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Monthly
Labor
Review
Deo i
NOVEMBER 1960 VOL. 83 NO.
The Cost of a Retired Couple’s Budget
Equivalent Income Scales by Family Type
Salary Determination for British Civil Servants
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
J ames P. Mitchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E
w an
C laque,
Commissioner
J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner
R
obert
H
enry
H
erm an
J. F i t z g e r a l d , Assistant Commissioner
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
W. D u a n e E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
M a r t S . B e d e l l , Acting Chief, Office of Publications
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
Abe R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
William B. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Regional Offices and Directors
NEW ENGLAND REGION
W endell D. M acdonald
18 Oliver Street
Boston 10, Mass.
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Maine
Rhode Island
Massachusetts Vermont
SOUTHERN REGION
B runswick A. Bagdon
1371 Peachtree Street NE,
Atlanta 9, Ga.
Alabama
North Carolina
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Florida
South Carolina
Georgia
Tennessee
Louisiana
Texas
Mississippi
Virginia
W
b—
M ID D L E ATLANTIC REGION
L ouis F. B uckley
341 Ninth Avenue
New York 1, N.Y.
Delaware
New York
Maryland
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
District of Columbia
N O R TH C E N TRA L REGION
Adolph 0. Berger
105 West Adams Street
Chicago 3, 111.
Illinois
Missouri
Indiana
Nebraska
Iowa
North Dakota
Kansas
Ohio
Kentucky
South Dakota
Michigan
West Virginia
Minnesota
Wisconsin
■UMLJ ll
W ESTERN REGION
M ax D. K ossoris
630 Sansome Street
San Francisco 11, Calif.
Alaska
Nevada
Arizona
New Mexico
California
Oregon
Colorado
Utah
Hawaii
Washington
Idaho
Wyoming
Montana
mi lli
h b i
— || m i l l — UWlIJUMIHglUIllHlJMLLlMM1
The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent or Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D.C.—Subscription price per year—$6.25 domestic; $7.75 foreign. Price 55 cents a copy.
The distribution of subscription copies is handled by the Superintendent of Documents. Communications on editorial matters
should be addressed to the editor-in-chief.
Use o f fu n d s for p rin tin g th is pub lica tio n approved bp th e D irector o f th e Bureau o f th e B udget (N ovem ber 19,1959).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES D EPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief (on leave)
M ary S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1141
1158
1166
1166
The BLS Interim Budget for a Retired Couple
Salary Determination for White-Collar Civil Servants in Great Britain
Special Labor Force Reports
Growth and Characteristics of the Part-Time Work Force
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1176
1184
1189
1193
Early and Disability Retirement Under Collective Bargaining, 1959
State Labor Legislation in 1960
Contract Allowances for Safety Equipment and Work Clothing, 1959
Earnings in Cigarette Manufacturing, May 1960
Technical Note
1197
Estimating Equivalent Incomes or Budget Costs by Family Type
Departments
hi
1214
1201
1205
1208
1215
1223
The Labor Month in Review
Erratum
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1960 • Voi. 83 • No. 11
Announcing for December—
The two articles listed below will a p p e a r in the
D ecem ber issue of th e M onthly L abor Review:
•
M ajor Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1961
•
Deferred W age Increases and Escalator Clauses
The first article will in clu d e a d e ta ile d ta b u la r
p re se n tatio n of expirations, reopenings, a n d w ag e
ad ju stm en t provisions of selected collective b a r
g a in in g agreem ents, Jan u a ry -D e e em ber 1961.
The second article will b e b a se d on m ajor collec
tive b a rg a in in g settlem ents becom ing effective in
1961 a s a result of co n tract negotiations in 1960 or
in ea rlie r years.
A s in Every Issue—
The re g u la r departm ents: The L abor M onth in Re
view, S ignificant D ecisions in L abor C ases, C hronol
ogy of R ecent L abor Events, D evelopm ents in In
d u strial R elations, Book R eview s a n d Notes, a n d
3 4 p a g e s of C urrent L abor Statistics
Orders for annual subscriptions or single copies should be made through
Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.
$6.25 a year
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
55 cents a single copy
The Labor Month
in Review
A strike against the General Electric Co. by the
International Union of Electrical Workers was
settled on October 22 on essentially the terms
originally proposed by the company. The settle
ment, which covered about 70,000 workers in more
than 50 plants, came a few days after the 9,000member Schenectady GE local had gone back to
work and the union had signed a contract with the
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The union, which had struck GE on October 2,
was unable to win its longstanding demand for
supplemental unemployment benefits similar to
those in the auto and steel industries, and it lost
the escalator clause from the previous contract.
The 3-year contract included an immediate 3percent wage increase and left the form of an
increase for April 1962 up to the union. The
union decided to let the locals choose whether
they wanted a 4-percent wage increase or a 3-per
cent increase plus an eighth holiday and a fourth
week of vacation after 25 years of service.
The company’s Job Opportunity and Income
Extension Plan, without the “retraining and
reassignment” feature which the union had claimed
would break down the seniority system, was
included in the agreement. It provided that
workers with 3 or more years of service who are
laid off can receive 1 week’s pay for each year of
service, to be taken in any of several ways,
including weekly payments when unemployment
compensation is exhausted, or at the time of
layoff, if notified they may not be called back.
On October 28, GE discharged 15 employees and
suspended 18 for alleged misconduct on the picket
line. Discharges and other penalties based on
strike misconduct are subject to the contract’s
grievance and arbitration procedure but the union
could not persuade the company to agree to a
contract provision for dropping prosecutions for
alleged picket-line violence.
A few days after settling with the IUE, GE
signed a new contract with the United Electrical
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Workers, which had not struck. The UE con
tract, which according to the company covers
10,000 workers in 13 plants, followed in most
respects the company offer.
The IUE had settled with the Westinghouse
Electric Corp. on October 20 without a strike.
The Westinghouse settlement was also within the
framework of the original company offer, which
was similar to that of the General Electric Co.
F ollowing prolonged mediation by Secretary of
Labor James P. Mitchell, the railroads and the
five operating brotherhoods agreed in mid-October
to refer their work-rules dispute to a presidential
commission for study and recommendations.
Findings of the 15-member tripartite commission
are due by December 1, 1961.
The Switchmen’s union, the only major rail
union which has not reached a wage settlement
with the industry in 1960, reported at the end of
October that its members had voted to reject
management’s latest offer. The union had sought
to narrow the alleged inequity between the pay of
yard and road crews. The management proposal
included the 4-percent pattern plus some fringe
benefits. It would have permitted the Switchmen
to process their inequity claim under the Railway
Labor Act. Meanwhile, the railroads charged in
court proceedings that the union had not bargained
in good faith. The basis for the claim was that
the union negotiators allegedly have no power to
make a contract because the final decision on an
offer must be made in a membership referendum.
T he Pacific Maritime Association and the Inter
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union on October 18 signed a 5%-year contract,
subject to ratification by union members, which
relaxes working rules and permits the use of laborsaving equipment on the waterfront. In return,
the association agreed to contribute $5 million a
year to a fund, into which it had already paid
$1.5 million, to provide the 15,000 longshoremen
who are now fully registered $7,920 upon retire
ment at age 65 with 25 years of service and to
guarantee union members certain minimum weekly
earnings (still to be negotiated) and no layoffs
as a result of decreased work opportunities under
the new contract provisions. The fund will not
protect longshoremen, however, from reduced
earnings resulting from a decline in business. In
in
IV
addition, the agreement provided for wage in
creases under a wage reopener of the June 1959
collective bargaining agreement, which was ex
tended, with annual wage reopeners, for the
lifetime of the supplemental contract.
West Coast shipowners agreed on October 28 to
a 7-percent wage increase and some increases in
fringe benefits for seamen represented by the Sail
ors’ Union of the Pacific, the Pacific Coast Marine
Firemen, and the Marine Cooks and Stewards.
The raise was the result of negotiations under a
wage reopener of a 3-year contract which expires
September 30, 1961. The offshore unions wanted
to negotiate on mechanization also, and the
PMA indicated it would shortly begin a study of
the factors involved.
the Atomic Trades and Labor
Council, bargaining for seven unions, negotiated
a 9-cent-an-hour wage increase for 4,500 employ
ees of the Union Carbide Nuclear Co., which
operates the atomic energy plants in Oak Ridge.
The company agreed on the same amount with
the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers for 1,000
employees at Paducah, Ky., and, after a 2-week
strike ending on October 31, for 2,000 employees
at the Atomic Energy Plant in Oak Ridge, Tenn.
I n mid-O ctober
Two postal unions , both of which had endorsed
ratification at their most recent conventions,
signed a merger agreement in October. The new
organization, which combines the 100,000-member
Post Office Clerks and the unaffiliated 35,000member Post Office Craftsmen, will be known as
the United Federation of Post Office Clerks and
will be headed by E. C. Hallbeck, currently presi
dent of the Postal Clerks. Formal ratification of
the merger was expected by March 1, 1961.
Late in October, the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia held, ruling on a motion
of the Teamsters union to displace Terence F.
McShane as the new chairman of the Teamster
board of monitors, that either the union or the
dissident group which had filed the original suit
in September 1957 against President James R.
Hoffa’s election could veto the appointment of
the monitor chairman “on reasonable grounds.”
The effect was to make it unlikely that the board
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
could ever get a chairman acceptable to both sides.
On October 26, the system by which Teamster
Local 688 collected funds for political action was
held legal by a Federal district court judge in St.
Louis. He ruled that members had voluntarily
allocated part of their union dues by signing
authorization forms and that this procedure did
not violate the Corrupt Practices Act. Officials
of the local, including Harold J. Gibbons, had
been indicted for violation of the act.
Other court actions during the month included
the Supreme Court’s refusal to review the convic
tions of eight members of the Textile Workers
Union of America found guilty of conspiring to
dynamite the Harriet-Henderson Cotton Mills in
Henderson, N.C., and the conviction by an Indiana
State court on October 28, of Maurice A. Hutche
son, president of the Carpenters’ union, for bribing
an Indiana highway official in a right-of-way trans
action. O. Wm. Blaier, a vice president, and
Frank M. Chapman, treasurer, were convicted on
the same charges, for which the three had been in
dicted nearly 3 years ago. No union money was
said to be involved.
In early November, Argentina and Chile were
beset by general strikes that disrupted economic
activity. The immediate objective of the Argen
tinian strike was to force the legislature to restore,
over the President’s veto, severance compensation
equal to 1 month’s pay at current levels for each
year of employment, while the Chilean strike was
staged in mourning for two unionists killed in
rioting in Santiago. A strike of Brazilian trans
portation workers tied up that country’s business
also; the workers were demanding pay increases
similar to those granted earlier to the military
forces.
The conflict within the Finnish labor movement
which led to the withdrawal of several Social Dem
ocratic unions from the ICFTU affiliated Confed
eration of Finnish Trade Unions (Suomen Amattiyhdistysten Keskusliitto) has been further aggra
vated. In November, delegates from 11 Social
Democratic unions outside of SAK formed a new
federation (Suomen Amattijarjesto) which claims
41,000 members. SAK is now dominated by a
combination of Skogists (Opposition Social Demo
crats) and Communists.
The BLS Interim Budget for a Retired Couple
The Purpose and Methods Used in the Interim Revision
The Quantities of Goods and Services in the Budget
Its Cost in 20 Large Cities, Autumn 1959
M a r g a r e t S. S t o t z *
Origin of the Budget
A budget for a retired elderly couple was orig
inally developed in 1946-47 by the Social Security
Administration to parallel the City Worker’s Fam
ily Budget developed by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. That budget was based on certain
assumptions regarding their circumstances and
manner of living. The “budget family” consisted
of a husband and wife, aged 65 or over, who main
tained their own 2- or 3-room rented dwelling in
an urban area. The couple was assumed to be
self-supporting, in reasonably good health, and
able to take care of themselves. The budget was
designed to represent a level of living which pro
vided the goods and services necessary for a health
ful, self-respecting mode of living, and allowed
normal participation in community life according
to standards prevailing in large cities or their sub
urbs in the United States. It provided a “modest
but adequate” level of living—not a luxurious
level but one adequate to provide for more than
the basic essentials of consumption.
The Social Security Administration published
estimates of the cost of this budget for 13 selected
large cities for March 1946, June 1947, and March
1949; the BLS published cost estimates for 34
large cities based on October 1950 prices.1 No
cost estimates were published after 1950 because
the quantities and qualities of goods and services
included in the budget were based on standards
prevailing prior to World War II and were not
representative of the postwar standard of living.
Since the war, the standard of living enjoyed by
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
most families has increased appreciably. There
also have been many changes in the goods and
services available and in consumer purchasing
habits.
Purpose of the Revision
The concept of the “modest but adequate”
level of living represented in the budget is appli
cable to any period; the list of goods and services
selected to represent such a level, however,
changes over time. The budget, by definition, is
subject to a changing set of values and its com
position must be redefined from time to time if it
is to reflect changes in prevailing standards.
The purpose of the present revision of this
budget by the BLS was to develop a new list of
goods and services which would reflect a “modest
but adequate” level of living defined by standards
prevailing in the 1950’s. No changes were made
in the basic concept or general procedures pre
viously used. However, in estimating the cost
of two budget components—food and beverages,
*0f the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Major contributions to the pricing of the budget were made by the research
staff of the division; staff members of the Division of Program Research,
Social Security Administration, and of the Division of Household Economics
Research, Institute of Home Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
contributed technical advice in the development of some sections of the
budget.
i March 1946 and June 1947—A Budget for an Elderly Couple (in Social
Security Bulletin, February 1948, pp. 3-11) and A Budget for an Elderly
Couple (Social Security Administration Bureau Memorandum No. 67,
March 1948); March 1946, June 1947, and March 1949—Social Security Ad
ministration Release, February 24, 1950; and October 1950—Budget for an
Elderly Couple; Estimated Cost, October 1950 and Estimating a Budget for
an Elderly Couple (in M onthly Labor Review, September 1951, pp. 304306, 309-310).
1141
1142
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T a ble 1. A n n u a l C osts of
B u d g et ,1 20 L arge C it ie s
1959
City
Total
budget
th e
and
R e t ir e d C o u p l e ’s
S u b u r b s , A utum n
Food and
beverages
Rent,
heat, and
utilities
Other
goods and
services
Atlanta.......................... .
Baltimore____________
Boston............... ...............
Chicago_______ ____
Cincinnati___________
$2,720
2,840
3,304
3,366
2,925
$768
781
953
889
879
$778
802
1,029
1,067
821
$1,174
1,257
1,322
1,410
1,225
Cleveland____________
Detroit_______________
Houston______________
Kansas C ity__________
Los Angeles_____ _____
3,244
3,096
2,641
3,034
3,111
860
899
758
841
894
1,015
858
694
942
862
1,369
1,339
1,189
1,251
1,355
Minneapolis__________
New York____________
Philadelphia__________
Pittsburgh____________
Portland, Oreg________
3,135
3,044
2,909
3,102
3,049
846
945
940
956
887
962
849
754
863
817
1,327
1,250
1,215
1,283
1,345
St. Louis............... ...........
San Francisco..................
Scranton___________ Seattle______________
Washington, D .C______
3,099
3,223
2,681
3,252
3,047
870
920
900
938
864
970
919
595
921
921
1,259
1,384
1,186
1,393
1,262
1 The family consists of a retired husband and wife, aged 65 or over.
N ote : For costs of major components of the various budget categories, see
table 2; for items and quantities included in the various categories, see
tables 4-6.
and transportation—methodological changes were
introduced which, in effect, raised the standard
of living above that provided by the original
budget, as indicated later. These changes were
made in order that the standard of living provided
by the Retired Couple’s Budget would be com
parable with that provided by tlie interim revision
of the Bureau’s City Worker’s Family Budget.2
Both revised budgets were priced in only 20 large
cities instead of 34 as formerly.
Although a more comprehensive revision of the
budget is needed, such a project could not be
undertaken with available resources. Since the
revision did not include a reappraisal of the pre
viously used concept, definitions, and general
procedures, it is considered an “interim revision.”
It is hoped that a comprehensive revision can be
undertaken when data from the Bureau’s 1961-62
consumer expenditure surveys become available.
Such a study could not be completed, however,
until 1964.
The Level and Manner of Living
The revised budget provides estimates of the
cost of a healthful, self-respecting manner of
living which allows normal participation in com
munity life. Since it takes into account social
and psychological as well as physical needs, it is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
not a “minimum subsistence” budget. Further
more, it was not designed to represent the actual
expenditure pattern of an “average” retired
couple or to serve as a spending plan for an indi
vidual family.
The autumn 1959 costs of the revised budget
reflect the very much higher standard of living
which has prevailed in the 1950’s, as compared
with prewar years, the increase in prices since
the budget was last priced in 1950, and the
methodological changes described later. The total
cost of goods and services is approximately 70
percent higher than the amounts for these same
cities in 1950, with considerable variation from
city to city. The increase in living standards
which has occurred during the postwar period
accounts for approximately half of this change.
About one-third of it results from the increase in
prices since 1950; the rest from the methodological
changes.
The budget assumes that the couple lives alone
in a 2- or 3-room rental dwelling, although
renting is not the prevailing custom for such
families except in very large cities and at very
low income levels in other places. In the Bureau’s
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950, 69
percent of the elderly retired couples whose
expenditure patterns were analyzed in the deriva
tion of the revised budget quantities were owners
of homes, largely mortgage free. Resources avail
able for the interim revision, however, did not
permit the development of satisfactory procedures
for estimating comparable housing costs for homeowners. This is one of the major problems which
must be considered in a comprehensive revision
of the budget, and in the use of the revised
budget cost estimates.
The home is assumed to be equipped with the
housefurnishings and mechanical equipment us
ually considered to be household necessities, such
as a gas or electric cook stove, mechanical re
frigerator, and small electrical appliances. The
quantities of these items specified for the budget
are primarily replacement rates, since it is assumed
that the family has an average inventory. The
wife does all of the cooking and most of the
cleaning and laundry. The budget, however, does
2 For a detailed description of the original City Worker’s Family Budget,
see Workers’ Budgets in the United States: City Families and Single Persons,
1946 and 1947 (BLS Bull. 927, 1948); for the revised budget, see The Interim
City Worker’s Family Budget (in M onthly Labor Review, August 1960,
pp. 785-808).
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
allow for part of the laundry to be sent out and
for occasional paid help.
The goods and services provided by the budget
for both housing and food conform with scientific
standards and also reflect actual choices of largecity families of this type. For other goods and
services, where scientific standards do not exist,
the budget level was determined by analyses of
the purchasing pattern of retired elderly families.
As in the original budget, there is no provision
for life insurance or income taxes. This assumes
that payments on life insurance policies have
been completed before retirement, and that most
of the income of retired couples at this level is
tax-exempt because of source and the remainder
insufficient to require payment of taxes.
Cost of Budget in 20 Large Cities
The total annual cost of the revised list of goods,
rents, and services at autumn 1959 prices in 20
large cities ranged from $2,641 in Houston to
$3,366 in Chicago. Costs in 8 of the 20 cities for
which estimates were prepared ranged between
$3,025 and $3,125; costs were under $3,025 in 6
cities and over $3,125 in 6 cities. The cost was
$3,047 in Washington, D.C., the base city for
intercity comparisons. The costs of the three
principal components of the budget (food and
beverages; rent, heat, and utilities; and other
goods and services) for each of the 20 cities are
shown in table 1. Costs of the various categories
included in these components are shown in table 2.
Relative costs of the total budget, with Washing
ton, D.C., equal to 100, ranged from 87 in Houston
to 110 in Chicago, or a spread of 23 percentage
points (table 3).
The costs of rent, heat, and utilities, which
represent somewhat more than one-fourth of the
total, ranged from $595 in Scranton to $1,067 in
Chicago, but costs varied less than $125 ($802 to
$921) among half of the cities. The intercity
indexes for rent, heat, and utilities (Washington,
H.C. = 100) varied 51 percentage points, ranging
from 65 in Scranton to 116 in Chicago. Excluding
i
The other cities classified by region are as follows: Northeast—Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Scranton; North Central— Chicago,
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City, Minneapolis, St. Louis;
SotUh—Atlanta, Baltimore, Houston; West—Los Angeles, Portland, San
Francisco, Seattle.
The U.S. pattern was used for Washington because its population comes
from all parts of the United States. Also, Washington serves as the base
city in the computation of intercity indexes based on the budget.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1143
the two highest cities (Chicago and Boston) and
the two lowest (Scranton and Houston), the varia
tion in cost among the other cities was 28 per
centage points.
The cost of the budget for food and beverages,
which accounts for about 29 percent of the total
budget costs in most cities, was lowest in cities in
the South and generally highest in cities in the
Northeast, ranging from $758 in Houston to $956
in Pittsburgh. These differences in the cost of
food reflect not only differences in prices but,
more importantly, differences in regional prefer
ence patterns in the choice of foods to meet the
budget standard. The annual cost of food and
beverages in Washington, D.C., where the U.S.
pattern was used in the calculation, was $864.3
Relative costs for food and beverages ranged from
88 in Houston to 111 in Pittsburgh.
The cost of all other goods and services (exclud
ing rent, heat, utilities, and food) was lowest in
Atlanta ($1,174) and highest in Chicago ($1,410).
This component of the budget, which includes
the cost of clothing, housefurnishings, transporta
tion, medical care, personal care, household
operation, reading, recreation, tobacco, gifts,
contributions, and miscellaneous expenses, repre
sents about 42 percent of the total cost of the
budget. Intercity differences in the cost of this
component of the budget ranged from 93 in
Atlanta to 112 in Chicago.
Variation in the cost of medical care was an
important contributing factor to these differences.
Among these 20 cities, medical costs represented
about one-fifth to one-fourth of the family’s
budget allowances for other than food and rent.
The overall difference in cost of the medical care
budget was $144.
Except for transportation costs, relatively small
differences were found for the other groups in
other goods and services. Transportation costs,
ranging from $133 to $195, were lowest in Phila
delphia, New York, and Boston. In these cities,
where public transportation is used more fre
quently by this type of family, ownership of an
automobile is specified for 14 percent of the
families, compared with 22 percent in other cities.
The revised budget provides a standard of
living comparable in concept with the Bureau’s
City Worker’s Family Budget, a level of living
slightly higher than described by the original
Elderly Couple’s Budget. This increase results
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1144
T a ble 2. A n n u a l C osts
of th e
Item
R e t ir e d C o u p l e ’s B u d g e t ,1 b y M ajor C o m po n e n t s , 20 L arge C it ie s
S u b u r b s , A u t u m n 1959
Atlanta
Balti
more
Boston
Chicago
Cincin
nati
Cleve
land
Detroit
Houston
Kansas
City
and
Los
Angeles
Food and beverages2_________________
Food at home 3— ______________
Low-cost plan. . ___________ -Moderate-cost plan_____________
Food away from home____________
$768
714
600
827
29
$781
734
610
857
28
$953
900
779
1,021
32
$889
838
743
933
33
$879
824
728
921
36
$860
806
715
897
34
$899
847
750
944
32
$758
711
695
827
28
$841
797
706
889
27
$894
840
731
949
32
Housing------- ------ ---------------------------Rent, heat, utilities4...................... - Housefurnishings_________________
Household operation and communications________________________
1,010
778
98
1,067
802
103
1,298
1,029
97
1,331
1,067
100
1,062
821
98
1,265
1,015
99
1,122
858
106
928
694
99
1,183
942
101
1,105
862
106
134
162
172
164
143
151
158
135
140
137
213
79
101
33
Clothing___________________________
Husband___________________ ____
Wife----------- ---------------------------Clothing materials and services........ -
208
80
103
25
216
79
109
28
213
83
100
30
232
84
114
34
215
82
102
31
233
87
113
33
226
84
108
34
197
76
92
29
221
82
106
33
Medical care________________________
241
247
316
317
240
327
298
260
250
366
Transportation 8______________ ______
Automobile owners-- -- --------------Nonowners of automobiles_________
153
516
51
180
584
66
144
656
61
195
653
66
168
523
67
170
566
59
170
536
66
161
530
57
175
576
62
166
579
50
Other goods and services______________
Reading and recreation____________
Personal care____________________
Tobacco _ ____________________
Gifts, contributions, etc-----------------
340
101
75
35
129
349
102
75
37
135
380
111
73
38
158
402
124
83
35
160
361
112
75
35
139
389
122
78
35
154
381
119
79
36
147
337
95
75
41
126
364
105
81
34
144
367
105
81
33
148
Total cost of goods and services................
2,720
2,840
3,304
3,366
2,925
3,244
3,096
2,641
3,034
3,111
Estim ated annual cost comparable in
content with original budget6-----------
2,467
2,571
3,067
3,112
2,698
3,011
2,865
2,390
2,802
2,851
Portland,
Oreg.
St. Louis
San
Francisco
Scranton
Minne
apolis
New
York
Phila
delphia
Pitts
burgh
Seattle
Washing
ton, D.C.
Food and beverages 2___________ -_- .
Food at home 3_________________
Low-cost plan______________ ..
Moderate-cost plan..- ----------- _Food away from home---- ------- --
$846
795
701
889
31
$945
892
776
1,009
32
$939
889
769
1,008
30
$956
899
780
1,018
39
$887
830
724
936
36
$870
824
729
920
28
$920
866
755
976
32
$900
848
735
961
33
$938
875
763
988
40
$864
816
685
948
29
Housing_______ ____________________
Rent, heat, utilities4.-- _
- _Housefurnishings________ _ __ _
Household operation and communications . - ----------------- -----------
1,216
962
97
1,124
849
99
1,003
754
98
1,116
863
104
1,078
817
102
1,210
970
96
1,172
919
107
838
595
105
1,196
921
109
1,163
921
95
157
176
151
149
159
144
146
138
166
147
Clothing- ------- ---------------------------Husband____
. - ---- ---------- -Wife___________________________
Clothing materials and services-----
231
85
111
35
215
83
101
31
213
79
100
34
221
81
107
33
222
82
105
35
213
77
102
34
224
82
106
36
211
85
100
26
222
85
103
34
216
80
106
30
Medical care________________________
319
262
260
264
326
273
346
222
336
271
Transportation 8___________________
Automobile owners_______________
Nonowners of automobiles_________
162
534
57
134
652
50
133
589
58
180
571
69
181
597
63
183
595
66
174
627
46
162
543
55
169
574
55
176
583
61
Other goods and services_____________
Reading and recreation___
--- _Personal care____ ________________
Tobacco___________________
- _
Gifts, contributions, etc____
361
100
75
37
149
364
111
69
39
145
361
107
79
37
138
365
105
78
34
148
355
103
78
29
145
350
93
76
34
147
387
114
86
34
153
348
115
70
35
128
391
107
91
38
155
357
102
78
32
145
Total cost of goods and services________
3,135
3,044
2,909
3,102
3,049
3,099
3,223
2,681
3,252
3,047
Estim ated annual cost comparable in
content with original budget6_______
2,906
2,812
2, 684
2,842
2, 792
2,858
2,949
2,429
2, 990
2,770
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Includes small allowances for guest meals and for alcoholic beverages.
* The cost of food at home used in the calculation of the total cost of the
budget is an average of the low- and moderate-cost food plans shown in italics,
including the suggested additional allowance of 10 percent for small families.
(For explanation, see p. 1145.)
4
Average contract rent for tenant-occupied dwellings th at conform to the
housing standards specified for the budget plus the cost of required amounts
of heating fuel, gas, electricity, water, and specified equipment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 Weighted average cost of automobile owners and nonowners. (See foot
note 17, table 6.)
6 Costs based on the low-cost food plan, and excluding allowances for auto
mobile ownership and alcoholic beverages.
N ote: For items and quantities included in the various categories, see
tables 4-6.
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
from methodological changes in the calculation of
the food and beverage and transportation com
ponents of the budget.
The allowance for food at home used in the
calculation of the Retired Couple’s Budget is an
average of the estimated cost of the low- and
moderate-cost food plans of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, adjusted to provide for guest
meals and to exclude meals eaten away from
home.4 The use of the average cost of the two
plans, rather than the low-cost plan as was done
originally, increased the cost of food at home by
$91 to $131, depending upon the city. The budget
also includes a small allowance, about $20, for
alcoholic beverages, not previously included.
The allowance for transportation is a weighted
average cost for automobile owners and nonauto
mobile owners, whereas the original budget pro
vided only public transportation. The allowance
for automobile ownership by a small proportion
of the families increased the cost of the transporta
tion budget by more than $100 in most cities.
Altogether, these methodological changes in
creased the overall cost of the revised budget
about 9 percent. Table 2 shows the estimated
cost of the budget excluding these methodological
changes and, therefore, more comparable in
content with the original budget.
Sources and Methods of Revising Quantities
The revised quantities and kinds of goods and
services which comprise the postwar standards
for food and rent were derived, as previously, to
conform with scientific standards but within
these standards to reflect actual choices of families
as exhibited in postwar consumption data. For
other goods and services where scientific standards
do not exist, the revised budget represents an
adequate standard based on the collective judg
ment of large-city families of this type, as revealed
by analyses of postwar consumer data, primarily
the BLS Survey of Consumer Expenditures in
< The Institute of Home Economics of the Agricultural Research Service
first published these plans in the October 1957 issue of Family Economics
Review.
5 Ibid.
568670— 60------ 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1145
1950. The revised list of goods and services and
the quantities per year provided in the budget
appear in tables 4-6. Explanatory notes on the
tables describe variations in the basic budget
quantities as required for use in individual cities.
Food. The food at home component is based on
the low- and moderate-cost food plans developed
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture from its
1955 Household Food Consumption Study, in
accord with nutritional standards recommended
by the National Research Council (NRC).5
In these plans, food items are grouped into 11
categories which contain foods similar in nutritive
value and use in the diet. The quantities provided
meet the NRC’s recommended allowances for a
woman and a man aged 55-74 when average
selections of food within each food group are used.
Food consumption patterns representative of the
choices of nonfarm families in the lower and middle
thirds of the income distribution in 1955 provided
the guide in specifying the quantities for the lowcost and moderate-cost plans, respectively. Re
gional preference patterns in the selection of
specific foods to meet the nutritional standards
are also provided by the Agriculture study and
were used in the budget for all cities except
Washington, D.C., where the U.S. pattern was
used.
The food plans as published by the Department
of Agriculture provide for 21 meals per person per
week to be eaten at home. In the budget, the
food at home component was adjusted to provide
2,169 meals a year at home for the family, 15
meals away from home, and 95 guest meals. The
average cost per guest meal is assumed to be the
same as the average per person cost for the couple’s
meals at home. The allowance for this item is 4.4
percent of the annual cost of family food at home.
The costs of both the low- and moderate-cost food
plans were calculated including an additional
allowance of 10 percent recommended by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture to compensate for
higher per person food costs for small families,
and their average cost was used in the budget.
The total food budget also provides for occasional
snacks eaten away from home. The allowances
1146
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able 3. R ela tiv e I n terc ity D if f e r e n c e s i n th e
C osts of the R e t ir e d C o u p l e ’s B u d g et , 20 L arge
C it ie s a n d S u b u r b s , A u tum n 1959
[Washington, D.C.=100]
City
Total
budget
Food and
beverages
Rent,
heat, and
utilities
Other
goods and
services
A tlan ta-...........................
Baltimore_______ _____
Boston_______________
Chicago___ ________ .
Cincinnati____________
89
93
108
110
96
89
90
110
103
102
84
87
112
116
89
93
100
105
112
97
Cleveland.........................
D etroit___________ . _
Houston. ____________
Kansas C ity_________
Los Angeles___________
106
102
87
100
102
100
104
88
97
103
110
93
75
102
94
108
106
94
99
107
Minneapolis.............. ......
New York_________ .
Philadelphia__________
Pittsburgh____________
Portland, Oreg_______
103
100
95
102
100
98
109
109
111
103
104
92
82
94
89
105
99
96
102
107
St. Louis_______ _____
San Francisco_______ _
Scranton_____________
Seattle... ______. . .
Washington, D.C.........
102
106
88
107
100
101
106
104
109
100
105
100
65
100
100
100
110
94
no
100
N ote : Based on table 1. For items and quantities included in the various
categories, see tables 4-6.
for snacks, meals purchased, and guest meals are
based on the practices of elderly couples as
reported in the 1950 expenditure survey.
The use of regional preference patterns as well
as the choice of specific food plans affects the level
of the food budget. In the original budget, the
low-cost plan of January 1946 for a sedentary man
and woman provided the basis for the food at
home budget.0 The U.S. preference pattern
based on food records for elderly 2-person families
from the 1935-36 Study of Consumer Purchases
was used to select the foods to meet the nutritional
standards. Thus, the use of the regional prefer
ence patterns and of the average cost of the lowand moderate-cost plans represents deviations
from the procedure followed originally. The
introduction of regional preference patterns in the
food comppnent, however, is believed to be con
sistent with the original budget concept, since
climatic or regional adjustments were used pre
viously for clothing and fuel. The average cost
of the two food plans was used to provide the
elderly couple with a more varied diet and to keep
the food standard comparable with the one
provided by the Bureau’s revised City Worker’s
Family Budget. Costs based on the separate
plans are shown in table 2.
6 Social Security Bulletin, February 1948, p. 6.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rent, Heat, and Utilities. The budget is based on
rents for 2- and 3-room dwellings which meet
standards established by the American Public
Health Association and the U.S. Public Housing
Administration. The standard for rental housing
specified in the budget was described as follows
for pricing:
Two- or three-room unfurnished dwelling—house or
apartment— including kitchen with sink and stove, hot
and cold running water; writh a complete private bath
including wash bowl, flush toilet, and tub or show'er;
electricity for lighting; and installed heating, either central
or other type, such as base burner, pipeless furnace, or
stoves, depending upon the climate of the specific city.
(Central heating required in cities where normal January
temperature is 40° F. or colder, and central or other in
stalled heating for cities with warmer climates.)
Exclude dwellings needing major repairs, i.e., structural
repairs such as roof, walls, or foundation, but include those
needing minor repairs such as painting or papering.
Located in a neighborhood with outdoor space— yard or
park accessible without serious traffic hazards; accessible
to public transportation; and not adjacent to either a
refuse dump or to more than one of the following hazards
or nuisances: railroad or elevated tracks, noisy or smokeand fume-developing industrial installations, main traffic
artery, or intercity truck route.
Exclude dwellings above the standard, i.e., those with
more than one complete private bath, substantially above
the average size for two- or three-room dwellings in the
city, or those located in exclusive residential neighborhoods
or in apartment structures providing “luxury” services
such as secretarial or maid service.
Rental rates for dwellings which meet these
standards, however, may result in an upward bias
in estimates of housing costs for the elderly. The
sample of rental dwellings of this size obtained by
the Bureau excluded all dwellings that fell short
of the prescribed standards, as well as those which
were significantly above the standard. In some
cities, however, rental units of this particular size
which meet the standard are frequently located in
modern apartment structures built in recent years.
Rental rates for the newer units are frequently
higher than the older units which the elderly
probably occupy. Since the proportion of these
newer units occupied by retired couples was not
available, it was decided not to eliminate them
solely on the basis of the rental rate.
In addition to the characteristics specified for
the dwelling, the standard provides the necessary
fuel for maintaining a temperature of 70° F.
during the winter, as well as the gas, electricity,
and water needed to operate the mechanical equip-
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
ment provided. However, since rents in apart
ment structures usually include fuel and utilities,
the budget allowances for these items apply only
to the proportion of tenants who pay separately
for them. In deriving the quantities of heating
fuel, it was assumed that a 3-room unit would
require 82.5 percent and a 2-room unit 66 percent
of the requirements for a 5-room unit.7
Quantities of utilities, other than for household
heating, are based on estimates obtained from
utility companies and associations of amounts
required for households of “typical” size for
appliances specified for the budget, adjusted to
fit the needs of an elderly couple.
Other Goods and Services. The budget component
called other goods and services includes the
cost of medical care, clothing, housefurnishings,
transportation, personal care, tobacco, gifts and
contributions, and miscellaneous expenses. For
these goods and services, there are no generally
accepted “scientific” standards comparable to
those for food and housing.
The allowance for medical care accounted for
approximately 9 percent of the family’s total
budget. Medical care costs for individual families,
however, var}^ widely from family to family and
from year to year. Hence, these costs cannot be
budgeted in the same manner as other segments of
family spending. The allowances included in the
budget, therefore, represent average annual re
quirements over a period of years for a large
group of families. Thus, it is assumed that
budget allowances not required in a given year
would be accumulated for years of greater need.
For the interim revision of the Retired Couple’s
Budget, medical care costs for the family were
estimated in two alternative ways. One method
assumes that all costs are budgeted on a pay-asyou-go basis as was done previously; the other,
that the family has insurance coverage for hos
pitalization. The annual allowance for medical
care used in the calculation of the total budget
i
The heat requirements for a 5-room unit were derived from an analysis of
requirements as reported in the Bureau’s 1950 Survey of Consumer Expendi
tures by families occupying dwellings of the type specified for the budget, in
relation to normal annual degree days as derived from data published by the
U.S. Weather Bureau. The quantities of heating fuels required were ex
pressed in British thermal units convertible to equivalent quantities of fuel
oil, gas, or coal.
8
For detailed description, see BLS Bull. 927, op. eit., p. 13, and Social
Security Administration Bureau Memorandum No. 67, op. cit., pp. 35-38.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1147
cost is a weighted average cost which provides
hospitalization insurance coverage for 45 percent
of the couples on the basis of data from the
National Survey of Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance Beneficiaries in 1957. The revised
quantities of medical care services were developed
from utilization rates. The OASI survey was used
to determine hospital utilization rates. Data from
the U.S. National Health Survey conducted in
1957-58 provided a guide for developing require
ments for other medical services. The allowances
for drugs and medicines, eye care, and miscel
laneous medical expenses were based on data
obtained in the BLS Survey of Consumer Ex
penditures in 1950.
For other goods and services, the revised quan
tities were derived, primarily, by examining the
quantity-income elasticities of the expenditures of
retired elderly couples, as reported in the Bureau’s
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950. This
technique, which was used in the development of
the original budget, is objective in that it uses
the consumers’ collective judgment as to what is
adequate for such items as clothing, housefurnish
ings, and recreation.
In this technique, the quantities of various items
purchased at successive income levels are examined
to determine the income level at which the rate of
increase in quantities purchased begins to decline
in relation to the rate of change in income, i.e.,
the point of maximum elasticity. The average
numbers and kinds of items purchased at these
income levels are the quantities and qualities
specified for the budget. This point has been
described as the point on the income scale where
families stop buying “more and more” and start
buying either “better and better” or something
less essential to them.8
In the analysis of the 1950 consumer expenditure
data, a characteristic pattern of changes in the
quantities of goods and services within a group
of related items in relation to changes in income
was found for most goods and services. Quan
tities at first increased relatively more rapidly than
income and then increased at a relatively slower
rate than income. This characteristic pattern
was not found, however, for underwear and night
wear, men’s footwear, alcohol, and tobacco, where
the maximum elasticity was in the initial income
classes (that is, under $2,000). Since the original
budget total for goods and services when priced in
1148
1950 was also in the $1,000 to $2,000 range, the
revised quantities for these groups of commodities
were determined at that income class. Although
the use of this point of maximum elasticity is not
believed to represent a serious deviation from the
concept of the original budget, it does demonstrate
the need for a thorough review and reappraisal of
the concept and techniques for any future revision.
Budgets derived by the quantity-income elas
ticity technique should reflect changes in the
standard of living which accompany changes in
the level of real income. The revised list of goods
and services in the budget reflects not only the
higher standard of living of the postwar years but
also an increase in the standard itself resulting
from methodological changes discussed earlier
in this article.
Pricing the Budget9
After the items and quantities to be included in
the budget were determined, it was necessary to
price the kinds and qualities of these commodities
and services normally purchased by budget-type
families in the types of stores and professional and
service establishments customarily patronized by
elderly couples. All items included in the budget
could not be priced, but prices were obtained for
most of them. Tables 4-6 include a pricing code
which designates the specification used for those
items which were actually priced or for which
prices were estimated from similar items. For
other items, values were estimated.
The prices, pricing procedures, reporting stores
and service establishments, and price calculation
methods were those used by the Bureau for the
Consumer Price Index except that more price
quotations were obtained in some cases to permit
calculation of average prices and different qualities
were priced in other cases to represent the budget
levels.
Prices were collected personally by Bureau
representatives in retail and service establishments
for most goods and services. Prices obtained were
those actually being charged on the day of the
agent’s visit. Sale prices were accepted for food
items if the sale extended over a period of 1 week
and for other items if the sale extended 2 weeks or
more, on the assumption that a large proportion
of the families would take advantage of such
sales. In all cases, prices include State or city
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
retail sales taxes and, where applicable, Federal,
State, or local excise taxes.
Prices used in the budget refer to September,
October, or November, 1959, depending upon the
regular cycle for CPI pricing in these 20 cities.
The budget costs, therefore, represent the cost of
an annual budget but at autumn 1959 prices.
Prices were not adjusted for seasonal variation.
Uses and Limitations 10
The Retired Couple’s Budget is designed to
measure the cost of a specified standard of living
for a retired couple residing in a rental dwelling
in a large city or its suburbs. Although it pro
vides for the exercise of individual choice both
within and between major categories, allowances
in one category can be increased only by sacrificing
other items, and the omission of certain items or
groups of items will, of course, result in a lower
level of living than that represented by the
budget. Differences in the quantities and kinds
of items in the Retired Couple’s Budget when
compared with allowances in the City Worker’s
Family Budget reflect the differential needs and
the actual consumption patterns of older persons
as compared with those of younger families. The
autumn 1959 costs of the budget for a retired
couple in 20 large cities ranged from 56 to 62
percent of the cost of the budget for a younger
4-person family.11
Estimates of the total cost of the Retired
Couple’s Budget provide a useful tool for measur
ing changes in the standard of living of such
couples, for evaluating the adequacy of their
income, and for measuring differences in living
costs between cities or among different family
types. As such, it is an important benchmark
statistic in social and economic research, and in
welfare legislation and administration. It is not,
however, a readymade answer to all the problems
which require estimates of budget costs.
The budget cost estimates are used most fre
quently to measure the adequacy of income for
9 For detailed description, see M onthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp.
804-807.
10 Only the broad limitations of the budget are discussed in this section;
those relating to particular components have been indicated in the discussion
at appropriate points. A more detailed statement on the budget’s uses and
limitations is available upon request.
11 For detailed scales that measure the relative differences in income re
quired by families of differing composition, see the article on pp. 1197-1200
of this issue.
1149
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
various purposes. The level of the budget should
not be thought of as a goal, however, for deter
mining the size of pension or assistance payments
T a ble 4.
F ood
and
since many retired persons have supplemental in
come from savings, private annuities, and other
sources. In evaluating the adequacy of income,
B e v e r a g e B u dg et Q u a n t it ie s
1. Food at Home 1 (42 meals per week, 2,169 meals per year)
[Quantities of food as purchased, assuming average choices within groups]
Low-cost plan 2
Group and unit
Moderate-cost p lan 2
Quantity
Per week
Milk and milk products 3 _
_ _quart. _
Meat, poultry, fish__ _
_ ___
-pound.
__ dozen.
__ _
E g g s _ ---------- _ _ _ _ _
Dry beans, peas, nuts_____ __ _ _ _ __ pound
Grain products 4__
_do___
Citrus fruit, tomatoes___ __
do
Potatoes____ _______ _______
do___
Other vegetables and fruits
do
Fats and oils____ _______ ___
do__
__ do___
Sugars and sweets__________
Accessories:
Coffee
__
__ __
__
_ __do_ _
T e a __
__ ---------- bag__
Soft drinks
_36 ounces
Other 5_
__ _ __ _ _____
Per year
7. 00
5. 75
. 92
. 50
5. 75
4. 25
3. 75
9. 75
. 87
1. 00
. 72
7. 78
. 52
$0. 10
361.
296.
47.
25.
296.
219.
193.
503.
44.
51.
Per week
Per year
5
9
5
8
9
5
6
5
9
6
7. 00
9. 25
1. 08
. 24
5. 00
5. 00
3. 50
11. 25
1. 13
1. 38
361. 5
477. 7
55. 8
12. 4
258. 2
258. 2
180. 7
581.0
58. 4
71. 3
37. 2
401. 8
26. 9
$5. 16
. 87
9. 06
. 63
$0. 09
44. 9
467. 9
32. 5
$4. 65
2. Food Away From Home, Guest Meals, and Alcoholic Beverages
Item and unit
Food away from home:
Meals _ _
___
Snacks5.
Guest meals provided7
Alcoholic beverages. _ _ _ _
Pricing code6
X -704
_
_
_ _ ___
____________________
0-300 Reg.; 0-3 0 2 Reg.; O400 Reg.; 0-401 Reg.; X 705.
Quantity per year
15
$4. 84
95
8 $19. 90
the unit cost of each of the major food groups for individual cities, regional
1Adapted from the low- and moderate-cost food plans published by the
preference patterns were taken into account for all cities except Washington,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (See text footnote 4.) The quantities do
D.C., where the U.S. pattern was used. (See text footnote 3.) Specifica
not include allowances for guest meals. See footnote 7.
2 In estimating the cost of food at home for 2-person families, 10 percent
tions for pricing the individual food items are available upon request.
should be added to the cost to compensate for the fact that smaller families
The estimated weekly costs of the low- and moderate-cost food plans,
providing 21 meals for each member of a 2-person family, and including the
generally are unable to buy as economically and have more waste than larger
families. See Per Person Pood Cost Differential in Large and Small Families
suggested additional allowance of 10 percent for small families mentioned in
(in Family Economics Review, September 1960, pp. 3-5).
footnote 2, are shown for each of the 20 cities in the following tabulation:
2
Includes fluid whole milk and milk products, for which quantities are
Low-cost
Moderateconverted to units containing the same calcium content as milk, by using
City
plan
cost plan
the following equivalents: 1 cup milk equals % pound cottage cheese
Atlanta....................
$11.13
(creamed), 1 pound cream cheese, 1]A ounces Cheddar cheese, or 1 scant pint
$15.35
ice cream.
11.32
Baltimore________
15.90
Boston__________
4 Weight in terms of flour and cereal. 1A pounds of bread and baked
14.45
18.94
goods are counted as 1 pound flour.
Chicago—.................
13.78
17.31
5 Estimated cost in 1959 for all cities.
Cincinnati_______
13.50
17.09
6 The code numbers identify the|articles and services priced for the budget.
Cleveland________
13. 27
16.65
A detailed description of the items is available upon request.
Detroit__________
13.91
17. 52
Houston_________
2
The allowance for this item assumes the average cost per guest meal to
11.03
15.35
be the same as the cost per meal for food consumed at home by family mem
Kansas C ity............
13.09
16.50
bers.
Los Angeles.............
13.56
17.60
8 Estim ated average cost in 1959; differs from city to city.
Minneapolis______
13.00
16.50
New York_______
14.39
18.72
14.27
Philadelphia______
18.70
E xplanatory N otes:
Pittsburgh_______
14.47
18.89
The annual allowance for food at home used in the calculation of the Elderly
Portland, Oreg____
13.43
17.36
St. Louis_________
Couple’s Budget is an average of the estimated cost of the low- and moderate13. 52
17.07
14.01
cost food plans adjusted to provide for 95 guest meals and to exclude 15 meals
San Francisco..........
18.11
eaten away from home.
Scranton..................
13. 63
17.82
The selection of specific foods which meet the nutritional standard and
Seattle.....................
14.15
18. 33
Washington, D .C —_
reflect regional preferences patterns affect the food budget cost. In estimating
12.71
17.58
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1150
T a ble 5.
H o u sin g B u dg et Q u a n t it ie s
1. Rent, Heat, and Utilities 1
Pricing code 2
Group, item, and unit
Contract rent:
Unfurnished 2- or 3-room dwelling containing
specified installed equipment_______m onth. . X-801
Heating fuel:
Most common type heating fuel used in a given city.
W ater_______________________________ cubic foot.
Electricity:
Lighting, refrigeration, and electrical appli
ances ______________________ kilowatt-hour.
Power for heating equipment____________do—
G a s:8
.therm
Cooking_________________
._do__
Hot water heating________
Refuse disposal:
Trash and garbage removal
Equipment:
H-730.2 Reg___________
Refrigerator______________
H-742.1 Alt.; H-747 Alt
Range___________________
Quantity
per year
12
(3)
7, 000
«
1,020
72
192
. 06
. 06
2. Housefurnishings
Group and item
Household textiles:
Bedding:
Sheets
_____________ __
...
Pillow cases
_ _
_____________ _
Blankets, wool___ __
Bedspreads ___________
__ __
Towels and other linens:
Turkish towels
_
_ _______ __ _ __
Other towels. _________ __
_ ____
____
_
_ .
Table coverings
Window coverings:
Curtains _________ ________ _ ______
Draperies
___ ____________
Other textiles
___________ _ _
__ __
Floor coverings
_ _ _ _ _____________ ______
Furniture:
Living room:
Living room su ite. _____ _ __ ________
Chair, fully u p h o lster ed .__ __ _ _ _____
__ __
Chair, other
_ _
_
Table
_ _ ____
_____
Sofa bed
_____
_ _
_ _ ___
Desk, bookcase, etc_____ __ _ _ ______ __
Bedroom:
Bedroom suite __ _ _ _ _ ________
Bed
_________ ______ ______
Bedsprings
__ _ _______________
Mattress
__ _______ _ _ _
_ _
Chest _ _
__ _________ __ _ _
Dinette set__ __
_ . ______
Pricing code 2
H-410 Reg.; H-411 A lt________________________
FB-37 _“_I_________________________________
H-430.1 Reg. (C); H-431.1 Reg. (C)____________
H-420 Reg.~(B); H-421.1 Alt_r__'_.'_____________
1. 40
1. 55
. 21
. 10
X -1 0 1 __________________________________
II-442 Aux.; H-433 A lt___________________
1 61
(T)
H-470 Reg. (C width, A length)
__
__
FB-42
____ ' ________'_________________
. 26
. 71
. 31
(8)
9 $7. 01
H-601.2 Alt. (A ); H-602.2 Reg. (A); H-603.1 Alt.
(A) ; H -604.1 Reg. (A, B) ; Id-605 Reg. (A).
X -1 0 2 ____________________________
X -1 0 3 __________________________________
H-618 Aux. (A, B, C)_ _ _ _____
__
FB-55 (A, B)_:__l__'________________________
H-652.2 Reg. (A, B )_________________________
F B -6 1 ___ ________________________________
X -1 0 4 ____________________________
H-636 Alt. (A)__________________________
F B -6 2 ____ '_________________________________
H-661 Alt. (A, B); H-662 Reg. (A, B); H-671.1
Reg. (A, B) ; H-672.1 Alt. (A, B).
Other f u r n i t u r e ___________ __
Electrical equipment and appliances:
Washing machine
____
___
_
___ F B -7 6 ______________________________
Id-712 R eg______________________________
Vacuum cleaner __
___ _________
__
Iron
____
__ _______
___ H-729 Aux________________________________
H-750 R eg___
_ ____
__ __
Toaster
__ ______
_______
F B -8 1 ___________________________________
Food mixer, hand___________
_______
Other equipment and appliances----------- --See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quantity
per year
. 02
09
. 07
. 11
. 03
9 $1. 35
. 04
. 01
02
. 09
. 01
. 04
(i°)
07
. 04
. 06
. 03
. 05
(“)
1151
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
H o u sin g B u dg et Q u a n t it ie s — Continued
T a ble 5.
2. Housefurnishings— Continued
Pricing code 1
Group and item
Housewares, tableware:
X-106 _______________________________________
T.icrVif KiiIKq
Clock
H-766 R eg____________________________________
H-797. Aux. (A, B )____________________________
-
Other:
Quantity
per year
0. 02
» $0. 64
8. 64
. 10
(12)
(!3)
(“)
(15)
3. Household Operation
Pricing code 2
Group, item, and unit
Laundry and cleaning supplies:
Laundry soap:
F B -9 6 ________________________________________
Q1,^ ounces
_______________ _____________
Flakes or chips.
.12^ ounces. _ FB-97
Powder or granules__ __ — .20 ounces._ H-801 0 Reg.; H-804.1 Reg _ _________________
____
s+omVi
Dound _ F B -9 8 __ ______________ -T-_____________
piooni,
cmart
F B -9 9 ________________________________________
_________ - -.. ...
Scouring powder._ . . — . . 14 ounces _ FB-100
F B -101_______________________________________
vjuitjr livuiiui^ miu uicaiiui^ ouJi/FAico— ~— —----Paper supplies:
. . ___ - ____________ _____
Towels
_150-sheet ro ll.. FB-95
_
__
...
...
Napkins__________________________ box °f 80. . H-764 Reg
_______
___ ________ __
Toilet tissue_________ ________ 650-sheet ro ll.. H-799 Reg
Services and miscellaneous supplies:
Laundry sent out---------- 20-pound bundle..
Launderettes------------------------------------- pound. _ H-820 R ei
Paid help_____________________________ d a y s.. IT—840 Reg
____
.
________________ __ ____________
Quantity
per year
7. 95
5. 53
22. 44
4. 66
7. 13
10. 66
2. 86
(16)
7. 36
13. 21
35. 00
(17)
8. 72
23. 82
2. 79
(18)
4. Communications
Quantity per year
Item
Residential t e l e p h o n e s e r v ic e
Postage
S t.at.in n p rv
__
_
____
__
- - ------------______________
—
1 Requirements specified for fuel, utilities, and equipment do not apply
when the cost of these items is included in the monthly rent.
2 The code numbers identify the specifications used in pricing the articles
and services for the budget. A detailed description of the items is available
upon request.
» Heating fuel requirements vary with the length and severity of the cold
season, type of structure, and type of heating equipment. The variation
caused by climate is measured in British thermal units (convertible to equiv
alent quantities of fuel oil, gas, etc.) and the normal number of annual degree
days in a given city, derived from annual data published by theU .S. Weather
Bureau (A degree day is a unit, based upon temperature difference and
time, which measures the difference between the average temperature for
the day and 65° F. when the mean temperature is less than 65° F.; the number
of degree days for any one day is equal to the number of Fahrenheit degrees
difference between the average and 65° F.) The average number of B.t.u. s
required in a given city may be computed as follows:
2-room units—
,
...
...
Million of B .t.u.’s= .66 (-333.405+116.016 times the logarithm of the nor
mal number of annual degree days)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(19)
8 $7. 20
8 $5. 76
3-room units—
. . . . .
Million of B .t.u.’s=.825 (—333.405+116.016 times the logarithm of the
normal number of annual degree days)
The quantity of any type of heating fuel used in a given city can be deter
mined by converting the required number of B.t.u.’s into quantities of the
type of fuel used. In the determination of the total amount of fuel required,
both the average B.t.u. content and an assumed efficiency factor must be
taken into consideration for each specified fuel.
i The kilowatt-hours of electricity required to operate oil or gas heating
equipment vary according to the amount of fuel used. The average required
number of kilowatt-horns assumed here is .25 per therm of gas and .44 per
gallon of fuel oil.
5 In cities where electricity is the predominant type of fuel used for cooking
and hot water heating, it was substituted for gas. The annual requirements
are as follows: cooking, 1,080 KWH; hot water heating, 3,480 KWH.
6 Cost paid directly by tenants.
7 Cost is 33.9 percent of turkish towels.
Footnotes continued on p. 1152.
1152
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T a b l e 6.
A ll O t h e r G oods
and
S e r v ic e s B u d g e t Q u a n t it ie s
1. Clothing
[Quantities of starred items vary from city to city; see explanatory notes]
Group, item, and unit
Pricing code 1
Quantity
per year
H u sb a n d
Outerwear:
Topcoats*___________________________________
Jackets:
Wool*__________________________________
Other___________________________________
Sweaters*___________________________________
Suits:
Wool, heavyweight (3-piece)*_____________
Wool, heavyweight (2-piece)*_____________
Wool, lightweight*_______________________
Rayon__________________________________
Wool sport coats_____________________________
Trousers, slacks:
Wool*__________________________________
Rayon*_________________________________
Work___________________________________
Dungarees___________________________________
Shirts:
Dress____________________ ______________
Work, cotton____________________________
Sports, wool*____________________________
Sports, cotton and other woven, and knit__
Other outerwear*____________________________
Underwear, nightwear:
Undershorts, woven*_________________________
Undershorts, knit *__________________________
Undershirts*_________________________________
Pajamas________ _ _ _ ______ _______
Bathrobe _
Hosiery:
Cotton _
______ _ _ _ __ _
_pair
Nylon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ __ __do___
Rayon__
__ _ _____
__
___do
Other _ _ _
__ _ ____
_____ _do
Footwear:
Shoes:
Street_____ ____ __ _ _ ______ _ pair__
Work__________________ ________ do
Casual- ___ ________
do
House slippers
do
Rubbers and boots:
Rubbers __
do
Rubber boots*.
_____
do
Hats, gloves, accessories:
Hats:
Felt*______________
Gloves:
D r e s s * __________ __
__ __ pair
Work* _
__
do__
Accessories:
Ties
_ __ _ _
Handkerchiefs
Other accessories*
A-101 A lt__________________________
0. 11
A-154 Reg. (A )_____________________
A-155 Reg. (A, B )__________________
X -2 0 1 _____________________________
. 04
X—202
A -l 10 Reg."(A," B)";”Ä -114~Reg”"(A," B)
A-110 Reg. (A, B); A-114 Reg. (A, B)
A-120 Reg.; A-121 Alt______________
X -2 0 3 _____________________________
.
.
.
.
. 02
A -132
A-137
A-170
A-178
. 24
. 24
. 83
. 64
. 25
A lt__________________________
A lt__________________________
Reg_________________________
Reg. (A, B); A-179 Alt. (A)___.
04
26
14
01
A-200 Reg. (A) ; A-202 Reg. (B )_____
A -185 R eg_________________________
F B -135____________________________
A-216 R eg_________________________
1.
1.
.
.
A-234 Reg.; A-236 Alt
F B -137______________
A-230 R eg___________
A-220 Reg. (A, B )____
X -2 0 4 _______________
1 . 00
1 . 82
X -2 0 5_______________
A-247 Reg. (A, B )____
X -2 0 6 _______________
X -2 0 7 __________ _____
2. 73
. 66
. 29
. 37
50
02
26
67
. 58
. 17
. 04
A-700 Reg.; A-702 Alt.; A-703 Reg
A-710 R eg_______________________
X -2 0 8 ___________________________
X -2 0 9 ___________________________
. 48
. 15
. 02
. 09
A-718 Aux______________________
X -2 1 0 ___________________________
.
X-211
. 51
X-212
X-213
. 02
X-214
X-215
. 34
. 68
See footnotes to table 6 on p. 1156.
Table 5 footnotes—Continued.
8 Cost is 9.2 percent of itemized household textiles.
» Estimated cost in 1959 for all cities.
10 Cost is 3.7 percent of itemized furniture.
11 Cost is 15.6 percent of itemized electrical appliances.
12 Cost is 13.5 percent of total cost of furniture, electrical equipment, and
housewares.
13 Requirements for tools, mending materials, and garden equipment vary
according to the type of dwelling structure occupied by the family. The 1959
dollar allowance for families occupying single unit dwellings ($4.78) was
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. 02
. 06
02
. 46
(3)
multiplied by the percent of all 2- and 3-room units of the budget specification
represented by single family units in each city.
14 Cost is 2.8 percent of housefurnishings and equipment.
15 Cost is 6.0 percent of furniture and equipment.
16 Cost is 16.5 percent of itemized laundry and cleaning supplies.
17 Cost is 31.1 percent of itemized paper supplies.
18 Cost is 8.3 percent of the total cost of laundry, cleaning, and paper
supplies.
18 83 percent of the families were assumed to have telephone service at
minimum cost with provision for 65 message units per month.
1153
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
T
able
6.
Alt. O t h e r G o o d s
and
S e r v i c e s B u d g e t Q u a n t it ie s — Continued
1. Clothing— Continued
[Quantities of starred items vary from city to city; see explanatory notes]
Pricing code
Group, item, and unit
Quantity
per year
W if e
Outerwear:
Coats:
Heavyweight*---------Lightweight------------Sweaters*______________
Suits:
Wool_______________
Rayon_____________
Dresses:
Wool*_____________
Cotton_____________
Rayon--------------------Housedresses-----------Skirts__________________
Blouses:
Dacron_____________
Nylon______________
Other outerwear*-----------Underwear, nightwear:
Slips:
Nylon______________
Other______________
Corsets_________________
Girdles_________________
Brassieres______________
Panties:
Rayon_____________
Nylon_____________
Nightgowns and pajamas:
Nightgowns, rayon.
Pajamas___________
Robes__________________
Hosiery:
Nylon stockings------------Anklets_________________
Footwear:
Shoes:
Oxford_____________
Pump______________
Casual_____________
House slippers--------Rubbers, galoshes:
Rubbers____________
Galoshes*--------------Hats, gloves, accessories:
Hats:
Felt and other*-------Gloves:
Leather*___________
Other*_____________
Other accessories*----------See fo o tn o tes a t en d of tab le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0. 17
. 24
. 13
A-415 Reg.
A-420 Reg.
A-471 Aux
. 17
. 15
A-430.1 Reg.; A-431.1 Alt.; A-435.1 Alt
X -301_______________________________
A-490
A-495
A-481
A-498
A-450
. 31
. 84
1. 04
. 80
. 18
Reg.; A-491 Alt.
Reg. (A, B )____
R eg___________
R eg___________
Aux___________
A-463 A lt____
A-464 Alt. (C)
.
.
20
OS
(2)
A-532 Reg
F B -187__
A-540 Reg
A-541 SupA-545 Aux
. 14
. 47
. 15
A-536 Reg
F B -188__
. 89
A-522 Reg. (A,' B)
F B -185_________
A-517 Sup_______
. 30
. 04
. 07
_pair__ A-562 Alt. (A); A-563 Alt
do___ X -303__________________
6. 02
. 10
. 12
. 21
. 12
do___
do___
do___
do___
A-730.1 Reg.; FB-232
A-734 R eg__________
A-740 R eg__________
X -304______________
.
.
.
.
do___
do___
X -305.
FB-242
. 06
. 17
FB-192
1. 23
p air.. X -30 6 .
X -307.
. 13
. 72
61
61
13
37
1154
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T
able
6.
A ll O t h e r G oods
and
S e r v i c e s B u d g e t Q u a n t i t i e s — Continued
1. Clothing—'Continued
[Quantities of starred items vary from city to city; see explanatory notes]
Group, item, and unit
C lo th in g M a te r ia l s
and
Pricing code 1
Quantity
per year
C lo th ing S er v ic e s
Clothing materials:
Wool_____ __________ _ __ _ _____ yards.
Cotton______ _
__ __ _ ______ ____do__
Rayon
_
_
_
d o .. .
Other (yarn, pins, thread, etc.)_____ ________
Clothing services:
Cleaning and pressing:
_____
___ __ _.garment
Husband
Wife________ .
__
_____d o ___
Shoe repair:
Wife:
Lifts and heels___________.number
Half soles and heels___ ___________
Husband:
Half soles and heels__
__ number. _
Heels____ ___________ ___
_ __
Shoe shines, polish, laces, etc _______
Miscellaneous clothing s e r v ic e s .__ ________
A-820 Aux. (B )__ __
A-810 R e g ._
A-800 Reg. (B)
0. 04
2. 71
. 72
(4)
H-831 Alt______
H-835 R eg.
6. 00
5. 75
A—796 R eg_________
2. 12
(8)
A-790 Reg.; A-791 Alt_______________
. 69
(•)
(7)
(g)
2. Medical Care
Group, item, and unit
Physicians’ visits:
Home____________________ _____ _
O ffice____ __
____
____
Hospital ______
Specialists’ fees:
Surgical procedures
...
_ _
Dental care:
Fillings_____ _____
____
________ _ _
E x tra c tio n s.____ ________ ________
Cleaning or examination
...
Denture work and other types of service
(visits).10
Eye care _
___
__
....
Hospital services:12
Group hospitalization insurance plan 13__
Hospital room (days) _
__
____ __
Anesthesia _________
__
____ _
Other ancillary services__ _______ _ __
Other medical care__________
Prescriptions15 _ _ ____
____ ________
Nonprescription drugs 15_ _
_____________
Appliances and su p p lie s__ __ __
...
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pricing code 1
Quantity
per year
M—306 Reg
M—300 Reg
X -401__
3. 3
11. 2
2. 6
X -4 0 6 ____________
. 125
M—350 Reg.
M—352 Reg _
X -4 0 5_____________
.
.
.
.
258
366
558
818
11 $9. 54
M-200 Reg______
X -4 0 7 _________
FB-266; FB-267; FB-268; FB-269; FB-270;
M-120 Reg.
M-150 Reg.; M-161 Alt; M-170 R e g ...
. 450
5. 380
19^
14$3. 36
14 $8. 40
5. 4
11 $14. 32
(1#)
1155
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
T a b l e 6.
A ll O t h er G oods
and
S e r v ic e s B u dg e t Q u a n t it ie s — Continued
3. Transportation 17
Quantity per year
Pricing code 1
Group, item, and unit
Private transportation:
Automobile:
Replacement of automobile
Operating expenses :
Gasoline_____________
Motor oil____________
Lubrication--------------Antifreeze 18__________
Tires :
New____________
Used or recapped.
Batteries____________
Repairs and parts___
0. 130
T-220 Reg.; FB-247.
393. 1
27. 2
4. 4
1. 25
gallon. _ T-400 Reg
_quart. _ T-410 Reg
T-510 Reg
gallon. _ X -503___
.
.
.
19$49.
T-302 Sup_______________________
F B -249_________________________
X -504___________________________
T-500 Reg.; T-520 Reg.; T-530.1
Sup.; X-505.
Registration fees:
S tate______________annual..
Local________________ do----Inspection fees__________________
Operator’s permit______renewal. _
Insurance:
Public liability_____ annual. _
Comprehensive_______ do---Other operational expenses______
Public transportation:
Local:
Transit__________________ rid e..
Taxi____________________ do-----Trips out of city _____________ m ile..
Moving household effects within city_.
Nonautomobile
owners
Automobile
owners
F B -252___
F B -253___
T-654 Sup..
F B -254___
(20)
59
14
47
66
1. 00
1. 00
1. 50
1. 00
. 50
T-610.1 Alt
FB-250 (a).
95. 00
. 60
265. 00
T-801; T-821
X -5 0 8 ______
T-870_______
X -507 ______
11 $ 1. 11
208.
3.
329.
« $ 1.
00
50
00
11
4. Reading and Recreation
Pricing code 1
Group, and item
Reading materials:
'N'pwppfl.pprp (subscript inn)
Books
TVfopalines
Recreation :
Radios, musical instruments, etc.:
Television sets:
HPcblo moiinl
Onnsnln
PhnnoPT^phs
Repairs
Movie 8dmissions
Other recreation:
fTInh Hues
Ofher reereationa.l expenses
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R-711 Reg__ ______________
Quantity
per year
_________ ______
__ __
R-300 R eg. .
______
.
.
_____
R-105 R e g .___________________________________
R-151.1 Aux________________________________ .
X -601________________________________________
- -
R-600 R eg.
._
_______
1. 20
»* $1. 24
»« $7. 22
. 055
. 042
. 028
. 020
» $1. 22
24. 28
“ $7. 86
(22)
1156
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T
able
6.
A ll Oth e r G oods
and
S e r v ic e s B u d g e t Q u a n t it ie s —
Continued
5. Personal Care
Group, item, and unit
Services:
Husband:
Haircut____________
Shave______________
Wife:
Permanent wave____
Wave and shampoo. _
Other services______
Commodities:
Toilet soap_____________
Cleansing tissue________
Toothpaste_____________
Shaving cream__________
Shampoo_______________
Home permanent supplies
Cosmetics______________
Razors, blades, nail files..
Other commodities______
Pricing code 1
Quantity
per year
P-300 Reg.
(23)
P-316 Reg.
P-310 Reg.
----------b a r..
box of 400. _
____ ounce. _
_____ do____
____ do____
_____ refill. _
P-101
P-164
P-130
P-114
P-140
P-150
13. 49
1. 01
3. 83
Reg.
Reg.
Reg.
Reg.
Reg.
Reg.
52.
10.
20.
17.
20.
00
96
77
92
30
. 20
14 $6. 97
14 $ 2. 00
(25)
6. Tobacco
Item and unit
Pricing code 1
Cigarettes__ ________
_ _____
___ pack _ 0-100 Reg.; 0-104 Reg.; 0-120 Reg.; 0-121 Reg.__
Cigars _ _ _ _ _ _ ----- ------------------- ----- each. 0-200 Reg
Pipe tobacco ________
_______
_ounce_ FB-291- _
Pipe and smoker’s supplies _ __ _ ___
Quantity
per year
(26)
72. 0
63. 0
73. 4
7. Gifts, Contributions, and Miscellaneous
Group
Gifts, contributions, miscellaneous
_
__
Item
Quantity
per year
Christmas, birthday, and other gifts to persons
outside the immediate family, contributions to
church and charities, and infrequent outlays such
as legal fees, bank charges.
5.0 percent
of total
cost of
goods and
services.
1 The code numbers Identify the specifications used in pricing the articles
is The budget assumes 45 percent of the couples have a familv membership
and services for the budget. A detailed description of the items is available
in a group hospitalization insurance plan. In cities where‘plans do not
upon request.
fully cover the cost of hospital ward accommodations and specified ancillary
2 Cost is specified percentage of total cost of itemized outerwear, adjusted
services, an additional allowance covering the cost of these benefits is pro
for intercity variations due to climatic differences. The percentages are as
vided.
follows: Husband, 2.3 percent; and wife, 1.6 percent.
ii Estimated average cost in 1959.
5
Cost is specified percentage of the total cost of clothing, adjusted for
16 Average prices for items selected to represent all types of prescriptions
Intercity variations due to climatic differences. The percentages are as
and nonprescription drugs commonly required by the family weighted by
follows: Husband, 2.6 percent; and wife, 7.0 percent.
their relative importances in the category of therapeutic end-use in which
4 Cost is 1.3 times the cost of itemized clothing materials.
they were classified.
5 Cost is 77.0 percent of lifts and heels.
18 Cost is 5.2 percent of total cost of prescriptions and drugs.
6 Cost is 18.0 percent of half soles and heels.
17 The mode of transportation within metropolitan districts is related to
7 Cost is 28.0 percent of total cost of shoe repair.
location, size, and characteristics of the community. The average costs of
8 Cost is 19.8 percent of itemized clothing services. This group includes
automobile owners and nonowners were weighted by the following propor
cleaning and blocking of hats, jewelry and watch repair, tailoring, and clothing
tion of families: for 3 cities in the Northeast region (New York, Philadelphia,
repair.
and Boston) 14 percent for automobile owners, 86 percent for nonowners;
9 The average number of operations per year for an elderly man is .072; for
for the remaining 17 cities for which budget costs were computed, 22 percent
an elderly woman, .053. About 60 percent of the operations among the men
and 78 percent, respectively.
involve a genito-urinary condition, repair of hernias, or operations on the
18 Cost excluded in cities with mild climate.
eye. Reduction of fractures and dislocations, operations on the eye, or
19 Estimated average cost in 1959. This total varies for individual cities
conditions of the genito-urinary system accounted for 60 percent of the opera
according to the differences in cost of labor and parts.
tions among elderly women.
20 The number of inspections required by law in each city.
i“ Estimated cost is 98.6 percent of cost of fillings, extractions, and cleaning.
21 Cost is 5.7 percent of allowance for gasoline, motor oil, lubrication, tires,
ii Estimated average cost in 1959; differs from city to city.
batteries, and repairs.
iJ Requirements specified for hospital services do not apply when the cost
of these items is covered by a hospitalization insurance plan.
Footnotes continued on p. 1157.
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1157
BLS INTERIM BUDGET FOR A RETIRED COUPLE
therefore, special attention should be given to the
concept, definitions, and coverage of the Retired
Couple’s Budget. It must be kept in mind that
this budget relates not only to a specific type of
family but also to a specified manner of living.
Usually some adaptation of the budget is required
before a direct comparison can be made with cur
rent money income 12 of individual families or
groups of families, or other money receipts must
be considered in the comparison. The quantities
and kinds of goods and services which make up
the budget provide guides for appraising the con
tent of the budget and establishing needs in vari
ous situations. For example, for some purposes,
the cost of individual categories might prove more
useful than the total cost of the budget. For
others, it might be desirable to substitute homeowner costs for the rental housing provided by
the budget since many older families own their
homes; or to exclude the cost of medical care.13
The budget provides a measure of differences in
living costs between cities, and not differences in
prices only. In addition to differences in price
levels, intercity indexes based on the budget reflect
climatic or regional differences in the quantities
and types of items required to provide the specified
standard of living. Care should be taken, how
ever, in the conclusions drawn from such com
parisons, especially by elderly couples considering
a change in residence after retirement. The
relative differences in costs are those of established
families in each city and will not reflect differences
in cost associated with moving from one city to
Table 6 footnotes—Continued.
E xplanatory N otes:
The basic clothing budget is the average quantity for large cities and their
suburbs. For each city, the quantity of clothing articles specified in the
following tabulation are adjusted upward or downward in accordance with
local elimatic conditions, on the basis of the normal number of degree days
as published by the U.S. Weather Bureau. The tabulation shows the quan
tities of specified items of clothing required when the normal number of
annual degree days average 1,400 and 7,850. (For definition of degree day,
see footnote 3, table 5.) The quantities required for specific cities were deter
mined by straight-line interpolation.
