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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ISADOR LUBIN, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. . . . . . Price 20 cents a copy Subscription price peryear: United States, Canada, Mexico, $2.00; Other Countries, $3.25 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C E R TIFIC A TE This publication is issued pursuant to the provisions o f the sundry civil act (41 Stats. 1430) approved March 4, 1921 CONTENTS Special articles: Occupational changes since 1850, as shown by census reports_______ Significance of nonmechanical factors in labor productivity and dis placement______________________________________________________________ National Recovery Administration: Summary of permanent codes adopted from October 1 to 23, 1933: Motor vehicle retailing trade_____________________________________ _ Boot and shoe manufacturing industry____________________________ Builders’ supplies trade industry___________________________________ Glass container industry___________________________________________ Knitting, braiding, and wire-covering machine industry_________ Lime industry_______________________________________________________ Luggage and fancy leather goods industry________________________ Retail lumber, lumber products, building materials, and building specialties industry_______________________________________________ Saddlery manufacturing industry_____________ ____________________ Women’s belt industry_____________________________________________ Laundry and dry-cleaning machinery manufacturing in du stry,. Bankers’ industry___________________________________________________ Boiler manufacturing industry_____________________________________ Electric storage and wet primary battery industry_______________ Ice industry_________________________________________________________ Optical manufacturing industry____________________________________ Silk textile industry_________________________________________________ Textile machinery manufacturing industry_______________________ Throwing industry_________________________________ ________________ Umbrella industry__________________________________________________ Automatic sprinkler industry______________________________________ Handkerchief industry______________________________________________ Compressed-air industry____________________________________________ Heat-exchange industry____________________________________________ Pump manufacturing industry--------------------------------------------------------Farm-equipment manufacturing industry_________________________ Mutual savings banks______________________________________________ Marking devices industry__________________________________________ Plumbago crucible industry________________________________________ Retail trade_________________________________________________________ Retail drug trade-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Cap and closure industry___________________________________________ Industrial supplies and machinery distributors’ trade____________ Steel tubular and fire-box boiler industry_________________________ Additions to and modifications of codes previously adopted: Completed wage schedule for bituminous-coal industry_____ Appalachian agreement of the bituminous-coal industry____ Modification of lumber- and timber-products code__________ Modifications of Cotton Textile Industry Code_____________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis h i page 1017 1028 1039 1040 1042 1043 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1081 1081 CONTENTS IV National Recovery Administration— Continued Modification of President’s Reemployment Agreement: Elimination of employment of factory workers in excess of 35 hours per week____________________________________________________ Application of agreement in small establishments and small towns---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Definition of terms under agreement______________________________ Clarification of section 7 (a) of National Industrial Recovery A c t___ Child welfare: Conference on child health and nutrition__________________ Industrial and labor conditions: United States Department of Labor at the Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago, 1933____________________________________________ Meeting of Association of Governmental Officials in Industry, 1933-_ Effect of the depression upon the consumption of commodities______ Report on conditions in needle-trades industry in two counties of Pennsylvania___________________________________________________________ Insurance, pension, and benefit plans: Effect of public old-age pensions on almshouse populations__________ Retirement and unemployment plan of Hill Bros. C o _________________ Benefit payments by Photo-Engravers’ Union_________________________ Industrial accidents: Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, 1933_______________________________________ Meeting of National Safety Council, 1933_____________________________ Industrial accidents in Massachusetts, 19 3 1 -3 2 ________________________ Safety : Status of industrial safety codes and regulations in the various States, by Charles E. Baldwin________________________________________________ Safety rules for window cleaning in New York_________________________ Labor organizations : Convention of the American Federation of Labor, 1933______________ Labor unions in China, 1932____________________________________________ Reorganization of labor unions of miners in Germany_________________ Labor laws and court decisions: Relief denied employer violating spirit of labor laws__________________ Courts holds National Recovery legislationconstitutional_____________ Egypt: page 1082 1082 1083 1083 1084 1086 1088 1090 1092 1095 1096 1098 1099 1100 1101 1103 1119 1120 1131 1132 1133 1134 