, m e a t, a n d vegetable
sto res_________________ . . .
A p p a re l a n d accessories s to res___
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a re l sto res.
W o m e n ’s read y -to -w e ar sto res. .
F a m ily c lo th in g sto res________
Shoe sto res___________________

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.01
2. 46

$2.01
2. 45

$1.99
2. 44

$1.99
2. 44

2.27

2. 27

2.27

2.26

2. 25

2.24

2.24

2. 25

2. 24

2.24

2.24

2. 21

2.13

2. 49
2.41
2. 24
2. 56

2. 51
2.41
2. 26
2. 55

2. 50
2. 43
2. 25
2. 54

2. 50
2. 47
2. 24
2.53

2. 50
2. 42
2. 23
2.53

2. 50
2. 42
2. 22
2. 54

2. 46
2.41
2.20
2. 52

2. 47
2. 43
2.18
2. 53

2. 48
2. 45
2.19
2. 53

2. 47
2. 45
2.18
2. 53

2. 47
2. 49
2.19
2. 51

2. 44
2. 44
2.16
2. 49

2.35
2. 44
2. 09
2. 42

2.35

2.36

2. 35

2.34

2.32

2. 32

2. 32

2.33

2.34

2.33

2. 33

2. 29

2. 22

2.62
1.80
1.56
1.73
1.23
1. 88

2.66
1.81
1. 57
1.74
1.23
1.88

2.63
1.80
1.56
1.72
1.23
1.89

2. 62
1.79
1.54
1. 69
1.20
1.87

2.62
1. 78
1. 55
1.69
1.23
1. 88

2.61
1. 78
1. 54
1.68
1.22
1.86

2.60
1.78
1. 55
1.70
1. 21
1.86

2. 65
1.74
1.50
1.63
1.16
1.85

2.60
1. 77
1. 52
1.66
1.19
1. 86

2. 57
1. 76
1. 54
1.70
1.19
1.85

2.60
1.76
1.54
1.71
1.19
1.84

2. 54
1.74
1. 52
1. 66
1.19
1.83

2. 49
1. 68
1.46
1.60
1.14
1. 76

1.92
1. 58
1.81
1.42
1. 55
1.67

1.92
1.59
1. 78
1.43
1.53
1.73

1.92
1. 59
1.80
1.43
1. 53
1. 75

1.91
1.60
1.78
1.42
1.53
1.79

1.91
1.56
1. 75
1.41
1. 51
1.69

1.90
1. 57
1.78
1. 42
1. 54
1.65

1.90
1.60
1. 79
1.44
1.56
1.68

1.88
1. 57
1.76
1. 42
1. 52
1.73

1.90
1. 57
1.76
1.42
1. 52
1. 67

1.89
1.56
1.76
1.41
1.50
1.67

1.87
1.56
1.75
1.41
1.50
1.69

1.86
1.55
1.76
1.40
1. 49
1.67

1.79
1.50
1.72
1.35
1.45
1.61

$2. 01
2. 45

$2.01
2. 44

2.27
2. 51
2.44
2.25
2. 56
2.36
2.63
1.80
1.57
1.73
1.25
1. 88
1.91
1.56
1.78
1.41
1. 53
1.64

$1.98
2. 43

1371

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Jan.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade *—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores__
Other retail trade__ _____ ____
Motor vehicle dealers__ ____
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
_________ - -Drug stores
___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking
__ _ _________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers______ _________
Life insurance_
__ -- - -- -Accident and health insurance. .
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
____________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants _ . _________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing
________ _______

$83. 44 $82.42 $82.62 $81.40
79.00 79.19 78. 81 78.06
97.24 98.11 98.99 98. 33
82. 47 84. 23 82.65 82.16
60.38 60. 59 60.10 58.08
74. 40
117.38
96. 52
102.40
81.75
91.45

74. 77
118.84
96.65
102.45
81.86

51.48

52.00

$80. 98 $80.57 $81. 58 $80. 75 $77. 64
76. 63 76. 22 75. 76 75. 76 73. 57
95.70 y3.52 91.12 93. 08 88.44
78. 58 79.82 80.70 80.08 78. 32
57.31 57. 67 58. 09 57. 41 55.80
72. 54
109.10
93.94
99. 44
78.24

71.97
111. 25
b4
98. 92
78.50

71. 80 69. 38
116. 95 133.37
93. 46 89. 75
99.08 95.12
78.33 74. 39

74. 23
116. 34
95. 71
100. 83
81.18

74.40
119. 10
95. 69
100. 64
81.58

74.23
117.26
95.38
100. 98
81. 82

73.30
116.09
94. 57
100.14
80. 22

72. 72
112. 66
94.13
99.57
79.20

92. 07 91.80 91.70

91.79

90.51

89.63

89.54

89. 40 89.22 88.61

85.08

47. 36 47.86 46. 08 46.85

47.23

46. 85 47.23 47.60

47. 21 45.67 46.14

45.14

50. 95 50. 04 50. 69 50.57 50.70

50.83 50.83 50.57

49. 28

74. 40
123.77
96.13
101.21
82.06

91.64 92.20

47. 79 47.96

$80. 60 $80. 79 $80. 40 $82. 21 $83. 63
77.64 76. 63 76. 63 76. 63 77.19
97.45 94.18 93. 30 92. 87 94.61
81.22 80.85 81.10 82. 21 81.84
58. 44 58. 08 57. 88 58.24 58.30

74.40
124.19
95. 57
100. 25
81.97

52.67 52.54

74.23
119.06
95. 44
100.23
81.36

52.40

133.41 130.01 128. 89 121.25 124.33 123.98 125. 52 125. 74 130. 20 122.52 126.60 126.17 122. 27 120. 50
Average weekly hours

Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade 6—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores__
________
Other retail trade..
Motor vehicle dealers_______
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
_____________
Drug stores..
______ ___
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking----------- -------------------------

40.9
41.8
43.8

40.8
41.9
43.8

40.9
41.7
43.8

40.7
41.3
43.7

40.5
41.3
43.7

40.6
41.2
43.6

40.4
41.2
43.6

40.7
41.2
43.6

41.4
41.5
43.8

40.9
41.2
43.7

40.9
41.2
43.7

41.2
41.4
43.6

41.2
41.4
43.7

41.3
41.8
44.0

44.1
37.5

44.1
37.4

44.2
37.1

43.7
36.3

43.9
36.3

43.7
36.3

43.6
36.4

44.2
36.4

44.0
36.9

43.9
36.5

44.1
36.5

44.1
37.0

44.0
36.8

44.5
37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.4

37.1

37.2

37.1

37.2

37.1

40.5

40.3

38.5

38.6

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.7

38.7

38.7

39.1

39.6

39.0

39.1

39.6

39.5

39.4

38.6

38.2

38.4

38.6

38.7

39.1

39.1

38.9

38.8

$1.98 $1.97
1. 86 1.85
2.19 2.14

$1.98
1.83
2.09

$1.96
1.83
2.13

$1.88
1. 76
2.01

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «_ .........
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade»—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
_________
Other retail trade
Motor vehicle dealers_______
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
______________
Drug stores. _ ___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__ _____ _______________

$1.99
1.86
2.14

2. 00

$2.02 $2. GO $1.99 $1.99
1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86
2. 26 2. 25 2. 23 2.16
1.91 1.87 1.88 1. 85 1.85
1.62 1.62 1.60 1.61 1.60
2. 01 2. 00 2.00 1.99 1.99

1.18

1.19

1.23

1.24

1.20

1.32

1.33

1.33

1. 33

1.33

$2.04
1.89
2.22
1.87
1.61

$2.02
1.89
2.24

$2. 02 $2.02
1.86 1.86
2.13 2.16

1.86
1. 59

1. 86
1.60

1.86
1. 58

1. 79
1. 57

1.81
1.58

1. 83
1.57

1.82
1. 56

1.76
1.50

2.00

1.99

1. 96

1.96

1.95

1.94

1.93

1.87

1.22

1. 23

1. 22

1.23

1.23

1. 22

1.18

1.18

1.14

1.32

1.31

1. 32

1.31

1. 31

1.30

1.30

1.30

1. 27

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «_
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants
_________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2 Preliminary.
A
, _ .
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

—

..........

» Excludes eating and drinking places.
e Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
S o u r c e . U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)

1372
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

Industry division and group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

1962
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Mining........... ................................................................

41.8

41.5

40.9

42.2

41.9

41.6

41.0

41.5

41.3

40.8

41.0

40.9

41.2

Contract construction....................................................

37.5

37.2

37.3

37.6

37.5

37.5

37.3

36.1

37.0

36.1

36.8

36.8

37.4

Manufacturing_______________________________

40.6

40.3

40.4

40.5

40.5

40.1

40.5

40.3

40.4

40.2

40.4

40.2

40.7

Durable goods.......................................................... .
Ordnance and accessories___ ____ _________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture...
Furniture and fixtures____ _____ _________
Stone, clay, and glass products_____________
Primary metal industries........ ........................... .
Fabricated metal products..................................
Machinery........ .......................................... .....
Electrical equipment and supplies__________
Transportation equipment................................
Instruments and related products............... .......
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______

41.2
41.1
40.2
41.1
41.1
40.5
41.0
41.9
40.2
41.8
40.8
39.9

41.0
41.3
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.1
41.7
40.2
41.6
40.8
39.8

41.2
41.0
40.4
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.2
41.7
40.4
42.2
40.7
39.5

41.1
40.9
39.5
40.9
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.5
40.4
41.9
40.8
39.6

40.7
40.4
39.9
40.5
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.2
40.1
41.4
40.5
39.2

41.0
40. 7
39.9
40.7
41.4
40.5
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.8
41.0
39.6

41.0
41.4
40.1
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.3
41.7
40.4
41.9
41.1
39.8

40.9
41. 2
39.9
40.8
40.8
40.3
41.3
41.7
40.3
42.5
40.6
39.6

41.1
41.2
39.9
40.4
40.5
40.2
41.1
41.7
40.4
42.4
40.8
39.4

40.9
41.1
39.9
40.6
41.0
40.0
41.1
41.6
40.4
42.3
40.9
39.2

40.8
41.0
39.5
40.6
41.1
39.7
41.1
41.6
40.4
42.2
40.7
39.4

41.2
41.2
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.1
41.0
41.8
40.6
42.3
40.9
40.0

Nondurable goods___ ______ _______________...
Food and kindred products________________
Tobacco manufactures____________________
Textile mill products_____________________
Apparel and related products______________
Paper and allied products_________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.........
Chemicals and allied products______________
Petroleum refining and related industries_____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____
Leather and leather products_______________

39.6
40.7
36.5
40.8
36.6
42.5
38.4
41. 5
41.6
41.0
38.1

39.5
40.9
39.7
40.5
35.7
42.6
38.4
41.4
41.6
40.8
37.6

39.5
40.8
39.4
40.4
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.6
41.7
40.2
37.0

39.6
41.0
39.7
40.5
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
37.3

39.7
40.8
39.0
40.6
36.4
42.6
38.4
41.6
41.9
40.4
37.3

39.3
40.7
35.6
40.2
35.9
42.2
38.3
41.8
42.3
40.7
36.8

39.8
41.1
39.2
40.7
36.5
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.3
41.1
36.9

39.7
40.9
37.6
40.3
36.3
42.7
38.4
41.4
41.3
41.1
37.1

39.6
40.8
39.2
40.2
36.3
42.7
38.2
41.4
41.7
41.0
36.8

39.4
41.0
38.8
40.3
36.0
42.8
38.1
41.7
42.0
41.0
36.9

39.5
41.0
39.2
40.0
36.1
42.5
38.1
41.4
41.6
40.8
37.0

39.3
40.6
38.4
40.2
36.0
42.3
38.1
41.5
41.6
40.8
37.2

39.8
41.0
38.9
40.4
36.8
42.6
38.4
41.5
42.0
41.1
38.0

38.6
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.6
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.8

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.8
40.6
37.9

Wholesale and retail trade *___________ ____ ______
Wholesale trade____________________________
Retail trade5............................. .......................... .....
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group ■
Revised series. see box p 1354_
1963

1962

Annual
average

Major industry group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Manufacturing............... ...............................