N o rm a l n u m ber a n n u a l
degree days
7,850 1400
Husband
Topcoat..... ........... .
Wool jacket---------Sweater....................
12 Current money income is defined as regular income from all sources. It
does not include inheritances, lump-sum payments from insurance or sale of
property, or occasional gifts.
13 For a detailed description of available data on income position of older
persons and problems in evaluating income adequacy see, Background Paper
on Income Maintenance prepared under direction of Planning Committee on
Income Maintenance for the White House Conference on Aging, January
9-12, 1961 (Washington, D.C., June 1960); Margaret S. Gordon, Aging and
Income Security, in Aging and Society: A Handbook of Social Gerontology
(Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1960) ; and Lenore A. Epstein, Meas
uring the Economic Status of the Aged, (in Proceedings of the Fifth Congress
of International Association of Gerontology, San Francisco, Calif., Au
gust 1960).
Item
22 Cost is 21.2 percent of annual allowance for reading materials, admissions,
radios, television sets, and phonographs.
23 Cost is 10.1 percent of annual allowance for husband’s haircuts.
2< Cost is 4.6 percent of annual allowance for itemized personal services for
wife.
23 Cost is 14.4 percent of annual allowance for itemized commodities.
23 Cost is 3.1 percent of annual allowance for itemized tobacco products.
Ite m
another. For example, the rental cost in this
budget is the average for occupied dwellings of a
defined specification and may vary considerably
from that of dwellings available for new residents.
Neither do the intercity indexes provide a valid
measure of differences in living costs for homeowners.
In evaluating the differences between the 1959
costs of the revised budget and the costs of the orig
inal budget when last priced in these cities in 1950,
it must be kept in mind that the 1959 costs reflect
not only increases in prices and sales taxes, but
also the higher standard of living provided by the
revised list of goods and services and procedural
changes.
The budget has been priced only in 20 cities,
and cost estimates are not available for other
cities, States, nor for the United States average.
The budget costs given in this report, therefore,
are not representative of the costs in all large
cities or of those in cities of other sizes and
economic characteristics. Neither are they repre
sentative of costs in these 20 cities at other dates.
Ite m
N o rm a l n u m her a n n u a l
degree days
7,850 I 4 OO
Wife
0.19 0.02 Coat, heavyweight - 0.25 0.09
Sweater______________
16 .09
.05 .03
.38 .24
.29 .21 Dress, wool........ .
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N o rm a l n u m ber a n n u a l
degree days
Ite m
N o rm a l n u m
ber a n n u a l
degree days
Wife
Husband
Other outerwear A— 1.5% 1.7%
Suits:
Galoshes____
.27
.07
Wool, heavyweight
. 0.05 0.03 Hats, felt and other. 1.48 .97
(3-piece)_______
Gloves, leather____
.16 .09
Wool, heavyweight
.31 .21 Gloves, other---------.90 .53
(2-piece)_______
.08 . 20 Other accessories 2— 6.3% 7.8%
Wool, lightweight—
Trousers, slacks:
.28 .19
Wool__________
.10
.40
Rayon.___ ______
.30 .22
Sports shirt, wool_____
1.8% 2. 8%
Other outerwear 1____
.49 .67
Undershorts, woven 3„ .
1.26 .74
Undershorts, k n it3___
2.08 1.56
Undershirts 3________
.09 «
Rubber boots...............
.55 .47
Hat, felt____________
.09 (<)
Gloves, dress________
2.04 (*)
Gloves, work________
2. 3 % 2 . 8 %
Other accessories 2____
1 The requirements are stated as percentages of total cost of itemized
outerwear.
......
2 The requirements are stated as percentages of the total cost of clothing.
3 Only lightweight underwear was priced. The climatic adjustment of the
quantities allows for substitution of heavyweight underwear in cold climates.
3
Not required in cities with normal number of annual degree days less
than 3,000.
Salary Determination for
White-Collar Civil
Servants in Great Britain
H. M . D o u t y *
W age and salary determination for civil serv
ants has become increasingly important, if only
because of the growth in public employment. In
the United States, for example, government employ
ment (Federal, State, and local) accounted during
the first half of 1960 for 16.1 percent of all employ
ment in nonagricultural establishments. Of the
average of approximately 8.5 million government
employees during this period, 26.3 percent were in
the Federal Service.
In a special sense, the salary structure for gov
ernment employees must meet a public test of
equity. The work of civil servants is financed, for
the most part, out of tax revenues (that is, from
compulsory levies on the general population).
With respect to salary and other costs, the govern
ment is not subject to the pressures of market
competition in the sale of its services. From this
fact, in particular, arises the need for policy on
government salaries that is responsive to the
interest of the community in economy and effi
ciency in public administration.
At the same time, government must compete
with other employers in the labor market. If its
functions are to be adequately performed, the
government, as employer, must attract and retain
a corps of employees with an immensely wide range
of occupational skills and abilities.
There are various policies and institutional ar
rangements for determination of the salaries and
other conditions of work of civil servants. This
article seeks to describe salary policy and the
process of salary determination applicable to non
industrial (white-collar) civil servants employed by
the Central Government of Great Britain. These
employees, who number more than 600,000, cor
respond broadly to those in the Federal service in
1158
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the United States, whose salaries are fixed by the
Classification Act of 1949, as amended, and to
employees of the postal field service.1
British practice reflects a long, evolutionary
development and must be understood within the
British constitutional framework, which differs
considerably from our own. For this and other
reasons, it is not suggested that British experience
has direct relevance for the United States. On the
other hand, the underlying problem is similar, and
there may well be value in an understanding of the
British approach. This account is based on inter
views in the spring of 1960 with British Govern
ment and civil service trade union officials and on
documentary material.2
Civil Service Salary Policy
Over the years, a number of Royal Commissions
have inquired into the matter of compensation
in the civil service.3 The most recent, under the
chairmanship of Sir Raymond Priestley, was
appointed in 1953 and reported in 1955. The
terms of reference of the Priestley Commission
included review of the principles that should
govern the pay of white-collar government
employees; whether rates of pay then in force
should be changed; and whether any changes were
desirable in hours of work, annual leave, pensions,
and certain other terms of employment.
With respect to policy, the Priestley Commission
concluded that “the primary principle of civil
*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 Classification Act and postal field service employees in the United States
number approximately 1.5 million. Most of the remaining Federal workers
(about 750,000) are so-called “wage board” employees, whose pay is deter
mined on the basis of rates prevailing in private industry in the areas where
they work. See Rate Setting by the Army-Air Force Wage Board (in
M onthly Labor Review, October 1958, pp. 1107-1112), and The Government’s
Industrial Employees: I— Extent of Employment, Status, Organization, and
II—Consultation, Bargaining, and Wage Determination (in Monthly Labor
Review, January 1954, pp. 1-6, and March 1954, pp. 249-256, respectively).
2 The author is most grateful for the courtesy and helpfulness of Mr. R. A.
Hayward, Secretary-General, Staff Side, National Whitley Council for the
Civil Service; Mr. K. E. Couzens, H. M. Treasury; Mr. F. A. Adams, Director,
Civil Service Pay Research Unit; Mr. J. L. Williams, General Secretary,
Society of Civil Servants; Mr. G. F. Green, General Secretary, Civil Service
Clerical Association; Mr. S. Mayne, General Secretary, Institution of Pro
fessional Civil Servants; Mr. M. O. Tinniswood, Assistant Secretary, General
Post Office; Mr. R. G. Smith, General Secretary, Union of Post Office
Workers. Needless to say, the author is solely. esponsible for any deficiencies
the article may possess.
3 In Great Britain, the Royal Commission has proved a most useful device
for the investigation of problems of broad public concern and for the
formulation of policy proposals. A Royal Commission consists of a group of
distinguished citizens appointed by the Crown; it has specific terms of refer
ence and extensive powers of investigation, and its Report is presented to
Parliament.
SALARY DETERMINATION FOR BRITISH CIVIL SERVANTS
service pay is fair comparison with the current
remuneration of outside staffs employed on
broadly comparable work, taking account of
differences in other conditions of service.” 4 A
secondary principle involved internal salary rela
tionships. The Commission held that “vertical
relativities [i.e., pay relationships among grades
within a particular class of work] must be an
important factor in supplementing fair compari
sons since the latter alone cannot afford sufficient
guidance in settling in detail rates of pay through
out the civil service.” 5 However, the Commission
also stated that “if vertical relativities in other
comparable employments should change to the
disadvantage (or advantage) of middle and higher
level staff, then our primary principle would
require that this development should be reflected
in the civil service.” 6
The Commission suggested that less attention
be paid to horizontal relativities (pay relation
ships between different types of work presumed to
involve equal difficulty or responsibility) than to
vertical relativities. In the Commission’s view, it
is “essential that changes in the relative value of
different occupations or professions outside the
Service should be reflected inside the Service.
If this were not so, rates inside the Service might
well tend to get seriously out of line with those
outside, and the principle of fair comparison would
be violated.” 7
The Commission went into considerable detail
concerning its views on the application of the
principle of fair comparison. For example, it
recognized that a considerable dispersion of rates
for any particular occupation would exist in out
side employment, and recommended that com
parison of salary rates and other conditions of
employment be made with “good employers”
4 Report, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1953-55 (London, H.M .
Stationery Office, November 1955, Cmd. 9613), p. 25.
• Ibid., p. 30.
• Ibid.
11bid., p. 31.
s Ibid., p. 45.
8
Report, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1929-31 (London, H .M .
Stationery Office, 1931, Cmd. 3909).
For example, the conclusion of the Tomlin Commission (par. 308) was
“ th at broad general comparisons between classes in the Service and outside
occupations are possible and should be made.” The view, difficult to inter
pret, was also expressed that in making such comparisons “the state should
take a long view. Civil Service remuneration should reflect what may be
described as the long-term trend, both in wage levels and in the economic
condition of the country. We regard it as undesirable that the conditions of
service of civil servants when under review should be related too closely to
factors of a temporary or passing character.”
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1159
rather than with a representative sample of all
employers. It was suggested, on this basis, that
the proper comparisons should then relate to
median rates. Moreover, the Commission felt
that, wherever possible, rates of pay should be
adjusted to reflect the value of those supple
mentary benefits (e.g., pensions) susceptible to
quantification. Additionally, unquantifiable fac
tors should be taken into general account in
arriving at salary decisions for civil servants.8
Actually, the policy recommendations of the
Priestley Commission did not represent a sharp
break with the past. The basic principle of com
parison with outside pay had been recognized by
earlier Commissions (e.g., the 1929 Tomlin Com
mission9) and, at least for the lower grades, had
figured in civil service pay determination to the
extent that the unions concerned and the Treasury
could assemble relevant data on compensation in
outside employment. It does appear, however,
that the Priestley Commission provided more
specific guidelines to policy.10 And it did propose,
for the first time, a formal procedure for develop
ing information on outside salaries and related
benefits. This proposal resulted in the creation
of the Civil Service Pay Research Unit, which is
considered at a later point.
Procedures for Salary Determination
The salaries of all but the highest levels of
nonindustrial civil servants in Great Britain are
determined essentially through collective bargain
ing, with resort to arbitration in case of failure to
agree.
It is estimated that 90 percent of British Gov
ernment white-collar employees (including postal
workers) are organized in staff associations, many
of which are affiliated with the Trades Union
Congress. Civil service unions in Great Britain
typically cater for particular grades or classes of
employees with generally common interests.
Among the major associations are the Union of
Post Office Workers, the Civil Service Clerical
Association, the Institution of Professional Civil
Servants, and the Society of Civil Servants (for
the executive class). These and a number of
other unions have been accorded the status of
“recognized associations.” When a union has
been granted this status, it may take part in dis
cussions, negotiations, agreements, and arbitra-
1160
tions which affect the staff it represents.11 Until
recognized, a union cannot take any part in
negotiations. Actually, the British civil service
is so strongly organized that no unrecognized
staff association was known to exist at the time
this article was prepared.
Machinery for consultation and negotiation for
the nonindustrial civil service as a whole is pro
vided by the National Whitley Council for the
Civil Service.12 This joint body, established in
1919, is composed of representatives of the
Official side, chiefly heads of departments with a
Treasury official typically as chairman, and of
the Staff side. Of the 26 present members of
the Staff side, 20 are full-time trade union officials
and 6 are still in the civil service.
In terms of its constitution, the functions of
the National Whitley Council include “deter
mination of the general principles governing
conditions of service, e.g., recruitment, hours,
promotion, discipline, tenure, remuneration and
superannuation.” It was, appropriately, the
National Council that considered and acted upon
the recommendations of the Priestley Commission.
In the spring of 1956, a statement by the Official
and Staff side members was issued indicating the
extent to which agreement had been reached on
the Commission’s recommendations.13 Although
the wording of this document clearly reflects the
give-and-take to be anticipated in any agreed
statement by the two sides immediately con
cerned on the broad questions at issue, the area
of agreement was, in fact, quite substantial.
With respect to salaries, the National Council
acts directly only on general claims for pay adjust
ment. It does not become involved in pay
claims affecting individual grades or classes in the
civil service. Plowever, the National Council,
through a steering committee, does exercise super
vision over the work of the Civil Service Pay
Research Unit, which, as shown later, conducts
surveys for use in negotiations relating to particu
lar jobs or job classes.
A general, evaluated salary structure, such as
exists in the United States under the Classification
Act of 1949, as amended, is not found in Great
Britain. The British civil service consists of a
large number of grades (some of which are linked
vertically or horizontally) that can be considered
quite separately for pay purposes. Some grades
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
(so-called Treasury grades) cut across depart
mental lines; other grades (e.g., factory inspectors)
are found only in a particular department.
In the United States, salary adjustments for
white-collar civil servants are typically general in
character, although not necessarily uniform among
pay grades in either absolute or percentage terms.
In Great Britain, adjustments may also be cen
trally determined. The most recent such adjust
ment was in December 1958, when a general
3.5-percent increase was agreed to by the Official
and Staff sides of the National Whitley Council.
It should be noted that the Priestley Commission
had urged that general adjustments be used only
in periods of sharp economic change. The Com
mission stated that “at times of unusually marked
and rapid rises [or falls] in wages and salaries
outside the Service a central settlement covering
all the lower and middle ranks of the Service is
the best arrangement.” 14
A salary claim can also be advanced for a par
ticular grade or class of civil servants by an
appropriate union. A claim presumably will not
be made unless the union concerned feels that it
has a substantive case either on the basis of fair
comparison or internal relativities. The strength
of this case will then be tested in collective
bargaining, with the Management side being
represented either by the Treasury or, if the case
involves a grade confined to a particular depart
ment, by the appropriate officials of the depart
ment concerned. If the claim requires a survey
by the Civil Service Pay Research Unit, final
negotiations will not begin until survey results
are made available. If agreement is reached to
increase salaries, the higher rates will be put into
effect as of a date which is also subject to
negotiation and agreement.
If agreement cannot be reached by negotiation,
and if the union still believes that it has a viable
case, recourse can be had to the Civil Service
11 For an account of collective bargaining and consultative arrangements
afieeting nonindustrial civil servants, see Staff Relations in the Civil Service
(London, II.M . Stationery Office, 1957). For a most useful history of union
ism among British civil service clerical personnel, see B. V. Humphreys,
Clerical Unions in the Civil Service (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1958). See
also V. L. Allen, Trade Unions and the Government (London, Longsman,
Green and Co., 1960), ch. IV.
12 Whitley Councils also exist in the various departments, and even in
smaller organizational units. The departmental and office councils do not
become involved in pay claims.
13 Whitley Bulletin, Royal Commission Supplement, April 1956.
14 Report, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1953-55, op. cit., p. 48.
SALARY DETERMINATION FOR BRITISH CIVIL SERVANTS
Arbitration Tribunal.15 The existence of arbi
tration machinery lends substance to the collective
bargaining aspect of British civil service salary
determination.16 Arbitration can relate to a
general pay claim or to a claim involving a par
ticular civil service grade or class. There is an
upper salary limit attached to the arbitration
arrangement; this figure is now approximately
£2,500, jilst above the level of the grade of Prin
cipal. The proportion of civil servants in grades
above the arbitration salary bar is quite small.
The Priestley Commission gave special atten
tion to the problem of the remuneration of the
top grades of civil servants.17 It recommended
that a small standing committee of distinguished
citizens be appointed to advise the Government
on this question. Such a committee, under the
chairmanship of Lord Coleraine, was appointed by
the Prime Minister on February 7, 1957.18 The
Coleraine Committee is empowered to perform its
advisory function either at the request of the
Government or on its own initiative. It should
be noted that staff associations representing the
highest levels in the civil service do not have
direct access to the Committee; however, such
associations may continue, as in the past, to
present salary claims to the Treasury. An unre
solved claim may provide an occasion for Com
mittee action. Similarly, the Committee may
have occasion to consider the situation of these
grades in the event of a general settlement, or a
round of settlements applicable to the lower and
middle grades of the civil service.
From a public standpoint, the Treasury clearly
plays a crucial role in the process of salary adjust
ment broadly outlined above. For civil service
grades that cut across departmental lines, the
Treasury directly bargains for the Government as
employer. For departmental grades, the Treas>5 The present civil service arbitration arrangements date from 1925, with
various modifications since that time. The membership of the Arbitration
Tribunal consists of an impartial chairman and panels of members, appointed
for 2-year terms, from the Official and Staff sides. Recourse to the Civil
Service Arbitration Tribunal is also open to the Treasury or the departments.
is Strikes by civil servants are not illegal; they do, however, constitute
offenses subject to disciplinary measures and are not, in fact, engaged in.
i? Report, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1953-55, op. cit., pp.
88-91.
is Whitley Bulletin, March 1957, p. 40.
n Leslie Williams, Executive Class Pay Settlement (in Civil Service
Opinion, Journal of the Society of Civil Servants, London, January 1960,
p. 6).
20 Report, Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 1953-55, op. cit., pp.
35-41.
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1161
ury is undoubtedly closely consulted by the
responsible departmental officials before any con
cession is made. If collective bargaining over
Government salaries is to work in the public
interest, the Treasury must be a tough bargainer.
In arbitrations, it must present its case strongly
before the Arbitration Tribunal. At the same
time, it must be prepared to concede adjustments
warranted by salary policy and the needs of the
Service.
Treasury officials, who are also civil servants,
must sometimes act for the Government in cases
involving their own grades. A union official, in
describing an important recent settlement, wrote:
The Treasury team is a formidable combination. The
Top Brass were well served (too well from our stand
point) by a bunch of enthusiastic Society [of Civil Servants]
members whose job it was to do themselves down. I
remarked on one occasion to one of the backroom boys
that certain information was favorable. “In your favor,
not ours, I ’m afraid,” he replied, oblivious of the fact
that he was a member of the grade concerned. Every
inch a Treasury official! 19
Civil Service Pay Research Unit
There is probably no satisfactory mechanical
way to implement a policy of “fair comparison”
of civil service and outside salaries. There are
various possible approaches, all involving judg
ment at various stages in the procedure. The
approach adopted in any particular country will
depend, perhaps to a major extent, upon the
institutional setting within which civil service
salaries are determined. The approach even
within a country may differ from time to time,
depending, for example, on the rapidity of change
in the economy generally.
By its nature, “fair comparison” implies the
existence of some sort of organized body of
knowledge of salaries in outside employment.
This knowledge has then to be applied in the
process of salary determination. The acqui
sition of a consistent body of salary information
is never a simple undertaking. As pointed out
earlier, the Priestley Commission recommended
the formation of a research unit to undertake
surveys of salaries and related conditions of work
in outside employment.20 A description of the
work of this unit, and the application of its
survey results, throws great light on the process
1162
of civil service salary determination in Great
Britain.
The recommendation to establish a research
unit was agreed to by the National Whitley
Council in April 1956. In consequence, the
Civil Service Pay Research Unit, organizationally
independent of any existing Government agency,
was formed in September, its director being
appointed by the Prime Minister. A special
committee of the National Whitley Council,
termed the Steering Committee, was set up to
give general direction and guidance to the Unit.21
The Unit has two particular functions: (1) To
establish job comparability, insofar as possible,
between the civil service occupations for which a
survey is being made and jobs in outside em
ployment; and (2) to record the pay and con
ditions of service for jobs regarded as comparable.
Job Comparability. When a survey is decided
upon, the Unit first makes a detailed examination
of the duties and responsibilities of the job (or
jobs) in question within the civil service. This
appears typically to involve job analysis at first
hand, supplementing review of civil service job
descriptions. The next task is to determine which
outside jobs can appropriately be used for com
parison. This task can be fairly readily per
formed where identical or closely similar work is
carried on outside the civil service (e.g., typing
and secretarial work). The problem is much
more difficult, of course, where this is not the
case. Consideration was given by the Unit to
the use of some type of formal job evaluation
technique, as had been suggested by the Royal
Commission, but this approach was rejected as
impractical.
The procedure adopted by the Pay Research
Unit can best be described in the words of its
1958 Annual Report (pp. 5-6), as follows:
In the absence of any system of analysis of a general
character which would enable us to make comparisons of
jobs of different kinds with the necessary precision and
objectivity to carry conviction, we have come to rely
fundamentally on what we call “functional comparison.”
We seek in outside organizations for those functions
having some similarity to Civil Service work. Where the
civil servants and their outside analogues are both en
gaged in the performance of a function directed to similar
aims and using similar methods, the basis for comparison
is clear and convincing, and the task resolves itself into an
examination and comparison of duties and responsibilities
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
at different levels. This method of comparison is readily
applied, and indeed no other method is considered, when
there is a very close correspondence of function within and
outside the service . . .
Within the field of executive work, we have been able to
apply the same methods. Officers in the same Civil
Service grade may be carrying out widely differing func
tions, such as audit, local office management, purchasing,
stores management, staff inspection or accounting. We
do not need to concern ourselves with the relative valu
ation of these different functions implied by the Civil
Service grading system. We are only concerned to be able
to identify similar functions in outside employment which
will enable us to make comparisons of similar work. It is,
of course, true that we rarely find in outside employment
a mirror reflection of Civil Service jobs, but so long as
there is a sufficient core of similarity in the work being
performed to provide a self-evident standard against which
points of difference can be noted, useful comparisons are
possible.
Method of Reporting. It is the sole responsi
bility of the Pay Research Unit to determine
which outside jobs are comparable with the civil
service jobs for which a survey is being made.
This determination is made separately for each
company or other reporting unit included in a
survey. A survey report will contain, company
by company, a detailed analysis of the job or
jobs considered comparable, including, where
necessary, an account of work organization so that
the jobs can be positioned more precisely. A
specific statement is made with reference to com
parability between the outside and the civil serv
ice job; for example, a large company may have
three grades or levels of auditor, one of which
may be deemed comparable with the civil service
job in question.
For a job determined to be comparable, rates of
pay in effect are given. This information again
is shown on an individual company basis. Infor
mation on rates of pay is followed by detailed
information on other terms of employment, such
as hours of work, overtime, vacation leave, sick
leave, pension schemes, travel allowances, lunch
eon vouchers, and any other items that appear
to represent employee compensation. The infor
mation on supplementary benefits is presented in
the form of descriptions of practices, without any
attempt at quantification.22
51 Annual Report, 1957, Civil Service Pay Research Unit (London, H.M .
Stationery Office, 1958), p. 3.
22 Quantification is attempted by the bargainers.
SALARY DETERMINATION FOR BRITISH CIVIL SERVANTS
Although each survey is confined to compara
tively few companies or other employing units,
the survey reports tend to be voluminous. This
reflects the company-by-company method of pres
entation and the amount of detail on job matching
and conditions of work shown for each company.
The reports are not available for public distribu
tion; they are made available only to representa
tives of the staff associations and the Treasury or
department in particular negotiations. The sur
vey reports do not identify the companies included.
These reports are not statistical studies in any
formal sense of the term. They do not represent
samples of any defined universe; the data collected
are not subject at any level to aggregation. The
employing units to be studied in any particular
survey are determined jointly, if possible, by the
union and official representatives concerned,
although in some cases considerable discretion on
this point is given to the Pay Research Unit.
The respondents may be private firms, segments
of nationalized industries, or local government
authorities; it is not unusual to find all three
sectors of employment represented in a particular
survey. The Unit has no authority to compel
employers to cooperate, and refusals do occur.
On the whole, however, the level of cooperation
appears to be satisfactory.
Use of Survey Data for Pay Determination
In the 3 years ending December 31, 1959, the
Civil Service Pay Research Unit completed 35
survey reports, each covering either a specific
occupation or a family of jobs.23 In addition, a
number of special reports were prepared from
information already on hand. One of the func
tions of the Steering Committee of the National
Whitley Council is to determine the priority given
to various surveys. Throughout 1957 and part
of 1958, the Pay Research Unit was occupied with
a series of studies relating to post office jobs (in
Great Britain, the postal service includes telephone
and telegraph services also). The reason for this
was that the Priestley Commission, in its 1955
Report, made specific recommendations for salary
revision for sectors of the nonindustrial civil service
other than the post office.
23
See Annual Reports for 1957, 1958, and 1959, Civil Service Pay Research
Unit.
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1163
The studies undertaken by the Pay Research
Unit vary greatly in occupational scope and num
ber of civil servants involved. The dimensions
of some studies are quite narrow. For example
one survey related to the pay and other conditions
of work of public house managers in private em
ployment. For some historical reason, a small
number of public houses (bars) in the town of
Carlisle are under state management. Another
survey related to artificial eye fitters and makers
and still another to custodians of ancient monu
ments. On the other hand, one survey of major
proportions related to the executive class in the
civil service, an important group of employees
exercising, at various levels, a great variety of
managerial functions.
The executive class pay settlement, covering
approximately 50,000 employees, on which agree
ment was reached on January 11, 1960, can be
used to illustrate broadly the nature of the survey
and negotiating procedure. The Society of Civil
Servants, the union concerned, requested in July
1957 that salary adjustment be considered.
Because members of the executive class are em
ployed throughout the Government service, the
Treasury represented the Government as em
ployer. Discussions were held between Treasury
and union representatives on the nature and scope
of the survey to be conducted. An agreed re
quest for a survey went to the Pay Research Unit
in October 1957, and work actually began in
January 1958. The final report was not completed
until July 1959, although certain installments
were made available earlier to the negotiating
parties. The survey report, though relating to a
comparatively small number of firms or other
employing units, was quite voluminous because of
the amount of detail developed.
When survey results became available, a work
ing party of Treasury and union representatives
was set up to summarize the data in a form suitable
for use in final negotiations. No less than 26
joint meetings were required for this purpose.
The working party completed its task in November
1959 and, as previously noted, an agreed settle
ment was reached in January 1960. The settle
ment was retroactive to October 1, 1958. If a
negotiated settlement had not been reached, the
case could have been taken to the Civil Service
Arbitration Tribunal with respect to grades up to
1164
Chief Executive (equivalent to Principal in the
administrative class). In this event, any offers
made “without prejudice” by the Treasury in
negotiations could have been withdrawn. In a
few instances, civil service arbitration awards
have been below offers made in negotiation.
The Question of Funds
American readers may well ask how, in the
British system, funds can be assured to meet the
cost of negotiated pay settlements or arbitration
awards. Just as with Congress in this country,
Parliament in Great Britain must authorize the
expenditure of public funds. Unlike the situation
in the United States, however, the Government
of the day in Great Britain always has a parlia
mentary majority. Refusal of Parliament to
support a request for funds, either in the regular
or a supplementary budget, would lead to the
fall of the Government.
When civil service arbitration was agreed to in
1925, the pledge was given in a Treasury circular
that “subject to the overriding authority of
Parliament the Government will give effect to
the awards of the Court.” The qualification
(“subject to the overriding authority of Parlia
ment”) was inserted to preserve the constitutional
supremacy of Parliament and remove the possi
bility of a Government defeat there. In effect,
the pledge meant that the Government would not
itself propose to Parliament that an award, once
made, be rejected.
Conclusion
This description of policy and procedure for
salary determination for nonindustrial civil serv
ants in Great Britain is severely summary;
perhaps enough has been said, however, to provide
a view of the essential characteristics of the
system.
In terms of policy, the major test of equity is
sought in the doctrine of “fair comparison”
between salaries for grades and classes in the civil
service and, to the extent that they can be iden
tified, then outside counterparts. A secondary
principle involves salary relationships (relativi
ties) within the civil service.
Procedurally, salaries for the lower and middle
grades of the civil service are determined through
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
collective bargaining and arbitration. Salaries
for higher grade civil servants are fixed in light of
the recommendations of a disinterested committee.
A recent and most important innovation has been
provision for a factfinding agency to assemble
information for negotiating purposes. Although
emphasis is placed on settlements relating to
particular grades or classes, machinery also exists
through the National Whitley Council for the
Civil Service for centrally determined adjust
ments for lower and middle grade employees.
A few concluding observations may be in order :
1. The mechanics of pay determination in the
British civil service reflect the growth of unionism
among Government employees and the willingness
of the Government to help devise formal consulta
tive and negotiating machinery, including pro
vision for arbitration. These arrangements have
been made to fit into the constitutional framework
of British democracy. They represent a long and
continuing process of development; the fact that
they are viable testifies to the good sense and
maturity of both sides.
2. On the side of the Government, the role of
the Treasury is crucial. A system of collective
bargaining cannot work adequately (in either
public or private employment) without strength
on both sides. The Treasury, representing the
Government as employer, has the duty of protect
ing the public against excessive pay claims, while,
at the same time, sanctioning pay adjustments
fair to employees and necessary in terms of the
recruitment and retention of personnel.
3. A useful measure of flexibility in pay setting
appears to adhere to the British system. Dif
ferential pay adjustments for particular jobs or
job classes to reflect labor market conditions
probably can be more readily effected than in an
evaluated job structure.24 However, adjustment
to outside rates on a job-by-job basis, or even for a
series of related jobs, often presents difficult
technical problems, especially where outside coun
terparts cannot readily be identified. The process
inevitably is time consuming. As in any system,
internal pay relationships somehow have to be
taken into account.
24
The term “ evaluated Job structure” is used here in the sense oi a system
in which all jobs are slotted into a limited number of pay grades, all jobs within
a given grade being presumed of equal worth. In the United States, this
function is performed for Federal classified personnel by the Civil Service
Commission.
SALARY DETERMINATION FOR BRITISH CIVIL SERVANTS
4. The establishment of the Civil Service Pay
Research Unit reflected the need for an impartial
factfinding agency to assist in implementing the
policy of “fair comparison.” The data developed
by the Pay Research Unit provide a fund of
information for use by the bargainers or arbitrators
in the making of final pay determinations. By
the end of 1960, after approximately 4 years of
existence, the Unit will have completed surveys
relating (either directly or by extension) to sub
stantially all grades in the civil service. The
question of the precise nature of the work to be
undertaken by the Unit from this point on is now
under consideration.
5. The growth of public employment during the
past two decades, together with the dynamics of
25
See forthcoming BLS Bull. 12S6, National Survey of Professional, Ad
ministrative, Technical and Clerical Pay, W inter 1959-60 (1960).
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1165
economic development, have stimulated interest
in the systematic collection of information on
compensation in outside employment for use in
the appraisal and adjustment of government sala
ries. This is evident in the United States and
Canada, as well as in Great Britain. The form
that this activity takes depends in considerable
measure upon the nature of particular govern
mental salary structures and the procedures for
their adjustment. The British approach has been
described in this article. In the United States,
the approach can best be characterized as a broad
statistical inquiry designed to throw light on the
general structure and trend of salary rates in
outside employment. These ends are sought
through an annual survey of salaries in pro
fessional, administrative, technical, and clerical
occupations so defined as to provide comparisons
with specific Federal pay grades.25
Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor ’s N ote .— This article is one of a series of reports on special labor force
subjects formerly covered in Series P-50 of the Bureau of the Census Current
Population Reports. Reprints of this article, including additional detailed
tables, are available upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional
offices (ilisted on the inside front cover of this issue).
Growth and Characteristics of
the Part-Time Work Force
R obert
L.
St e in
and
Jane
L.
M e r e d it h *
T he monthly surveys of the population’s em
ployment status, conducted since March 1940,
have revealed the presence of a large and grow
ing number of part-time workers in the American
labor force. In May 1960, there were some 12%
million workers who for a wide variety of reasons
were on part time. They constituted nearly onefifth of the 67 million employed in that month.
Part-time employment has been growing at a
faster rate than full-time employment, and this
trend is expected to continue in the coming decade.
This will reflect the dramatic influx of young
persons into the labor force and the continuing
uptrend of married women in the labor force. At
the same time, rates of part-time employment will
probably experience a gradual but persistent rise.
The purpose of this article is a detailed analysis
of three aspects of part-time employment: (1)
the techniques and problems of measurement of
part-time employment; (2) the recent trends in
part-time and full-time employment;1 and (3) the
characteristics of part- and full-time workers.
The pertinent statistical data were compiled by
the Bureau of the Census in regular monthly
surveys of the labor force. The Bureau of Labor
Statistics, which is now responsible for the analy
sis and publication of labor force data, has
sponsored these surveys since July 1959.2
The statistics on full- and part-time workers
relate to employed civilians 14 years of age and
over living in the United States. The data are
1166
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
based on personal interviews in a scientifically
selected sample of households distributed through
out the country. Because of sampling variability,
small changes or differences should be treated with
caution.8
Measurement of Part- and Full-Time Work
Employed persons, as defined in labor force sur
veys, consist of (1) those who did any work during
a specified calendar week (1 hour or more if for
pay or profit, 15 hours or more if on an unpaid
basis in a family enterprise) and (2) those who
had jobs but were not at work during the specified
week because of bad weather, illness, vacation,
strikes, or other temporary reasons. The em
ployed actually at work are also divided into those
who worked full time and those who worked part
time during the survey week.4 A full-time work
week has been arbitrarily defined as 35 hours or
more. While full time has a somewhat different
meaning in each industry, the scheduled work
week in most industries is at least 35 hours, and
for the purpose of identifying various classes of
•Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 An analysts of recent trends in full-time year-round employment will
appear in an article by Sophia Cooper, Work Experience of the Population
in 1959, which is scheduled for the December 1960 issue of the Review.
2 Statistical information on full- and part-time workers from March 1940
to June 1959 may be found in the Census Bureau publications on the labor
force—The Annual Report on the Labor Force, The M onthly Report on the
Labor Force (Series P-57), and the supplementary reports Series P-50.
Since July 1959, similar data have been published by the BLS in Employ
ment and Earnings, the M onthly Report on the Labor Force, and the Special
Labor Force Reports Series.
3 For a more complete description of procedures and techniques, see Explan
atory Notes in each issue of the BLS monthly publication Employment and
Earnings.
4 In the labor force survey, hours of work are reported for each person who
did any work during the survey week. The question relates to hours
actually worked rather than hours scheduled or hours paid for.
GROWTH AiND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PART-TIME WORK FORCE
part-time workers, an upper limit of 34 is probably
satisfactory.
However, a simple dichotomy of those at work
into full- and part-time classes is not entirely
satisfactory as a tool of labor force analysis. It
is also necessary to distinguish several major types
of part-time workers, each with a very different
importance from the standpoint of economic an
alysis. This objective led to the addition of two
questions to the monthly labor force schedule 6
asking (1) whether persons who worked 1 to 34
hours during the survey week usually work 35
hours or more, and (2-a) if “Y es/’ what was the
reason they worked less than 35 hours during the
survey week, or (2-b) if “No,” what was the reason
they usually worked less than 35 hours. These
questions are designed to identify those whose
hours are brief because of (a) temporary nonecon
omic factors, (b) personal choice or unavailabil
ity for full-time work, and (c) underemployment.
In any month, a sizable number of workers who
are normally scheduled for full time, work less
than 35 hours during the survey week, although
they are not part-time workers in any real sense.
They are not scheduled for part time by their
employers; neither do they choose to work part
time. Legal holidays, bad weather, brief illnesses,
or other temporary events in the survey week
account for their part-time status. Their actual
number of hours worked does have significance
in measuring aggregate labor input, but in most
respects they can be regarded as full-time workers.
Typical major events that affected the size of
this group were the Labor Day holiday in Sep
tember 1959, the beginning of the steel strike in
the middle of the July 1959 survey week, the bliz
zards of March 1960, and the flu epidemics of
recent years. The resulting statistics are not sub
ject to the usual seasonal adjustment procedures.
Moreover, annual averages as well as the monthly
figures will be distorted if such an event occurs
in the survey week. While the workers affected
would appear in the 1-34 hours category in any
distributions by actual hours of work, they should
be regarded as full-time workers for the purpose
of analyzing trends in full- and part-time employ
ment.
8 The monthly questions relating to part-time work have been in use since
May 1955; similar information was collected intermittently in the labor force
survey during the 10-year period prior to May 1955, using a slightly different
approach. The series of data may be regarded as comparable since 1949.
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1167
In tables 3 and 4 of this article, such workers are
included among those on “full-time schedules.”
Elsewhere in this article, distortions of the overall
trends are minimized by presenting historical
comparisons for the month of May. There are no
important holidays in May, there have been no
major strikes in May in recent years, the weather
is generally good, and illness is at a low level in
that month. Moreover, May precedes the peak
vacation season and is very close to the annual
average in terms of the levels of labor force and
employment. While it is not necessarily the most
representative month in all industries (in terms of
an average of seasonal peaks and troughs), it is
probably less subject to random distortions than
any other month.
The largest group of part-time workers (7.8
million, or 63 percent of the total on part time in
May 1960) are those regularly working less than
35 hours by choice. This group is composed
largely of housewives and students who are un
available for full-time work because of other de
mands. It also includes semiretired persons and
others who report that they cannot or prefer not
Change in Civilian Labor Force/ by Age and Ssx,
M ay 1 9 55-M ay 1960
1168
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
to work full time because of ill health or partial
disability. These reasons are commonly con
sidered voluntary and noneconomic in the sense
that they do not reflect the economy’s ability to
provide full-time work for those who want it.
The third major group of part-time workers are
those suffering from underemployment in the
sense that they do not have as much work as they
would like. This component of the employed
total has been a source of controversy ever since
the inception of the present labor force surveys in
1940. Some analysts have felt that this group
more properly belongs among the unemployed, or
that the hours of work lost should be converted
to an estimated number of unemployed persons.
Others have called for a third major classification
within the labor force—the partially employed
or partially unemployed.
The initial policy objective of the labor force
survey was to provide a measure of the number of
additional jobs needed in the economy to absorb
the unemployed. Including as unemployed those
persons who already have jobs, no matter how in
adequate their hours or earnings might be, would
presumably have detracted from the usefulness
and clarity of the data. Although the basic con
cepts have not been modified, it has become pos
sible to identify separately that component of the
part-time work force which is underemployed»
These are the workers on part time for “economic
reasons” ; they would be on full time except for
dislocations in the economy.
Included among the underemployed are the
following: (a) regular full-time workers whose
hours were cut because of slack work, shortages of
T a b l e 1.
of
F u ll - a n d P a rt -T im e E m p lo y m en t , b y T y pe
I n d u s t r y , M ay of 1950, 1955, and 1960
[Millions of workers]
Type of industry
All industries:
1960__________________
1955____________ _____
1950_________________
Nonagricultural industries:
1960__________________
1955__________________
1950__________________
Agriculture:
1960 ________________
1955 ________________
1950__________________
Total
employed
W ith a job
but not
at work
Employed—
Full time Part time
67.2
62.5
59. 5
2.1
1. 8
1. 5
52. 7
51.0
49.0
12 4
9.7
9.0
61.4
55.5
51.4
2.0
1.6
1.3
48.6
45.8
43.0
10.8
8.1
7.1
5.8
7.0
8.1
.1
.2
.2
4.1
5.2
6.0
1. 6
1. 6
1.9
N ote: Based on definitions adopted in January 1957. Figures for 1960
include Alaska and Hawaii, resulting in an increase of about 300,000 in the
labor force, four-fifths of this in nonagricultural employment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
materials, or repairs to plant or equipment; (b)
regular full-time workers whose job ended or be
gan during the survey week (job turnover, some
of which might be voluntary); (c) regular parttime workers who could find only a part-time job
or a series of jobs that added up to less than a full
week; and (d) regular part-time workers who used
to work full time but who have remained on short
hours for such a long time that they no longer can
say that they usually work full time.
Groups (a) and (b) together are designated in the
labor force reports as “usually work full time, on
part time for economic reasons.” They mainly
include industrial workers, and changes in their
numbers move with changes in economic condi
tions. Groups (c) and (d) are designated as “usually
work part time for economic reasons.” They in
clude mainly trade and service workers. The
size of the latter group is much slower to react to
overall changes in the level of business activity.
The final major problem in the analysis of fulland part-time employment is the treatment of
employed persons with a job but not at work.
Earlier studies have shown that the great majority
of them normally work full time,6 but current
monthly data on their usual status are not avail
able. Their numbers vary seasonally but are also
affected by irregular events similar to those dis
cussed earlier. In tables 3 and 4 of this article,
the assumption is made that all persons with jobs
but not at work in May are full-time workers.
Recent Trends in Part- and Full-Time Work
In the decade of the 1950’s, total employment
increased by nearly 8 million, or about 13 percent
(table 1). During that same period, part-time
employment grew by 3.4 million, a gain of nearly
40 percent. The increase in part time was par
ticularly marked between 1955 and 1956, but sub
sequently it proceeded at about the same pace
as in the early 1950’s. Full-time employment
rose by 3.7 million, or about 8 percent, between
1950 and 1960.
All of the increase in employment—both fulland part-time—took place in nonfarm industries.
Full-time farm jobs declined steadily (by 2 mil
lion altogether) during the decade. This article
will focus mainly on changes and patterns in the
6
See, for example, Part-time Workers: M ay and November 1952 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 46).
1169
GROWTH AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PART-TIME WORK FORCE
T a b l e 2. F u ll - and P a rt -T im e E m ploym ent in
N on a gr ic u ltur a l I n d u s t r ie s , b y S e x , M ay 1955-60
[Millions of workers]
1955
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
____________ - 39.9
39.3
38.0
39.0
38.5
37.4
With a job but not at work_______ 1.2
Full time______________ _______ 33.8
4.8
Part tim e__
________________
Temporary noneconomic rea1.1
sons_____________________
2.3
Voluntary reasons___________
Economic reasons____________ 1.4
1.2
33.6
4.5
1.2
31.9
5.0
1.3
33.3
4.5
1.1
32.9
4.5
1.1
32.6
3.7
1.1
2.3
1.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.2
2.1
1.2
1.2
2.1
1.2
1.0
1.7
1.0
Total employed______________ -- 21.4
20.3
19.8
19.5
19.3
18.1
W ith a job but not at work_______ 0.8
Full time______________________ 14.8
5.9
Part time __ __________ _____
Temporary noneconomic rea.6
s o n s ____
__________
Voluntary reasons______ _____ 4.3
Economic reasons___ ________ 1.0
0.7
14.3
5.3
0.6
13.8
5.4
0.6
13.9
5.0
0.6
13.7
5.1
0.6
13.2
4.3
.5
3.8
1.0
.5
3.6
1.3
.5
3.6
.9
.6
3.6
.9
3.0
.8
Employment status
M
Total employed
F
ale
em ale
.5
N ote: See note, table 1.
nonfarm sector. Hours of work are important
short-run economic indicators in the nonfarm
economy, but much less so in agriculture. More
over, the measurement of hours worked is far less
precise among farm than among nonfarm workers.
Conceptually, the distinction between economic
and noneconomic reasons, as defined in the labor
force survey, is not easily applied to the farm
work force, which is dominated by the self-em
ployed and their family helpers. Underemploy
ment in agriculture is not readily measured by
hours of work, since marginal farms may require
disproportionately long hours.
The discussion that follows is concerned mainly
with the period since 1955, when monthly data on
reasons for part-time employment first became
available. That year as a whole was one of rapid
economic growth. In May 1955, however, this
boom was still at a fairly early stage; recovery
from the 1953-54 recession was virtually complete,
but the upsurge in production and employment
was only beginning. Unemployment in that
month was about 4 percent of the civilian labor
force. In May 1960, the unemployment rate was
5 percent, never having completely receded to its
1957 level. This situation has some parallel in
the developments in full- and part-time employ
ment which are described here.
Table 2 shows significant increases in part-time
employment in 1956, 1958, and 1960. The in
crease in 1958 was due entirely to economic rea
sons connected with the recession; part-time em56S670— 60------ 3
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ployment receded in 1959. In 1956, most of the
increase was voluntary, reflecting a striking in
crease in labor force participation among women
and teenagers. The picture in 1960 was a mixed
one: virtually all of the rise in the number of
women part-time workers was for voluntary rea
sons; the rise among men, on the other hand, was
due to economic factors.
Over the last 5 years, some change in the size of
all employment status groups would have resulted
merely from growth in the labor force and changes
in its age-sex composition. In table 3, these
changes (shown in the column labeled “assumed
change’') are compared with the actual changes
that occurred. Differences between the two rep
resent the changes due to new employment status
patterns within the various age-sex groups—that
is, changes in the rates of full-time employment,
part-time employment, unemployment, and so
forth.
Table 3 indicates that labor force changes alone
were assumed to cause a comparatively sharp
increase in the number of voluntary part-time
workers in nonfarm employment (900,000, or
almost 20 percent). Full-time workers in nonfarm
industries were assumed to increase much more
numerically (about 3% million) but much less
relatively (7 percent). The reason for this
contrast is indicated in the accompanying chart,
which shows the net change in the civilian labor
force by age and sex from 1955 to 1960. A
T a b l e 3.
A ctual and A ssu m e d C h a n g e in E mploy
m e n t S t a t u s , M ay 1955 to M ay 1960
[In thousands]
Employment status
Civilian labor force______________ _____________
Employed_________________________________ ____
Agriculture. ______ _________________ _____
Nonagricultural industries_______ __________
At full-time schedules3. _ ___ _ _____
At part-time schedules______ ___ ____ ____
Voluntary reasons______ _____________
Economic reasons_____ _____ _ ____ .
Unemployed
_____________________ . . . . .
Actual Assumed
change
change1
5,475
5,475
4,726
-1,108
5,834
3,348
2,486
1,938
548
5,161
2 600
4,561
3,503
1,058
860
198
748
314
1 Estimated by applying the 1955 rates of full-time employment, part-time
employment, unemployment, etc., to the actual changes between 1955 and
1960 in the number in the labor force by age and sex.
2 The assumption underlying tnis estimate does not imply any real expec
tation that agricultural employment would increase. It is merely an esti
mate of what would have happened if the proportion of labor force members
in agriculture had remained static between May 1955 and M ay 1960 in all
age-sex groups. As can be seen from table 4, these proportions actually de
clined in all groups, in line with long-term trends.
3 Includes those at work 35 hours or more, on part time for temporary
noneconomic reasons, and with a job but not at work.
N ote: See note, table 1.
1170
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
comparatively small part of the overall gain was
registered by the group with the highest proportion
of full-time workers (men 25-64 years of age).
Most of the increase occurred among women and
workers under age 25—groups with much lower
proportions on full time and much higher pro
portions on part time for voluntary reasons.
The number of full-time nonfarm jobs actually
grew by about 3.3 million during this period if
we include those with a job but not at work as
well as those known to be on full-time schedules.
This was nearly equal to the increase that would
have occurred as a result of growth in the labor
force and changes in its age and sex composition.
Men in the 18-64 age group had a higher propor
tion on full-time schedules in nonfarm industries
in 1960 than in 1955 (table 4). This rise was
offset, however, by lower proportions on full time
among high school age youth, among women
18 to 34 years of age, and among persons of
retirement age.
Voluntary part-time employment increased by
1.9 million between 1955 and 1960, twice the
growth assumed on the basis of labor force changes
alone. This increase represents a continuation,
and perhaps some acceleration, in the uptrend
in the rate of voluntary part-time employ
ment—from 6.0 percent in May 1950 to 7.3
percent in 1955 and 9.4 percent in 1960. The
proportion of labor force members in voluntary
part-time work increased in most age-sex groups;
T able
4. E m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s
by
the rise was especially sharp for persons over 65
years of age.
Part-time employment for economic reasons—
slack work, job turnover, inability to find full-time
work—increased by 550,000 during the 5-year
time span under study, compared with an assumed
change of about 200,000. The remaining 350,000
could be attributed to a higher rate of economic
part-time employment (2.7 percent in 1955, 3.4
percent in 1960). This rate increased among men
in all age groups, but was unchanged among women
on the average.
Unemployment rose by about 750,000 over the
5 years, some 400,000 more than the assumed
change. Unemployment rates were higher in 1960
than in 1955 for both men and women. The
increase in unemployment over and above that
which was assumed on the basis of the 1955
pattern of employment status was in large part
among youngsters under 18, whose unemployment
rates rose appreciably. Another large component,
however, was among men in the 25-64 year age
bracket. Although their unemployment rates
increased only slightly (from 3.2 to 3.6 percent),
with about 37 million of them in the labor force,
they added 150,000 to the number unemployed.
Full-time employment in agriculture declined
by 1.1 million between 1955 and 1960; part-time
farm employment was unchanged. If the same
proportion of the labor force which had been
A ge
and
Sex , M
ay of
1955
and
1960
[Percent of civilian labor force in the specified age-sex group]
Employed in nonagricultural industries—
Age and sex
Employed in
agriculture
Voluntary reasons
1955
1960
1955
1960
Unemployed (not
seasonally adjusted)
A t part-time schedules
At full-time schedules1
1955
1960
Economic reasons
1955
1960
1955
1960
Both sexes..................................
10.7
8.3
75.1
74.0
7.3
9.4
2.7
3.3
4.2
Male, 14 years and over_ ____
12.5
10.1
77.6
77.2
3.8
5.0
2.2
3.0
3.9
4.7
14 to 17 years____________
18 to 24 years____________
25 to 64 years__________
65 years and over________
31.2
14.0
10.5
27.7
22.1
10.4
8.7
23.4
13.5
66.8
83.0
55.4
9.6
67.3
83.6
52.2
45.3
7.7
1.1
11.2
49.7
9.2
1.3
18.1
2.1
2.8
2.2
2.3
3.5
4.4
2.8
2.8
7.9
8.7
3.2
3.4
15.0
8.7
3.6
3.4
Female, 14 years and over____
6.5
4.6
70.0
67.9
14.7
18.2
4.0
4.0
4.8
5.4
14 to 17 years__________
18 to 24 years__
25 to 34 years ___ _
35 to 44 years.. . _______
45 to 64 years__ _________
65 years and over.................
12.3
4.4
4.8
6.6
7.7
10.1
7.9
2.5
3.5
4.1
5.5
8.6
14.6
75.5
74.9
70.2
70.8
61.3
10.6
70.2
73.3
71.2
71.7
49.0
58.6
9.9
11.7
14.6
13.2
24.4
62.7
14.2
14.3
16.0
15.5
35.8
2.9
3.1
3.6
4.8
4.7
2.3
2.5
3.8
3.7
4.6
4.1
3.5
11.6
7.1
5.0
3.8
3.6
1.9
16.2
9.2
5.2
4.2
3.3
3.0
JSee footnote 3, table 3.
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N ote: See note, table 1.
4.9
GROWTH AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PART-TIME WORK FORCE
employed in agriculture in 1955 (10.7 percent)
had been so engaged in 1960, total agricultural
employment would have shown a 600,000 gain
in jobs. Agriculture, however, has been a rapidly
declining sector of the labor force—in terms of
employment and hours—for several decades.
Only 8.3 percent of the labor force were engaged
in farm work in May 1960. The proportion em
ployed on farms declined among all age-sex groups.
In absolute numbers, men 25-64 years of age
accounted for over half the decline.
We might summarize these changes in the em
ployment status of the civilian labor force between
1955 and 1960 as follows: The total grew by 5%
million, about 3% million in full-time nonfarm
jobs. There was also an increase of 2% million
in part-time nonfarm jobs, four-fifths of it vol
untary. Unemployment rose by three-fourths of
a million. The only decrease occurred in the
farm sector, where employment dropped by more
than 1 million.
Given the changes in the age-sex composition
of the labor force that actually occurred over the
last 5 years, the level of full-time nonfarm employ
ment in 1960 was about in line with the rate that
prevailed in 1955. Both voluntary and involun
tary part-time employment, as well as unemploy
ment, were higher than would have been expected
on the basis of 1955 conditions. On the other
hand, if farm employment had been growing at
the same rate as the labor force as a whole,, it
would have risen by 600,000 instead of falling by
over 1 million.
These results should not be taken to mean that
the decline in farm employment was the only
cause of the increases in part time or unemploy
ment. The underlying movements within the
labor force are very complex, and the experience
of specific individuals cannot be traced. No
doubt fewer young people were interested in or
available for farm work. Many workers previ
ously employed on farms, although perhaps not
all, made a successful transition to nonfarm em
ployment. At the same time, within the nonfarm
sector, important changes were also taking place.
Some industrial workers lost full-time jobs and
became unemployed or shifted to part time; some
new workers could find only part-time jobs. The
7 Population and Labor Force Projections for the United States, 1960 to
1975 (BLS Bull. 1242, 1959), p. 30.
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1171
figures in table 3 show only the net effect of these
changes in employment status over the last 5 years.
The specific reasons for the increases in eco
nomic part-time employment and unemployment
between 1955 and 1960 are outside the scope of
this article. It can be stated, however, that the
number of workers becoming available for non
farm jobs in general was not abnormally large.
Growth in the labor force was not unusually rapid
between 1955 and 1960. There was an extraor
dinary increase in 1956, but subsequent growth
was relatively small. From 1955 to 1960, the growth
in the labor force has in fact been about threefourths of a million less than expected on the
basis of long-term trends.7
Moreover, the decline in farm employment since
1955—about 200,000 a year—was not significantly
different from the trend in earlier postwar years.
In the decade of the 1960’s, projections suggest
that the decline in farm employment will con
tinue but at a somewhat slower pace, whereas
the labor force will increase at a much faster rate.
A much larger proportion of those added to the
labor force, however, will be young people in
search of part-time rather than full-time jobs.
Characteristics of Part-Time Workers
Our main interest in this section is in the
relative importance of part-time work—both
voluntary and involuntary—among various groups
in the labor force. Rates of full- and part-time
employment have been computed as proportions
of persons actually at work in nonfarm industries
and are shown in tables 5 and 6.
In May 1960, 18 percent of those at work on
nonfarm jobs worked from 1 to 34 hours. More
than half of those on part time were doing so by
choice or because they were unavailable for full
time work. This “voluntary” part-time group
represented 11 percent of all nonfarm workers.
Persons working part time for economic reasons
accounted for 4 percent of the number at work in
nonfarm industries, about equally divided be
tween those who usually work full time and those
who usually work part time. Persons who
usually work full time but worked part time
during the survey week because of temporary
noneconomic factors represented about 3 percent
of all those at work on nonfarm jobs.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1172
Age and Sex. Except for high school age youth
and women over 65, a large majority of employed
men and women in all age groups work full time.
The proportions are higher among men than
women in all age groups. Over 90 percent of the
men aged 25-64 at work on nonfarm jobs had 35
hours or more of work in May 1960. About 75
percent of the working women in these age groups
had full-time workweeks, although most of them
did not work full time the year round. Full-time
workers, as a proportion of the total at work,
have been showing a definite downtrend among
youngsters under 18 and among workers of the
usual retirement ages (65 and over).
On the other hand, over 80 percent of the
workers under 18 were on part time by choice.
Rates were also comparatively high for men and
women over 65 who were still at work (26 and 42
percent, respectively). About 17 percent of the
women aged 18-64 at work were in part-time
employment for voluntary reasons. In contrast,
less than 2 percent of men 25-64 years of age in
nonfarm jobs were voluntarily working part time.
Voluntary part-time workers have been in
creasing both in absolute numbers and as a
T a ble 5. F ull -
and
P art -T ime W o r k er s
in
proportion of nonfarm employment, except for
men in the central age groups. The rise has been
especially marked among workers past the age of
65.
Among men, part-time work for economic
reasons occurs most frequently in the under-25
age groups (between 5 and 6 percent in May 1960).
For those under 18, “economic part-time workers”
are mainly those who report inability to find full
time work. Men over 45 are more likely to
experience underemployment than are men in the
25-44 year age group, but the differences are
slight.
The number of workers on part time because of
inability to find full-time work has never fully
receded to its pre-1958 recession level, particu
larly among men. In May 1960, men accounted
for over 50 percent of this group for the first time.
Marital Status. The rate of part-time employ
ment for economic reasons among married men
(3 percent) is a good deal lower than for other
men. Married men are also less likely to work
part time by choice than are single, widowed, or
divorced men. Presumably, many of the married
N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l I n d u s t r ie s ,
M ay 1960
by
A ge , S e x ,
and
O ccu pa tion G r o u p ,
[Percent distribution]
P art time 1 (1 to 34 hours)
Total at work
Number
(in thou
sands)
Selected characteristics
A ge and Sex
Total________________ --- - ---------------- ------ --------------
Full time
(35 hours
or more)
Percent
Economic reasons
Tempo
rary non
economic
reasons
Voluntary
reasons
Usually
work full
time
Usually
work part
time
2.0
50, 374
100.0
81.9
3.0
u. i
2.0
___________
38, 694
100.0
87.3
2.9
6.0
2.1
1.6
14 to 17 years_______ _____________________ __________
18 to 24 y e a rs---------------------------------------------------25 to 64 years____________________ ____ _____ __________
65 years and over_____________________________________
1,167
4,318
31,614
1,596
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.4
81.1
92.0
67.3
.3
1.9
3.2
2.1
80.6
11.6
1.5
26.4
1.3
3.2
2.0
1.1
4.4
2.4
1.3
3.2
Female, 14 years and over............... .................. ................- ........—
20,680
100.0
71.5
3.0
20.9
1.8
2.8
83.4
16.6
16.3
18.0
17.7
42.4
.9
1.4
1.6
2.5
1.9
1.1
2.6
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.1
9.8
4.1
11.7
24.1
2.3
5.1
13.3
46. 5
21.0
.3
.5
.4
.6
2.6
5.1
5.1
1.1
1.0
.7
1.3
1. 4
1.7
6.0
11. 9
3.0
Male, 14 years and over_____________ _______
14 to 17 years__________ _________ ____ — .......................
18 to 24 years___________________________ ____ _________
25 to 34 years______ - ----------------------------- ----------35 to 44 years____________ ___________ ______________
45 to 64 years________________ _____________ _________
65 years and over__________________________ ______ ____
M
a jo r
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
76.0
76.0
73.3
75.0
51.2
7,310
6,743
9, 448
4, 293
8,275
11,684
3,801
2,217
5, 928
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.7
93.4
84.5
71.8
89.1
84.7
70.7
38.7
72.8
2.4
1.7
2.6
2.0
4.5
3.4
4.8
1.8
2.4
O c c u p a t io n G r o u p
Professional, technical, and kindred workers, ------- --------------Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm------------------ ,,
Clerical and kindred w o r k e r s ,------------------------- -----------------Sales workers-------------- --------------------------- ----------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred w orkers------------ ------- ---Operatives and kindred workers----------------------- ------------------Laborers, except farm and mine----------------------------- ----------Private household workers_______________ _________ _____
Service workers, except private household------------- -------------i For definitions of categories, see pp. 1166-1168.
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824
3,263
3, 675
4,808
7, 309
801
1.2
2.9
3.4
3.6
2.7
2.3
N
ote:
S ee
note, table 1.
.7
.4
1173
GROWTH AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PART-TIME WORK FORCE
T a b l e 6.
F ull -
and
P a rt -T im e W or k er s
in
N o n a g r ic u ltur a l I n d u s t r ie s , 1
M ay 1960
by
I ndustry Group
and
C olor ,
[Percent distribution]
Part time 2 (1-34 hours)
Major industry group and color
T
Total at
work
Voluntary
reasons
Economic reasons
Usually work Usually work
full time
part time
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.0
79.5
89.6
92.1
86.4
91.2
77.3
87.3
70.7
90.3
1.8
9.0
2.9
2.8
3.0
2.4
1.7
3.3
2.5
3.8
1.7
3.5
2.9
1.0
5.3
3.5
17.7
8.4
22.3
5.1
6.7
4.5
3.7
3.4
4.1
1.6
.9
.6
.7
.4
1.8
3.5
.9
.7
1.2
1.2
2.4
.3
3.8
.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.2
81.0
90.2
93.0
86.7
92.0
76.6
75.1
89.6
1.8
8.8
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.3
1.6
2.6
3.9
1.8
3.7
3.0
1.1
5.3
3.6
18.9
20.1
5.4
6.7
3.9
3.4
3.0
4.0
1.2
.8
.5
.4
1.6
2.6
.7
.5
1.1
.9
2.2
1.7
.6
3 100 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.8
82.0
81.0
83.3
83.2
85.4
65.2
94.7
10.8
5.6
6.3
4.5
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.5
.8
4.6
2.5
5.3
19.5
2.3
8.6
6.7
8.0
5.0
6.9
1.6
1.7
10.7
3.3
3.8
2.5
4.0
4.8
10.9
.4
h it e
Forestry, fisheries, and mining.......
Construction.___ _______ _____ _
Manufacturing_________________
Durable goods______________
Nondurable goods__________
Transportation and public utilities.
Wholesale and retail trade___ ____
Finance and service industries___
Public administration................... .
N
Temporary
noneconomic
reasons
otal
Forestry, fisheries, and mining....................
Construction.................... .................. ...........
Manufacturing......................... .....................
Durable goods________ ____________
Nondurable goods_________________
Transportation and public utilities____ fy.
Wholesale and retail trade______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate........ .
Service industries_____________ _______
Public administration_________________
W
Full time
(35 hours
or more)
o n w h it e
Forestry, fisheries, and m ining........ ........
Construction........ .....................................
Manufacturing............................. ..............
Durable____________ ___________
Nondurable goods ______________
Transportation and public utilities_____
Wholesale and retail trade. ............ .........
Finance and service industries________
Public administration___ ____________
1 Figures relate to wage and salary workers.
2 For definitions of categories, see pp. 1166-1168.
men who do hold part-time jobs voluntarily are
either part-time students or semiretired workers.
Over 90 percent of the married men in nonfarm
jobs worked full time in May 1960, but only 70
percent of the working wives did so. About
one-fifth of the married women in nonfarm indus
tries were on a part-time basis by preference or
because they could not accept full-time jobs.
The full-time and part-time rates for women do
not vary much by marital status, although it is
likely that significant differences would be ap
parent if the data were classified by age. Widowed
and divoreed women are somewhat more likely to
work full time. In addition, if they do work part
time, it is more likely to be for economic reasons
than is the case with other women.
Color. White workers are more commonly em
ployed at full-time jobs than are nonwhite
workers. This pattern exists for both men and
women and has not been seriously altered during
the last 5 years. At the same time, there is little
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3 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: See note, table 1.
to suggest that relatively more nonwhite workers
prefer part time. While 11 percent of both
groups reported in May 1960 that they worked
less than 35 hours on their nonfarm jobs volun
tarily, the rate of economic part-time employ
ment was about 3 times as high for nonwhite
workers as for white workers (11.6 percent for non
whites, 3.6 percent for whites). Nonwhite
workers were about twice as likely to have reduced
workweeks because of business conditions. An
even larger difference existed with respect to in
ability to find full-time work; the nonwhite
worker, male or female, was 5 times as likely as
the white worker to face this kind of under
employment.
The high proportion of nonwhite workers on
short time for economic reasons partly reflects
their concentration in unskilled jobs. In May
1960, unskilled laborers and domestic service
workers experienced the highest rates of “eco
nomic” part-time employment (11 percent and
13 percent, respectively). At this time, 32.4
1174
percent of nonwhite nonfarm workers but only
7.6 percent of white nonfarm workers were em
ployed in these occupations.
The proportions of nonwhite workers on part
time for economic reasons were much higher than
those for white workers in construction, hard and
soft goods manufacturing, transportation, and
services (both domestic and other). It appears
highly probable, therefore, that underemploy
ment is also more prevalent among nonwhite than
white workers in the more skilled occupations.
Laborers represented a comparatively small pro
portion of the jobs in manufacturing and service
industries and would not account for all of the
difference between whites and nonwhites in re
spect to part-time employment.
In May 1960, nonwhite workers constituted 11
percent of the civilian labor force but accounted
for 27 percent of those on part time for economic
reasons.
Industry. Full time is most prevalent, and part
time least important, in such industry divisions
as manufacturing, transportation and public
utilities, public administration, and finance. In
these sectors, about 90 percent of the wage and
salaried employees were on full time in May 1960.
In other major divisions—construction, trade, and
service (excluding domestics;—the ratio of full
time to total was between 70 and 80 percent.
About one-sixth of the employees in trade and
service industries are regularly on part time for
noneconomic reasons, and account for the great
majority (75 percent) of the nearly 2 million
increase in voluntary part-time employment since
1955. These industries have grown, and the
proportion of part-time workers in their work force
has also expanded.
Voluntary part-time workers accounted for
about 4.5 percent of the work force in other in
dustry groups except durable goods manufac
turing, where they constituted only 1 percent.
Cutbacks to part-time employment for eco
nomic reasons, on the other hand, is mainly a prob
lem in mining, manufacturing, and construction.
About 4 percent of the workers in these industries
combined were so affected in May 1960, but only
about 1 percent in other sectors. Manufacturing
accounted for virtually all of the increase in the
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
number reduced to part time for economic reasons
between May 1955 and May 1960.
The proportion of workers who usually work
part time because of inability to find full-time
work (the other major form of economic parttime employment) was also above average in con
struction, where it is common to work for several
employers in order to put together a full workweek.
A similar situation exists in domestic service;
there the proportion who could find only parttime work was 12 percent, compared with 2 per
cent for all nonfarm workers. This type of
underemployment is rare in factory jobs.
Occupation. Full-time employment rates are
highest (close to 90 percent) for those occupations
with the highest educational and skill requirements
and for those with a comparatively high propor
tion of self-employed. As might be expected,
full-time employment is least prevalent among
domestic service workers (40 percent). The
proportion on full time is also relatively low
(70 percent) among laborers, service workers, and
sales workers.
Conversely, voluntary part-time employment
is greatest among domestics (nearly one-half)
and comparatively high among sales and service
workers (over one-fifth). Voluntary part-time
workers averaged about 10 percent of professional
and clerical workers, and unskilled laborers.
Rates were particularly low in the managerial,
craftsmen, and operative groups.
Craftsmen, operatives, and laborers—blue-collar
workers are the groups with the highest propor
tions whose hours are affected by slack work.
In May 1960, about 2% percent of the skilled
craftsmen, and 5 percent of the semiskilled
operatives and unskilled laborers were on reduced
hours because of economic reasons. Other occupa
tional groups had 1 percent or less of their work
force on short time. In May 1960, blue-collar
workers accounted for 1.0 million of the 1.2
million nonfarm workers on reduced workweeks.
Inability to find full-time work is not a large
problem for white-collar workers. This type of
situation occurs almost exclusively in service
and laborer jobs. Some of the workers in the
latter jobs may have been skilled or semiskilled
GROWTH AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PART-TIME WORK FORCE
industrial workers who lost their regular job and
later accepted a lower paying part-time job.
Summary of Major Findings
Part-time employment has been growing faster
than full-time, and this trend can be expected
to continue. By 1970, there will probably be
nearly 16 million part-time workers,8 but only
a little more than half of them are likely to be
voluntary part-time workers in nonfarm indus
tries. Manpower policies directed to the provi
sion of part-time employment are applicable only
to the latter.
The bulk of the growth in part-time employment
in the last 5 years can be traced to a rise in the
number of workers who desire part-time jobs
and the commensurate growth of industries
adaptable to the use of a part-time labor supply.
At the same time, however, part-time employment
for economic reasons has increased significantly
since 1955.
■Ibid., p. 55.
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1175
There is little evidence of a change in industry
practices with respect to the employment of
voluntary part-time workers. The major con
centrations of part-time workers are still in those
industries—trade and service—where they have
been used traditionally, mainly in sales and service
work.
The rate of voluntary part-time employment
has risen in all age-sex groups except men in
the central ages (25-64). The sharp rise in
part time among workers past 65 may be connected
with increases in social security payments. The
increase among young workers under 25 probably
reflects the relatively larger number of persons
in school and the growing tendency to combine
school attendance with part-time work.
White-collar workers continue to be virtually
immune to economic part-time employment.
Blue-collar workers in construction and manufac
turing, and domestics and other service workers
are the ones most affected. Nonwhite workers con
tinue to be subject to high rates of economic parttime employment.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Early and Disability Retirement
Under Collective Bargaining, 1959
N early n in e - tenths of 300 collectively bar
gained pension plans analyzed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics permitted retirement before the
normal age on an immediate pension under early
retirement or disability provisions. Three-fourths
of the plans had no age requirements for disability
retirement, and the age requirements for early
retirement were usually 5 to 15 years lower than
for normal retirement. The service requirements
for both types of prenormal retirement were
generally the same as or somewhat longer than
those for normal retirement. Under most plans,
total benefits (including social security) for totally
and permanently disabled workers were at the
same level as normal retirement benefits for work
ers with equivalent earnings and service. Early
retirement benefits, on the other hand, were al
most invariably lower—reflecting, among other
things, the longer average period over which bene
fits would be paid.1
An early retirement provision, as the term is
used in this study, permits workers meeting certain
age or service requirements or both to retire be
fore reaching their plan’s normal retirement age
and receive immediate benefits. A few plans also
permit the employer to require the worker’s
retirement on an immediate benefit. Although
these benefits are always payable immediately
on retirement, under some plans the worker may
choose to defer receiving a benefit until he attains
the normal retirement age.
A disability retirement provision, on the other
hand, requires that the worker be totally and per
manently disabled in addition to meeting age or
service requirements or both. It makes benefits
payable immediately, usually following a short
waiting period—for example, 6 months. The
definition of ‘Total and permanent disability”
and its application varied considerably among the
plans studied. Under the 1956 amendments to
the Social Security Act, totally and permanently
1176
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
disabled workers between the ages of 50 and 65
who had worked under the act for the required
length of time became eligible for disability bene
fits.2 The ways in which these benefits were
taken into account in private pension plans are
discussed in this study. However, deductions
for workmen’s compensation payments under some
private pension plans were not considered.
For this study, 300 selected pension plans under
collective bargaining in effect in the fall of 1959,
each covering 1,000 or more workers, were an
alyzed.3 The plans covered approximately 4.7
million workers, about half of the estimated
coverage of all collectively bargained pension
plans.
All but 32 of the 300 plans studied permitted
retirement before the normal retirement age
(table 1). About two-thirds of these plans had
both disability and early retirement provisions.
The remaining third were almost equally divided
between plans with disability retirement only and
those with early retirement only. Most of the
plans without either provision were multiemployer
plans, and all but one were noncontributory.
Early Retirement Benefits
Early retirement provisions were included in 224
plans, three-fourths of those studied, and covered
two out of three workers. An additional 12 plans
covering about 350,000 workers (excluded from the
tabulations) provided early retirement for women
only. Nine-tenths of the 231 single employer plans
contained early retirement provisions, as compared
1This article was adapted from Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining:
Normal Retirement; Early and Disability Retirement; Fall 1959, forth
coming BLS Bull. 1284. The first part of this bulletin, which is relevant
to this study of early and disability retirement, was summarized in the
October 196G issue of the Monthly Labor Review (pp. 1052-1061).
2 The 1960 amendments removed the minimum age requirement, so that
qualified workers may receive disability benefits at any age up to 65.
2 For additional information on the scope and coverage of the 300 plans
studied, see Normal Retirement Provisions Under Collective Bargaining (in
M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, pp. 1052-1061).
The same selection of plans was used in Pension Plans Under Collective
Bargaining: Part I. Vesting Provisions and Requirements for Early Retire
ment; Part II. Involuntary Retirement Provision, Late 1958, BLS Bull. 1259
(July 1959). A subsequent study will cover survivor options and death
benefits.
1177
EARLY AND DISABILITY RETIREMENT PROVISIONS
43 plans that did not credit preparticipation serv
ice. One hundred plans covering over half the
workers required that they be 60 years of age and
have 10 or 15 years of service. This concentration
is due to the specification of age 60 and 10 years of
service by plans in the automobile industry and
age 60 and 15 years in steel plans.
Minimum service requirements ranged up to 30
years. More than half the plans specified either 10
or 15 years of service, while one out of five required
less than 10 years of service.
All plans permitted early retirement at least 5
years before the normal retirement age (which was
65 in all but 7 plans), and 45 percent of the plans,
covering a third of the workers, allowed up to 10
years. Only a few plans permitted early retire
ment more than 10 years before the normal retire
ment age, that is, before age 55. The following
cumulative tabulation shows the number of years
before the normal retirement age at which early
retirement benefits were first payable.
with about a fourth (18 out of 69) of multiemployer
plans. Early retirement was provided by all
but 3 of the 49 contributory plans, and by 7 out
of 10 of the 251 noncontributory plans.
In a comparable 1952 study, only 166 of 300
plans studied by the Bureau had early retirement
provisions.4 Largely responsible for the increase
was the adoption of early retirement in the basic
steel, aluminum, and fabricated steel products
industries.
Requirements for Early Retirement. As in cases of
normal retirement, age and service are the princi
pal criteria used to establish eligibility for early
retirement. The employer’s consent, rarely a re
quirement for normal retirement, is also commonly
required.