Legislation on employment of women in commerce and industry.. Child labor regulation______________________________________________ Industrial disputes: 1136 1137 Strikes and lockouts in the United States in September 1933_________ Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in September 1933___ Labor turn-over: 1138 1141 Labor turn-over in manufacturing establishments, third quarter of 1933--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Labor turn-over in the cotton manufacturing industry, 1931 and 1932. Housing : 1150 1152 Building operations in principal cities of the United States, September 1933--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Wages and hours of labor: 1156 Wages and hours of labor in the manufacture of silk and rayon goods, 1933---------------- 1171 Earnings and hours of labor in principal occupations in the iron and steel industry, 1931 and 1933: Part 2. Bar, rail, sheet, and tin plate mills______________________________________________________________ 1182 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS V Wages and hours of labor— Continued Union scales of wages and hours of labor in 1933: Part 2. Average wage rates, by trades__________________________________________________ Employment and wages in retail stores________________________________ Wage-rate changes in American industries_____________________________ Wage changes reported by trade unions and municipalities since July 1933--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rates of wages on public-road work, August 1933_____________________ Brazil— Monthly wages in Sao Paulo, first half of 1933_______________ Denmark— Wages in industries, first quarter of 1933__________________ Germany: Earnings in the building trades, August 1932_____________________ Hours of labor in the tobacco industry, 1932_____________________ Queensland— Forty-four hour week_____________________________________ Soviet Union— Yearly wages in 1932___________________________________ Sumatra— Wages and labor cost on tobacco plantations______________ Switzerland— Wages in 1932____________________________________________ Trend of employment: Employment in selected manufacturing industries in September 1933 _ Employment in nonmanufacturing industries in September 1933____ Average man-hours worked and average hourly earnings_____________ Employment in building construction in September 1933_____________ Trend of employment in September 1933, by States__________________ Employment and pay rolls in September 1933 in cities of over 500,000 population______________________________________________________________ Employment in the executive civil service of the United States, September 1933________________________________________________________ Employment on class I steam railroads in the United States_________ Unemployment in foreign countries_____________________________________ Retail prices: Retail prices of food in September 1933________________________________ Retail prices of coal on September 15, 1933____________________________ Wholesale prices: Index numbers of wholesale prices, 1913 to September 1933___________ Publications relating to labor: Official— United States___________________________________________________ Official— Foreign countries_______________________________________________ Unofficial__________________________________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p age 1186 1193 1199 1203 1204 1208 1208 1209 1210 1211 1211 1211 1214 1216 1228 1233 1235 1237 1245 1245 1247 1248 1253 1258 1263 1270 1271 1272 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This Issue in Brief Great changes in the occupations of the people of the United States have occurred during the past several decades as a result of new methods of doing work, increased mechanization of industry, and changing consumption habits. An analysis of the Census Bureau’s reports from 1850 to 1930 shows certain of the more striking changes— the decline or death of certain trades and professions, the birth and increase of others, etc. (p. 1017). The significance of nonmechanical factors in labor productivity and displacement is discussed in an article beginning on page 1028. While the utilization of machinery and mechanical power has been the out standing factor operating to increase labor productivity since the beginning of the machine age, there are other factors that have often been of equal and sometimes of even greater importance. Especially significant are such factors as the improvement of working conditions and the adjustment of working time; selection of personnel; synchro nization of motion; improved cooperation; better arrangement of tools or machinery; the discovery and installation of improved processes; and the standardization of materials, processes, and finished products. On October 1, 1933, the estimated membership of the American Fed eration of Labor was approximately 4,000,000, according to an an nouncement made by Mr. William Green, its president, just preceding the recent annual convention of that body. The sessions of this convention reflected from various angles the gains, aspirations, and also the dissatisfactions of organized labor under the National Industrial Recovery Act (p. 1120). There were 149,094 persons employed on public roads during the month of August, according to data received from the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department of Agriculture. Of this number, over 91,000 were paid from the emergency public roads fund and the remaining 58,000 were employed under the regular State-aid plan of the Bureau. The common-labor rate on emergency construction averaged 36 cents per hour for the United States as a whole. The common-labor rate under the regular State-aid plan aver aged 35 cents per hour. The rates differed materially in the different geographic divisions, ranging from 20 cents to 50 cents an hour. Skilled-labor rates ranged from 32 to 73 cents per hour (p. 1204). The larger cotton manufacturing firms had higher turn-over rates in both 1931 and 1932 than the smaller firms, according to a tabulation by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of data from 172 identical firms from which reports were received for these years. The 84 firms having fewer than 300 employees showed a net turn-over rate for 1931 of 33.43 and for 1932 of 40.93. For the 88 larger firms, the net turn over rate for 1931 was 42.83 and for 1932 was 54.67 (p. 1152). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis V II VIII THIS ISSUE IN BRIEF Decreases in union wage rates in 1933 as compared with 1932 were shown in 60 out of 69 separate time-work trades covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its 1933 survey of union scales of wages and hours of labor. An article beginning on page 1186 shows wage rates and hours of labor on May 15, 1933, for chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers; laundry workers; linemen; and longshoremen; and for workers in the bakery, building, granite and stone, and printing trades. The range in wage rates for these groups was from 43.5 cents per hour for laundry workers to $1,234 in the granite and stone trades. Full-time working hours ranged from 40.4 in the building trades to 53 for chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers. Earnings in the manufacture of silk and rayon goods averaged 26.9 cents per hour and $11.85 per week in 1933 as compared with 40.6 cents per hour and $18.47 per week in 1931, according to a survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The hours actually worked in a week averaged 44 in 1933 as compared with 45.5 in 1931, while full-time hours would have averaged 50.9 in 1933 and 50.7 in 1931. The principal products of the mills covered by these investigations were broad goods, ribbons, dress goods, linings, shirtings, satins, georgettes, pongees, crepes, taffetas, chiffons, and tie goods made of silk and/or rayon (p. 1171). A brief description of the exhibit which the Department of Labor and its various bureaus presented at the Century of Progress Exposition at Chicago, together with the outline used by the Department to show the changes and progress experienced by the workers through the century, will be found on page 1086. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS VOL 37 N O . 5 W A S H IN G T O N N O V E M B E R 1933 Occupational Changes Since 1850, as Shown by Census Reports HE twentieth century has brought a new industrial world, built up through continual changes in techniques, habits, and tech nology, with a consequent creation and shifting of occupations. Some" of the skilled trades of 1850 either no longer exist or are fast disappearing; others, however, have expanded and new trades have arisen to take the place of those no longer needed. Also a large part of the machinery used today requires operators more skilled than were the hand employees replaced by machines. The purpose of this study has been to assemble reasonably com parable data for selected significant occupations, both skilled and unskilled, and to present the figures in sufficient detail for further analysis. The basic information for the study was compiled from the decennial reports of the occupational census of all persons 10 years of age and over in the United States, published by the Bureau of the Census beginning with the year 1850, the first year in which the population was classified by occupations. While employees in most of the trades increased in actual numbers from one census period to another, many of them show relative decreases when compared with the change in population. The population increased from 23,191,876 in 1850 to 122,775,046 in 1930, and it is only by considering the changes in the occupations with relation to this in crease in population that the real significance of such changes becomes apparent. Before any discussion of the material presented, attention must be called to the fact that many of the trades or occupations of the present day are not strictly comparable with the same trades or occupations in 1850. New tools, new methods, different products, all tend to change the trade as well as the number of persons em ployed in it. For example, the carpenter of today uses many tools similar to those which were in use in 1850, but he no longer makes his own window frames, sashes, doors, etc., as these are now almost all made in factories. Also, unfortunately, occupations have not always been treated alike in the several decennial census reports. Different occupational terms and combinations thereof are used, and some occupations which were shown separately for a few years have drifted into “ all others” in later years, rendering comparison im possible. Also it must be remembered that the statistics are gathered at 10-year intervals, and that the date for census taking has not always been the same. From 1850 to 1900 the census was taken as of June 1, but in 1910 April 15 was chosen; January 1 was used in T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1017 1018 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 1920, and April 1 in 1930. These changes in date affect, to some extent, the comparisons in seasonal occupations. It may be pointed out also that a comparison of 1930 figures with those for 1920 is likely to be misleading, due to the abnormal conditions prevailing in 1920, a period closely following the war. Some occupations show expansion in 1920, which is out of line with the trend, and a com pensating decline in 1930, while other occupations show the reverse. As a result of all of these factors the figures presented below should be accepted only as representative of general trends and not as absolutely accurate measurements. The occupations for which figures