$2.37

$2.35

$2.37

$2. 37 $2. 37 $2.37

$2.36

$2.35

$2.35

$2.34

$2.33 $2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.25

Durable goods...........................................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furn itu re...___ _______________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment_____ ____
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
t r ie s .................................................

2.53

2.52
2. 82

2.54
2.82

2.54
2.79

2.54
2.80

2.54
2.80

2. 53
2.82

2. 52
2.81

2.52
2.80

2. 51
2.78

2.49
2.77

2.48
2.75

2.48
2. 77

2. 48
2. 75

2.42
2. 71

1.97
1.93
2.37
2.94
2.51
2.67
2.38
2.87
2.42

1.95
1.92
2.37
2. 96
2.51
2. 67
2.40
2.88
2. 41

1.93
1.92
2. 37
2.96
2.51
2.67
2.40
2. 87
2.42

1.94
1.92
2. 35
2.95
2. 52
2.67
2.40
2.86
2.41

1.91
1.91
2.36
2.98
2. 51
2.67
2.40
2.86
2.41

1.90
1.91
2.36
2.93
2.50
2.66
2. 39
2. 86
2.41

1.89
1.91
2.35
2.92
2. 50
2. 66
2. 39
2.86
2.41

1.90
1.91
2. 36
2. 91
2. 49
2. 65
2. 38
2.86
2.39

1.92
1.90
2.35
2.90
2.49
2.65
2. 38
2.85
2. 39

1.93
1.89
2.34
2.89
2.47
2.64
2.36
2.84
2. 39

1.92
1.89
2.32
2.88
2.47
2.63
2.35
2.83
2.38

1.93
1.88
2.32
2. 89
2.47
2.62
2. 35
2.82
2. 37

1.91
1.88
2.31
2.90
2.47
2. 61
2.34
2.80
2. 37

1.88
1. 86
2.25
2.84
2. 41
2. 54
2.29
2. 72
2.32

Nondurable goods______________ ____
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products..... ................
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries __________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries__________________ ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.............................................
Leather and leather products................

—

—
—
—

—

2.16
—

—

—

1.95

1.97

1.97

1.96

1.98

1.97

1.98

1.98

1.96

1.92

1.91

1.90

1.92

1.87

2.13
2.18
1.81
1. 64
1. 69
2.36

2.15
2. 21
1.99
1. 64
1.67
2. 36

2.14
2.22
1.99
1.64
1.66
2. 35

2.14
2.22
2.00
1.63
1.65
2. 34

2.14
2.23
1. 97
1.64
1.66
2.34

2.13
2.22
1.94
1.64
1.68
2.33

2.13
2. 22
1.90
1.64
1.67
2. 32

2.13
2.21
1.88
1.64
1.67
2.33

2.12
2.19
1.85
1.63
1.66
2.32

2.11
2.17
1.83
1.03
1.66
2.31

2.10
2.14
1.68
1.63
1.66
2.31

2.09
2.12
1.68
1.62
1.67
2.30

2.09
2.15
1.83
1.62
1.65
2.29

2.05
2.09
1.75
1 58
1. 62
2.22

(3)
2. 65

(3)
2. 66

(3)
2.64

(3)
2.62

(3)
2.60

(3)
2.61

(3)
2.62

(3)
2.62

(3)
2. 61

(3)
2.61

(3)
2.60

(3)
2.59

(3)
2. 57

(3)
2.51

3.04

3.05

3.05

3.04

3.08

3.09

3.06

3.07

2.99

2.98

2.96

2.96

2.97

2.94

2.37
1.72

2.38
1.71

2.39
1.73

2.38
1.73

2.38
1.73

2. 38
1.72

2. 38
1.70

2.38
1.71

2.38
1.70

2. 37
1.71

2. 36
1.70

2. 35
1.70

2.35
1.69

2. 30
1.65

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

May

2 Preliminary.
. 3 Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

1373

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
Industry

1963

1962

Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.9
Manufacturing _____________________
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.9
3.0
Durable goods__________________
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.8
3.0
Nondurable goods________________
Durable goods
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.9
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.6
2.7
2.4
Ordnance and accessories.. ________
1.7
2.1
2.0
2.7
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.6
2.9
2.8
2.7
Ammunition, except for small arms__
2.8
2.7
3.4
4.0
2.2
2.9
.9
1.2
2.1
.9
.5
.7
Sighting and fire control equipment__
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.9
2.1
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.7
Other ordnance and accessories______ _____
Lumber and wood products, except
3. 7
2.9
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.8
furniture
3.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.9
3.2
3.8
Sawmills and planing mills .. ____
Millwork, plywood, “and related prod3.8
3.2
3.2
3.3
nets
3.2
2.8
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.0
4.0
4.0
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.5
1.9
4.2
2.6
2.2
3.7
3.5
2.8
3.5
Wooden containers___ _ ________
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.1
Miscellaneous wood products_______
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.5
2.2
2.6
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.5
Furniture and fixtures______________
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.6
2.4
2.9
2.7
Household furniture
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.6
2.2
1.9
Offiee furniture
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.9
2.7
2.9
1.8
4.6
3.7
2.5
1.6
1.9
3.5
3.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.3
1.8
Partitions; office and store fixtures_
3.2
2.8
2.9
2.9
4.1
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
2.5
2.8
Other furniture and fixtures________ _____
3.9
3.4
3.7
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.1
2.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
Stone, clay, and glass products________
2.0
1.5
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.5
Flat glass
2.2
1.3
1.5
2.1
1.9
2.7
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.5
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
2.3
1.8
1.7
1.3
2.4
1.6
Cement, hydranlie
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.7
2.3
2.1
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.5
2.4
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.5
3.6
3.5
3.4
Structural clay products___________
2.1
2.3
1.9
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.0
Pottery and related products____ _
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod6. 4
5.0
6.0
3.8
6.4
3.5
6.2
5.6
4.5
3.7
6.5
6.5
ucts__ __ ___________
- ..
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.2
3.0
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.0
Other stone and mineral products___
2.2
2.0
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.5
3.3
3.1
Primary metal industries_____ ____
.9
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.3
2.1
2.8
1.5
1.4
1.8
2.7
2.8
Blast furnace and basic steel products _
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.1
3.1
3.5
3.5
4.3
3.9
Iron and steel foundries _________
3.0
2.3
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
Nonferrous smelting and refining.
Nonferrous rolling, drawing and ex3. 7
3.4
3.8
3.9
3.5
2.5
3.4
3.3
trnding
3.8
3.7
4.3
3.7
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.0
Nonferrous foundries______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus3. 5
3.2
3.2
3.9
3.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.3
tries______ . . _________
3.3
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.6
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.0
Fabricated metal products___________
4.9
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.5
3.1
2.3
5.1
4.1
4.2
3.3
Metal cans___*________ _________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard2.6
2.
4
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.0
2.6
2.5
2.1
3.0
ware_________________________
2.8
Heating equipment and plumbing fix2. 5
2. 5
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.3
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.5
tures_________________________
2.3
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.0
3.4
2.2
2.1
3.1
2.7
3.3
Fabricated structural metal products..
4.2
3.7
3.6
4.3
3.1
3.9
4.0
3.7
3.9
3.5
3.4
3.8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc»._
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.0
3.2
3.7
3.3
3.9
3.7
3.6
Metal stampings ____ 1__________
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.2
2.6
3.1
2.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
3.3
3. 2
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.2
2.8
2.8
2.8
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
2.9
2.8
2.8
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod2. 8
2. 8
2. 7
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.5
ucts__________________________
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.1
Machinery_______ ________________
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.6
1.8
2.7
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.2
Engines and turbines______________
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.6
2.5
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
Farm machinery and equipment_____
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.3
3.1
2.7
Construction and related machinery__
3.0
2.8
Metalworking machinery and equip4.
2
4.3
4.1
4.
4
4.7
4.6
4.7
5.2
5.1
4.7
4.9
4.9
ment_________________ ______
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.5
Special Industry machinery_________
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.0
2.9
2.9
2.4
2.9
General industrial machinery___ __
Office, computing, and accounting ma1. 4
1. 4
1. 3
1. 5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
chines
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
Service industry machines__________
4.4
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.1
3.5
4.1
3.9
4.2
4.4
4.2
Miscellaneous machinery__________
4.0
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.9
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.9
Electrical equipment and supplies..........
2.0
2. 4
2. 3
2. 2
2. 5
1. 5
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.5
2.4
1.9
2.1
Electric distribution equipment_____
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.5
Electrical industrial apparatus______
2. 0
1.
8
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.5
2.2
1.6
2.4
2.0
2.7
2.7
Household appliances--------------------2. 4
2.1
2.1
2.0
1. 7
1.5
1.7
1.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
Electric lighting and wiring equipment2.0
1. 7
2. 0
1.1
.8
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.0
Radio and TV receiving sets...........
2.0
3. 0
2.5
2.5
2. 5
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.8
Communication equipment________
1.9
2.1
2. 0
1. 7
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
Electronic components and accessories.
1.7
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
2. 9
3. 6
3.7
3.9
3.4
1.6
1.8
2.7
2.2
2.4
3.0
2.0
and supplies___________________
3.6
4.0
4.5
4.7
3.3
2.7
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.7
3.5
3.0
Transportation equipment_________ _
4.9
5. 9
6.1
3.8
3.3
3.7
Mnfnr yphiplps and p.qnipment.
3.4
3.3
4.5
4.3
4.0
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.5
Aircraft and parts. ________ _____
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.5
3.0
2.4
3.3
Ship and boat building and repairing..
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
Railroad equipment________ ___ __
2.7
3.1
1.9
2.1
1.8
2.6
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.5
3.8
3.7
Other transportation equipment_____ ____
2. 5
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.2
Instruments and related products______
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.4
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.5
3.0
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de2.
5
2.
6
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.5
vices .
.. __________________
2.5
2.5
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.5
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______ .......
Surgical, medical, and dental equip2.5
2.3
2.2
2.2
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.6
2.4
2.0
2.3
1.9
ment ________________________
2.7
2.7
3.4
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.2
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.8
Photographic equipment and supplies
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
Watches and clocks_______________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average
1962 1961
2.4
2.8
2.3
2.8
2. 5
2.7
2.2
1.9
3.0
2.5

1.8
1.6
2.2
2.1

3.2
3.1

2.9
2.9

3.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.6
3.4
1.7
3.5
1.8
2.8
1.8

2. 8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.6
3.2
2.1
3.6
1.5
2.7
1.5

5. 4
2.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
2.7

5.0
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.1
2.5

3. 6
2.9

3.1
2.3

3.2
2.9
3.5

2.4
2.4
3.2

2.5

2.1

1.9
2.5
4.0
3.5
3.3
3.0

1. 5
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
2. 7

2.6
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.6

2.3
2.5
1.8
1.6
1.9

4. 7
3.5
2. 8

3. 4
2.8
2.0

1. 5
2.0
4.1
2.2
2.0
2. 2
1. 9
1. 9

2. 2
1.6
3.5
1.9
1. 8
1.9
1. 9
1. 6

2. 6
2.0

2. 2
1. 9

3. 2
3.5
2.9
2. 8
2.0
2. 5
2. 4
2. 6

2. 2
2.5
2. 6
2.5
2.6
.9
1. 8
2.1
2. 2

2. 2

2.0

2. 3
2. 9
1.9

2.1
2.9
1. 5

1374

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

T able

C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1354.
1963

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

Annual
average

1962

May

Apr.