Service may refer either to the entire period of
employment or to the length of plan membership.5
Of the 224 plans with early retirement provisions,
67 contained preparticipation requirements. Pre
participation service was credited by 24 plans to
ward establishing eligibility for early retirement,
but in the remaining 43 plans only plan member
ship service was counted. Twenty-two of these 43
plans excluded the first few years of service regard
less of the worker’s age, and 7 excluded all service
before a specified age—usually 30 years. The re
maining 14 plans had a combination of age and
service requirements for plan participation.
Age and service requirements for early retire
ment are shown in table 2, after adjustment for the
W orkers
P r o v isio n s
for
D isa bility
and
( thousands )
All plans with early retirement pro
visions. _
_ _ _
_ _
224
3, 031. 6
5 years or less.
_ _
_
- 7 years or less.
__
— _
10 years or less _ __
_
____
15 years or less ____ _ _ _ _ _
20 years or less
Any age.__
_ ___
224
102
101
17
11
10
3, 031. 6
1, 047. 5
1, 033. 6
224. 6
209. 9
205. 9
N ote: Where alternative requirements were specified, the earliest possible
age for men was used, regardless of whether the employer’s consent was
required.
4 See Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining, BLS Bull. 1147 (1953)
p. 15.
5 Normal Retirement Provisions Under Collective Bargaining, op. cit.,
pp. 1053-1054.
T able 1.
P la n s
Women were permitted to retire up to 5 years
earlier than men in 10 plans covering 208,200
E arly R etir e m e n t , by M ethod
U nit , F all 1959
of
F in a n c in g
a nd
T y pe
of
B a r g a in in g
[Workers in thousands]
N oncontributory
Total
Contributory
Single employer
Multiemployer
Provisions
Plans
Workers
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Plans
Workers
All plans studied--------- ---------- -----------------------
300
4,672. 7
251
3,901. 9
49
770.8
231
2, 946.4
69
1,726.3
With provisions for disability and/or early retirement
__________ _______________
Disability and early retirement_________ ____
Disability retirement only------ ------------------Early retirement only— -------- --------------------
268
175
44
49
3, 601. 5
2, 649.8
569.9
381.8
220
i 148
42
4 30
3,130.7
2, 296.9
566.9
266.9
48
27
2
19
470.8
352.9
3.0
114.9
226
2165
20
41
2,936.9
2,466.1
137. 0
333. 8
42
3 10
24
*8
664.6
183.7
W ithout provisions for disability or early retirement (normal retirement only)______________ -
32
1,071.2
31
771.2
1
300.0
5
9.5
27
1,061. 7
1 Excludes 9 plans, covering 252,500 workers, that contained early retire
ment provisions for women only.
2 Excludes 3 plans, covering 15,900 workers, that contained early retire
ment provisions for women only.
568 6 7 0 — 60------- 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Excludes 6 plans, covering 236,600 workers, that contained early retire
ment provisions for women only.
4 Excludes 3 plans, covering 97,200 workers, that contained early retire
ment provisions for women only.
1178
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
workers, and up to 10 years earlier in 1 plan with
2,900 workers. All but two of these plans also
specified a sex differential in normal retirement
ages.
Three out of four plans permitted the qualified
worker to retire early on his own volition. The
other plans either required the employer’s consent
or permitted the employer to initiate the worker’s
retirement. Twenty-eight plans permitted the
employer to request a worker’s retirement, and
only one of them required the employee’s assent.6
In nine plans, age and service requirements were
less restrictive when the employer requested re
tirement. Each party’s right to request early
retirement and the other party’s right regarding
such a request are shown in the following
tabulation:
A p p ro va l o f
action by other
p a rty —
Total
All plans with early retirement_____
224
Early retirement may be initiated
by— 1
Worker---------------------------------Employer------------------------------Either________________________
When worker initiates_____
When employer initiates___
196
3
25
__
__
Required
N ot
required
46
0
150
3
8
1
17
24
1 Excludes special early retirement. See pp. 1179-1180.
T a b l e 2.
M
in im u m
A ge
and
6 Excludes the “ special benefit” provisions of 25 plans under which, in
all but 1, an employee may be compelled to retire at the employer’s request.
See p. 1179.
7 An actuarially equivalent benefit is one whose ultimate cost is expected
to be equal, on the average, to that of another benefit—usually the normal
benefit.
S e r v ic e R e q u ir e m e n t s
[Workers in thousands]
i Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining
covering approximately 4,700,000 workers.
Plans which specified that a period of employment be served
before participation m the plan could begin, the minimum service requireservicenCiU(*eS
preparticipation service and the required plan membership
fwwi,2'0 P,ans! co7cring 375.900 workers, alternative requirements were speci
fied, the one with the earliest age requirement at the worker’s option is shown
age o r-no age recluirement ¡s used if no worker option was
permitted. Age requirements were lower for women in a number of plans—
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Amount of Benefits. Almost 9 out of 10 plans
used the same formula to compute early retire
ment benefits that they used to compute normal
retirement benefits (table 3). With the exception
of four plans, the remainder used a slight modifi
cation of the normal retirement formula.
Early retirement benefits are almost always less
than normal retirement benefits because of (1)
the shorter time workers have to accumulate
credited service, and (2) the longer time they will
have, on the average, to receive them. Of course,
the extensive use of benefit formulas based, at
least in part, on credited service lowers benefits
for early retirement. Moreover, all but four plans
made a further reduction to avoid excessive
benefit costs due to the longer life expectancy of
early retirees.
About three out of five plans provided for the
payment of the actuarial equivalent of the nor
mal benefit ; 7 all but 10 of these specified the per
centage reduction for each year of age. Most of
the remaining plans stipulated a percentage re
duction for each month by which retirement
precedes the normal retirement age—in almost half
fo r
E a r l y R e t i r e m e n t , F a l l 19 5 9 1
5 years earlier in 10 plans covering 208,200 workers, and 10 years in 1 plan
covermg 2,900 workers.
* Excludes 12 plans, covering 349,700 workers, that contained early retire
ment provisions for women only. In 9 plans, covering 333,400 workers, the
minimum requirements were age 62 and 20 years of service; 1 plan, with
1,300 workers, specified age 62 and 15 years of sevice; another plan, covering
10,000 workers, had a requirement of age 62 and 5 years of service; and in the
remaining plan, covering 5,000 workers, the requirement was age 62.
* Includes 1 plan with 13,900 workers that provided age 58.
6 Plan provided age 45.
1179
EARLY AND DISABILITY RETIREMENT PROVISIONS
T a b l e 3.
R e l a t io n s h ip
of
E arly R e t ir e m e n t to N ormal R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it F orm ulas
F in a n c in g b y R e d u c tio n for A ge , F all 1959 1
and
M eth o d
of
[Workers in thousands]
Method of financing
Relationship to normal retirement formula
Total
Percent reduction for each month
that retirement precedes normal
retirement age
Plans
Work
ers
Same as normal bene
fit formula
Plans
Work
ers
All plans with early retirem ent---------
224 3,031.6
199
2,626.2
Actuarial reduction_______________
0 625
06
0 55
0.5
. _______
0 4166
04
0 3333
O th er2__________________________
4
125. 6
132 1,227.9
7 261.4
23 685.8
4
16.9
20 273.5
3
22.9
8
106.7
4
138.0
172.9
19
4
122
7
20
4
16
3
6
3
14
125.6
1,191.7
261.4
554.9
16.9
256.8
22.9
70.7
22.0
103.3
Modified normal bene Other formulas
fit formula
Work
ers
Plans
21
259.0
8
22.8
3
130.9
4
16.7
2
36.0
4
52.6
Plans
Work
ers
4
146.4
2
1
1
13.4
116.0
17.0
Noncontribu
tory
Contributory
Work
ers
Plans
178 2,563.8
46
467.8
32
225.2
2
2
4.2
15.4
3
7
134.1
88.9
Plans
4
125.6
100 1,002.7
7 261.4
23 685. 8
4
16.9
18 269.3
1
7.5
8
106.7
1
3.9
12
84.0
Work
ers
i Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining
covering approximately 4,700,000 workers.
2 Includes 12 plans in which reductions varied according to age; the remain
der reduced benefits by unspecified amounts.
of these, 0.6 or 0.5 percent. About a dozen plans
(classified in table 3 among “Other”) used several
percentages depending on the worker’s age at
retirement; for example, one plan reduced benefits
3 percent for each year between 65 and 60, 7 per
cent for each year between 59 and 55, and actuarially theretofore. The early retirement benefits
provided by a basic steel and an automobile parts
plan, which use an actuarial and an 0.6-percent
reduction, respectively, are shown below as a
percentage of the normal retirement benefit pro
vided by each plan at ages 60 to 65.
(age 62 for women), more than one out of five
plans with an early retirement provision permitted
the worker to choose a “ social security adjustment
option” or, as it is called in some plans, “ a level
income retirement option.” These plans provided
a greater benefit to the worker than was actually
due him under the plan formula prior to receipt
of the primary social security benefit, and a re
duced benefit after that time, so that monthly
benefits are equalized. About half of the con
tributory plans contained such a provision; only
a sixth of the noncontributory plans did.
Percent of normal benefit payable
Basic steel plan
(actuarial
reduction)
65
64
63
62
61
60
years (norm al) - .
y e a r s . _____ _____ __
y ea rs__ __
.
y e a rs.
years .
-----y e a r s ._ _ .
1 0 0 .0 0
9 1 .8 4
8 4 .6 0
79. 14
7 2 .3 6
6 7 .1 8
Automobile parts
plan (0.6 percent
per month reduction)
100.
92.
85.
78.
71.
64.
00
80
60
40
20
00
More than three out of five plans permitted the
retiring worker to defer receipt of benefits until
the normal retirement age (table 4). Under some
plans, workers who select this option may expect
to receive a monthly benefit at the later age that
is as much as 50 percent higher than they are
entitled to when they retire.
Social Security Adjustment Option. Because a
primary social security benefit is not payable to
the qualified worker until he reaches the age of 65
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Special Early Retirement Benefits. In recent years,
many plans in the automobile and rubber indus
tries have added special benefit features to early
retirement provisions that, in general, appear to
combine elements of compulsory early retirement,
a severance arrangement, and modified disability
retirement related to a worker’s incapacity to per
form his job rather than to total and permanent
disability. Under these provisions, a worker
eligible for early retirement could be retired “ at
the option of the company” or, in a few plans,
“ under mutually satisfactory conditions.” The
benefits payable were substantially higher than
they would be under the regular early retirement
provisions of these plans.
Twenty-five plans in this study, covering 724,000
workers, provided a special early retirement
benefit. All but one were in the automobile or
rubber industries. The special benefit was double
the normal benefit to which the worker’s service
1180
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T a ble
4.
T
im e
of
P aym ent
fo r
E arly R
e t ir e m e n t
B e n e f it s
by
M
F in a n c in g , F a l l
eth o d of
1959 1
[Workers In thousands]
Total
Time of benefit payment
Plans
All plans with early retirement_____________ _________
.
Immediately on retirement; cannot be deferred_______________ _______
Immediately on retirement or deferrable to normal retirement age___ _______
Anytime up to and including normal retirement age.............. ................... ......
Noncontributory
Workers
Plans
Workers
Contributory
Plans
Workers
224
3,031.6
178
2,563.8
46
467.8
85
129
10
1,081.6
1,876.5
73.5
56
116
6
779.8
1, 735.1
48.9
29
13
4
301.8
141.4
24.6
i Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining covering approximately 4,700,000 workers.
entitled him without any reduction for age.8 It
ranged between two and four times the early
retirement benefit for workers with the same
amount of credited service. The younger the
worker, the greater the difference between the two
benefits because for each month the worker was
under normal retirement age, the early retirement
benefit was reduced and the special benefit was
not. For example, under one plan in the rubber
industry, a worker retiring at his option at the first
opportunity (age 55 with 20 years of credited
service) would receive $23.92 a month for the rest
of his life, while one not exercising his option until
age 64 would get $43.79 a month. But, if these
same workers retired at the employer’s option or
under mutually satisfactory conditions they would
get, regardless of age, $92 a month until age 65.
The special benefit was replaced, under most
plans, by the normal benefit when the pensioner
reached age 65—the normal retirement age—or
became eligible for either social security primary
(old age) or disability benefits. The worker in the
foregoing example would receive from the plan $46
a month after age 65 under the normal benefit
formula, as compared with $23.92 or $43.79 under
the regular early retirement formula.
Disability Retirement Benefits
Disability retirement provisions were included
in 219 of the 300 plans studied—approximately
the same proportion as in the Bureau’s 1952 study.
Four out of 5 of the 231 single employer plans
studied provided disability retirement benefits, as
compared with half of the 69 multiemployer plans.
Three out of five contributory plans, and three out
of four noncontributory plans, provided for dis
ability retirement. In addition, 49 plans without
disability retirement benefits provided a partial
ubstitute in the form of early retirement benefits.
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Requirements jor Disability Retirement. A worker
disabled for a certain length of time—usually 6
months—by a physical impairment of a severity
and expected future duration defined by each plan
was also required to meet certain age or service
requirements or both to qualify for disability
benefits. The age requirements tended to be
lower, if included at all, and the service require
ments longer for disability retirement than for
early retirement. Service requirements were ex
pressed, just as for other retirement provisions,
either in terms of length of employment or period
of plan membership.
Only 23 of the 219 plans providing disability
retirement benefits had preparticipation require
ments, and 5 of these credited preparticipation
service in determining eligibility for benefits. The
majority of the 18 plans not crediting preparticipa
tion service limited plan membership to workers
with a short period of service—usually 1 year.
The rest also required that they be at least 25 to
35 years of age.
Although at the time of this study social security
disability benefits were not payable until age 50,9
no age requirement was found in 75 percent of the
plans covering more than 80 percent of the workers.
The remaining plans stipulated ages ranging from
40 to 60, usually age 50 or 55. (See table 5.)
Service requirements, on the other hand, were
found in almost all plans. They ranged from 1 to
25 years, after making appropriate adjustments
for the 18 plans that did not credit preparticipation
service. Approximately 70 percent of the plans
required 15 years of service.
8
The special benefit would be less than twice the normal benefit for workers
with high earnings under two plans that used a service and earnings formula
for computing normal benefits and a service formula for computing special
benefits.
8 See footnote 2.
1181
EARLY AND DISABILITY RETIREMENT PROVISIONS
centage of average earnings (for the worker’s
entire period of credited service or for a limited
period) by years of credited service,12 or (3) a
uniform monthly amount. Just as for normal
benefits, more than two out of five disability plans
also assured the worker a specified minimum
disability benefit or a minimum calculated by an
alternate formula. The formula used for those
eligible for or receiving social security disability
benefits was most commonly the same as that used
to compute normal retirement benefits for workers
with the same service and earnings.13
Under basic steel plans, for example, the quali
fied worker would receive the greatest amount of
the amounts calculated under three independent
formulas:14 (1) $90 a month including, for thosewho qualify, the social security disability benefit;
(2) 1 percent of average monthly earnings during
the 120 months immediately preceding disability
multiplied by years of continuous service, less $85
(for social security benefits);16 or (3) $2.50 times,
years of continuous service after October 31, 1957,
plus $2.40 times years of continuous service before
November 1, 1957, up to a combined maximum of
30 years. At age 65, the benefit would be recom
puted on the normal retirement formulas, but
since the last two formulas are the same as the
normal retirement formulas, in most cases there
would be no change in the benefit amount. Plans,
in the automobile industry provided a disability
benefit that was equal to twice the normal benefit
($5 a month for each year of credited service
As in early retirement, most plans provided
disability benefits based, at least in part, on the
normal retirement formula. After a waiting
period,10 usually 6 months (the same period
required to qualify for social security disability
benefits), disability benefits were immediately
payable.11 Most plans provided the full normal
retirement benefit for equivalent service and
earnings to workers receiving, or eligible for, social
security disability benefits. Larger benefits were
payable by most plans to other disabled workers,
including those retiring before age 50—the mini
mum age at which social security disability benefits
were payable at the time of this study.
Most plans provided benefits computed by one
or more of the following types of formulas (the
same types as were used to compute normal bene
fits): (1) multiplying a fixed dollar amount by
years of credited service, (2) multiplying a per-
>° Temporary disability benefits under health and insurance plans were
usually payable for all or part of the waiting period. See Health and Insur
ance Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Accident and Sickness Benefits,
Fall 1958, BLS Bull. 1250 (1959).
n Four plans, covering 96,800 workers, were excluded from this study
because they provided for payment of disability benefits only at age 65. In
these plans, service was credited after disability until age 65, when the normal
benefit was payable. In other words, these plans had no regular disability
benefit: they merely included periods of disability in their definitions of
credited service for normal retirement.
Total earnings were used by some plans instead of the product of average
earnings and years of service,
is See p. 1182.
n Higher benefits became payable on January 1, 1960.
is In workmen’s compensation cases, if social security benefits are less than
$85 a month, the actual amount of the benefit would be deducted.
T a b l e 5.
M
in im u m
A ge
and
S e r v ic e R e q u ir e m e n t s
fo r
D
R
is a b il it y
e t ir e m e n t ,
F a l l 1959 1
[Workers in thousands]
Minimum age requirements »
Total
Minimum service require
ments 2
Plans
All plans with disability
retirement____________ _
in one-------------------------
3 years----------------------------5 years----------------------------10 years...............—..................
12 years---------------------------14 years---------------------------15 years__________ _______
20 years.....................................
21 years---------------------------25 years----------------------------
Workers Plans
Workers Plans
219
3,219. 7
164
2,620.8
3
7
1
3
21
3
1
152
1
18
1
8
12.4
50.7
1.3
20.8
146.5
26.0
1.4
2,498.3
31.8
312.2
2.6
115.7
2
6
1
2
19
3
1
4 117
10.4
47.4
1.3
16.5
124.5
26.0
1.4
2,168.8
2
22.0
1
20.0
1
2.0
5
Workers Plans
58.4
Workers Plans
22
149.1
1
2.0
1
4.3
Age 60
Workers Plans
16
142.9
1
3.3
3
35.0
18
137.1
12
121.4
1.1
3.1
2.6
3
18.2
22.3
1
1
6
131.1
1
7
93.4
1
1Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining
covering approximately 4,700,000 workers.
2 For 18 plans not crediting the specified period of employment served
before participation in the plan could begin, includes the preparticipation
service and the required plan membership service.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Workers Plans
Age 55
Age 50
Age 45
Age 40
None
Workers
10
226.5-
1
2.0
1
1
7
34.0
31.8
158.7
* In a few plans, alternative requirements were specified. In each case,
the alternative with the earliest age or no age requirement was selected.
<Includes 1 plan, covering 3,500 workers, th at specified disability for all
employment, and age 60 and 10 years of service if disabled for company
employment.
1182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
instead of $2.50). When the worker began
receive a social security disability benefit
attained age 65, the normal benefit formula
$2.50 times years of credited service, exclusive
social security benefits, would be substituted.
to
or
of
of
offset plans provided a minimum benefit deter
mined by an alternate formula that did not
require the deduction of the social security
disability benefit.
Recomputation oj Disability Benefits. About a
third of the plans permitting retirement for dis
ability made no provision for the recomputation
of benefits, making the same pension payable for
life. The remaining plans recomputed benefits
when the pensioner reached age 65 or, less fre
quently, when he reached 65 or became eligible
for or received disability benefits or primary oldage benefits under the Social Security Act. The
recomputed benefit was almost always based in
whole or in part on the normal retirement formula.
The events requiring the recomputation of benefits
and the type of benefit paid after recomputation
are shown on the following page.
Social Security Deductions. Two out of 5 dis
ability plans (89) covering about the same pro
portion of workers were integrated with the social
security disability benefits by the offset method,
that is, by deducting all or part of the public
benefit from the amount calculated by the benefit
formula.16 The entire social security benefit was
deducted by 33 of the 89 plans in this group and
half of the benefit was deducted by 12. The
remaining plans followed their normal retirement
formula and deducted $85—the maximum old-age
retirement benefit between 1952 and 1954. Thus
if social security benefits are increased, the entire
increase would be passed along to the pensioners
by the latter group, one-half by those deducting
one-half the benefits, and none by those deducting
all benefits. However, more than half of the 89
T a b l e 6.
D isa b il it y R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s P a y a b l e
S er v ic e
and
A n n u a l E a r n in g s
of
i« See Normal Retirement Provisions Under Collective Bargaining, op.
cit., pp. 1057-1058. The offset method was also used by some plans to
integrate benefits with workmen’s compensation.
to
$4,800,
W o r k er s 'SôO Y e a r s
b y | M etho d of
of
A ge W it h 20 Y e a r s
of
F uture
F in a n c in g , F all 1959 1
[Workers in thousands]
Noncontributory
Total
Contributory
Amount of monthly disability retirement benefit
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
All plans with disability retirement benefits..........
219
3,219.7
190
2,863.8
29
355.9
Plans for which plan benefit was computed............
Plans for which plan benefit was not computable 2.
177
42
2,689.7
530.0
157
33
2,433.2
430.6
20
9
256.5
99.4
215
9
6
11
93
9
8
6
6
10
4
191.4
99.4
21.9
117.4
1,745.3
63.6
50.8
19.8
110.3
234.2
35.6
15
8
4
11
91
6
7
5
6
4
191.4
86.1
16.2
117.4
1,727.9
43.4
48.0
15.8
110.3
76.7
1
2
13.3
5.7
2
3
1
1
17.4
20.2
2.8
4.0
6
4
157.5
35.6
«13
5
9
9
93
11
4
159.4
62.0
82.6
103.0
1,733.9
49.1
45.4
51.4
81.9
125.5
20.0
139.9
35.6
13
S
8
7
93
7
4
8
5
6
1
159.4
62.0
69.3
97.3
1,733.9
28.2
45.4
28.2
81.9
117.9
10.0
1
2
13.3
5.7
Under $20................
$20 and under $30—
$30 and under $40—
$40 and under $50—
$50 and under $60...
$60 and under $70...
$70 and under $80—
$80 and under $90—
$90 and under $100..
$100 and under $125.
$125 and over_____
P rivate P lan B enefit
C ombined P rivate P lan
and
Social Security D isability B enefits
$127.................... .
$140 and under $150.
$150 and under $160.
$160 and under $170.
$170 and under $180.
$180 and under $190.
$190 and under $200.
$200 and under $210.
$210 and under $220.
$220 and under $230.
$230 and under $240.
$240 and under $250.
$250 and over_____
1 Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining
covering approximately 4,700,000 workers.
2 Includes 29 plans, covering 397,000 workers, that did not meet assumed
conditions of this tabulation; for the remaining 13 plans, benefits were re
duced by unspecified amounts and therefore, not computable.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h
5
8
2
3
4
4
20.9
3
23.2
2
1
3
4
7.6
10.0
139.9
35.6
* Includes 13 plans, covering 159,400 workers, that provided no plan benefit
because of the deduction of social security disability benefits.
* These plans would provide no benefit under the assumed conditions
because of a social security disability benefit offset. These plans do, however,
pay benefits to workers entitled to less than maximum social security benefits.
EARLY AND DISABILITY RETIREMENT PROVISIONS
Workers
P la n s
Cthousands)
All plans with disability retirement__
219
3,
With recomputation __
At age 65 ___ ____
__
_ _
Normal benefit payable there
after_______ _ _ __ __
Other benefit payable there
after _ __ ____________
At age 65, or upon becoming
eligible for or receiving social
security disability or primary
b e n e f it - .______ _________ __
Normal benefit payable there
after
__ _____ ______ __
Other benefit payable there
after __________ ___ __
148
101
2, 166. 4
1, 244. 2
96
1, 204. 3
5
39. 9
47
922. 2
43
904. 0
4
1 8 .2
71
1, 053. 3
Without recomputation______
_____
219. 7
Level oj Benefits. To compare monthly benefit
amounts provided by plans, disability retirement
benefits were computed under the following
assumptions:
1. Retirement at age 50—the earliest age at
which social security disability benefits were pay
able in 1959. (Only 26 plans were excluded be
cause they bad a higher minimum retirement age.)
2. 20 years of future credited service17—an
arbitrary basis for determining service credits for
a worker who becomes disabled at age 50. (Only
three plans had a longer minimum service require
ment.)
3. Annual earnings of $4,800—the maximum
earnings used in determining benefits under the
Social Security Act. They were assumed to be
constant for all service used to compute public or
private benefits.
4. Eligibility for and receipt of maximum social
security disability benefits ($127 per month at
the time of the study and currently).
For the significance of using future service, see ibid., p. 1054.
18 No account was taken of workmen’s compensation benefits which may,
under one of the alternate formulas in some plans, be deducted from the plan
benefits.
i®Thirteen plans, covering about 6 percent of the workers,would provide no
benefit under the assumed conditions because of a social security disability
benefit offset. These plans do, however, pay benefits to workers entitled to
less than maximum social security benefits.
20 Weighted by the number of workers covered.
17
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1183
No benefit amount was computed for 42 plans
representing about 530,000 workers. In addition
to the 29 plans not paying disability benefits to
workers 50 years of age with 20 years of service
(the assumed minimum requirements of this study),
13 plans contained formulas that could not be
calculated—usually because of an actuarial re
duction of unspecified size.18
Almost half the computable plans (87), covering
about 3 out of 5 workers, would provide a disabil
ity pension benefit of $50 per month ($2.50 a
month for each year of service, exclusive of social
security disability benefits) under the assumed
conditions. Virtually all of these plans were non
contributory, single employer plans in manufac
turing industries. Approximately a fourth of the
plans, covering nearly a fifth of the workers, would
provide $60 or more a month; and a like number
of plans, covering a sixth of the workers, would
pay less than $50.19 (See table 6.) The weighted
average disability benefit payable by the plans
was $54.48.20
The weighted average monthly benefit, including
the maximum social security disability benefit of
$127, thus would amount to $181.48, or 45 percent
of the assumed gross earnings of $400 a month.
The total monthly benefit amounts would range
from about a third (social security alone) to twothirds of preretirement earnings (gross). Only
one out of six plans would provide at least 50 per
cent of preretirement earnings, that is, at least
$200 a month. Twenty of these plans were non
contributory and 13 were contributory—afar higher
proportion of the latter group than of the former.
The same disability and normal retirement
benefit amounts, either including or excluding the
$127 social security benefit, would be payable to
workers with 20 years’ future service and average
annual earnings of $4,800 by three-fourths of the
174 plans for which both benefits were computable.
Two-thirds of the plans in which benefit levels
differed paid higher normal retirement benefits and
a third provided larger disability benefits.
— H a r r y L . L e v in
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
1184
State Labor Legislation
in 1960
A n u m b e r of significant changes were made in
State labor laws in I960,1although regular sessions
of the legislatures were held in only 22 States 2
and Puerto Rico, and several of the sessions were
restricted entirely or primarily to consideration
of budget matters.
Amendments to unemployment insurance laws
were among the most important State labor laws
enacted in 1960, highlighting the 25th anniversary
of the Federal-State system of unemployment
insurance. Maximums for weekly unemployment
benefits, including dependents’ allowances, were
raised in nine States—by legislative enactments in
five States and through the operation of a flexible
maximum in four States. Workmen’s compen
sation benefits were raised for one or more major
types of disability or for death in six jurisdictions.
One State adopted a statutory minimum wage.
One State prohibited employment discrimination
on account of age, and another prohibited such
discrimination on account of race, creed, color,
national origin, or age. Five States adopted or
strengthened provisions for the protection of
agricultural workers. Three States took legisla
tive action directed toward the control of radiation
hazards.
Unemployment Insurance3
Maximum weekly unemployment insurance
benefits were raised in nine States—by legislative
enactment in Georgia, Kentucky, New York,
Rhode Island, and Virginia, and through the
operation of flexible maximum benefit amount
provisions enacted in prior years in Utah, Vermont,
Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The new rates, which
increased weekly benefits by $2 to $5, are Georgia,
$35; Kentucky, $37; New York, $50; Utah, $42;
Vermont, $38; Virginia, $32; Wisconsin, $49;
and Wyoming, $47. Rhode Island did not change
the basic weekly benefit amount, but increased
the allowance for each dependent child from $2 to
$3 up to a maximum weekly allowance of $12.
Alaska decreased the maximum weekly benefit
amount payable to interstate claimants from $25
to $20. At present, the maximum basic weekly
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
benefit amount is $45 or more in 7 jurisdictions,
from $35 to $45 in 23 jurisdictions, and under $35
in 21 jurisdictions.
The minimum weekly benefit amount was in
creased in three States—to $8 in Georgia, $11 in
Kentucky, and $10 in Virginia.
Only two States amended the duration pro
visions of their laws. Georgia changed from a
uniform duration of 20 weeks for all eligible
claimants (22 weeks for claimants whose baseperiod wages equaled four times their highquarter wages) to a variable duration of the lesser
of 26 weeks or one-fourth of base-period wages
with a minimum duration of 9 weeks. Virginia
increased its maximum variable duration from 18
weeks to 20 weeks. The maximum duration is
28 weeks or more in 9 jurisdictions, 26 weeks in
33 jurisdictions, and less than 26 weeks in 9
jurisdictions.
Two States, Georgia and Virginia, enacted
changes in the qualifying requirement. Georgia
changed its requirement (i.e., base period earnings
as a multiple of the weekly benefit amount) from a
variable requirement of 40 to 45 times the weekly
benefit amount to a uniform requirement of 36
times the weekly benefit amount. Georgia also
deleted its stepdown provision under which claim
ants could qualify for the next two lower benefit
amounts. The minimum amount required to
qualify, however, was increased from $280 to
$288, as a result of the increase in the minimum
weekly benefit amount. Virginia increased its
minimum qualifying requirement from $250 to
$300.
Workmen’s Compensation
Maximum weekly benefits were raised for total
disability in Rhode Island, for death in Mary
land, and for death and all types of disability
1 For summaries of State labor legislation enacted in 1959, see M onthly
Labor Review, January 1960, pp. 45-49 and pp. 50-51, and November 1959,
pp. 1232-1236.
2 Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii,
Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, M is
sissippi, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Delaware legislature
convened in 1959 and has not yet adjourned. Four other legislatures were
still in session as this article was prepared—in Massachusetts, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.
3 This summary of unemployment insurance legislation was prepared by
Irene Boothe of the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Employment Security.
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION IN 1960
in Kentucky, New York, Puerto Rico, and Vir
ginia. For example, the weekly maximum for
temporary total disability went to $35 in Puerto
Rico and Virginia, $36 in Kentucky and Rhode
Island, and $50 in New York. With these
changes, there are now 17 jurisdictions which set
such benefits at $50 or more, 14 which set $40 or
more but less than $50, and 21 which pay at least
$30 but less than $40. A benefit increase limited
to silicosis was adopted in Nevada by raising the
total maximum benefits for such cases to $14,250.
Other benefit changes included improved medi
cal benefits in four States, an increased rehabilita
tion allowance in one State, and higher amounts
for burial expenses in two States and Puerto Rico.
The Kentucky Workmen’s Compensation Board
was authorized to order an additional $1,000 for
medical treatment beyond the $2,500 otherwise
set by law; Virginia set a 2-year rather than a 1year limit on medical benefits which may be
ordered by the Industrial Commission, and re
quired the employer to furnish certain initial
prosthesis up to $1,000 in cost; Maryland specified
that medical treatment shall be furnished for the
period required by the injury and expanded the
requirement for furnishing prosthetic appliances;
and Mississippi dropped the $250 maximum for
medical expenses for hernia. Alaska raised the
monthly maintenance benefit for rehabilitation
to $100 and the total maximum for maintenance
and rehabilitation to $5,000. The maximum
burial allowance was raised to $200 in Puerto Rico,
to $500 in Kentucky, and in Massachusetts was
set uniformly at $1,000 (formerly $500 if there
were dependents and $1,000 if there were no
dependents).
The trend toward more complete coverage for
groups not fully protected under the laws con
tinued. Massachusetts made coverage compul
sory for all farm workers (formerly elective for
seasonal and compulsory for nonseasonal farm
workers). Delaware authorized voluntary cov
erage of farm workers and domestic servants
(formerly excluded from coverage). New York
extended coverage to workers in nonprofit organi
zations with “two or more employees,” rather
than “four or more workmen or operatives.”
Coverage was provided for certain additional
public employees in New York and Virginia, and
for members of the Kentucky National Guard on
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1185
active State service. On the other hand, Missis
sippi excluded from coverage handicapped persons
in sheltered workshops under the supervision of
the Department of Public Welfare.
Kentucky broadened coverage of its subsequentinjury provisions so that they now apply to any
covered worker with a previous disability who is
subsequently disabled by accident or occupational
disease, or if a dormant nondisabling disease con
dition is brought into “disabling reality” by the
subsequent injury. Formerly, diseases were not
covered by either the prior or subsequent dis
ability provisions.
Three States liberalized time limits for making
claims for slowly developing conditions. Rhode
Island provided that the time limit in cases of
latent or undiscovered physical or mental impair
ment shall not begin to run until the worker has
knowledge of the impairment and its relation to
his employment or until after disability, which
ever is later. In Virginia, the time limit for an
occupational disease claim is now measured from
the time the employee receives the diagnosis of
an occupational disease; formerly the period be
gan when he received the diagnosis or when he ex
perienced symptoms sufficient to apprise him he
had the disease, whichever occurred first. Ken
tucky removed the requirement that claims on ac
count of silicosis be made within 3 years of the
last exposure. Now the same time limits as for
other occupational diseases apply: 1 year after
last exposure or 1 year after the worker should
have known he had the disease, whichever occurs
last.
Among other workmen’s compensation changes,
were two Maryland amendments. One provided
for an advisory committee on rehabilitation prob
lems and a rehabilitation counselor to select cases,
for prompt referral to the Division of Vocational
Rehabilitation; the other stiffened the penalty
for not insuring or not paying benefits by pro
viding for imprisonment in lieu of, or in addition
to, a fine. A New York amendment allowed
benefits for the first 7 days of disability if the
worker is disabled for as long as 28, rather than
35, days. The Department of Labor and In
dustries in Massachusetts was requested to make
a study of workmen’s compensation provisions
which might encourage the employment of aged
and handicapped workers.
1186
Occupational Health and Safety
Four States passed laws dealing with control of
radiation. In Maryland, the State Board of
Health was given authority to develop programs
for the control of radiation hazards and to issue
rules for such control. A Massachusetts law
authorized the Department of Public Health to
require registration of sources of ionizing radiation.
This is in addition to the existing authority of
the Department of Public Plealth to issue rules
to protect the general public and individuals
against radiation hazards, and the authority of
the Department of Labor and Industries to issue
rules to protect workers against radiation hazards
in places of employment. Virginia required reg
is tra tio n with th e S ta te D e p a r tm e n t of H e a lth of
radiation sources not licensed by the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission. In New York, additional
powers given the Office of Atomic Development,
created in 1959, included authority to acquire
sites for storing radioactive byproducts and to
cooperate with appropriate government agencies
in establishing a training program for handling
accidents involving radioactive materials. The
Governor was authorized to make an agreement
with the Federal Government for transfer to the
State of regulatory authority over certain atomic
energy activities.
Rhode Island raised certain fees for boiler in
spection and fees in connection with inspection of
painters’ rigging.
Wages
The New York minimum-wage act was repealed
and a new statute enacted. For the first time, the
law provides a statutory minimum, set at $1 an
hour. In addition, it authorizes wage board pro
cedure, similar to that provided formerly, under
which higher rates may be set for particular occu
pations. As before, the law covers men, women,
and minors. The Governor, in approving the law,
stated that it extends coverage to 700,000 workers
in New York who had not been covered by either
a State minimum-wage order or by the Federal
Fair Labor Standards Act. In Massachusetts, the
Department of Labor and Industries was requested
to investigate whether special wage provisions
would encourage the employment of physically
handicapped and aging workers, and also to make
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
recommendations on a proposed bill to extend
coverage of the minimum-wage law to professional
service and farm work.
Another Massachusetts enactment amended the
weekly wage payment law by authorizing weekly,
biweekly, or semimonthly wage payment to
salaried employees. The Massachusetts law which
requires payment of minimum wages on public
works was amended to specify that the labor com
missioner, in determining the minimum rates, shall
include payments to pension plans under collec
tive bargaining agreements. The prevailing wage
law of Kentucky was amended by setting up a
board in the Department of Industrial Relations
to determine the prevailing rates, formerly deter
mined separately by each public authority engag
ing in a public works project. The board is to
consist of the commissioner of that department
and one representative each of industry and labor
appointed by the Governor.
Louisiana amended its wage garnishment law by
raising from $60 to $100 per month the minimum
amount of wages exempt from garnishment. An
amendment to the Virginia wage garnishment law
deleted the exemption of $15 a month for each de
pendent child, which was in addition to the basic
exemption. Also, the benefits of the Virginia law,
which formerly applied to any “laboring man,”
were expressly extended to women.
Agricultural Workers
A 1960 Nevada act required every farm labor
contractor to be licensed and bonded and set cer
tain conditions for the conduct of his business, such
as carrying liability insurance on motor vehicles,
filing information on work agreements, paying
workers promptly, and prohibiting misrepresenta
tion of terms and conditions of employment. The
law specified that the term “farm labor contractor”
does not include day-haul recruiters, persons who
act as spokesmen for a group of farm workers
while traveling or working with the group, and
certain others.
Colorado added to its wage-payment law a re
quirement that migratory field labor contractors
or crew leaders keep records of wages and hours
and give each worker, with each payment of wages,
a statement of wages and withholdings. One other
State, New York, has a similar requirement for
wage records and wage statements, and this re-
1187
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION IN 1960
quirement was extended in 1960 to all persons
bringing 10 or more migrants into the State.
(Formerly it had applied only to farm labor con
tractors and crew leaders.)
Colorado adopted a resolution which directed
the Legislative Council to study the problems of
migrant farm workers and report to the 1961 legis
lature. The New York Joint Legislative Committee
on Migrant Labor was continued until March 31,
1961.
As reported in the discussion of workmen’s com
pensation, Massachusetts amended its law to pro
vide compulsory coverage for all farm workers
(formerly compulsory for nonseasonal farm work
ers and elective for seasonal workers). There are
now eight jurisdictions which provide workmen’s
compensation coverage for farm workers in the
same manner as other workers. Delaware in 1960
authorized voluntary workmen’s compensation
coverage for farm workers, who had formerly been
excluded. A change in the minimum age for farm
work in New York is discussed in the section on
child labor.
Discrimination in Employment
Delaware enacted a law to prohibit discrimina
tion in employment because of race, creed, color,
national origin, or because an individual is be
tween 45 and 65 years of age. The law applies
to all employers, employment agencies, and labor
organizations, with penalties for violation. It
creates a Division Against Discrimination in the
Labor Commission that will have jurisdiction over
such unlawful discrimination, receive complaints,
and issue regulations to effectuate the act.
Alaska, which has a fair employment practice
act prohibiting discrimination because of race,
religion, color, or national origin, this year enacted
a separate law to prohibit discrimination against
older workers. The law does not specifically
define older workers, although a hiring bias against
workers over 45 is declared to be against public
policy. The act follows the pattern of the fair
employment practice act in authorizing the
Department of Labor to eliminate discrimination
by conciliation if possible, and if necessary to
issue cease and desist orders enforceable in the
courts.
4
Information on this law was not received in time for inclusion in the 1959
article on State labor legislation.
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A Nevada act provided that any employer or
union which discriminates against apprentices
because of race, color, creed, or national origin
shall be suspended for 1 year from participation
in the State apprenticeship program.
A 1959 law in Puerto Rico4 prohibited dis
crimination by any employer or labor union be
cause of race, color, creed, birth, or social position,
or because of age (between 30 and 65). Penalties
are provided for violation. The employer is also
liable to the worker for damages, and the Secretary
of Labor is authorized to assist the worker in
bringing suit to collect.
Child Labor and School Attendance
A number of revisions were made in the childlabor laws of New York and Virginia. A New York
amendment permitted the employment of children
14 and 15 years of age in delivery and clerical
occupations in offices of factories and in dry
cleaning, shoe repair, and similar service stores.
Another amendment permitted children 12 and 13
to assist in the hand harvesting of berries, fruits,
and vegetables for not more than 4 hours a day
between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. when school is not in
session. The maintenance of continuation schools
for employed youth in New York was made
optional rather than mandatory, and evening
classes were authorized. A revision of the Virginia
child-labor law set minimum ages for working in
additional hazardous occupations; for example, 18
in delivering alcoholic goods, as an X-ray tech
nician, or in or about excavation or demolition
operations; 16 as an orderly or nurses’ aide; and
14 for boys as bait attendants on a boat or pier.
It also set safeguards for the employment of
children on hazardous machines in a school-work
training program. Another provision permitted
boys over 15 to begin work at 5 a.m. rather than
7 a.m.
Industrial Relations
The New York Labor and Management Im
proper Practices Act, which was passed in 1959,
was amended by specifically excluding the State
and its political subdivisions, as employers, from
the act. However, labor organizations of public
employees were specifically covered. Certain non
profit organizations were exempted from the
1188
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
financial reporting and accounting standards
requirements.
A Massachusetts act authorized cities and towns
to enter into collective bargaining agreements with
labor organizations representing their employees,
except police officers.
In Mississippi, the voters adopted a “right-towork” amendment to their constitution that was
identical with the legislative act already in effect.
Mississippi also enacted a law prohibiting an
alien, a member of the Communist Party, or a
person convicted of certain crimes from acting as
an official of a labor union or as a labor relations
consultant. The prohibition is applicable for 5
years after termination of Communist Party
membership or after conviction of the crime.
Other Labor Legislation
An amendment to the time-off-for-voting law
in New York limited the provision that entitled the
worker to 2 hours’ absence from work with pay.
As amended, if the worker does not have 4 con
secutive hours outside his workday when the polls
are open, he is entitled to as much time off from
work as necessary, with up to 2 hours to be paid
for by the employer.
Several amendments were made to the New
York law regulating private employment agencies.
For example, maximum placement fees chargeable
by theatrical agencies were raised from 5 percent
of wages for the first 10 weeks to 10 percent of the
compensation payable to the artist for most en
gagements and 20 percent for opera and concert
engagements and engagements for orchestras.
Employment bureaus operated by associations of
professional engineers, land surveyors, and regis
tered architects were exempted from the law.
Employment agencies were prohibited from send
ing an applicant to a place of employment where
there is a labor dispute unless the applicant is
notified of this fact in writing.
The Virginia Advisory Legislative Council was
requested to study laws relating to the State labor
department, employment agencies, and the pro
tection of employees generally, with a view to
recommending modernization.
—B eatrice M cC onnell
Assistant Director for State Services
Bureau of Labor Standards
Secretary Mitchell said a review of unemployment insurance experience
since passage of the Social Security Act showed the program had grown
tremendously in size and usefulness. He pointed out that coverage had more
than doubled and that duration of benefits had expanded. . . . Coverage
has increased . . . to 45,000,000. Today only three States have a maximum
weekly benefit below $30. The majority of the States have a maximum
weekly benefit of from $30 to $44, five a maximum from $45 to $49, and the
two largest States have a maximum weekly benefit of $50 or more. . . . the
most dramatic improvements have come about in the duration of benefits. . . .
Today only nine States provide for fewer than 26 weeks of benefits, and nine
provide for longer periods of from 28 to 39 weeks. In addition, six States
provide for additional weeks of benefits during periods of high unemployment,
as specified in their individual State laws.
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— From Unemployment Insurance Accomplishments Cited by Mitchell on Program’s
25th Anniversary (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
Press Release, August 14, 1960).
1189
ALLOWANCES FOR SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND WORK CLOTHING
Contract Allowances for Safety
Equipment and Work Clothing, 1959
P r o v is io n s related to the furnishing of personal
safety equipment and protective apparel were in
cluded in 502 of 1,687 major collective agreements
analyzed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A
smaller number, 267, referred either to the issuance
of uniforms or general work clothing, or to the pro
vision of allowances for their purchase. Most of
these agreements provided that the entire cost
of furnishing safety equipment or apparel was
to be assumed by the employer, as was the
expense of maintaining work clothing. The
agreements usually did not specify whether
company or employee was responsible for main
taining or replacing safety equipment but since
such equipment was issued to employees on an
“as needed” basis and remained company property
in most cases, it is likely that the employer also
bore this expense.
The practice of supplying protective or work
clothing is probably more widespread than this
analysis of agreement provisions would indicate.
For example, the wearing of protective apparel is
frequently required by government safety regu
lations and hence may not be subject to unionmanagement negotiation. In general, however,
it would appear that furnishing and maintaining
work clothing is still the employee’s responsibility
in most organized establishments.
This study was based on 1,687 collective bar
gaining agreements, each covering 1,000 or more
workers, or virtually all agreements of this size
in the United States, except for the railroad and
airline industries.1 The approximately 7.5 million
workers covered by these major agreements ac
count for slightly less than half of all workers
estimated to be covered by all collective bargain
ing agreements in the United States, exclusive
of railroads and airlines. Of the agreements
studied, 1,063 covered 4.6 million workers in
manufacturing, and 624 applied to 2.9 million
workers in nonmanufacturing. All of the agree
ments were in effect at the beginning of 1959,
and slightly less than half (823) expired during
that year.
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Safety Equipment
Under the terms of 490 of the 502 agreements
referring to safety equipment, the employer
agreed to furnish, whenever necessary, such items
as goggles, boots, and gloves. The remaining
agreements specified that some or all of the
protective devices, frequently of an individualized
nature such as prescription glasses and safety
shoes, would be sold to employees at less than the
full purchase cost. (See table 1.)
Safety equipment provisions were more preva
lent in manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing
industries. In manufacturing, half of the pro
visions were found in primary metal products,
machinery (except electrical), and transportation
equipment industries; in nonmanufacturing, elec
trical and gas utilities, construction, and trans
portation agreements contained most of these
provisions. (See table 2.)
i
The Bureau does not maintain a file of railroad and airline agreements;
hence their omission from this study.
T a b l e 1. P r o v isio n s C o v e r in g S a fe t y E q u ipm e n t ,
W ork C l o t h in g , a n d T h e ir M a in t e n a n c e ,1 M ajor
C ollective B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s , 1959
Workers
Agreements
Type of allowance
Total studied-------------------------------------Agreements with provisions for safety
equipment, work clothing, and their
maintenance.
Safety equipment---- ----------------------At no cost to employee--------------At some cost to employee-----------Work clothing------------- ---------------At no cost to employee--------------At some cost to employee---- ------Clothing or equipment maintenance.
At no cost to employee--------------At some cost to employee-------- -O ther4
...
- - - ----------Agreements with no reference to allowances.
Num
ber
Per Number
(thou
cent
sands)
7,477. 3
100.0
712
42.2 » 2,972.1
39.7
502
490
12
267
238
29
214
210
4
14
975
29.7
29.0
.7
15.8
14.1
1.7
12.6
12.4
.2
.8
57.8
2,112.8
2,093. 7
19.1
1,088.8
937. 5
151.3
922.8
908. 5
14.3
30.2
4, 505.2
28.3
28.0
.3
14. 5
12. 5
2.0
12.3
12.1
.2
.4
60.3
1,687 100.0
2
Per
cent
1 Safety equipment includes such items as safety shoes, rubber boots, gloves,
goggles, and other personal protective apparel. Work clothing also includes
uniforms. Maintenance of work clothing refers to laundering and/or cleaning
¡301 V1V7CO.
_
2 Unduplicated total of allowances shown separately.
Items may appear
singly or in combinations, in 1 agreement.
« Number of workers refers to number covered by agreements, not to num
ber eligible to receive, or required to use, safety equipment or special work
Cl^Includes 13 agreements in which past practices were to be continued or in
which allowances diflered by occupation, sex, or length of service, and 1 agree
ment in which costs of work clothing and maintenance were shared when
selected by authorized company-union representative, and in which
company paid the costs if clothing was not so selected.
N ote: Because of rounding, the sum of individual items may not equal
totals.
1190
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Representative provisions for furnishing these
items follow:
and first aid kits. All such equipment shall either be
carried on line trucks or kept in a place quickly available
to all employees concerned. Coveralls, or other protec
tive clothing, will be provided by the company where acid
conditions are encountered in the work to be performed,
or for painting that would endanger the clothing of the
employees.
Protective devices, wearing apparel, and other equip
ment necessary to properly protect employees from injury
shall be provided by the company in accordance with
practices now prevailing in each separate plant or as such
practices may be improved from time to time by the
company. Goggles, gas masks, face shields, respirators,
special purpose gloves, fireproof, waterproof, or acidproof
protective clothing when necessary and required shall be
provided by the company without cost, except that the
company may assess a fair charge to cover loss or willful
destruction thereof by the employee.
*
*
*
*
The employer will provide outer garments, consisting of
raincoats, boots, and sheepskin-lined jackets, to such em
ployees as work, or are assigned to work, in locations
which are not fully protected from the elements, or which
are not regularly adequately heated.
In 12 agreements, standard equipment was
furnished free of charge, but employees were re
quired to pay some part of the cost for items
that had to be adapted to the needs of the in
dividual. For example:
*
The company shall provide all employees necessary
protective equipment, including rubber blankets, rubber
gloves, rubber sleeves, rubber hats, rubber boots, other
protective rubber footwear, rubber coats, rubber hose,
T a ble 2.
*
P r o v isio n s C o v e r in g S a fe t y E q u ipm e n t , W ork C lo t h in g ,
and
E m p lo y e r agrees t o -
N um ber
s tu d ie d
I n d u s tr y
P r o v id e s a fe ty
e q u ip m e n ts
P r o v id e w o rk
c lo th in g
P r o v id e s a fe ty
e q u ip m e n t
a n d w o rk
c lo th in g
P r o v id e a n d
m a in ta in
w o r k c lo th in g
P r o v id e a n d
m a in ta in
w o r k c lo th in g
a n d fu r n ish
sa fety
e q u ip m e n t
A g ree W ork ers A g ree- W o rk ers A gree- W ork ers A g ree- W ork ers A g ree- W o rk ers A g ree- W o rk ers
( th o u m e n ts
m e n ts
(th o u - m e n ts
(th o u - m e n ts
(th o u - m e n ts
(th o u m e n ts
(th o u sa n d s)
sa n d s)7
sa n d s)7
sa n d s)7
sa n d s)7
sa n d s)7
A ll in d u s tr ie s .
M a n u fa c tu r in g .
O rd n an ce a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..______________________
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts _____________________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ______________________
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts.............. ....................
1
A p p a r e l an d o th e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts ____________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t fu r n itu r e
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s......................................
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ............................
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s ......... I
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts _________________
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g a n d related" in d u s tr ie s _____ I
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts........................................
S to n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c ts .....................
I
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ..............................
I.
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ____________________
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l____________
.1 .
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s .
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ___________
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _________ I I I ”
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g ______ ___________ ”
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production
Transportation 9......... ............. ......................
Communications_________________
Utilities: Electric and gas_____________ I
Wholesale trade_______________
I
Retail trade_____________ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ' l
Hotels and restaurants_________
"*
Services____________________ _
"""
Construction_____ ___ _______ l l l l l l l l l l l l l
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing______ ' l l .111
1,6 8 7
7 .4 7 7 .3
418
1 ,8 1 9 .1
30
7 5 .4
18
4 5 .5
144
671 .3
46
145.3
1,063
4 .5 5 5 .3
306
1 ,4 2 2 .2
10
2 0 .2
17
4 3 .7
30
7 6 .6
27
6 1 .4
8
13
20.1
3 7 .7
4
5.1
1
6
3 .0
1 1 .5
22
61.1
12
2
5
4 .4
1 0 .6
1
1
4 0
1. 5
1
1 .1
1
1 .6
15
9
9
2
18
81
25
46
14
49
7
3
2 7 .8
2 4 .9
57.2
3 .8
5 5 .9
609 .4
76 .2
9 6 .2
4 0 .4
326 .3
2 5 .9
5 .4
2
2
7 .6
5 .4
85
7 .2
1
1 .5
20
5 5 .2
15
120
11
33
45
13
20
54
31
57
23
24
20
38
124
52
117
100
127
24
15
39.
405.
27.
78.
464.
37.
32.
118.
62.
113.
63.
128.
62.
100.
724.
146.
283.
438.
1,152.
54.
22 .
624
2 ,9 2 2 .0
112
3 9 6 .9
17
95
79
78
2 5 2 .7
573.2
558.1
2 0 0 .5
21.6
245.1
176.8
184 .9
701.9
7 .4
9
17
8
36
1
1 9 .6
7 8 .6
2 6 .4
10 0 .4
1 .0
1
40
1 .1
170.0
12
92
36
55
155
5
1 F o r d e fin itio n s , se e fo o tn o te 1, ta b le 1.
S i noi1h d es 10 a g r e e m e n ts i n w h ic h e m p lo y e e s w e r e r e q u ir e d t o p a y for a
p a r t o f t h e c o s t o f s a fe ty e q u ip m e n t, w h ic h w a s u s u a lly m a d e to o rder.
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1
1 .1
9
3 4 .7
2
3 .2
5
2
1
1
1 1 .8
2 .8
1 .6
1 .2
2
2 .7
1
2 .8
1
1 5 .0
1
1 .8
1
1 .8
3 5 .8
87
9 .3
1
3 .5
1
3
1 8
3 .8
2
6 .2
2
2
1
4 .4
3 1
1 0
1
1 0
114
594.7
19
8 3 .9
23
1
1
2
37
30
18
2
273 3
1 7
2 .9
2 .3
2
6
fy 0
30 0
1 7 .4
2
1
8 5
1 .0
2 .0
1
1
* I n c lu d e s 1 a g r e e m e n t i n w h ic h e m p lo y e r m a in t a in e d or p r o v id e d m o n e
ta r y a llo w a n c e to w a r d m a in te n a n c e o f w o r k c lo th in g .
4 4 a g r e e m e n ts a lso p r o v id e d a m o n e ta r y a llo w a n c e to w a r d m a in te n a n c e of
w o r k c lo th in g .
1191
ALLOWANCES FOR SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND WORK CLOTHING
Goggles are provided for work dangerous to the eyes.
Standard safety goggles that do not require a prescription
are furnished free of charge. Employees requiring a
special ground lens will be furnished goggles at cost; the
company furnishing the frames free.
Work Clothing
The majority of the 267 provisions for supplying
and/or maintaining work clothing were found in
food producing (canneries, dairies, etc.) or food
serving and selling industries (hotels, restaurants,
and groceries). These industries and transporta
tion, where sanitation and public appearance are
also of great importance, accounted for nearly
two-thirds of the agreements with such provisions,
Usually, the employer required that special cloth
ing or uniforms be worn.
Where the employer agreed to provide work
clothing, he usually also agreed to pay for laun
dering or cleaning. Only 48 work clothing
clauses did not also provide for clothing mainte
nance. On the other hand, 13 agreements which
referred to work clothing maintenance did not
specify who was to provide these services.
Examples of clauses relating to the furnishing
of work clothing follow:
Company agrees to furnish to drivers one standard jacket
type uniform with one extra pair of trousers free after 1
year of continuous employment . . . .
*
*
*
Any employer requiring employee to wear a uniform
shall pay for same and said uniform must bear union
label.
*
M a in t e n a n c e ,1 M ajor C o llective B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s ,
by
*
*
I n d u s t r y , 1959
Employer agrees to—
Provide safety
equipment
and maintain
work clothing
Provide monetary allowance for—
M aintain work
clothing 3
Work clothing ‘
Work clothing
but furnish
safety
equipm ent5
Other
provisions 0
No reference to
allowances
Industry
Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers Agree Workers
ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou ments (thou
sands)?
sands)
sands)?
sands)?
sands)?
sands)?
3
11.4
10
23.9
12
59.2
17
92.1
14
30.2
975
4,505.2
3
11.4
5
6.8
7
16.0
16
91.0
7
16.8
635
2,790.2
6
38
11
31
45
12
17
45
31
26
8
14
18
19
34
26
70
84
75
15
10
16.3
141.2
27.6
68.8
464.1
33.2
26.2
101.9
62.2
56.7
26.9
67.5
58.7
43.2
104.1
68.6
184.9
391.7
806.5
25.2
15.1
340
1, 715.0
8
39
69
31
9
39
3
27
111
4
233.2
148.1
500.0
73.4
18.3
85.9
22.3
99.9
527.7
6.3
3
11.4
5
5
6.8
17.1
2
2.3
2
5.8
1
8.0
1
1.6
1
1.2
1
1.8
2
3.3
1
1.1
1
1
3.7
2.2
1
1.2
2
2.6
1
1.7
43.2
1
1.1
7
13.4
6
3
5
17.1
31.2
1
3.0
1
9.0
13
1
87.3
1.1
1
1.4
1
1.6
5
10.4
57 agreements also provided for maintenance of work clothing.
6 See footnote 4, table 1.
? Number of workers refers to number covered by agreements, not to
number eligible to receive, or required to use, safety equipment or special
work clothing.
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All industries.
Manufacturing.
Ordnance and accessories.
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures.
Textile mill products.
Apparel and other finished products.
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures.
Paper and allied products.
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products.
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.
Leather and leather products.
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products.
Machinery, except electrical.
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies.
Transportation equipment.
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing.
N onmanufacturing.
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production.
Transportation.8
Communications.
Utilities: Electric and gas.
Wholesale trade.
Retail trade.
Hotels and restaurants.
Services.
Construction.
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing.
8Includes 1 agreement in which employees were required to pay for a part
of the cost of safety equipment, which was usually made to orders
8 Excludes railroad and airline industries.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.
1192
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
If the company requires employees to have certain
special equipment and clothing, it will be furnished to the
employees without charge. Each individual will be held
responsible for any such special clothing or equipment
furnished. The company may require a refundable
deposit not to exceed the actual cost of the items furnished.
Typical of arrangements for both furnishing and
maintaining work clothing were these clauses:
The employer will furnish his employees with coats
and . . . such uniforms as may be required by the em
ployer and pay for the laundering of the same.
*
*
*
If the company requires an employee to wear a standard
cap or uniform, the company shall furnish and launder
same at its expense. . . . The company shall furnish
and maintain, at its cost and expense, all special outer
apparel heretofore customarily used by the group and
which is reasonably necessary for the performance of the
job.
All agreements that provided for clothing
maintenance only were in food producing or selling
industries. Generally, this requirement was ex
pressed as follows:
Employer shall launder or pay for laundering of cover
alls, aprons, trousers, shirts, sweat shirts, and cap covers
worn by employees when on duty. All laundry will be
done by a union laundry wherever services and prices are
comparable.
*
*
*
Signatory members of association agree to pay for all
laundry required by all clerks in their employ, such as
uniforms, etc.
Monetary allowances toward the purchase of
work clothing or uniforms were specified in 29
agreements, including 4 in which the allow
ance also covered work clothing maintenance.
Fourteen of the 29 agreements were in the meat
packing industry.
All employees shall be required at all times to main
tain a clean and neat appearance. When the employer
requires that uniforms be worn, the employee shall receive
an allowance for uniforms of $27.50 per year. Semi
annual payments of $13.75 shall be payable on April 1
and October 1 of each year to qualified employees on the
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payroll on the first day of the payment month, provided
such employees have completed 90 days’ service by the
15th day of said payment month . . .
*
*
*
When members of the unlicensed personnel are required
by the company to furnish and wear uniforms, they shall
receive additional compensation at the rate of $12.50 per
month.
*
*
*
An allowance of 50 cents per week per employee will
be paid for the furnishing of work clothes. . . .
An
allowance of 30 cents per week per employee will be paid to
all employees to compensate them for the payment of
laundry. This allowance may be discontinued at the
employer’s option should it be decided by the employer to
have the laundry done either by a commercial laundry or
its own laundry. Clothing to be laundered shall consist
of outer working garments only.
In a few agreements, the cost of work clothing
differed for men and women, and in one agree
ment, according to the party selecting such items:
The corporation will furnish clothing and uniforms in
accordance with the following:
Where the corporation requires the wearing of white
clothing in men’s occupations, white trousers and T-shirts
will be furnished by the corporation on a 50-50 basis. The
corporation will stand 50 percent of the expense for not
more than either (a) 3 trousers and 4 T-shirts or (b) 2
trousers and 6 T-shirts per labor agreement year. . . .
The choice of (a) or (b) . . . is at the employee’s option.
Laundry for trousers and T-shirts will be provided.
Where the corporation requires women to wear uniforms,
such uniforms will be furnished and laundered by the
corporation.
*
*
*
The selection of uniforms for drivers, as well as the
selection of overalls, aprons, shirts, and the method of
laundering such clothing for plant employees shall be
made by an authorized representative of the union and the
employer. The cost shall be equally divided between the
employer and the employees.
Where the selection of uniforms and clothing, as well as
the method of laundering, is not done as outlined, the
employer shall pay the entire cost . . .
— D e n a G. W e is s a n d L a u r a A. W ood
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
1193
EARNINGS IN CIGARETTE MANUFACTURING
Earnings in Cigarette
Manufacturing, May 1960
of production workers in cigarette
manufacturing establishments in May 1960 aver
aged $2.01 an hour, exclusive of premium pay for
overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts, according to a survey conducted by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Straight-time
hourly earnings of the middle one-half of the
workers within the scope of the survey 2 ranged
from $1.85 to $2.14 an hour. Men accounted for
about three-fifths of the 30,851 production workers;
their earnings averaged $2.07 an hour, compared
with $1.92 for women.
Hourly earnings of all production workers
averaged $1.99 in North Carolina, $2.02 in
Virginia, and $2.04 in Kentucky. Nationwide,
men operators of cigarette-making machines and
women cigarette-machine catchers, numerically
the most important occupations studied, averaged
$2.14 and $1.90 an hour, respectively.
The study also provides information on hours
of work and selected supplementary benefits,
including paid holidays and vacations, and
health, insurance, and pension plans.
E a r n in g s
In the manufacture of filter cigarettes, the filters
also are incorporated into the cigarettes by this
machine. The packing of cigarettes into pad ages
of 20 each, wrapped in aluminum foil, paper, and
cellophane also is accomplished automatically.
Approximately three-tenths of the production
workers studied were employed as cigarette
making machine operators and catchers. Ma
chine packers of cigarettes accounted for nearly
a tenth of the workers, and roughly the same
proportion were engaged in préfabrication oper
ations. Cigarette making inspectors and cigarette
packing inspectors each represented about 2
percent of the workers.
T a b l e 1. P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P r o d u c t io n
W o r k e r s i n C i g a r e t t e M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h
m e n t s , b y A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n
i n g s ,1 U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d S t a t e s , M a y 1960
Average hourly
earnings 1
Under $1.50_____ -$1.50 and under $1.60___
$1.60 and under $1.70___
$1.70 and under $1.80___
$1.80 and under $1.90___
$1.90 and under $2.00---$2.00 and under $2.10___
$2.10 and under $2.20___
$2.20 and under $2.30---$2.30 and under $2.40---$2.40 and render $2.50___
$2.50 and under $2.60---$2.60 and under $2.70___
$2.70 and under $2.80___
Industry Characteristics
Approximately 469 billion cigarettes were manu
factured in 1958; about 45 percent were filter tips
and 55 percent, nonfilter tips.3 In 14 of the 17
plants studied by the Bureau, both filter and nonfilter cigarettes were produced in May 1960.
Filter tips constituted more than half of the
output in eight plants. Cigarettes were the sole
product in 11 of the establishments. Minor
products in the other six plants included smoking
tobacco, chewing tobacco, and cigars.
Cigarette manufacturing is a highly mechanized
industry. The tobacco generally moves on con
veyors through the various préfabrication stages
of mixing, bulking, cutting, and so forth. From
a hopper of shredded tobacco and a roll of paper,
the cigarette-making machine, attended by an
operator and a catcher, produces finished ciga
rettes. The paper is automatically filled with
the proper amount of tobacco, sealed, and labeled,
and the cigarettes are cut into specified lengths.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$3.20 and o v e r ... ___ .
Total________ ..
United States 2
Total
Men Women
0.2
.5
3.5
13. 1
16.0
25.8
8.2
18.3
4.8
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.9
.7
.4
3
.1
.3
,i
0.2
.7
2.1
14.0
15.9
13.0
6.6
25.4
6.4
2.2
3. 1
2.6
4.7
1.2
.7
. f)
.1
.4
.2
0.2
.2
5.6
11.8
16.1
46. 1
10.7
6.9
2.3
(3)
(3)
100.0
100.0
Ken
tucky
North Virginia
Carolina
0.5
1.4
1.8
6.7
17.5
31.3
9.2
17.6
5.8
.3
.2
.7
4. 5
2.5
.1
0.1
.3
4.3
16.0
14.5
23.8
7.8
19.8
3.7
1.9
2.7
2.2
2.8
.1
(3)
(3)
0.1
3.4
13.5
18.0
24.4
7.9
15.1
6.6
1.0
1.9
.9
1.0
.3
2.1
1.6
.3
1.4
.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6,049
17,031
7,691
$2. 04
$1.99
$2.02
Number of workers------ 30, 851 18, 972 11, 879
Average hourly earnearnings 1---- -------- $2. 01 $2.07 $1.92
.1
(3)
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
In a large majority of the plants, the tobacco is
received in strip form (segments of leaves),
usually packed in hogsheads. It is conditioned at
various stages of préfabrication by adding or
removing moisture, mixed with other ingredients,
and shredded before manufacture into cigarettes.
1 A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in BLS Report
167, Wage Structure: Cigarette Manufacturing, May 1960.
2 The study included 17 establishments employing 20 or more workers at
the time of reference of the universe data. Separate auxiliary units such as
central offices and research laboratories were excluded.
2 See 1958 Census of Manufactures (U.S. Bureau of the Census, Series
M C(P) -21 A -l, March 1960).
1194
Leaf processing (stemming, searching, etc.) was
included in the operations of a few cigarette
plants, but the number of workers involved in
this activity during the payroll period studied
constituted a very minor proportion of the total.4
The industry is concentrated in three States,
with somewhat more than half of the workers in
North Carolina, a fourth in Virginia, and about a
fifth in Kentucky. A small segment of the in
dustry is located in New York and Pennsylvania.
Eight of the establishments surveyed each em
ployed more than 2,000 workers, five employed
1,000 to 2,000 each, and the other four employed
fewer than 200 workers each.
About 7 out of 10 production workers were em
ployed in establishments with collective bargaining
agreements covering a majority of their workers
in May 1960. The major union in the industry
is the Tobacco Workers International Union.
Women accounted for about two-fifths of all
production workers. In North Carolina, they
represented about 35 percent, compared with 42
percent in Kentucky and 44 percent in Virginia.
Virtually all workers were paid on a time basis,
with a range of rates applying to a given job
classification. A small group of workers, how
ever, received incentive pay, usually on an
individual bonus basis.
Average Hourly Earnings
Straight-time hourly earnings of production
workers in cigarette manufacturing establishments
in May 1960 averaged $2.01 (table 1). The esti
mated 18,972 men in the industry averaged $2.07
an hour, compared with $1.92 for the 11,879
women. Hourly earnings of all production workers
averaged $1.99 in North Carolina, $2.02 in
Virginia, and $2.04 in Kentucky. Men in these
States averaged $2.03, $2.10, and $2.16 an hour,
respectively, and women $1.92, $1.93 and $1.88,
respectively.
Individual earnings varied from less than $1.50
an hour to more than $3.20 an hour. Earnings of
the middle one-half of the workers ranged from
$1.85 to $2.14 an hour.
Occupational Earnings
Wages for occupational classifications account
ing for somewhat more than half of the production
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
workers were studied separately (table 2). Main
tenance machinists and electricians had the
highest average hourly earnings, $2.80 and $2.75,
respectively. Maintenance carpenters and ad
justers of cellophaning, cigarette-making, and
cigarette-packing machines also averaged more
than $2.50 an hour. Only four of the men’s
occupational groups studied separately had hourly
averages below $2 an hour; namely, truckers,
power, other than forklift ($1.95), truckers, power,
forklift ($1.94), material handling laborers ($1.82),
and janitors ($1.75). Men cigarette-making ma
chine operators accounted for 14 percent of all
production workers and averaged $2.14 an hour—
$2.16 on filter and $2.11 on nonfilter cigarettes.
In North Carolina, however, identical averages
were recorded for filter and nonfilter cigarettes.
Women cigarette-machine catchers also ac
counted for 14 percent of all workers; their
hourly earnings averaged $1.90. Machine packers
of cigarettes, the second largest of the women’s
occupational groups studied, averaged $2.04 an
hour.
Men employed as cigarette-making machine
operators averaged $2.17 an hour in Kentucky,
$2.16 in Virginia, and $2.12 in North Carolina.
Average hourly earnings for women cigarettemachine catchers were $1.90, $1.92, and $1.89,
respectively, in these three States. Maintenance
machinists or electricians had the highest average
earnings in each State; men or women janitors
had the lowest average among the occupations
studied separately.
Within many occupational classifications, earn
ings of individual workers were concentrated
within narrow ranges. For example, almost twothirds of the cigarette-making machine operators
earned from $2.10 to $2.20 an hour; about seventenths of the women cigarette-machine catchers
and cigarette packing inspectors earned $1.90
to $2.00 an hour. This reflects in part the fact
that very few workers in this industry are paid
on an incentive basis and the comparatively small
differences in time rates among plants.
As illustrated in the tabulation on the following
page, there was comparatively little variation in
plant averages for either men cigarette-making
machine operators or women cigarette-machine
catchers.
4 In some Instances, leaf processing is done in other plants of the firm.
EARNINGS IN CIGARETTE MANUFACTURING
1195
D istribution o f establishments
by average earnings of—
M e n cigarettem aking
m achine
operators
$1.60 and under $1.70__________
$1.70 and under $1.80__________
$1.80 and under $1.90__________
$1.90 and under $2.00__________
$2.00 and under $2.10__________
$2.10 and under $2.20__________
$2.20 and under $2.30__________
Total establishments reporting
the occupation__________
three-fourths in plants with provisions for third
shifts. A third of the workers were actually
employed on second-shift operations during the
payroll period studied. Pay differentials above
first-shift rates for these workers varied from 5
to 12 cents on an hourly basis and 8 percent on a
percentage basis. Less than 1 percent of the
workers were employed on third-shift operations
at the time of the study.
W om en
cigarettem achine
catchers
________
________
________
1
3
10
2
2
1
4
9
16
Paid Holidays. All establishments granted paid
holidays (table 3). About three-fourths of the
production workers were employed in plants pro
viding 7 days and the remainder in plants granting
6 days annually. New Year’s Day, Fourth of
July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christ
mas Day were paid holidays in all plants. Addi
tional holidays provided included Christmas Eve
in plants employing about three-fourths of the
workers, Easter Monday in plants employing
four-fifths of the workers, and Memorial Day in
plants with one-fifth of the workers.
16
Selected Establishment Practices
Data were also obtained on work schedules and
supplementary benefits, including paid holidays
and vacations, retirement plans, life insurance,
sickness and accident insurance, and hospitaliza
tion and medical benefits for production workers.
Scheduled Weekly Hours and Shift Provisions. A
work schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect in
establishments employing practically all of the
production workers studied in May 1960. A 38%hour schedule applied to a few workers.
Practically all workers were employed in plants
having provisions for second shifts and about
T
Paid Vacations. Paid vacations for production
workers with qualifying periods of service were
provided in all establishments. Vacation pay
ments for about three-fourths of the workers were
a b l e 2.
N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e . S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o p W o r k e r s i n S e l e c t e d
O c c u p a t io n s i n C ig a r e t t e M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d S t a t e s ,
United States 2
Kentucky
North Carolina
P r o d u c t io n
M a y 1960
Virginia
Occupation and sex
Number of
workers
Average Number of Average Number of Average Number of Average
hourly
workers
hourly
workers
hourly
workers
hourly
earnings1
earnings 1
earnings1
earnings1
M en
Adjusters, cellophaning machines___
Adjusters, cigarette-making machines.
Adjusters, cigarette-packing machines.
Carpenters, maintenance__________
Electricians, maintenance....................
Janitors.............................................
Laborers, material handling________
Machinists, maintenance__________
Making machine operators, cigarettes.
Filter cigarettes_______________
Nonfilter cigarettes____________
Packers, cigarettes, machine________
Truckers, power, forklift......................
Truckers, power, other than forklift...
Watchmen............................ ........ .........
87
730
446
81
96
531
1,158
283
4,256
2,264
1,992
1,198
193
46
225
$2.64
2. 59
2.56
2.65
2.75
1. 75
1.82
2.80
2.14
2.16
2.11
2.11
1.94
1.95
2.01
27
155
68
18
21
95
215
87
742
547
$2.61
2. 72
2. 71
2.77
2.98
1.87
1.91
3.08
2.17
2.19
21
25
2.00
2.00
4,337
2,170
2,167
546
513
191
1,536
1.90
1.89
1.91
2.02
1.95
1.65
2.04
808
555
1.90
1.90
99
47
1.96
2.02
240
2.10
2.67
1.70
1.77
2.66
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.10
1.91
45
237
113
29
35
111
303
75
1,136
565
571
364
63
$2 65
2.67
2.67
2.63
2.71
1.78
1.88
2.70
2.16
2.21
2.11
2.12
1.97
125
1.97
60
2.01
2,137
916
1,221
'284
1.89
1.87
1.91
2.04
116
994
1.64
2.04
1,381
695
686
162
77
8
302
1.92
1.92
1.91
2.01
2.03
1. 62
1.99
335
264
$2.46
2.47
39
322
640
116
2,370
1,149
1,221
' 589
109
W omen
Catchers, cigarette machines.......
Filter cigarettes.....................
Nonfilter cigarettes...............
Inspectors, cigarette making____
Inspectors, cigarette packing___
Janitors........ ....................... ..........
Packers, cigarettes, machine____
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica*
tion criteria.
1196
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T a ble 3.
P er c e n t of P po d u c tio n W or k er s E m
plo yed in C iga rette M a n u f a c t u r in g E st a b l ish
m en ts w ith F ormal P r o v isio n s for S elec ted S u p
plem enta r y W ag e B e n e f it s ,1 U n ited S tates a nd
S elec ted S t a t e s , M ay 1960
Selected benefits
Paid vacations: *
After 1 year of service____
1 week __
2 weeks._ _ _
After 10 years of service..
2 weeks.. . . .
3 weeks_______ . .
After 25 years of service..
2 weeks..
3 weeks____
. _
4 weeks.. . . .
Paid holidays____
6 holidays__
7 holidays____ .
Health, insurance, and pension
plans: 5
Life insurance. ___
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both «
Sickness and accident insurance_______
Sick leave (partial pay or
waiting period). . . _
Hospitalization insurance
Surgical insurance . _ _
Medical insurance__
Retirement pension.
United
States 2
100
(4)
99
100
34
66
100
Ken
tucky
North Virginia
Carolina
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
39
100
99
100
90
10
80
20
100
73
100
27
73
100
100
100
100
52
100
100
(9
1
99
100
100
38
20
48
30
99
100
100
100
73
81
78
55
27
99
99
41
99
19
100
100
20
100
22
100
100
22
100
45
100
100
100
100
determined on the basis of the worker’s pay for a
specified length of time (e.g., 1 week and 2 weeks).
For the other workers, vacation payments were
computed as a percentage of annual earnings.
Virtually all workers were eligible for 2 weeks
after 1 year of service ; two-thirds were eligible for
3 weeks after 10 years of service. Plants employ
ing a tenth of the workers provided 4 weeks’
vacation pay after 25 years of service.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life,
hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for which
employers paid at least part of the cost, were
available to nearly all production workers. Either
sickness and accident insurance or sick leave also
was provided virtually all workers. Medical
insurance and accidental death and dismember
ment insurance were provided for about two-fifths
of the workers.
Retirement pension plans (other than the pro
gram under Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance) applied to practically all
production workers.
i
■foP na provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
« a b l e to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered ap
plicable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility
Profit-Sharing Plans. Formalized profit-sharing
requirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits
may be smaller than estimated.
plans
were in effect in establishments employing
* Includes data for States in addition to those shown separately.
Vacation payments, such as percentage of annual earnings, were connearly
three-fifths of the workers. Participation
verted to an equivalent time basis. The periods of service were arbitrarily
chosen and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression.
in
the
plans typically was contingent upon em
F or example, the changes indicated at 10 years may include changes occurring
hetween 1 and 10 years. “ Service” payments, either during the summer or
ployment
for a specified length of time. Company
at the end of the year, to workers with specified periods of service were classi
fied as vacation pay regardless of whether workers take time off from work
contributions
Were allocated to the accounts of
4 Less than 0.5 percent.
5 Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by
participating
employees on the basis of their
the employer, and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s com
pensation and social security.
earnings.
— F r e d W . M ohr
4 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sick leave or sickness and accident
insurance shown separately.
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Technical Note
Estimating Equivalent Incomes or
Budget Costs by Family Type*
scales that measure the relative
income required by families of differing composi
tion to maintain the same level of material well
being constitute an important tool in studies of
family living. Limitations of existing scales led
to the development of the “scale of equivalent
income” presented here. The scale values cover
six family sizes cross-classified by five family
types and four age-of-head classes and were
derived from data obtained in the Bureau’s
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950.
This scale was prepared from 1950 expenditure
data as the basis for adjusting urban family in
come data for variations in the size, age, and
type of family.1 Distributions of families by
equivalent income enable analysts, having speci
fied the level of income which defines a stated
level of living, to ascertain the approximate num
ber of families or persons in each group, or groups,
who have “incomes” at, below, or above this
level. In this sense, the scale is a measure of
“real income” for families of different size, age,
and composition.
Another major use of the scale is its application
to the revised costs of the City Worker’s Family
Budget.2 The scale provides the basis for esti
mating budget costs for city families of other
sizes, ages, and types. These estimates, in turn,
can be used in conjunction with appropriate
income data to estimate the number of large city
families with incomes above and below the budget
level. The scale may be used in similar fashion
with budgets which define other levels of living
for city families.
The scale can also be used for estimating the
changes in income required to maintain the same
level of living over the family life cycle. It will thus
be instrumental in the Bureau’s plans for obtain
ing revised estimates of the costs of raising a child.3
C onsumption
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The scale values derived from the 1950 survey
data are shown in table 1. The value for each
size and type of family in each of four age classes
is expressed as a percent of the spendable income
for 4-person families with husband aged 35-55
years, wife, and 2 children, the older of whom is
between 6 and 16 years old. This is the hype of
family which most nearly approximates that
described for the City Worker’s Family Budget,
which consists of an employed husband aged 38,
a wife not employed outside the home, a boy
aged 13, and an 8-year-old girl.
The income used in the derivation of the scale
was net income after income taxes and occupa
tional expense. In using the scale for estimating
budget costs for different types of families from
the costs for the City Worker’s Family Budget,
the scale values should be applied to the budget
costs for goods and services. Personal taxes,
social security deductions, etc., vary by family
size, age, and level of income and should, therefore,
be calculated separately.
Derivation of the Scale
Measurement of the relative income required to
provide the same or an equivalent level of living
for families of different age and composition
requires identification of families who have
‘Adapted from a report prepared by the late Marsha Froeder of the Divi
sion of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 The study was undertaken at the request of the Committee for Economic
Development, and funds for the extensive tabulations required in the analysis
were provided by the committee.
2 The interim revision of the City Worker’s Family Budget, together with
its estimated cost at autum n 1959 prices in 20 large cities, was published in
the August 1960 M onthly Labor Review, pp. 785-808. This budget repre
sents a “modest but adequate” level of living for a 4-person husband and
wife family with 2 school-age children.
For a description of the use of consumption scales with family budgets,
see Workers’ Budgets in the United States: City Families and Single
Persons, 1946 and 1947 (BLS Bull. 927, 1948), pp. 49-51.
3 See William F. Ogbum, The Financial Cost of Rearing a Child, in
Standards of Child Welfare (Washington, D.C., 1919); Louis I. Dublin and
Alfred J. Lotka, The Money Value of a Man (New York, Ronald Press,
1930, Revised 1946); and Eleanor M. Snyder, Financing a Family (in
Eugenical News,New York, December 1953).
The revised estimates are scheduled for publication by the BLS in the
summer of 1961.
1197
1198
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
attained the same level of material well-being,
sometimes described as “equal levels of satisfac
tion.” Extensive analyses of consumption data
that date back over more than a century have
provided a variety of measures of general welfare,
e.g., the relative adequacy of diets, the proportion
of income spent for various categories of goods, or
the proportion of income saved.4 These measures,
either singly or in combination, have been used
as the basis for determining scales of equivalent
income for families of different size. Two such
scales were published with the original calculation
of the City Worker’s Family Budget.5 Most of
these scales did not differentiate families by age
of the family head or by composition within size
classes. The detailed cross-classification of fam
ilies used in the tabulation of the data from the
Bureau’s Survey of Consumer Expenditures in
T a b l e 1. S cale of E q u iv a l e n t I ncome 1 for C ity
F a m il ie s of D if f e r e n t S iz e , A ge , a n d C om position
[4-person family—husband, age 35-55, wife, 2 children, older 6-16=100]
Age of head
Size and type of family
Un 35-55 55-65 65 or
over
der 35
O n e p erson .
42
50
46
37
Two persons:
Husband and w ife...
One parent and child.
63
62
66
68
67
67
63
64
73
81
85
80
87
102
98
96
91
101
97
84
92
91
88
100
123
116
120
111
125
119
101
115
111
116
99
no
139
131
123
132
139
135
127
124
T h r e e p erson s:
Husband, wife, child under 6___
Husband, wife, child 6-16...........
Husband, wife, child 16-18...........
Husband, wife, child 18 and over.
One parent, 2 c h ild ren ................
Four persons:
Husband, wife, 2 children, (older under 6)__
Husband, wife, 2 children, (older 6-16)...........
Husband, wife, 2 children, (older 16-18).........
Husband, wife, 2 children, (older 18 or more).
One parent, 3 children..................... ................
F i v e p erson s:
Husband, wife, 3 children, (oldest under 6)...
Husband, wife, 3 children, (oldest 6-16)____
Husband, wife, 3 children, (oldest 16-18)........
Husband, wife, 3 children, (oldest 18 or over).
One parent, 4 children___________________
Six or more persons:
Husband, wife, 4 or more children, (oldest
under 6)_________ ___________________
Husband, wife, 4 or more children, (oldest
6-16)....................................... .................
Husband, wife, 4 or more children, (oldest
16-18)______________________________
Husband, wife, 4 or more children, (oldest
18 or o v e r)............... ....................................
One parent, 5 or more children____________
80
82
95
107
102
94
115
119
99
109
131
137
133
146
149
144
127
150
131
153
134
147
1The scale values shown in this table are the percentages of the income of
the base family (4 persons—husband, age 35-55, wife, 2 children, older 6-16
years) required to provide the same level of livmg for city families of differ
ent size, age, and composition.
Italicized figures are the scale values published with the revised City
Worker’s Family Budget in the M onthly Labor Review, August 1960 (pp.
785-808).
S o u e c e : Derived from BLS Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950.
See text footnote 9.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950 provided the basis for calculating a scale with
such differentiation.
One of the most generally accepted measures of
the level of living is the percent of family income
allocated to food. Ernst Engel in 1857 said, “The
proportion of the outgo used for food, other things
being equal, is the best measure of the material
standard of living of a population.” 6 Subsequent
research brought to light many important quali
fications to this statement, but its essential validity
has been confirmed by extensive analyses of con
sumption data relating to different dates and differ
ent populations. Essentially the same form of
relationship between food expenditures and in
come has been observed in eight consumer expendi
ture surveys conducted by the BLS during the
period from 1888 to 1950.7 Thus the scale shown
in table 1 is based on the assumption that families
spending the same proportion of income on food
have attained equal levels of living. This defini
tion of equivalence is essentially the same in
concept as Friedman’s and has been called the
“ standard commodity approach” by Prais and
Houthakker.
The ratios of income for families of different
type who have attained equal levels of living can
be derived from the following algebraic formula,
which describes this characteristic income-food
expenditure relationship: 8
y^ K iiX i)'
Where,
Ui—the average expenditure for food by family
type i
xt= the average net income of family type i
Ki= the measure of level of the income-food ex
penditure relationship for family type i
* For a summary of consumption scales and source references, see Robert
Morse Woodbury, Economic Consumption Scales and their Uses (in Journal
of the American Statistical Association, December 1944, pp. 455-468). See
also Milton Friedman, A Method of Comparing Incomes of Families Differ
ing in Composition, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth (New
York, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1952), Vol. 15; and S. J.
Prais and H. S. Houthakker, The Analysis of Family Budgets (New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1955).
« BLS Ball. 927, loc. cit.
6 As translated in Carle C. Zimmerman, Consumption and Standards of
Living (New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1936), p. 99.
7 See Dorothy S. Brady, Family Saving, 1888 to 1950, in A Study of Saving
in the United States (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1956),
Part II, pp. 149-156; and Eleanor M. Snyder, The Impact of Long-Term
Structural Changes on Family Buying and Saving: 1888-1950, in Consumer
Behavior (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1958).
8 For a detailed discussion of this consumption function, see Brady, op. cit.,
and Snyder, op. cit. Income elasticities of food expenditures calculated
from over 300 cross-section family expenditure studies in individual cities
at different dates yielded an average value of 0.54.
EQUIVALENT INCOMES OR BUDGET COSTS BY FAMILY TYPE
e=the income elasticity of food expenditures,
taken in the following as approximately
one-half.
The ratio of food expenditures to income for
T a b l e 2.
1199
E q u iv a l e n t I ncome S cales F rom F our
S t u d ie s
[Specified 4-person family=100]
S iz e a n d t y p e o f fa m ily
the ¿th type,
is equal to the correspond-
ing ratio for the base type, i=4,
O n e p e r s o n . ...................................................
K, (*,)*
when
T w o p e r so n s______________ ___________
M a r r ie d c o u p le ___________________
K,
(a *)*
The data used in calculating the scale values
were the published tabulations of the Survey of
Consumer Expenditures in 1950.® The calcula
tions were based on the average food expenditures
and average incomes of urban consumer units in
each size-age class and in each size-type class.
The ratio U~=K'i was assumed to be propor(Xi )*
tional to Ki on the basis of evidence from the
earlier large sample surveys of 1935-36. The
steps required in the calculation were as follows:
1. Average income after taxes and average food
expenditures for the North, South, and West for
size-age and size-type classes were obtained. This
process entailed combining averages for the nine
income classes within each of the nine city-region
classes and then combining the latter classes into
three regions, using 1950 population weights.
2. K, or -j/2 >was calculated for each cell mdicated in step 1, i.e., size-age and size-type within
the North, South, and West.
3. K values were estimated to correspond with
the average values for all types within size-age
classes and for all ages within size-type classes for
each region.
4. Ratios of the K ’s obtained in step 3 to that
for the base family—husband, wife, and 2 children,
with the older aged 6-16—were calculated and
squared.
5. Squared K ratios from step 4 for North,
South, and West were plotted by type-size within
age groups. Since regional differences were not
significant, lines averaging the three regions, which
were drawn by inspection, determined the U.S.
ratios.
• Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes, and Savings (University of
Pennsylvania, 1956-57), Vols. I and III.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h r e e p e r so n s_________________________
M a r ried c o u p le, 1 c h ild 6-16
M a r r ie d c o u p le , b o y 13__________
F o u r p e r so n s__________________________
M a r r ie d c o u p le , 2 c h ild r e n , o ld er
6-1 6______ _____ _________________
M a r r ie d co u p le , b o y 13, g irl 8___
WPA A d e q u a c y A m o u n t s
T h is M a in t e o f d ie ts , o f s a v in g s ,
s tu d y 1 nance
1935-36 3 1935-36,
B u d g e t2
1941,1944 4
50
66
46
65
66
84
84
100
100
115
114
129
127
67
87
87
100
100
F i v e p e r so n s______________ ______ _____
M a r r ie d c o u p le , 3 c h ild r e n , o ld
e s t 6 -1 6 _________________________
M a r r ie d c o u p le , b o y 13, g ir l 8,
c h ild 6 _________________________ _
120
S ix p e r so n s_________________ __________
M a r r ie d c o u p le , 4 or more c h il
d ren , o ld e s t 6—16_____ _______ .
M a r r ie d c o u p le , b o y 13, girl 8, 2
c h ild r e n 4 a n d 6________________
137
114
128
1 See table 1. Age of head, 35-55 years.
8 Lelia M. Easson and Edna C. Wentworth, Techniques for Estimating
the Cost of Living at the W PA Maintenance Level for Families of Different
Composition (in Social Security Bulletin, March 1947, p. 12.) Scales calcu
lated from costs of WPA Maintenance Budget in St. Louis, June 15, 1941.
Age of head, 36-47 years.
3 BLS Bull. 927, op. cit., p. 51. Scale used in connection with the original
City Worker’s Family Budget. Based on percent of families with adequate
diets by income, 1935-36, age of head and family composition not specified.
* Ibid. Based on percent of income saved by families of different size;
age of head and family composition not specified.
6.
A final adjustment involved plotting the
squared K ratios obtained in step 4 for the three
regions by age within type-size groups. The U.S,
ratios from step 5 were also plotted and were
adjusted in a few cases. These adjusted figures,
are the scale values shown in table 1.
Comparison With Other Scales
In table 2, selected values from this scale based
on 1950 expenditure data are compared with
values from three scales derived from earlier
expenditure and budget studies. The scale derived
from the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Maintenance Budget is a combination of four
scales: (1) a food scale based on nutritional
requirements at low cost; (2) a cost of consumption
scale for clothing derived from the BLS study of
money disbursements in 1934-36; (3) a scale for
miscellaneous personal items, based on components
in this category in the original WPA Maintenance
Budget in 1935; and (4) a scale for expenses for
items of general family use based on the cost of
that budget in St. Louis in June 1941. The
1200
second scale, published with the original City
Worker’s Family Budget and used to estimate its
cost for families of different size, is based on an
analysis of the variation in the percent of families
of given size at different income levels who had
adequate diets, as observed in 1935-36 food
expenditure and consumption data. The third
scale, also published with the original City Work
er’s Family Budget, is based on an analysis of the
percent of income saved by families of different
size as reported in the Bureau’s expenditure
surveys in 1935-36, 1941, and 1944.
Despite differences in methodology and in
criteria of equivalence, there is a marked similarity
of values from the four scales for the 2- and 3-person
families. The higher values in the new scale for
large families—5- and 6-or-more-person families—
appear to reflect a trend to greater expenditures
for teenage and near teenage children in 1950,
compared with the mid-1930’s and early 1940’s.
The scales published with the original City
Worker’s Family Budget did not differentiate
families by the age of the family head. It was
noted that “the relative position of the 1-person
and 2-person families is an averaging of the young
and the old. It is quite possible that there are
significant differences between ‘young’ families
and ‘old’ families in the amount of income required
to maintain the same level of living.” 10 Based
on adequacy of diets, the scale value for a 2-person
family was 65 percent of the 4-person family;
based on analysis of savings, it was 66 percent.
When the original Elderly Couple’s Budget was
priced in October 1950, its cost in 34 large cities
ranged from 48 to 56 percent of the cost of the
goods and services in the younger 4-person City
Worker’s Family Budget in these same cities.
The lower values obtained from the budget study
reflected both age variations in consumption
requirements and procedural differences in the
two budgets.
The scale value for a couple with head aged 65
years or over derived from the 1950 data is 63
percent of that for a 4-person family with head
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
aged 35-55 years and 2 children, the older between
6-16 years. (See table 1.) The autumn 1959
costs of the revised Retired Couple’s Budget in
20 large cities ranged from 56 to 62 percent of
the cost of the revised City Worker’s Family Budg
et in these cities.11 The somewhat lower aver
age scale value indicated by the Retired Couple’s
Budget cost comparison in part reflects the fact
that the budget costs are for a retired couple,
while the scale of equivalent income derived from
the 1950 expenditure data included both employed
and retired family heads.
The italicized scale values in table 1 were those
used to estimate the cost of total goods and serv
ices (spendable income) required by 2-, 3-, and
5-person families in the 35-55 age group to main
tain a level of living comparable with that de
scribed for the 4-person family in the revised City
Worker’s Family Budget.12 Comparable esti
mates of the total cost of goods and services which
would provide this level of living for 2-, 3-, 4-,
and 5-person families with head less than 35 years
of age and oldest child under 6 years are illus
trated by the following tabulation for Washington,
D.C., which was the base city for the budget.
Estimated, a n n u a l cost at a u tu m n
1969 prices
H ead under 85 years,
oldest child under 6
2345-
person
person
person
person
family---------family______
family______
family______
$3,
3,
4,
4,
275
795
263
887
H ead 85-55 years,
oldest child 6-16
$3,431
4,523
5,199
6,239
In using the 1950 scale to estimate budget
costs, it should be recognized that the scale values
relate to less specific family types than those
usually specified in standard budgets. The ex
penditure data included, for example, small as
well as large cities, both employed and unem
ployed families, and homeowners as well as
renters. Thus they may differ somewhat from
scales based on narrowly defined family types.
'0 BLS Bull. 927, loc. cit.
11 See article on pp. 1141-1157 of this issue.
12 See footnote 2. The 4-person family for whom the budget was designed
consisted of a husband aged 38, wife, a girl aged 8, and a boy 13.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Representation Elections. A U.S. district court
held 1 that a union which filed a representation
petition on the day after it began picketing an
employer’s premises for purpose of recognition
was not entitled to an expedited election under
section 8(b)(7)(C) of the National Labor Rela
tions Act as amended by the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959.
The day after it had begun peaceful picketing,
a union filed a representation petition with the
National Labor Relations Board for recognition
as the bargaining representative of a company’s
employees. Five days later, individual memberemployees filed unfair labor practice charges which
had been prepared by the union, alleging a viola
tion of the recognition picketing restrictions of
section 8(b)(7) of the act. It was not disputed
that the charges were filed for the express purpose
of invoking the expedited election procedure
provided by the 1959 amendment to section 8(b).
After investigation, a regional director of the
NLRB dismissed the unfair labor charges on the
basis that they were not bona fide.2 Since, accord
ing to the rules and regulations of the Board, the
holding of an expedited election is contingent
upon the filing of an unfair labor practice charge
under section 8(b)(7), the Board reasoned that
absent a valid unfair labor practice charge, it
could not direct an expedited election. The union
then sued to compel the NLRB to direct such an
election.
In upholding the NLRB’s decision, the court
pointed out that the expedited election is invocable
when and if the terms and conditions from which
it would naturally generate have been met. These
include the Board’s prerequisite of the existence of
a valid unfair labor practice charge—a require
ment that is not met by the filing of a charge
against one’s self.
5684570— 60>-------5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The court also reasoned that section 8(b)(7)(C)
must be taken as a part of the integrated pattern
of sections 8 and 9, and that any subsection thereof
must be read as subordinate to or dependent upon
the whole plan. Thus, if Congress had intended
to confer a primary independent right to an ex
pedited election entirely separated from the rest of
the statutory scheme, it would seem that such
intention would have manifested itself in a more
forthright manner rather than in the “shy seclu
sion” of section 8(b)(7)(C). The court concluded
that the Board’s operations were not inconsistent
with the existing statutory scheme of sections
8 and 9.
Hot-Cargo Contracts. A three-member majority
of the National Labor Relations Board ruled3 that
a contract containing a hot-cargo clause outlawed
by section 8(e) of the NLRA as amended does not
bar a representation election, although the con
tract was executed prior to enactment of sub
section (e).
In this case, the United Furniture Workers
sought a representation election in a unit of pro
duction and maintenance employees who were
currently covered by a contract between the em
ployer and the United Brotherhood of Carpenters.
The latter asserted that this contract, which
carried an expiration date of May 1, 1961, barred
the petition. The contract contained a hot-cargo
clause of the type proscribed by section 8(e); by
its terms, the employer agreed that after notice
from the union, it would not purchase materials
from any company with which the Carpenters had
a bona fide labor dispute.
The Board found merit in the United Furniture
Workers’ contention that its petition was not
barred by the contract. The Board stated that if
it were to hold agreements containing hot-cargo
clauses effective for contract-bar purposes, it
would be giving force and effect to such clauses
*Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 N L R B v. Local 7, International Brotherhood o f Team sters (U.S.D.O. E.D.
Mich., June 24, 1960).
2 Because of having been filed by or on behalf of the picketing union—in
effect a charge filed against one’s self.
3 P ilg rim F u rn itu re Co. and U nited F u rn itu re W orkers o f A m erica , 128
NLRB No. 92 (Aug. 24, 1960).
1201
1202
despite express statutory language making them
unenforcible and void. The Board was not
persuaded that a different conclusion was required
because the parties executed the agreement before
the hot-cargo clause was added to section 8 by
the 1959 amendments, since it was not dealing
here with a possible retroactive application of
section 8(e) to the execution of the clause in ques
tion, but rather with the present effect to be given
to that clause after it was rendered unenforcible
and void by the 1959 amendent.
The Board also rejected the argument that
because section 8(e) provides that a contract is
unenforceable and void only to the extent that
it contains a hot-cargo clause, the remaining pro
visions of the contract were sufficient to bar the
petition. The Board pointed out that since 1948
when it issued its decision in H a g e r H in g e , 4 it has,
with variations not material to this case, con
sistently held that a contract otherwise valid
except for its union security provisions is no bar.
Moreover, in the relatively recent K e y sto n e case, 5
the Board expressly rejected the argument that
invalid union security clauses should not be con
sidered in a representation proceeding as affecting
the status of an otherwise valid contract. It
therefore could perceive no reason why a different
rule should apply when a proscribed hot-cargo
rather than an invalid union security clause is
involved.
The Board noted that in the line of cases dealing
with invalid union security clauses, it was giving
effect to the protection of section 7 rights. It
then observed that in the instant case, even
assuming that section 7 rights are not involved,
it was giving effect to other congressional policy6
by holding the contract no bar.
The Board refused to uphold the Carpenters’
and the employer’s contention that the article
containing the hot-cargo clause is of no force and
effect by the very terms of the agreement itself,
since under another provision, this article was
automatically amended to comply with the re
quirements of section 8(e). The Board pointed
out that it does not recognize savings clauses of
this type as curing, for contract-bar purposes,
otherwise invalid union security provisions.
In his dissent, Chairman Leedom pointed out
that the contract was executed at a time when
the execution of a hot-cargo agreement was not an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1900
unfair labor practice. He reasoned that although
subsection (e), added to section 8 by the 1959
amendments, rendered the hot-cargo provision of
this contract unenforcible and void, the contract
was otherwise valid. Therefore, he “ perceived
no valid public purpose to be served by holding
that the parties’ inclusion of the hot-cargo clause
removes the contract as a bar.”
Also dissenting, Member Fanning stated that
the purpose of the exceptions to the contract-bar
rule is to balance two of the policies set forth in
section 1 of the act—stability and continuity of
the collective bargaining relationship on the one
hand, and, on the other, the right of employees to
select, change, or refrain from selecting a bar
gaining representative. He stated that the con
tractual provision here involved did not restrain
or coerce the employees in selecting or refraining
from selecting a bargaining representative.
Hence, there was no conflict with the policies of
stability and freedom of selection which would
justify setting aside the contract and the contractbar rule.
Member Fanning’s dissent also noted that the
majority ruling, by refusing to find the contract
a bar, abrogated the contract in its entirety, thus
exceeding the policy of Congress. The dissent
asserted that in enacting section 8(e) Congress
provided that as to a hot-cargo clause, U£any con
tract or agreement entered into heretofore or
hereafter containing such an agreement shall be
to such extent unenforcible and void.’ [Congress!
did not provide that the whole contract was to be
a nullity . . . .” Thus, the majority decision
operates to create different rules for different
employers and invites protracted litigation.
Wages and Hours
Coverage, N o . 1. A U.S. district court held7 that
the Fair Labor Standards Act applied to employees
engaged in clearing, grading, and preparing sites
for construction of facilities at an Air Force base.
1 Hager and S ons H in g e M a n u fa c tu rin g Co. and D ist. N o . 9, International
Association o f M a ch in ists, N ov. 5,1958, 80 NLRB 163 (195S).
5
K eystone Coat, A p r o n and Tow el S u p p ly Co., and Local 897, Internatio lal
Brotherhood o f Team sters, 121 NLRB 880 (1958).
6“ Certainly the rights of the public which were in part to be served by
rendering hot-cargo clauses ineffective are as worthy of our consideration and
protection as section 7, rights of employment.”
7 M itch ell v. P reskitt, d.b.a. P reskitt Construction Co. (U.S.D.C. N.D. Fla.,
May 19,1960).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
This case concerned a construction company
that had been engaged in clearing, grading, and
preparing projects which were integral parts of
Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, together with con
structing certain access roads, streets, and parking
areas at or in the vicinity ot these projects. This
base was an active installation of the U.S. military
establishment, and it was stipulated that approxi
mately 90 percent of all goods and materials
received there were shipped and delivered from
sources outside Florida.
The company compensated its employees at 1%
times their regular rates of pay for hours worked in
excess of 8 per day, but failed to pay them at 1%
times their regular rates of pay for hours worked
in excess of 40 per workweek, except coincidentally
where the total number of daily overtime hours
equaled or exceeded the number of weekly over
time hours. Despite repeated notice from the
U.S. Department of Labor that their record
keeping and pay practices did not comply with
the act, the company continued these practices.
The court held that since the facilities under
construction were extensions and additions to
Eglin Air Force Base and were directly and vitally
related to the worldwide flight operations of the
Strategic Air Command, the construction of these
facilities constituted additions to and improve
ments of existing instrumentalities of commerce
within the meaning of the act. The court there
fore concluded that the employees were covered
by the act and that the company had violated its
overtime and recordkeeping provisions. The
court issued an injunction restraining future viola
tions even though the employer had completed
the projects before this action was instituted.
Coverage, No. 2. A U.S. court of appeals held 8
that warehouse employees of a Puerto Rican
importer who received, checked, and stored in
coming goods were covered by the FLSA.
A Puerto Rican importer and distributor of
hardware, plumbing, and building supplies had a
store, an office, and warehouse facilities in one
building and two additional warehouses elsewhere;
80 percent of the goods he sold came from the
8 A . Mayol & Co., Sucsrs. de v. Mitchell (O.A. 1, June 30,1960).
9 Walling v. Jacksonville Paper Co., 317 U.S. 564 (1943).
10 Walling v. Goldblatt Bros., Inc. 128 F. 2d 778 (1942).
11 147 F. 2d 994 (1945).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1203
United States. Upon arrival at the docks, the
imported merchandise was transported to the
warehouses by an independent trucker who placed
the goods on an elevator in the main building or
near the door in the other warehouses. The con
tents of the packages were then checked against
invoices and taken to the appropriate storage
room by the importer’s employees.
A U.S. court of appeals affirmed the decision of
a district court enjoining the employer from
violating the minimum wage and overtime provi
sions of the FLSA with respect to those employees
who received, checked, and stored goods delivered
to the warehouses. The issues were whether these
employees were engaged in commerce within the
meaning of the act, and, if so, whether they were
exempt, under section 13(a)(2) of the act, as
employees of a “retail or service establishment.”
To answer the first question, the court had to
determine at what point the goods came to rest,
thus ending their movement in interstate com
merce. The court noted that the U.S. Supreme
Court has held that interstate commerce continues
through any temporary pause until the originally
contemplated journey is completed.9 In this
case, the court concluded that commerce ended
at the warehouse. The question then became,
where the goods came to rest within the warehouse,
so as to terminate the flow of commerce. The
court discussed a previous decision holding that
“since upon delivery of the goods at defendant’s
warehouse, interstate movement had ceased,
employees concerned solely with subsequent
moving and storing of the goods in the warehouses
are not in commerce.” 10 It noted that there the
court’s attention seemed to be directed to the
question of whether the goods came to rest at the
warehouse or later at retail stores, and that the
opinion, if it specifically considered the present
question, gave no reason why the line should be
drawn at the point where the goods entered the
building.
The court noted that its own earlier decision in
Domenech v. Pan American Standard Brands,
Inc.,n had observed that “the ‘state of rest’
doctrine . . . holds that the interstate journey
ends when the goods come to rest in the whole
saler’s warehouse and are intermingled with the
mass of property there.” The court reasoned that
the “journey obviously does not terminate simply
1204
when the destined owner takes possession . . . nor
should it when the property crosses a particular
threshold.” The “placement of a shipment in an
elevator, or on the floor by a doorway,” said the
court, “results in only a ‘temporary pause/” and a
“state of rest” occurs only “when the goods have
been placed in their intended destination as stock.”
Therefore, the court affirmed the lower court’s
conclusion that those employees concerned with
receiving, checking, and storing goods within the
warehouse were “engaged in commerce.”
The’ court rejected the defendant’s claim of
exemption under section 13(a)(2), as a “ ‘retail or
service establishment’ . . . 75 percent of whose
annual dollar volume of sales of goods . . . is not
for resale and is recognized as retail sales . . . in
the particular industry.” Of the defendant’s an
nual sales, 21.6 percent were admittedly to retailers
for resale, and an additional 3.6 percent were sales
of materials to building contractors for purposes
other than residential or farm building construc
tion, repair, or maintenance. The court noted
that the U.S. Supreme Court held 12 that the sale
of parts to a manufacturer, who incorporated them
into airplanes which were sold as finished products,
constituted sales “for resale.” The court saw “no
difference between the resale of a completed article
containing a defendant’s parts, and the incorpora
tion of a defendant’s material, no doubt at a price,
into the property of a contractor’s customers.”
Therefore, it found that more than 25 percent of
the defendant’s annual sales were for resale, hence
defeating his claim of exemption.
Overruling the defendant’s objection that the
wording of the injunction was too general in failing
to specify particular employees or particular em
ployments, the court held it proper to couch such
an injunction in general terms when the defendant
had been independently advised (by the district
court’s opinion) of what employees were covered.
Coverage, No. 3. A U.S. district court held 13 that
the FLSA applies to employees of tobacco ware
houses that sell tobacco, a small percentage of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
which comes from another State and substantial
portions of which are shipped to other States.
Approximately 2 percent of the total volume
of tobacco sold at two Georgia warehouses came
from Florida and substantial portions were shipped
to points outside Georgia. During the 1958 and
1959 tobacco seasons, the warehouseman employed
certain workers at 75 cents an hour. He also
employed other workers who sorted tobacco re
trieved from floor sweepings, and who were com
pensated by pound of tobacco sorted; no record
was kept of the hours worked by these employees.
In 1958, the warehouseman sought legal advice
concerning the applicability of the wage and hour
law and was advised that the employees of a
tobacco warehouseman are not engaged in com
merce or in the production of goods for commerce
within the meaning of the act.
The court concluded that the tobacco handled
by the warehouseman’s employees was moving in
interstate commerce and both the defendant and
his employees were engaged in interstate commerce
within the meaning of the FLSA. Even if they
were not so engaged, the court concluded that they
were engaged in the production of goods for com
merce within the meaning of the act, since such
production includes “every kind of incidental
operation preparatory to putting goods into the
stream of commerce.” 14 The court found that
defendant had violated sections 11(c) and 15(a)
(5) of the act by failing to make and keep records
of the hours worked by some employees; and
section 6 by failing to pay some covered employees
wages at rates not less than $1 an hour. How
ever, after considering the manner of the viola
tions, the nature of the business, the character
of defendant and his reliance in good faith on the
opinion of competent counsel, the court refused
to issue an injunction restraining defendant from
violating the FLSA on the ground that there was
no reason to anticipate further violations.
12 Arnold, y. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388 (1960).
» Mitchell v. Pidcock (U.S.D.C. M.D. Ga., Aug. 19, 1960).
14 Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490 (1945).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
area between Trenton, N.J., and Poughkeepsie, N.Y. The
pact included wage raises of 18 to 20 cents an hour (retro
active to September 1), inequity wage adjustments, an
increase (to 33 cents a man-hour) in employer contributions
to health and welfare and pension funds, and a 12th paid
holiday. (See also p. 1210 of this issue.)
September 12
September 1, 1960
T he B u r r o u g h s C o r p . announced pay increases of
percent, with a minimum of 6 cents an hour, for its 11,500
unorganized hourly rated and salaried employees in the
Detroit area.
September 5
S e cretary op L abor J ames P. M itch ell announced that
the Federal district court in Philadelphia had issued a
temporary restraining order against the Keystone Drydock
& Ship Repair Co. to halt violations of the health and
safety regulations established under the 1958 amendments
to the Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Compensa
tion Act. This was the first such injunction under these
regulations, which became effective March 21, 1960.
(See Chron. item for Feb. 19, 1960, MLR, Apr. 1960.)
September 8
A F e d e r a l grand ju r y in Tulsa, Okla., indicted Owen L.
Lawson, former business agent of the Tulsa local of Plumb
ers and Pipe Fitters, fo r e m b e zz lin g u n io n fu n d s and
concealing financial records. This was the first indictment
of a union official under the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act of 1959.
A b o u t 1,000 musicians, employees of major Hollywood
film studios, who had been represented by the Musicians
Guild of America for about 2 years (see Chron. item for
July 11, 1958, MLR, Sept. 1958), voted (473 to 408) to
return to the American Federation of Musicians.
September 10
A r e v ise d m inim um w age order covering women and
minor workers in the restaurants and hotels of the District
of Columbia went into effect. Minimum wages for non
service employees working less than 36 hours a week were
increased to $1 an hour, and for service workers on a
workweek of the same length, to 70 cents an hour. In
creased minimums were also set for employees on longer
workweeks. (See also p. 1210 of this issue.)
September 11
M e m b e r s of the Teamsters union ratified a 2-year master
agreement covering 50,000 drivers employed by over-theroad trucking and local cartage companies operating in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A 12- day st r ik e of the Pennsylvania Railroad’s 20,000
maintenance and shop employees, which had idled an
estimated 52,000 other workers, ended when the strikers
ratified a new agreement negotiated by the Transport
Workers Union and the Pennsylvania unit of the Railway
Employes’ Department of the AFL-CIO. (The latter
group represents 5,000 mechanics, sheetmetal workers,
and blacksmiths who belong to their respective craft
unions.) The settlement covered four issues: jurisdictional
conflict involving the handling of pipework, job classifica
tions, subcontracting of repair work, and the question of
the assignment of coupling air hoses. (See also p. 1209 of
this issue.)
September 13
P resident D w ight D . E ise n h o w e r approved: (1) amend
ments to the Social Security law (PL 86-778) which pro
vide, among other benefits, extension and improvement
of coverage under the Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance System, an increase in grants to
States providing medical care for those on old-age assist
ance rolls, and financial aid to States that wish to provide
medical care to other elderly people based on a means test;
(2) an amendment (PL 86-757) to the Longshoremen’s
and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act which gives
injured employees the right to select their own physicians;
and (3) amendments to the Federal Employees’ Com
pensation Act (PL 86—767) which liberalize death and
disability benefits for employees or their beneficiaries whose
injury or death occurred in the course of their employment.
T h e P r e sid e n t named Arthur A. Kimball of Washing
ton, D.C., to the National Labor Relations Board. Mr.
Kimball, Staff Director of the President’s Advisory Com
mittee on Government Organization for the past 7 years,
succeeded Stephen S. Bean, who did not seek reappoint
ment. His appointment will be subject to confirmation
by the Senate of the 87th Congress.
September 14
T h e F ed e ra l D ist r ic t C ourt in Chicago issued a tempo
rary injunction prohibiting Air Line Pilots Association
members employed by eight airlines from boycotting air
ports in 21 southern cities where ALPA has been on
strike against Southern Airways, Inc., since June 5.
On September 19, the Federal appellate court in Chicago
refused to lift the ban.
1205
1206
September 15
of A ppe a l s for the District of
Columbia ruled that an individual chosen by employees
as their bargaining representative could not conclude a
union security contract under the Taft-Hartley Act’s
union security provision, because that provision requires
employees to maintain membership in a “labor organiza
tion.” In setting aside the NLRB decision, the court
held that Congress did not intend to give individuals the
powers reserved in the act to organizations. (The cases
were Schultz v. N LRB and N LRB v. Grand Union Co.)
T he F ed era l C o urt
A b o u t 60 labor union delegates from Caribbean countries
ended a 2-day meeting in St. George’s, Grenada (Federa
tion of the West Indies), having established a new cen
tral labor organization, the Caribbean Congress of Labor.
The CCL succeeds the Caribbean Area Division of the
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers
(CAD-ORIT). F r a n k W a lc o tt, g e n e ra l s e c re ta ry of the
Barbados Workers Union, and Osmond Dyce, former act
ing secretary of the CAD-ORIT, won election as the
group’s president and secretary-treasurer, respectively.
September 16
T h e n in t h c o n v en tio n of the International Union of
Electrical Workers ended in Miami Beach. Among other
actions, the delegates amended the constitution (subject
to rank-and-file approval in a referendum) to set higher
monthly dues and assessments and lengthen the terms of
office for the president and secretary-treasurer from 2 to
4 years, and established an engineering council on the
international level. In proposals aimed at countering the
effects of automation, the convention also called for ad
vance planning for the introduction of technological
changes, retraining of employees, and a shorter workweek
to maintain employment levels. (See also p. 1212 of
this issue.)
T h e G ran d L odge C o n v e n t io n of the International
Association of Machinists came to an end in St. Louis,
Mo. The delegates voted for an intensified organizing
program, particularly among office, technical, and pro
fessional employees and among mechanics in the auto
motive repair industry, and for an eight-point program
to prevent mass unemployment resulting from automa
tion. They also approved constitutional amendments
(subject to membership ratification) reducing strike bene
fits from $35 to $25 a week and lengthening the waiting
period from 1 to 2 weeks. (See also p. 1211 of this issue.)
T h e NLRB r eg io n al o ffice in New York City announced
that taxicab drivers from 57 of 64 employer groups in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
city had rejected Local 826 of the Teamsters and voted for
no union in elections held during the preceding several days.
The Teamsters won one election; the Metropolitan Taxi
Workers (Ind.) won another; and five elections were unde
termined at the time of the announcement. Approxi
mately 20,000 drivers were involved in all elections.
T h e Esso S e a m e n ’s A ssociation (I n d .) and the Esso Div.
of the Humble Oil and Refinery Co. signed a 2-year con
tract, subject to union members’ ratification, providing for
122 (instead of 92) days of paid leave annually (1 day of
leave for 2 days of work) for 1,300 unlicensed seamen of the
Esso tanker fleet. Other improvements included extra
payment for time spent docking and undocking tankers,
and payments for transportation from a port of discharge
to a seaman’s base port.
September 18
M e m b e r s of a United Auto Workers local in Racine, Wis.,
ratified a 2-year contract with the J. I. Case Co., thus
ending a 6-month strike. The terms included wage
increases averaging 12 cents an hour in the first year and a
wage reopener in the second year, triple (instead of double)
pay for holiday work, greater seniority protection during
layoffs and strikes, occupational rather than departmental
seniority for skilled trades, and improved hospital and
medical insurance. However, the agreement did not
provide for a union shop, one of the main issues in the
dispute.
September 19
T h e U n it e d R u b b e r W or k er s opened its 25th anni
versary convention in St. Louis, Mo. During subsequent
sessions, L. S. Buckmaster, having reached retirement age,
resigned the union presidency, a post he had held for 15
years. He was succeeded by the URW organization
director, George Burdon. (See also p. 1212 of this issue.,
September 22
T h e F ed e ra l D istr ict C ourt in Philadelphia, acting
under section 301 of the National Labor Relations Act,
ordered the Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co. and the
Brooks Shoe Co. to pay the United Shoe Workers $78,011
in damages for moving from Philadelphia to Hanover,
Pa., in 1957 to avoid employing organized labor and in
violation of a contract with the union. (The court
awarded $28,011 for past and future dues losses and
$50,000 in punitive damages.) However, the court
refused to compel the firm to return to Philadelphia.
The case was United Shoe Workers v. Brooks Shoe Manu
facturing Co.
1207
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
September 23
T h e U n i t e d S t e e l w o r k e r s ended its 10th biennial con
vention in Atlantic City, N.J. The delegates adopted a
program calling for a shorter workweek, a greater share in
benefits from advances in technology, improvements in
the unemployment compensation system, and expansion of
medical care benefits. (See also p. 1211 of this issue.)
Sept. 1960). The new chairman had served briefly as the
rank-and-file representative on the board earlier this year,
but he had been removed by the court of appeals because
of irregular procedure in his appointment (see MLR,
July 1960, p. 740).
September 28
under
th e
Railway Labor A c t , P r e s i d e n t
Eisenhower created an emergency board to investigate a
dispute over a new contract between the New York Harbor
Carriers’ Conference Committee, representing 11 railroads,
and the Railroad Marine Harbor Council, a union group
which bargains for 1,200 captains, engineers, and deck
hands of 51 tugboats and 10 ferryboats. The action
averted, for 60 days at least, a threatened strike.
A c t in g
for Maryland ruled that section
8(b)(7)(B) of the Landrum-Griffin Act, which prohibits
recognition and organization picketing within 12 months
after a valid representation election, does not abridge
freedom of speech under the First Amendment. The case
was Penello v. Local 692, Retail Clerks International
Association.
T h e U .S . D i s t r i c t C o u r t
September 26
F ederal
D is t r ic t
September 30
C ourt J udge
F . D ic k in s o n
L etts
swore in Terence F. McShane, a former FBI agent, as
chairman of the board of Teamsters’ monitors after the
union had unsuccessfully challenged his appointment in
the Federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
on the grounds of alleged prejudice against the union.
Mr. McShane succeeded Martin F. O’Donoghue, who had
resigned earlier (see Chron. item for July 15, 1960, MLR,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S y l v a n i a E l e c t r i c P r o d u c t s , I n c ., which employs
30,000 workers in 65 plants and laboratories in 13 States,
announced a three-phase wage and benefit program for its
nonunion and eligible salaried employees. Hourly wages
were raised by 5 to 10 cents and, effective in 1961, a sever
ance pay plan established and hospital, insurance, and
pension benefits improved. (See also p. 1208 of this issue.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
E le c tric a l E q u ip m e n t. The International Union of
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers struck the
General Electric Co. on October 2, 1960, upon
failure of the parties to reach a contract. The
company has a total employment of about 240,000
in 166 plants in the United States and Canada, of
whom about 70,000 are represented by the IUE
in more than 50 plants.
The union demands included a 2-year contract
with increases of 3% percent each year, continu
ation of escalation, a supplemental unemployment
benefit plan, strengthened seniority provisions re
lating to transfers, upgrading, and training, and
improved pension and insurance provisions.
On August 30, the company made its basic pro
posal of a 3-year contract including a 3-percent
raise on October 2, 1960, a 4-percent increase in
April 1962, elimination of the cost-of-living esca
lator clause, a retraining program at 95 percent of
job rate for employees with 3 years’ service who
face loss of their jobs because of layoffs or plant
closings, a layoff-severance pay plan, and im
proved pension and insurance benefits.
The company announced that by October 4
more than 30 national and local unions had ac
cepted proposals along the lines described. Among
these were locals of the Machinists, the United
Automobile Workers, the International Brother
hood of Electrical Workers, the Allied Industrial
Workers, and the Draftsmen (Ind.). (Although
the IUE represents the single largest group of
organized workers, about 100 unions have con
tracts with the company.)
During September, the company announced it
had authorized local plant managers to grant
wage increases of up to 3 percent for hourly
nonunion and nonexempt salaried employees,
effective on any date on or after September 12,
1960. It also said that it would, on January 1,
1208
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1961, increase by 30 percent that part of the pen
sion payments based on credits accumulated prior
to September 1, 1946, and double medical benefits
for retirees on October 2, 1960. The company also
stated that it was making medical benefits avail
able to the widows of eligible pensioners.
Contract negotiations between the Westinghouse
Electric Corp. and the IUE continued during the
month. On September 6, the company proposed a
3-year contract generally similar to General
Electric’s offer, but this was also rejected by the
IUE. Westinghouse employs about 116,000
workers, of whom about 40,000 are represented by
the IUE. The union had the right to strike on
1-day notice any time after October 15, 1960.
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., announced on
September 30, a 2-year wage and fringe benefit
program for its nonunion hourly and eligible
salaried employees. Rates of pay were raised
5 to 10 cents an hour retroactive to August 29,
1960. Previous cost-of-living adjustments were
added to basic wage rates, and effective November
1, 1960, the escalator provision was discontinued.
Effective January 1, 1961, a fourth week of
vacation wTill be added for employees with 25 years’
service, a severance-pay plan will go into effect,
and the company-paid hospital and life insurance
plans will be improved. In the second year of the
program (beginning September 1, 1961), a non
contributory pension plan and a voluntary savings
and security plan will go into effect. Previously,
employees were covered by a savings and retire
ment plan to which they contributed 3 percent of
salary or wages.
The company said the same program would be
offered to its organized workers. Union contracts
at Sylvania have various expiration dates, some
expire in October and November of 1960 and
others not until a year later. The company
employs more than 30,000 workers in 13 States.
The International Association of Ma
chinists and McDonnell Aircraft Corp. in St.
Louis, Mo., negotiated a 6-cent-an-hour pay raise
in the first year and an additional 3 cents in 1961,
in a 26-month contract signed in late September.
The contract, affecting about 12,500 workers,
suspended the cost of-living escalator clause, with
A ir c r a ft.
‘Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
adjustments to be resumed in 1961. Reportedly,
any increases in the Consumer Price Index during
the first contract year are to be reflected in adjust
ments beginning in the second year. Previously
accumulated adjustments of 5 cents an hour were
incorporated in base rates. Fringe benefits included
establishment of a layoff benefit plan (similar to
those provided in West Coast aircraft-missile con
tracts *) and improved hospital benefits for em
ployees and their dependents. According to the
union, the contract improvements were worth
about 15.5 cents an hour; the size and timing of
the wage increases differed from those in most of
the West Coast agreements, which totaled 7 cents
an hour, either spread over two steps or entirely
deferred until 1961.
The Douglas Aircraft Co. and the Southern
California Professional Engineering Association
(Ind.), representing about 5,000 engineers, in early
September announced a 2-year contract providing
for an immediate 3-percent pay raise and, begin
ning in September 1961, a new savings plan. The
wage increase applied directly only to employees
earning less than $12,000 a year. For higher paid
engineers, raises are to be made on an individual
merit basis; a merit pool, equivalent to 3 percent,
is to be established from which raises up to 10
percent could be paid. Under the savings plan,
an employee may set aside, through payroll deduc
tions, up to 8 percent of his gross monthly
earnings, with the company matching half the
employee’s contributions. All of the money in an
employee’s account may be used if he is laid off or
retires; upon voluntary termination or discharge, an
employee is entitled to all of his contribution plus
a portion of the company’s, depending on length
of service. Improvements were also made in
pensions, and hospital, medical, and surgical
benefits.
Other Manufacturing. The International Shoe Co.
and two unions—the United Shoe Workers of
America and the Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union—
in early October reached agreement on 2-year
contracts for about 12,300 workers. The con
tracts, subject to local union ratification, called
for a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase on January 1,
1961, and 3 cents more a year later.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, pp. 978-979.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1092.
>I b id .
56S 6 7 0 — 6 d
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1209
The International Longshoremen’s and Ware
housemen’s Union (Ind.) and representatives of
seven Hawaiian pineapple companies agreed on
August 18 to changes in a contract covering 6,700
field and cannery workers. Negotiations were
originally conducted over proposed job upgradings
for about 1,000 workers. The agreement, which
extended the contract for 1 year, to February 1,
1962, called for general wage increases of 10 cents
an hour in three steps and additional increases,
effective October 1, 1960, of 3 to 5 cents an hour
for mobile equipment operators. Other provi
sions included a first paid holiday for nonregular
workers, increased separation pay for employees
with less than 11 years’ service, and medical
coverage for employees retiring at age 55 and
their spouses.
The Burroughs Corp. in early September an
nounced pay raises for 11,500 nonunion hourly
and weekly salaried employees in the Detroit
area. The increases amounted to
percent,
with a minimum of 6 cents an hour.
Transportation. The Pennsylvania Railroad and
union groups representing 20,000 maintenance
and shop workers signed a contract on September
12, ending a work-standards strike that began
September l.2 The strike was conducted by the
Transport Workers Union and three craft unions
affiliated with the Pennsylvania unit of the Rail
way Employes’ Department of the AFL-CIO.
In addition the dispute had idled an estimated
52,000 employees. The settlement was reached
after more than 3 years of negotiations.
Wages were not an issue in the strike. The
TWU had not reached a wage settlement with
the company but the other unions had negotiated
the same wage agreement as the nonoperating
brotherhoods and other railroads had.3 The
Pennsylvania dispute centered on four items: A
jurisdictional conflict between the Sheet Metal
Workers’ union (one of the striking unions) and
the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Em
ployes, a job classification dispute involving
assignment of helper’s work to journeymen, the
question of which craft shall handle hose couplings,
and outside contracting of repair and construction
work. According to press accounts, the settle
ment called for the jurisdictional question to be
worked out among the unions; continuation of
the company’s right to (1) use journeymen to do
1210
helper’s work unless there is 8 hours of helper
work on a shift and (2) assign the air hose coupling
job; and agreement not to farm out shopwork
unless it can be done at a lower cost.
The Pennsylvania Railroad, on September 29,
announced it was putting into effect immediate
pay reductions for 4,300 officers and supervisory
and other nonunion employees. The reductions
ranged from 5 percent for employees earning less
than $10,000 annually up to 30 percent for those
earning $30,000 or more. Board Chairman John
M. Symes said the salary cuts were “for an indefi
nite period.” It was the second consecutive year
in which higher salaried employees took a reduc
tion in pay.4 Between September 1 and De
cember 1, 1959, pay was temporarily reduced 10
percent for those earning $10,000 or over and 5
percent for those earning between $7,200 and
$10,000 a year.
A first master contract providing wage increases
and liberalized holiday, pension, and welfare
provisions was ratified September 11 by Teamster
over-the-road and local cartage truckdrivers em
ployed by firms operating in an area from Trenton,
N. J., to Poughkeepsie, N.Y. The 2-year contract
consolidated 12 separate local agreements. Ac
cording to press accounts, the settlement resulted
in immediate wage increases of 18 to 20 cents an
hour for most of the 50,000 workers reportedly
affected with deferred or larger immediate increases
for some employees. A uniform hourly scale of
$2.88 became effective for tractor-trailer drivers
on September 1, 1960. All other truckdrivers are
to receive a scale of $2.71 an hour by June 1962.
This scale will become effective immediately for all
drivers of heavy trucks and for some drivers of
medium and light trucks; for the remaining drivers,
this scale will become effective either in September
1961 or in June 1962. Fringe benefit changes
included a 12th paid holiday and an increase to
33 cents a man-hour in employer payments to
the union’s pension and health and welfare funds;
the increase amounted to 7 cents for most employ
ers. Locals were permitted to choose how the
increase was to be divided between the two funds.
C o n stru ctio n . In early September, the Boiler
makers union and construction firms signed 20month contracts providing a 25-cent-an-hour wage
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
and fringe benefit package for about 8,000 workers
in five South-Central States. The settlement
called for a total of 15 cents an hour in wage in
creases (10 cents in September 1960 and 5 cents
more in April 1961) and a 10-cent-an-hour
employer contribution (5 cents in April 1961 and
5 cents in July 1961) to the union’s national
pension fund.
A wage and fringe benefit increase of 27 cents
an hour, over 16 months, was negotiated on August
26 for some 4,500 plumbers and pipefitters
employed by contracting firms in Washington and
northern Idaho. The settlement called for a
25-cent-an-hour wage increase on January 1, 1961;
it will bring the journeyman scale to $4.14 an
hour. Employer payments for vacations are to
be increased 1 cent an hour (to 18 cents) begin
ning January 1, 1961, and payments for health
and welfare benefits were to be raised 1 cent an
hour (to 11 cents) on September 1, 1960.
A revised minimum wage order covering
13,000 women and minor employees of restaurants
and hotels in the District of Columbia went into
effect on September 10, 1960. Under the order,
minimum wages for nonservice employees rose by
25 cents an hour, to $1, for employees working less
than 36 hours a week; by $6 a week, to $36, for
those working 36 through 40 hours a week; and to
95 cents an hour for those working more than 40
hours (formerly they received $33 a week). Pay
for service workers, such as waitresses, was
increased $4 a week, to $22.80, for a workweek of
36 through 40 hours, and by 10 cents an hour,
to 60 cents, for a workweek longer than 40 hours,
and to 70 cents an hour for work of less than 36
hours a week.
Representatives of 30 hotels in the District of
Columbia and 5 local unions representing 5,000
service employees agreed on September 19 to pay
increases totaling 6 to 14 cents an hour over a
3-year contract period. The settlement, covering
waiters and waitresses, bellhops, maids, elevator
operators, kitchen help, and bartenders, gave
employees earning less than $54 for a 40-hour
week, 5-cent-an-hour raises in both the first and
second years and a 4-cent increase in 1962; higher
paid workers will receive 2-cent-an-hour increases
S ervices.
4 See Monthly Labor Review, November 1959, p. 1258.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
each year. An additional holiday and the estab
lishment of a pension plan was also provided.
Conventions and Meetings
A number of unions held conventions during
September ; their deliberations centered on employ
ment, automation, organizing, and political action.
Among the unions that convened were the United
Steelworkers of America, the International Asso
ciation of Machinists, the International Union of
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of Amer
ica, and the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and
Plastic Workers of America.
Steelworkers. Resolutions endorsed at the 10th
constitutional convention of the Steelworkers
meeting in Atlantic City, N.J., September 19-23,
dealt with unemployment resulting from declining
manpower requirements in the steel industry and
currently accentuated by low levels of production.
USW President David J. McDonald estimated
that of the union’s 1.2-million members, about
150,000 were unemployed and 250,000 were work
ing part time. Mr. McDonald urged that organ
ized labor intensify its political activity to obtain
a reduction in the standard workweek from 40
to 32 hours and for Government policies leading
to a higher rate of economic growth. In addi
tion, Mr. McDonald said the union would discuss
the shorter workweek and methods for sharing
the benefits of the new technology with the steel
industry through the Human Relations Research
Committee (a joint group to study and recommend
solutions of mutual problems set up under the
January 1960 basic steel contracts).
The convention endorsed a recommendation
that the steel industry invest part of the $1.6
billion in pension reserves in a number of hospitals
or group practice, prepaid medical clinics employ
ing doctors working on salary, to determine if
costs can be reduced and care improved. The
program would parallel those of the United Mine
5
See Joseph W. Garbarino, The Development of Health Insurance Plans
(in Monthly Labor Review, May 1959, pp. 572-578).
« Special Study on the Medical Cate Program for Steelworkers and Their
Families (Pittsburgh, Pa., United Steelworkers of America, Insurance, Pen
sion and Unemployment Benefits Department, 1960).
7 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1958, pp. 1264-1266.
8 Whenever payments from the strike fund are discontinued, benefits of
$10 a week will continue to be paid from the union’s general fund.
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1211
Workers, the garment trades, and the Kaiser
Foundation.5 The recommendation was con
tained in a report6 strongly criticizing insurance
carriers for the protection provided in return for
the $134 million spent annually by the steel in
dustry under employer-financed health and wel
fare programs. Based on a 2-year study author
ized at the union’s 1958 convention,7 the report
found that the available health insurance plans
were too costly, lacked effective controls, and were
subject to overcharges by doctors and hospitals.
(The union and management have jointly asked
the American Medical Association and the Ameri
can Hospital Association what they are doing to
halt rising costs and to increase the effectiveness
and economy of service.) The report contended
that prepaid group practice plans provided more
efficient service and greater benefit return per
dollar cost.
Machinists. A proposal for a 30-hour workweek
was one of several measures adopted at the IAM
convention (St. Louis, Mo., September 6-16) to
retard unemployment resulting from automation.
Other proposals incorporated in an 8-point bar
gaining program included training for new jobs at
full pay, transfer rights and moving allowances,
maintaining the previous rates of pay for down
graded jobs, supplemental unemployment benefit
plans, and equitable distribution of profits of in
creased productivity.
The delegates endorsed changes in the union’s
strike benefit plan, subject to final approval by a
mail referendum. The revisions reduced weekly
benefits from $35 to $25, and lengthened the wait
ing period from 1 to 2 weeks. Benefits from the
fund will be discontinued whenever the strike
fund level falls to $500,000 8 and will not be re
sumed until it reaches $2.5 million. (The previous
limit was $2 million.) The union noted that fund
disbursements were about $3.4 million during
1959, as against $1.2 million the year before.
Payments had been discontinued during the last
6 months of 1959, and substantial disbursements
during the summer of 1960 had again weakened
the fund. Delegates rejected a proposal that
would have increased the per capita strike tax by
50 cents a month, which presumably would have
maintained previous benefits.
1212
A resolution on organizing activities laid special
emphasis on unorganized office, technical, and
professional employees. The resolution also urged
that local and district lodges be required to set up
active organizing committees and recommended
recruitment of teams of full-time organizers oper
ating directly under the vice presidents in each
union region.
The delegates on September 15 endorsed the
Democratic presidential ticket of Senators John F.
Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. However, the
endorsement of the Democratic platform was
qualified by the declaration that the “existence of
the Dixiecrats and some questionable so-called
Democratic ‘friends’ in Congress” made its enact
ment problematical even if the Democrats won.
The status of contract nego
tiations with the Nation’s two largest manufac
turers of electrical equipment—the General
Electric Co. and the Westinghouse Electric
Corp.—was a major topic at the International
Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
convention at Miami Beach, September 12 to
16, 1960. The delegates also sought ways of deal
ing with automation; their proposals called for a
shorter workweek (at no reduction in pay), shar
ing the benefits of increased productivity, supple
mental unemployment benefits, and training and
advance planning programs.
The delegates also approved a raise in the mini
mum monthly dues from $3 to $4, and a 50-centa-month raise, to $2, in the monthly per capita
tax paid to the international. Of the latter raise,
35 cents will go to the strike fund and the re
mainder into the general treasury. The increases
are scheduled to go into effect in January 1961.
Union President James B. Carey and SecretaryTreasurer A1 Hartnett were reelected, and the
constitution was revised to extend their terms of
office from 2 to 4 years. Both the dues increases
and the changes in the terms of office were subject
to a mail referendum. The union also endorsed
the Democratic ticket.
E le c tric a l W o rkers.
O ther C onventions a n d M e e tin g s. “Aggressive”
collective bargaining, supplemented by a drive for
legislation to shorten the workweek to offset the
impact of automation, were among policies
approved in resolutions adopted at the 17th
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
annual convention of the International Chemical
Workers Union. ICW President Walter L. Mitch
ell pointed out that from 1947 to 1959 chemical
production had increased 112 percent but that
employment of production and maintenance
workers had increased only 1 percent. He urged
that the union bargain for such provisions as
retraining programs, relocation rights and pay,
and better severance pay allowances.
The delegates voted to convene every 2 years
instead of annually, and reelected for 2-year terms
all incumbents of the international executive
board.
At the 25th anniversary convention of the
United Rubber Workers, the retirement of URW
President L. S. Buckmaster, after 15 years’ service,
was followed by the election of George Burdon,
former organization director. Mr. Burdon defeated
Paul E. Bowers, the union’s pension and insur
ance director, by a 1,156 to 463 vote. Peter
Bommarito was elected vice president (succeeding
to the post left vacant by the death of Joseph W.
Childs last April), and Ike Gold was elected secre
tary-treasurer. Mr. Gold defeated Desmond
Walker, who had held the office for the past 11
years.
Delegates attending the 7th constitutional con
vention of the American Federation of Grain
Millers in early September approved a merger with
the International Council of Sugar Workers and
Allied Industries, a group of Federal labor union
locals representing about 15,000 workers em
ployed in beet sugar operations; the amalgamation
brought the AFGM’s membership to about
55,000 workers. Roy O. Wellborn, one of the
international’s vice presidents, was elected presi
dent upon Sam P. Ming’s retirement.
Among printing and allied crafts, resolutions
favoring industry amalgamation were endorsed at
conventions of the International Printing Press
men and Assistants’ Union, the International
Stereotypers and Electrotypers Union, and the
United Papermakers and Paperworkers. Elmer
Brown, president of the International Typo
graphical Union, was among the speakers address
ing all three conventions; he reiterated the plea
for organic unity he made at other printing crafts
conventions this year.9 At the 57th annual con8 See M onthly Labor Review, September 1960, pp. 980-981.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
vention of the Stereotypers, a resolution called
for the merger of all newspaper unions “as soon as
expedient,” and as a first step, directed the
international’s executive board to “investigate
and speedily prosecute” a merger with the
Pressmen. Paul Phillips, president of the Papermakers and Paperworkers, also supported the
concept of organic unity, pointing out that his
union was a successful merger of three unions
(the former AFL papermakers and CIO paperworker groups and the Wire Weavers Association);
Anthony J. DeAndrade, IPPA president, said he
was confident that his union would draft a docu
ment leading toward unity. As a preliminary
step, an IPPA resolution called for merger nego
tiations with the Papermakers and Paperworkers.
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the
Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen on
September 15 announced they had appointed
committees “to explore the question of amalgama
tion, affiliation, or consolidation of the two
organizations” to determine whether amalgama
tion “would result in better protection for the
respective members in view of the problems which
all concerned presently face in this industry.”
The joint declaration pointed out that employ
ment in the railroad industry had declined from
nearly 2 million at the end of World War II to
about 800,000 currently, and that a further decline
“is inevitable by reason of mergers and consolida
tion of railroad systems and because of tech
nological changes in the industry.” The unions
emphasized that the talks were preliminary and
that “it will likely be some time before any state
ment can be made” on the committees’ progress.
Other Developments
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen on
September 8 filed a suit in a Federal district court
in New York challenging the validity of a strike
insurance plan set up by the railroad industry in
the summer of 1959.10 The union sought damages
of about $10 million from the Long Island Rail
Road, other members of the Association of
American Railroads, and the insurance carrier—
10 See M onthly Labor Review, September 1959, pp. 1026-1027.
11 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, p. 980.
12 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1095.
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1213
the Imperial Insurance Co., Ltd., of Nassau,
Bahama Islands. The union asked triple damages
for lost wages and other expenses, on the grounds
that the strike insurance constituted “illegal and
secret conspiracy” which violated the Federal
antitrust acts and that the railroads had entered
into an agreement to pool assets without obtaining
approval from the Interstate Commerce Com
mission. The union alleges the railroads con
spired to finance the strike this past summer on
the Long Island Rail Road.11 It maintained
that the plan’s financial inducements made it
more profitable for the railroad to shut down
than to operate.
On September 28, 1960, the Airline Stewards
and Stewardesses Association countersued the Air
Line Pilots Association for $1 million. The suit
charged, among other things, that the Pilots’ union
had tied up the plaintiff’s bank accounts, opened
its mail, and circulated false information about it.
The Stewardesses Association, which formerly
operated under a charter from the ALPA, said it
had disaffiliated in 1957 but had leased office space
in the ALPA building in Chicago until August
1960. When the Stewardesses moved out, the
ALPA sued for the return of the furniture and
records and sought a ruling denying them the
right to bargain independently. The ALPA said
it had revoked the Stewardesses’ charter and
placed the association under trusteeship. The
Stewardesses contended that its disaffiliation in
1957 had ended all ties with the Pilots and made
invalid any subsequent action by the Pilots in
its behalf.
A Teamster appeal to prevent the appointment
of Terence F. McShane, a former FBI agent, as
chairman of the union’s board of monitors 12failed
in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia, and on September 7, the Court re
manded this aspect of the case to Federal District
Court Judge F. Dickinson Letts for further con
sideration. Judge Letts—who has been in charge
of the consent decree that set up the Teamster
monitor board in January 1958—on September
26 swore in Mr. McShane as chairman, rejecting
the union’s contention that McShane was biased
and that his nomination was illegal. On October
3, the Teamsters union filed a motion with the
appellate court, requesting that McShane’s ap
pointment be overruled. A few days later, the
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
court stayed McShane’s appointment pending
further study of the case.
In mid-September, a pilot plant designed to
promote more efficient output in the ladies garment
industry through the best possible utilization of all
available machinery and simplified worksleps
began to operate. The plant was sponsored by
the National Skirt and Sportswear Association
and endorsed by the International Ladies’ Gar
ment Workers’ Union. Among its innovations—
which a spokesman for the pilot plant said could
result in a five-fold rise of a firm’s output—were a
higher proportion of section work (as opposed to
the more prevalent whole garment method) and
such devices as electronic needle positioners, auto
matic cutters and seam ironers, and other tools
to reduce time and motion.
On September 8, about 1,000 employees of
major Hollywood movie studios voted in a Na
tional Labor Relations Board election to reaffiliate
with the American Federation of Musicians. The
bargaining unit previously had been represented
by the Musicians Guild, an independent union
formed in a split from the AFM. Herman D.
Kenin, president of the AFM, hailed the vote as
signaling a “speedy end to dual unionism and
[providing] the kind of unity of purpose that en
ables an honest trade union to represent its mem
bers effectively.”
Eugene C. James, former secretary-treasurer of
the independent Laundry, Cleaning and Dye
House Workers International Union, pleaded
guilty to charges of conspiring to embezzle nearly
$1 million in union welfare funds. The charge
grew out of testimony arising from hearings con
ducted by the Senate Labor Subcommittee on
Welfare and Pension Funds.13 Mr. James had
also been convicted in a Federal court for income
tax evasion.
13 See M onthly Labor Review, February 1957, p. 209.
Erratum
In the September 1960 issue of the Review, an article by Estanislau
Fischlowitz stated (p. 916) that action on a proposal by the Inter-American
Meeting of Advisers on Productivity for the establishment of a Latin
American Productivity Center would probably be “ sidetracked for the time
being,” as a result of a report by a subcommittee of the Committee of 21.
Subsequently, the Committee of 21, meeting in September in Bogotá, studied
the proposal and recommended that certain measures be taken as soon as
possible toward creation of an Inter-American Institute of Productivity.
At the end of October, the Council of the Organization of American States
had not yet acted upon the committee’s recommendation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Book Reviews
and. Notes
E ditor’s N ote.— L is tin g o f a p u b lic a tio n i n th is
section is f o r record a n d reference o n ly a n d does
n o t co n stitu te a n endorsem ent o f p o in t o f view
or advocacy o f use.
Special Reviews
P a tte rn s o f I n d u s tr ia l C onflict. ByArthur M. Ross and Paul T. Hartman. New
York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1960.
220 pp. $6.50.
In 1951, Arthur M. Ross, then collaborating
with Donald Irwin, published an article on Strike
Experience in Five Countries, 1927-47. The
present book is an extension and elaboration of the
earlier study; 10 additional countries were included
and the time period was lengthened to cover
1900-1956. The added material and the authors’
bold use of the data have resulted in a more
interesting and provocative study.
For this study, Ross and Hartman have com
piled, from official sources wherever possible, data
for 15 countries on the number of industrial dis
putes, workers involved, man-days of idleness,
union membership, and nonagricultural employ
ment. From these data, they computed several
ratios, chief of which, in the accompanying
analysis, are workers involved in disputes as a
percentage of union membership and working days
lost per striker (erroneously identified with average
duration of strikes). The presentation of these
statistics is a significant contribution which greatly
enhances the usefulness of this book.
These comparative statistics provide a conven
ient and effective framework for describing the
nature of labor-management-government rela
tions. The patterns of change that the authors see
in these data, plus their appraisals of the factors
influencing strike activity, suggest certain con
figurations of experience among countries. These
are identified, tentatively and pedagogically,
without any claims that conditions and experiences
C h a n g in g
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
within the groups are identical, as North European
Pattern—First Variant (Denmark, the Nether
lands, the United Kingdom, Germany); North
European Pattern—Second Variant (Norway,
Sweden); Mediterranean-Asian Pattern (France,
Italy, Japan, India); and North American Pattern
(United States, Canada). Three countries (Aus
tralia, Finland, and South Africa) are set aside as
special cases.
The authors find that strike activity throughout
the world has declined—that is, union members are
less “prone” to strike. The propensity to strike,
a concept which the authors are inordinately fond
of, is here synthesized out of the ratio between the
total number of workers involved in stoppages and
total union membership. In many countries,
particularly in the North European countries, the
strike has “withered away”—another frequently
used term whose meaning is relative, not absolute.
(In absolute terms, the data reflect no significant
decline in strike activity throughout the world;
the decline is relative to the growth of union mem
bership.) Strikes are also getting shorter (total
man-days of idleness divided by total workers in
volved). Thus, loss of working time per union
member “is generally only a small fraction of what
it was a few decades ago.” The United States
and Canada, rather than typifying industrialized
countries in trends of strike activity, are unrepre
sentative—only in North America does the strike
still cling to its traditional or textbook purposes.
There are fewer pitfalls in generalizing about 15
countries than in being specific about one, and
the authors are most impressive when they have
all 15 balls in the air at once. Most students in
this country are likely to be chiefly interested in
what the book has to say about U.S. experience.
In this regard, Ross and Hartman are more
successful in demonstrating what U.S. experience
is not—no mean accomplishment—than what it is.
The authors find that strike activity in the
United States (in relative terms) is also declining
over the long run. The key to this conclusion is a
comparison between the periods 1930-47 and
1948-56, which showed a decline in membership
involvement ratios from 20.3 to 15.4 percent, but
no change in working days lost per striker (14.6
days). One need not be a student of strike
trends to realize that the position of 1946—the
greatest strike year in U.S. history—is decisive in
this comparison, and that the conclusions would
1215
1216
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
be substantially different if the later period were
to start with 1946.
Two other technical points are worth noting.
The authors equate man-days lost per striker or
per union member with duration, claiming that
this procedure amounts to computing a weighted
average duration. This is not quite the case. In
U.S. statistics, man-days of idleness excludes non
work days while duration covers total elapsed
time. The significance of this distinction in
long-term trend analysis lies in the fact that a
reduction in the workweek from 6 to 5 days
would, in itself, cause a significant decline in
man-days of strike idleness. The changing nature
of strikes in the United States is not investigated,
but a reliance on the ratio between workers
involved in strikes and union membership would
seem to require some investigation in this area.
Consider, for example, the preponderance of
strikes for union recognition in earlier periods—
each lost strike (i.e., no recognition) added weight
to one side of the ratio but not to the other.
Deriving meanings and patterns from U.S. strike
statistics is a profoundly difficult task. That
others, including this reviewer, would have eval
uated U.S. (and Canadian) experience differently
merely underscores the complexities involved.
In presenting a world background against which
U.S. experience might be viewed, this book makes
a signal contribution. Ross and Hartman are
modest in their claims; theirs, they will agree, is
not the last word. If their appetites for this
kind of investigation are still keen, there is a
large area open for exploration in the varying
experiences among industries in the United States.