Mar.

1.9
2.4
1.5
1.4

2.7
1.7

2.0
2.0

2.3
2.5
3.1
3.2
3.2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

2.6

2.3
3.0
1.9

3.0
1. 9

1961

M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries. _

2.1
1.6
2.1

2.3

1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0

2.4
2.3

2.0
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2

3.5
3. 5
3.2

3.8
3.8
3.6

3.7
3.9
3.5

3.4
3.6
3.3

2.9
2.9
3.2

2. 7

2.5
7. 5
35
3.8

2.3
6.9
3.4
3.5

2.3
6.3
3.2
4.4

4.1
3.8
1.5

3.2
3.8

1.9
4.7
2.9
3.9
1.7
2.9
3.4
.3
.4
.1

2.3

2.6
2.1
2.3
2.2

1.9
2.4

2.7

2.2
1.8

2.1
2.6
1.7
2.0

2.0

2.4
4.2
1.5

2.4
3.5

2. 6
3.4
2.3
3.1

2.3
2.3

2.1
2.2
2.6

1.9
2.5

2.0
2.6

3.0

2. 5

1.9
2.3

3.0
2.9
3.0

3.1
3.3
3.1

3.4
4.2
3.2

3.6
4.5
3.2

3.4
3.8
3.2

3.8
3. 7
3.7

34
36
3.4

3.3
3.7
3.1

2.2

2.2
6.1

2.1

2. 4
7.0
31
2. 8
3.3
2. 5
4.1

3.4
7.1
36
4. 5
3.4
3.1
4.1

1. 4
3.2
3.1
4.4
3.4
3.4
2. 3
4.2
5. 0
3.1
3. 5
1.4
1.3
1.3

1. 4
1. 3
3.0
2. 8
4.2
3. 7
3.2
2. 3
3.7
4. 7
2. 8
3. 4
1.5
1.3
1.4

2.0
1.8

3.2
2.4

2.2

2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3

2.2
2.1

2.0
2.2

1.8

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products_________
Meat products.. _______ _____
Dairy products____ ___ ____
Canned and preserved food, except
meats. ______ ___ ____ _
Grain mill products_______
Bakery products_____ ____
Sugar________ __
Confectionery and related products...
Beverages__
_ . . . ____
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures_______
Cigarettes_________ ____
Cigars__________________
Textile mill products____ _
Cotton broad woven fabrics__
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens
Narrow fabrics and small wares___
Knitting.. _ ______ ____
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering________ ____
Yarn and thread_____________
Miscellaneous textile goods__ .
Apparel and related products...
Men’s and bovs’ suits and coats____
Men's and boys’ furnishings__ . . .
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__ _ _ _ _ _
Women’s and children’s undergar__ ___
ments__ __
Hats, caps, and millinery__
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ .
Fur goods and miscellaneous’apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products______ _______ _
Paper and allied products______
Paper and pulp"___________
Paperboard_________
Converted paper and paperboard
products____ _____________
Paperboard containers and boxes___
Printing, publishing and allied industries_____ . ..
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing”
Books____ __ ____ . . .
Commercial printing... ____
Bookbinding and related industries
Other publishing and printing industries___ _______ _____
Chemicals and allied products..
Industrial chemicals_________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass...
Drugs___________
Soap, cleaners and toilet goods. .
Paints, varnishes and allied products...
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products____
Petroleum refining and related industries___ ____________
Petroleum refining_____
Other petroleum and coal products__
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ ______ ...
Tires and inner tubes______
Other rubber products__
Miscellaneous plastic products...
Leather and leather products__
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber____
Other leather products___
1 For

6.8

32
34
2.5
3. 7
4.0
14
1. 9
1. 5
33
34
4.3
33

2.1

4. 4
4.0
1. 4
1. 8

2.6

1.1

2.0
1.2

27
3.6
44
30
35
1.4

3.1
2.9
3.9
3. 8
3.2
24
3.3
41
31
3. 5
1.3

3.4
3.1
4.4
4.0
3.1
2.4
4.5
4.2
3. 5
4.2
1.3

1.4

28

1.1

.8

1.0

1.3
.9
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.7
3.4

2.0

4.1
3.5
3.2
3.3
1.3

2.8

3.0
3.7
3.0
2.9

1.6

3.8
3.6
2.9

2.8
1.1

1.3

1.0

1.3

1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2
2. 0

1.4
1.4
1.5

1.2
1.0

1.3

1.0
1.0

4.6
5.6
5.6
3.4
4.1

2.8
2.2

3.6
51
2. 9
2.3

2.6
2. 5
2. 5
2.4

20

2.7
2.5
3.1
2.9

25
1.4

1.8

1.1
1.8

2.8

1.1

2.8
3.4
1.3
1.3

1.0

.5
.7

3.0
4.0
3.4
3.3

1.6

3.1
3. 3
2. 5
3.2

1.0
1.1
.9

3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4.4
2. 6
3.7

1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
.7
1.2
18

1.5

1.1

2.0
1.2

.9

.9

1.1
1.7
1.2
.8

1.1
.8
.8

1. 5
4.3
5.4
5.9

1.4
4.1
5.2
5.6

1. 3
4.1
5. 3
5.4

6. 3

1.4

1.6

3.3
3.2
4.5
3.2
3.3

2.1
4.7
5.0

2.8

3.8
1.4

1.1

1.3

21
48

4.1

23
4. 5
51
5.5
30
4. 4

28

28

6.8

4.6
5.4
6.3

4.3
5.3
5.5

3.2
3.8

3.2
4.1

2.9
3.6

2. 6
3.1

2.9
3.3

2. 9
3.2

2. 9
3.2

33
3.8

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.4

2.8
2.0
4.0
3. 6
3.2
2.2

2. 5

2.4
1. 7

3.0
3.0
32

29
35

31

29
2.3

25
2. 5
2.3

27
24
2.4

2.3
3.3
3.9
2.7

2.6
2.8
3. 5
2.8

2.1

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.6
2.6
2.5
2.2

2.3
2.9
3.0
2.9

29
2. 0

2 .6
1.2

1.3

2.6

2.5
2.7

2.2
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.8
2. 7
1.9
5.6
29

2.8
2.6

3.3
1.4
3.2
1.2

1.4

2.7
2.7
3.9
2.9

2.2
2.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.1
6.8
2.6
2. 6

2.0

3.0
3.1
2.7

2.1
1.9
3.1

2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
9.6
2.2
25

2.1

1.9
5.1

4.0

2. 5

24
2.3

2.1

2.2

2.3
3.1

2.5

1.1
2.8

2.4

.9

1.0

.9

.7
.9

2.0
26
2.4
2.0

1.8
3.2
28
2.8
1.8

2.0

5.6
2.4

25
2.5
1.7
3.7
2. 5

1. 7
1. 5
2. 5

16
1. 4
2.6

29

2.8

2. 5
3.4
1.3
2.4
1.2

1.4

29
2.9

2.6

3. 2
1.5
2. 5
1.3
1.7

2.2
26
27
2.2

4.5
5. 2

28
2.1
26

.9
1.4

21
4.4
52

6.0
28

28

1.9
24
2. 3
1. 5
3.3

24
2.4
1. 6
3. 4

25
23
24
19
25
2. 5
1. 5
31

1. 7
3.1

15
3.9

9F
19
4.8

24

22
2.2

2.6
20
98
2.8
26

3.0
1.2

2.4
1.1
1.2

24
25

2.1

2.8
2n
8

1

3. 5
30
3.1
1.3
2. 5

1.6

14

1. 8
1.2

1. 5
3.8
4.8
5.0

.7
.7

1.2
1.0

1.2
18
1.5
1.1

1. 3

1.8

29
3.2
2.3
3.5
1.3

1.5

1.8

4.6
4.8
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3

3.0
2.9
3.9
3.7
3.0
1.7
4.2
4. 9

1.1
1.2
1.0

6.4
3.3
3.9
3.1
2.4
4.2
1.3
1.5

1.0

31
3. 5

2. 8

3.1
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.0

.6

2.9
2.7
3.0
2.4
4.2

1.5
4.8
5.9

6.2

3.6
1.7

2.8
.8
1.0
.8

3.6

5.8
2. 5
3.1
2.3
2.3
3.8

1.2
1.3
1.0
1. 8

6.6
2.6

.9
.9

3.3
2.3

2.2

5.6
2.7
3.1
2.3
2.3
4.0
.7
.5

1.5
.9

comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.8

2.3
5.4

2.8

2.6

31
3.3
30
32
1.4
2. 5

1.4

27
37
3n
3n
2.5
27

25
25
20
26
29
18

35
2.7

95

16

5.9

33

28

31
1.3
27

16
1.2
1. 1
1.3

Ft 3
6.4

33
4.7
31
27
43
36
39
3.2
97
97

26
23
9F
32
23
38

2.8
20
9n
6.5

26

63
31
37
2. 5

28
3.9
1.0

.9
.9
32
32
4.3
42
33

22
4.2
41
32
35
1.3

1.2
1.2
1.4
13
1.5

12
1.2
17
44
Ft 9
5.9
3n
3.9

28
25

31
34

20

2.4
90
9F
9 Ft
23
?4
27

21
2.6

41
93

16

4.8

2.4

6.2

29
43
2.5
2.7
3.9
1. 1

1.2
10

27
27
3.2
33
29
2n
3.7
33
27
29
i.i

.8

.9

1.1
14
1.5
13

1.2
16

42
50
5.6
30
3.7
97

94
31

2Q
2.1
25
23
93
20
26
1Q
38
2.6
15
4.4

36
39
34
1.4

33
99
32
1.4

2

2 8

2 6
1 ]
1.8

1 1

1 1

1 0

J)

i n

1.6

2.1

1.8

1.8

27
24

Q

1.4
23
1.7

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2 ) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

1375

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction

activities 1

Revised series; see box p. 1354.

[1957-59=100]

Annual
average

1962

1963
Activity
Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Man-hours
Total.......... . - ____________________ 106.2
Mining______
_________________ 84.5
Contract construction________________ 121.9
Manufacturing-------- ----------------------- 104.5

105.3
84.8
125.5
102.7

103.9
82.6
121.9
101.7

104.4
86.7
116.1
103.1

101.6
84.2
107.6
101.3

98.0
81.3
97.4
99.0

95.8
77.4
83.3
99.0

94.1
78.2
76.5
98.1

95.1
78.8
82.6
98.2

98.0
80.8
88.3
100.6

101.0
82.5
103.2
101.5

103.5
84.5
114.0
102.5

105.2
85.4
116.5
104.1

99.8
83. 6
99. 3
100.6

95.7
85. 6
96.1
96.1

104.0
148.3

101.1
147.9

102.4
146.5

104.7
148.8

103.1
147.8

100.5
144.8

99.6
149.6

98.9
151.8

99.2
153.4

100.9
156.1

101.4
155.4

102.0
153.2

102.6
154.1

100.3
150.3

94.1
133.4

100.4 99.5
112.8 110.9
109.3 110.4
96.4 97.1
106.2 104.7
103.4 102.5
116.6 113.4
91.5 79.9
108.2 107.8

95.6
105.3
109.8
101.0
102.7
102.3
112.6
92.4
105.4

95.3
106.0
109.3
105.2
105. 7
104.9
115.5
95.0
106.9

94.9
102.6
106.4
102.3
103.4
103.8
113.7
94.7
104.7

90.2
101.8
101. 4
100.2
99.8
103.0
111.8
92.2
103.5

87.8 87.1
102.7 102.4
94.9 91.2
95.8 94.0
98.9 98.5
103.5 102.7
113.4 114.5
92.2 92.0
104.2 103.8

87.8
102.9
92.1
92.1
99.4
102.4
115.9
93.7
103.3

89.5
106.9
95.8
92.1
101.3
102.4
118.7
94.5
105.2

93.2
107.3
102.3
90.0
101.8
101.3
118.6
93.5
105.4

96. 4 99.8
109.4 109.3
105.4 106.6
89.8 92.4
102.9 103.7
101.7 102.3
119.1 119.5
92.0 89.9
104.6 104.2

93.3
104.8
100.3
95.3
100. 6
101.9
115.8
88.7
103. 2

91. 2
97.7
97.7
91. 7
94.8
94. 4
105. 9
80.8
99.4

99.9

102.6

100.7

97.2

Durable goods___________________
Ordnance and accessories----------Lumber and wood products, except furniture -----------------Furniture and fixtures----- -------Stone, clay, and glass products----Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products______
Machinery________ _____ ___
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Transportation equipment---------Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................... Nondurable goods--------- ---- ---------Food and kindred products--------Tobacco manufactures-------------Textile mill products___________
Apparel and related products----Paper and allied products_______
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries.. . _____________
Chemicals and allied products----Petroleum refining and related
industries......... ..........................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products----------------------------Leather and leather products-------

111.6

107.9

97.2

95.0

92.4

99.2

107.1

110.5

110.0

102.1

98.0

100.3
93.0
100.9
95.8
106.0
106.5

101.7
96.3
100.3
97.1
108.4
105.9

103.2
101.8
120.6
97.4
107.9
106.6

106.1
109.1
132.8
97.2
110.4
108.3

101.1
95. 3
93.2
97.4
106.9
105. 5

98.7
96. 5
94. 6
94.8
100. 2
103. 6

105.8
103.0

105.7
103.2

106.5
104.1

104. 7
103. 5

104.0
100. 5

105.0 104.7
104.9 103.7
119.8 105.0
96.5 96.7
112.6 113.7
108.5 108.5

100.8
97.5
74.6
94.4
107.7
106.7

101.0
93.4
78.4
97.1
108.5
107.8

99.0
88.7
76.5
95.5
108.9
105.1

97.0
85.5
70.9
93.5
105.9
103.3

98.3
86.4
78.3
94.4
110.9
104.5

97.0
85.1
82.0
93.4
108.2
103.3

97.0
87.6
90.5
92.8
103.2
104.1

106.2
105.7

104.8
105.6

103.5
105.2

104.4
105.9

104.1
106.4

102.9
107.7

102.3
103.9

100.8
102.3

100.8
102.2

104.1
103.1

84.7

84.4

85.5

84.9

83.4

83.0

78.9

78.4

80.4

81.2

82.4

83.2

86.1

86. 1

88. 5

114.3
95.7

116.0
97.6

116.3
95.6

117.1
93.5

117.1
96.9

113.4
98.1

102. 3
96.7

86.5

88.5
106.8
115.4

89.0

91.3
135.0
116.1

93.0

1 2 2 .5

117.8

90,5
116.4
113.7

90.6
108.8
105.4

113.2
95.1

112.0
98.8

109.2
96.3

114.3
96.2

112.9
90.2

111.3
87.3

112.4
93.6

111.8
95.6
Payrolls

Contract construction________________
Manufacturing------- -------------------- -----

121.4

93.1
152.0
118.1

90.2
146.8
118.1

95.9
138.9
119.9

92.1
128.3
117.4

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

89.2
115.5
114.4

85.0
100.2
114.1

86.2
92.4
112.6

9 9 .9

112.8

115.7

1 3 8 .3

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.

T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box p. 1354.
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]

1

Annual
average

1962

1963
Item
Aug.2 July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1962

1961

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars-----------------------------1957-59 dollars____________ ________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 dollars_________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars _______________
1957-59 d o lla rs................................

$98. 42 $99. 23 $100.37 $99. 23 $97.36 $98.09 $97. 20 $97. 44 $98.01 $97. 36 $96.32 $97. 27 $95. 75 $96. 56
91.90 92. 65 94.16 93.44 91.68 92. 36 91. 61 91.92 92.64 91.85 90. 87 91.68 90. 76 91.61

$92.34
88 . 62

78.89
73.66

79. 51
74. 24

80. 38
75.40

79. 51
74. 87

78.04
73. 48

78.63
74.04

77. 92
73. 44

78.11
73. 69

79.02
74.69

78.50
74.06

77. 67
73. 27

78.43
73.92

77. 21
73.18

77.86
73.87

74.60
71. 59

86 . 58

87. 25
81.47

88.18
82.72

87. 25
82.16

85. 72
80. 72

86 . 31
81.27

85. 58
80. 66

85.78
80. 92

86 . 72

86.19
81.31

85.33
80.50

81.16

86.11

84.87
80. 45

85. 53
81.15

82.18
78.87

80.84

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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81.97

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price index.
2 Preliminary
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series.” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.

1376

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

-Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D 1. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special

groups of items
[1957-59=100]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Group
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

106.2

106.1

106.0

105.8

106.0

106.0

Sept.

1962

1961

106.1

105.4

104.2

All items.

107.1

107.1

107.1

106.6

106.2

106.2

Food1............................ ................
Food at home..............................
Cereals and bakery products.
Meats, poultry, and fish___
Dairy products____ ______
Fruits and vegetables............
Other foods at home *_____

105.4
103.8
109.1
101. 5
104.3
108.1
99. 5

106.0
104.5
109.1
101.4
104.2
114.2
98.0

106.2
104.8
109.2
100.2
103.3
118.7
97.8

105.0
103.4
109.2
98.4
102.8
115.6
96.9

104.3
102. 5
109.3
98.0
102.8
113.9
94.5

104.2 104.6 105.0
102.6 103.0 103.5
109.2 109.1 109.2
98.3 100.7 102.1
102.9 103.5 103.6
112.0 109.6 109.4
96.2 96.7 97.1

104.8 103.6
103.5 102.2
107.9 107.6
106.3 101.7
104.2 104.1
102.2 105.0
97.8 96.1

Housing *................................
Rent________________
Gas and electricity_____
Solid and petroleum fuels.
Housefurnishings..............
Household operation____

106.2
107.0
108.0
103.7
98. 6
110.7

106.0 106.0 105.9
106.8 106.7 106.7
107.2 108.1 108.1
102.6 102.3 102.1
98.3 98.5 98.5
110.6 110.3 110.2

105.7
106.6
107.4
102.4
98.4
110.0

105.8
106.5
107.5
104.2
98.5
109.9

104.9
105.9
108.0
101.3
98. 7
107.6

Apparel____________
Men’s and boys’. ..
Women’s and girls’
Footwear_______
Other apparel«__

104.8
105. 2
102. 5
110. 7
101.4

105.7
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.6
109.7

104.7 103.5 104.1 104.3
103.2 101.9 102.6 102.9
108.7 108.2 108.4 108.0
102.5 102.5 103.5 104.1
103.8 103.9 104.2 104.3
106.4 100.2 102.1 102.0
97.6 97.2 97.2 98.1
105.4 105.4 105.2 105.1 105.0
106.4 106.3 106.2 106. 2 106.1
108.0 108.2 108.1 108.1 108.0
104.8 104.9 104.8 103.6 102. 4
98.3 97.9 98.6 98.7 98.8
109.3 109.3 108.1 107.8 107.6
103.3 103.0 103.9 104.3 104.9
103.7 103.5 104.3 104.3 104.2
100.7 100.2 101.5 102.5 104.0
109.9 109.8 109.9 109.7 109.6
100.9 100.3 101.3 101.1 101.6

104.8
105.7
107.9
102.1

102.6

101.5
105.4
99.3
104.8
104.2
97.6
103.9
104.4
107.9
101.6

98.9
107.4

99.5
105.9

103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3

102.8
102.8
101.0

115.5

115.3

115.0

114.9

Personal care_____________

104.0 103.9 103.9 103.7 103.8 103.6
104.7 104.5 104.4 104.2 104.1 103.9
101.2 101.2 101.2 101.1 101.4 101.1
110.6 110.5 110.6 110.3 110.2 110.0
101.1 101.1 101.0 100.9 100.9 101.1
107.9 108.3 107.8 107.4 107.4 107.0 107.0 106.8
106. 5 106.9 106.4 106.1 106.0 105.5 105.6 105.3
117.1 117.1 116.6 116.6 116.5 116.5 116.4 116.3
117.2 117.1 116.9 116.8 116.4 116.1 115.8 115.6
108.2 108.0 108.0 107.8 107.8 107.6 107.3 107.3

107.4

107.6

107.1

106.9

Reading and recreation..........

112.3

112.1

111.5

110.9

110.7

111.0

110.1

110.0

110.2

110.0

110.1

109.5

110.0

109.6

107.2

Other goods and services____

108.0

108.0

108.0

107.6

106.0

105.8

105.7

105.7

105.7

105.6

105.6

105.6

105.6

105.3

104.6

Special groups:
All items less food______
All items less shelter____
All commodities less food.

107.8
107.1
103.8

107.6
107.2
103.6

107.5
107.1
103.5

107.3
106.6
103.3

107.0
106.1
103.0

107.0
106.1
103.0

106.8
106.1
102.9

106.6
106.1
102.7

106.5
105.9
102.6

106.7
105.8
103.4

106.7
106.0
103.5

106.7
106.1
103.6

106.6
106.1
103.4

106.1
105.4

104.8
104.2

102.8

102.1

All commodities_________________
Nondurables8___ ____________
Nondurables less food........... .........
Nondurables less food and apparel.
Durables 7___________________
Durables less cars__________

104.6
ÌUÒ. à
105. 2
105. 5
101. 5
98. 6

104.7
105.5
105.0
105.7
101.4
98. 5

104.7
105.5
104.8
105.5
101.3
98.5

104.1
104.8
104.5
105.0
101.3
98.4

103.6
104.2
104.2
104.7
101.0
98.3

103.6 103.7
104.2 104.4
104.3 104.2
104.7 104.7
100.9 100.8
98.4 98.5

103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
100.6
98.4

103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5

103.6
104.0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6

103.9
104.2
104.4
104.5
102.2
98.6

104.0
104.4
104.6
104.5
102.0
98.6

104.1
104.7
104.6
104.6
101.6
98.6

All services 8____________________
All services less rent......................
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity_______
Transportation services_____
Medical care services_______
Other services___ ________

111.9
112.8

111.7
112.6

111.5
112.4

111.3
112.2

111.1
111.9

111.1
111.9

110.8
111.6

110.5
111.2

110.5
111.2

110.1
110.8

110.0
110.6

109.8
110.5

109.8
110.5

110.2

107.6
108.3

111.1
112. 9
120. 5
111. 3

110.7
112. 7
120.4
111. 2

110.7
112.4
120.2
110.9

110.6
112.3
120.1
110.5

110.2
112.2
119.5
110.3

110.2
112.0
119.2
110.5

110.2
111.8
118.9
110.0

109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6

109.9
111.1
118.5
109.7

109.1
110.9
118.2
109.3

108.8
110.7
118.0
109.3

108.7
110.8
117.8
109.1

108.6 108.5
110. 5 111.2
117.5 116.8
109.3 108.7

107.2
109.5
113.1
106.8

Transportation.
Private___
Public........
Medical care_____

mucA lui oepuemuer lyoa calculated irom a 1947-49
=100 base was 131.4.
1 0 he Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
*Jn .addition k,0 sn'’)SfouPs shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3,/ nfiIK^es .e®=,s,>
an<^ °^s>sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
’
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
8Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
8 Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.6
105.3
115.7

108.0
106.8
115.7

108.3 108.1
107.2 106.9
115.4 116.0

104.6
104.0
103.6
109.5
101.2

100.6

107.8
100.9

107.8
106.7
115.7

107.2
105.9
115.4

105.0
104.0
111.7

114.7

114.2

1 1 1 .3

106.8

106.5

104.6

103.2
103.6
103.8
104.2
101.5
109.5

102.4
102.8

103.2
103.3
100.5
98.9

(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspaper, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
covering, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
8Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop­
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

1377

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1957-59=100]

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Anrmal
ave rage

1962

1963
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1963
(194749=100)

Dec.