— J o se p h W. B loch
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Red Executive: A Study of the Organization
Man in Russian Industry. By David Granick.
New York, Doubleday & Co., 1960. 334 pp.
$4.50.
The Red Executive is a fairly shrewd analysis
of the makeup, way of life, and operational code
of the Communist managerial elite as it emerged
in the new socialist society of the Soviet Union,
in comparison with the doings of organization men
in the old bastion of capitalism, the United States.
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In recent years, American readers have been
puzzled by the thesis that “industrialism” of the
American capitalist and of the Soviet communist
type have much in common with each other, and
that the passage of time tends to make them even
more akin. Though assuming that a common root
of industrial and urban civilization is a technologi
cal mode of production with the essentially identi
cal fundament of scientific and engineering
rationality, we cannot necessarily conclude that
these two societies (or for that matter any other
society which finds itself in the stage of “indus
trialism”) evolve a similar pattern of class stratifi
cation, hierarchy of human organizations, and
decision making mechanisms. The Red Executive
argues this issue at length and points out the
extent to which the similarities in the makeup
of the Soviet Union’s top industrial management
and of executives in the United States tend to
outweigh the differences.
On balance, Mr. Granick’s sympathies appear
to lie with the advocates of the thesis of identical
ness, and his essay impresses the reader with an
array of outward similarities which would indicate
that the U.S. corporate executive would be right
at home in the director’s office of a Soviet indus
trial combine. Among the similarities noted is
the contention that in both countries top manage
ment is recruited from among the upper strata of
society. For the Soviet Union, the author
unfortunately cannot muster sufficient factual
evidence. It is demonstrated that educational
attainment is an important criterion for executive
recruitment and advancement—particularly in
the U.S.S.R., where an engineering education
appears to be the dominant background of top
industrial managers. It is shown that in both
countries relative income differentials go hand in
hand with executive power and that success and
advancement are closely tied in with production
performance. It is pointed out that technical
production decision and control of subordinates
constitute the major daily preoccupation—making
for long hours, hard work, and many other causal
factors of executive ulcers.
Mr. Granick is careful enough to point out time
and again the important and more decisive
differences behind this facade of outer semblance,
which results in his conclusion that the Soviet
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
executive “is no independent decision maker.”
Unlike his capitalist counterpart, the Soviet
executive is completely chained by the Communist
state, for “his production goals, his costs, and
even his industrial research objectives are set for
him.” The Red executive does not deal with
marketing and sales problems, with advertising,
with a complex set of personnel problems, with
trade unions, with contracts or legal regulatory
practices, with the buying or selling of capital
assets, and with a multitude of other things which
make even a “hired manager” in a capitalist
enterprise in effect an independent decision maker.
The Red executive’s job is production oriented
and limited to purely operational routine, with his
output goals predetermined by the preferences
of central planners who, in many instances, are
far removed from any close contact with his
practical problems. In view of such profound
differences, therefore, the question arises, What
is the validity for dwelling upon some outward
sociological similarities in the status of capitalist
and Communist managers?
The questionable validity of outer semblance is
furthermore aggravated by the presence of a
political dictatorship in the Communist state.
Mr. Granick naturally brings into discussion the
all-important role of the Communist Party in
controlling the Red executive. In searching
for parallels however, he reaches the questionable
conclusion that the role of American stockholders
and that of the Communist Party in the Soviet
Union can be meaningfully compared: “ . . . in
one basic sense, both groups play the same role in
their respective societies. Each represents legiti
macy of power.” Despite subsequent reservations
that the “parallel between the two groups is only
partial” and that “this comparison, of course, is
intended for the purposes of illustration,” the
cardinal error of Mr. Granick’s assumption that
the two are comparable in the first place, even in
part, leads him far astray. Intended or not, the
impression is created that hired managers under
capitalism manage private enterprises for the
profit of absentee owners—stockholders—and that
hired managers under communism manage socialist
enterprises for another kind of absentee owner—the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R. It is
argued that as stockholders keep managers in
check to safeguard their interests under capitalism,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1217
so the Communist Party interferes with Red
managers to safeguard its own interests, and that
U.S. boards of directors and the Communist
Party Presidium play similar roles in resolving
conflicts. No matter how much allowance one
makes for the author’s reservations and literary
device of extended comparison, in the end even
the uninitiated reader feels that the entire
parallel is unconvincing.
The Red Executive actually does not probe
deeply enough into the real process of selection of
top management and administrative personnel
for the Soviet economy. Mr. Granick remarks
that “ . . . where the Party has no special plans
for a particular member, his job can be left to
negotiations between him and the hiring organiza
tion. Why should the Party interfere in most
cases?” Yet there is in existence a “nomencla
ture” (a list of closed-access jobs on the managerial
level) and Party clearing procedures that cover
all executive jobs in the U.S.S.R. Directors,
their deputies, and chief engineers in several
thousand major Soviet plants and enterprises
cannot be either hired or fired without the previous
consensus of the Central Committee of the Com
munist Party of the Soviet Union. Even such
an “insignificant” executive job as that of col
lective farm chairman cannot be filled without
the consent of the personnel office of the Central
Committee of the union-republic Party. It is
not simply that Soviet managers “must maintain
successful contact with the members of other
powerful bureaucracies—and in particular with
that of the Communist Party” and therefore the
majority of them join the Party as if it were some
sort of country or businessmen’s club; on the
contrary, every Red executive owes his job to the
Communist Party. He did not choose his job;
rather the Party chose him to fill a given slot for
which he was investigated, evaluated, and ulti
mately cleared on the basis of confidential Party
records. Compulsion is the real source of alle
giance to the regime and Party, rather than the
mythical “political conscience” and ideological
loyalty.
Aside from the similarities and differences
discussed above, Mr. Granick brings to the fore
a multitude of interesting details gathered in the
course of his many years of research on the Soviet
economy, and he adds many revealing observa-
1218
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
tions gathered during a recent trip to the U.S.S.R.
The book makes for interesting and often thoughtprovoking reading, and it should prove useful to
the reader who wants to know more about the
organization man under communism.
— N ic h o la s D e W itt
Russian Research Center
Harvard University
Blue Collar Man: Patterns of Dual Allegiance in
Industry. By Theodore V. Purcell. Cam
bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press,
1960. 300 pp. $6.
Father Purcell has continued and expanded his
1953 study of employee attitudes at Swift’s
Chicago meatpacking plant to include the Swift
plants at Kansas City and East St. Louis. The
unions involved go beyond Local 28 of the United
Packinghouse Workers in Chicago to include
Local 78 of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters in
East St. Louis and Local 12 of the National
Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers at Kansas
City. Once again the method is the same:
Workers were given full opportunity to speak
their minds about their jobs, their company, and
their union. The result is a clear and objective
study of the loyalties and conflicts, the goodwill
and prejudice, and the common purpose and
opposition that make up the intricate patterns of
human relationships within modern industrial
society.
The theme of this book and the author’s
earlier one—The Worker Speaks His Mind on
Company and Union—is that employees dis
criminate and judge between experiences and
conditions that please and displease them with
regard to both their company and their union.
They are able to evaluate the economics of their
industry and their particular jobs, the benefits
and shortcomings of their unions, and their role
and prospects in relation to each. The numerous
interviews quoted reflect complexity and individ
uality of thought. A human being is not simply
a worker or a union member—concerned only
with his job, his boss, and his wage rate—but a
distinct individual whose judgments are condi
tioned by events and interests not always related
to his employment.
The conclusion of both studies is that the worker
in the large majority of cases develops dual
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
allegiance, that is, he approves of and supports
both his company and his union. Starting with
this foundation, the author outlines the structure
of dual allegiance in the meat packing industry
and then goes on to discuss its limitations and
the possibilities of the development of an even
stronger dual loyalty in this age in which gigantic
unions and centralized management seem to vie
for all personal loyalties.
A salient impression relating to problems of
race received by the reviewer seems worthy of
comment. Although the interaction of Negro
and white is constantly present in the study as a
major factor noted, it is not a part of the primary
focus and its implications receive little analysis.
Yet the study shows clearly that the meatpacking
industry, like most others, denies advancement
even to qualified members of minority groups and
that some unions also practice forms of discrim
ination. The challenge to both is obvious: the
inclusion of qualified members of minority groups
into the ranks of supervision and leadership. If
such people force themselves into an unwilling
union movement in an attempt to find an outlet
for their abilities and intellect, then vindictive
racism may well become another explosive factor
in the existing tensions of labor-management
relations.
Another impression worthy of comment relates
to the author’s hoped-for expansion of existing
dual allegiances into deeper and more meaningful
dual loyalties. By this he means true pride in
working for a prospering company and simultane
ous active participation in the program of a strong
and successful union. Father Purcell has investi
gated this problem, but his optimism is hardly
conclusive. The goal seems feasible in times of
low tension, but what of a time of dispute or strike?
Or even more specifically, what happens to dual
loyalty when the employer keeps his plant open
during a strike? This situation is becoming
fairly common, and it poses the threat that the
worker’s choice may ultimately be between
scabbing or starving.
It would seem that when two leaders of the
same segment of society make a simultaneous
claim for first loyalty from each individual in that
society, they cannot both succeed. In the short
run, at least, one or the other of the claimants will
be destroyed. History frequently has illustrated
the tragedy that results from the clash of com-
1219
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
peting claims for first loyalty of a joint citizenry.
If labor and management make such claims upon
members of their joint citizenry, the response is
apt to be that of one of the workers quoted: “And
if you’ve got to work to live, whether you got
loyalty [to the union] or not, you gotta come
back.” When the chips are down, dual loyalty
can be an empty phrase. The more fundamental
problem is to create an industrial atmosphere
where neither the union nor the enterprise finds
it necessary to claim first loyalty.
The foregoing remarks are commentary, and
are not meant to deprecate the study. It can be
a tedious job to do thorough research among the
vast numbers who work in modern mass-production
industries. When this patient task is finished,
it still remains difficult to discern valid trends and
principles about the workers’ attitudes and
reactions toward their environment. All who
are concerned with human behavior in an indus
trial setting are indebted to Father Purcell for
his painstaking investigations of the packinghouse
workers; they will find his book rewarding.
— C harles M. R ehmus
Commissioner, Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Service
Education and Training
Job Training for the Sixties. By Russ Allen. (In IUD
Digest, American Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations, Washington, Fall 1960,
pp. 94-101.)
Training Supervisors in Labor Relations. By James J.
Bambrick. Cleveland, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio,
1960. 15 pp.
Employment Outlook for Appliance Servicemen. (In
Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington,
September 1960, pp. 19-23. 30 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.)
Occupational Therapist. By H. Alan Robinson. Jaffrey,
N. H., Personnel Services, Inc., 1960. 5 pp. (Occu
pational Abstract 235.) 50 cents; 25 cents to students.
United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement
Fund— Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1960.
Washington, 1960. 32 pp.
Pre-Retirement Programs in New Jersey. By Charles R.
Naef. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers— The State
University, Institute of Management and Labor
Relations, 1960. 68 pp. $1.
Corporate Pension Plans, 1959. Washington, U.S. Securi
ties and Exchange Commission, 1960. 6 pp. (Statis
tical Series Release 1680.)
Blue Cross and Blue Shield as Methods of Financing Health
Care. By Jerome Pollack. (In Medical Annals of
the District of Columbia, Washington, June 1960,
pp. 351-361. 50 cents.)
Health and Safety
Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey:
Arthritis and Rheumatism Reported in Interviews,
United States, July 1957-June 1959. By Geraldine
A. Gleeson. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1960.
26 pp. (Publication 584-B20.) 25 cents. Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Safety in Industry: Mechanical Handling of Materials.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1960. 29 pp. (Bull. 219.) 15
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Annual Report on Compensable Work Injuries, 1958: Part
II, Compensation Claims Closed During 1958 by the
Illinois Industrial Commission Under the Workmen’s
Compensation and Occupational Diseases Acts. [Chi
cago], Illinois Department of Labor, 1960. v, 72
pp. Free.
Work Injuries in California Agriculture, 1959. San Fran
cisco, California Department of Industrial Relations,
1960. 43 pp.
The Measurement of Occupational Mortality. By F. D. K.
Liddell. (In British Journal of Industrial Medicine,
London, July 1960, pp. 228-233. 17s. 6d.)
Industrial Relations
Strikes, Picketing and Secondary Boycotts Under the
Landrum-Griffin Amendments. By Guy Farmer.
New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.,
1960. 43 pp. (Research Monograph 19.) $1.75.
Employee Benefits
Picketing by an Uncertified Union: The New Section 8(b) (7).
By Allen H. Duffy. (In Yale Law Journal, New
Haven, Conn., July 1960, pp. 1393-1427. $2.)
I960 Study of Industrial Retirement Plans— Including
Analyses of Complete Programs Recently Adopted or
Revised. New York, Bankers Trust Co., 1960.
229 pp.
Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1959. By Joseph W. Bloch.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1960. 60 pp. (Bull. 1278.) 40
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
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1220
Stoppages of Work Due To Industrial Disputes in 1959
[Great Britain]. {In Ministry of Labor Gazette,
London, May 1960, pp. 181-186. 2s., H.M. Sta
tionery Office, London.)
Rights of School Teachers to Engage in Labor Organizational
Activities. By Reynolds C. Seitz. {In Marquette
Law Review, Milwaukee, Wis., Summer 1960, pp.
36-44. $1.25.)
Trends in Bargaining on Health Benefit Plans. By Harry
Becker. {In Personnel, American Management Asso
ciation, New York, September-October 1960, pp.
56-63. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Working Time is for Work— A Study in Legal Policy. By
Sanford Cohen. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
August 1960, pp. 719-726. $1.)
The New Zealand System of Industrial Conciliation and
Arbitration. By Arthur Tyndall. {In International
Labor Review, Geneva, August 1960, pp. 138-162.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Wash
ington Branch of ILO.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
The Employment of Young People in the 1960’s [in Aus
tralia]. By S. H. Solomon. {In Personnel Practice
Bulletin, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of
Labor and National Service, Melbourne, June 1960,
pp. 6-12. 3s. 6d.)
California Annual Farm Labor Report, 1959. Sacramento,
Calif., State Department of Employment, 1960. 53
pp.
The Labor Force of Czechoslovakia. By James N. Ypsilantis. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, 1960. 30 pp. (International
Population Statistics Reports, Series P-90, No. 13.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Manpower Problems in Southeast Asia. By Daniel Wit.
Washington, Governmental Affairs Institute, 1960.
9 pp. (International Management Research Re
ports.)
Labor Problems of Modernization in the Textile Industry.
{In International Labor Review, Geneva, June 1960,
pp. 527-556. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Labor Force
Working-Class Suburb: A Study of Auto Workers in
Suburbia. By Bennett M. Berger. Berkeley, Uni
versity of California, Institute of Industrial Rela
tions, 1960. 143 pp., bibliography. $4.
Jobs, 1960-1970— The Changing Pattern: Manpower and
Technological Change in New York State. New York,
State Department of Labor, 1960. 40 pp. Free.
Labor-Market Aspects of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project.
By Donald E. Cullen. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Uni
versity, New York State School of Industrial and
Labor Relations, 1960. 20 pp. (Reprint Series, 94;
from Journal of Political Economy, June 1960.) 15
cents; free to New York State residents, Distribution
Center, Cornell University.
Fifth Session of the Advisory Committee on Salaried Em
ployees and Professional Workers. {In Industry and
Labor, Geneva, August 15, 1960, pp. 126-146. 25
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
Geographic Mobility of Young Workers. By Margaret L.
Plunkett. {In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, September 1960, pp. 3-6. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Teenagers and Young Adults— Their Work Experience, New
York State and New York City, 1956-1957. By
Gladys F. Webbink. New York, State Department
of Labor, Division of Employment, 1960. 112 pp.
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Seasonal Unemployment in Canada: Part 1, Seasonal Varia
tions in Employment and Unemployment; Part 2,
Characteristics of the Seasonally Lnemployed; Part 3,
Steps Taken to Deal With Seasonal Unemployment
Problem—Summary and Conclusions. {In Labor
Gazette, Canadian Department of Labor, Ottawa,
May 1960, pp. 444-456; June 1960, pp. 584-592; July
1960, pp. 694—701. 50 cents each; 25 cents in
Canada.)
The Soviet Statistical System: Labor Force Recordkeeping
and Reporting. By Murray Feshback. Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1960. 151 pp., bibliography. (International Popu
lation Statistics Reports, Series P-90, No. 12.) 45
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the System of
Contract Labor in Singapore. Singapore, Legislative
Assembly, 1960. xii, 128 pp. $3.
Labor Organizations
Picket and the Pen: The “P at” Gorman Story. By Hilton
E. Hanna and Joseph Belsky. New York, American
Institute of Social Science, Inc., 1960. 416 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
Mailman U.S.A. By William C. Doherty.
David McKay Co., Inc., 1960. 308 pp.
New York,
$3.95.
Sixty-Third Annual Report of the Scottish Trades Union
Congress, 1960. Glasgow, The Congress, 1960. 415
pp. 4s. 6d.
1221
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Personnel Management
The Human Consequences of Office Automation. By Leon
C. Megginson. (In Personnel, American Manage
ment Association, New York, September-October
1960, pp. 18-26. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
What’s Wrong With Today’s Personnel Administration?
By S. Vincent Wilking. (In Management Review,
American Management Association, New York,
September 1960, pp. 16-24. $1.25; $1 to AMA
members.)
Employees on the Move. By J. Roger O’Meara. {In
Management Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., New York, Sept. 1960, pp. 6-9, 24-32.)
Prices and Consumption Economics
Consumption of Processed Farm Foods in the United States.
Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agri
cultural Marketing Service, 1960. 47 pp. (Market
ing Research Report 409.) Free.
Unemployment Insurance in the USA, 1956—1960. {In
Employment Security Review, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U.S. Em
ployment Service, Washington, August 1960, pp.
1-38. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Labor Market Experience of U I Exhaustees [in Vermont].
Montpelier, Vermont Unemployment Compensation
Commission, 1960. 47 pp. Free.
Social Insurance in the United Arab Republic. By Mohamed Wasfy. {In Bulletin of the International
Social Security Association, Geneva, July—August
1960, pp. 319-331.)
Wages and Hours
Recent Trends in Southern Wage Differentials. By Victor
R. Fuchs and Richard Perlman. {In Review of
Economics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August
1960, pp. 292-300. $2.)
Food Prices and the Bureau of Lahor Statistics. By William
H. Kruskal and Lester G. Telser. (In Journal of
Business, University of Chicago, Graduate School of
Business, Chicago, July 1960, pp. 258-279. $2.25,
University of Chicago Press.)
Post-War Trends in Employment and Earnings in New
Jersey. By Authur J. O’Neal, Jr. New Brunswick,
N.J., Rutgers— The State University, Institute of
Management and Labor Relations, 1960. 87 pp.
The Consumer’s Manifesto. By Mario Pei. New York,
Crown Publishers, Inc., 1960. I l l pp. $2.50.
Occupational Wage Survey: Portland, Oreg.-Wash., May
1960 (Bull. 1265-49, 26 pp.); Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N .J. {Bergen and Passaic Counties), May 1960
(Bull. 1265-50, 24 pp.); Muskegon-Muskegon Heights,
Mich., May 1960 (Bull. 1265-55, 22 p p.); LawrenceHaverhill, Mass.—N.H., June 1960, (Bull. 1265—57,
22 pp.); Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex., May 1960
(Bull. 1265-58,
22 pp.); Atlanta, Ga., June 1960
(Bull. 1265-60,
28 pp.); Boise, Idaho, June 1960
(Bull. 1265-61, 20 pp.). Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960.
Bull. 1265-61, 20 cents; all others, 25 cents. Avail
able from Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Forbruk sundersfikelsen 1958, Forste Hefte. By Gisle
Skancke. Oslo, Statistisk Sentralbyrä, 1960. 125
pp„ (Norges Offisielle Statistikk A 7.) Contents
and summary in English. Kr. 3,50.
Bibliography on Income and Wealth, Volume VII, 1955-56.
Edited by Phyllis Deane. Chicago, International
Association for Research in Income and Wealth, 1960.
131 pp. $6.25, Quadrangle Books, Inc., Chicago.
Social Security
Our Developing Social Security System: The First TwentyFive Years— [A Symposium]. {In Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1960,
pp. 5-118. $1.75.)
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program:
History of the Benefit Formula. By Marice C. Hart.
{In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, September 1960, pp.
3-9. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.)
Exhaustion of Unemployment Benefits During a Recession—
A Case Study. By William Stanley Devino. East
Lansing, Michigan State University, Labor and In
dustrial Relations Center, 1960. 78 pp. $1.50.
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$ 1.
Time Rates of Wages and Hours of Work [in Great Britain],
April 1, 1960.
London, Ministry of Labor, 1960.
301 pp. 16s., H.M. Stationery Office, London.
Reduction of Hours of Work. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1960. 60 pp. (Report IV(1) prepared for
International Labor Conference, 45th sess., 1961.)
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.
Workers With Special Problems
Merit Employment: Nondiscrimination in Industry. By
Paul Bullock. Los Angeles, University of California,
Institute of Industrial Relations, 1960. 101 pp. 75
cents.
1222
Retirement From the Viewpoint of a Medical Director. By
William P. Shepard, M.D. (In Industrial Medicine
and Surgery, Miami, Fla., July 1960, pp. 309-314.
$1.25.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 19G0
Bank of Hawaii, Department of Business Research,
1960. 56 pp.
Miscellaneous
Foreign Labor Information: Labor in Liberia. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1960. 22 pp. Free.
Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations: Proceedings
of a Conference Held by the International Economic
Association. Edited by E. A. G. Robinson. New
York, St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1960. 447 pp. $10.
Trends in Industrial Research and Development. By Yale
Brozen. (In Journal of Business, University of Chi
cago, Graduate School of Business, Chicago, July
1960, pp. 204-217. $2.25, University of Chicago
Press.)
The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Mani
festo. By W. W. Rostow. New York, Cambridge
University Press, 1960. 179 pp. $1.45.
Federal Credit Unions: 25 Years of Better Living. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Social Security Administration, 1960. 59 pp.
The Winegrowers of France and the Government Since 1875.
By Charles K. Warner. New York, Columbia
University Press, 1960. 303 pp., bibliography. $6.
A National Central Credit Society and the Liquidity Problem
of the Credit Union Movement. By John T. Croteau.
Madison, Wis., Credit Union National Association,
1960. 47 pp.
Classics in Management. Edited by Harwood F. Merrill,
New York, American Management Association, 1960.
446 pp., bibliography. $9; $6 to AMA members.
Historical Statistics of the United States From Colonial
Times to 1957— A Statistical Abstract Supplement.
Prepared by Bureau of the Census and the Social
Science Research Council. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960. xi,
789 pp. $6, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.
Hawaii— The First Year of Statehood: 1960 Mid-Year
Report on Business Conditions, Urban Development,
Growth Patterns, and Economic Potentials. Honolulu,
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Annual Report of the U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1959. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1960. 268 pp.
75 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Working and Living Conditions in Canada. Ottawa,
Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and
Research Branch, 1960. 72 pp., bibliography. 9th
ed. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
The 44-th Session of the International Labor Conference,
Geneva, June 1-28, 1960. (In Industry and Labor,
Geneva, July 1 and 15, 1960, pp. 3-81. 25 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment
1224 Table A -l.
1225 Table A-2.
1229 Table A-3.
1233 Table A-4.
B.
—Labor Turnover
1234 Table B -l.
C.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked,
and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsup ervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera
tions
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
—Earnings and Hours
1237 Table C - l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
1249 Table C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of
production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Table
C-3.
Indexes
of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con
1250
struction activities
1250 Table C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, in current and 1947—
49 dollars
D.
—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1251
Table D -l.
1252
1253
1254
1255
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-2.
D-3.
D-4.
D—5.
Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
1256 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Work Injuries
Table F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote: The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published in the Current Labor Statistics section: (1) The source is the U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS
Bull. 1168 (1954), and (3) the scope of coverage is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on the tables.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1223
1224
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
A.—Employment
Table A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over <
Employment status
1960
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1959
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.2
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Annual average
Sept.
1959
1958
Total, both sexes
o00
00
Total labor force................ ..................... 73,672 74, 551 75,215 75, 499 73, 171 72, 331 70, 993 70,970 70, 689 71,
Civilian labor force- ______ ________ 71,155 72,070 72,706 73,002 70, 667 69, 819 68, 473 68, 449 68, 168 69, 276
Unemployment................... ............. 3, 388 3,788 4,017 4,423 3, 459 3, 660 4, 206 3,931 4, 149 3, 577
Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted 2_...........
5. 7
5.9
5.4
5.5
4.9
5.0
5.4
4.8
5.2
5.2
Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ 1,655 1, 697 1,871 2,654 1, 638 1, 580 1, 516 1,476 1, 909 1, 683
Unemployed 5-10 weeks - .......
603
924 1,033
695
644
567
855 1,095
930
833
Unemployed 11-14 weeks ___
325
351
278
259
256
309
619
396
400
250
Unemployed 15-26 weeks _ ..
388
402
418
420
509
705
715
441
533
381
Unemployed over 26 weeks___
417
414
416
396
411
499
502
431
469
430
Emplovment__________________ 67,767 68,282 68,689 68, 579 67, 208 66, 159 64, 267 64, 520 64, 020 65, 699
N onagricultural........................ 61,179 61, 828 61, 805 61, 722 61, 371 60, 765 59, 702 59,901 59, 409 60, 888
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 48. 284 46, 247 45, 380 47, 879 48, 594 44, 829 46, 151 45,357 47, 115 48, 455
Worked 15-34 hours__ _
7,247 6, 308 6, 586 7,231 7. 203 10, 455 7, 585 8,605 6, 867 7, 227
W orked 1-14 hours_______ 3,142 2,535 2, 702 2,921 3, 578 3, 345 3, 575 3, 553 3, 356 3, 496
With a job but not at w ork4 2,508 6, 737 7,136 3, 691 1, 997 2, 138 2. 391 2,386 2, 070 1, 707
Agricultural ______________ 6, 588 6,454 6,885 6, 856 5, 837 5, 393 4, 565 4, 619 4. 611 4, 811
Worked 35 hours or m ore.-. 4,789 4, 536 4,957 4, 874 4, 129 3, 788 2, 465 2, 597 2, 622 2, 978
Worked 15-34 hours______ 1,314 1,363 1, 371 1,492
, 254
, 189
, 117
1,121
, 178
1, 175
Worked 1-14 hours_____ 362
368
403
408
366
312
586
557
536
474
With a job but not at work 4_
123
187
155
82
89
105
400
344
273
186
71,839 72, 629 72,109
71, 946
71,284
69,310 70, 103 69, 577
3, 670 3, 272 3,230
69, 394
3,813
68,647
4,681
5.6
6.0
5.6
1,846 1, 607 1, 539
764
651
' 662
276
288
293
356
333
340
428
393
396
65,640 66, 831 66,347
60, 040 60, 707 60,105
43, 877 45, 800 31,869
10,991 9, 049 21,859
3,254 3, 369 2,929
1,920 2, 490 3,450
5, 601 6, 124 6,242
3,774 3, 972 4,282
1,307
, 531
1,393
373
468
441
144
154
125
5.5
1,658
' 778
335
469
571
65, 581
59, 745
45, 068
8,531
3,172
2,974
5,836
3) 852
1,356
442
186
6.8
1,833
'959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44, 873
7,324
3,047
2, 876
5, 844
3,827
1,361
457
199
Total labor force___________________ 49,570 50,678 50,998 50,949 49,337 49,060 48,445 48,487 48,412 48,778 48,729 49,045 49,110
49, 081
48,802
Civilian labor force________________
Unemployment.................................
Employment__________________
N onagricultural_____________
Worked 35 hours or more, Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
W ith a job but not at work 4_
Agricultural..................... ..........
Worked 35 hours or more _Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours..... ........
With a job but not at work *.
111
46, 562
2,473
44,089
39,340
31, 715
4,405
1,378
1, 840
4, 749
3,421
823
336
170
46,197
3,155
43, 042
38,240
31,390
3, 736
1,329
1, 784
4,802
3,413
857
353
179
23,110 23, 584 22,999
22, 865
22, 482
23, 078
1,301
21,777
20, 703
13,145
5,038
1,891
'628
1,074
467
507
92
8
22,832
1,340
21,492
20; 405
13' 352
4,126
l' 794
L 134
l' 087
7431
533
106
17
22,451
1,526
20' 924
19| 882
13' 483
3, 589
1, 718
1, 093
1,042
414
604
104
20
1
1
1
1
1
Males
46,232
2,370
43, 863
39,337
30, 730
5,954
1,363
1,291
4, 526
3,306
800
281
137
46, 551
2,007
44, 544
39, 762
31,987
4,594
1,437
1,743
4,782
3, 481
861
298
142
46, 610
2,022
44, 588
39, 764
23,179
13,046
1,244
2,296
4,824
3,681
750
281
Females
Total labor force______________
24,102 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23, 835 23,271 22,548 22,482 22,277 23,030
23,841 24,185 24, 518 23,803 23, 239 22, 516 22,450 22,245 22,998
1,388 1,513 1,727 1,276 1,229 1,296 1,258 1,328 1,172
22, 453 22,672 22, 791 22, 527 22,010 21,219 21,192 20,917 21,826
21,224 21,187 21,260 21, 439 21,191 20,664 20, 582 20,301 21,144
13,690 13,178 14,160 14,786 13,066 13, 878 13, 505 14,144 14,809
3,105 3, 287 3,680 3,819 5,285 4,032 4,244 3, 525 3,781
1,491 1,611 1,728 2,075 1,912 2,016 2,006 1,916 2,028
2,939 3,110 1,691
759
928
738
829
716
' 527
1,229 1,485 1,531 1, 088
819
555
610
615
683
599
707
643
424
283
209
198
213
249
506
625
768
558
439
257
305
308
330
103
125
112
93
84
71
75
74
94
20
26
9
14
11
20
29
20
9
Civilian labor force _________ ____ 24,070
Unemployment________________ 1,307
Employment__________
22, 764
N onagricultural_____________ 21,279
Worked 35 hours or more. - 14,724
Worked 15-34 hours............ 3,807
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 1,851
With a job but not at work4.
897
Agricultural______ _________ 1,485
Worked 35 hours or m ore..
773
Worked 15-34 hours______
590
V orked 1-14 hours............ .
105
W ith a job but not at work 4_
16
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
3 Data for 1960 include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not directly
comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force, the
employed, and nonagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23, 552 22,967
1,265 1,209
22,287 21,759
20; 945 20,341
13, 810 8,689
4,454 8^812
1,933 1, 684
747 Ï, 154
1,343 l' 418
491
' 600
670
641
170
161
11
14
3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business b ut who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote: F ora description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
1225
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
1959
1960
A nnual
a v er a g e
In d u stry
S e p t .2 A u g .2
T o ta l e m p lo y e e s _______
___________________
M in in g
_ _
___ _____ ______
M e ta l
Iro n _______________ _______ _______C o p p er
. ____________ ____
_____ _
L e a d a n d z in c ______________________
-A n th r a c ite
_ _ _ ________________
B it u m in o u s c o a l__________________________
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
1959
1958
53,488 53,052 52,923 53,309 52,957 52,844 52,172 52,060 52,078 53, 756 52, 793 52, 569 52,648 51,975 50,543
721
676
621
620
660
669
668
658
677
666
677
655
681
674
671
93.1
46.7
80.1
67.2
46.5
69.5
88.6
72.7
93.2
96.1
95.1
96.7
94.5
96.1
94.8
30.8
27.2
9.7
9.7
32.3
30.0
32.6
33.4
32.9
34.2
35.3
34.2
35.3
34.8
28. 6
22.3
8.7
8.9
8.1
26.4
8.0
11.1
30.2
31.3
31.3
31.9
32.3
31.1
12.9
12.3
11.4
11.5
12.1
12.0
12.2
12.3
12.3
11.9
12.3
11.4
10.8
11.1
157.4
C r u d e -p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l-g a s p ro
d u c t io n ________________________________
P e tr o le u m an d n a tu r a l gas p r o d u c tio n
(ex ce p t c o n tr a c t s e r v ic e s )_______ _____
N o n m e t a llic m in in g an d q u a r r y in g ..........._
118.3
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c t io n _______________________
N o n b u ild in g c o n str u c tio n
H ig h w a y a n d str e e t c o n s tr u c tio n ______
O th er n o n b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n ________
B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n _____________________
G e n e ral c o n tr a c to r s. _ ________________
S p e c ia l-tr a d e co n tr a c to r s______________
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g __ ___________
P a in t in g a n d d e c o r a tin g _____________
E le c tr ic a l w o r k _______ _____________
O th er s p e c ia l-tr a d e co n tr a c to r s_______
3,057
M a n u f a c tu r in g ___________ _________
____
D u r a b le g o o d s _______________ __________
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s _____ _________________
J u ly
10.6
157.5
10. 7
140.5
11.8
164.2
12.2
167.2
13.2
16S. 7
14.1
171.5
15.5
173.2
15.5
173.2
15.7
173.7
15.9
164.3
16.0
145.4
15.6
136.3
16.3
168.1
20.3
195.2
291.7
291.6
291.6
286.2
287.3
284.6
287.7
291.4
297.0
297.9
298.6
306.0
300.8
302.6
177.9
178.4
177.0
174.2
174.8
174.3
175.9
177.7
177.9
177.7
178.4
181.8
180.6
188.0
118.5
117.9
116.8
115.7
112.6
102.9
104.1
105.1
111.6
114.2
114.2
115.2
110.7
109.3
3,116 3,098 2,977 2,830 2,590 2,312 2,389 2,453 2,699 2,856 2,961 3,043 2,767 2,648
584
634
587
660
569
518
437
416
429
594
502
649
643
659
320.0 320.1 315.0 284.2 222.0 161.5 167.5 170.0 220.5 270.8 309.5 329.5 271.2 256.0
312.7
316.6
330.8
313.2
324.0
329.0 338.7 328.1 310.1 279.7 254.8 261.4 267.3 297.0
2,467 2,439 2,334 2,236 2,088 1,896 1,960 2,016 2,181 2,269 2,327 2, 383 2,183 2,079
860.9 857.9 816.8 774.2 705.4 609.8 638.7 660.5 725.5 764.8 801.6 827.7 757.9 750.6
1, 606. 1 1, 580. 6 1, 517. 6 1,461.9 1,382. 7 1,286. 6 1,321.7 1, 355.1 1,455.2 1,504.6 1, 524.9 1, 555.2 1,424. 7 1,328.6
320.3 315.5 311.3 304.2 292.1 281.2 287.5 296.6 308.6 314.5 322.6 329.1 310.5 303.6
253.1 251.6 234.2 222.0 196.3 179.9 178.2 183.5 204.9 222.0 228.4 239.9 201.4 169.6
207.7 199.6 187.9 176.5 170.0 165.3 169.3 171.0 176.3 180.1 181.1 185.1 174.2 173.2
825.0 813.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 660.2 686.7 704.0 765.4 788.0 792.8 801.1 738.6 682.2
16,465 16,396 16,250 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,478 16,520 16,470 16,484 16,280 16,197 16,367 16,168 15,468
9,371 9,301 9,342 9,504 9, 516 9,548 9, 630 9, 680 9,640 9, 577 9,313 9,168 9,225 9,290 8,743
7,094 7,095 6,908 6, 918 6,832 6,832 6,848 6,840 6,830 6,907 6,967 7,029 7,142 6,878 6,725
D urable goods
O r d n a n c e a n d a cc e sso r ie s.......................... —
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e )
. __
L o g g in g c a m p s an d c o n tr a c to r s________
S a w m ills an d p la n in g m ills
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , an d p refa b ri
c a te d s tr u c tu r a l w o o d p r o d u c ts ___
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s _____
_ __________
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts __________
149.4
150.6
146.0
149.6
149.4
150.0
150.7
150.0
149.4
149.5
147.0
145.3
145.2
141.7
126.7
657.8
675.5
119.6
321.9
674.2
122.0
320.1
685.9
126.1
324.8
660.7
108.5
318.1
636.0
92.3
310.7
624.2
90.3
304.8
628.1
91.9
305.9
629.4
93.2
306.3
651.6
102.2
315.5
667.2
106.1
323.6
679.9
107.7
329.0
687.9
108.4
332.9
658.0
98.7
319.9
621.7
311.0
133.1
43.5
57.4
131.8
43.9
56.4
133.0
44.8
57.2
132.7
44.8
56.6
132.0
43.6
57.4
130.2
42. 2
56.7
131.6
42. 2
56.5
131.5
42.3
56.1
134.9
43.0
56.0
138.4
42.5
56.6
142.6
43.5
57.1
145.5
43.7
57.4
139.1
44.0
56.3
127.1
44.7
52.7
391.9
281.0
385.0
275.0
391.0
279.9
388.3
279.5
391.3
282.3
390.8
282.2
390.8
282.9
391.1
283.4
391.2
285.1
390.6
285.3
391.9
285.9
392.0
284.6
384.0
279.3
357.9
257.1
49.2
48.7
49.4
48.3
48.5
48.1
47.4
47.1
46.9
47.0
47. 7
48.1
46.1
43.8
37.9
37.1
37.1
35.7
35.9
35.5
35.7
36.1
35. 8
35. 6
33.7
33.8
34. 4
34. 5
23.8
24.2
24.6
24.8
24.6
25.0
24.8
24.5
23.4
22. 7
24.6
25. 5
24.2
22. 5
558.4
29.8
107.4
16.9
42.9
75.6
48.0
557.3
30.0
106.9
16.4
43.2
76.2
47.8
562. 6
30.5
109.8
16.5
43.0
75.7
49.1
558.1
30.8
106.9
16.8
42.1
76.0
48.8
554.1
31.7
105.5
16.8
41.2
74.5
49.2
547.8
34.4
105.0
17.2
39.0
72.3
49. 5
551.0
36.3
104.0
17.6
38.4
72.7
49.4
548.0
36.5
101.1
17.5
39.8
73.3
48.9
557.3
36.4
102.1
17.8
41.4
76.0
48.8
561.6
36.3
103.5
18.4
41. 8
77.4
49.8
561.6
36. 7
99.2
18.6
41.1
77.6
50.1
572.8
34. 7
104.5
18.6
43. 2
77.6
50.2
550.4
32.7
100.2
18.0
41. 7
75. 5
48.1
514.5
27.3
95. 5
16.3
42.0
73.1
43.9
120.4
18.6
120.1
17.8
120.0
18.4
118.5
18.1
116.4
18.0
111.5
17.5
112.8
17.5
112.6
17.3
116.6
17.7
118.3
18.0
121.8
18.2
125.4
18.4
117.8
18.1
108.8
18.3
100.2
98.3
89.3
F u r n itu r e an d fix tu r e s ____________________
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e ________ ______ _____
O ffice, p u b lic -b u ild in g a n d profess io n a l fu r n itu r e ____ . ________ __
P a r titio n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e rs, a n d fixt u r e s . . _ ________ ___________________
S cre en s, b lin d s , an d m is c e lla n e o u s
fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s ______________
390.4
S to n e , c la y , a n d glass p r o d u c ts ......................
F la t g l a s s .. ____________________________
G la ss an d g la ssw a r e, p ressed or b l o w n ..
G lass p r o d u c ts m a d e o f p u r c h a se d glass
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p ro d u c ts
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ___________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p ro d u c ts
C u t-s to n e a n d s to n e p r o d u c ts __________
M isc e lla n e o u s
n o n m e ta llic
m in er a l
p r o d u c ts
___________________
557. 9
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s _________________
B la s t fu r n a c e s, s te e l w o rk s, a n d ro llin g
m ills
Iro n a n d s te e l fo u n d ries _
P r im a r y s m e ltin g an d r e fin in g o f n o n ferrous m e ta ls
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g of
n on fe rrou s m e ta ls
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n ferrous m e ta ls
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d ries
_
__ ______
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e ta l in d u s
t r ie s _______________________________ _
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
99.6 100.1 100.8 101.4 102.3 101.0 100. 5 98.1
98.8
98.9
1,135.8 1,141. 9 1,156.1 1,203.1 1, 224.9 1,250. 5 1,273.3 1,280. 7 1,275.1 1,264.2 1,196.2
539.9 549.0 580.0 606.5 620.5 635.9 640.1 638.8 634.1 597.3
212.5 220.7 226.8 222.5 227.5 228.4 232.2 230.3 230.3 215.8
58.5
12.2
59.1
11.8
59.2
11.9
58.6
12.1
98. 3
8 6 .2
823.9
834.1 1,137.7 1,104.4
222.8
226.9
229.0
228.3
522.0
223.9
536. 7
197.4
56.2
57.8
54.7
53.2
49.7
44.3
44.9
45.2
52.2
12.4
12.6
12.6
12.7
12.4
12.0
11.9
12.0
12.2
11.5
115.4
67.0
116.0
67.3
116.6
67.0
116.2
66.1
117.0
67.6
117.6
66.1
115.8
64. 8
105.5
57.7
158.7
156.8
154.1
144.5
132.8
135.9
146.8
139.4
59.4
112.5
60.8
111.3
59.1
113.5
61.6
112.2
61.1
113.6
62.8
115.3
65.4
145.5
145.1
150.1
151.9
164.3
157.9
1226
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd
n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta
t io n e q u ip m e n t ) .................................... ........ 1, 075.0 1, 06 7 .7 1, 0 6 3.2 1, 086.3 1, 080.8 1, 079.8 1, 097.3 1, 106. 2
T in c a n s a n d o th e r t in w a r e ..........................
64 .0
63 .5
63 .6
62 .2
59.5
59.1
58 .2
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls, a n d h a r d w a r e _____
128.4
126.9
132.2
133.0
134.0
137. 5 139.7
H e a tin g a p p a r a tu s (e x c e p t ele c tr ic )
an d p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s . .......................
114.1
115.9
114.6
116.0
116.1
116.4
117.4
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts .
2 9 7 .8
2 9 4.8
293.1
287.7
28 2 .0
2 8 2.5
2 8 2 .3
M e ta l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n g r a v
i n g ......................................................................
2 2 6.9
22 5 .8
2 3 6 .3
236. 5 2 3 7.2
2 4 6.0
2 5 1.2
L ig h tin g f ix tu r e s ................................................ _______
4 7 .3
49. 1
47.1
48. ]
4 9 .8
50.9
51.1
F a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c ts ____________ II
5 4 .8
5 4 .6
56 .6
57 .4
58.1
5 9 .6
6 0 .5
M is c e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d m e t a l p ro d
u c t s . ...................................................................
134.4
135.9
139.5
139.9
143.1
145.3
145.8
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l)..........................
E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s .....................................
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d t r a c t o r s . . .
C o n str u c tio n an d m in in g m a c h in e r y ...
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ____________ I
S p e c i a l - i n d u s t r y m a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ) __________
G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y .....................
O ffice a n d store m a c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s ..
S e r v ic e -in d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld m a
c h in e s _______________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y p a r ts ________
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y ______________________
E le c tr ic a l g e n e r a tin g , tr a n s m is sio n , d is
tr ib u tio n , a n d in d u str ia l a p p a r a tu s .
E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s____________________
I n s u la te d w ir e a n d c a b le ................................
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t for v e h i c l e s ...........
E le c tr ic la m p s __________________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ........................
M is c e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l p r o d u c ts ______
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ................................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t _________
A ir c r a ft a n d p a r t s ..............................................
A ir c r a ft________________________________
A irc ra ft e n g in e s a n d p a r ts ____________
A irc ra ft p r o p e lle r s a n d p a r ts _________
O th e r aircraft p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t .
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g .
S h ip b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ___________
B o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g __________
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t - ..................................
O th e r tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _______
I n s tr u m e n ts an d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ...............
L a b o r a to r y , s c ie n tific , a n d e n g in e e r in g
in s tr u m e n ts ___________________________
M e c h a n ic a l m e a su r in g a n d c o n tr o llin g
in s t r u m e n t s ____________________ _____ _
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d le n s e s ._ " I I I I ”
S u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l in s tr u
m e n t s ______ _____ ____ _____ ___________
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ____I - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s ........................I l l ’
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ............ ..............................
1, 600.4 1, 615.0 1, 635.3 1, 658.6 1, 660.9
99.1
100.2
101.3
103.2
143.9
145. 5
148.8
149.3
121.9
125.6
127.6
130.3
250.3
258.4
2 6 4.8
2 6 3 .5
—
—
_______
—
..............
176.3
228.9
140.7
176.2
228. 5
140.6
178.0
2 3 0.8
140.4
176.5
230.1
138.9
180.3
2 7 3.6
186.6
2 7 3.7
192.6
2 7 4.3
196.5
2 7 2 .6
1, 324.1 1, 306.3 1, 292.4 1, 297.0 1, 28 9 .6
_______
—
—
4 1 5.8
3 8 .5
27 1
6 7 .8
2 8 .7
679.3
49.1
414.3
3 8 .7
6 9 .7
2 8 .2
664.9
4 9 .6
4 1 3.6
3 9 .3
98
7Ì I 3
29.1
665. 7
4 9 .5
&
1, 099.2 1,082.0 1,042.1 1,051.6 1,082.6 1, 069.0 1,029.9
58.5
56.8
55.9
56.7
65.4
59.6
58.2
139.8 138.1 123.7 130.1 138.5 134.2 128.3
116.9 114.2 116.5 120.6 121.7 116.6 109.3
281.8 282.1 275.5 263.2 273.7 285.3 303.0
246.1 239.3 223.3 237.2 239.2 230.1 210.7
50.8
49.9
49.8
51.4
51.3
49.2
44.7
60.0
59.2
57.2
54.4
54.8
56.5
52.4
145.3 142.4 140.2 138.0 138.0 137.5 123.3
1. 677.8 1, 687. 7 1, 691.1 1, 675.0 1,660.3 1, 625.8 1, 636. 5 1, 655.3 1, 611.7 1,501.2
104. S
107.1
107.4
108.5 107.3 104.6 105.7 106.4 103.1
93.1
153.4
159.1
160. 5 157.8 154.1
141.0 151. 4 167. 5 157.9 136.9
132. 5 133.0
132.6
131.2 129.2 125. 2 126.3 132.6 129.9 122.0
2 6 4.7
263.1
25 9 .9
257.3 255.4 251.6 247.9 246.5 238.7 223.7
176.1
175.4
174.6
173.3 172.3 171.8 169.8 170.3 165.5 159.6
2 3 1.0
2 3 2 .7
23 3 .0
229.4 229.3 228.9 229.5 229.4 223.5 220.1
139.0
138.3
137.6
137.6 138.1 136.9 136.0 134.5 132.7 124.9
197.7
195.3
198.5
194.4 189.6 184.4 186.3 185.7 184.9 168.9
279.1
2 8 3 .7
2 8 7.0
285.5 285.0 281.4 283.6 282.4 275.5 252.0
1, 293. 7 1, 310.0 1, 318.4 1,318.6 1,317.0 1,301. 5 1,311.2 1,301.8 1,241.6 1,118.8
4 1 4.8
3 8 .9
41 7 .9
3 9 .3
4 2 1.4
4 0 .3
4 2 2.5
4 0 .0
70 .9
2 9 .5
658.0
4 8 .9
72 .6
2 9 .8
6 5 7.5
4 8 .3
75 .4
2 9 .7
666.1
48 .2
77 .0
29 .8
6 7 1.3
4 8 .7
1, 607.1 1, 527.6 1, 590.7 1, 607.9 1, 652.8 1, 665.1 1, 700.9 1, 721.4
—
682.3
784.7
745.6
785.0
790.8
8 1 9.0
8 3 7.7
637.1
630.4
618.1
6 5 8.3
668.7
680.3
6 8 7.0
370.9
371.1
371.2
381.4
3 8 7.0
3 9 3.0
39 7 .2
132.5
114.9
125.3
138.7
139.8
140.7
140.6
—
12 .7
8 .3
11.1
14.1
13.9
14 .0
13 .8
121.0
123.7
122.9
124.1
128.0
132.6
135.4
143.9
144.2
134.0
137.4
135.6
132.4
131.0
—
124.8
110.9
124.6
112.3
107.4
110.1
106.4
—
19.1
19 .6
23 .1
25 .1
2 5 .5
2 5 .0
2 4 .6
53 .6
6 0 .8
6 0 .0
6 1 .6
5 9 .6
58 .7
56 .0
—
10 .7
10 .3
10 .5
10 .5
10.4
10 .5
9 .7
3 4 8.8
_______
—
—
—
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u str ie s
524.6
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e .. —
M u s ic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d p a r t s . . . ............ —
T o y s an d s p o r tin g g o o d s _______________ —
P e n s , p e n c ils, o th e r office s u p p lie s _____
C o s tu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , n o tio n s _____
F a b r ic a te d p la s tic s p r o d u c t s . . ...................
O th e r m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ________
420.5
39.6
29.5
76.4
29.6
674.2
48.8
419.5
39.5
29.3
74.4
29.5
674.7
50.1
407.4
39.5
28.8
70.7
29.5
674.9
50.7
413.1
40.3
28.7
73.5
29.3
675.2
51.1
416.9
39.7
28.0
72.5
28.6
664.4
51.7
402.1
37.7
28.1
69.8
27.6
627.2
49.1
373.5
34.6
25.4
61.8
26.4
551.4
45.7
1, 722.3 1, 655.9 1, 511.1 1, 692.4 1, 685.4 1, 670.8 1, 592.8
822.6 756.9 602.2 784.2 785.7 731.6 630.8
693.7 700.9 709.7 717.4 730.5 734.9 757. 6
400.6 404.2 412.3 418.4 429.2 435.0 457.2
142.0 144.2 144.9 145.2 145.8 146.3 152.6
13.8
13.6
13.6
13.9
14.1
14.4
18.3
137.3 138.9 138.9 139.9 141.4 139.2 129.5
145.6 140.7 141.9 131.1 131.3 142.8 144.5
121.7 117.5 119.5 109.7 111.1 120.9 125.3
23.9
23.2
22.4
21.4
20.2
21.9
19.2
51.4
47.7
46.9
48.8
53.9
51.4
50.9
9.0
9.7
10.4
10.9
11.0
10.1
9.0
352.1 354.0 352.5 351.8 349.8 338.9 315.2
66.9
68.2
67.8
67.2
66.4
64.2
58.1
3 5 1.4
3 4 8.5
3 5 2.8
35 1 .3
353.1
3 5 3.7
65.3
6 5 .8
6 5 .9
66 .0
66 .3
6 6 .6
6 6 .8
9 8 .7
18 .5
9 9 .0
18.1
101.0
18.5
100.2
18.4
100.3
18.4
100.2
18.2
9 9 .9
17 .6
97.9
17.3
97.3
16.9
96.4
17.1
97.4
16.9
96.7
16.4
93.0
15.8
83.9
14.0
4 5 .5
2 7 .0
67. 6
2 8 .8
45 .3
2 6 .9
66 .8
2 6 .6
4 5 .8
2 7 .2
6 5 .9
2 8 .5
4 5 .1
2 7 .6
6 5 .5
2 8 .5
4 5 .3
2 7 .6
6 5 .6
2 9 .6
45.1
2 7 .7
6 5 .6
3 0 .3
4 4 .9
2 7 .8
6 5 .8
3 0 .8
44.6
28.1
66.4
30.9
44.7
28.1
67.1
31.7
44.1
28.0
66.8
32.3
43.7
27.6
65.9
33.1
43.6
27.5
66.1
33.1
43.1
26.1
65.3
31.4
41.5
23.7
65.6
28.4
514.9
4 6 .8
19 .3
101.3
3 2 .7
61 .2
9 4 .8
158.8
492.9
4 4 .5
18 .0
95.1
32 .2
57.4
9 2 .7
153.0
508.9
45 .8
18 .6
9 8 .6
3 1 .8
5 9 .7
9 5 .6
158.8
4 9 8.7
4 5 .7
18 .6
9 3 .2
3 1 .6
58.1
94 .8
156.7
4 9 6 .5
4 6 .0
19.1
88 .1
3 1 .5
59.1
9 5 .4
157.3
4 9 3.9
4 6 .7
19 .5
8 1 .8
3 1 .3
6 1 .5
9 5 .5
157.6
48 9 .0
4 6 .3
19 .6
77 .2
3 1 .2
61 .9
9 6 .6
156.2
480.0
46.4
19.7
73.3
30.4
60.6
96.0
153.6
494.1
47.7
19.9
79.4
31.0
61.3
96.2
158.6
516.9
48.0
19.8
95.2
32.1
62.2
97.1
162.5
522.3
48.0
19.8
100.3
32.3
63.3
97.1
161.5
517.7
46.8
19.1
99.2
32.1
63.0
96.3
161.2
486. 5
45.9
18.0
84.5
30.8
60.6
92.6
154.1
459.9
44.4
16.4
81.7
30.7
58.2
84.0
144.5
3 5 3.6
Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts .............................. 1, 616.4 1, 609.3 1, 521.4 1, 469.2 1, 414.9 1, 404.1
1, 376.8 1, 380.2
M e a t p r o d u c ts __________________________
30 7 .7
3 0 5.7
303.4
297.2
2 9 2 .6
294.8
2 9 8.2
D a ir y p r o d u c ts ________________ I I I I I I I I I
101.1
102.4
102.0
9 7 .8
9 4 .6
9 1 .0
90 .2
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g _____________
—
342.1
2 5 4.6
2 0 7 .7
184.7
185.9
167.3
166.7
G r a in -m ill p r o d u c ts ......... ...................... I H H —
112.3
112.3
110.2
108.9
108.8
108.4
109.3
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ....................................
290.7
292.0
2 9 0.8
286.1
28 7 .0
286.1
2 8 6.8
S u g a r.......................................
HI
2 5 .5
26 .3
2 5 .8
2 5 .1
26 .1
2 4 .5
2 5 .7
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts I I I I
72 .2
66 .9
70 .0
6 9 .5
70 .2
71.8
7 2 .3
B e v e r a g e s _____________ _______ __________
2 1 9.2
221.7
220.2
211.1
20 6 .3
2 0 1.5
198.1
M is c e lla n e o u s food p r o d u c ts ____I I I I I I I ..........
138.5
139.5
139.1
134.5
132.6
131.4
132.9
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
L, 396.6 1,434. 5 1,478.2 1, 526.9 1,614.8 1,470.2 1,476. 4
302.0 305.7 305.0 294.6 291.1 302.1 307.0
89.8
90.5
91.6
95.2 100.9
96.8
99.8
169.5 182.9 211.7 260.1 352.0 223.0 220.4
109.4 109.9 109.8 113.0 115.4 113.3 113.8
285.9 287.9 290.0 289.1 289.2 285.2 284.3
34.8
41.3
45.4
43.1
29.2
31.0
31.4
72.7
78.0
78.8
79.1
77.7
73.5
75.4
200.4 205.5 210.5 215.2 220.5 209.1 207.0
132.1 132.8 135.4 137.5 138.8 136.2 137.3
1227
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1959
1960
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
M a n u f a c tu r in g —Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Tobacco manufactures......... ......................
Cigarettes
_____________________
Cigars ____ - _____________________
Tobacco and snuff. _______________
Tnbaeco stp.mmiug and redrving_____
107.5
Textile-mill products.................................. 947.3
Scouring and combing p la n ts............... _____
Yarn and thread mills_______ ______
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
TCnitting mills
_ _ ____
Dyeing and finishing tex tiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods---------------
90.5
38.5
25.3
6.2
20.5
78.5
38.4
24.3
6.2
9.6
77.8
38.2
25.4
6.3
7.9
78.6
37.7
25.5
953.0
5.4
104.2
388.7
29.3
227.4
88.8
43.8
9.5
55.9
941.8
5. 4
103.1
389.1
28.8
217.7
89.0
43.3
9.8
55.6
961.7
5.5
106.5
393.7
29.5
225.5
90.1
44.0
10.1
56.8
956.3
5.4
105.7
392.9
29.3
6.2
9.1
221.6
89.9
44.9
10.1
56.5
Apparel and other finished textile products------ ------- ---------------- ---------- - 1,225. 5 1,236. 6 1,188.0 1, 215.9 1, 207.9
116.7 109.4 116.1 115.0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats. ____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
358.2 349.5 357.6 353.7
clothing________________________
344.5 328.2 329.0 328.1
Women’s outerwear________________
118.5 113.0 118.6 118.4
Women’s, children’s undergarments _.
14.9
13.1
19.8
16.5
Millinery ______________________
73.2
75.6
73.6
74.8
Children’s outerwear
___________
6.9
7.4
7.3
7.6
F ur goods ______________________
59.6
61.7
61.5
57.2
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
138.1
136.2
132.1
136.8
Other fabricated textile products_____
79.1
37.9
25.6
6.2
9.4
955.1
5.3
105.9
395.3
29.4
217.5
89.9
45.8
9.6
56.4
81.4
37.3
25.9
6.3
11.9
86.6
37.5
26.5
6.4
16.2
88.5
37.6
25.4
6.4
19.1
91.2
37.7
27.1
6.4
20.0
92.5
38.0
27.4
6.4
20.7
103.1
37.7
27.4
6.4
31.6
108.8
37.7
27.1
6.7
37.3
89.2
37.4
27.1
6.6
18.1
90.4
36.4
29.1
6.5
18.4
956.6
5.2
106.3
396.6
29.8
215.7
88.9
46.2
952.0
5.6
106.6
394.9
29.7
211.3
89.4
46.7
9.9
57.9
953.0
5.6
107.4
396.1
29.8
210.4
89.6
46.5
10.3
57.3
960.3
5.4
108.2
398.1
29.4
216.2
89.3
46.2
10.4
57.1
969.3
5.3
108.7
398.9
29.3
224.5
89.3
46.2
10.2
56.9
978.5
5.6
110.3
399.9
29.5
228.4
89.4
46.7
9.6
59.1
983.1
5.7
111.7
400.4
29.9
230.2
89.5
46.5
10.2
59.0
966.0
5.5
110.0
398.5
29.5
220.1
88.4
46.6
10.1
57.3
941.5
5.2
108.2
399.9
27.5
207.0
84.9
44.8
10.1
53.9
10.2
57.7
1,232.9 1, 239.9 1,232.3 1,239.1 1,210.7 1,156.3
1,211.21,247.8 1,240.7 1,219.5
114.0 114.3 114.4 113.5 114.0 111.4 107.3
114.3
114.9
114.6
349.6
335.7
351.7
358.0
349.6
355.1
121.6
121.6
17.8
69.6
22.8
22.2
73.8
74.0
60.2
137.4
60.0
138.4
59.2
137.6
346.7
346.2
119.8
19.1
73.5
6.8
57.7
135.7
120.0
6.6
6.6
6.8
349.1
349.8
121.5
18.3
72.3
8.6
60.9
138.1
352.7
348.0
124.0
17.0
72.6
9.3
62.7
139.2
351.2
336.0
124.0
18.6
72.4
9.8
64.2
142.6
351.4
343.6
122.6
18.7
74.4
9.5
64.2
140.7
338.3
344.7
118.9
18.5
74.4
9.2
60.3
135.0
311.3
339.7
114.1
17.9
73.6
10.7
56.7
125.0
Paper and allied products.........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paper board containers and boxes-------Other paper and allied products______
569. 4
567.6
280.0
153.0
134.6
560.5
275.0
150.9
134.6
567.0
278.3
152.6
136.1
562.7
274.4
151.7
136.6
562.3
274.0
152.2
136.1
560.0
273.1
152.3
134.6
559.9
274.0
152.4
133.5
561.3
275.4
152.6
133.3
564.1
274.0
156.2
133.9
564.4
273.3
157.7
133.4
566.2
273.9
158.0
134.3
571.8
278.2
158.0
135.6
559.9
273.8
153.5
132.6
547.1
269.4
149.6
128.1
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers. ____________________
Periodicals_________________ _____
________________________
Books
Commercial printing .
_______
Lithographing_____________________
Greeting cards____________________
Bookbinding and related industries---Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________
895.8
894.6
330.6
62.9
63.7
230.7
68.6
22.6
48.6
890.4
331.4
61.9
63.1
229.3
68.2
22.0
48.1
892.0
331.4
62.3
62.3
229.4
68.6
22.6
48.4
885.9
329.4
62.7
62.2
227.3
68.4
886.3
327.7
63.9
62.3
229.3
886.2
48.0
2.05
48.0
883.3
325.7
64.2
61.1
229.1
67.3
19.9
47.5
878.8
324.9
64.7
60.2
229.2
65.5
19.6
46.8
887.5
329.6
64.5
60.1
230.0
66.9
21.6
46.8
886.2
326.6
64.7
59.7
228.8
67.9
23.0
46.9
886.0
327.6
65.0
59.6
228.0
67.5
22.3
47.6
882.0
326.3
63.7
59.5
227.3
67.3
22.1
47.7
868.3
322.6
62.4
58.0
224.0
66.3
20.8
46.2
852.2
316.4
61.5
55.0
220.7
65.7
20.0
44.5
66.9
66.4
67.0
67.3
66.0
67.2
68.5
67.9
68.0
68.6
68.4
68.1
68.0
68.4
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals _ _______
Drugs and medicines. ____________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations___________ _______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chem icals___ ______
Fertilizers
__
__ ____________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats........
Miscellaneous chemicals____________
879. 5
882.4
106.7
347.0
107.7
878.9
106.1
347.4
107.8
877.8
105.8
343.7
106.6
879.6
104.7
340.2
105.4
882.3
104.6
338.3
105.5
869.4
103.9
336.7
105.8
864.6
103.7
334.9
105.2
860.5
103.6
334.0
105.6
861.9
103.9
332.9
105.3
862.1
104.0
331.7
104.9
861.1
103.6
330.8
104.4
860.8
104.2
332.1
104.9
847.8
102.5
325.6
104.0
820.9
102.2
310.6
102.9
54.3
79.0
7.8
32.1
36.7
111.1
52.8
79.0
7.9
31.6
36.3
110.0
bis. i
78.4
7.9
35.8
36.6
109.9
52.8
77.8
7.9
44.1
37.5
109.2
52.7
77.3
7.8
48.8
39.2
108.1
52.7
76.8
7.7
39.4
39.3
107.1
52.4
76.9
7.9
37.2
40.1
106.3
51.8
76.3
7.8
35.9
40.8
104.7
51.7
76.4
7.8
35.0
42.7
106.2
51.4
76.4
7.7
34.1
43.7
108.2
51.5
77.1
7.8
34.8
43.9
107.2
51.9
75.7
7.8
35.0
41.7
107.5
51.0
75.5
7.7
36.9
40.0
104.6
49.3
73.0
7.8
35.6
38.5
101.0
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining______________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products...............................................
228.5
229.6
182.3
230.2
183.4
232.5
184.0
231.9
183.2
232.4
183.7
232.2
183.8
232.4
184.1
231.9
183.8
232.2
184.2
231.7
182.9
229.7
184.0
231.7
185.4
233.4
186.2
238.2
192.1
47.3
46.8
48.5
48.7
48.7
48.4
48.3
48.1
48.0
48.8
45.7
46.3
47.2
46.1
Rubber products____________________
Tires and inner tubes__________ ____
Rubber footwear __________ ______
Other rubber products______________
258.9
257.6 252.5
102. S 103.1
22.4
21.5
132.3 127.9
258.1
103.5
22.0
132.6
257.1
103.4
21.9
131.8
260.2
104.4
22.5
133.3
267.4
105.1
139.5
269.0
104.0
23.0
142.0
269.2
105.3
23.1
140.8
269.5
105.5
23.6
140.4
270.1
106.1
23.7
140.3
273.2 273.5
107. C 108.0
23.2
23. c
142.9 142.3
259.8
101.6
22.0
136.2
244.6
100.8
20.9
122.9
Leather and leather products. ________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished .
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Footwear (except rubber)----------------Luggage_________ ________________
Handbags and small leather goods.
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
365.0
365.5 365.7
34.4
34.5
4.3
4.3
19.5
19.5
246.0 245.4
16.4
16. (
30.1
30.2
14.81 15.8
357.6
34.0
4.2
18.7
238.8
15.8
30.2
15.9
359.3
34.1
4.4
18.6
240.1
15.6
30.9
15.6
370.4
34.4
4.8
19.6
246.8
15.6
33.5
15.7
370.9
34.8
5.0
19.9
248.0
15.1
33.3
14.8
370.9
35.6
5.0
20.1
249.8
15.0
31.7
13.7
372.5
35.8
4.9
19.5
249.4
15.1
32.4
15.4
372.6
35. i
5. (
19. £
246.5
15.5
33.6
16.8
372.0 376.1
36.9
36.2
5.2
5. 1
18.9
18.9
244.7 248.8
16.1
16.2
33.2
34.1
17.0
16.8
372.2
37.1
4.9
19.4
248.9
15.3
31.2
15.4
357.2
37.9
4.1
18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
___
373.9
34.6
4.6
19..:
249.7
17.5
32.0
16.2
20.6
68.6
327.2
63.9
61.6
230.3
68.1
20.1
47.8
2 2 .8
1228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960
Annual
average
1959
Industry
Aug.3 July
Transportation and public utilities______
Transportation_____________________ 2, 559
Interstate railroads..............................
Class I railroads____________ ____
Local railways and buslines_________
Trucking and warehousing____ ____ _
Other transportation and services_____
Buslines, except local______________
Air transportation (common carrier)..
Pipe-line
transportation
(except
natural gas)________________ _____
Communication........................... ...........
746
Telephone_____ _____ ____________
Telegraph_______ __________ _____
Other public utilities___ ____________
608
Gas and electric utilities___________
Electric light and power utilities__
Gas utilities____________________
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined ________________________
L o c a l u t ilit ie s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la ssifie d
Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Wholesalers full-service and limitedfunction______________________
Automotive_____________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors______________
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers________________
Wholesale distributors, other................
Retail trade_______________ ________
General merchandise stores_________
Department stores and general mail
order houses___________________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores_____________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
Dairy product stores and dealers__
Other food and liquor stores______
Automotive and accessories dealers__
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade_________________
Furniture and appliance stores____
Drug stores____________________
3,155
8,523
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
3,919 3,939 3,942 3,924 3,917 3,900 3,887 3,882 3,940 3,912 3,910 3,927 3,902 3,903
2, 556 2, 573 2,592 2,585 2,579 2, 570 2,553 2, 549 2,602 2, 571 2, 568 2, 574 2, 559 2, 531
903.5 912.2 919.5 914.5 909.8 903.6 899.7 900.6 919.7 898.0 893.0 906.1 930.6 963.6
792.1 800. 7 807.4 801.9 796.6 789.0 785. £ 785. £ 796.3 784.0 786.0 797.2 815.3 840.8
90.5
90.8
91.1
91.3
91.4
91.2
90.9
91.2
91.4
91.8
91.7
92. 1 92.3
96.4
876.1 879.3 887.1 880.3 880.6 883.3 878. C 876.2 897.0 892.6 898.1 881.2 853.2 792.5
684. 7 690.2 694.6 698.6 697.6 692.1 684.7 681. 1 694.2 688.4 685. 2 694.1 683.3 678.5
41. 7 41.9
40.8
40.0
38.8
38. £ 38.4
39.4
39.4
39.7
40.2
41.6
40.4
41.7
153.2 152.4 152.1 153.0 153.1 152.3 152.2 152.2 152.1 150.8 150.2 149.2 145.9 140.3
24.5
751
714.2
36. i
612
587.2
260. C
154. 4
24.7
752
714.0
37.3
614
589.2
260.0
156.7
24.6
744
707.0
36.4
606
582.5
257.3
155.3
24.1
741
704.0
36.6
598
574.6
254.1
153.2
24.1
740
702.6
37. C
598
574.2
254. C
153.4
24.2
738
700.2
36.7
592
568.5
253.8
153.0
24.2
737
699.2
36.7
597
574.0
253.8
153.2
24.6
736
698.0
36. £
597
574.0
254.1
152.9
24.6
739
701.1
37.5
599
575.7
254.7
153.4
24.7
741
702.9
37.6
600
576.7
254.9
153.7
24.8
741
702.8
37.2
601
577. 5
255.0
153.7
25.2
25.1
746
743
707.7 705.5
37.2
37.2
607
600
583.6 576.6
258. 1 255.9
155.3 153.3
25.8
771
732.4
38.3
601
578.5
258.3
151.5
172.8
24. S
172.5
24.4
169.9
23.9
163.3
23.7
166.8
23.8
161.7
23.5
167.0
23.2
167.0
23.1
167.6
23.1
168.1
23.2
168.8
23.4
170.2
23.7
168.7
22.9
167.4
23.2
11,583 11,591 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,325 11,323 11,424 12,345 11,723 11,551 11,464 11,385 11,141
3,154 3,138 3,129 3, 111 3,120 3, i'll 3,114 3,113 3,155 3,141 3,121 3,097 3,070 3,013
1, 878. 7 1, 870. 9 1, 867.1 1, 851. 4 1, 856. 4 1, 850.4 1, 852. 9 1, 852. 7 1, 882. 9 1,868. 8 1, 858. 3 1,847. 9 1,819.2 1,752.0
142. 6 142. 2 141.5 140.5 139.6 139.0 138.7 138.0 139.2 138.6 138. 5 138.4 135.2 126.5
315.2 315.4 314.1 313.0 315.1 317.8 316.1 317.9 321.3 320.9 314.0 311.2 309.7 303.1
458.5 459.5 458.1 455.2 455. 5 455.0 454.8 453.3 456.4 455.1 454.5 452.9 448.0 439.2
962.4 953.8 953.4 942.7 946.2 938.6 943.3 943.5 966.0 954.2 951.3 945.4 926.3 883.2
1, 275. 7 1, 267. 0 1, 261. 6 1, 259.3 1, 263.1 1,260.8 1, 260.8 1, 260. 7 1, 272.0 1, 271.8 1, 263.0 1,248.8 1, 250.7 1,261.4
8, 429 8, 453 8, 508 8, 432 8,500 8, 214 8, 215 8,311 9,190 8,
582
8, 367 8, 315 8, 128
1,448. 7 1,433.1 1, 462.5 1,465. 6 1, 511.0 1, 404. 3 1, 402.3 1, 464. 9 2,025.0 1, 628.3 8,430
1, 520.8 1, 463. 2 1,483. 5 1, 433.8
919.0 917.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 892.1 898.3 942.7 1, 294.3 1,053. 8 976.7 931.0 953. 4 925.1
529. 7 515. 9 528.3 533.5 566.2 512. 2 504.0 522.2 730.7 574.5 544.1 532.2 530.1 508.7
1,648.0 1, 642. 3 1, 659. 9 1, 655. 6 1, 648.7 1, 649.0 1, 633. 6 1, 634. 8 1, 629. 7 1, 663.3 1, 645. 6 1, 627.0 1,612.1 1, 613. 6 1, 598.8
1,191. 7 1,204. 8 1, 203. 7 1, 200. 7 1,199. 8 1, 200.1 1,197.0 1,198. 2 1, 218. 4 1, 209. 3 1,191.1 1,172.1 1,175.3 1,149.4
229.1 229.6 226.8 222.8 220.2 214.9 214.5 214.9 217.1 217.2 218.3 226.9 222.7 227.4
221. 5 225.5 225.1 225.2 229.0 218.6 223.3 216.6 227.8 219.1 217. 6 213.1 215.6 222.0
817.0 819. 5 824.5 827.4 819.0 815.0 801.2 801.1 799.7 814.8 803.8 802.2 799.1 791.0 764.5
619.7 583.2 597.8 628.3 626.7 679.6 584.4 584. 4 609.1 744.0 634.3 621.2 605.1 606.0 592.1
3, 932. 7 3, 934. 8 3,937. 5 3, 933.9 3.872, 2 3, 845.5 3, 790. 8 3, 792.1 3,807.3 3,943.0 3, 869. 5 3, 858. 8 3, 887.2 3, 820.4 3, 738.4
396.1 398. 1 397.0 399.0 397.4 395.1 396.7 397.3 417.0 405.1 398.5 395.6 393. 8 390.2
399. 4 398.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 384.2 383.3 390.6 418.4 389.8 385.4
389.3 378.2 355.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate____
Banks and trust companies_________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers and agents_______
Other finance agencies and real estate..
2,513
2,535
685. 2
lOd. 4
953. 8
793. 0
2,530
682.9
102.9
946.8
797.1
2,496
671.2
100.4
930.8
793.6
2,469
662.9
99.9
922.3
783.5
2,463
663.2
99.9
922.5
777.4
2,444
661.9
99.7
919.9
762.9
2,439
657. 5
99.2
917.3
764.9
2,429
652.2
97.9
910.3
768.5
2,438
653.2
97.7
913.6
773.7
2,438
650.4
96.9
910.8
779.4
2, 441 2,452
647. 5 645. 4
96.8
96.7
908.4 909.9
788.7 799.7
2,425
638.4
94.5
904.0
787.8
2,374
615.3
84.6
895.0
779.5
Service and miscellaneous____
Hotels and lodging places___
Personal services:
Laundries_______________
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures___________
6,713
6,686
590. 3
6,715
591.7
6,745
524.5
6,717
497.1
6,644
479.3
6,511
458.6
6,484
459.6
6,474
452.7
6,547
463.4
6,593
470.4
6, G14
476.1
6,617
522.2
6,525
5Ó5.4
6,395
511.3
312. 6 315.6
1/l. Ö 175.5
194. 9 192.1
314.6
181.3
190.7
311.5
179.4
190.3
308.4
177.4
189.7
304.6
169.3
175.3
305.7
170.0
178.0
307.2
171.9
178.9
309.0
173.4
179.8
310.6
174.7
185.6
312.2
174.4
190.0
313.4
169.9
194.2
310.9
170.6
187.0
312.7
167.4
189.8
Government_________ _____
Federal3___ ______ ______
Executive______________
Department of Defense..