Nov.

Oct. J Sept.

1962

1961

105.8

106.0

106.0

106.1

105.4

104.2

131.4

104.5
105.7
(3)
104.7
104.0

0
0
0
105.0
(3)

108.2
105.0
(3)

104.7
106.0
l1)
105.2
104.3

104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6

103.2
104.4
105.1
103. 6
102.6

130.2
132.9
0
133.2
127.9

( 3)
1 0 2 .5
( 3)
( 3)
1 0 7 .2

1 0 3 .7
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .5

( 3)
1 0 2 .8

( 3)
1 0 2 .8

( 3)
1 0 7 .1
1 0 7 .2

( 3)

1 0 3 .5
102. 2
104. 6
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .6

1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .6
104. 5
105. 4

1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 5 .2
105. 9
104. 6

1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .4
105. 0
1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .4
105. 9
106. 5
1 0 4 .6

1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .9
103. 7

Sept.

All Items
All-city average >___

107.1

107.1

Atlanta, G a ______
Baltimore, Md _ . .
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111. . .
Cincinnati, Ohio___

105.2
107.1

(3)

Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, Mich.
Houston, Tex.
Kansas City, Mo. . .
Los Angeles, Calif__
Minneapolis, M inn..
New York, N.Y____
Philadelphia, Pa___
Pittsburgh, Pa
Portland, Oreg_____
St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif..
Scranton, Pa.............
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D.C__

( 3)

105.6
105.1
0
1 0 3 .3
( 3)
( 3)
1 0 8 .6

0
1 0 9 .3
1 0 7 .6
( 3)
( 3)
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .2
( 3)

(3)
(3)

( 3)

107.1
( 3)
( 3)

106.6
104.9
106.8
(3)
105.2
104.6

(3)
105.7
(3)
105.1

109.8
106.0
(3)
(3)

(3)

1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .2

1 0 3 .9

1 0 3 .5

( 3)
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .0

( 3)
( 3)
1 0 7 .4

( 3)
1 0 8 .4
( 3)
1 0 9 .3
1 0 7 .5
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 0 6 .8

106.2
( 3)
( 3)

(3)

(3)

1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .4

1 0 2 .1

1 0 2 .6

( 3)
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .0

( 3)
( 3)
1 0 7 .7

( 3)
1 0 7 .6
( 3)
1 0 7 .8
1 0 6 .2

(3)

(3)

( 3)

«

( 3)
( 3)
(3)

1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .9
( 3)

104.9
106.2
(3)
105.2
104.5

109.2
105.0
(3)

( 3)
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .2

(3)
(3)

( 3)
( 3)

106.2

(3)
105.0
(3)
104.3

1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .2
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .8

(3)
(3)

106.2

( 3)
( 3)
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 6 .1

106.1
( 3)

(3)
(3)
104.7
(3)
104.3
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .0
( 3)
1 0 7 .8

1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .2

( 3)
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .4

( 3)
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .2

(3)
(3)

(3)

( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

1 0 5 .8
1 0 8 .4

( 3)
( 3)
1 0 6 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .6

(3)
(3)

( 3)

(3)
(3)

( 3)

106.0
( 3)
( 3)

108.6
104.7
(3)
( 3)
1 0 2 .5
( 3)
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 0 5 .7

( 3)
1 0 6 .9
1 0 5 .7

( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .8
( 3)

( 3)
( 3)

(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)

( 3)
1 0 7 .1
( 3)
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .8

(3)
( 3)

0
(3)
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 0 5 .3

( 3)
0

1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .3
105. 3
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

0

1 0 7 .2
( 3)
1 0 7 .3
1 0 6 .0
( 3)
( 3)
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .5

(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)

0
1 2 7 .4

0
0
1 3 5 .4

0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .1

0
0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 8 .6

0
0
0

Food
All-city average 5.

105.4

106.0

106.2

105.0

104.2

104.3

104.6

105.0

104.7

103.5

104.1

104.3

104.8

103.6

102.6

Atlanta, Oa..............
Baltimore, Md____
Boston, Mass.......... .
Chicago, 111....... .......
Cincinnati. Ohio___

104.1
105.4
108.1
106.1
103.2

104.8
105. 7
109.0
107.6
103. 7

105.0
106.0
108.6
107.5
103.5

103.7
104.8
106.6
105.9
102.9

102.3
103.5
106.2
104.7
102.3

102.7
103.5
106.6
105.0
102.2

103.8
103.7
106.5
105.7
102.6

104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7

104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1

102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101. 7

103.1
103.6
106.4
105.7
102.8

103.9
104.2
105.7
105.7
103.0

104.3
104.5
105.7
106.7
103.7

103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9

101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8

Cleveland, Ohio___
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex_____
Kansas City, Mo__
Los Angeles, Calif....

102.2
101.3
105.3
105.0
107.0

103.6
103.0
104. 7
105.2
107.1

102.6
103. 4
104.6
105.1
107.7

101.6
102.0
103.1
103.9
106.3

100.7
100.7
102.0
102.1
105.9

100.8
100.8
101.8
103.3
106.6

101.7
101.1
102.3
103.6
106.8

102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8

101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8

100.8
100.6
102.4
103.2
105.6

101.3
101.6
102.8
104.4
105.3

101.7
101.5
103.6
104.5
105.6

102.4
101.6
104.0
105.1
105.9

101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5

100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5

Minneapolis, Minn..
New York, N.Y___
Philadelphia, Pa___
Pittsburgh, Pa____
Portland, Oreg____

102.9
107.4
104.3
103.6
105.5

102. 4
108.1
105.2
104.4
106.2

103.7
108.2
105. 1
104.6
105.8

102.1
106.9
104.5
103.7
104.8

101.7
106.3
103.2
103.2
104.1

102.0
106.3
103.1
103.1
104.5

101.8
106.6
104.1
104.1
104.6

101.7
106.8
104.4
104.3
105.2

101.5
106.6
104. 5
103.2
105. 3

100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103 9

100.9
105.8
103.5
102.5
104.1

101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5

102.5
107.0
104.8
103.4
104.8

101.8 101.2
104.9 102.9
103.1 101. 9
102. 4 102. 3
103.6 103.0

St. Louis, Mo_____
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa______
Seattle, Wash_____
Washington, D .C__

105.3
107.2
104.8
107.6
105.0

105.5
107.1
104. 4
107.8
105.5

105.7
107.6
105. 0
107.8
105. 5

104.9
107.0
104.6
107. 1
104.6

103.1
105.9
103.1
106.7
103.3

104.0
106.5
103.1
107.3
102.9

104.5
106.9
103.3
107.3
103.6

105.0
107.0
104.4
106.9
103.2

104.9
106. 7
104.1
106.3
103.9

104.6
105.6
102.9
105.9
101.8

104.5
105.8
103.6
105.9
102.1

103.8
105.6
104.1
105.9
103.4

104.2
105.0
103.8
106.6
103.0

103.0
105.4
103.1
105. 7
102.0

i See footnote 1, table D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

* A v e r a g e o t to c jl h » .

...

102.0
104.0
101.3
104. 5
101. 6
,

„

* All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 5
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.

1378

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] 1
1963

1962

Annual
Average

Commodity group
Sept.3 Aug.

July

June

May

100.3

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

100.4

100.6

100.3

100.0

99.7

99.9

100.2

100.5

100.4

100.7

Farm products and processed foods______

98.5 ‘ 98.9

99.8

99.1

98.4

97.6

97.4

98.7

99.8

99.3

100.4

100.3

Farm products.............................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains_________________________
Livestock and live poultry___
Plant and animal fibers.........................
Fluid milk____________ ___
Eggs................................ .....................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds. ...........
Other farm products___ ___________
Processed foods............................
Cereal and bakery products________
Meats, poultry and fish_______
Dairy products and ice cream_____
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables___________ ___
Sugar and confectionery____________
Packaged beverage materials___
Animal fats and oils_______________
Crude vegetable oils______________
Refined vegetable oils______
Vegetable oil end products........ .
Miscellaneous processed foods 5___
All commodities except farm products___
All commodities except farm and foods
Textile products and apparel______
Cotton products__________________
Wool products________
Manmade fiber textile products___
Silk products___________
Apparel_______ _______
Miscellaneous textile products 8
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products............................... .......
Hides and skins...________________
Leather______ ___ _ . ..
Footwear______________
Other leather products........
Fuel and related products, and power__
Coal_______________
Coke_______________
Gas fuels 7______________________
Electric power 7___________ ____ _
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined...
Chemicals and allied products...
Industrial chemicals....... .......
Prepared paint_________
Paint materials__________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals...
Fats and oils, inedible_____
Mixed fertilizer________
Fertilizer materials_______________
Other chemicals and allied products.. I
Rubber and rubber products___
Crude rubber..___ ____
Tires and tubes__________________
Miscellaneous rubber products 8
Lumber and wood products__
Lumber___________
Millwork____________
Plywood____ _____ _
Pulp, paper, and allied products___
Woodpulp__________
Wastepaper__________
Paper____ ____ ___
Paperboard______
C onverted paper and paperboard products_______________
Building paper and board____
See footnotes at end of table.

95.4

96.3 96.8
88.0 *92.5 97.0
102.9 98.5 99.5
88.6 93.5 94.4
99.4 99.6 100.2
101.7 100.6 99.8
107.8 96.0 87.5
110.5 111.3 111.1
88.9 88.4 89.1
100.9 100.9 102.2
107.0 106.0 106.4
94.2 95.2 96.3
108.0 107.9 107.3

94.9
97.1
101.4
89.3
101.4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.4
107.0
94.1
106.6

94.4
99.8
102.9

95.4
99.6
105.1

95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6

96.5
96.5
103.0
89.5

98.5
104.0

97.3
88.5

99.8
113.8
89.0
99.0
108.0
91.8
107.1

99.1
113.5
89.1
100.5
108.6
95.6
108.0

99. 3
96.4
101.1 99.5
96.2 98.3
98.1 97.6
101.9 102.4
99.3 112.4
108.2 106.9
89.0 90.1
100.9 101.3
107.6 107.7
99.4 100.1
108.1 108.0

98.6
97.5
102.5
103.1
103.1
89.7
101.5
107.6

105.4 *104. 8 105.7
111.6 111.2 120.3
80.9 80.9 81.1
84.1 84.3 82.7
78.6 * 77.4 83.6
80.8 79.6 84.3
85.8 86.1 87.0
106.5 *106. 5 104.5

102.9 101.3 99.8 100.0
113.9 106.1 105.1 105.0
80.9 79.1 79.1 79.1
79.1 80.0 86.0 82.8
83.3 83.8 82.5 81.0
84.1 90.0 89.2 88.4
87.2 90.5 91.9 91.9
101.8 101.4 101.5 101.5 100. 2
101.0 100.7 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.7
100.7 100.5 100.4 100.6 100.6 100.7
100.3 100.2 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4
99.7 99.7 100.1 100.2 100.5 100.6
100.8 100.6 100.8 100.8 100.7 100.7
93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.7 93.7
148.0 144.4 150.9 150.9 151.1 149.8
102.0 101.6 101.3 101.4 101.4 101.3
117.4 118.2 116.3 114.9 118.2 123.3
104.5 104.8 104.5 105.1 105.1 106.0
85.8 87.4 85.0 88.4 85.9 95.2
102.5 103.2 102.8 103.7 104.7 105.2
108.2 108.2 108.2 108.3 108.3 108.3
104.3 104.4 104.5 104.7 104.8 104.9
100.9 100.4 100.3 100.8 100.3 100.4
94.9 94.2 95.0 98.1 98.4 98.3
103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6
120.3 120.1 124.1 127.8 127.8 120.8
102.2 102.2 102.4 102.4 102.5 102.5
«
(s)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
99.9 99.1 98.2 98.2 97.1 98.2
96.3 96.4 96.3 96.8 96.7 96.9
95.0 95.0 95.0 95.4 95.2 96.0
103.0 103.0 103.7 103.7 103.8 103.8
91.1 91.7 91.5 93.0 93.0 93.0
95.2 95.2 95.1 95.2 95.1 95.2
80.6 78.6 77.7 74.5 72.7 71.7
103.6 103.6 103.7 103.6 103.6 103.0
100.8 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 100.8
98.6 98.6 98.6 99.5 99.5 99.6
93.1 93.2 94.1 94.1 94.2 94.3
92.5 92.6 92.8 92.7 93.7 94.1
89.1 89.1 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0
97.5 97.5 99.8 99.8 99.7 99.7
98.3 97.5 97.0 96.5 96.1 95.9
99.2 98.4 97.6 96.6 96.2 95.9
103.0 102.4 102.4 102.5 102.3 102.3
92.6 90.9 91.0 91.2 90.5 90.5
99.4 99.1 99.0 99.0 99.1 99.0
91.3 91.3 91.3 89.4 89.4 89.4
90.8 89.8 92.5 96.6 96.1 94.7
102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2
94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1
100.3 99.9 99.7 99.7 99.9 99.6
97.5 96.2 95.5 94.1 95.5 95.6

All commodities_______________


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100.8 100.8 101.1
100.8 100.8 100.8

100.5 100.4
99.8 * 99.7

100.6 100.6

100.4
99.8
100.5
93.7
134.5

94.0
130.1
102.3
116.9

93.9
136.6

116.5

115.1

103.1
77.3
99.5
108.4
103.4
99.9
97.2
103.6
122.3

103.6
80.5

104.3
83.5

102.2 102.2

100.1 102.2

(8)
95.9
96.0
94.5
103.9
89.2
94.9
81.3
103.8
97.2
98.9
93.4
88.9
91.7
97.2

108.4
*103.5
i 98.9
* 96.2
103.6
4120.9
101.9
(8)
96.1
96.0
94.6
103.9
89.0
95.0
4 81.7
103.6
96.9
98.9
493.7
90.7
<91.2
97.5

(8)
98.7
96.0
94.7
103.0
89.2
95.1
81.4
103.6
99.8
98.7
93.0
91.6
89.1
97.5

100.8
105.6
92.9
99.4
91.7
90.9
102.2
94.1

104.9
104.1
99.1
91.7
91.2
102.2
94.1

104.2
100.9
99.0
91.7
91.4
102.2
94.1

100.3 499.8
97.6 97.5

99.6
97.5

101.8

108.4
104.0
100.4
95.8
103. 6

121.2
102.0

100.0 102.6 101.6
102.7 102.1

104.6
132.1
81.1
79.2
83.3
84.4
87.0
103.9

86.8 88.2
101.7 102.0 101.8 100.8
97.3 98.3 99.6 101.1

77.1 81.3
112.5 110.7
89.5 89.4
101.7 99.3
107.6 108.1
91.9 90.3
106.8 106.9
103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
84.2
85.8
87.0

102.0

94.1
99.3
101.3

100.1
111.9
87.4

100.8

107.4
97.9
107.8

95.7

102.8

79.1
85.2
78.9
90.0
91.8
100.4

96.3
102.5
79.1
92. 2
79.8
88.7
91.8
101. 2
100. 8
100.7
100.5
100.7

93.7
143.3
101.7
127.9

93.6
130.3
101.7
127.8

96. 2
98. 4

101.6 101.2

107.7

96.4
103.0
79.1
95. 2
80.9
86. 2
90. 9
104. 6
100. 8
100.7
100.5

102.1 102 2
82. 4 81 9
91. 4 88 4
76.7 84. 5
84. 6 93 1
92 6 97 3
102 8 101 8
101. 2 100 9
100. 8 100 8
100. è 100. 6

100.0

96.6

98.0

101.3 101. 7
99.4 99.1
93.6 94.0 93. 9
129. 5 125.2 125.9
101.7 101.6 101 5
121.6 122.1 122.4

106.9

107.3 107.4
107.1 108.8
106.8 106.5
108.4 108.4
105.0 104. 8
100.8 100.7 100.8
98.3 97.7 97.2
103.6 103.6 103.6
123.1 122.3 122. 7
102.7 102.7 102.7
98.1 98.1 98.1
98.6 98.6 98.9
96.8 97.0 97.1
95.9 95.9 96.1
103.8 103.8 103.8
92.9 93.9 93.9
94.8 95.1 95.1
72.8 75.9 76.7
102.8 103.1 103.4
99.6 99.2 99.0
99.5 99.5 99.5
94.4 93.7 93.1
94.7 92.8 92.7
89.0 88.0 86.4
99.7 99.7 100.0
95.8 96.3 96.6
95.8 96.3 96.7
102.1 102.3 102.3
90.4 91.5 91.9
99.0 99.1 99.3
89.4 89.4 91.3
94.6 96.0 96.1
102.2 102.2 102.3
94.1 94.1 94.0

101.6

99.7
96.6

104.4
97.4

110.7 95 2
99.8 105. 4
90.8 91. 8
103.3 101. 2
107. 6 107. 6
106.8 99.1
106.0 106.9

106.1
108.5
105.5

99.6
96.2

1962 !

100.6 101.2 100.6
102.1 99.6
98. 7 100. fi 97 7
97.5 94.9 97.7
98.5 98.6 98. 8

100.8
100.6
100.8
101.0
100.2 100.1 99.6
100.7

Sept.

107.5 107.4
110.8 106. 2
106. 6 108. 5
108.8 108. 7
104.0 104 3

100.8 100.2

1961
100.3
98.6
93. 7
95 fi
92 5
94 8
103.9
99 O
107 %
93 2

100 7
105 1
95 4
107.5
101.7

101 2
94 4
102 fi
108 3

100
0 88
10

99 7
100 4
97.1
93 4
113 2
ioi n
123! 4

106. 2
107.9
106.0
107 4
103 2
100. 7
97. 7
103 6
118 7

96.6
103.6

96.8
103.6

99.2
96.9
95. 9
103.8
94.5
95.0
72.3
103.9
98.6
99.5
92.8
92.0
86.4
99.4
97.0
97.2
102.3
92.2
99. 5
93.6
96.4
102.4
94.0

98.2
97.5
96 3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103. 8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5
101. 8
92.4

93.2
97. 5
102.6
93.1

102.2

100.0
96 3 97.1

101.0
97.2

99.5
100.8

100.0

120.1 119. 2
102. 8 102 8 102 4
98.2 98.1
98! 0

100 0

99.3
99.1
98 4
103 6

99.6

98.3
87.5
192 fi
104.3
99.2
96.1
96.3
92.4

100.0

95 9
94.7
101 9
95.7
98 8
95.0
80 5
92.5

1379

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified*]
Annual

1962

1963

A verage

Commodity group

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products------------Iron and steel--------------------------Nonferrous metals--------------------Metal containers...................... .......
Hardware........................ -...........—
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings.
Heating equipment....................... Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts--------------- -------------------Machinery and motive products..------

1962 * 1961

99.7
99.0
98.9
103.7
103.7
96.8
92.6
98.2

100.0

100.1
93.2
98.2

103.8
103.2
94.6
99.0

103.8 103.9 103.8 103.9
102. 3 102.2 *102.4 102.3
110. 5 110.2 109.6 109.4

103.9
102.3
109.5

103.1
102.3
107.4

108.3

108. 3 108.2

108.0

107.7

107.8

107.5

109.2

109. 3 109.3

109.3

109.3

109.3

107.0

103.9
103.4

103.8
103.4

103.7
103.3

103.7
103.3

103.6
103.2

103.3
103.4

102.8
102.8

103.1
97.1
100.7

103.1 102.9
97.8 * 97.8
100.8 100.8

102.8
98.1
100.8

102.5
98.1
100.8

102.2
98.4
100.7

102.0
98.4
101.1

101.9
98.4

100.4

100.5
98.1
104.4
102.3
95.9
92.1

100.5
98.2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3

100.5 100.5
98.2 98.3
104.5 104.5
102.3 102.3
95.9 96.2
92.3 92.3

100.5
98.4
104.2
102.3
96.4
93.0

100.5
98.6
104.1
102.5
96.8
93.1

100.5
98.5
104.0
102.5
96.8
93.0

100.5
98.6
103.9
102.5
96.7
93.2

100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

100.2

89.4
103.0
101. 5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.4
104.4
102.3
101.1
117.4
108.0

89.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8

90.1
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.5

90.4
102. 8
101. 5
96.6
103.2
102. 5
103.5
105.0
89.4
102.4
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.2

90.4
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.8
103.4
105.0
89.4
102.4
104.5
102.2
101.5
117.4
109.8

90.7
102.9
101. 6
96.6
103.3
102.7
103.4
105.0
89.4
102.2
104.5
102.2
101.5
117.4
108.7

90.7
103.1
101.5
96.6
103.3
102.6
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.5
104.2
102.0
101.1
117.1
109.1

91.1
103.1

95.3
102.5

101.2
114.9
98.7

101. 2 101.1
112.8 113.7
98.7 98.7

100.8
110.6

100.9
104.6
98.9

104.4 104.4
101.6 101.2

104.2
101.3

103.5

Nov.