Post Office Department.
Other agencies________
Legislative_____________
Judicial. _____________
State and local4__________
State_______ ____ ______
Local__________ ____ __
Education_____________
Other_________________
8,478 8,143 8,145 8,409 8,449 8,553 8,536 8,343 8,288 8,635 8,331 8,274 8,158 8,127 7,893
2,191 2, 206 2,205 2, 204 2, 212 2,334 2, 331 2,153 2,151 2, 492 2,192 2,168 2,164 2,197 2,191
2,178. 0 2,177.3 2,176. 6 2,184. 6 2, 306. 8 2, 303. 6 2,125. 3 2,123. 6 2,464. 5 2,164.7 2,140.9 2,136. 2 2,169.4 2,164. 2
919. 2 919.1 922.8 917.1 916.5 919.0 920.2 921.3 924.6 928.3 931.4 934.4 941.3 960.3
566. 5 564.8 560.0 553.3 553.0 551.8 553.0 553. 6 863.4
557. 5 551. 2 550.6 572.9 562.8
692. 3 693.4 693. 8 714.2 837.3 832.8 652.1 648.7
676.5 678. 9 658.3 651.2 655.2 641.1
22. 8 22. 8 22.8
22.5
22.5
22. 5 22.4
22.5
22.5
22. 5 22.6
22.7
22.5
22.1
4. 9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
6,287 5, 987 5,940 6,205 6,237 6,219 6, 205 6,190 6,137 6,143 6,139 6,106 5, 9944.8 5, 9304.8 5,7024.7
1,530. 8 1, 539. 2 1, 575. 2 1, 578.8 1.572.8 1, 564.1 1, 559. 8 1, 550.2 1.555.4 i. 555.6 1, 550.6 1, 517.9 1, 524.3 1. 470.8
4,406.3 4,400. 6 4, 629. 9 4, 658.0 4,646. 4 4, 641.1 4, 630.1 4, 586. 3 4,
587.6 4, 582. 9 4, 555.8 4, 476. 2 4, 405.7 4, 231.1
2j 529. 5 2, 538. 8 2, 851.3 2, 978. 5 2, 987. 4 2, 992.0 2,990.9 2,
947.3 2, 948. 7 2, 945.0 2, 906.4 2, 746.1 2, 721. 5 2, 563.7
3, 407. 6 3, 401.0 3,353.8 3, 258.3 3, 231. 8 3,213. 2 3,199.0 3,189.2 3,194.3
3,193. 5 3, 200.0 3, 248.0 3,208. 5 3,138.2
1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
1229
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1959
1960
Industry
lug.2 July
M in in g .......... ...............
M etal_________
I r o n ................
Copper............
Lead and zinc..
Anthracite_____
Bituminous coal.
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction-------------------------------------Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services) ............ ........
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........
Contract construction...................................
Nonbuilding construction------------------Highway and street construction..........
Other nonbuilding construction--------Building construction...............................
General contractors...............................
Special-trade contractors.......................
Plumbing and heating........................
Painting and decorating...................
Electrical work--------------- -----------Other special-trade contractors....... .
Manufacturing............ ............................... 12,357
Durable goods....................................... . 6, 905
Nondurable goods................................. 5,452
Durable goods
71.1
Ordnance and accessories----------- -------Lumber and wood products (except fur
588.8
niture)-------------------------------------Logging camps and contractors. .........
Sawmills and planing mills...............—
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products— ............
Wooden containers.----- ----------- -----Miscellaneous wood products...... ........
326.2
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public building, and professional
f u r n i t u r e ______________________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures___________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures— ------- ---------Stone, clay, and glass products....... ..........
Elat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_____ __________
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Cut-stone and stone products-----------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products....... ............................... ........
Primary metal in d u stries------- ------- Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills ------- ----------------- -----------Iron and steel foundries....... .............. .
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals.----- ----------------------Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals--------- -------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals— .................................
Nonferrous foundries.................. ...........
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)........... .......................
Tin cans and other tin w are...... ...........
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies....... .....................
Fabricated structural metal products. .
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures____ ____ ________
Fabricated wire p ro d u cts............... —
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
903.6
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1959
Dec.
528
79.5
29.9
26.2
8.5
9.0
137.8
507
78.4
29.4
25.3
8.9
9.0
119.1
534
80.4
30.5
26.0
9.1
10.0
144.3
532
80.0
30.5
25.6
9.7
10.5
147.7
533
79.3
29.5
25.7
10.1
11.5
149.5
524
77.6
28.8
24.8
10.2
12.4
152.0
527
73.4
28.6
21.1
10.1
13.9
154.1
518
60.5
28.4
8.5
10.1
13.9
154.4
527
57.2
28.2
5.6
9.9
14.1
155.1
519
54.9
25.9
5.5
9.8
14.3
144.9
203.0
202.3
202.9
198.3
199.5
197.7
199.8
202.7
208.3
209.6
532
65.1
22.7
18.0
9.3
14.3
128.5
479
34.0
5.3
6.4
9.3
13.9
119.0
14.6
149.2
209.4
215.7
210.2
481
33.7
5.3
6.1
10.0
1958
572
76.5
26.1
23.4
10.5
18.5
173.8
103.7 103.9 103.2 101.2 101.8 102.5 103.3 103.9 104.6 104.8 105.2 107.6 106.1 112.9
96.4
91.9
92.5
95.3
95.3
92.6
85.3
86.1
83.9
95.9
93.1
97,8
96.4
98.5
2,695 2,669 2,558 2,420 2,190 1,914 1,989 2,047 2,289 2, 445 2,551 2, 637 2, 372 2,278
497
581
506
554
507
439
353
360
424
340
513
558
573
566
293.8 292.6 286.7 256.6 196.2 136.3 142.9 145.2 195.2 245.0 283.8 303.4 245.4 231.8
265.1
277.5
269,
260.5
261.8
243.8
210.4
214.9
272.4 280.1 271.0 256.8 227.4 203.3
129 2,096 2,000 1,907 L, 766 .,574 1,636 1,687 1,850 1,938 1,997 2,056 1,86 1,781
729.2
658.1
662.4
703.8
667.6
542.2
629.0
513.4
564.0
756.8 752.4 714.7 675.1 609.5
371.8 1,343.9 1,285.4 1,232.0 1,156.3 ;,060.3 1,093. 6 1,123.2 1,220. 9 1, 270.4 1,293.4 1,326. 6 1,203.2 1,122. 6
270.5
247.0
252.8
265.2
256.3
251.5
230.3
239.3
261.4 256.2 253.4 246.7 235.4 224.1
181.7 153.3
231.6 229.5 212.7 201.3 176.3 160.3 159.3 163.1 184.6 201.3 207.4 218.8
166.8 159.9 149.6 139.4 133.3 128.6 132.0 134.4 138.8 143.0 144.5 148.4 138.3 138.2
712.0 698.3 669.7 644.6 611.3 547.3 572.0 586.4 646.0 669.8 676.3 688.9 630.4 584.1
12,283 12,145 12,332 12,292 12,334 12,435 12,494 12, 449 12, 466 12,274 3 12,201 12,373 12, 237 11, 658
6, 786 6,847 6,955 6,507
,839 6, 888 7,056 7,084 7,123 7,205 7,268 7,230 7,173 6
5,415 5, 526 5,282 5,151
,444 5,257 5, 276 5,208 5,211 5,230 5,226 5,219 5,293 5
68.4
71.7
72.3
72.4
73.0
73.8
74.9
74.7
74.3
74.0
72.9
73.4
73.5
607.5
112.1
292.8
606.1
114.6
291.4
617.4
118.6
296.0
592.5
101.8
288.8
586.6
86.1
281.6
555.7
83.9
275.1
560.6
85.5
276.7
561.4
86.5
277.0
583.6
95.4
286.3
599.3
99.5
294
612.0
619.7
101.7
304.2
591.1
92.3
291.5
556.8
80.1
283.6
112.4
39.7
50.5
327.7
241.5
110.9
39.9
49.3
320.9
235.6
112.0
40.8
50.0
326.7
240.4
111.7
40.8
49.4
324.3
240.3
110.9
39.7
50.3
327.2
242.7
109.0
38.2
49.5
326.9
242.9
110.5
38.3
49.6
327.6
244.0
110.3
38.3
49.3
327.4
244.0
113.6
39.1
49.2
327.8
245.9
116.7
38.6
50.0
327.2
246.6
120.8
39.7
50.3
328.6
247.2
123.6
39.7
50.5
329.1
246.3
117.7
40.2
49.4
321.2
240.8
106.5
40.6
46.0
297.3
38.7
38.4
38.8
37.6
38.0
37.7
37.2
36.8
36.7
36.6
37.5
37.8
35.9
34.2
28.8
28.1
28.1
26.8
27.2
26.7
27.0
27.4
27.1
26.7
25.6
25.6
18.7
452.4
25.4
90.7
13.8
35.2
65.7
40.9
95.9
16.0
18.8
449.9
25.8
90.0
13.4
35.3
66.1
40.9
94.8
15.2
19.4
456.1
26.2
93.2
13.6
35.3
65.8
42.2
95.0
15.8
19.6
451.6
26.6
90.5
13.7
34.5
65.9
41.7
93.2
15.6
19.6
19.3
448.2 443.0
30.2
27.5
88.9
89.3
14.1
13.7
31.6
33.7
62.2
64.5
42.5
42.3
91. C 86.8
15.4
14.9
19.4
445.2
32.0
87.5
14.5
31.0
62.6
42.4
87.7
15.0
19.2
442.6
32.2
84.7
14.5
32.5
63.1
41.9
87.8
14.9
18.1
452.4
32.3
85.9
14.8
33.9
66.0
42.0
91.7
15.3
17.3
457.1
32.1
87.2
15.3
34.3
67.2
43.0
94.0
15.6
19.2
458.2
32.
83.0
15.6
33.7
67.5
43.1
97.2
15.9
16.0
18.9
449.1
28.7
84.7
15.0
34.4
65.5
41.3
94.3
15.6
17.4
417.8
23.5
80.5
13.3
34.6
63.4
37.6
86.9
15.7
68.8
909.9
68.4
923.8
69.0
970.3
70.5
72.5
71.0
71.8
70.8
69.9
992.6 1019.8 1,042.6 1,051.5 1,048.3 1,038.8
68.4
975.0
69.6
602.3
70.9
611.0
69.6
916.4
62.3
430.4
178.7
438.7
187.1
468.9
193.1
495.3
188.8
510.6
194.0
526.4
194.7
531.6
198.8
531.6
197.7
527.7
197.6
493.2
183.2
118.8
194.2
123.3
195.6
416.6
192.2
436.8
167.4
45.5
46.3
46.6
46.1
47.2
45.4
42.5
40.7
37.4
32.4
32.9
33.3
40.0
9.2
8.8
8.8
89.9
55.7
90.5
54.3
105.2
89.2
53.3
116.0
80.6
46.4
108.4
795.8
50.6
9.0
830.2
June
8.6
8.6
8.9
9.1
9.3
9.3
9.4
101.2
300.0
20.1
469.2
30.4
88.6
15.5
35.8
67.5
43
101.0
220.1
8.2
83. S
49.2
113.2
82.7
47.6
112.
85.2
50.3
117.6
84.2
49.6
119.7
85.6
51.2
122.1
87.0
53.7
126.1
87.4
55.2
126.7
88.1
55.4
125.4
89.1
55.2
122.6
89.1
54.3
114.0
102.0
821.
55. (
100.1
817.;
55.4
98.6
840.1
55.6
103.
836.f
54.;
104.
836.8
51.
105.4
853.8
51.
109.1
863.
50.;
111.'
840.9
856.
49.1
50.
111. Ç 110.2
799.9
48.2
95.0
811.8
49.1
101.9
841.4
57.7
110.0
831.6
51.9
106.2
86.
212.
183.
36.i
43.
86.
210.
182.
36.6
43.
87.
208.
192.
37.
45.
88.1
204.
192.
37.6
45.'
88.;
199.'
193.
38. i
46.
88.
200.
201.
39.
48.
89.
200.'
207.1
39.
49.;
89.
199.
202.
39.
48.
86.8
199.3
196.2
39.0
47.7
89.2
192.8
179.5
38.8
45.8
93.1
181.4
193.9
40.5
43.4
94.0
190.2
196.4
40.4
43.8
89.5
203.4
187.8
38.5
45.4
103.
105. i\ 108.
109.
112.
114.
115.
114.
112. 6
110.6
108.5
108.9
108.91 96. 5
100.1
83.3
220.0
169.4
34.2
41.7
1230
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)................ 1,097.5
Engine and turbines_____________
Agricultural machinery and tractors.
Construction and mining machinery.
Metalworking machinery_________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking m achinery)--..............
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household mar
chines_________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts,..........
Electrical machinery_________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus________________________
Electrical appliances................. .............
Insulated wire and cable____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps____________________
Communication equipment_________
Miscellaneous electrical products____
872.9
Transportation equipment_________
1,117.
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and p a rts ........................... .
Aircraft______________________
Aircraft engines and parts______
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
Ship and boat building and repairing
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
Boatbuilding and repairing............. .
Railroad equipm ent-........................... .
Other transportation equipm ent...........
Instruments and related products...........
Laboratory, scientific and engineering
instrum ent______________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments—...................................... .
Optical instruments and lenses........... .
Surgical, medical, and dental Instru
m ents__________________________
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks______________
224.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Musical instruments and parts______
Toys and sporting goods............... ........
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products...............
Other manufacturing industries..........
419.4
1,111.2 1,130. 4 1,154.1 1,159.3 1,176.
60.2
96.8
83.2
181.6
61.3
98.7
85.5
190.2
62.9
101.5
87.4
195.6
64.5
101.7
89.9
195.7
65.
105.
91.
196.
122. 7
144. 7
91.9
122.4
143.7
92. 6
124.2
146.5
92.9
123.5
146.5
92.3
123.
147.
92.
200.0
130.1
136. 5
199.5
143.0
200.1
146,
198.3
148.
205.
860.0
849.6
858.7
855.1
277.4
28.9
20.3
51.2
25.0
421.3
35.9
276.0
28.7
20.4
52.9
24.5
410.8
36.3
277.6
29.4
279.3
29.1
21.8
283.
29.
22.0
21.
54.6
25.4
413.7
36.2
, 040.1 , 104.8 1,127.2
510.2 573.9 614. ‘
365.0 358.4 347.5
212.9 212.2 214.2
58.4
75.0
69.8
6.6 5.9 2.7
72.2
70.5
70.5
118.8 119.4 111.1
91.4
103.0 103.2
15.8
19.7
16.2
37.5
45.6
44.8
8.6 8.3 8.1
54.3
25.8
408.8
35.8
56.
25.
408.
35.
L, 173. .. 187.1
615.8 622.
388.0 398.1
223.5 229.1
82.4
83.3
8.5
8.5
73.6
77.2
114
113.1
93.0
90.9
21.7
22.2
46.7
44.7
8.4
8.3
, 186.1 1,191.0 1,178. 1,166.0 1,135.9 1,146.8 1,167.1 1,134.1 1,089.3
68.2
68.4
69.5
68.3
66.0
67.1
68.1
65.9
60.7
110.9 112.3 110.1 106.
94.5 103.
119.8 112.4
94.7
91
91.4
89.9
88.7
84.7
85.6
91.6
89.6
82.4
195.1 192.1 190.7 189.7 186.7 184.0 182.1 175.6 162.1
122.6 122.3 121.4 120.7 120.2 118.2 119.1 114.9 108.5
149.0 149.8 146.4 146.2 146.0 146. 6 146.1 141.9 138.1
92.
92.1
92.6
92.7
92.0
91. 6 90.4
89.7
84.0
146.0 149.2 145.4 140.9 136.3 138.4 138.3 138.1 123.2
213.4 212.8 212.3 209.5 211.4 211.6 206.0 185.6
210.0
878.7
287.2
30.4
22.2
59.0
25.
418.7
35.3
289.0
30.0
22.5
60.9
25.9
426.3
35.4
287.8
29.8
22.9
60.3
25.9
429.5
35.9
284.7
29.8
22.7
58.5
25.8
433.2
37.2
275.4
29.9
22.2
54.9
25.6
435.8
37.8
281.6
30.6
22.2
57.9
25.5
437.2
38.3
286.5
30.0
21.5
56.7
24.8
430.2
38.7
273.7
28.2
21.6
54.4
23.
401.6
36.3
247.8
25.4
19.3
47.0
22.5
355.4
32.7
L,221.21,244.8 1,238. 7 1,172.1 1,026.0 1,207.
651.9
407.1
233.5
83.9
21.7
44.0
8.4
675.2
411.7
237.5
83.2
8.4
82.6
108.7
87.4
21.3
41.5
7.7
8.6
81.1
109.
88.1
657.7
416.1
240.8
83.2
8.5
83.6
592.7
422.1
243.7
84.9
8.4
85.1
116.3
96.2
37.2
6.9
33.3
7.7
439.0
428.8
249.4
85.6
8.3
85.5
117.5
98.1
19.4
32.2
8.5
120.8
100.2
20.6
20.1
1,199.8 1,189. 5 1,124.0
599.5 574.2 480.0
445.3 451.1 479.3
262.7 268.1 291.5
85.6
86.5
89.9
8.9
8.
9.1
12.2
86.
88.1
87.4
85.7
107.
107.1 118.8 121.4
88 .
89.8
99.9 105.1
18.
17.3
18.9
16.3
34.
38.8
37.1
36.1
9.1
8.3
7.2
622.
435.
254.
85.
225.9
223.'
227.5
227.7
229.8
230.5
231.3
230.5
232.2
231.9
231.0
230.7
222.3
205.3
35.7
35.8
35.7
35.8
36.0
36.0
36.1
36.2
37.4
37.2
36.9
36.5
35.1
31.8
64.0
12.5
64.4
12.3
66.2
12.7
66.4
12.7
66,
12.7
66.9
12.5
67.3
65.
12.1
12.1
65.0
11.5
64.4
65.8
12.0
11.6
65.1
11.2
62.4
10.7
55.8
9.4
30.1
30.2
21.5
38.7
22.4
30.4
21.7
38.7
23.5
30.2
21.9
38.8
24.2
30.1
29.7
22.3
39.6
24.7
30.0
22.4
40.5
25.4
29.5
22.3
40.5
26.0
29.2
21.9
40.0
26.8
28.7
39.8
26.8
20.6
27.3
18.4
39.7
22.9
395,
36.5
15.7
73.4
23.4
47.
74.
123.3
391.
37.1
16.0
67.2
23.2
50.0
75.0
123.4
387.5
36.7
16.2
62.7
23.1
50.0
76.2
122.6
379.1
36.6
16.3
59.0
22.4
48.7
75.7
120.4
393.0
37.8
16.7
64.6
22.9
49.4
76.3
125. 3
414.8
38.2
16.7
80.7
24.1
49.9
77.0
128.2
420.0
38.1
16.7
85.
24.3
50.
77.2
127.2
416.6
37.3
16.0
85.1
24.1
50.7
76.4
127.0
959.5
232.1
63.7
152.0
74.4
161.7
938.6
237.2
59.6
134.1
74.1
160.
20.3
57.8
103.2
91.4
954.0
240.6
59.3
136.5
74.7
160.6
29.4
58.4
104.1
90.4
76.4
32.4
24.8
5.4
13.8
78.2
32.5
23.8
5.3,
989.5 1,031.8 1, 080.1 1,162.0 1,025.3 1,035.3
244.8 243.6 233.4 229.0 240.6 243.5
60.0
60.8
63.7
68.9
65.5
66.7
149.6 177.9 225.
316.2 189.2 186.6
75.2
74.8
77.7
79.9
77.9
79.5
162.7 165.7 165.7 165.0 162.1 164.9
35.3
36.8
39.0
23.8
25.3
25.9
62.9
64.
64.0
63.3
59.4
61.6
108.8 113.4 117.6 120.7 111.8 112.4
90.2
92.6
94.7
95.2
93.5
94.2
80.9
82.2
92.8
98.4
78.9
80.1
32.5 32.8
32.5
32.6
32.2
31.5
25.5
25.7
25.8
25.5
25.4
27.4
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.4
17.6
18.3
29.1
34.7
15.8
15.8
22.6
20.
30.4
21.3
38.7
22.5
410.4
37.7
15.7
389.1
35.3
14.
80.0
24.0
45.9
71.5
117.8
405.2
36.5
15.2
83.5
23.8
47.8
74.8
123.6
397.3
36.3
15.3
78.5
23.6
46.8
74.2
Food and kindred products___________ , 160. 7 1,150. 5 1,064.1 1,015.4
M eat products________________ ____
245.2 243.4 241.8
Dairy products____________________
68.
70.4
70.3
Canning and preserving____________
305.6 219.3 173.1
Grain-mill products...............................
77.7
78.3
76.6
Bakery products.....................................
164.1 165.0 164.4
Sugar......... .............................................
20.5
21.3
20.4
Confectionery and related products___
58.0
52.6
55.3
Beverages_______ ________________
116.0 117.8 117.9
Miscellaneous food products_________
94.5
96.0
95.6
Tobacco manufactures_______________
98.4
80.4
68.7
67.9
Cigarettes............... .......................... .
33.4
33.6
33.1
Cigars................................... ...................
23.7
22.7
23.8
Tobacco and snuff_________________
5.2
5.2
5.2
Tobacco stemming and redrying........ .
7.4
17.9
5.8
See footnotes at end of table.
967.
235.7
66.7
150.8
75.0
160.9
19.8
54.8
30.3
21.0
39.8
86.1
24.5
49.0
73.7
123.7
21.1
39.1
122.6
22.1
39.0
24.6
29.0
22.0
39.3
25.5
386.6
36.1
15.0
70. 7
22.8
48.8
72.9
120.3
361.0
34.5
13.6
67.5
22.3
46.4
64.8
111.9
Nondurable goods
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.2
91.5
55.4
108.
90.5
933.7
233.8
60.7
133.6
73.9
160.8
19.3
57.2
104.9
89.5
68.3
32.5
23.7
5.2
6.9
69.1
32.
24.0
2.5
7.3
71.2
32.1
24.1
5.3
9. 7l
20.8
16.61
A —EMPLOYMENT
1231
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
873.9
5.0
101.5
370.5
25.9
199.7
76.6
38.9
8.9
46.9
850.8
4.7
99.7
372.4
23.9
186.8
73.7
36.7
9.0
43.9
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products_________________ 852.4
Scouring and combing plants
-- Yarn and thread mills...... ......................
Broad-woven fabric mills _________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares____ Knitting mills
__________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile g o o d s................. —
859.1
4.9
96.1
360.1
25.7
206.0
76. 6
36.3
8. 3
45.1
847.8
4.9
94.9
360.4
25.1
196.6
76.7
35.9
8. 6
44.7
866.7
5.0
97.7
364.7
25.9
204.6
77.7
36.4
8.9
45.8
862.9
4.9
97.6
364.7
25.6
200.7
77.7
37.2
8.9
45.6
861.4
4.8
97.7
366.9
25.8
196.7
77.8
38.0
8.3
45.4
863.0
4.8
98.0
368.5
26.1
195.0
76.6
38.4
8.9
46.7
859.5
5.1
98.3
366.8
26.0
191.2
77.3
39.0
8.6
47.2
859.7
5.1
99.0
368.0
26.1
189.7
77.4
38.8
9.1
46.5
867.4
4.9
99.8
369.9
25.8
195.7
77.1
38.6
9.2
46.4
875.6
4.8
100.4
370.2
25.8
203.6
77.3
38.5
8.9
46.1
885.3
5.1
101.9
371.5
25.9
207.5
77.5
39.1
8.4
48.4
889.6
5.2
103.2
371.5
26.3
209.5
77.5
38.8
9.0
48.6
Apparel and other finished textile products____________________________ 1,096. 7 1,106. 4 1,059. 7 1,085.3 1,079.1 1,082.4 1,118.2 1,111.1 1,090.8 1,102. 5 1,107.0 1,100.0 1,106.2 1,080.0 1,027.0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats .
99.5
104.9
97.8 104.7 103.5 102.3 103.1 102.5 102.2 102.4 102.6 101.7 102.4
95.0
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing________________________
326. 8 318.0 326.0 322.9 318.8 320.9 319.2 316.2 318.4 321.1 320.4 320.5 308.5 283.9
Women’s outerwear________________
310.1 294.3 293.9 293.0 300.9 322.6 319.8 311.1 313.8 311.3 299.5 306.2 308.0 302.7
Women’s, children’s undergarments. .
105.3 100.5 105.2 105.5 107.5 108.9 108.6 106.8 108.7 111.1 111.1 109.7 106.2 101.9
13.0
15.9
20.7
20.1
17.1
16.2
15.0
16.4
16.4
14. 7 11.3
16.3
Millinery . ______________________
17.8
15.7
61.9
66.2
67.9
65.5
66.1
65.7
64.5
64.8
64.3
66.2
66.3
Children’s outerwear _ -----------------67.1
66.0
65.1
5.2
4.9
5.6
4.8
5.0
5.0
6.8
7.3
7.4
7.7
61
57
7.1
F ur goods . _______________ ____
8.2
54.4
54.1
53.8
53.3
51.9
56.8
57.9
55.7
54.8
58.0
54.4
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.55 3 51.2
50.9
114.1 110 4 115.0 116.7 115.8 117.0 116.4 114.8 116.9 117.0 121.0 119.4 113.7 103.6
Other fabricated textile products_____
455.0
452.5 444.5
227 1 222 2
122.4 119 8
103.0 102.5
451.8
225.7
122.0
104.1
449.2
222.8
121.5
104.9
448.3
222.5
121.3
104.5
446.4
221.5
121.8
103.1
445.8
221.6
121.7
102.5
447.2
223.3
121.4
102.5
450.5
222.2
125.2
103.1
452.3
222.2
127.1
103.0
453.6
222.1
127.4
104.1
459.7
227.0
127.3
105.4
448.6
223.1
122.9
102.6
439.3
220.7
119.6
99.0
575.9
573.1
164 3
27. 6
38 8
184.8
52.0
16 5
38.1
571.9
165.0
26.8
37.5
184.5
52.0
16.6
38.0
566.8
164.0
27.0
37.4
182.5
51.8
14.6
37.7
567.5
162.9
27.7
37.6
184.6
52.1
14.5
37.6
567.6
162.6
27.6
37.2
185.4
51.5
14.0
37.6
565.1
161.5
27.4
37.0
184.4
50.7
13.7
37.2
562.4
161. 5
27.4
36.6
185.0
48.9
13.5
36.4
570.6
165.8
27.2
36.4
185.4
50.3
15.4
36.8
570.2
163.6
27.5
36.3
184.4
51.5
16.7
36.7
569.8
164.1
27.6
36.3
183.8
51.1
16.1
37.5
569.8
163.8
27.4
37.0
183.4
51.0
16.3
37.7
557.5
161.0
26.6
35.5
180.2
50.1
15.0
36.3
545.4
157.2
25.5
33.7
177.5
49.7
14.2
35.0
51. 0
50 8
51.5
51.8
50.5
51.7
53.2
53.1
53.3
53.5
53.3
53.2
52.8
52.6
Chemicals and allied products-------------- 538.8
Industrial inorganic chemicals----------Industrial organic chemicals _____ .
Drugs and medicines----------------------Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations.. __________ ____________
Paints, pigments, and fillers. _______
Gum andVood chemicals----------------Fertilizers
_______ __________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals............ ........... —
540.4
69.9
212.3
58.0
536.9
69.5
211 3
58.3
540.4
69.5
211.1
57.5
546.7
69.2
210.0
56.6
551.0
69.3
208.9
56.7
540.5
68.7
208.7
57.3
537.3
68.8
207.7
57.0
535.9
69.1
208.0
57.6
537.1
69.6
206.8
57.3
539.0
69.7
206.9
56.9
540.0
69.2
206.7
56.9
539.9
69.4
208.0
57.6
530.9
68.4
203.3
57.1
512.2
67.3
191.8
57.6
32 3
46. 8
6.4
22.0
24.3
68.4
31 7
46. 7
6.4
21. 6
23.8
67.6
31.3
46.6
6.4
25.8
23.9
68.3
30.8
46.3
6.4
34.1
24.9
68.4
30.8
46.1
6.4
38.7
26.5
67.6
30.7
45.7
6.3
29.5
26.6
67.0
30.4
45.9
6.5
27.4
27.4
66.2
30.2
45.3
6.4
26.3
27.9
65.1
30.2
45.8
6.4
24.9
29.4
66.7
30.1
45.8
6.3
24.0
30.4
68.9
30.4
46.6
6.3
24.7
30.8
68.4
30.8
45.7
6.4
24.9
28.5
68.6
30.3
45.4
6.3
26.9
27.2
66.0
30.1
43.7
6.4
26.1
26.1
63.1
Products of petroleum and coal...... ..........
Petroleum refining___ . . . ---------- - .
Coke, other petroleum and coal products____________________________
153.4
153.8
117.0
153.2
117.0
155.6
117.6
154.9
116.7
154.4
116.3
154.2
116.4
154.9
117.1
154.1
116.4
154. 5
116.4
153.7
114.9
150.5
115.5
152.9
117.1
155.4
118.4
157.0
121.2
36.8
36.2
38.0
38.2
38.1
37.8
37.8
37.7
38.1
38.8
35.0
35.8
37.0
35.8
Rubber products ..................... - ...............
Tires and inner tubes............... .............
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products______________
198.1
197.0
75.9
18.4
102.7
191.7
75.9
17. 6
98.2
197.9
76.6
18.2
103.1
197.6
77.0
18.1
102.5
200.7
78.1
18.5
104.1
207.5
78.8
18.9
109.8
208.6
77.4
19.0
112.2
208.0
77.9
19.0
111.1
208.0
78.1
19.4
110.5
209.1
79.0
19.6
110.5
212.3
79.7
19.1
113.5
212.4
80.5
19.0
112.9
199.4
74.6
17.9
106.9
186.0
74.7
16.7
94.6
Leather and leather products--------------Leather- tanned, c u r r i e d , a n d fin is h e d
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings__
Footwear (except rubber)___ _______
Luggage . . . ___________________
Handbags and small leather goods.. ~
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.
322.5
331.1
30. 4
3.5
17.2
223.2
15.2
27.5
14.1
322.2
29.9
3.2
17.3
218.9
14.1
25.9
12.9
323.2
30.2
3.2
17.3
218.9
13.8
26.0
13.8
315.2
29.7
3.1
16.6
212.3
13.5
26.0
14.0
316.9
29.8
3.3
16.6
213.7
13.3
26.5
13.7
328.1
30.1
3.7
17.5
220.6
13.3
29.2
13.7
328.8
30.5
3.9
17.9
221.7
12.8
29.1
12.9
329.0
31.3
3.9
18.1
223.6
12.6
27.7
11.8
331.5
31.5
3.8
17.4
224.0
12.8
28.3
13.7
331.0
31.7
3.9
17.4
220.4
13.2
29.5
14.9
331.0
31.9
4.0
16.9
219.2
14.0
30.1
14.9
335.4
32.6
4.0
16.9
223.7
13.8
29.3
15.1
331.6
32.8
3.8
17.4
223.7
13.0
27.3
13.6
317.7
33.7
3.1
16.2
213.8
12.5
26.1
12.3
Paper and allied products------------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes. ___
Other paper and allied products ------Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries ----------- ----------------------------Newspapers _ ____________________
Periodicals.______________________
Books
_________________________
Commercial printing----------------------Lithographing_____ ______ ________
Greeting cards . __________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
568.3
163 7
26 6
38.0
183.9
51 8
16.0
37.5
1232
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities_________ ______
Gas and electric utilities___ _ _____
Electric light and power utilities___
Gas utilities___ _ ____ . ______
Electric light and gas utilities com
b in e d --____ ______________ ____
Local utilities, not elsewhere classifiedWholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade. - . . ____ _ ______
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction________ ______________
Automotive_____________________
Groceries, food specialities, beer,
wines, and liquors______________
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers-. - _______
Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores_______ Department stores and general mailorder houses____ _- . ________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores______ - .
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets__________________________
Dairy-product stores and dealers__
Other food and liquor stores_______
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores,_______
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)________________
Furniture and appliance stores_____
D rugstores__
___ _______ ____
May
June
Mar.
Feh.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
541
519.4
223.8
137. 7
544
522.1
224.4
140.2
537
515. 7
221.6
139.0
529
508.0
218.2
136.9
530
508.9
218.9
137.6
524
503. 7
219.1
137. 6
530
509.4
219.3
137.8
530
509.9
219.8
137.6
532
511.3
220.3
137.9
533
512.8
220.8
138.2
534
513 5
221.1
138.2
541
520.1
224.3
139.7
534
513.0
221.8
138.0
537
516.4
223.2
137.5
157.9
21.8
157.5
21.7
155.1
21.1
152.9
20.9
152.4
20.9
147.0
20.6
152.3
20.3
152.5
20.2
153.1
20.4
153.8
20.5
154.2
20.7
156.1
21.0
153.2
20.6
155.7
20.4
2,709
2,693
2,687
2, 670
2, 679
2,671
2,674
2,674
2,721
2,709
2,694
2,671
2,651
2, 622
1, 632. 4 1, 625.1 1, 621.8 1, 606. 3 1,612. 6 1, 604.9 1,607.9 1,608. 5 1,643.0 1,633.1 1,623. 1, 612. 9 1,588.8 1, 536.7
123.5 123.2 122.3 121.0 120.5 120.0 120.1 119.9 121.3 120.9 120.8 120.6 117.5 110.0
280.5
280.4
278.9
277.9
279.8
282.2
281.0
282.9
287.2
287.2
280.1
277.9
276.9
272.2
392.9
394.7
394.0
392.4
392.6
392.2
392.0
391.2
394.8
394.6
394.5
392.2
388.1
382.1
835.5 826. 8 826. 6 815.0 819. 7 810. 5 814.8 814 5 839. 7 830.4 828.0 822 2 806.3 772.4
1,076. 5 1,067. 7 1,065.4 1,063. 7 1,066. 7 1,066.0 1,066.5 1,065.8 1,078.1 1,075.9 1,070.8 1,058.1 1,061,8 1,084.9
1,341.0 1,328. 4 1, 359. 5 1,362.4 1,407. 7 1,301.6 1,299. 7 1,362. 4 1, 919. 3 1, 525.8 1,419.1 1, 363.3 1,383. 6 1, 334. 7
843. 6 842. 9 861. 3 859.4 872.0 820.7 826. 4 871.0 1,219.3 981 1 904.4 859.3 828.6 855.9
497.4 485.5 498.2 503.0 535.7 480.9 473.3 491.4 700.0 544.7 514.7 504.0 501.0 478.8
1,499. 7 1, 518. 4 1,513.4 1, 508. 6 1, 512. 6 1,499.9 1, 500. 3 1,496.4 1, 532.9 1,516.0 1, 498.1 1,484.8 1,485. 3 1,483.2
1,115. 5 1,131.3 1,129.0 1,126.2 1,127.8 1,128.1 1,123.9 1,125.1 1,145.3 1,136.8 1,118.4 1,099. 4 1,102.0 1,078.7
194.3 194.7 192.4 188.7 185.8 173.0 181.2 181.4 184.7 184.0 184.9 194.9 190.1 198.5
189.9 192.4 192.0 193.7 199.0 190.2 195.2 189.9 203.5 195.2 194.8 190.5 193.2 206.0
723.4 728. 1 729.4 722.5 720.0 705.9 705.1 704.3 720.5 708.8 709.0 706.8 699.8 677.2
527.6 542.8 571.7 570.2 623.8 530.1 530.2 556.4 692.0 583.1 569.3 552.1 554.7 542.0
2,132. 7 2,139. 7 2,129.0 2,095. 4 2,096. 5 2,064. 5 2,068. 7 2,083. 8 2,196. 9 2,131.1 2,113.9 2,129.0 2,090. 3 2,056.7
356.1 357.9 356.9 358.7 358.4 356.7 358.6 359.5 379.0 367.8 361.4 358.4 356.5 354.3
377.0 377.9 378.2 371.6 375.4 363.1 361.8 368.4 393.3 369.1 365.0 368.7 357.7 337.0
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apr.
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary.
2 Corrected.
1233
A —EMPLOYMENT
Table A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1959
1960
Item
Employment service: 3
New applications for work______ _____
Nonfarm placements...................................
June
July
Aug.
839
556
788
491
1,008
537
Mar.
Apr.
May
811
534
762
511
836
450
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
828
412
875
418
Nov.
707
432
823
465
Sept.
Oct.
762
556
744
633
Aug.
686
570
State unemployment insurance programs:
936
1,011
1,197
1,645
1,501
1,621
1,265
1,387
1,232
1,162
1,197
1,426
1,407
Initial claims*4----------------- --------------Insured unemployment *(average weekly
1,291
1,203
1,309
1,677
1,841
2,180
2,157
2,209
1,939
1,682
1,686
1,588
1,657
volume)__________________________
3.4
3.1
3.4
4.4
5. 6
4.8
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.3
4.0
4.2
4.3
Rate of insured unemployment «----------4,627
4,826
4,620
5,398
7,108
7,621
9,114
7,893
7,527
6,570
6,365
5,848
6,435
Weeks of unemployment compensated L_
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unem ploym ent8...................................... $32.99 $32.37 $32. 33 $32. 24 $32.50 $32. 39 $32. 26 $31.90 $31.91 $32. 21 $30.81 $30. 49 $29. 76
Total benefits paid...................................... $206,276 $183,775 $198,938 $204,883 $237,391 $287,142 $247,835 $235,202 $219, 466 $168,344 $136, 856 $141,800 $133,444
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicem en :8 4
Initial claims *.........................-..................
Insured unem ploym ent8(average weekly
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid......................................
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:10 4
Initial claim s3---------------------------------Insured unemployment 8 (average weekly
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid......................................
32
22
23
29
27
31
31
28
27
24
25
45
197
$6,004
54
230
$7,032
61
272
$8,345
61
247
$7,570
61
241
$7,427
53
229
$6,966
48
175
$5,297
41
160
$4,825
40
174
$5, 207
44
176
$5,238
27
45
195
$5,957
52
223
$6,850
49
180
$5,470
13
15
12
12
11
12
13
17
14
14
13
12
11
30
107
$3,546
29
128
$4,383
30
126
$4,205
33
144
$4,799
38
173
$5,730
39
159
$5,265
38
146
$4,820
33
144
$4,713
31
117
$3,815
28
112
$3,568
27
117
$3, 685
28
114
$3, 602
30
130
$4,418
Railroad unemployment Insurance:
31
Applications 11.............................................
Insured unemployment (average weekly
65
volume).....................................................
152
Number of payments I2_............................
$78.72
Average amount of benefit paym ent13—
Total benefits paid 14.................................. $12,139
All programs:18
Insured unem ploym ent8....................... .
30
1,804
81
6
61
97
$75.74
$7,434
39
104
$71.08
$7,502
1,826
1,700
35
32
22
15
21
12
59
6
6
5
94
79
93
97
105
69
78
63
54
45
174
194
223
201
184
190
159
164
133
104
$72.19 $74. 56 $77.35 $79.10 $80.57 $80. 82 $80. 61 $83. 50 $84. 31 $83.16
$7,909 $10,414 $13,374 $13,754 $16,582 $19,206 $21,693 $25, 810 $26,078 $27,314
1,801
i Data relate to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise indicated.
a Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
* Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
<Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
! Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
e The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
11ncludes data for the Federal civilian employee program through June
1959.
8 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program for the period
October 1958-June 1959.
« Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
5 6 8 6 7 0 -6 0 -
-7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,078
2,370
2,326
2,359
2,008
1,853
1,479
1,370
1,451
io Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs,
u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
I2 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods,
is The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments,
i* Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
u Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs, the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not
presented separately in table), which terminated January 31,1960.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1234
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1959
1960
Major industry group
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Accessions: T o ta l3
Manufacturing________ _______________
3.5
2.9
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.6
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.9
3.9
3.6
3.0
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products...........
Furniture and fixtures...................
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical machinery____________
Transportation equipment_______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
3.6
2.5
4.8
4.4
2.8
2.9
4.0
2.2
3.4
5.2
2.3
5.1
2.9
2.2
4.2
3.5
2.6
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
1.6
4.8
3.8
3.2
8.3
4.0
3.3
2.4
3.9
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.0
5.2
3.2
2.1
6.9
4.0
2.8
1.8
3.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
2.0
4.9
2.8
1.9
5.6
3.5
2.8
1.6
3.2
1.9
2.1
3.1
1.8
4.8
2.7
2.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
1.7
3.0
2.3
2.5
3.1
1.7
5.1
2.9
2.2
3.5
3.3
2.5
2.2
3.6
2.6
2.7
3.3
2.2
4.2
3.8
2.4
3.6
3.9
2.6
2.7
5.0
3.3
3.1
5.2
1.9
5.8
4.7
2.2
2.4
2.9
1.9
2.7
6.3
3.1
2.9
11.8
1.4
2.6
3.2
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.2
5.8
2.7
3.1
3.3
2.2
2.8
3.1
2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
2.2
3.2
2.4
3.3
3.6
2. 5
4.7
4.1
2.9
4.5
4.8
2.7
2.8
4.6
3.1
4.6
4.8
3.1
6.3
4.1
3.0
4.6
5.3
3.3
2.4
5.7
3.0
4.2
4.4
2.8
6.8
3.8
2.8
4.7
4.0
3.1
2.9
4.4
3.2
3.6
4.5
2.5
4.8
3.2
2.8
4.1
3.4
2.9
2.8
3.6
2.5
2.8
4.0
1.8
4.0
Nondurable goods 4.............. ..................
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products___ _____ _
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____________________
Paper and allied products....... ........
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products______ _____ _
Leather and leather products_____
3.2
3.6
1.3
3.5
2.9
3.9
1.5
2.9
4.1
5.4
1.7
3.5
3.3
4.6
2.5
3.3
2.8
4.4
1.3
2.8
2.6
3.1
1.4
3.1
2.8
3.3
1.4
3.0
3.1
3.9
1.4
3.2
2.1
2.7
.6
2.1
2.6
3.8
1.1
2.5
2.9
3.9
1.9
3.0
3.5
4.5
2.5
3.5
3.6
4.3
2.2
3.9
3.1
4.1
1.8
3.2
2.7
3.5
1.6
3.0
4.0
2.3
2.1
.9
3.6
4.7
3.8
2.4
1.6
.8
1.9
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.3
1.8
3.1
6.1
4.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
2.7
5.1
3.4
2.2
1.4
.7
1.7
3.0
3.4
2.1
1.6
.8
1.5
3.1
4.0
2.2
1.7
.6
2.3
3.3
4.4
2.3
1.6
.6
2.7
4.2
2.2
1.7
1.2
.4
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.8
1.3
.5
1.8
4.7
4.1
2.2
1.6
.7
2.4
3.5
5.0
3.0
1.8
1.0
3.2
4.0
5.6
2.9
1.9
.8
3.3
4.0
4.2
2.6
1.8
1.0
2.7
4.1
3.4
2.1
1.3
.7
2.6
3.3
N onmanufaeturing:
Metal mining____ _____ _______
Anthracite mining________ ___
Bituminous coal mining_________
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.8
1.5
1.0
4.0
1.8
.9
3.6
1.0
1.0
6.0
1.1
1.2
3.9
1.0
.9
2.4
.7
1.3
3.6
1.8
1.7
2.9
.9
4.1
2.1
1.8
8.8
2.7
2.4
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.2
.5
2.0
2.7
1.6
2.3
2.6
1.6
1.2
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing...............................................
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.6
2.5
2.0
1.3
Durable goods____________________
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary m etal industries________
Fabricated metal products____ _.
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical machinery___________
Transportation equipment. _
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
1.8
1.0
4.1
3.6
1.2
.6
2.0
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.6
3.6
1.5
1.6
3.8
2.7
1.3
.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.2
3.2
2.1
1.6
6.3
2.7
2.1
.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.3
3.5
1.6
1.4
5.5
2.6
1.5
.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6
1.4
1.2
3.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.5
2.6
2.3
1.2
.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
.9
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.5
1.9
1.5
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.4
2.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.3
2.8
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.5
.8
1.0
1.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.0
.9
1.4
1.3
1.8
.9
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.9
3.0
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.6
2.5
1.6
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.2
4.1
4.0
1.8
1.6
2.7
2.0
3.3
1.8
2.6
4.9
2.5
2.3
4.1
4.3
2.2
1.5
2.9
2.0
3.0
1.4
2.1
5.2
2.0
1.9
3.7
2.8
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9
3.0
1.3
1.7
2.7
1.7
.9
.5
1.4
.9
1.4
1.3
.9
1.9
Nondurable goods 4........................ ........
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures.....................
Textile-mill products____ _______
Apparel and other finished textile
products___ ________________
Paper and allied products________
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products..........
2.1
2.3
.9
2.1
1.9
2.3
.7
1.9
2.7
3.1
1.0
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.3
2.0
1.6
1.7
.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.1
.3
1.2
1.5
1.9
.7
1.5
2.0
2.3
1.2
2.0
2.5
2.6
1.8
2.6
2.6
2.5
1.3
2.8
2.0
2.0
1.1
2.1
1.3
1.5
.8
1.5
3.0
1.7
1.3
.4
1.4
3.5
2.9
1.7
1.2
.6
.8
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.6
1.3
1.2
4.0
2.8
1.8
1.2
.8
2.6
1.3
1.1
.4
.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
1.2
2.9
1.5
1.0
.2
1.6
2.5
1.5
1.0
.7
.2
.9
1.9
2.3
1.3
.9
2.6
2.6
1.5
1.0
.5
.5
1.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.8
1.3
.6
1.7
2.1
3.9
2.4
1.4
.7
2.5
2.6
4.3
2.3
1.5
.6
2.3
2.8
3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.7
2.6
1.8
1.3
.8
.3
.8
1.7
1.2
.9
.5
1.7
.2
2.6
.5
.5
2.2
.1
.5
2.4
.1
1.7
.2
.3
1.1
.2
.5
1.6
1.1
.5
1.1
1.2
.5
1.5
1.0
.6
1.3
.1
.5
1.7
(s)
.6
1.4
.7
.4
.3
N onmanufaeturing:
Metal m ining...................................
Anthracite mining______________
Bituminous coal mining..................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.4
.7
.4
.3
1.3
1.7
.7
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
1235
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
Table
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1959
1960
Major industry group
Aug.3 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Separations: T o ta l3
Manufacturing.
4.3
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.0
2.9
3.1
4.1
4.7
4.3
3.7
3.4
3.6
3.9
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.7
4.8
2.1
4.9
4.1
2.2
5.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
5.1
2.9
4.0
5.4
1.9
4.3
3.1
1.7
3.4
3.8
2.6
2.2
3.9
2.4
3.1
3.9
2.1
3.9
2.8
2.1
3.9
3.9
2.8
1.8
3.1
2.2
3.0
3.0
1.8
4.3
3.1
1.4
4.6
3.1
2.9
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.7
3.8
2.0
7.9
4.5
1.7
5.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
5.6
3.0
2.8
9.5
2.1
6.6
5.3
2.3
5.0
4.8
3.4
3.3
9.1
3.7
3.4
8.9
2.9
5.1
4.4
3.3
5.9
5.5
4.5
3.5
4.8
3.7
3.7
5.0
3.1
5.6
3.9
2.2
6.0
4.3
3.4
2.5
4.4
2.7
2.8
6.0
2.3
4.3
3.5
2.3
4.6
3.7
2.8
2.3
4.3
2.7
2.8
5.2
2.1
4.7
3.9
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
4.3
3.3
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.7
Durable goods,......... ............................
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products..........
Furniture and fixtures----- ---------Stone, clay, and glass products---Primary metal industries............. Fabricated metal products.-.........
Machinery (except electrical)........
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment-...........
Instruments and related products—
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........
4.7
2.3
0.6
3.9
3.6
4.4
4. 6
3.4
3.2
8.1
2.7
4.4
40
2.5
4.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
4.9
3.0
2.6
6.1
2.2
3.6
3.7
2.8
4.2
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.1
4.2
2.2
4.0
3.5
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.8
4.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.9
Nondurable
ndurame gooas
goods4.
*...........................
Food and kindred products----Tobacco manufactures-----------Textile-mill products................
Apparel and other finished textile
products.................. - ....................
Paper and allied products............
Chemical and allied products---Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products........ ...................
Leather and leather products........
3.6
4.2
1.8
40
3.0
3.6
2.1
3.4
2.6
3.1
1.6
2.8
2.9
3.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
3.6
1.7
3.5
3.0
4.1
2.0
2.9
2.8
3.8
1.9
3.0
3.0
4.1
2.7
3.1
2.9
4.1
1.9
3.3
3.2
4.4
1.3
3.3
3.5
4.9
1.7
4.0
4.1
5.3
2.1
4.1
3.4
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.0
4.0
1.9
3.3
3.0
3.8
2.1
3.4
4.3
3.0
1.9
1.5
3.5
5.3
4.2
2.3
1.4
1.6
2.3
3.4
3.0
2.3
1.4
1.1
2.6
3.3
4.0
2.3
1.3
.9
2.7
4.2
4.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.8
4.6
3.6
2.4
1.4
.9
4.1
4.8
3.3
2.3
1.2
.7
2.8
4.2
4.0
2.6
1.6
1.0
2.4
3.7
3.3
2.4
1.5
1.0
2.7
3.3
3.8
2.6
1.6
1.3
3.6
3.8
4.0
2.8
1.7
1,1
2.7
5.2
4.8
4.1
2.7
1.7
3.0
5.2
4.6
3.2
1.8
1.1
2.5
4.7
3.8
2.6
1.6
1.1
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.7
3.7
3.7
1.8
3.3
3.3
7.7
10.0
3.2
3.8
3.1
2.7
3.1
4.0
2.6
3.2
3.8
3.1
1.1.
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.3
2.2
2.2
1.5
2.2
.7
1.7
2.2
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.3
1.4
4.3
1.7
1.8
2.7
1.7
19.6
2.6
2.9
3.6
3.9
4.3
2.5
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining..................— ........—
Anthracite mining........................
Bituminous coal mining...... ..........
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing.
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
2.2
1.8
1.3
0.9
.9
.9
1.4
1.5
.7
.6
1.0
.7
1.1
.8
.8
1.5
.8
.7
1.4
1.0
.5
.7
.7
.6
1.0
.7
.7
1.1
.9
.7
1.8
1.3
.7
.8
.8
.7
1.1
.7
.8
1.5
1.3
1.0
2.4
2.0
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
1.4
1.0
1.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
4.3
2.9
1.8
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.0
3.5
1.6
1.4
3.6
2.6
1.6
1.0
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.1
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.7
.9
.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.8
.8
.8
1.7
1.1
.7
.4
.8
.6
.9
.8
.7
1.2
Durable foods----------------- ------ -------Ordnance and accessories------------Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures----- ---------Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries-----------Fabricated metal products---------Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment--------Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing-----
13
9
40
2. 2
9
J3
13
9
14
9
12
2.2
1.0
.9
2.4
1.6
.8
.4
.8
.7
.9
.8
.8
1.8
1.0
.8
2.4
1.5
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.9
1.6
1.0
.8
2.2
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
2.3
1.9
.7
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.8
.9
1.6
.9
.8
1.8
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.8
1.1
.7
.8
1.5
.9
.8
1.5
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.7
1.0
.8
.9
1.4
Nondurable goods4-----------------------Food and kindred products---Tobacco manufactures_______
Textile-mill products.................
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products.............
Chemicals and allied products---Products of petroleum and coal
Rubber products.......................
Leather and leather products------
1.9
1.7
.9
2.0
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.1
.9
1.6
1.3
1.0
.9
1.7
1.2
.9
.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
.9
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.0
.8
.7
1.1
1.2
1.0
.8
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8
2.5
2.3
1.5
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.0
.9
.9
1.2
3.1
1.4
1. 1
.5
1.0
3.5
2.8
.9
.6
.3
.7
2.2
2.1
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.2
2.6
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.0
2.4
.9
.6
.3
.7
1.9
2.3
.8
.5
.3
.7
1.6
2.2
.8
.5
.2
.8
1.7
2.3
.9
.6
.3
.8
1.8
1.8
.7
.4
.2
.7
1.4
2.2
.9
.5
.3
.7
1.7
2.8
1.2
.7
.4
1.0
2.0
3.6
2.7
1.7
1.0
1.6
3.0
3.5
1.8
1.0
.5
1.3
3.1
2.5
1.2
.7
.4
.9
2.1
1.7
.8
.5
.3
.6
1.5
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining....... ........ ..................
Anthracite mining..........................
Bituminous coal mining...... ..........
1.6
.2
.3
1.6
.1
.4
1.2
.5
.2
1.6
.7
.3
1.7
.3
.3
2.1
.3
.2
.9
.2
.2
.9
(»)
.3
1.0
.2
.3
.9
.2
.4
1.0
.4
.5
2.2
.5
.6
1.4
.6
.4
1.4
.3
.3
1.2
.5
.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1236
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Major industry group
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing,.............................................
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.0
2.2
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.6
2.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.3
Durable goods......................................
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures,.............. .
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries,......... .
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
2.8
1.2
2.1
1.0
2.1
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.2
6.6
1.1
1.5
2.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.9
3.4
3.5
1.8
1.1
4.7
1.0
1.2
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
3.4
2.5
'1.9
1.4
2.7
.8
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.0
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.8
1.9
3.4
.8
2.7
2.6
1.0
2.8
1.7
2.4
2.4
3.7
1.6
2.3
4.0
.7
2.2
1.6
.5
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.3
2.4
.8
1.9
1.3
.7
1.9
1.9
1.5
.8
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.7
.7
2.2
1.8
.4
2.7
1.6
2.1
.9
1.8
1.1
1.1
2.5
.9
6.4
3.1
.7
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
4.3
1.9
1.0
8.2
.9
4.7
3.5
.8
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.1
7.3
2.2
1.3
7.3
1.0
2.0
1.6
.6
1.0
1.8
2.1
1.6
2.2
1.5
.6
2.6
.6
1.3
1.6
.3
1.7
1.0
1.2
.9
2.2
.9
.5
4.1
.5
.9
1.8
.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
2.7
1.2
.9
3.6
.6
2.3
2. 6
18
2.1
2.2
2.5
2. 6
3.1
2.4
1.8
3.8
1.3
3.1
Nondurable goods *.................................
Food and kindred products,......... .
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products__ : .................
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____________________
Paper and allied products...............
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products..............................
Leather and leather products_____
1.2
2.0
.6
1.4
1.1
2.0
.7
1.2
.8
1.6
.2
.8
1.1
2.1
.4
.9
1.4
2.1
.5
1.4
1.4
2.7
.8
1.0
1.2
2.3
.7
1.3
1.3
2.6
1.2
1.2
1.6
3.0
.9
1.7
1.6
3.0
.3
1.5
1.5
3.0
.1
1.6
1.1
2.4
.2
1.0
.8
1.7
.2
.8
1.2
2.4
.5
1.2
1.7
2.5
.9
1.8
.7
1.0
.5
.7
1.8
1.2
.8
.8
.4
.8
1.2
.7
.6
.7
.4
.4
1.3
.7
1.0
.8
.4
.3
1.5
1.6
1.1
.8
.6
.5
2.7
2.1
.9
1.0
.5
.3
2.9
2.6
.7
1.0
.4
.2
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.2
.6
.5
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
.7
.4
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.2
.8
.7
2.5
1.4
.6
1.1
.6
.5
1.2
2.6
.8
.6
.5
.3
.9
1.6
.6
.8
.3
.2
.7
.9
.9
.9
.5
.4
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.0
.6
1.8
1.8
1.0
.6
2.6
1.1
6.1
8.7
.3
1.9
2.6
.2
1.6
3.5
.2
1.8
3.1
.5
.2
1.4
.3
.6
.8
.7
.8
.9
.4
(s)
1.1
.9
1.8
1.5
.3
.3
.7
1.6
.3
.8
.8
(5)
18.9
.6
1.7
3.1
2.2
3.7
2.0
Non manufacturing:
Metal mining....................................
Anthracite mining............................
Bituminous coal m in in g ................
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for
the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar
month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to
midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
(4) Reports from plants aflected by work stoppages are excluded from the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
turnover series, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
2 Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which
are not shown separately.
* Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
4 Less than 0.05.
1237
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
C.—Earnings and Hours
Table
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
M in in g ______________________________________
M etal____________________________
Iron___________________ _____
Copper------ -------------------------Lead and zinc___________ _____ Anthracite......................... ......................
Bituminous coal___________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)__
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-----
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c t io n ---------- - - -----------------
Nonbuilding construction----------------Highway and street construction.__
Other nonbuilding construction__
Building construction... ___________
General contractors_____________
Special-trade contractors_________
Plumbing and heating..............
Painting and decorating______
Electrical work_____________
Other special-trade contractors.
$108.67 $111.22 $110. 83 $110.70 $111.38 $110.98 $108.13 $111.11 $114.51 $109. 89 $108. 92 $107. 45 $108. 77 $107. 73 $100.10
111. 49 111.37 BIO. 27 114.01 113. 58 111. 3C 107.71 113.05 111.4] 108.8< 99.38 99. 29 97.7] 103.31 96. 22
113. 88 117.67 3110.98 120. 22 120. 8( 115. 66 115.95 122.40 118. 98 119.0( 86. 84 90.19 95. 84 107. S£ 100. 27
116. 85 112. V 115. 46 115. b4 114. 66 114. 66 103.9< 111. 87 110.32 105. 6< 110. be 99. 46 96. 75 106.17 94. 62
91.20 91.66 95.0< 94. 58 93.71 92. 52 92.62 94.71 94.58 93. 20 92.39 94.85 92.89 90. 6c 85. 93
93. 6' 93.50 93. 23 82. 2! 80.88 99.9] 76.16 88.09 94. 7c 93. 84 82. 8( 88. 36 76.73 84. 98 76.01
112. 47 121. 60 121. 69 119.0c 122. 30 127. 26 121.97 127. 32 135. 38 118.1< 123. 55 115.8] 120. 74 118. 30 102. 38
112. o; 116.16 113.52 116.05 115.18 113. 52 112.12 116. 72 113.81 117. 83 113.12 116. 72 115.75 114. 93 109. 75
102.60 102. 60 101.70 98. 78 98. 55 92.89 91. 46 92.38 96.13 95. 90 97.90 99.01 100. 33 95.48 89.63
123. 98
125. 76
124.11
127. 89
123.68
113. 88
129.17
135. 20
120. 35
150.93
124. 55
123. 61
124. 91
122. 36
127. 80
123. 68
113. 77
128. 83
135.20
120. 70
150. 93
124.21
121.18
121.06
117.45
125.15
121. 24
111. 13
126. 69
134.87
118. 62
149. 38
121.41
119. 56
118.05
111.90
123. 86
119.91
110.26
124. 93
132.68
116. 60
148. 23
119. 70
119.19
117.96
112.36
123. 51
119.19
109. 50
124.57
131.98
115. 58
147.07
118.99
115. 50
116.91
105. 69
124. 26
115.60
104. 83
120. 74
130. 27
113.91
146. 69
112.83
113. 75
111. 16
101.01
117. 56
114. 22
104. 31
119. 71
128.43
110. 22
144. 77
112. 53
113. 72
108.00
96. 75
115. 50
114.87
104. 88
119. 72
129. 83
111.89
146. 30
111.54
117.81
113. 47
103. 88
120.87
119.13
108. 78
124. 53
133. 32
115. 87
148.19
118. 27
113. 88
110. 87
104.8C
116. 71
114.14
103. 93
120.04
129.08
113. 86
142. 51
113. 23
117.66
117. 71
113.03
123.01
117. 72
109.85
122. 38
130. 79
115.17
144. 38
116. 49
115. 66
112. 58
109. 62
116. 35
116.71
107.87
121. 70
126. 29
116. 47
138. 75
117. 51
119.88
121. 26
119.71
123.07
119.19
110.70
123.98
131. 45
117.00
144. 71
118. 70
114.82
113. 24
108.09
118. 40
115. 28
106. 39
120. 27
128. 56
113. 40
142.08
113. 80
110.47
109. 47
104.14
114. 26
110. 67
102. 53
115. 28
123. 23
107. 95
135.97
109. 31
Average weekly hours
M in in g __________________________ ___________
M etal____________________________
Iron__________________________
Copper_______________________
Lead and zinc__________________
Anthracite-----------------------------------Bituminous coal___________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services) —
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-----
C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n ... -----------. . . . . .
Nonbuilding construction----------------Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction__
Building construction---------------------General contractors.. .....................
Special-trade contractors_________
Plumbing and heating..............
Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work__ . . . --------Other special-trade contractors.
40.7
41.6
40.1
43.6
40.0
34.3
34.5
41.5
41.4
41.0
42.0
40.2
34.0
37.3
41.2
341.3
338.4
43.9
41.5
33.9
37.1
41.0
42.7
41.6
44.1
41.3
29.6
36.4
41.1
42.7
41.8
44.1
41.1
29.2
37.4
40.8
42.0
40.3
44.1
40.4
36.2
38.8
39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
27.2
37.3
40.7
42.5
42.5
43.7
41.0
31.8
38.7
42.1
42.2
41.6
45.4
41.3
34.2
40.9
40.7
41.7
41.9
44.2
40.7
34.0
35.8
41.1
40.4
30.4
45.3
40.7
30.0
37.9
40.7
40.2
31.1
41.1
41.6
31.9
35.2
41.2
39.4
32.6
38.7
41.1
27.9
36.7
40.5
40.2
37.4
42.3
40.1
30.9
36.4
39.1
38.8
36.2
39.1
39.6
28.9
33.9
40.3
45.0
40.9
45.0
40.4
45.2
41.0
43.9
40.7
43.8
40.4
41.1
39.9
41.2
41.1
41.8
40. 5
43.3
41. 2
43.2
40.4
44.3
41. 1
44.6
40.9
45.4
40.9
43.8
40.8
43.3
37.8
42.2
43.7
40.6
36.7
36.5
36.8
38.3
35.5
38.9
36.1
37.8
42.2
43.7
40.7
36.7
36.7
36.6
38.3
35.5
38.7
35.9
37.4
41.6
42.7
40.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.1
35.2
38.7
35.5
36.9
40.7
41.6
39.7
35.9
35.8
35.9
37.8
34.6
38.5
35.0
36.9
41.1
42.4
40.1
35.9
35.9
35.9
37.6
34.4
38.3
35.1
35.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
34.2
33.6
34.4
36.8
33.8
38.1
32.8
35.0
38.2
38.7
37.8
34.3
34.2
34.4
36.8
32.9
37.8
33.0
35.1
37.5
37.5
37.5
34.6
34.5
34.6
37.2
33.4
38.4
33.0
36.7
39.4
39.2
39.5
36.1
35.9
36.2
38.2
34.9
39.1
35.2
35.7
38.9
39.4
38.4
34.8
34.3
35.1
37.2
34.4
37.8
33.9
37.0
40.6
41. 1
40.2
36.0
35.9
36.1
37.8
34.9
38.5
35.3
36.6
39.5
40.6
38.4
35.8
35.6
35.9
36.5
35.4
37.0
35.5
38.3
43.0
44.5
41.3
36.9
36.9
36.9
38.1
36.0
38.9
36.3
36.8
40.3
41.1
39.6
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.7
35.0
38.4
34.8
36.7
40.1
41.0
39.4
35.7
35.6
35.8
37.8
34.6
38.3
34.7
$2. 68 $2.69
2.69
2. 67
2.87
2. 89
2. 67 2. 63
2. 28 2.29
2. 75 2. 75
3.26
3.28
$2.70
2.67
2.89
2. 62
2.29
2. 78
3. 27
$2.71
2. 66
2.89
2. 60
2. 28
2. 77
3. 27
$2. 72
2. 65
2.87
2.60
2.29
2. 76
3. 28
$2.71
2. 64
2.87
2. 56
2. 27
2. 80
3. 27
$2. 73
2. 66
2. 88
2. 56
2.31
2. 77
3.29
$2. 72
2. 64
2.86
2. 43
2.29
2.77
3.31
$2.70
2. 61
2.84
2. 39
2.29
2. 76
3.30
$2. 65
2. 46
2. 84
2.44
2. 27
2. 76
3. 26
$2. 64
2. 47
2. 90
2.42
2. 28
2. 77
3.29
$2. 64
2.48
2. 94
2. 50
2. 26
2. 75
3. 29
$2. 66
2. 57
2.87
2.51
2. 26
2. 75
3.25
$2. 56
2. 48
2. 77
2. 42
2.17
2. 63
3.02
Average hourly earnings
M in in g ...
----------------------------------- --------------
Metal____________________________
Iron_________________ ____ ____
Copper_______________ ____ ____
Lead and zinc--------------------------Anthracite_______________________
Bituminous coal___________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services) —
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-----
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c t io n -----------------------------------
Nonbuilding construction----------------Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction__
Building construction---------------------General contractors-------------------Special-trade contractors_________
Plumbing and heating_______
Painting and decorating...........
Electrical work------- -----------Other special-trade contractors.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.67
2.68
2. 84
2. 68
2. 28
2. 73
3.26
2.78
2. 28
2. 84
2.28
2. 81
2. 25
2. 83
2.25
2. 83
2. 25
2.81
2.26
2. 81
2. 22
2. 84
2.21
2. 81
2. 22
2.86
2. 22
2.80
2.21
2. 84
2.22
2.83
2.21
2.81
2.18
2.69
2.07
3. 28
2. 98
2. 84
3.15
3. 37
3.12
3. 51
3.53
3.39
3.88
3. 45
3. 27
2. 96
2.80
3.14
3. 37
3.10
3.52
3. 53
3. 40
3.90
3. 46
3. 24
2.91
2. 75
3.09
3.34
3.07
3. 49
3. 54
3.37
3.86
3. 42
3.24
2. 90
2.69
3.12
3.34
3.08
3.48
3.51
3. 37
3.85
3.42
3. 23
2.87
2. 65
3.08
3.32
3.05
3.47
3. 51
3.36
3.84
3. 39
3.30
2.99
2.71
3.17
3. 38
3.12
3.51
3. 54
3. 37
3.85
3.44
3. 25
2.91
2.61
3.11
3.33
3.05
3.48
3.49
3. 35
3.83
3.41
3.24
2.88
2. 58
3.08
3.32
3.04
3.46
3. 49
3.35
3.81
3. 38
3. 21
2. 88
2. 65
3.06
3.30
3.03
3.44
3.49
3. 32
3.79
3.36
3.19
2. 85
2. 66
3.04
3. 28
3.03
3. 42
3. 47
3.31
3.77
3.34
3.18
2. 90
2. 75
3.06
3.27
3.06
3.39
3. 46
3. 30
3. 75
3.30
3.16
2.85
2.70
3.03
3.26
3.03
3.39
3.46
3. 29
3.75
3.31
3.13
2.82
2.69
2.98
3.23
3.00
3. 36
3.45
3.25
3.72
3.27
3.12
2.81
2.63
2.99
3. 22
2.98
3. 35
3.41
3.24
3.70
3.27
3.01
2.73
2. 54
2.90
3.10
2.88
3. 22
3.26
3.12
3. 55
3.15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1238
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1959
1960
Industry
Annual
average
4
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
$90.74 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47 $88.70 $89.24
97.60 97.76 98.98 98. 58 97.36 98.74 98. 98 100.86 99.87 95.44 96.52 96. 70 95.88 99.10
81.77 82.37 82.16 81.35 79. 52 79.93 79.95 80.77 81.19 80.39 79.79 80.79 80.20 79.00
$83.50
90.06
75.27
Ordnance and accessories____ _______ 105.60 105.20 107.30 107.79 106.49 108.73 107.68 108.21 109.10 106.97 106. 55 105.22 103.38 104.08
101.43
M a n u fa c tu r in g ______________________________
Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods_____ ___________
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products..................
Sawmills and planing mills........ .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structual wood products.
Wooden containers............. ............
Miscellaneous wood products____
83.41
79.99
81.35
79.00
83. 84
81.18
81.40
78.94
80.20
77.95
77.60
75.27
78.01
75.25
77.03
75.83
80.40
78.14
80.60
78.18
82.42
79.37
82.62
79. 77
82. 61
80.95
77. 74
75.85
75.41
73.23
84.82
60.04
68.45
82.89
63.14
68.61
83. 37
62.42
70. 55
84.42
62.47
69.29
82.97
60.70
68.04
81.95
59.10
68.38
81.95
59.25
66.99
82. 58
59. 50
67.32
83.42
60.09
67.32
83.82
59.35
67.08
84.86
61.35
67.40
83.43
62.06
66.42
86.11
61.24
67.07
83.43
59.09
66.08
79.38
56. 88
63.52
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture__________ ____
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures__________
75.89
71.05
74.40
69.30
74.77
69.83
74.19
69. 65
73.82
69.83
72.73
67.94
74. 56
70.35
74. 56
70.35
77.33
73.92
75.21
72.21
76.49
73.85
75. 58
72.04
76.31
72. 56
73.12
69.83
70.31
66.76
89. 25
88.40
88.40
87.54
86.88
87.74
86.92
87.97
88.83
82.99
86.11
86.11
89.25
82. 61
79.79
97.92
97. 68
96.76
94. 60
92.10
93.26
92.80
93.73
96. 05
94. 66
91.94
93.89
94. 35
88. 03
85.97
78.14
76. 57
77. 36
76. 76
72.91
74.80
75.22
74.82
75.33
73.23
74.93
71. 53
73.44
73.53
71.56
39.9
40.1
39.6
40.3
40.9
39.5
40.3
40.8
39.8
40.5
40.8
40.1
40.2
40.8
39.5
39.2
39.5
38.8
Averagejweekly hours
M a n u f a c tu r in g ________ . . .
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods____ _____________
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5
39.9
40.4
39.3
39.3
39.9
38.6
39.7
40.3
38.8
39.8
40.4
39.0
40.3
41.0
39.4
40.6
41.1
39.8
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories......................
40.0
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.8
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.7
41.3
40.9
Lumber and wood products___ _____
Sawmills and planing mills........ .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers..........................
Miscellaneous wood products____
40.1
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.5
41.0
40.1
40.9
39.9
40.6
38.8
39.0
39.4
39 4
39.3
39.7
40.2
40.7
40.1
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.3
40.7
41.0
39.9
39.8
40.2
39.5
40.5
39.1
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.8
41.5
40.2
41.1
41.0
39.7
40.2
40.5
39.4
39.4
40.7
39.4
39.5
40.6
39.7
40.2
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.5
40.3
40.5
41.6
41.1
41.4
41.1
40.2
41.3
40.5
39.5
40.2
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures______________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____ ____
40.8
40.6
40.0
39.6
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.9
39.1
38.6
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.2
41.8
42.0
41.1
41.5
41.8
42.2
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.7
40.4
40.6
39.5
39.5
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.9
39.9
41.4
41.2
42.5
40.1
39.5
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.4
41.4
40.8
40.5
41.0.
41.2
39.3
38.9
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.4
39.2
40.0
39.8
39.8
40.5
39.8
40.5
39.3
40.8
40.4
40.2
$2.23
2.38
2.03
$2.21
2.36
2.02
$2.22
2.37
2.03
$2.19
2.35
2. 00
$2.22
2.38
2.00
$2.13
2.28
1.94
Average hourly earnings
_
---------- $2.29
Durable goods_____________________ 2.44
Nondurable goods....................... ........... 2.07
M a n u f a c tu r in g ________
$2.29
2.45
2.08
$2.29
2.45
2.08
$2.29
2.44
2.07
$2.28
2.24
2. 06
$2.29
2.45
2.06
$2.29
2. 45
2.05
$2.29
2.46
2.05
$2.27
2.43
2.04
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories...... ................
2.64
2.63
2.63
2.61
2.61
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.61
2.59
2. 58
2.56
2.54
2.52
2.48
Lumber and wood products......... ........
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers...........................
Miscellaneous wood products.........
2.08
1.98
2.07
1.98
2.07
1.98
2.03
1.93
2.01
1.92
2.00
1.93
1.98
1.91
1.96
1.91
2.00
1.92
2.01
1.94
2.02
1.95
2.03
1.96
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.85
1.89
1.84
2.11
1.52
1.69
2.12
1.54
1.69
2.10
1.53
1.70
2.10
1.52
1.69
2.09
1,51
1.68
2.08
1. 50
1. 68
2.08
1.50
1.65
2.08
1.48
1. 65
2.07
1.48
1. 65
2.08
1.48
1.64
2. 08
1.50
1.64
2.06
1.54
1.64
2.07
1.49
1.62
2.03
1.47
1.60
1.96
1.44
1.58
1.86
1.75
1.86
1.75
1.86
1.75
1.85
1. 75
1.85
1.75
1.86
1.76
1.85
1.75
1.85
1.75
1.85
1.76
1.83
1.74
1.83
1.75
1.83
1.74
1.83
1.74
1.81
1.72
1. 78
1.69
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.08
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2.06
2.02
2.40
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.27
2. 29
2.29
2.24
2.21
1.92
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.89
1 .8 8
1.86
1.84
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.82
1. 78
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Household furniture___ _________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures______________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1239
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1959
1960
Industry
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products............ Flat glass............ ................ .............