99.4 99.5
98.6 98.8
98.0 98.0
104. 5 104.5
104.0 103.8
101.1 97.5
92.4 92.5
98.0 98.1

99.3
98.7
97.7
103.7
103.8
97.5
93.3
98.1

99.3 99.4
98 4 98.7
98.3 97.9
103.7 103.7
103.8 103.7
97.5 97.2
92.8 92.7
98.1 98.2

103.7
102.2
110.8

103.7
102.3
110.8

108.8

108.5

109.1

109.1

103.4
103.7

103.6
103.4

103.9
97.0
100.2

100.5 100.5
98.1 98.0
104.5 104.4
102.8 102.3
95.9 95.7
91.9 92.0
88.9
102.9
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
104.0
105.0
92.7
101.4
105.2
104.5
101.0
117.4
107.6

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

100.2
99.1
99.6
104.7
104.2
100.6
93.2
98.6

100.0
99.0
99.0
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.3
98.3

100.0 99.9
99.0 99.3
98.7 98.7
104.9 104.6
104.0 103.9
100.6 100.8
93.3 93.0
98.2 98.2

99.4
98.5
98.2
104.5
103.9
100.8
92.9
97.6

99.4
98.4
98.1
104.5
103.9
101.3
92.6
97.8

104.0
102.0
110.9

103.8
101.9
110.9

103.7
102.0
111.0

109.6

109.2

108.8

109.6

109.4

109.4

103.5 103.4
103. 4 103.3

103.4
103.4

103.9
97.7
99.8

100.1
499.0
99.4
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.1
98.4

105.0 4105. 0 105.0
102.2 102.1 102.1
111.0 110.9 110.9
Construction machinery and equip­
ment--------- -------------------------- 110.1 110.0 109.7
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment.--------------------------- --------- 110.1 110.2 109.9
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment------------------------------------ 104.3 4 103. 9 103.9
Miscellaneous machinery..................... 103.4 103.4 103.4
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment ,0. ---------------- ----------------- 104.5 104.2 104.1
Electrical machinery and equipment - .. 97.3 497.2 97.2
99.5 99.8
Motor vehicles........ .......................... — 99.5
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock 1°.............................. - 100.5 100.5 100. 5
98.1 98.0
Furniture and other household durables 98.1
Household furniture............................. 104.6 104.6 104.5
Commercial furniture-------------------- 103.0 103.0 102.8
96.6 96.6
Floor coverings............................- ....... 96.6
91.7 91.7
Household appliances........................... 91.4
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
87.7 87.7
graphs------ ----- --------------------- 87.8
Other household durable goods........... . 103.5 103.3 103.4
Nonmetallic mineral products..........— 101.1 4 101.0 100.9
Flat glass....... ....................................... 1G0.0 <98.9 96.6
Concrete ingredients................... ....... . 103.0 103.0 103.2
Concrete products............................... 101.3 4101. 2 101.2
Structural clay products...................... 103.4 103.6 103.5
Gypsum products................................ 106.1 105.8 105.0
88.2 88.2
88.2
Prepared asphalt roofing.....................
Other nometallic minerals......... ......... 100. 9 100. 7 101.2
Tobacco products and bottled beverages . 107. 4 107. 5 107.5
Tobacco products...............................- 105.7 105. 7 105.7
Alcoholic beverages.................. ......... 101. 0 101.0 101.0
Nonalcoholic beverages....................... 127.7 127.7 127.7
Miscellaneous products----- -------------- . 111.8 4 111.1 110.4
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
. 101.2 101.2 101.0
munition----------------------. 119.0 117.7 116.3
Manufactured animal feeds----98.7 98.7
. 99.1
Notions and accessories---------Jewelry, watches and photog
. 103.5 4103. 103.9
equipment............................
. 101.1 101. 100.9
Other miscellaneous products...

104.9
102.0
111.0

103.9
97.7
99.3

88.9
103.2
101.2
96.6
103.2
101.9
104.0
105.0
89.1
101.3
105.8
105.7
101.0
118.2
108.1

Jan.

90.1
102.8
101.4
96.6
102.7
102.5
103. 7
105.0
89.4
102.2
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.6

100.7
112.1
98.7

100.7
111.2
98.7

100.7
111.9
98.7

100.5
117.1
98.7

101.1
118.2
98.7

101.3
118.3
98.7

101.3
115.7
98.7

103.8
101.3

103.9
101.4

103.8
101.4

103.9
101.7

104.0
101.7

104.0
101.8

104. 4 104.4
101.5 101.7

i As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
* As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
8 Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sept.

Oct.

Dec.

Sept.8 Aug.

< Revised.
8 Formerly titled “other processed foods.”
« Formerly titled “other textile products.’
7January 1958=100.
8Discontinued.
» Formerly titled “other rubber products.’
10January 1961= 100.

99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0

100.8

101.8

97.0
103.2

100.7
100.7
100.4
102.0

100.0
100.8

99.5

102.8
101.8

99.3
95.2

101.8

96.8

102.8

102.6

103.5
105.0
94.8

102.5
103.2
103.8
98.6

102.2

104.1

102.2

102.1

103.2
102.0

101.0

116.9
107.3
98.7

100.6
112.8

103.9

101.2

1380

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]»
1963

Commodity group

All foods................................... .........
fish .......................................................
All commodities except farm products____________
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products____
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes________________
Refined petroleum products_______________ ____
East Coast markets_______________________
Midcontinent markets_____________________
Gulf Coast markets_______________________
Pacific Coast markets_____________________
Midwest markets 8________________________
Soaps................................................ ......................
Synthetic detergents.................................
IIIIIIH
Pharmaceutical preparations___________________
Ethical preparations 8..............
...I,
Anti-infectives *_______________________
Anti-arthritics 8_______________________
Sedatives and hypnotics *____________ I.II
Ataractics 8___________________________
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics l IIIII
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 8
Diabetics *.................................. .....................
Hormones 8_______________________IIIIZ
Diuretics 5______________________IIIIIII!
Dermatologicals 8____________________ II'
Hermatinics 5_______________________HI
Analgesics 8___________________ I.IIIIH ..
Anti-obesity preparations »______________I
Cough and cold preparations 8____________
Vitamins 8___________________________
Proprietary preparations *.....
I.IIIIIIIIIIH
Vitamins 8___ ______ _________________
Cough and cold preparations 8___ IIIIIIIIH
Laxatives and elimination aids 8__________
Internal analgesics 8____________________
Tonics and alteratives 8_________________
External analgesics 8___________________I,
Antiseptics 8________________________H_.
Antacids 8____________________ IIIIIIIH
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)
Softwood lumber_______
H_
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board) _______ ___________________
Special metals and meta—products 8_______ H
Steel mill products_______________________ II.II
Machinery and equipment______________ IIIIIIH'
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)_______
Metalworking machinery______________________
All tractors___________________IIIIIIIIIIIIII'H I
Industrial valves..................................IIIIIIIIIH
Industrial fittings................................. IIIIIIIIIIII!
Antifriction bearings and components.......IIIIIIIIIH!
Abrasive grinding wheels______________________
Construction materials________________ H ill
aii

1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 See footnote 2, table D-3.
8 Preliminary.
* Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1962

Annual average

Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.

100.1 U00.1
107.1 105.5
100.8 100.8
98.1 98.0
99.0 <97.2
95.9 96.1
93.4 96.2
99.7 95.4
95. 4 97.1
89.7 87.2
90.9 92.1
105.4 105.4
99. 6 99.6
96. 7 96.8
95. 5 95. 8
88.3 88.3
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
97. 6 101. 3
103. 8 103.8
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
104. 3 104.3
108.8 108.8
101.8 101. 8
100.0 100.0
97.0 100.4
87. 7 87. 7
101.6 101.2
100.3 100.3
98.6 98.6
103.8 103.8
101.9 101.9
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
105. 6 102.9
98.9 98.9
99.0 102.8
100.0 102.6

101.3
110 0
101.1
97.9
96.3
98.7
96.2
99.7
100.1
88.2
94.6
103.5
99.6
96.9
95.8
88.3
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
104.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
87.7
101. 5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98.9
101.7
101.9

101.1
114.4
101.0
98.0
94.2
99.9
96.2
105.4
99.7
89.7
95.8
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.3
100.6
113. 2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103 8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.4
88.1
101. 5
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
98.9
97.7
98.5

100.7
115.9
100.7
98.0
92.9
99 1
96.2
102.6
99.7
90.7
93.3
103.5
99.6
96.9
95.7
88. 5
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.0
101.3
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.8
108 8
101.8
100.0
100. 7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
96.7
97.5

98.7
113.6
100.2
98.2
95.5
98.2
98.9
99.7
97.7
90.7
94.5
103. 5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.5
100.6
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103. 8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101. 6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102. 3
102.9
100.1
96.1
96.5

99.0
117.3
100.4
98.3
100. e
98.2
98.9
98.6
97. 7
90.7
95.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103. 8
99. 6
100.0
100. 8
10S. 8
101.8
100.0
100. 7
88.1
101. 6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
95.4
95.6

100.1
118.4
100.6
98.4
101.5
97.1
98.9
88. 6
97.9
90.7
98.0
103.5
99.6
96. 6
95.7
88.5
100 6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100. 7
88.1
101.0
100.3
100. 1
101. 7
101.3
100.0
102.3
102.9
100.1
94.9
95.3

101.1
121.9
100.7
98.4
101.5
98.2
98.9
94.4
97.9
91. 7
97.6
103.5
99.6
96.6
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100. 0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101. 8
100.0
100. 7
88.1
100.9
100.3
99.5
101.7
101.3
100. 0
102.3
101. 7
100.1
94.6
95.0

99.9
120.9
100.8
98.5
101.5
98.6
100.1
97.5
97.4
91.7
97.7
103.5
99.6
96.1
95.0
86.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
98. 7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108. 5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
94.6
95.0

101.3
118.3
100.8
98.3
100 4
98.6
98.9
101.4
95.6
91.7
98.3
103. 5
99 6
96.4
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
101. 6
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108. 5
101.8
100.0
100. 6
88.1
100. 7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101. 3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
95.2
95.6

101.2
119.0
100.8
98. 4
99.1
98.9
97.8
101.4
97.9
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95. 4
87.6
100.6
112 5
100.0
100.0
100. 9
103.8
99 6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101 «
100 0
100. 6
88.1
100. 5
99. 6
100.1
101. 6
101.3
100. 0
100. 8
100.1
98.9
95.6
96.1

102.9
119 8
101.2
98 7
98.1
99.2
97 8
101 4
99 2
91 4
97 2
103. 5
99 8
96 3
95 4
87 7
100 6
112 5
100 0
100 0
100 9
103 8
99 6
100 0
100 8
108. 5
101 8
100 0
100. 6
88 1
100 5
100 3
100 1
101 6
101 1
100 0
100. 7
100.1
98.9
96.1
96.8

99.5 99.2
100. 5 100.4
102.0 102.0
103. 2 <103.0
112.1 112.1
109.8 <109.9
111.3 111. 2
107.3 <106.7
99. 2 <96.9
90.8 90.8
96. 3 96.3
98.9 99. 7

99.1
100. 4
102.1
103 0
112.0
109.5
110.9
107.5
95.4
90.8
96.3
99.3

99.5
100.2
102.1
103.1
112.2
109.1
111.3
107.4
91.7
90.8
96.3
98.3

99.2
100.2
102.0
103.0
112.2
108.9
111.1
107.4
91.1
90.8
96.4
98.1

99.2
100.0
101.2
102. 7
112.1
108.8
110. 7
107.4
90.9
90.8
96.4
97.8

99.2
100.1
101.1
102.6
112.0
108.4
110.6
107.4
90.9
90.8
97.7
97.7

99.3
100.2
101.3
102.9
111.9
108.5
100.5
107.4
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.6

99.1
100.2
101.3
103.0
111.8
108.6
110.4
107.8
94. 6
90.8
97. 7
97.7

99.1
100.1
101.3
103.0
111.4
108.7
110.2
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7

99.2
100.1
101.3
102.8
111.3
108.7
110.0
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.9

99. 4
100.1
101. 4
103. 0
110. 7
108. 8
109. 6
108. 0
94. 6
90.8
97. 7
98.0

99 6
100. 4
101 3
102. 8
110 5
108. 7
109. 2
107. 7
93.9
90.8
97. 7
98.1

1962 »
100.6

119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2

102.6

99 7
97.3
96.9
93.1

100.6

112 5
100.0
100.0

100.5
104.0
99.

100 0
100.7
108.5

101.8
100.0
100.0
88 1

100.5

100.1
100.0
101.1
101 2
100.0

100.8

100.2

99.6
95.6
95.9

100.1

100.5
101. 4
102.9
110.5
108.8
109.4
107. 4
93.0
90.8
98.5
98.3

1961
100.0

107.9
100.8

97.7
99.9
99.3
100.9
99.6
101.2

89.9
93.5
101.4
100.8

98.9
99.3
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0

100.5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.2

106.1
100.9
100.0

99.4
95.0

100.1
100.0
100.0

99.8
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

94.7
93.5
98.7

101.0

101.7
102.9
108.3
106.6
108.0
108.7
88.2

92.5
96.2
98.6

8New series. January 1961=100.
8 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

1381

D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100]*
1963

Commodity group

1962

Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
100.3 100.4 100.6 100.3 100.0 99.7

All commodities.

Annual tverage

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.

1962 *

99.9 100.2 100 5 100.4 100.7 100.6 101.2

100.6

100.3

97.1
96.8
97.4

96.1
94.9
97.9

1961

Stage of processing

94.7 95.7 96.1
94.0 95.4 96.1
95.6 95.6 95.9
Crude nonfood materials except fuel__________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing.................. ......... ................. . 94.9 94.9 95.3
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction................ ..................................... . 103.0 i 103.0 103.2
Crude fuel_________ ___ _________________ 103.1 *102.0 101.9
Crude fuel for manufacturing......................... 103.0 *102.0 101.8
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing_________ 103.4 <102.2 102.1
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components__ 100.5 100.5
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
99.1 99.1
facturing................... ........................................
103.4 4 102.9
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
96.6 96.6
facturing___________ ______ _________
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing______________ _____________ 100.8 101.0
98. S 98.7
Components for manufacturing__________
99.9 4100.4
Materials and components for construction____
Processed fuels and lubricants.............................. . 99.9 499.8
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
. 101.3 4101.1
turing.......................... .....................
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing..................................................... . 97.7 97.6
Containers, nonretumable_________________ _ 101.3 101.0
Supplies____ __________________________ . 106.8 106.2
Supplies for manufacturing_____________ . 105.1 4105.0
Supplies for nonmanufacturing................. . 106.8 106.1
Manufactured animal feeds___________ . 112.2 110.9
. 101.6 101.3
Other supplies.......................... ......
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
.
and fuels)__________ _________________
Consumer finished goods...................................... .
Consumer foods____ __________________ .
.
Consumer crude foods__________
Consumer processed foods____________ .
Consumer other nondurable goods________ .
Consumer durable goods________________ .
Producer finished goods______ ___ _________ .
Producer finished goods for manu factoring.. .
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing .

94.8
93.7
96.4

94.2 95.0 94.5
92.8 93.9 92.8
96.6 96.5 96.7

95.6
94.7
96.4

96.8
97.1
95.8

96.8 97.6
97.1 98.2
95.8 95.9

97.4 99.2
97.9 100.6
96.0 96.3

95.8

96.0

95.9

96.2

95.8

95.2

95.1

95.3

95.3

95.7

96.9

97.4

103.2
101.0
101.0
101.2

103.0
100.5
100.5
100.7

103.0
102.3
102.3
102.5

103,1
105. 4
105.3
105.8

103.0
105. 6
105. 5
106.0

102.7
103.3
103.2
103.5

103.2
104.0
103.9
104.3

103.3
103.4
103.4
103.7

103.3
103.2
103.2
103.5

103. 3
102.0
102.0
102.2

103.2
101.8
101.8
102.0

102.8
102.3
102.2
102.4

100.6 100.6 100.5 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2

100.2

100.3

99.4 99.7 99.7 98.8 98.6 98.7 98.8 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0
106.4 109.8 110.2 103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0 99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4

99.2
100.5

99.8
102.6

96.8

97.0

97.1

100.8
98. 6
100.1
101.4

100.4
98. 7
99.4
101.8

100.1
98. 6
99.2
101.4

97.2

97.3

99.6 99.7 99.8
98.2 98.2 98. 5
99.0 98.9 98.9
100.8 100.8 100.3

100.0
98. 6
98.8
100.6

97.1

97.1

97.3

97.4

97.7

98.0

98.6

99.9 100.1 100.1 100.4
98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7
98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2
101.4 101.7 102.0 102.1

100.4
98.8
99.3
101.2

100.5
99.6
99.7
101.6

102.3 102.6 102.4 102.0 102.2 101.9 101.9 102.6 102.7
99. 7 100.3 99.7 98.6 98.4 97.6 98.4 99.4 100. 0
100.8 101.4 101.2 100.9 101.1 101.4 101.6 101.5 101.6
105.8 105. 0 104. 7 105.1 106.4 106. 7 106. 6 105.9 105.6
105.0 105.1 105.2 105.9 105. 7 105.8 105.7 105. 9 105.9
105.6 104.3 104.0 104.2 106.1 106.5 106.4 105.3 104.9
109.7 105.6 104.8 105. 4 110.5 111. 4 111. 5 109.1 108.3
101.2 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.5 101.3 101.1 101.0

97.6

102.9 102.9

102.3

102.5

100.4
101.4
105.0
106.1
104,0
106. 2
100.9

100.6
101.4
105.2
106.0
104.3
107.0
100.8

99.4
102.2
104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3

100.1
100.9
102.3
105.2
100.6
97.5
100.5

101.5 101.4
100.8 100.8
100.2 4100.3
97. I 95.7
100.7 4101.0
101.9 101.9
99.4 99.5
103.1 103.0
105.1 105.1
101.0 101.0

101.8
101.2
101.0
95. 4
101. S
102.3
99. 4
103.0
105.0
101.1

101.5
100.8
100.1
92.5
101.3
102.1
99.5
103.0
104.9
101.2

101.1
100.4
99.4
93.2
100.3
101. s
99. 4
102.1
104.7
101.1

100.8
99.9
98.2
94.2
98.9
101.6
99.5
102,9
104. 7
101.2

101.1
100.3
99.0
99.5
98.9
101.8
99. 7
102.9
104. 5
101.4

101.5
100.9
100.4
98.9
100.7
101.7
99.8
103. C
104.6
101.4

101.8
101.2
101. 4
103.4
101.1
101. 7
99.8
103. C
104. 7
101.5

101.6
101.0
100. 7
95.9
101.4
101.8
99.9
103.0
104.7
101.4

102.0
101.5
102.1
102.8
101.9
101. 7
100. 0
102.9
104.6
101.3

101.9
101. 5
101.9
100.9
102. 0
101.8
99.9
102.8
104.5
101.3

102 6
102 3
103. 9
101.5
104.3
101.7
100.1
102.9
104.5
101.3

101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4

101.4
100.9
100.4
97.6
100.8
101.5
100.5
102.5
103.8
101.2

101.1 4101.2
99.5 99.6
100.7 100.8
101.4 4101.5
99.1 4100.0
98.0 4 98.2
90.5 90.0
98.5 «98.7

101.1
100.1
101.0
101.5
100.4
98. i
89.3
99.5

100.9
99.8
100. f
101.2
100.2
98.2
89.3
98.7

100.8
99.4
100.4
101.1
99.5
98.4
89. f
98.9

100.6
99. C
100.0
100. £
99. C
08.4
89.4
98.9

100.6
99.2
100.2
100. £
99.3
98.3
88.7
98.9

100.7
99.7
100.4
101. (
99.7
99 1
88.6
99.7

100.7
100.2
100.6
101. 1
100. C
100 2
87. £
100.9

100.7
100. C
100.6
101.1
100.0
99.4
86.4
100.1

100.7
100.5
100.7
101.1
100 2
100 5
85.4
101.4

100.7
100.4
100.7
101.1
100.2
100.2
86.5
101.0

100.9
101.2
101.1
101.3
100.9
101.1
87.8
101.9

101. C
100.1
100.8
101.3
100.1
99.5
89.2
100.1

101.3
99.6
100.7
101.4
100.0
98.3
95.2
98.5

D u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t

.
Total durable goods...........................................
.
Total nondurable goods.......... ..........................
.
Total manufactures..___ ________________
.
Durable manufactures________________
.
Nondurable manufactures_____________
Total raw or slightly processed goods____________ .
_
Durable raw or slightly processed goods
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods.. .
* See footnote 1, table D-3.
* See footnote 2, table D-3.
*Preliminary.
*Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “ New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data be­
ginning with 1947, see W h o le s a le P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s , 1957, BLS Buletin 1235 (1958).

1382

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1963

E.—Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l . W ork sto p p a g e s re su ltin g from la b o r-m a n a g em e n t d isp u te s 1
Number of stoppages

Workers involved in stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

Month and year
Beginning in
month or year

1 9 3 5 -3 9 ( a v e r a g e )
1 9 4 7 -4 9 ( a v e r a g e )
1 9 4 5 ............ ..................
1 9 4 6 ..............................

1947 ................
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960

..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
........................... .
.................... ..
..............................
............ .................

1962

...............................

1961 ..................

In effect dur­
ing month

2, 862

2.220.000
3,540, 000
2.400.000
1.530.000
2.650.000
1,900, 000
1, 390,000
2.060.000
1, 880,000
1, 320,000
1,450, 000
1,230,000

1962: September
O ctober...
November.
December

297
261
230
133

541

1963: January 2. . .
February 2_.
March 2___
A pril2____
May 2 ____
June 2_____
July 2..........
A ugust2___
September2.

230

360
320
350
475
600
675
660
575
550

225
350
425
450
400
325
300

1The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
2.380.000
3, 470,000
4, 600,000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000

3, 573
4, 750
4,985
3.693
3, 419
3. 606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4, 320
3,825
3, 673
3.694
3,708
3, 333
3, 367
3,614

200

Beginning in
month or year

506
442

331

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16.900.000
39, 700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100.000
50.500.000
38.800.000
22.900.000
59.100.000
28.300.000
22.600.000
28, 200,000
33.100.000
16.500.000
23, 900, 000
69, 000. 000
19.100.000
16, 300,000
18.600.000

0. 27
.46
.47
1. 43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

.21
.26
.29
.14

.22

.61
.17
.14
.16

91,700
98,800
81,000
45, 200

181,000
155.000
171.000
146.000

1.590.000
1.350.000
981,000
1.330.000

.18
.13

75.000
60.000
45.000

185.000

2.340.000
1.100.000
1,110,000
1.050.000
1, 750,000
1, 740. 000
2,060. 000

.23

100,000

125.000
135.000
115.000
75.000

100, 000

120.000
90,000
130.000
165.000
190.000
220.000

185, 000
155,000

1. 620.000

1,100, 000

.10
.14

.12
.12
.10
.17
.18

.20
.15
.11

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortage.
2Preliminary.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING O FF IC E: l 96 3

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(See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

Occupational Wage Surveys:
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202

BLS Bulletin 1351-1: Prices: A Chartbook, 1953-62, September 1963 (Supplement).
60 pp. 45 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1364: Impact of Office Automation in the Internal Revenue Service, A
Study of the Manpower Implications During the First Stage of the Changeover. 74
pp. 45 cents.

For Lim ited Free Distribution
Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write
to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20210, or to any of the
Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

A Directory of Industry Wage Studies and Union Scale Studies, 1950-June 1963 (Revised
1963). 29 pp.


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