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown-------------------------------- Glass products made of purchased
glass_________ ______________
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products - - ----Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products___________
____
Cut-stone and stone p ro d u c ts.___
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_____________________
Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills___________ ______
Iron and steel foundries_________
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals----- -------------Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals..... ................
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals_____________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries..........................................
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Flat glass...........................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.......... ........ .............. ...........
Glass products made of purchased
glass................ ..............................
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products.. _____
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products_______ ____________
Cut-stone and stone products____
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products____________________
Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills___________ _____
Iron and steel foundries____ ____
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals__________ _
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals___________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals......... ................
Nonferrous foundries____ _______
Miscellaneous primary metal industries..........................................
$93.48 $93.02 $93.07 $92.84 $91.08 $90. 57 $90. 85 $91.30 $92.25 $91.39 $91.88 $91.43 $92.35 $90.83
120. 82 124. 26 125.29 124.97 123. 78 124. 74 123. 48 126.80 127.39 127. 58 130.00 133.34 125. 76 113.46
88.80
88.13
85.75
74. 56 72.68 72. 71
99.96 106.17 101.02
80.99 80.80 82.19
81.87 80.35 81.24
73.45
98.98
80.39
79.80
71.55
92.92
75.25
73.24
94.13
75.99
91.96
75.44
86.43
73.31
98.49 97.20 96. 96 97.44 95.84 98.29 98.29 99.01 98. 53 95.24 95.94 96.46 97.58 96.93
106. 68 108.75 109. 70 109. 70 112.29 114.29 115.26 117.96 117.14 107. 86 105. 74 106.40 104.81 112. 72
87. 96
100.97
110. 90 113.83 115.74 116.21 122.22 122. 89 123. 60 128. 54 127.72 113.10 116. 66 118. 73 113.09 122.28
95.10 97.61 97. 61 96. 61 95. 48 99.00 99.25 100.35 99.29 94. 28 96.14 96.14 96.16 97.44
108.00
85.93
110. 97 109.74 108.24 108.47 112. 25 108.05 107.04 108. 62 105.86 108. 92 108. 53 111. 90 104. 52 105. 93
99.05
88. 65
91.88
90. 63
70. 50
97. 66
79. 78
81.79
71.62 70. 87 75.14 74.21
98.15 100.04 101. 02 103.25
80.19 80.40 82.21 81.61
80.30 80.14 82.60 80.98
87.08
72.20
89.03
75.14
96.36
78.44
91.54
95.26
75.89
92.86
94.60
77.27
93.15
93.74
78.81
92.02
77. 61
89.95
88. 93
89. 47
74.67 74.84 73. 71 72.95 71.82
103.83 106.71 105. 63 104.14 101.18
83.43 82.22 83. 43 83.23 83.03
81.59 79.21 82.46 81.70 81.75
93.09
88.83
75.48
91.14
76.96
90.93
75.26
88.18
93. 72
77.75
88.84
110.84 111.78 110. 83 108. 54 106. 53 107. 87 108. 54 109. 20 110. 92 109. 45 109.45 107. 71 108.09 110.62
101.56 101.81 101.91 101. 50 97.32 100.60 101.00 113.16 102.92 100. 61 103. 58 101. 76 99.39 100.28
100. 90
93.06
108.47 109. 57 109. 85 110.12 110.40 115.08 117.88 118. 72 117.32 107.96 108.81 111. 11 110.97 113.85
Average weekly hours
102.31
41.0
39.1
94.00
93. 67
95.06
40.8
39.7
41.0
39.9
40.9
39.8
94.77
95.06
94. 66
95. 76
96.05
96. 28
40.3
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.2
39.2
40.4
40.0
41.0
40.7
40.8
40.5
96.22
95.82
76.22
94.16
94.40
95. 68
84.36
$84. 80
113.10
95. 49
41.2
41.4
41.0
42.6
41.6
40.7
41.1
41.6
40.0
38.6
40.3
39.8
40.2
40.5
38.9
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.7
39.4
39.9
38.0
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.3
40.4
41.1
37.6
39.6
41.2
40.5
36.5
39.0
41.1
41.3
38.0
38.6
41.0
41.0
38.0
38.0
40.8
40.7
38.2
37.3
39.7
39.3
38.4
38.3
39.9
39.7
37.7
37.9
40.5
40.0
37.1
40.4
40.9
40.7
38.6
39.9
41.3
40.6
38.2
40.3
40.8
40.7
38.8
39.5
41.8
40.4
37.9
39.3
41.4
41.3
38.5
39.7
40.9
40.6
38.0
39.1
40.4
39.4
35.9
44.2
41.5
44.1
40.8
44.0
41.1
43.4
41.7
42.8
41.5
40.5
38.2
41.8
40.4
42.3
40.8
43.4
41.6
43.3
40.9
44.0
41.8
44.4
41.3
45.2
41.2
44.0
41.0
43.0
40.5
40.7
38.1
40.5
38.7
40.4
38.9
40.6
38.9
40.1
39.4
41.3
40.1
41.3
40.3
41.6
41.1
41.4
41.1
40.7
38.8
41.0
39.9
41.4
40.0
41.7
39.7
41.6
40.4
39.8
38.1
36.6
38.5
37.2
39.2
37.7
39.2
38.1
38.8
39.3
38.5
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
41.2
40.3
41.2
40.2
37.7
38.8
38.0
39.4
38.3
39.4
36.6
39.9
39.7
40.1
37.5
37.2
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.4
42.2
41.4
40.7
41.3
40.1
41.1
40.8
41. 6
40.2
40.9
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.8
41.1
41.4
41. 5
41.6
42.2
41.7
41.3
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.9
41.1
41.7
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.6
40.8
41.2
41.1
40.9
41.9
41.1
40.2
39.6
39.4
42.1
41.9
41.8
Average hourly earnings
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.4
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.8
40.6
40.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
40.6
40.5
40.6
39.9
39.4
40.4
40.4
39.3
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.0
41.1
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $2.28
Flat glass..................................... .
3.09
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown_____ ____ _____________
2.31
Glass products made of purchased
glass________________ _______ 1.90
Cement, hydraulic______ _____ 2.57
Structural clay p r o d u c ts ..______ 2. 03
Pottery and related products____
2.17
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products______ ______________ 2.18
Cut-stone and stone products____
1.89
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products____________________
2.42
Prim ary metal industries____ ______
2.80
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills........................ ......... . 3.03
Iron and steel foundries_________
2.47
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals___ . . . _____
2.70
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals_____ ____ ___ 2.36
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous m etals.................... .
2.73
Nonferrous foundries....................... 2.52
Miscellaneous primary metal industries....... .................................. 2.76
$2.28
3.13
$2.27
3.14
$2.27
3.14
$2.26
3.11
$2.27
3.15
$2.26
3.15
$2. 26
3.17
$2.25
3.13
$2.24
3.15
$2.23
3.14
$2.23
3.13
$2.22
3.09
$2.21
3.16
$2.12
2.93
2.30
2.31
2. 30
2. 30
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.24
2.25
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.16
1. 87
2.46
2.02
2.13
1.87
2. 47
2.01
2.16
1.86
2.47
2.02
2.14
1. 86
2.50
2.01
2.12
1.85
2.45
1.99
2.11
1.84
2.54
2.00
2.12
1.85
2.44
1.99
2.11
1.85
2.42
1.98
2.10
1.83
2.30
1.91
2.04
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.89
2. 59
2.03
2.17
1.89
2. 57
2.02
2.17
1.89
2.54
2.03
2.15
1.89
2.48
2.04
2.14
1.89
2. 46
2.03
2.13
2.16
1.86
2.15
1.88
2.16
1.89
2.15
1.87
2.15
1.89
2.13
1.86
2.10
1. 85
2.10
1.85
2.10
1.84
2.13
1.86
2.12
1.84
2.12
1.85
2.09
1.84
2.01
1.81
2.40
2.81
2.40
2.82
2.40
2.82
2. 39
2.85
2.38
2.85
2.38
2.86
2.38
2.87
2.38
2.85
2.34
2.78
2.34
2. 65
2.33
2.66
2.34
2.64
2.33
2.79
2.21
2.65
3.06
2.49
3.07
2.49
3.05
2.49
3.11
2. 48
3.08
2.50
3.09
2.50
3.12
2.49
3.10
2.47
3.00
2.43
3.07
2.44
3.10
2.44
3.09
2.41
3.08
2.43
2.31
2 .8 8
2.67
2.64
2. 62
2. 66
2. 61
2.63
2.63
2.64
2.65
2. 66
2. 69
2.60
2. 59
2 .4 7
2.35
2.33
2. 33
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.30
2.28
2.29
2.28
2.21
2.70
2.52
2.69
2. 51
2.68
2.50
2.67
2.47
2. 67
2.49
2.68
2.50
2.67
2. 51
2.66
2.48
2. 65
2.46
2.65
2.49
2.64
2.47
2. 63
2.43
2. 64
2.44
2.51
2.82
2.82
2.80
2. 74
2.70
2.71
2. 70
2. 75
2.61
2.76
2. 76
2.76
2. 76
2.80
¿5
1240
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Table
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
Industry
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products_____ ____
Tin cans and other tinware_____
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies___
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts................................................
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving_____________________
Lighting fixtures_______________
Fabricated wire products_______
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products.........................................
Machinery (except electrical)................
Engines and turbines......... ........... .
Agricultural machinery and trac
tors.......... ...................... ..............
Construction and mining machin
ery..................... .......................... .
Metalworking machinery_______
Special-industry machinery (ex
cept metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery____
Office and store machines and de
vices......................................... .
Service-industry and household
machines. ......... ........... ................
Miscellaneous machinery parts......
Annual
average
1959
$100.86 $99.63 $100.21 $99.96 $96.56 $98.42 $98.42 $100.94 $99.77 $94. 64 $96.76 $99. 66 $99.01 $97.41
119.82 119.94 118.40 116.47 111. 66 108. 94 108 40 111.25 112.10 110.24 108.24 127.32 117. 55 112.36
95.00 93.83 93.60 93.90 90.85 92.63 91.31 98.00 96. 79 88.91 91.02 93.71 92.03 92.25
92.90 92.51 92.98 92.28 89.71 91.42 91.42 91.34 92.34 90.02 92.63 92.00 94.25 91.83
102.09 102.26 102.09 100.86 98.74 97.60 97.51 98.25 98.58 94.62 96.56 97.75 98.64 96.72
107.33 103.97 107.33 108.00 102.21 105.57 107.78 111.54 107. 70
89.02 87.02 91.08 89.60 86.02 88.44 88. 62 90. 72 90.39
89.15 88.75 88. 75 89.38 87.91 90.32 90.94 93. 56 93.83
$90.80
104.42
86.15
87.91
93.43
99.14 103.07 106.25 107.00 102.58
84.77 87.72 95.22 86.27 87.72
89.95 89.01 88.80 86.30 89.60
92.63
80.17
83.74
95.91 95. 20 95.68 95.75 93.77 98.29 98.95 98.77 98.00 93.09 96.28 96.74 96.98 97.44
103.42 105.11 105.88 106.14 104.04 105.47 104. 55 105.32 105.92 102.82 103.82 103.16 102.34 103.25
115. 30 112.33 114.26 113.15 108. 38 112.20 110.02 113.01 112.48 110.16 109.76 109.88 110.95 110.42
103.72 102.43 102.80 102.91 102.80 102.82 100.75 103.74 102.82 100.49 102.31 101.89 101.35 104.09
100.08 102.00 102. 77 102.47 101.05 100.65 99.15 100.10 101.09 97.81 99.14 101.27 103.07 101.35
111. 11 118.30 122.24 123.36 120.37 123.76 120.50 119.35 118. 48 115.72 115.02 113.10 113.21 114.06
101.22 102.37 102. 61 102.12 99.66 102.43 101.28 101.58 101.81 100.25 101.39 99.36 97.81 98.05
102. 97 102.66 103.91 103.16 101.34 101. 84 100.85 101.84 105.00 102.18 101.76 100.61 101.43 100.94
102.03 105.88 103.42 103.28 101.20 103.12 102.36 102.87 102.56 102.41 101.00 100. 50 96.43 98.89
88.53
94.25
102.26
96. 62 96. 62 98.65 99.14
100.40 100.25 101.25 100. 85
95.59
91. 89
101.38
89.55
93.06
93.30
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.1
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.0
41.6
40'1
39.8
40.3
39.2
39.8
41.6
40.3
39.8
41.7
40.0
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.0
40.9
40.7
40.2
41.2
41.1
40.4
41.3
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.2
98.00 96. 62 99.29 98.74 102.51 93. 65 98.25 97.36 96.96 97.20
98.70 100. 85 102.09 102. 59 102.67 99.88 101.84 102.67 100. 86 101.43
Average weekly hours
39.9
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.4
40.1
41.0
41.7
41.6
41.1
40.9
40.2
40.0
40.9
42.3
41.6
41.0
45.8
43.7
42.4
39.5
40.1
39.7
41.7
41.9
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
38.5
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.8
38.8
40.1
40.0
40.8
40.1
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.8
40.4
39.1
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.3
40.4
41.4
42.1
42.9
42.4
40.8
41.9
42.5
42.8
41.7
39.1
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.9
39.8
40.8
42.7
40.5
40.8
39.6
40.5
40.6
41.4
41.7
40.7
41.4
41.3
40.9
41.1
39.9
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.7
40.3
41.5
41.7
41.8
42.0
40.8
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.8
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.1
39.7
40.3
41.7
41.2
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.4
41.2
40.0
39.7
38.9
39.9
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.4
41.0
40.0
42.4
40.3
43.5
40.5
43.9
40.1
43.3
40.1
44.2
39.5
43.5
40.2
43.4
40.6
43.4
39.6
42.7
40.3
42.6
41.0
42.2
41.9
42.4
41.2
42.4
39 1
39.6
42.0
40.7
42.3
40.9
42.4
41.4
42.2
41.1
41.7
40.7
42.5
40.9
42.2
40.5
42.5
40.9
42.6
42.0
42.3
41.2
42.6
41.2
42.1
40.9
41.8
41.4
41.9
41.2
39 8
39.6
39.7
41.2
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.2
39.2
40.2
39.7
39.6
40.0
39.6
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.8
39.6
40.5
40.6
41.4
40.4
41.4
40.4
41.0
40.5
41.4
39 6
39.8
Fabricated metal products................... . $2.46
Tin cans and other tinware............. 2.78
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.. 2.34
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies____ 2.37
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts________________________
2.46
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving.......................................... 2. 58
Lighting fixtures_______________
2.22
Fabricated wire products...... ........ . 2. 24
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
2.38
Machinery (except electrical)................ 2.56
Engines and turbines...................... 2.84
Agricultural machinery and trac
tors_________________________ 2.58
Construction and mining machin
ery................................................... 2.54
Metalworking machinery________ 2. 71
Special-industry machinery (ex
cept metalworking m achinery).. 2.41
General industrial machinery____ 2.53
Office and store machines and de
vices................................................ 2.57
Service-industry and household
machines____________________ 2.44
Miscellaneous machinery parts....... 2.51
See footnotes at end of table.
$2.46
2.77
2.34
$2.45
2.76
2.34
$2.45
2.76
2.33
$2.42
2.73
2.30
40.2
40.3
41.5
38.7
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.6
Average hourly earnings
$2. 43 $2.43 $2. 45 $2.41 $2.36
2.71
2.71
2. 72 2.65
2. 65
3.31
2.30
2.35
2.31
2.19
$2.36
2.64
2.22
$2.39
2.78
2.28
$2.38
2.69
2.25
$2.37
2. 65
2.25
$2 27
2 51
2. Î7
Fabricated metal products____ _____
Tin cans and other tinware______
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.
Heating apparatus (except elec
tric) and plumbers’ supplies____
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts.................................................
Metal stamping, coating, and en
graving...........................................
Lighting fixtures_______________
Fabricated wire products................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products................... .....................
Machinery (except electrical)...... .........
Engines and turbines......................
Agricultural machinery and trac
tors________________________
Construction and mining machinMetalworking machinery________
Special-industry machinery (ex
cept metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery.........
Office and store machines and de
vices__________________ _____
Service-industry and household
machines___________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.0
43.1
40.6
40.5
43.3
40.1
40.9
42.9
40.0
40.8
42.2
40.3
90. 68
92.73
40.0
41.6
39.7
39.6
40.1
40.1
39.3
39.5
39.7
39 6
40.1
39.5
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.33
2.35
2.35
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.31
2.30
2.31
2.29
2.22
2.47
2.46
2.46
2.45
2. 44
2.45
2.45
2.44
2.42
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.33
2.58
2.22
2.23
2.58
2.26
2.23
2. 59
2.24
2.24
2.53
2.20
2. 22
2. 55
2.20
2.23
2. 56
2.21
2.24
2. 60
2.24
2.26
2. 54
2.21
2.25
2.43
2.13
2.21
2.46
2.15
2.15
2.50
2.23
2.15
2. 50
2.13
2.11
2.46
2.15
2.18
2 31
2 04
2.12
2.38
2. 57
2.76
2.38
2.57
2.78
2. 37
2.57
2.78
2.35
2. 55
2. 73
2.38
2.56
2.73
2.39
2. 55
2. 73
2.38
2.55
2.71
2.35
2. 54
2.73
2.31
2.52
2. 72
2.32
2.52
2. 71
2.32
2.51
2.68
2.32
2.49
2.68
2.32
2. 50
2.68
2.23
2 38
2.55
2. 58
2.57
2.56
2. 57
2.59
2. 59
2.60
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.56
2.54
2.57
2.42
2. 55
2. 79
2.55
2.81
2.53
2. 81
2.52
2.78
2. 51
2.80
2.51
2.77
2.49
2.75
2.49
2.73
2.47
2.71
2.46
2.70
2.47
2.68
2. 46
2.67
2.46
2.69
2 35
2. 56
2.42
2. 51
2.42
2.51
2.42
2. 51
2.39
2.49
2.41
2.49
2.40
2.49
2.39
2.49
3.39
2. 50
2.37
2.48
2.38
2.47
2.36
2.46
2.34
2.45
2.34
2.45
2 25
2.35
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53
2.54
2.54
2.54
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.46
2.46
2.35
2. 44
2.50
2.46
2.50
2.46
2.49
2.45
2.48
2.44
2.49
2.47
2.49
2.45
2.49
2.47
2.48
2.42
2.46
2.42
2.46
2.41
2.48
2.40
2.46
2.40
2.45
2 20
2.33
1241
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Aug.s July
June
May
Annual
average
1959
1960
Apr.
Feb.
Mar.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Ma nufac turi ng—Con turned
Durable goods— Continued
Electrical machinery.. _____________
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus___________________
Electrical appliances____________
Tnmilatp.fi wire and cable_________
Electrical equipment for vehicles..Electric lamps_________________
Communication equipment______
Miscellaneous electrical products...
$91.54 $90.39 $92.23 $91.37 $88.98 $91.43 $90. 97 $92.80 $93.07 $90.72 $91.39 $90.76 $89. 91 $89.91
$85.14
94.19
89. 27
87.15
96.56
88.13
86.86
88. 94
89.72
85. 36
86.11
89.47
80.57
81.97
80« U3
Transportation equipment . . . ______
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_____________
Ship and boat building and
repairing
_________________
Railroad equipm ent_____ _____
Other transportation equ ipm ent...
108.90 110.15 110. 97 111.66 107.59 110.84 111.79 115.92 110.70
107.97 111.20 112. 87 113.85 108. 23 113.83 116. 62 124.11 113. 29
111.38 110.97 110.57 110.29 107.07 109. 34 108.81 108. 40 109.88
107.96 106.90 105.60 105.46 103.49 103. 62 102. 31 101. 92 102.44
107. 52 107.90 110.65 111.39 110. 26 112.18 102.11 110.15 109. 69
83.40 84.80 86.36 86.63 84. 58 84.10 87.42 87.07 89.82
104.66 109. 62 108. 40 108.14 107.73
102.38 113.03 111. 48 110.15 110.16
108.00 108.26 107.06 107.18 106. 63
100. 69
99.96
101.91
101.26 99. 20 99.84 102.57 101.40
102.65 103.47 106.70 110.12 107. 41
86.41 91.17 89.98 91.05 89.13
98.00
100.70
82.74
96.80
90.23
88.41
95.59
87.47
88. 53
89.82
96.80
90.62
88.40
98.21
85.25
85.69
89.15
96.88
91.25
89. 68
97.32
86.75
89. 24
88.43
96.24
91.80
88. 62
98.55
87.30
87.34
89.65
95.18 94.30
89.55 91.48
85.70 85.08
91.54 94.08
92. 77 93.21
88.32 88.99
90. 42 90.67
94.25 96.15 95.84 96.87 97. 88
89. 17 91.10 91.80 91.01 91.03
84. 66 89.46 89.24 88. 39 88. 15
95.40 96. 53 98.65 104. 25 101.52
86.41 88. 36 87.42 89.91 91.24
85.19 88.18 87.34 89.10 88. 73
89. 20 89.60 88.65 91.13 93.18
94.13
89. 67
86.30
96.80
89.19
88.15
89.40
94.19
88.48
84. 46
89.62
86. 48
87.51
89.79
Average weekly hours
Electrical machinery____________ ___
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus.......................................
‘Electrical appliances __________
Insulated wire and cable _______
Electrical equipment for vehicles. .
Electric lamps _______________
npmmnnicatirvn equipment
__
Miscellaneous electrical products...
38.9
39.3
40.1
39.9
39.2
40.1
39.9
40.7
41.0
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.5
39.«
40.0
39.4
41.9
38.7
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.0
39.4
41.5
39.6
38.4
38.6
39.8
40.2
39.5
42.3
39.4
38.9
40.2
39.3
40.1
39.4
42.2
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.2
39.6
38.6
40.9
39.1
39. 1
38.9
40.0
40.4
39.1
42.6
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
39.4
42.7
40.1
39.2
39.7
39.4
40.7
39.4
42.7
41.7
40.5
40.5
40.5
41.3
40. 1
43.0
41.1
41.1
40.7
41.6
40.5
39.8
41.4
38.3
41.6
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.3
41.1
39.2
41.8
41.2
41.4
40.4
39.5
40.9
40.0
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
39.5
40.8
38.3
40. 6
40.7
41.0
40.6
39.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.4
38.9
39.3
39.6
40.3
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment----Aircraft and parts---------------------Ship and boat building and
repairing____________________
Railroad equipment
_____ ___
Other transportation equipm ent...
39.6
38.7
41.1
40.2
40.0
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.0
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.5
40.6
42.0
43.7
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.0
39.2
38.2
40. 6
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.2
40.2
40. 6
40.5
40.8
40.7
39.8
39.2
40. 6
39.4
38.4
37.4
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.7
39.1
38.9
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.8
39.4
39.5
38.4
39.2
36.6
39.2
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.1
39.6
40.1
38.5
37.6
39.1
38.3
37.9
40.7
38.4
38.8
40.9
39.0
39.9
41.2
39.0
39.2
40.7
39.2
38.0
39.4
Average hourly earnings
Electrical machinery............................... $2.30
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
2.42
apparatus___________________
2.29
Electrical appliances___________
Insulated wire and cable_________ 2.11
Electrical equipment for vehicles... 2.47
Electric lamps_________________ 2.22
Communication equipment
2.23
Miscellaneous electrical products... 2.24
$2.30
$2.30
$2.29
$2.27
$2.28
$2.28
$2.28
$2. 27
$2.24
$2.24
$2.23
$2.22
$2.22
$2.15
2.42
2.30
2.13
2.48
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.41
2.31
2.12
2.47
2.23
2. 22
2.25
2.40
2. 33
2.10
2. 47
2.21
2. 20
2. 23
2.38
2. 31
2.07
2. 44
2.21
2.19
2.23
2. 38
2. 33
2.10
2. 45
2. 22
2.21
2. 24
2.39
2. 33
2.09
2. 46
2. 23
2.20
2. 25
2.38
2.31
2.07
2.50
2. 22
2.20
2.25
2.37
2.27
2.05
2. 47
2. 22
2. 18
2.24
2.35
2.25
2.07
2. 39
2. 23
2.17
2.20
2. 34
2. 27
2.07
2. 40
2.23
2.16
2.19
2.33
2. 27
2.11
2.42
2.17
2.15
2.17
2.32
2.24
2.07
2. 34
2.13
2.15
2.19
2. 32
2.26
2.08
2.39
2.16
2.15
2.18
2. 26
2.20
2.08
2.30
2.08
2.07
2.11
2.75
2.79
2.71
2.74
2.78
2.70
2. 74
2.78
2.71
2.73
2.77
2. 69
2.71
2. 74
2. 67
2. 73
2. 79
2.68
2. 74
2. 81
2. 68
2. 76
2.84
2.67
2.72
2.77
2.68
2. 67
2.68
2.66
2.70
2. 75
2.66
2.71
2. 78
2.65
2.69
2. 74
2. 64
2. 66
2.70
2. 62
2.63
2. 56
2.51
2.74
2.80
2.23
2.72
2.81
2.22
2.66
2. 83
2.22
2. 63
2. 82
2.21
2. 62
2.82
2.18
2.63
2.84
2.19
2.61
2. 79
2. 23
2.62
2.81
2.21
2. 62
2.77
2.24
2. 63
2. 73
2. 21
2.59
2. 73
2. 24
2.60
2. 75
2.20
2. 63
2. 76
2.21
2.60
2. 74
2.19
2.50
2. 65
2.10
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicle's and equipment----Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and
repairing____________________
Railroad equipment- __________
Other transportation equipm ent...
See footnotes at end of table.
668670— 60----- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1242
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products.......
Laboratory, scientific, and engi
neering instruments....................
Mechanical measuring and con
trolling instruments___ ______
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental in
strum ents__________________
Ophthalmic goods...........................
Photographic apparatus________
Watches and clocks____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
t r ie s ...................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_______________________
Musical instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products_____
Other manufacturing industries__
$95.51 $95. 75 $95. 65 $94.77 $93. 43 $95.88 $94.07 $94.19 $96.23 $94. 71 $94. 53 $93.89 $93.48 $93.25
113.30 115.37 114.95 112.88 110.97 116.75 113. 57 112.05 116.14 112.44 112.14 110. 66 112.63 111. 14
91.80 92.57 93.90 93.90 92.80 95.06 92.34 93. 61 94. 94 92.97 92.80 91.80 91.98 92.62
97.17 98. 77 98. 77 98.36 94.13 96.00 97.11 95.06 97.48 92. 57 95.68 95. 63 93.84 92.25
85. 27 85. 48 85.89 83.62 81.80 84.66 82. 99 83.84 83.64 83.64 83.44 84.87
82.82
80.00 78.78 81.20 80. 40 79.20 79. 18 79.60 79.19 79. 59 79. 38 77.39 76.44 83.03
77.97 77. 59
110. 95 108.94 107. 12 106.34 105.82 106 86 104. 90 104.86 109. 65 108. 20 107. 43 105. 98 104.
55 104. 65
77.62 79.00 78.01 77.41 75. 65 77.03 76.82 77.81 77.41 78.80 80. 57 79. 77 79.15 77.41
77.60
76. 44
79.56
91. 91
70. 59
74.15
69.30
84. 05
80.00
77.22 80. 36
88. 66 90.17
68. 20 69. 63
66.06 69. 95
67. 64 70. 22
84. 05 83.03
80. 79 80. 19
77.41
77.41
$87.38
103.07
86. 72
88. 51
78.00
71.41
97.53
73. 71
76. 05
78.18
77.81
78.20
78. 76
77.16
77.33
76.95
76.76
76. 57
73.26
80. 77 80.16
87. 38 86.58
71.16 69. 32
72.18 69. 95
68.29 66. 33
83.03 80. 40
81.00 79. 59
80.54
88. 32
71.53
70. 88
68. 73
83.02
82.01
79. 35
88.70
70.80
70.92
69. 17
83. 23
80. 79
79.10
88. 32
70.64
70.13
69.52
84.04
81.00
84.91
92. 42
70. 59
71.96
69. 48
83. 83
81.20
83. 66
92.18
70. 62
70.80
68. 64
82.39
78.41
83. 46
93. 94
70. 75
70. 58
69. 87
83. 40
78.79
81.25
91.78
70.80
70. 75
70. 58
83.00
78.41
79.68
88. 34
68.73
71.86
69.30
83.00
79. 99
79.46
88. 99
69.17
70. 58
68. 90
83.20
79.40
75. 70
83. 79
66.91
67. 72
65.18
79.17
76.04
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products....... .
Laboratory, scientific, and engi
neering instruments__________
Mechanical measuring and con
trolling instruments__________
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental in
strum ents___________________
Ophthalmic goods______________
Photographic apparatus_________
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries........ .............................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Musical instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods..............
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products...........
Other manufacturing industries__
40.0
39.4
39.9
39.9
39.2
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.8
41. 4
39.0
40. 3
39. 6
41. 2
39. 8
39.6
40.3
38.1
36. 7
39.1
40. 8
39.8
41.0
40.8
38.9
39.3
39.9
40.7
39.7
41.0
39.9
39.1
40.1
38.8
40.9
39.9
40.9
39.9
38.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
39.4
41.3
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
41.1
40.4
40.9
40.5
38.9
39.4
39.3
41.0
39.8
41.2
40.7
38.6
39.4
39.5
41.4
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.8
40.2
40.6
41.3
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.0
40.9
39.9
41.2
41.5
41.8
41.5
41.1
42.3
41.6
41.5
42.7
41.8
42.0
41.6
42.5
42.1
40.9
39.4
41.0
39.9
41. 5
40.3
41.5
40.3
41.5
40.0
40.4
40.8
41.2
39.8
41.5
40.7
40.8
41.1
42.2
40.6
40.6
40.7
41.6
40.8
41.4
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.0
39. 6
40.6
40.8
39. 8
41. 4
39.2
40.9
39.0
40.8
39.7
40.9
40.4
41.2
39.2
40.2
40.4
40.9
38.9
39.9
39.8
40.7
38.4
40.7
39.2
41.1
39.1
39.9
40.0
40. 5
38.8
40.5
40.2
40.8
39.3
40.8
40.4
42.5
38.9
40.6
40.5
42.1
40.0
40.7
40.1
41.8
40.9
41.2
39.4
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.2
41.2
39.9
40. 0
38. 6
40. 3
39.0
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.3
39.6
43.1
42.2
39.0
40.2
39.7
41.5
40.4
42.9
41.9
39.9
40.0
39.0
41.4
39.8
42.8
42.7
40.2
40.1
39. 7
41.7
40.2
42.1
42.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
41.5
39.8
41. 5
40.9
39. 5
40.6
39. 6
41. 5
40.4
41. 6
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.6
41.6
40.1
40. 7
39. 9
38.9
39. 6
38. 8
40. 6
39.4
$2.19
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products....... .
Laboratory, scientific, and engi
neering instruments__________
Mechanical measuring and con
trolling instruments__________
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental in
strum ents___ _______________
Ophthalmic goods...................... .
Photographic apparatus_________
Watches and clocks____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries......................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___ ____________________
Musical instruments and parts......
Toys and sporting goods________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products.........
Other manufacturing industries__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 37
$2.37
$2.35
$2.34
$2.33
$2.35
$2.34
$2.32
$2.33
$2.31
$2.30
$2.29
$2.28
$2.28
2.75
2.78
2.75
2.72
2.70
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.72
2. 69
2. 67
2.66
2. 65
2.64
2.52
2.33
2. 37
2.32
2.38
2.33
2.38
2. 33
2.37
2.32
2.33
2. 33
2.33
2.32
2.34
2.30
2.33
2. 31
2.31
2. 29
2.28
2. 28
2.30
2.25
2.31
2.26
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.19
2.18
2.09
2 01
2. 68
1. 98
2.09
2.02
2.67
1. 99
2.10
2.01
2.60
1.99
2.08
1.99
2.60
1.99
2.05
1.99
2. 60
1.97
2.08
2. 02
2.60
1.97
2. 08
1.99
2. 59
1.98
2.07
1.97
2. 57
1.98
2.05
1.97
2.58
1.99
2.06
1.96
2. 57
1.97
2.05
1.93
2. 57
1.97
2.06
1.94
2. 56
1.96
2.05
1.93
2. 55
1.94
2.04
1. 93
2. 54
1.94
1.95
1.85
2. 42
1.89
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.94
1. 91
1. 90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.85
1.95
2. 22
1.81
1. 84
1. 75
2.04
2.01
1.95
2.20
1. 79
1.80
1. 73
2.06
2.03
1.96
2.21
1.79
1. 78
1. 76
2. 04
2.02
1.97
2.19
1. 82
1.80
1. 76
2. 03
2.03
1.96
2.17
1.81
1. 78
1.75
2.02
2.02
1.95
2.17
1.82
1.79
1.74
2.02
2.03
1.94
2.19
1.82
1.80
1. 76
2.03
2.03
1.92
2.17
1.83
1.78
1.76
2. 03
2.03
1.97
2.19
1.81
1.79
1. 75
2. 02
2. 01
1.95
2.20
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.99
1.97
1.95
2.20
1.76
1.76
1.76
2.00
1.96
1.93
2.18
1.77
1. 76
1.76
2.00
1.97
1.92
2.16
1. 74
1. 77
1. 75
2.00
1.98
1.91
2.16
1. 76
1.76
1.74
2.00
1. 98
1. 86
2.10
1. 72
1. 71
1. 68
1.95
1.93
H
1248
0 —EARNINGS AXD HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average
1959
1960
In d u str y
A u g .2
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
1959
1958
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s
M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Nondurable goods
and kindred products_________
Meat products..................................
Dairy products------------------------Canning and preserving...............
Qrain-mili products------------------Bakery pro d u cts...........— .............
Sugar............................. ....................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages ----- ------ ------ -----------Miscellaneous food products_____
Food
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes............. .............................
Cigars....................................- ..........
Tobacco and snuff______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
$88.37 $89. 60 $88. 51 $88.91 $87.16 $86.94 $86.33 $88. 91 $88.78 $87.74 $85. 68 $86.11 $84.87 $85.68
97. 23
9 5 .0 6
99. 55 95.74
9 5 .26 104. 66 104.73 105. 22 103.05 101. 29
98. 98 100.94
98.90
95.01
8 6 .3 2
8 6 .5 3
90. 52
86. 73
91 .7 9
89.21
87. 53
86. 30 8 6 .3 0
9 0 .09
90. 73 89.01
87. 53 8 7 .53
71.65
6 7 .6 4
6
7
.82
63.47
65.74
69.17
68.15
74. 66
70.71
70.05
69.75
69. 75
68.74
6 7 .86
92. 66
9 6 .57
93 .7 3
95.05
93 .9 6
95.70
9 3 .96
97.46
99. 01
94. 61
94.18
92.87
94.61
92.87
83.
21
83.
21
84
.4
2
85.67
8
3
.9
2
8
5
.22
85.01
85.39
8 4 .5 6
88. 29
8 9 .16
85.79
88. 54 87.05
93 .8 4
9 3 .10
94.77
82. 62 98. 59
94. 01
97.31
99.84
95. 88 98. 77 95.04
9 7 .68 101. 92
97.61
68.90
69
.4
8
7
0
.47
69.
65
7
0
.49
6
8
.90
69.
55
70.67
69.38
72.94
72.10
72. 62 71.50
68.92
9 9 .6 0
9 6 .8 0
9 5 .26
95. 59 100. 67
9 3 .99
96.07
95.16
9 3 .03
100. 04 102. 42 100.37
99. 79 100.19
85. 27
84.65
8 7 .78
8 6 .73
85.49
86. 73 8 7 .35
86.74
85.90
84.85
84.85
86.11
87.57
86.11
6 5 .02
79.13
54. 72
68.08
50.18
68. 43
80.88
53. 58
67. 52
59. 93
71.53
85.07
5 4 .38
70.46
64.34
68. 58
80. 26
54. 43
68.08
61.78
64.80
77.17
49. 48
66 .0 6
58 .3 2
59. 86
67. 47
53.05
62.10
50.81
61.37
72. 76
52. 26
61.94
50.75
66.05
83. 23
5 3 .20
66. 38
5 0 .90
67.49
83.64
53.11
68.08
57.65
$81.81
9 1 .0 8
8 1 .90
66.13
8 9 .79
7 9 .0 0
89. 73
6 6 .30
92. 23
8 0 .9 5
6 4 .5 6
81.81
55.58
66.70
4 4 .8 2
6 3 .9 2
83.00
55 .3 4
66 .6 4
4 9 .2 9
6 3 .40
82.20
5 4 .53
66. 35
5 2 .2 7
65.93
87. 44
5 3 .0 6
6 7 .12
50.65
65.40
8 1.80
5 3 .02
66. 82
52.40
6 2 .56
77. 55
5 1 .7 9
6 2 .79
4 9 .92
Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products...... .............
Meat products..................................
Dairy products.................................
Canning and preserving................
Grain-mill products------------------Bakery products--------- ------------Sugar-------------------------------------Confectionary and related products.
Beverages_____________________
M iscellaneous food products--------
41.1
4 0 .9
41 .9
4 0 .8
4 4 .3
4 0 .5
40 .7
40 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
41 .1
4 1 .2
42 .3
3 9 .5
4 4 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
39 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
40 .7
4 2 .2
37 .7
4 3 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
41 .4
38 .7
4 3 .4
4 0 .3
40 .5
39 .5
4 0 .4
41 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
4 1 .3
37 .7
4 2 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
3 8 .5
40 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
39.1
4 0 .9
3 7 .5
4 3 .2
3 9 .9
41 .5
39 .7
3 9 .0
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
4 0 .9
3 7 .8
4 2 .6
3 9 .7
41 .5
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 2 .2
4 0 .9
3 8 .4
4 3 .5
3 9 .4
4 3 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
41 .1
41.1
4 2 .4
4 0 .9
3 8 .5
43.1
4 0 .2
4 8 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
41 .9
4 1 .0
4 3 .3
4 0 .9
3 6 .9
4 3 .6
40.1
4 8 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 3 .3
4 1 .3
3 8 .0
4 3 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 1 .9
41 .4
43 .1
4 2 .7
3 9 .2
4 4 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 3 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
41 .7
3 9 .1
4 3 .5
4 0 .2
4 3 .3
3 9 .6
40. 5
41 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 2 .0
3 9 .6
4 3 .8
40.1
4 4 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 1 .3
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes..------------------------------
3 7 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .0
36 .1
3 7 .6
3 8 .7
3 6 .7
37.1
36 .1
3 9 .3
4 0 .9
37 .5
38 .5
3 8 .3
38.1
3 8 .4
37 .8
3 7 .2
37 .9
3 6 .0
37.1
3 4 .6
36 .1
3 6 .0
3 4 .8
3 3 .4
37.1
34 .5
34 .1
36 .1
3 6 .2
3 6 .8
3 4 .8
3 5 .0
3 8 .4
4 0 .6
3 7 .2
3 7 .5
36 .1
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
3 7 .4
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
3 8 .2
4 0 .3
3 8 .6
3 7 .9
3 3 .7
4 0 .2
41 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
41.1
3 8 .4
3 7 .7
4 3 .2
4 0 .7
4 3 .5
3 7 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .9
3 7 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
4 0 .6
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 8 .7
Tobacco and snuff______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products...................
Meat products................ — ..........
Dairy products_______ _________
Canning and preserving-------------Grain-mill products------------------Bakery products----- ---------------Sugar_________________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages--------- ------ --------------Miscellaneous food products_____
$ 2 .15
2. 42
2 .1 5
1.83
2 .2 0
2 .1 8
2. 40
1.81
2. 47
2.1 1
$ 2 .18
2. 45
2 .1 7
1.79
2.21
2 .1 8
2. 45
1.8 3
2. 48
2. 09
$ 2 .18
2. 43
2.15
1.80
2 .1 8
2.17
2. 40
1.82
2 .4 6
2.0 8
$2.19
2. 44
2.1 5
1. 81
2.17
2 .1 6
2.41
1.81
2.4 7
2 .0 8
$2.19
2. 43
2 .1 6
1.85
2 .1 8
2.1 5
2. 35
1.79
2. 48
2 .0 9
$2.19
2. 43
2.1 4
1.86
2.1 9
2.1 4
2. 38
1.78
2. 44
2.0 9
$ 2 .18
2. 43
2.1 4
1.83
2.1 8
2.1 3
2. 29
1.77
2.41
2.0 9
$ 2 .19
2. 48
2.1 4
1.79
2. 20
2.1 3
2.1 9
1.7 8
2.41
2 .0 8
$ 2 .1 6
2. 47
2.11
1.77
2 .1 8
2 .1 2
1.99
1.74
2 .4 2
2 .0 7
$2.14
2 .4 3
2.11
1.72
2 .1 8
2 .1 2
1.95
1.7 3
2. 43
2.07
$2.10
2 .3 8
2 .1 0
1.73
2 .1 6
2 .1 0
2 .0 2
1.75
2. 42
2.07
$ 2 .0 8
2.3 5
2 .1 2
1.73
2 .1 8
2.11
2.3 7
1. 74
2. 42
2 .0 8
$2.05
2.3 3
2.0 7
1.71
2.1 4
2.0 7
2 .3 0
1.75
2 .4 0
2 .0 4
$ 2 .1 0
2 .3 6
2.0 7
1.73
2 .1 3
2.0 7
2.1 5
1.74
2. 39
2 .0 3
$2.01
2. 26
1.95
1.67
2 .0 5
1.9 7
2 .0 3
1 .6 7
2 .3 0
1 .9 6
Tobacco manufactures_________ ____
Cigarettes . _____________ - -Cigars._____ _______________ . .
Tobacco and snuff---- ---------------Tobacco stemming and redrying—
1. 72
2. 05
1.44
1.84
1.3 9
1 .8 2
2 .0 9
1.4 6
1.8 2
1.6 6
1 .8 2
2 .0 8
1.45
1.8 3
1.6 8
1.8 0
2.0 9
1.44
1.83
1.63
1 .8 0
2 .0 8
1.4 3
1.8 3
1.6 2
1.72
2 .0 2
1.43
1.80
1.49
1.7 0
2.01
1.42
1.7 8
1.45
1 .7 2
2.0 5
1.4 3
1.77
1.41
1.70
2 .0 4
1.4 2
1.75
1.4 2
1.6 9
2 .0 3
1.44
1 .7 6
1 .3 3
1.5 9
2.0 0
1.4 3
1.7 4
1 .2 2
1. 55
2. 00
1.4 2
1 .7 6
1.21
1 .6 2
2.0 1
1.4 0
1.7 3
1. 26
1.6 6
2 .0 0
1.41
1.74
1.3 3
1 .6 0
1.91
1.37
1.67
1.2 9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1244
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Textile-mill products.............................
Scouring and combing plants.„__
Yarn and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills_______
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
K nitting mills________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles.......
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and millinery).
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____ __________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments______________________
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear___ ________
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories____ __________________
Other fabricated textile products...
$64.31 $64.31 $65. 53
72.04 75. 50 74.03
58. 29 58.98 59. 74
64.88 65.37 66.58
66.97 65.57 68. 30
58.14 57.60 58. 67
70.98 70.62 75. 00
80.98 79.59 79. 60
60.31 57.95 62. 53
75.98 75.41 76.55
$65.36 $63. 76 $63.83 $64.16 $64. 48 $64.87 $64. 40 $64.40 $63.28 $64. 87 $63. 43
73.15 70.69 70.18 69. 70 72.25 71.06 70.53 69.72 74. 34 70.11 72.16
59.89 59. 49 58.59 59. 70 60. 20 60.35 59. 90 59.90 59. 40 60.20 58. 95
66.01 64.96 65.12 64.27 64. 74 65. 52 64.74 64.74 63.27 64.90 63. 29
66. 50 65.11 66.17 65. 76 65. 36 66. 75 65. 27 65.11 65.36 64.96 65. 53
58.22 55.95 55.48 56. 47 56. 32 56. 77 57. 96 57. 66 57.45 58. 71 57. 51
74.05 71.28 71.05 71. 10 70. 58 73. 78 72.83 72.31 69. 66 71.04 71. 48
79.00 78.99 79.97 81.32 81.71 81.32 79.17 80.73 80. 73 81. 51 81. 51
61.66 58. 64 59. 49 59. 57 62. 24 63. 00 57. 78 57.26 60.02 64.90 61.71
75.58 73.42 74.37 76.30 77.27 76.45 72. 68 74.52 74.52 74.48 73. 71
$58. 29
64. 96
52. 36
56. 26
60. 37
54. 75
66. 83
77.30
58. 74
68.95
57.62
72.77
56.42
70.67
55.90
72. 58
55.90
69.12
53. 70
65. 49
55. 85
66.95
56.11
68.00
55. 44
67.08
55. 85
68.32
56.15
68.02
55.02
66.02
55. 69
67.28
56.85
67. 61
55. 63
65.47
53. 45
60.37
49.88
61.08
49.24
58. 65
49. 37
56. 95
48.84
69.00
47.29
56. 10
47.35
59.69
48. 58
59. 86
48.58
58.14
49.13
58.99
49. 65
58. 48
49.27
55. 76
49. 91
57.61
49. 66
61.24
48.76
59.51
46. 08
57.63
51.75
68.76
53.71
50.26
67.03
53.28
51.12
58. 56
53.05
51.05
55.94
61.62
48. 99
54. 65
48.79
50.41
67.13
51.70
51.18
71.04
52.48
50.96
65. 08
52.62
51.52
60.82
50. 54
53.02
58. 70
52.22
52.36
60.64
50.26
51.52
67.32
50.20
51.89
68. 61
51.24
51.29
62. 93
51.10
49. 59
64.05
50.23
53.95
61.56
52.85
63.79
52.27
61.94
52. 27
61. 66
51.26
58.67
52.71
60.96
52. 42
60.38
52.20
59.78
52. 91
59.97
52.91
59.52
52.62
59.90
52.91
59.75
53.82
58. 75
52. 54
59. 59
50.76
56.85
Average weekly hours
Textile-mill products______________
Scouring and combing plants........
Yarn and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills_______
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting mills_________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles..........
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Apparel and other finished textile
products_______________________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats...
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments...................... .......................
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear___________
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories______________________
Other fabricated textile products.
39.7
4i. 4
38.6
40.3
40.1
38.5
40.1
40.9
37.0
40.2
39.7
42.9
38.8
40.6
39.5
38.4
39.9
40.4
34.7
39.9
40.2
42.3
39.3
41.1
40.9
38.6
41.9
40.2
37.0
40.5
40.1
41.8
39.4
41.0
40.3
38.3
41.6
40.1
36.7
40.2
39.6
41.1
39.4
40.6
39.7
37.3
40.5
40.3
34.7
39.9
39.4
40.8
38.8
40.7
40.1
36.5
40.6
40.8
35.2
40.2
40.1
41.0
39.8
41.2
40.1
37.4
41.1
41.7
36.1
40.8
40.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
40.1
37.3
40.8
41.9
36.4
41.1
40.8
41.8
40.5
42.0
40.7
38.1
42.4
41.7
37.5
41.1
40.5
40.3
40.2
41.5
39.8
38.9
42.1
40.6
34.6
39.5
40.5
40.3
40.2
41.5
39.7
38.7
41.8
41.4
34.7
40.5
39.8
42.0
39.6
40.3
40.1
38.3
40.5
41. 4
35.1
40.5
40.8
41.0
40.4
41.6
40.1
39.4
41.3
41.8
37.3
40.7
40.4
42.2
40.1
41.1
30.7
38.6
41. 8
31. 8
36.3
40.5
'I
38.6
40. 6
37.4
38.8
39.2
37. 5
40 5
40 9
35. 6
39.4
36.7
37.9
36.4
38.2
36.3
38.2
36.3
38.4
35.1
37.0
35.8
37.4
36.2
38.2
36.0
37.9
36.5
38.6
36.7
38.0
36.2
37.3
36.4
37.8
37.4
38.2
36.6
37.2
35.4
34.3
37.5
34.9
37.3
34.3
37.4
33.7
37.0
34.5
36.1
33.0
35.6
34.5
36.8
34.4
36.8
33.8
37.5
34.1
37.9
34.0
37.9
32.8
38.1
33.3
38.8
35.4
37.8
34.6
36.0
34.1
36.7
36.0
37.3
35.9
34.2
37.0
36.0
32.0
37.1
35.7
30.4
36.1
34.5
29.7
34.6
35.5
35.9
35.9
36.3
37.0
36.7
36.4
34.8
36.8
36.8
33.6
36.1
37.6
31.9
37.3
37.4
32.6
35.9
36.8
34.7
35.6
37.6
36.3
36.6
36.9
34.2
36.5
36 2
35 0
36.4
36.7
38.0
36.2
38.2
37.3
38.0
36.3
38.3
35.6
36.9
36.1
38.1
36.4
37.5
36.5
37.6
37.0
38.2
37.0
38.4
36.8
38.4
37.0
38.3
37.9
38.4
37.0
38.2
36 0
37.4
Average hourly earnings
Textile-mill products.............................. $1.62
Scouring and combing plants......... 1.74
Yarn and thread mills__________
1.51
Broad-woven fabric mills________ 1.61
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 1.67
Knitting mills____ ____________
1.51
Dyeing and finishing textiles.......... 1. 77
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. 1.98
Hats (except cloth and millinery).. 1.63
Miscellaneous textile goods______
1.89
Apparel and other finished textile
products___ ____________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergar
ments_______________________
Millinery_______________ I . .1111
Children’s outerwear___________
Miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories_______________________
Other fabricated textile products__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.62
1.76
1.52
1.61
1.66
1.50
1.77
1.97
1.67
1.89
$1.63
1.75
1. 52
1.62
1.67
1.52
1.79
1.98
1.69
1.89
$1.63
1. 75
1.52
1.61
1.65
1.52
1.78
1.97
1. 68
1.88
$1.61
1.72
1.51
1.60
1.64
1.50
1. 76
1.96
1.69
1.84
$1.62
1.72
1.51
1.60
1.65
1.52
1.75
1.96
1.69
1. 85
$1.60
1.70
1.50
1. 56
1.64
1. 51
1.73
1.95
1.65
1.87
$1.60
1.70
1.49
1. 56
1.63
1.51
1.73
1.95
1.71
1. 88
$1. 59
1.70
1.49
1. 56
1.64
1. 49
1.74
1.95
1.68
1.86
$1.59
1.75
1.49
1. 56
1. 64
1.49
1.73
1.95
1.67
1.84
$1.59
1.73
1. 49
1. 56
1.64
1.49
1.73
1.95
1.65
1.84
$1.59
1.77
1.50
1. 57
1.63
1. 50
1.72
1.95
1.71
1.84
$1.59
1.71
1.49
1.56
1.62
1.49
1.72
1. 95
1.74
1.83
$1.57
1.71
1. 47
1. 54
1. 61
1.49
1.71
1.95
1. 70
1.82
$1 51
1 00
1 40
1.45
1. 54
1.40
1 05
1 89
1 05
1.75
1. 57
1.92
1.55
1.85
1.54
1.90
1.54
1.80
1.53
1.77
1. 56
1.79
1.55
1.78
1.54
1.77
1.53
1. 77
1.53
1. 79
1.52
1.77
1.53
1.78
1.52
1. 77
1. 52
1.76
1 51
1.76
1.33
1.75
1.32
1.71
1.32
1.69
1.32
1.71
1.31
1.70
1.33
1.73
1.32
1.74
1.32
1.72
1.31
1.73
1.31
1.72
1.30
1.70
1.31
1.73
1.28
1.73
1.29
1.72
1 28
1.69
1.41
1.91
1.44
1.40
1.96
1.44
1.42
1.83
1.43
1.43
1.84
1.43
1.42
1.84
1.41
1.42
1.87
1.44
1.41
1. 92
1.43
1.40
1.87
1.43
1.40
1.81
1.40
1.41
1.84
1.40
1.40
1.86
1.40
1.40
1.94
1.41
1.38
1.89
1.40
1.39
1. 84
1.40
1 37
1 83
1.38
1.47
1.62
1.46
1.67
1.44
1.63
1. 44
1.61
1.44
1.59
1.46
1.60
1.44
1.61
1.43
1. 59
1.43
1.57
1.43
1.55
1. 43
1.56
1.43
1.56
1.42
1. 53
1. 42
1. 56
1. 41
1.52
0 —EARNINGS AND HOURS
1245
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1959
1960
Industry
Aug.*
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Paper and allied products___________
' Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes—
Other paper and allied products—
$97. 98 $97.33 $97.13 $96.05 $93. 63 $94.30 $94.73 $95. 20 $95.22 $95.22 $95.67 $96. 77 $95.68 $94.16
107. 75 106.87 106.19 104.64 102.15 103.29 103. 97 Ì04. 24 104. 48 104. 72 104. 48 106.32 104.08 102. 73
90.69 88.99 89. 64 88.34 86.43 86.03 86. 67 87.74 86.93 88.20 89. 68 90.95 90.31 87. 78
86.11 85.49 85. 70 86.11 84.26 84.87 84.05 84.67 85.07 83.64 83.84 84.03 83.00 83.42
Printing, publishing, and allied industries . _________________________
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals____________________
Books... _____________________
Commercial printing____________
Lithographing_________________
Greeting cards ________________
Bookbinding and related industriesMiscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________
106.09
110.09
118.61
97.17
106.26
111. 88
71.94
82.86
$88.83
96.10
82.41
78.96
103. 41
108.28
113. 15
90. 52
102 96
106.40
70 07
80.50
97.90
103. 43
102. 97
85. 80
97.22
98. 81
67.03
74.86
115. 74 119.81 116.18 115.97 115.06 117.35 118.81 118. 50 118. 78 117.18 114.98 117.34 116.10 116.19
110.75
106.20
111.47
120 10
92. 97
105.18
109.97
73.30
82.60
105. 54
112.10
114.09
93.43
105.18
109. 63
69. 74
82.64
106. 37
113.31
114. 37
94.25
105. 06
110. 55
73. 53
81.20
103.95
110.05
115.30
91.66
103.33
106.23
70.48
79.92
105.05
108. 72
116 57
91 43
105. 86
109 20
73. 54
82.01
104.12
108. 42
111.20
89. 44
103. 35
107. 86
76.63
81.20
104. 66
107. 45
111.35
91. 14
105. 34
107. 73
75.08
81.79
106. 86
113. 31
108. 93
92. 57
106. 92
109. S9
70.10
83.28
103. 79
107.76
113. 96
90.29
104. 28
107.19
70.25
81.66
104. 83
110.00
119. 83
91.31
104. 67
108. 67
69.72
80.43
106. 70
111.96
132.30
92.23
106. 00
109. 60
68.60
81.09
103. 79
108. 32
119.83
93. 61
102.05
108.13
68.40
81.12
Average weekly hours
Paper and allied products___________
* Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products...
42.6
43.8
41.6
41.2
42.5
43.8
41.2
41.1
42.6
43.7
41.5
41.4
42.5
43.6
40.9
41.8
41.8
43.1
40.2
41.1
42.1
43.4
40.2
41.4
42.1
43.5
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.8
41.0
41.3
42.7
43.9
41.2
41.7
42.7
44.0
41.8
41.2
42.9
43.9
42.3
41.3
43.2
44.3
42.5
41.6
43.1
44.1
42.6
41.5
42.8
43.9
41.8
41.5
41.9
42.9
41.0
40.7
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries
________________________
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals............ ................. ...........
Books__ _____________________
Commercial printing ___________
Lithographing_________________
Greeting cards_________________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services ..................
38.3
35.4
40.9
41.0
39.5
40.1
39.1
38.9
38.2
35.5
41.7
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.2
38.6
38.1
35.7
40.6
40.1
39.1
39.4
37.9
38.8
38.4
36.2
40.7
40.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
38.3
37.8
35.5
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.2
36.9
37.7
38.2
35.3
40.9
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.3
38.5
38.0
35.2
40.0
39.4
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.3
38.3
35.0
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.9
38.5
38.4
39.0
36.2
39.9
40.6
40.5
40.7
38.1
39.1
38.3
35.1
40.7
39.6
39.8
39 7
38.6
38.7
38.4
35.6
41.9
39.7
39.8
40.1
38.1
38.3
38.8
36.0
44.1
40.1
40.0
40.0
37.9
38.8
38.3
35.4
41.9
40.7
39.1
39.9
38.0
39.0
38.3
35.5
40.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.5
38.7
37.8
35.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.3
38.0
37.7
38.4
37.6
37.9
37.6
38.1
38.7
38.6
39.2
38.8
38.2
38.6
38.7
38.6
37.8
Average hourly earnings
Paper and allied products___________ $2.30
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 2.46
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.18
Other paper and allied products—
2.09
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
. _______________________
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals____________________
B o o k s._______________________
Commercial printing____________
Lithographing ________________
Greeting cards________ ________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Misceilaneous publishing and
printing services
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
‘
$2. 29 $2.28
2.43
2.44
2.16
2.16
2.07
2.08
$2.26
2. 40
2.16
2.06
$2.24
2.37
2.15
2.05
$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05
$2.25
2.39
2.14
2.05
$2. 24
2.38
2.14
2.05
$2 23
2.38
2.11
2.04
$2.23
2.38
2.11
2.03
$2.23
2. 38
2.12
2.03
$2.24
2. 40
2.14
2.02
$2.22
2. 36
2.12
2.00
$2.20
2.34
2.10
2.01
$2.12
2.24
2.01
1.94
2. 77
3.11
2.90
2. 37
2.69
2.79
1.84
2.13
2.78
3.14
2. 88
2.33
2.69
2. 77
1.87
2.14
2.77
3.14
2.81
2.33
2. 69
2.78
1.84
2.13
2. 77
3.13
2. 81
2.31
2. 68
2.75
1.93
2.12
2. 75
3.10
2. 84
2.28
2. 67
2.71
1.91
2.12
2.75
3. 08
2.85
2.28
2. 68
2.73
1.92
2.13
2. 74
3.08
2.78
2. 27
2. 65
2.71
1.98
2.12
2. 73
3.07
2. 77
2.29
2. 64
2. 70
1.95
2.13
2. 74
3.13
2. 73
2.28
2. 64
2. 70
1.84
2.13
2.71
3.07
2.80
2.28
2. 62
2.70
1.82
2.11
2.73
3.09
2. 86
2. 30
2.63
2.71
1.83
2.10
2. 75
3.11
3.00
2.30
2. 65
2. 74
1.81
2.09
2.71
3.06
2.86
2. 30
2.61
2.71
1.80
2.08
2. 70
3. 05
2.78
2.28
2.60
2. 68
1.82
2.08
2.59
2.93
2.62
2. 20
2. 48
2.54
1. 75
1.97
3.07
3.12
3.09
3.06
3.06
3.08
3.07
3.07
3.03
3.02
3.01
3. 04
3.00
3.01
2.93
1246
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1959
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufac taring—C ontinued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines.......................
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations..........................................
Paints, pigments, and fillers............
Gum and wood chemicals...............
Fertilizers.........................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals_________
$104.90 $106.08 $105.59 $103.58 $104.41 $102.01 $101.60 $101.60 $102.66 $101.75 $101.09 $104. 48 $100. 53 $100.02
117.16 117.46 116. 2C 114. 5; 117. 45 113.02 112. 75 112.61 114.93 113. 55 113.97 117. 87 111.24 111.64
110.68 113. 1; 112. 67 110. 77 112.2£ 108.62 108.21 108. 21 109.78 108. 58 108.05 112.89 106. 45 106.81
94.02 94.6C 94.1£ 93.7; 92.75 92.97 93.66 92.62 92.66 93.11 93.11 94.39 89.06 90.58
115.48 111.51 113.82 110.95 108.24 111.72 109.15 107.94 109.36 108.16 108. 58 110.30 107.49 105.47
100. 86 101.11 103.07 102.41 101.1C 98.90 98.42 98.01 98.33 99.22 96.32 101. 40 98. 29 98. 29
88.62 93.1C 90. 29 87. 74 86.2t 84.20 84.00 82.60 84. 77 87.90 82. 54 86.86 84.20 83.36
81.41 81.9C 80. 7C 79. 74 85. 44 74.07 77.96 78. 75 78. 57 76. 44 75.48 80.70 77. 46 78.12
90.72 92.42 92.17 89. 42 87.21 87. 96 86.29 87.30 86.48 87.23 85.84 87. 32 87.00 85.44
95. 41 95.99 94.77 95.06 95. 71 94.89 93.96 93.96 94.25 93.43 92.39 92.21 91.13 91.58
Products of petroleum and coal______ 118.03 121.18 119.60 118.03 119.54 116.87 116.87 116. 98 117.74 118. 90 117. 50 120. 77 116.12 117.38
Petroleum refining______________ 120.90 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 120.60 120.40 121.80 124.01 119.80 124.53 118. 50 121.29
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products..................... .............. .
108.10 109.82 108.36 102.51 105.44 106.49 105.97 106.90 105.30 103.17 108.03 108.20 108.03 105.83
Rubber products___ _______________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear______ ____ _ . . .
Other rubber products________
$94.48
104. 70
100.04
85.88
100.86
93. 25
80.45
74.03
82.21
87.02
110.97
114.90
97.28
100.15 103. 53 102. 72 100.04 94.60 97.71 100.00 102.16 101. 59 97. 66 101.18 102.01 105.33 101.60 92.59
115.25 123. 71 121.39 117.51 107.38 113.68 117. 71 119. 80 118. 59 112.62 117. 49 117. 56 127. 74 120. 01 106. 04
81.20 82.21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78. 61 77.21 79. 40 80.79 79.80 79. 40 79.18 79.17 79.19 76.62
91.88 91.66 92.34 90.12 88.43 89.78 91. 76 93.52 92.93 89.87 93.38 94.73 93.21 92.99 84.59
Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied p roducts........... .
Industrial inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals...........
Drugs and medicines.................. .
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations.................... ......................
Paints, pigments, and fillers...........
Gum and wood chemicals_______
Fertilizers_____________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals_________
41.3
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.6
41.8
41.9
40.6
41.9
41.8
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.8
41.8
40.4
42.1
42.4
41.9
40.5
41.3
41.4
41.3
40.6
41.3
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.4
41.3
40.8
41.9
42.1
41.9
41.0
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.4
41.2
42.3
42.4
42.6
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.3
41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.7
42.3
41.0
42.4
42.4
43.2
40.6
41.3
41.1
43.3
42.0
43.8
40.5
42.0
41.9
43.2
42.7
44.1
40.5
41.4
41.8
42.8
43.1
43.2
40.8
41.0
41.3
42.3
48.0
43.4
40.9
42.0
40.7
42.1
40.7
44.2
40.9
41.5
40.5
42.0
42.6
43.8
40.5
41.2
40.5
41.3
42.8
45.0
40.5
41.9
40.8
42.6
42.7
46.0
40.8
41.6
41.0
43.3
42.0
46.4
40.8
41.6
40.3
41.9
41.7
46.4
40.7
42.1
41.9
43.0
42.7
46.2
40.8
41.5
41.3
42.1
42.1
43.5
40.5
41.2
41.3
42.1
43 4
44.5
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.9
42.3
44.2
40.1
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.6
40.6
41.0
41.2
40.8
40.2
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.9
40. 7
r40. 5
[40.6
Products of petroleum and coal.............
Petroleum refining_____ ________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products_____________ . _____
40.7
40.3
41.5
41.2
41.9
42.4
42 0
40.2
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.5
40.3
42.7
42.6
42.7
41.5
40.2
Rubber products.....................................
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear_______________
Other rubber products.....................
39.9
39.2
40.2
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.7
38.3
36.9
38.7
39.3
39.4
38.8
39.5
39.9
40.0
39.5
38.8
40.6
40.7
40.2
39.5
41.2
40.8
40.2
39.8
41.3
39.7
38.7
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.1
39.9
41.5
41.3
40.4
40.4
42.1
42.3
43.3
40.6
41.8
41.3
41.1
40.2
41.7
39.4
38.7
39.7
39.9
$2 .81
2 56
2 47
2 11
Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products............. .
Industrial inorganic chemicals__
Industrial organic chemicals______
Drugs and medicines___ _______
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations_____________________
Paints, pigments and fillers......... „
Gum and wood chemicals_______
Fertilizers___ _________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals_________
$2.54
2. 83
2.68
2.31
$2.55
2. 81
2.70
2.33
$2.52
2. 78
2. 67
2.32
$2.49
2.74
2.65
2.32
$2.48
2. 77
2.68
2.29
$2.47
2. 73
2.63
2.29
$2.46
2. 73
2.62
2.29
$2.46
2.72
2.62
2.27
$2.45
2.73
2. 62
2.26
$2.44
2. 71
2.61
2.26
$2. 43
2. 72
2.61
2.26
$2.47
2. 78
2.65
2.28
$2.44
2. 70
2. 59
2.21
$2.41
2. 69
2 58
2.22
2.73
2.46
2.09
1.92
2.10
2.35
2.70
2.46
2.15
1.95
2.11
2.37
2.71
2.46
2.09
1.89
2.09
2.34
2.68
2.45
2.05
1.85
2.07
2.33
2.64
2. 45
2.04
1. 78
2.01
2.34
2. 66
2. 43
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.32
2.63
2.43
2.00
1.83
1.97
2.32
2.62
2. 42
2.00
1.84
1.94
2.32
2.61
2. 41
1.99
1.84
1.88
2.31
2. 60
2. 42
2.03
1.82
1.88
2.29
2.61
2.39
1.97
1.81
1.85
2.27
2.62
2. 42
2.02
1. 89
1. 89
2.26
2. 59
2.38
2.00
1.84
2.00
2.25
2 56
2.38
1.98
1 80
1 92
2.25
Products of petroleum and coal.........
Petroleum refining______________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products....... .................................
2.90
3.00
2.92
3.03
2.91
3.02
2.90
3.01
2.93
3.03
2.90
2.99
2.90
3.00
2.91
3.01
2.90
3.00
2.90
3.01
2.88
2.98
2.91
3.03
2.86
2.97
2. 87
2.98
2 74
2.58
2.59
2. 58
2. 55
2.61
2.61
2. 61
2.62
2.60
2.56
2.53
2.54
2. 53
2.55
2.42
Rubber products_____ _____________
Tires and inner tubes____ _____
Rubber footwear_______________
Other rubber products_________
2. 51
2.94
2.02
2.28
2. 55
3.01
2.04
2.28
2. 53
2.99
2.04
2.28
2. 52
2.96
2.03
2.27
2. 47
2.91
1.99
2.25
2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25
2.50
2.98
1.99
2.26
2.51
2.98
2.01
2.27
2.49
2.95
2.03
2.25
2.46
2.91
2.00
2.23
2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25
2.47
2.91
1.96
2.25
2.49
2.95
1.95
2.23
2 46
2.92
1.97
2.23
2 35
2 74
1 93
2.12
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 46
2 28
1 92
1 75
1 86
2.17
2 88
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
1247
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1959
1960
Industry
Aug.2 July j June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
j
Nov. | Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather p ro d u cts........... .
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished________ . . .
_ ----------Industrial leather belting and
packing_________________ . ..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings____________ __________
Footwear (except rubber)________
Luggage---------------------------------Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods------- ---------------------------Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads 4 . _________
Local railways and buslines...........
Communication:
Telephone----------- ------- ------Telegraph 5________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities_________
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities________________
Electric light and gas utilities
combined_________ ____ _
$62. 48 $62.98 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60. 64 $61. 78 $61.07 $60.43 $58.28 $59.09 $60.48 $60.70
$57.78
84.96
82.68
86. 27
83.07
81.66
81. 87
81.24
81.30
82.74
81.09
80.50
80.11
80. 52
80.94
78.39
78. 74
80.20
78.21
77.03
73.53
76.24
72.13
74.68
79.80
69.50
72.38
77.42
80.19
79.56
76.62
58.88
60.26
65. 52
58.14
59.21
61.22
64.30
58.14
59. 44
60.00
66. 42
56.30
58. 25
56. 80
65.07
57.07
55. 22
55.52
62.87
53.61
57.82
58. 56
63.63
58.05
58. 44
58.67
62.29
57.30
60.30
60.10
62. 87
56.92
59. 83
58. 40
63.54
58. 65
56. 21
57. 46
69. 70
59.60
54.42
55. 69
63. 50
54.24
55.85
56. 47
64.19
56.24
57.30
58. 50
64.85
56. 74
57.30
58.34
65.18
56.45
56.02
54.87
63. 46
55.54
55.10
53.43
54.24
52.71
51.41
52.20
52.42
50.98
53.11
53. 71
52.77
51.41
52.88
51.89
50.40
107. 42 110.42 107. 59 107.33 109.82 111.45 106. 60
98.83 100.22 100.92 99. 79 97. 78 97.78 97.33 95.60
n o .oo
106. 86 105. 25 106.17 103.38 106.43
95.44 94. 57 94.33 95.68 94. 59
101. 50
90.52
85.46
78.72
95.99
90.06
110.02 110.02 109.34 109.34 108.94 108. 26 107. 59 108. 39 107.98 109.03 108.62 107.79 105.93 105.78
110.29 110.97 109.88 109. 61 108. 79 108.94 107.86 108.39 107.71 108. 65 108. 24 108.36 107.16 106.34
102.31 102.21 101.15 101.15 101. 25 100.85 99.85 100.85 101.18 103.91 103.17 102.34 99.06 99. 39
100.37
101.43
94.83
116.16 115.34 115. 62 116.18 115.62 113.96 114. 52 114. 67 114.12 114.13 113.44 112.06 110.00 110. 56
103. 63
89. 50 89.95 88. 26
103.09 102.37 104.00
87.81
97. 75
86. 36
95.30
87.58
95.30
87. 42
94.43
86.14
95.30
96.10
87.42
95. 53
89.95
95. 53
88.58 89.32
95.57 100.11
85.85
97.13
Average weekly hours
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather products_____ _
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished____________ _________
Industrial leather belting and
packing....... ... ............ . . . . . .
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings________________________
Footwear (except rubber)_______
Luggage____________ ________
Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods--------------------- -------------Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads 4 _ _______
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
Telephone________ ________
Telegraph ®________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities___ . . . .
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities----- ------------ . . .
Electric light and gas utilities
combined------------- -----------
38.1
38.4
37.8
36.3
35.4
37.1
37.2
37.9
37.7
37.3
36.2
36.7
37.8
37.7
36.8
39.7
39.0
40.5
39.0
38.7
38.8
38.5
38.9
39.4
38.8
38.7
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.0
38.6
40.1
39.3
39.1
38.1
38.7
36.8
38.1
40.1
36.2
37.5
39.5
40.5
40.8
39.7
37.5
37.9
39.0
38.0
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.0
38.1
37.5
39.3
36.8
37.1
35.5
38.5
37.3
35.4
34.7
37.2
35.5
37.3
36.6
38.1
38.7
37.7
36.9
37.3
38.2
38.9
37.8
37.2
38.2
38.6
37.2
37.6
39.1
36.5
36.6
41.0
40.0
35.8
35.7
37.8
36.4
36.5
36.2
38.9
38.0
37.7
37.5
39.3
38.6
37.7
37.4
38.8
38.4
37.1
36.1
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.0
36.4
35.9
37.4
37.3
36.9
35.7
37.5
36.8
36.0
42.6
41.0
43.2
42.8
43.5
41.7
43.2
41.6
42.7
42.9
42.7
42.7
42.5
41.0
42.3
42.8
42.9
41.1
42.8
41.6
42.6
41.8
42.3
40.7
43.1
41.9
42.8
41.6
42.7
39.6
42.6
39.8
42.3
39.4
42.8
39.2
42.5
38.9
41.8
39.1
41.8
39.2
41.6
38.8
41.8
39.2
41.9
40.7
41.9
39.9
42.1
40.6
44.1
39.2
42.6
39.2
42.1
38.4
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.1
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.3
41.0
41. 6
41.3
41.2
41. 6
40.9
40.9
40. 6
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.8
$1. 57
Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather products________ $1.64
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished__________ _____________ 2.14
Industrial leather belting and
packing________________ .. .. 2.04
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_____________ _ _______ 1.57
1.59
Footwear (except rubber)..... .........
Luggage.......... .................................. 1.68
Handbags and small leather goods.. 1.53
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods___________ __________ _ 1.45
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads 4 . _________
Local railways and buslines______ 2.32
Communication:
Telephone_______ __________ 2.26
Telegraph ».. --------------------- 2.42
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities_________ 2. 69
Electric light and power utilities. 2.69
Gas utilities__________ _____ 2.52
Electric light and gas utilities
2.84
combined________________
See foo tnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.64
$1.65
$1. 65
$1.64
$1.64
$1.63
$1.63
$1.62
$1.62
$1.61
$1. 61
$1.60
$1.61
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.01
2.00
1.99
1.97
1.93
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.99
1.92
1.93
1.96
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.55
1.59
1.67
1.53
1.56
1.60
1. 69
1. 53
1.57
1. 60
1.69
1.53
1.56
1.60
1.69
1.51
1.55
1.60
1.67
1.50
1.55
1.59
1.67
1.50
1. 55
1.59
1.69
1.49
1.55
1.57
1.69
1.50
1.54
1.57
1.70
1.49
1.52
1.56
1.68
1.49
1.53
1.56
1.65
1.48
1.52
1.56
1.65
1.47
1. 52
1.56
1.68
1.47
1.51
1.52
1.67
1.45
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.41
1.41
1.40
2.62
2.32
2. 58
2.32
2.58
2.31
2. 58
2. 29
2. 56
2. 29
2.61
2.29
2.60
2.26
2.57
2. 24
2. 60
2.23
2. 53
2.22
2. 54
2.23
2.54
2. 22
2.54
2.21
2.44
2.12
2.26
2.42
2. 24
2.43
2. 24
2.30
2. 22
2.28
2. 24
2.28
2.23
2. 27
2. 22
2. 28
2. 23
2.28
2. 21
2.28
2.22
2. 27
2.20
2.27
2.19
2. 28
2.18
2.28
2.05
2.17
2.69
2.70
2.53
2. 68
2.68
2. 51
2.68
2.68
2. 51
2. 67
2. 66
2.50
2. 66
2.67
2.49
2. 65
2. 65
2. 49
2. 65
2. 65
2.49
2. 64
2. 64
2.48
2. 64
2. 65
2. 51
2. 63
2.64
2.48
2. 61
2. 63
2.46
2. 59
2. 62
2.44
2. 58
2. 60
2.43
2.46
2. 48
2.33
2.82
2. 82
2. 82
2.82
2.80
2.80
2.79
2.77
2.75
2.74
2.72
2.67
2.69
2.54
1248
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
Industry
Aug.8 July
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade___________________
Retail trade (except eating and drink
ing places)______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses..................
Food and liquor stores______
Automotive and accessories dealers
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores_____ _____________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies 6.........
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers_____
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotel», year-round t_______
Personal services:
L aundries___________ ______
Cleaning and dyeing plants.......... .
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution_________________
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_______ _____
Retail trade (except eating and drink
ing places)_______ _____
General merchandise stores_____
Department stores and general
mail-order houses________
Food and liquor stores____
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies «.
Security dealers and exchanges...
Insurance carriers__________
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round i_______
Personal services:
Laundries________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants_____
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution_____________
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
$93.32 $94.19 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83 $91. 37 $90.35 $90.80 $91.94 $91.71 $91. 53 $91.94 $91.53 $90.27 $87.02
69. 71 69.52 68.80 67.69 67.48 66.95 66.95 66.95 66.09 66.38 67.11 67.82 68. 32 67.06
64.77
50. 61 50. 75 49. 74 48.87 48.99 48. 33 48.19 48.19 50.01 47.46 47.94 48.50 49.42 48.37
46.85
56. 83 56.99 56.00 55.04 55.14 53.69 53. 69 54.19 56.70 52.98 53. 82 54.60 55.03 54. 36 52.60
72.96 73.16 72.16 70.60 70.13 68.89 69. 34 69.38 69. 26 69.81 69.65 71.20 71.23 69.89
67. 52
89.96 91.29 91.29 90.87 91.73 88.91 87. 40 88.04 86.29 88.71 89. 76 87. 40 89.12 88. 24
83.22
53.00 52. 59 52.82 51. 56 53.48 50.85 51.64 51.87 53. 35 51.83 51.34 52.29 52.54 51.90
50.81
77.71 76.70 77.08 75.07 75.44 74.80 75.44 76.67 79.80 77.46 76.18 77.42 77.79 75.76
72.31
83.69 83. 50 82.88 82.49 81.64 79.49 78.28 78.09 79.99 80.22 81.79 80.79 81.94 79.95
77.04
69. 94 70. 31 69. 75 69. 75 69.94 69. 56 69.94 69.93 68.81 68. 26 68.81 68.26 68.07 68.07
66. 57
110. 86 117.33 117.16 111.54 113.61 112. 67 114. 52 115. 49 117.14 110.15 109.43 107. 22 114.84 119.24 106.88
87.97 88.08 87.99 88.15 87.37 87.68 87. 54 87.26 86.52 86.32 85.79 85.98 86.89 85.79
82. 97
49.29
48.80
48.80
48.28
47.52
48.00
47.64
48.12
48.40
48.24
48.20
48. 36
47.91
47.44
45.20
48. 07
52. 78
48. 56
54.43
48.68
57.08
48.68
55.95
48.00
57.94
46. 68
52.68
46. 92
52.40
47.04
53.10
47.24
54.91
46. 37
54. 35
46.96
55.60
46. 96
53.54
46. 33
51.65
46.45
53.29
44.30
50.82
114. 62 112.12 113. 37 107.96 107. 23 112.13 111.63 112. 89 114.31 114. 51 110.97 114. 98 108. 36
Average weekly hours
40.6
40.2
40.3
39.9
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.3
38.2
37.4
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.7
37.4
38.2
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.1
34.3
35.0
34.5
33.7
33.8
33.7
33.7
36.5
33.9
34.0
34.4
35.3
34.8
35.4
34.4
35.0
34.9
34.2
34.2
34.3
34.4
37.3
34.5
35.0
35.5
35.3
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.6
35.3
35.2
35.4
35.7
35.8
35.9
36.7
36.4
37.1
44.1
44.1
43.9
44.1
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.7
44.0
43.7
43.9
43.9
34.6
33.7
34.3
33.9
34.5
34.2
33.9
34.1
35.1
34.4
34.0
35.5
34.6
40.8
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.4
42.6
42.5
42.3
41.4
42.3
41.2
41.1
42.1
42.0
42.6
42.3
42.9
42.3
37.4
37.3
37.3
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.8
37.6
37.3
37.6
37.3
37.4
37.4
98. 65
119. 34
40.4
38.3
34.9
35.3
36.3
44.1
35.1
40.9
42.7
37.6
40.1
38.1
34.7
35.3
36.3
43.8
34.8
41.8
42.1
37.4
40.4
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.0
39.4
37.7
39.8
38.6
39.9
39.9
39.9
39.4
40.0
40.8
38.9
37.9
39.1
37.7
39.2
38.2
39.7
39.5
39.3
39.1
39.8
40.0
39.8
38.8
39.6
37.7
39.7
38.9
39.2
38.5
$2.32
$2.31
$2.30
$2.29
$2.29
$2. 27
$2. 27
$2. 27
$2.27
$2.26
$2.27
$2.26
$2. 24
$2.17
1.82
1.45
1.82
1.45
1.81
1.45
1.79
1.42
1.79
1.43
1.79
1.43
1.79
1.43
1.73
1.37
1.77
1.40
1.78
1.41
1.78
1.41
1.77
1.40
1.76
1.39
1.70
1.35
1.61
2.01
2.07
1.52
1.60
2.01
2.07
1.54
1.60
2.00
2.07
1.53
1.58
1.97
2.08
1.55
1.57
1.98
2.03
1. 50
1.57
1.97
2.00
1.51
1.58
1.96
2.01
1.53
1.52
1.94
1.97
1.52
1.54
1.95
2.03
1.52
1.56
1.94
2.04
1.51
1.56
1.94
2.00
1.52
1.55
1.92
2.03
1.48
1.54
1.92
2.01
1.50
1.49
1.86
1.90
1.46
1.88
1.88
1.84
1.84
1.82
1.84
1.87
1.90
1.88
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.83
1.73
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.90
1. 90
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.89
1.83
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.78
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.13
1.22
1.40
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.43
1.22
1.42
1.20
1.42
1.20
1.39
1.20
1.39
1.20
1.39
1.19
1.39
1.18
1.39
1.18
1.39
1.18
1.38
1.17
1.37
1.17
1.37
1.13
1.32
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade__________
$2.31
Retail trade (except eating and drink
ing places)___ __________
1.82
General merchandise stores___
1.45
Department stores and general
mail-order houses.................. 1.61
Food and liquor stores____
2.01
Automotive and accessories dealers. 2.04
Apparel and accessories stores.......
1.51
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 1.90
Lumber and hardware supply
stores______ _____
1.96
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies «___
1.86
Security dealers and exchanges.........
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round i____________
Personal services:
Laundries__________
Cleaning and dyeing plants______
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture p r o d u c tio n a n d
distribution____ . . .
June
Annual
average
1959
Average hourly earnings
1
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been re
Group I).
vised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
5
relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
issues prior to August 1958.
« Average weekly earnings have been revised beginning with January 1958
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
and are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. Average weekly
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
hours and average hourly earnings are new series, available from January 1958.
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
' Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms and
noted, to Donsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
tips
not included.
5 Preliminary.
8 Revised.
S
ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
* Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 4.)
are based upon monthly data summarized In the M-300 report by the Inter
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1249
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1
Annual
average
1959
1960
Major industry'group
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Feb.
Mar.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Average overtime hours3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.0
Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories-----------Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products----Prim ary metal industries-----------Fabricated metal products----------Machinery (except electrical)------Electrical machinery........................
Transportation equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........
23
2 1
33
28
3.1
1. 4
28
2.3
1.9
2.2
21
2.4
2.3
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
1. 7
2. 5
2.5
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.4
1.9
3.4
2.4
3.1
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.1
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.5
2.9
2.1
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.4
3.8
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.2
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.1
3.5
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.1
3.0
2.3
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.0
2.1
4.1
3.3
3.9
2.6
3. 4
2.8
2. 4
2. 7
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.1
3.4
2.9
3. 4
2. 6
2.9
2.7
2. 2
2.5
2. 3
2. 6
1.9
2.0
2.9
2. X
2.8
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.1
Nondurable goods____ _____________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill pro d u cts..-------------Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products----------Printing and publishing------ ------ Chemicals and allied products----Products of petroleum and coal---Rubber products.............................
Leather and leather products........
26
34
9
2.5
2.6
3. 5
12
2.6
2.5
3.2
1. 2
2.9
2.5
3.1
1.0
2.9
2.2
2.8
.7
2.5
2.4
2.9
.5
3.0
2.5
2.8
.6
3.0
2.6
3.3
1.3
3.0
2.7
3.4
1.1
3.2
2.7
3.6
1.0
3.2
2.8
3.6
1.3
3.2
3.0
4.0
1. 6
3.1
2.9
3.3
1. 7
3.3
2.7
3.3
1. 2
3.1
2.2
3.0
1.3
2.1
14
44
3.0
2.3
19
2.1
1.6
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.4
1.3
4.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
1.3
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.0
1.0
3.7
2.6
2.9
1.7
1.7
.8
1.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.4
4.2
2.8
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4
1.3
4.3
2.9
2.3
1.6
3.1
1.4
1.4
4.3
3.6
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4
1.6
4.5
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.4
1.5
4.6
3.2
2.5
2.1
3.5
1.2
1.5
5.1
3.6
3.1
2.3
4.3
1.2
1.7
4.9
3.2
2. 5
2.0
4. 6
1. 3
1.4
4. 6
3.0
2. 5
1.8
3.7
1.4
l.i
3.9
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.1
Manufacturing.
Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e4
Manufacturing.
$2.21
$2.22
$2. 22
$2.22
$2. 22
$2. 22
$2. 21
$2. 21
$2. 20
$2.16
$2.14
$2.14
$2.12
$2.15
$2.08
2 38
2. 57
1.99
1 81
2 19
2 75
2. 38
2. 49
2.26
2 67
2. 31
1.89
2.38
2.57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2. 76
2. 38
2. 49
2. 25
2. 66
2. 30
1.89
2.37
2.55
1.95
1.80
2.19
2.77
2.37
2. 49
2.24
2. 64
2.29
1.89
2. 38
2.56
1.94
1.80
2.19
2.78
2. 36
2. 47
2. 24
2. 64
2. 28
1.89
2.38
2. 56
1.93
1.81
2.20
2.77
2. 35
2. 47
2. 23
2.64
2.28
1.88
2.37
2. 55
1.91
1.79
2.18
2.77
2.35
2. 47
2. 23
2.64
2.27
1.89
2.37
2.55
1.89
1.79
2.18
2. 78
2. 35
2. 46
2. 22
2. 64
2. 26
1.89
2. 35
2. 54
1.92
1.78
2.17
2. 77
2.33
2. 46
2. 20
2. 64
2. 25
1.88
2.31
2.53
1.94
1.76
2.16
2. 70
2.29
2. 45
2.18
2. 60
2. 24
1.84
2. 28
2.52
1.94
1. 76
2. 14
2. 57
2. 28
2. 44
2. 17
2. 62
2. 23
1.83
2. 28
2.49
1.94
1.76
2.14
2. 56
2. 29
2. 43
2.16
2. 62
2. 22
1.83
2. 27
2. 48
1. 91
1.76
2.12
2.55
2. 28
2. 41
2.15
2. 60
2. 22
1. 84
2.30
2. 49
1. 89
1. 76
2.13
2. 70
2. 29
2. 42
2.16
2. 58
2. 22
1.84
2.23
2.42
1.82
1.73
2.04
2. 61
1.89
1.94
1.57
1.47
Durable goods...................................
Ordnance and accessories-------Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures..............
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries...............
Fabricated metal products............
Machinery (except electrical)........
Electrical machinery......................
Transportation equipment--------Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing........
2. 37
2.57
Nondurable goods................................Food and kindred products--------Tobacco manufactures--------------Textile-mill products----------------Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products----------Printing and publishing------ -----Chemicals and allied products----Products of petroleum and co al...
Rubber pro d u cts............... -..........
Leather and leather products------
2.01
2 02
2 09
1. 79
1.57
2.01
2.10
1.79
1.58
2.01
2.11
1.78
1.57
2.01
2.12
1.78
1.56
2.00
2.11
1.71
1. 56
1.99
2.10
1.69
1.54
1.98
2.10
1.69
1.54
1.97
2. 08
1.68
1.53
1.96
2.05
1.67
1.53
1.95
2.02
1.56
1.53
1.95
1.99
1.52
1. 53
1.93
1.97
1. 59
1. 52
1.94
2.02
1. 64
1. 52
1.54
2.19
1 52
2.18
(5)
2 47
2. 85
2 46
1.61
1. 52
2.17
(5)
2. 45
2. 84
2. 45
1.62
1. 51
2.15
(5)
2. 42
2. 84
2.45
1.63
1.50
2.14
(s)
2. 40
2. 87
2.42
1.62
1.53
2.14
(8)
2. 40
2.85
2.41
1.61
1.52
2.14
(5)
2.40
2.85
2.41
1.60
1.51
2.14
(8)
2. 39
2. 86
2. 42
1.60
1.50
2.12
(5)
2. 39
2. 85
2.41
1.59
1.50
2. 12
(5)
2. 37
2.84
2. 39
1.59
1.49
2.12
(8)
2. 36
2. 80
2. 38
1.58
1.50
2.12
(5)
2. 39
2. 83
2. 35
1. 58
1.48
2.10
(°)
2. 36
2. 79
2.36
1. 58
1.49
2.09
(5)
2.34
2. 81
2. 36
1.58
2.00
1.80
2.20
2.75
2. 37
2. 49
2.25
2. 68
2.31
1.88
2.06
1.70
1. 57
( 5)
2. 47
2.83
2. 44
1.61
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Preliminary.
* Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
2 . 21
2. 33
2.11
2. 47
2.15
1.80
1.49
2.02
(8)
2. 26
2. 69
2. 28
1.55
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 19o6.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time ana
°n«eN of available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and
one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has
little effect.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
1250
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
T able C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1960
1959
Annual
average
Activity
Sept.« Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept
1959
1958
102.4
67.3
118.9
102.4
64.1
123.3
99.2
100.1
101.4
60.0
133.7
99.5
103.0
59.2
136.5
100.7
65.4
123.4
99.8
94.3
67.9
118.2
92.6
109.8
334.7
76.9
113.5
105.0
105.2
103.4
325.9
78.7
111.4
105.4
93.1
101.9
103.3
328.0
81.7
113.8
106.9
59.1
105.9
103.9
326.9
82.5
112.4
108.9
60.2
95.9
303.0
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
100.0
102.0
105.6
325.3
78.4
108.7
104.6
91.1
108.7
Man-horn
Total___________________________
Mining________________ IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Contract construction___ I ____
Manufacturing__________________
101.8
66.3
138.6
99.0
102.5
65.3
144.2
99.0
101.3
63.8
142.9
97.8
102.3
66.8
135.5
99.9
100.8
66.2
126.3
99.4
98.4
66.5
114.3
98.3
97.4
64.9
94.9
99.9
98.4
63.8
98.5
100.8
Durable goods.........................
Ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures................ .
Stone, clay, and glass products__
Primary metal industries............. .
Fabricated metal products......... .
Machinery (except electrical)____
Electrical machinery_________
Transportation e q uipm ent..H U T
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
102.8
314.0
76.4
110.5
103.4
84. 4
107.2
95.8
136.3
113.3
116. 5
108.4
101.8
310.4
79.7
110.7
105.0
85.5
107.0
96.9
133.4
102.8
117.4
106.6
102.4 106.1
313.0 319.7
78.0
81.8
106.2 108.7
103.8 105.9
88.0
92.9
105.3 109.2
99.7 102.7
130.1 134.2
110.9 114.1
116.3 119.4
99.3 104.8
106.5
326.3
77.7
107.5
104.6
95.2
108.5
103.3
133.1
119.8
118.8
102.9
105.8
325.9
74.2
108.0
102.4
99.0
106.2
103.5
131.7
117.7
118.7
100.5
108.1
336.4
70.6
105.7
100.1
103.1
109.8
105.4
137.3
123.8
121.0
102.4
109.3
332.3
72.4
109.2
101.3
104.3
111.3
105.3
138.4
127.0
119.8
100.3
Nondurable goods_______________
Food and kindred" products III IIII!
Tobacco manufactures________
Textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products______
Printing and publishing_________
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
I^eat her and leather products_____
94.5
95.1
96.4
69.0
95.6
94.6
75.4
71.7
92.3
87.5
64.2
70.9
92.5
82.4
66.3
73.4
90.9
78.5
64.5
72.9
89.4
76.4
61.8
71.8
90.1
74.1
61.6
71.7
103.8
113.4
116.3
105.4
84.2
99.6
86.2
108.0
113.3
116.1
105.8
82.9
98.7
93.0
102.5
110.9
114.7
105.6
84.2
97.7
91.2
104.7
113.0
115.1
107.1
84.7
100.8
90.1
104.2
112.0
115.0
107.8
83.6
98.7
84.2
100.9
110.2
113.4
109.8
83.6
96.6
82.6
106.4
110.3
114.7
105.7
82.4
102.9
89.7
99.5
64.0
101.6
101.6
110.3
332.1
72.2
109.3
101.2
106.1
112.3
105.1
141.5
130.1
110.6
101.1
111.6
98.5
104.8
142.7
119.2
123.5
103.5
139.3
100.5
122.4
108.7
90.5
74.4
68.4
72.5
91.2
77.5
74.6
72.9
93.6
81.4
79.6
74.6
94.2
84.7
77.9
74.8
88.1
92.6
75.6
100.0
107.1
110.2
113.4
105.2
82.7
104.9
90.2
104.6
113.7
104.9
82.1
106.3
91.9
107.0
112.9
117.5
106.5
83.1
106.5
92.1
108.0
113.6
115.3
106.5
83.4
104.2
91.0
105.9
114.2
115.7
106.3
81.3
108.9
88.4
107.0
116.6
116.8
108.3
84.0
105.4
185.4
175. 5
110.5
214.8
175.4
104.4
221.8
166.8
95.9
239.1
165.9
120.6
111.6
142.0
122.4
122.8
111.0
95.0
103.5
141.0
119.9
121.7
109.4
97.7
96.2
74.5
111.6
101.1
105.4
92.7
93.0
83.7
77.1
74.4
88.7
84.2
77.7
69.2
105.1
112.7
96.8
108.0
109.0
99.2
84.2
92.0
112.8
90.8
104.3
84.1
103.5
92.2
94.3
242.9
169.1
105.0
216.9
167.2
110.2
101.1
88.9
115.9
101.0
132.6
120.4
117.1
86.0
Payrolls
Mining____
Contract construction
Manufacturing
171.1
105.1
266.2
170.2
262.8
169.0
i no a
lUo.
4 107.8
O/ffi yÛ 230.5
z^to.
1I *70
K
i Z. O
171. 5
19L!sLCZtPnotebrtable A-2With th086 publIshed ln 188,168Prior to
108.7
207.9
168.8
106.5
176.1
172.6
—
104.4
180.2
173.9
104.9
200.5
148.7
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related work
ers; for contract construction, to construction workers
2 Preliminary.
T able C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1960
1959
Annual
average
Item
Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1959
1958
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars...........
1947-49 d ollars...
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependentsCurrent dollars_____
1947-49 dollars...
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars...........
1947-49 d ollars... . . .
<£01 o/
0*7
$90.74 $91.14 $qi fin $yi.
$89.60 $90. 91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06
47 $88. 70 $89.47
*70 OA
71.67 71.99
ÍZ. o4 71.00 72.32 72. 56 73.60 73.43 70.84 70.96 $89.
71.46 71.07 71.81
73.36
57.95
73.67
58.19
74.03
58.52
73 85
KQ
A*7
O
o. 4/
57.43
73.49
58.46
73. 67
58. 65
74. 56
59.46
74.92
59.70
72.45
57.68
72. 51
57.78
72.83
58.17
72.23
57.88
72.83
58.45
80 91
63.91
68.46
55.43
81.23
64.16
81.59
64. 50
81 11 80.01
fi/f 40
A(X 63.40
04.
81.05
64.48
81.23
64.67
82.14
65.50
82.50
65.74
79.97
63.67
80. 03
63.77
80.36
64.19
79.75
63.90
80.36
64.49
75.77
61.44
1 See footnote 1, table C-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross
?how?.evVee-k r mrnm£ l’ Federal social security and income taxes for which
the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course on the
S
^ n eincome
o m e ePeqnpnn
rilSb ? PPOrt-ed
th6worker
as well for
as on
the level
of his
gross
Spendable
earningsb/have
been computed
2 types
of income
receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; and (2) a worker with 3 dependPrimary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
tdlrrvu’6s n dlsP°sable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
?f spe?i£a„bie earnings for both the worker with no de
pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$83.50
67.61
weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing without direct
regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income.
a$d 8Pendatde average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars
?hanSe8 m the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for
Index
Purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price
2 Preliminary.
t J ? w Æ , ? £®sc7 ptl0o th6se 8eries- 866 The Calculation and Uses of
Cp 5 ()I-54 j 8 3 6 Ea™
Senes (m Monthly Labor Review, January 1959,
1251
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1959
1960
Group
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
All item s. . . .................................................... 126.8
126.6
126.6
126.5
126.3
126.2
125.7
125.6
125.4
125.5
125.6
125.5
125.2
124.6
123.5
F ood•..............................................................
Food at ho m e................- .................. —
Cereals and bakery products...........
Meats, poultry, and fish..................
Dairy products________________
Fruits and vegetables......................
Other foods at home *___________
120. 2
117.4
137.8
110.2
117.5
124.6
109.3
120.1
117.4
137.7
111.3
116.6
127.3
106.5
120.6
117.9
137.5
110.8
115.8
134.4
104.8
120.3
117.7
136.1
110.3
115.0
136.1
104.5
119.7
117.0
135.6
109.7
115.0
132.9
104.9
119.5
116.7
135.8
109.3
115.3
129.9
106.1
117.7
114.7
135.5
107.2
116.4
125.0
103.4
117.4
114.4
135.2
106.2
116.5
125.9
102.9
117.6
114.7
134.8
106.4
116.5
125.7
104.5
117.8
115.0
134.5
106.6
116.7
125.5
105.4
117.9
115.1
134.2
107.9
116.0
123.4
106.4
118.4
115.8
134.1
109.0
116.1
124.5
107.0
118.7
116.2
134.1
110.4
115.5
124.1
107.6
118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1
120.3
118.8
133.1
115.1
113.5
127.1
112.4
Housing *.........................................................
Rent..........................- ..............................
Gas and electricity..... ............................
Solid fuels and fuel oil........ ....................
Housefumishings...............- ....................
Household operation__________ _____
132.0
142.1
125.7
134.8
104.1
138.0
131.5
141.9
124.9
133.4
103.5
137.6
131.3
141.8
124.8
132.9
104.1
137.4
131.3
141.6
124.7
132.3
104.3
137.3
131.2
141.4
124.7
132.9
104.3
137.2
131.4
141.4
124.4
136.3
104.7
137.0
131.3
141.2
124.1
137.2
104.7
136.9
131.2
141.0
124.0
139.0
104.3
136.3
130.7
140.9
123.2
139.0
104.0
135.9
130.4
140.8
122.7
137.3
104.2
135.5
130.4
140.5
121.7
135.9
104.4
135.4
130.1
140.4
121. 7
135.5
104.1
135.3
129.7
140.0
121.6
135.0
104.0
135.2
129.2
139.7
119.9
136.6
103.9
134.3
127.7
137.7
117.0
134.9
103.9
131.4
A pparel...----------------------------------- -----M en’s and hoys’.................................. —
Women’s and girls’__________ ______
Footwear_________________________
Other apparel
..................... ...............
110.6
112.2
101.1
140.2
93.8
109.3
110.5
99.7
139.9
93.1
109.1
110.2
99.4
139.8
93.1
108.9
109.8
99.1
140.1
93.1
108.9
109.7
99.4
139.8
93.2
108.9
109.5
99.6
139.8
92.9
108.8
108.9
99.6
139.7
93.0
108.4
108.7
99.3
138.7
92.8
107.9
108.8
98.0
139.4
92.2
109.2
109.1
100.3
139.7
93.1
109.4
109.1
100.9
139.2
93.3
109.4
108.9
101.3
138.5
92.9
109.0
109.2
100.5
137.9
92.9
107.9
108.4
99.5
135.2
92.3
107.0
108.6
99.1
129.8
92.0
Transportation_______________ _______ - 144.7
P rivate........- ...........................- ............... 132 8
Public___________________________ 201.7
146.2
134.4
200.7
145.9
134.2
200.3
145.8
134.1
199.7
145.6
133.9
199.4
146.1
134.4
199.4
146.5 8147. 5 8147. 6
134.9 8136.0 «136. 3
199.4 199.3 197.2
148.7
137.5
197.2
149.0
137.9
196.0
148.5
137.4
195.9
146.4
135.3
194.9
146.3
135.2
193.9
140.5
129.7
188.0
Medical care................................................... 156.9
156.7
156.4
156.1
155.9
155.5
155.0
153.5
153.2
153.0
152.5
152.2
150.8
144.6
132.7
132.5
132.1
131.2
128.6
120.4
120.0
119.7
119.6
118.6
116.7
131.6
131.5
129.7
127.2
Personal care...... ............................. ............. 133.9
Reading and recreation........... ....................
122.1
133.8
121.9
133.4
121.6
133.2
121.1
133.2
121.4
132.9
121.1
132.7
120.9
154.7
132.6
120.6
132.7
120.3
132.9
Other goods and services............ .................. 132.7
132.4
132.2
132.0
131.9
131.9
131.7
131.8
131.8
131.7
131.6
Special groups:
All items less food--------------------------- 130.3
All items less shelter_______________ 124.3
All commodities less food------------------ 115.6
130.1
124.1
115.5
129.9
124.2
115.4
129.7
124.0
115.3
129.7
123.8
115.3
129.8
123.7
115.6
129.7
123.1
115.7
129.7
123.0
116.0
129.4
122.9
115.9
129.5
123.1
116.4
129.5
123.1
116. 5
129.2
123.2
116.3
128.7
122.9
115. 7
127.9
122.2
115.1
125.5
121.2
113.4
All commodities___________________
Nondurables 7--------------------------Nondurables less food...............
Nondurables less food and
apparel__________________
Durables 8_____________________
Durables less cars___________
117.7
120.3
120.9
117.6
119.9
120.1
117.7
120.0
119.9
117.6
119.8
119.6
117.3
119.4
119.4
117.4
119.4
119.7
116.7
118.3
119.6
116.7
118.0
119.4
116.7
118.1
119.2
117.1
118.5
119.9
117.2
118.6
119.8
117.3
118.8
119.8
117.0
118.8
119.3
116.6
118.1
118.3
116.3
118.6
116.9
129.8
110.0
103.0
129.4
111.0
103.0
129.2
111.1
103.0
128.7
111.5
103.2
128.4
111.9
103.5
129.0
112.1
103.6
128.9 128.8 128.9
112.5 8113.3 »113.3
103.6 103.4 103.4
129.1
113.8
103.3
128.9
114.1
103.4
128.8
113.6
103.3
128.2
112.8
103.1
127.3
113.0
103.3
125.6
110.5
103.4
All services8.............................................
All services less rent __________
Household operation services
gas, and electricity________
Transportation services--------Medical care services------------Other services______________
150.8
153.0
150.3
152.5
150.0
152.1
149.7
151.8
149.6
151.7
149.4
151.5
149.2
151.3
148.9
150.9
148.2
150.1
147.8
149.7
147.6
149.5
147.3
149.1
146.9
148.7
145.8
147.5
142.4
143.8
139.8
185.8
163.6
136.5
139.2
185.2
163.3
136.0
139.1
1*4.9
163.0
135.5
138.9
184.5
162.5
135.1
138.8
184.3
162.4
135.2
138.5
184.2
161.9
135.0
138.3
183.9
161.3
134.9
137.8
183.6
160.8
134.7
137.2
182. 7
159.5
134.1
136.7
182. 7
159.2
133.6
136.3
182.2
158.8
133.7
136.3
136.2
134.8
131.4
158.4
133.1
157.9
132.6
156.3
131.7
149.2
129.6
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-citv average.
,, , .
.
,
.
2 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
8 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
8 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
6 RCViS6(l.
r Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
s Includes water beaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dlnnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television 6ets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
A
, ,
a Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, re-,
finishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
1252
T able D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average
1959
1960
City
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
All items
All-city average3—..............-
126.8
126.6
126.6
126.5
126.3
126.2
125.7
125.6
125.4
125.5
125.6
125.5
125. 2
124.6
123.5
Atlanta, Ga.........................
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass.........................
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
127.9
128.7
0
130.4
124.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
130.3
0
(3)
«
128.7
130.4
0
127.1
128.3
0
130.1
124.6
0
0
0
129.6
0
0
0
128.3
129.5
0
126.7
127.7
0
129.2
123.6
0
0
0
129.1
0
0
0
126.4
128.9
0
126.4
127.2
0
129.0
123.8
0
0
0
129.1
0
0
0
126.7
129.3
0
126.0
127. 5
0
129.2
123.6
125.4
126.8
125. 8
128. 1
123.1
124.5
124.5
124.8
127.0
122.3
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, Mich........ ..............
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, M o.................
Los Angeles, Calif................
0
125.4
(3)
(3)
129.8
127.4
125.6
126.1
«
129.2
0
125.8
0
127.9
129.5
0
125.1
0
0
129.7
127.1
124.3
125.1
0
129.8
0
124.2
0
126.6
130.1
126.1
0
0
123.4
123.9
123.9
125. 6
0
0
127.0
0
0
129.3 3128.8 3 129.1
0
124.0
0
0
128.9
126.4
124.1
125. 4
0
128.8
0
124.9
0
126.9
128.5
0
124.8
0
0
127.8
125.6
123.8
124.6
125.9
127.4
124.8
123.9
123.6
124.1
125.4
Minneapolis, M inn......... .
New York, N .Y __________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a___________
Portland, Oreg-------------- --
(3)
125.5
127.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
125. 3
126.8
(8)
(3)
127.5
124.8
126.9
128.9
127. 5
0
124.9
126.4
0
0
0
124.9
126.4
0
0
127.1
124.7
126.4
127.9
127.5
0
124.5
126.0
0
0
126.2
124.1
125.5
126.6
3127.2
0
124.2
126.5
0
0
0
124.1
126.2
0
0
126.5
123.7
126.0
126. 8
126.3
0
123. 5
125.8
0
0
125.6
122.8
124.5
125. 5
125.7
124.3
121.1
123.1
124.0
124.4
St. Louis, M o ......................
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, Wash____________
Washington, D. C ________
127.4
133.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
121.8
129.8
123.2
127.2
132.4
0
0
0
0
0
122.1
129.7
123.1
0
0
0
0
0
126.6
131.8
0
0
0
0
0
121.5
129.2
121.7
126.4
130.8
0
0
0
126.3
130.0
120. 8
128.2
121.7
124.7
127.5
120.2
125.8
121.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
124.4
125.5
0
0
126.3
0
131.6
0
121.4
0
3 129.0
0
121.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
Food
All-city average 5_________
120.2
120.1
120.6
120.3
119.7
119.5
117.7
117.4
117.6
117.8
117.9
118.4
118.7
118.3
120.3
Atlanta, Ga_______ _____
Baltimore, M d ........... ..........
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
118.2
120.1
120.4
118.1
121.3
118.1
120.7
119.9
118.4
120.8
117.4
121.2
120.4
119.3
121.9
117.6
121.2
119.0
118.8
121. 5
116.8
120.5
118.6
117.2
120.4
116.8
119.7
119.2
116.7
120.4
115.0
118.2
118.3
115.1
117.8
114.1
116.7
117.7
114.4
117.8
114.5
116.2
117.4
115.2
117.7
114.2
117.4
118.3
114.6
118.2
114.3
117.8
119.4
115.3
118.4
115.3
118.1
119.6
116.2
119.0
116.5
118.8
119.8
116.8
119.2
115.7
118.0
118.7
115.8
118.8
118.0
120.9
119.7
117.3
122.1
Cleveland, Ohio................
Detroit, Mich.....................
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, Mo_______ _
Los Angeles, Calif. ______
116.2
118.9
115.8
113.1
126.5
116.7
120.0
115.8
112.9
125.5
117.0
120.6
115.6
113.9
126.6
117.1
120.0
114.8
114.0
126.4
116.4
119.0
114.4
112.7
126.1
115.8
119.1
114.8
112.4
126.8
113.4
116. 5
113.0
110.7
124.4
112.9
115.7
113.3
110.4
123.7
113.1
115.8
113.6
111.3
125.2
113.4
116.3
113. 5
111.4
123.6
113.1
116.9
113.9
111.3
123.6
113.5
118.1
114.1
111.9
124.0
114.2
118. 1
114.1
112.6
123.7
114.1
117.5
114.7
112.2
123.5
117.2
121.1
117.0
114.4
123.3
Minneapolis, M inn..............
New York. N .Y _________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a......................
Portland, Oreg___________
118.6
122.5
123.1
121.9
121.1
118.7
122. 5
123.0
121.0
120.4
118 9
121.9
123.1
123.1
121.7
119.3
121. 8
122.6
122.1
121.3
118.1
121.8
121.7
122.2
120.4
118.6
121.4
121.2
121.0
121.2
116.6
120.7
120.0
118.4
120.0
116. 5
120.8
119. 1
118.6
120.2
117.0
120.5
119.5
118.7
121.2
117.3
120.8
120.1
119.1
121.0
117.9
120.7
120.6
119.6
120.7
117.8
120.4
121.4
120.1
121.1
118.0
120.9
122.0
120.7
121.2
118.0
120.3
120.9
119.8
120.7
118.6
120.9
123.1
121.8
120.7
St. Louis, Mo___________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, Wash____________
Washington, D .C ________
118.9
125.2
115.9
123.2
120.8
119.6
124.0
114.8
123.1
120.1
119.9
124.7
115.7
123.0
120.9
119.6
124.2
116. 5
122.6
120.9
118.5
124.3
115.8
122.6
120.4
118.0
124.6
115. 5
122.8
119.5
116.7
122.7
113.9
120.9
117.9
117. 5
122.2
113.0
121.0
117.2
116.2
123.6
113.5
121.4
117.3
117.6
123.1
113.9
121.1
118.1
117.7
122.3
114.3
120.8
118.0
118.3
122.9
115.3
121.1
118.5
118.7
122.8
116.4
120.8
119.5
118.7
122.6
115.4
120.8
119.0
121.2
123.1
118.4
121.3
121.6
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in on8
city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Average of 46 cities.
3 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
3 Revised.
1258
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
Table
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1959
I960
Annual
average
Commodity group
Sept.2 Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
All commodities______ ____ _____________
119.2
119.2
119.7
119.5
119.7
120.0
120.0
119.3
119.3
118.9
118.9
119.1
119.7
119.5
119.2
Farm products and processed foods_______
98.0
«97.4
99. 1
98.6
99.1
99.2
99.1
96.6
96.3
95.5
95.4
96.7
98.6
98.2
103.1
87.5 8 86.6
Farm products _______________________
98.7
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables.. 104.7
74.3
74.9
Orains __ ________________________
79.0
80.7
Livestock and live poultry___________
92.2
Plant and animal fibers______________ 92.1
99.5
8
97.0
Fluid milk__________________________
76.4
85.5
Eggs _____________________________
73.7
72.3
Hay, havseeds, and oilseeds__________
Other farm products_________________ 126.4 125.6
Processed foods ________________________ 108.1 3107.8
G e re a l a n d h a k e r v p r o d u c t s
122.2 122.0
96.8
Meats, poultry, and fish-------------------- 96.0
Dairy products and ice cream________ 120.5 118.0
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables 107.9 106.8
Sugar and confectionery_______ ______ 117.9 3116.9
Packaged beverage materials_____ ___ 140.9 3140.9
Animal fats and oils.................................... 60.1 8 66.0
51.6
48.8
Crude vegetable oils_________________
56.8
55.2
Refined vegetable o ils .______________
74.3 8 73.3
Vegetable oil end products___________
Other processed food s.............................. 101.4 101.7
88.9
112.9
75.5
84.1
96.4
95.5
65.4
73.5
127.7
108.9
122. 5
99. 5
117.3
107.5
117.2
143.5
62. 1
50.3
55.5
72.7
103.3
89.0
109.7
77.5
85.1
96.7
93.3
64.2
74.4
128.0
107.6
121.2
98.1
116.0
106.9
114.3
145.2
56.9
50.3
56.3
72.7
103.9
90.4
116.9
77.8
85.8
96.6
92.7
69.6
76.5
128.3
107.3
121.2
98.5
114.9
106.3
114.3
145.2
56.0
48.7
57.0
71.5
102.2
91.1
111.5
79.4
85.7
96.3
95.5
80.2
76.3
128.6
106.8
120.9
96. 7
115.6
105.8
114.1
145.2
57.6
47.5
56.7
71.5
102.8
90.4
104.4
78.2
86.2
96.0
97.9
75.8
76.7
127.9
107.3
120.8
97.8
117.7
105.8
113.7
145.2
53.1
45.2
55.6
71.5
101.7
87.0
100.5
76.7
80.8
96.1
99.0
58.4
77.1
128.9
105.7
120.6
93.1
118.4
105.0
113.9
145.2
49.4
45.3
54.5
71.2
101.6
86.5
104.9
77.2
78.5
95.9
99.3
56.9
77.5
127.4
105.6
120.7
92.4
118.8
104.5
113.3
145.2
48.7
46.0
54.8
71.2
103.9
85.9
107.9
76.1
76.0
95.7
98.3
62.8
76.3
127.5
104.7
120.4
90.5
118.1
104.6
115.6
145.2
50.1
45.0
52.5
71.1
100.0
85.4
103.2
76.5
75.3
94.7
98.2
63.4
76.3
131.7
104.9
120.4
90.8
117.7
106.4
116.7
145.2
54.2
45.8
52.6
71.9
98.3
86.5
102.2
75.7
78.5
94.7
97.3
69.0
75.4
131.5
106.4
120.4
95.1
116. 7
107. 4
117.4
145. 2
53.2
48.7
54.0
73.6
96.8
88.9
103.1
76.2
82. 1
95.6
96.0
85.4
73.0
133.4
107.8
119. 5
99.7
116.2
106.9
116.4
145.2
53.5
52.0
55. 5
74.2
96.9
89.1
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.6
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
109.0
115.1
146. 5
54.6
53. 1
58.0
74.0
96.7
94.9
112.0
79.5
92.9
101. 5
94.6
81.7
76.9
140.4
110.9
117.9
106.7
112.7
109.7
115.6
165.7
72.0
60.1
67.9
82.8
96.6
124.8 124.6
128.2 128.2
96.3
96.3
94.8
94.7
101.8 102.1
79.6
79.6
123.3 121.6
101.0 100.8
81.9
85.1
110.1 110.3
67.1
68.0
102.2 103.0
132.5 132.5
105.6 106.4
113.8 112.3
120.3 119.5
170.4 170.4
114.4 112.2
102.0 101.8
117.9 116.0
110.4 110.2
124.7 124.6
128.4 128.3
103.8 103.2
95.1
95.1
47.8
47.9
110.3 110.2
110.6 108.8
106.4 106.4
146.9 147.2
161.2 169.6
141.3 138.1
145.6 145.6
121.5 122.4
121.6 123.1
137.2 136.9
95.5
95.5
133.5 133.5
121.2 121.2
82.3
82.3
145.9 145. 9
135.9 135.9
124.5
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.4
79.7
118.7
100.6
86.8
111.2
72.9
103.5
132.5
106.7
110.8
118. 7
170.4
111.6
101.7
113.6
110.2
124.6
128.3
103.0
94.8
50.2
110.2
108.8
106.4
146.7
169.6
138.1
144.5
123.7
124.9
136.9
95.7
133.4
121.2
83.2
145.9
135.9
124.9
128.7
96.3
95.0
102.7
79.4
118.0
100.7
82.5
112.1
73.5
104.7
133.5
107.3
112.2
119.0
170.4
115.6
101.8
115.4
110.2
124.5
128.3
102.9
94.5
51.7
110.2
108.8
106.4
145.1
160. 9
138.1
144.5
124.3
125.7
136.8
96.1
133.1
121.2
88.4
145. 1
135.9
124.9
128.6
96.3
95.6
102.8
79.4
116.6
100.7
80.5
111.8
72.0
102.8
134.2
107.3
112.3
124.0
170.4
115.6
101.8
115.0
110.1
124.2
128.3
102.8
94.2
50.6
110.1
108.8
106.5
145.2
161.1
138. 1
144.6
124. 5
125.9
137.7
95.9
133.1
121.2
89.3
144.8
135.9
124.7
128.7
96.5
95.8
103.2
79.8
119. 5
100.6
79.8
112.0
69.8
104.8
134.2
107.2
112.0
124.1
170.4
114.5
101.8
114.6
110.0
124.2
128.3
103.0
94.0
49.4
110.1
108.8
106.5
145.1
160.7
138.1
144.6
124.9
126. 1
137.7
97.0
133.2
121.2
93.6
144.5
135.9
124.8 124.4 124.4
128.8 128.6 128.5
96.7
96.6
96.3
95.9
95.0
94.0
104.0 104.2 103.7
81.4
79.4
81.3
122.0 121.7 117.4
100.8 100.9 100.9
79.4
78.4
79.3
112.7 112.3 111.7
67.2
73.7
73.8
105.5 103.5 103.8
134.2 134.1 133.8
108.0 107.8 109.3
111.9 111.7 111.2
124.1 124.1 124.0
170.4 170.4 170.4
116.6 115.5 113.8
101.3 101.2 100.7
114.4 114.3 113.9
109.9 110.0 110.0
124.1 124.0 123.9
128.3 128.3 128.3
103.0 103.1 102.9
93.8
93.7
93.8
50.8
52.2
49.2
109.6 109.8 109.5
108.8 107.0 106.6
106.5 106.8 106.8
143.5 142.5 144.9
162.8 160.5 173.6
133.3 133.3 133.3
144.6 143.0 143.0
125.1 124.8 124.3
126.1 125.9 125.8
137.8 137.9 138. 1
94. 5
97.2
98.2
133.7 132.4 132.3
121.2 121.2 121.2
108.0 109.8 109.8
144.5 144.3 144.3
135.9 135.9 135.9
A]1 c o m m o d itie s e v e e p t fa rm p r o d u c t s
124.5
All commodities except farm and foods____ 128.0
T o r tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a re l
95.9
93.4
Cotton products____________________
Wool prod 1lots
101.2
M a n m a d e fih e r t o r t i l e p r o d u c t s
78.6
Silk products_______________________ 128.4
Apparel .. _________________________ 101.1
85.7
Other textile products_______________
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 108.1
62.3
Hides and skins_____________________
97.5
Leather____________________________
Footwear __________________________ 132.5
Other leather products.............................. 103.8
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______ 116.0
C o a l _____________________________________ 122.4
Coke ____________________________ 170.4
Gas fuels 4 . _______________________ 120.0
Electric power 4_____________________ 102.1
Petroleum and products_____________ 120.7
Chemicals and allied products....................... 110.5
Industrial chemicals_________________ 124.6
Prepared paint______________________ 128.4
Paint, materials........................... ............... 104.6
95.2
Drugs and pharmaceuticals__________
Fats' and oils, inedible.................. ............ 47.7
Mixed fertilizer_____________________ 112.7
Fertilizer materials__________________ 108.4
Other chemicals and allied products__ 106.7
Rubber and rubber products_____________ 144.8
Crude rubber_______________________ 148.3
Tires and tubes_____________________ 141.3
Other rubber products_______________ 146.3
Lumber and wood products______________ 119.2
Lumber____________________________ 118.4
M illwork___________________________ 136.1
P lv w o o rl
95.9
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
133.1
W o o d p n lp
121.2
Wastepaper_________________________ 77.4
Paper______________________________ 145.4
Paperboard_________________________ 135.9
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________________________ 130.6
Building paper and board____________ 145.7
M e t a l s a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
.......
............ 153. 5
Iron and steel_______________________ 169.7
Non ferrous metals___________________ 138.4
Metal containers____________________ 153.6
H ardware... _______________________ 174.5
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings__ 131.5
Heating equipment_________________ 119.3
Fabricated structural metal products . 134.4
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod146.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124.6
128.2
96.1
94.3
101.5
78.9
126.8
101.0
84.6
108.7
63.6
98.9
132.5
3104.7
115.3
121.3
170.4
3116.6
102.1
120.0
110.5
124.6
128.4
105.0
95.4
48.9
8112.1
108.4
106.7
145.3
152.1
141.3
3145. 9
3119.6
3119.2
3136. 7
94.7
3133.0
121.2
77.4
3145.2
135.9
124. 5 124.8 124.5 123.3
128. 4 128.4 128.2 126.0
95.9
95.9
95.0
93.5
92.6
91.7
88.4
93.0
104. 1 104.7 101.6 100.8
82.1
81.1
80.2
81.0
114.2 113.2 113. 5 113.5
100.6 100.6 100.0
99.3
77.3
76.8
78.5
75.2
116.2 119.1 114.3 100.6
90.7
87.5 102.4
57. 5
112.2 117.1 111.8
92.3
133.5 132.3 129.5 122.1
111.3 113.9 109.0
97.5
111.4 111.9 112.7 112.7
123.6 123.0 122.6 122.9
170.4 170.4 169.8 161.9
111. 1 112.8 110.9 101.7
100.7 100.8 100.8 100.4
114.5 115.1 116.6 117.7
110.0 109.9 109.9 110.4
123.9 123.8 123.8 123.5
128.3 128.3 128.3 128.3
102.6 102.1 101.9 103.6
93.4
93.7
93.8
94.0
62.6
54.5
55.0
56.7
109.4 109.4 109.5 110.7
106.3 105.2 106.9 108.0
106.8 106.8 106.6 106.8
142.3 142.0 144.7 145.0
159.6 157.9 152.0 134.0
133.3 134.3 144.0 152.4
143.0 142.2 142.2 142.7
126.2 127.2 125.8 117.7
127.9 129.3 127.1 118.0
138.7 138.7 135.9 128.2
96.5
96.6 101.2
97.1
132.5 132.4 132.2 131.0
121.2 121.2 121.2 121.2
88.3
115.0 118.0 112.5
144.3 143.8 143.4 142.3
135.9 135.9 136.1 136.2
3130.5
145. 5
153.6
169.9
138.7
153.6
3174.5
131.5
118.8
134.7
131.0
144.2
153.4
169. 5
138.6
153.6
174. 5
131.3
118.7
134.6
130.9
145.1
153.8
169.9
138.9
153.9
174.5
131.3
120.0
134.9
130.6
145.1
154.2
170.4
140.0
154.8
174.2
132.7
120.2
134.9
130.0
145.1
154.5
170. 5
140. 5
154.8
174.0
132.1
120.1
135.3
130.0
146.5
154.5
170. 5
140.8
154.8
173.8
133.9
120.1
135.8
130.0
147.6
155.3
171.6
142.6
154. 8
173.4
133.9
120.3
135.4
130.0
147.6
155.5
172.4
142.7
152.9
173.4
134.0
120.9
135.4
127.5
147.6
155.2
172.2
140.7
152.9
173.2
133.2
121.6
135.4
127.4
147.6
155.8
173.6
141.1
152.9
173.2
132.4
121.5
135.4
127.4
147.6
154.5
173.1
137.2
152.9
173.1
131.0
121.5
134.5
127.3
147.6
153.8
172.4
136.1
152.9
173.0
131.0
121.4
134.2
127.5
146. 4
153.6
172.0
136.1
153. 7
173.0
130.1
121.7
133.4
127.6
143.2
150.4
168.8
127.7
155. 7
170.8
123. 7
121.2
133.9
146.2
146.0
146.0
146.1
146.1
146.1
146.4
146.3
146.5
147.2
146.7
146.1
146.0
145.7
1254
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
Table
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities- -Continued
[1947-49= 100, unless otherwise specifiedl
1960
1959
A nnual
average
Com m odity group
Sept.3 Aug.
M achinery and m otive products____ ____
A gricultural m achinery and equipm ent
C onstruction m achinery and eq u ip
m e n t____ _____ __________________
M etalw orking m achinery a n d equip
m e n t-—............... ....................................
General purpose m achinery and eq u ip
m e n t..........................................................
M iscellaneous m achinery____________
Electrical m achinery and e q u ip m en t_
M otor vehicles_____________________
Ju ly
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
1959
1958
151.9 153.2 153.2 153. 4
146.2 3146.1 3146.0 3145.9
153. 5
145.7
154.0
145.6
153.9
145.3
153.9
145.3
153.8
144.3
153.7
144.0
153.6
143.9
153.7
143.4
153 9
143.5
153.0
143.4
149.8
139.1
176.7 3176. 7
175.5
175.3
175.3
174.7
174.3
173.9
173.6
172.9
172.9
172.5
172.4
171.9
166.1
180.2
180.2
180.2
180.0
179.2
178.5
178.6
177.8
177.7
177.6
177.5
177.4
176.6
174.5
170.1
166.9
150.2
153.0
137.2
166.4
150.2
153.1
141. 6
166.6
150.1
153.3
141.6
166.4
150.2
153.9
141.6
167.8
150.0
153.9
141.6
167.9
150.1
155.6
141.6
167.7
149.9
155. 6
141.6
168.2
149.6
155.7
141.6
167.8
149.7
155.8
141.6
167.9
149.8
155.4
141.6
167.5
149.7
155.9
141.6
167.0
149.7
155.9
141.9
166 8
149 5
155 8
143.2
165.3
149.4
154.4
142.8
160.0
148.1
152. 2
139.7
F u rn itu re and other household d u ra b le s... 122.9
H ousehold fu rn itu re_________________ 125.0
Commercial fu rn itu re_______________ 157.1
Floor coverings_____________________ 130.6
H ousehold appliances................................ 101.1
Television, radio receivers, and phono
g r a p h s ........................ ............................ 91.1
O ther household durable goods........... . 157.6
122.9
125.0
157.1
130.6
101.1
123.1
125.0
157.1
130.6
101.7
123.0
124.9
156.7
130.6
101.7
123.2
125.0
156.7
130.8
102.1
123.5
124.9
156.7
130.8
103.1
123.7
124.9
156.6
130.6
103.2
123.5
124.9
155.8
129.6
103.3
123.4
124.7
155.8
129.6
103.3
123.2
124.2
155.5
129.0
103.7
123.3
124.3
155. 5
129.3
104.1
123.3
124. 4
155. 5
129.3
103.9
123 4
124 1
155 5
128 9
104.3
123.4
124.1
155.2
128. 1
104.7
123.2
123.0
154.6
127.8
104.7
3 91.1
157.6
91.4
157.6
91.4
157.4
91.7
157.4
91.7
157.3
91.8
158.3
91.8
158.1
91.7
157.8
91.9
156.6
91.8
156.6
92.1
156.6
Q2 7
156.6
92.8
156.4
94.4
155.1
N onm etallic m inerals—stru c tu ra l..................
F la t glass___________________________
Concrete ingredients_________________
Concrete products___________________
S tru ctu ral clay products...........................
G ypsum products.................... .................
Prepared asp h alt roofing_____________
O ther nonm etallic m inerals......................
138.0 3137. 8
132.4 130.2
142.2 3142.2
131.0 131.1
162.1 162.0
133.2 133.2
106. 6 106.6
134. 5 134.6
137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.8
133.2
106.6
134.6
137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6
137.9
130.2
142.1
131.5
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6
138.3
135.3
142.1
131.3
161.5
133.2
106.6
134.4
138.2
135.3
142.1
131.0
161.5
133.2
107.6
133.7
138.2
135.3
142.0
131.1
161.5
133.1
107.6
133.7
138.4
135.3
142.0
130.5
161.3
133.1
113.6
132.8
137.8
135.3
140.4
130.4
160. 7
133.1
113.6
132.5
137.7
135.3
140.4
130.3
160.6
133.1
113.6
132.5
137.5
135.3
140. 4
130.3
160. 4
133.1
110.8
132.5
137 5
135 3
140 4
130 2
160 5
133 1
110 8
132.5
137.7
135.3
140.3
129.7
160.2
133.1
116.4
132.4
136.0
135.4
139.0
128.1
156.5
132.1
131.2
Tobacco products and bottled beverages *.
Tobacco products 6__________________
Alcoholic beverages__________________
N onalcoholic beverages______________
132.0
130. 8
121.1
171.4
132.0
130. 8
121.1
171.4
131.8
130.8
120.6
171.4
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1
131.7
130.8
120.5
171.1
131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1
131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1
131.7
130. 7
120. 7
171.1
131 8
130 7
120 9
171.1
131.4
130.5
121.3
167.4
128.2
129.6
120.5
149.3
M iscellaneous p roducts__________________ 91.1
89.9
Toys, sporting goods, sm all arms, and
a m m u n itio n .______ _______________ 118.6 118.5
M anufactured anim al feeds__________
67. 7
65. 6
N otions and accessories______________
96. 4
97.3
Jew elry, w atches, and photographic
e q u ip m en t________________________ 111.1 3110.9
O ther miscellaneous products________ 132. 6 132.3
90.8
90.9
91.1
95.4
94.0
93.4
95.3
94.2
93.7
91.8
88.6
94.5
94.2
118.6
67.3
97.3
118.3
67.6
96.4
118.3
68.0
96.4
118.3
75.6
97.2
117.8
73.2
97.5
117.8
72.2
97.5
117.7
75.6
97.5
118.0
74.0
97.5
117.7
73.7
97.5
117.7
70.3
97.5
117. 7
64. 5
96.3
117.5
75.1
97.3
119.0
74.4
97.5
110.7
132.5
110.2
132.6
110.5
132.5
110.5
132.1
110.6
131.6
110.6
131.5
110.6
131.9
109.5
131.9
108.3
131.9
108. 3
132.0
108 3
132.0
108.3
132.2
107.6
132.2
, i
A.
. j
...* .
‘ c u o t u a g J-U.« v a lu e s w e re l m r o u u c t
‘ This index was formerly tobacco m anufactures and bottled beverages
• N ew series.
into th e index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 Prelim inary.
3 Revised.
* Jan u a ry 1958=100.
Table
112.8
D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
1960
1959
A n n u a l av e ra g e
C o m m o d ity g roup
S e p t.3 A ug.
A ll foods______________________
106.6
A ll fish ........... .....................
127.9
A ll co m m o d ities except farm p ro d u c ts _____________ 124.5
T e x tile p ro d u cts, excluding h a rd fiber p r o d u c t s .- —I 91.6
R efin ed p etro leu m p ro d u c ts _____
119.2
E a s t C o ast p e tro le u m __________
111.4
M id c o n tin e n t p e tro le u m _______
124.7
G u lf C o ast p e tro le u m __________
122.9
P acific C o ast p e tro le u m ________
106.0
B itu m in o u s coal, in d om estic sizes_____
126.1
S o ap s________________
107.6
S y n th e tic d e te rg e n ts _______
101.2
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, excluding m illw o rk
116.4
Softw ood lu m b e r __________
116.7
P u lp , p ap e r a n d p ro d u cts, excluding bldg, p a p e r — 132.7
S p ecial m e tals a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
149.2
S teel m ill p ro d u c ts .......... .........
187.6
M a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t_______
159.5
A g ric u ltu ra l m a ch in ery , in c lu d in g tra cto rs
147.9
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry .
186.3
T o ta l tra c to rs ______________
156.9
In d u s tria l v alv es________
206.5
I n d u s tria l fittin g s __________
122. 5
A n tifric tio n bearings a n d c o m p o n en ts
132.9
A b rasiv e g rin d in g w h e e ls ..
147.6
C o n s tru c tio n m a te ria ls __________
131.3
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
3 Prelim inary.
3 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.4
124.4
124.6
92.2
118.3
111.0
123.2
122.9
104.1
124.4
107.6
101.2
116.8
3117. 6
3132. 7
150.6
187.6
159.4
3147. 8
3186. 3
156.9
206.5
121.9
132.9
147.6
131.4
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
106.9
129.9
124.8
92.7
115.8
109.8
118.5
121.0
105.1
122.0
107.6
101.2
118.9
120.3
133.3
150.4
187.7
159.4
3147.8
186.4
155.9
206.5
125.4
132.9
147.6
132.1
105.5
126.5
124.6
92.8
113.5
109.8
114.4
118.1
106.6
121.0
107.6
101.2
120.2
122.1
133.2
150.6
188.1
159.6
3147. 7
186.3
155.8
206.5
125.4
134.5
147.6
132.9
106.1
126.6
124.5
92.8
110.8
110.6
106.2
118.1
108.1
119.2
107.6
101.2
121.7
124.5
133.1
151.0
188.3
159.8
147.5
185.5
155.8
206.1
144.6
134.5
147.6
133.9
105.8
123.3
124.9
92.9
112.9
110.2
113.1
117.8
105.7
119.2
107.6
101. 2
122.5
125.6
132.8
151.1
188.3
160.5
147.3
185.5
155.4
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.3
105.4
123.4
124.9
93.2
112.5
110.2
112.2
117.3
105. 8
127.8
107.6
101.2
122.6
126.0
132.7
151.1
188.3
160.4
147.1
185.5
155.2
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.5
102.7
121.8
124. 7
93.5
111.9
112.2
109.3
118.8
103.7
127.8
107.6
101.2
123.0
126.4
132.8
151.7
188.3
160.4
147.1
184.7
154.9
206.0
145.7
134.5
147.6
135.0
103.0
121.9
124.8
93.5
111.7
111.8
107.7
119.4
105.8
127.8
107.6
101.3
123.2
126.5
133.3
151.8
188.3
160.3
145.9
184.5
155.0
205.8
144.1
134.5
147.6
135.2
102.7
122.7
124.4
93.7
111.6
109.9
109.4
118.5
104.4
127.8
109. 7
101. 7
122.9
126.4
132.0
151.5
188.3
160.1
145.4
184.5
154.4
205.7
144.1
134.5
147.6
134.9
102.6
120.7
124.4
93. 1
111. 1
108.2
108.4
117.8
108.4
127.7
109.7
101 7
122.2
126.2
131.9
151.9
188.3
160.0
145.3
184.4
154.4
205.7
144.1
134.5
147.6
134.6
104.1
121.1
124.5
92.4
111.8
108.2
109.8
117.8
109.5
126.5
109.7
101.7
124.4
129. 2
132. 1
151.2
188. 2
159.8
144.8
184.2
153.3
205.7
144. 1
134.5
151.6
135.0
S ep t.
106.2
121.6
124.8
92.6
112.6
107.9
114.3
116.3
106.4
126.2
109.6
101.7
125.6
130.9
132.0
151.1
188.1
159.7
144.9
183.3
153.3
205.7
140.6
134.5
153.7
135.0
1959
1958
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.2
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
124.9
109.5
101.4
124.5
128.1
131.8
150. 8
188.2
158. 5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6
109.5
12S. 5
123.3
89.1
114.8
110.2
114.5
117.7
117.3
123.0
108.1
101.2
116.2
117.8
130.7
147.6
185.1
155.2
139.7
178.0
147.9
178.7
137.3
141.8
155.9
130.5
N ote: For a description of these series, see Wholesale Prices and Price
Indexes, 1958, B LS B ull. 1257 (1959).
1255
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-5.
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49=100]
1959
1960
Annual
average
Commodity group
Sept.2 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.
1959
1958
All commodities....................................................................... 119.2 119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 120.0 119.3 119.3 118.9 118.9 119.1 119.7 119.5 119.2
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing.................................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs___________________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel.—___ _________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing............ .....................................................
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction___________ _____ ________________
Crude fuel................................................ .........................
Crude fuel for manufacturing_________________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing______________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components—...........
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing.........................................................................
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing..._____ _________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing_______________
Materials and components for construction............. .
Processed fuels and lubri ¿nts____________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturlng...... ....................... ...... ................................
Containers, nonreturnable__________________ _____
Supplies.............................................................................
Supplies for manufacturing___________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing________________
Manufactured animal feeds......... .....................
Other supplies__________________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)..... .......................... .....................................................
Consumer finished goods.................................. ............
Consumer foods________________ ___________
Consumer crude foods_________________ _
Consumer processed foods_________________
Consumer other nondurable goods..........................
Consumer durable goods_____________________
Producer finished goods..................................................
Producer finished goods for manufacturing______
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing___
92.7 92.7 94.8 95.3 96.0 96.3 96.4 94.8 94.6 93.4 93.6 94.4 95.9 96.7 99.4
83.8 83.8 86.1 86.8 87.5 88.0 88.0 84.7 83.7 82.1 81.8 83.2 85.3 86.8 92.8
105.6 105.9 107.7 108.2 108.9 108.8 108.8 110.5 111.7 111.4 112.8 112.3 112.7 112.2 108.4
103.4 103.8 105.8 106.3 107.1 107.0 106.9 108.8 110.1 109.9 111.4 110.9 111.3 110.8 106.8
142.2 2142.2
125.8 3124.1
125.2 3123.6
126.6 3124.8
142.1
122.7
122.2
123.4
142.1
121.5
121.1
122.2
142.1
120.7
120.3
121.4
142.1
122.0
121.5
122.8
142.1
125.7
125.2
126.5
142.0
125.5
124.9
126.3
142.0
126.0
125.5
126.9
140.4
125.7
125.2
126.6
140.4
125.2
124.7
126.0
140.4
124.2
123.7
124. 9
140.4
124.2
123.7
124.9
140.3
123.4
122.9
124.1
139.0
121.2
120.9
121.8
126.8 126.8 127.0 127.0 127.1 127.6 127.5 127.4 127.5 127.3 127.3 127.1 126.9 127.0 125.3
128.6 3128.7 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.5 129.4 129.5 129.5 129.4 129.5 129.4 129.4 129.0 127.2
100.0 3 99.8 100.1 99.0 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.2 97.4 97.0 97.8 98.5 99.1 98 5 102.2
106.2 3106. 5
157.7 157.8
149.6 149.6
134.7 3134.8
111.4 111.0
111.0 110.6
106.9
158.1
149.6
135.3
109.6
109.4
106.8
158.4
150.3
135.8
108.3
108.3
106.8
158.8
150.8
136.4
106.3
106.7
106.9
159.0
152.0
136.7
107.3
107.4
106.8
158.9
152.0
136.9
106.8
106.9
106.9
159.0
152.4
137.1
106.1
106.4
106.9
159.0
152.1
137.2
105.4
105.9
107.0
158.6
152.5
136.9
105. 3
105.6
106.8
159.0
152.4
136.7
105.0
105.0
106.9
158.5
151.6
136.9
105.3
105.1
107.2
158. 2
151.3
137.0
106.0
105.6
106.4
157.9
151.5
136. 5
106.0
105.6
104.7
154.3
149.5
132.9
106.5
105.8
112.1 111.8
138.5 3138.3
115.5 114.8
149.8 3149. 5
100.3 99.5
61.7 59.3
123.0 123.1
109.9
138.3
115.3
149.8
100.1
61.2
123.0
108.4
138.9
115.4
149.8
100.2
61.6
122.9
105.6
139.1
115.4
149.5
100.4
62.0
122.9
107.4
138.2
117.3
148.8
103.2
69.8
122.8
106.6
138.4
116.6
148.8
102.3
67.5
122.7
105.5
138.3
116.3
148.4
101.9
66.7
122.6
104.7
137.9
117.1
148.3
103.0
70.2
122.3
104.7
136.3
117. 2
145.5
104. 1
75.1
121.2
105.1
136.2
117.1
145. 7
103.9
74.4
121.2
105.6
136.2
115.9
145.8
102.4
70.6
121.1
106.7
136. 1
114.1
145.8
100.0
64.0
121.1
106.8
136.7
116.6
143.5
104. 1
74.7
121.3
107.7
137.4
115.1
139.9
103.4
73.0
121.2
121.4 121.5
113.7 113.6
108.2 107.1
100.3 94.3
109.9 109.8
114.8 114.6
124.4 126.2
152.9 153. 7
159.3 3160.2
147.4 3148.2
121.8
113.9
108.4
96.5
110.9
114.1
126.3
153.6
160.0
148.1
121.1
113.1
106.9
93.4
109.8
113.6
126.2
153.7
159.9
148.3
121.2
113.2
107.5
98.3
109.5
113.2
126.3
153.6
159.6
148.5
121.4
113.4
107.5
100.2
109.1
113.7
126. 5
153.9
160.1
148.6
121.4
113.4
107.4
96.7
109.7
113.8
126.5
153.9
160.1
148.5
120.5
112.3
104.7
89.8
107.8
113.8
126.4
153.8
159.8
148.7
120.6
112.4
104.8
91.5
107.7
113.9
126.4
153.8
159.6
148.8
120.1
111.9
103 6
94.2
105. 6
113.8
126.2
153.5
158.9
149.0
120.0
111.7
103.5
92.3
105.9
113.6
126.1
153.6
158. 6
149.3
120.5
112.3
105.0
93.6
107.5
113.5
126. 2
153.6
158.5
149.4
121.4
113.4
107.2
98.9
109.0
113.5
126.6
153.8
158.7
149.8
120.6
112.5
105.5
91.9
108.4
113.4
126.5
153. 2
158. 1
149.1
120.8
113. 5
110.5
101.0
112.6
111.7
125. 0
150.3
155.0
146.4
Durability of product
Total durable goods------------------------------------------------- 144.9 145.5 145.6 145.8 146.1 146.5 146.5 146.8 146.8 146.6 146.7 146.4 146.4 145.9 142.8
Total nondurable goods......... ................................ ............... 105.2 104.9 105.6 105.2 105.2 105.6 105.5 104.3 104.3 103.8 103.7 104.2 105.0 105.0 106.4
Total manufactures_______ ____ _____ ________ _____
, - Durable manufactures__________________________
'
Nondurable manufactures.......................................... .
Total raw or slightly processed goods_________________
Durable raw or slightly processed goods____________
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods_________
1 S ee fo o tn o te 1, ta b le D - 3 .
i P r e lim in a r y .
* R e v is e d .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125.5 125.7
146.1 3146.8
109.2 109.1
97.8 397.0
107.4 3107. 8
97.3 96.3
125. 9
146.9
109.3
98.7
106.0
98.3
125.8
147.2
108.8
98.4
105.8
97.9
125.7
147.4
108.5
99.3
107.1
98.9
126.0
147.8
108.8
99.9
108.2
99.4
126.0
147. 8
108.7
99.7
108.2
99.2
125.7
147.9
108.1
97.8
114.9
96.8
125. 7
147.8
108.2
97.8
117.5
96.7
125.3
147.6
107.6
97.2
116.6
96.1
125. 3
147.6
107.6
97.1
120. 5
95.8
125.4
147.4
108.0
97.8
117.4
96.7
125.7
147.5
108.4
99.3
115 6
98.4
125.5
147.0
108.5
98.9
114.1
98.1
124.5
144.0
109.2
101.6
108.3
101.2
N ote : F o r d e sc r ip tio n o f th e series b y s ta g e of p ro ce ssin g , see N e w B L S
E c o n o m ic S ecto r In d e x e s of W h o le s a le P r ic e s (in M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
D e c e m b e r 1955, p p . 1448-1453); a n d b y d u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t a n d d a ta b e g in
n in g w ith 1947, see W h o le s a le P r ic e s a n d P r ic e I n d e x e s, 1957, B L S B u ll.
1235 (1958).
1256
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1960
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes1
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s
W o rk ers in v o lv e d in sto p p a g e s
M a n -d a y s id le d u r in g m o n th
or y ea r
M o n th a n d year
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or y ea r
In e ffe c t durin g m o n th
B e g in n in g in
m o n th or y e a r
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945
......................
1946
......................
1947
......................
1948,...........................
1949
......................
1950
......................
1951
......................
1952
......................
1953
......................
1954
......................
1955
......................
1956
......................
1957
......................
1958
......................
1959
......................
2 ,8 6 2
3 ,5 7 3
4,7 5 0
4,9 8 5
3, 693
3,4 1 9
3 ,6 0 6
4 ,8 4 3
4,737
5,117
5, 091
3, 468
4, 320
3,8 2 5
3, 673
3,6 9 4
3 ,7 0 8
1959: S e p t e m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
N ovem ber .
D e c e m b e r ..
322
277
161
112
624
548
402
285
109, 000
125,000
41,100
2 3 ,100
1960: J a n u a r y
February
M a r c h *_____
A p r i l 8______
M a y 8_______
J u n e 8_______
J u ly 8..............
A u g u s t 8 ___
S e p t e m b e r 8.
200
250
270
370
400
425
325
300
225
325
400
430
530
600
650
575
550
425
65,000
70,000
85, 000
110, 000
150, 000
190, 000
150, 000
155. 000
140,000
1 T h e d a ta I n c lu d e all k n o w n s tr ik e s or lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g 6 or m ore
w ork ers an d la s tin g a fu ll d a y or s h ift or lo n g er . F ig u r e s o n w o rk ers in v o lv e d
an d m a n -d a y s Idle cove r a ll w o rk ers m a d e id le for as lo n g as 1 s h ift in e s ta b
lis h m e n t s d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t m e a su r e th e In d ir e c t
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I n e ffe c t d urin g m o n th
1 ,1 3 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,380, 000
3, 470,000
4, 600,000
2 ,1 7 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0
3 ,0 3 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,4 1 0 ,0 0 0
2, 220, 000
3, 540,000
2, 400,000
1, 530,000
2, 650,000
1,900,000
1, 390,000
2,060, 000
1 ,8 8 0 ,0 0 0
N um ber
P e r c e n t o f e s ti
m a te d w o r k
in g tim e
16,90 0 ,0 0 0
39, 700,000
38,000, 000
116, 000, 000
3 4 .6 0 0 ,0 0 0
34,100, 000
50, 500,000
3 8 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0
22, 900,000
59,10 0 ,0 0 0
2 8 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
22, 600,000
28, 200,000
3 3 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
16, 500, 000
23, 900, 000
6 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
0 .2 7
.4 6
.4 7
1 .4 3
.4 1
.3 7
.5 9
.4 4
.2 3
.5 7
.2 6
.2 1
.2 6
.2 9
.1 4
.2 2
.6 1
781,000
775,000
652.000
101,000
13, 800, 000
14,100, 000
4 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,4 3 0 ,0 0 0
1 .4 8
1.45
.4 8
.1 4
140,000
145, 000
140, 000
190,000
225,000
285, 000
250, 000
250.000
210,000
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
1, 250, 000
1, 500,000
1, 500,000
1 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0
2,150, 000
2, 000, 000
1, 750,000
. 11
.1 4
.1 6
.1 6
.1 9
.2 8
.2 4
.2 0
.1 9
o r se c o n d a r y e ffe c t o n o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts or in d u s tr ie s w h o s e e m p lo y e e *
are m a d e id le as a r e s u lt o f m a te r ia l or s e r v ic e sh o r ta g es.
8 P r e lim in a r y .
U . S . GOVERNMENT P R IN TI NG O F F I C E : I 9 6 0
New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D.C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent
of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of
the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
Occupational Wage Surveys:
BLS Bulls.—
1265-49: Portland, Oreg.-Wash., May 1960. 26 pp. 25 cents.
1265-50: Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.J. (Bergen and Passaic Counties),
May 1960. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1265-53: Savannah, Ga., June 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1265-54: Albuquerque, N. Mex., May 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1265-55: Muskegon-Muskegon Heights, Mich., May 1960. 22 pp. 25
cents.
1265-56: Houston, Tex., June 1960. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1265-57: Lawrence-Haverhill, Mass.-N.H., June 1960. 22 pp. 25
cents.
1265-58: Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex., May 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1265-59: Akron, Ohio, June 1960. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1265-60: Atlanta, Ga., June 1960. 28 pp. 25 cents.
1265-61: Boise, Idaho, June 1960. 20 pp. 20 cents.
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U
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States
P r in t in g O
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P E N A L T Y F O R P R IV A T E U S E T O A V O ID
f f ic e
D IV IS IO N O F P U B L I C D O C U M E N T S
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a s h in g t o n
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O FFIC IA L B U S IN E S S
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