are presented have been arranged under seven groups: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing; extraction of minerals; manufacturing and mechanical industries; transportation; professional service; domestic and personal service; and clerical occupations. It was not possible to include all of the occupations reported by the census, as in many cases they are of no particular significance in any year and many of them could not be traced on a comparable basis through the various reports. The occupational terms used in the table are designed to cover the material for all years, although they may not be the exact terms used in any census report. Wherever necessary, combinations have been made in order to maintain the comparison from year to year. The figures cited show the number of employees per million of population. The most conspicuous occupational change revealed by the figures in table 1 is that to which attention has been frequently called, the consistent shift during the entire period from agricultural to other pursuits. For 1930 the Bureau of the Census made certain changes in tabulation which make impossible a comparison of the subgroups of agricultural occupations with those shown in previous censuses. The total number of persons employed in agricultural pursuits in 1930 represents a 15 percent decrease from 1920 and shows that a smaller percentage of the population was engaged in agriculture in 1930 than at any time during the period studied. Slaves, who formed a large part of the farm labor in the South in 1850 and 1860, were not included in the censuses for those years; this accounts for the sharp increase in 1870. In the census of 1850 it is estimated that in that year there were 2,500,000 slaves, or approximately 108,000 per million of pop ulation, directly employed in agriculture, including both males and females of all ages.1 Motor tractive power, electricity, and improved implements and methods are making agricultural work less burdensome but more productive, and the very great decline in the number of persons em ployed in agricultural pursuits has in a large measure been due to these technological changes. Technical changes in other industries have also resulted in divorcing the farmer’s occupation from a variety of processes formerly done on the farm, such as slaughtering, cooper ing, the making of certain implements, and the preparation of certain foods. Furthermore, industrial and commercial wage levels, and the attractions of city life have drawn many away from the farm to the city.________ 1 U .S. Census Office. Statistical View of the United States— A Compendium of the Seventh Census, by J. D . B. DeBow. Washington, 1854, p. 94. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES SINCE T able 1 — 1019 1850 N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S P E R M I L L IO N OF P O P U L A T IO N , B Y O C C U P A T IO N , AS S H O W N B Y C E N S U S OF O C C U P A T IO N S , 1850-1930 Occupation 1860 1850 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Agriculture1------------- ------------ 103, 568 106,129 153,436 152, 585 133,904 134, 579 134, 696 100,896 85, 294 37, 544 2 25, 305 74, 848 66, 271 47, 723 57, 449 65,047 79,809 77,320 84,318 83,904 74, 606 64, 231 57,550 7103, 097 Gardeners, nurserymen, florists, vine growers, ete_ Stockraisers, d r o v e r s , Lumbermen, raftsmen, wood choppers, etc-----------------Fishermen and oystermen___ 366 697 872 1,117 1,153 1,406 3,015 2,955 105 318 396 879 1,124 1,118 1,256 1,271 491 486 614 844 651 703 865 825 1,582 956 1, 422 907 1,753 742 1,826 500 1,321 597 83 3,338 131 4,699 352 3,945 99 302 4,670 146 598 5, 554 145 455 6,959 237 879 8,758 278 427 8, 351 809 532 6,064 857 1,760 604 3,587 105 / 2,011 ( 417 5,644 5,348 1,611 1,131 7,992 8, 509 1,884 1,387 451 718 3,677 180 2,327 612 4, 438 1, 111 8,937 1,084 881 823 3,444 255 2,043 440 3,870 1,010 8,440 980 1,310 956 3, 262 339 2,525 620 3,392 571 9, 714 754 1,294 974 2, 533 487 1,842 518 2,836 456 8,884 275 1 1,307 152 892 246 1,364 927 1,847 701 1,314 362 2,879 431 8,394 180 2,014 142 784 189 755 1,147 1,013 407 1,518 571 2,482 472 7, 570 92 2,283 158 588 62 8,052 5,016 389 8, 006 7,586 209 6, 731 5, 215 186 Extraction of minerals Quarry operatives ___________ Miners, coal and metalliferous. M anufacturing and mechanical industries Apprentices..- ------------------B a k ers.-. --- . - ------Blacksmiths. __ . . ----------------Boilermakers . . . Brick and stone masons--------Plasterers_________ - - ----------Boot and shoe workers — Cabinetm akers.-. - --- Carpenters and joiners _ Coopers---- ----------- --------- 80 615 3 4,308 68 Engravers __ ------------------Glassworks operatives. Harness and saddle workers. _ Iron and steel workers, including blast-furnace, rollingmill, foundry, etc., em- - - . . . -----ployees______ Machinists___________ _______ Marble and stone cutters _. - . M i l l e r s and millworkers (grain, flour, and feed)----Painters, glaziers, and varnishers____ ... ... Paper and pulp mill operatives — -------------------- ------Paper hangers___ Upholsterers.— - ----Pattern and model makers— Plumbers, gas and steam fitters-------- --------- -------------Potters and pottery workers. . Printers, compositors, pressmen, lithographers, bookbinders, etc------------------Roofers and sla te r s ___ . . Rubber factory operatives-----Steam engineers and firemen (stationary). - ----- --- S t r u c t u r a l - i r o n workers, 95 140 982 88 111 814 110 247 851 91 358 797 132 545 691 1,072 1,042 2,869 410 1,962 465 2, 741 469 7,693 490 667 147 658 528 528 1,039 607 800 1,394 631 1,215 1, 420 670 2,284 2,016 655 3,355 2,813 970 3,919 3,508 717 1,199 1,186 1,078 1,066 839 534 396 468 316 1,215 1, 659 2,208 2,563 3,494 3,632 3,635 3,017 4, 261 63 146 64 102 87 323 65 149 103 427 100 208 116 442 197 408 164 478 287 406 198 737 278 220 256 1,012 177 280 262 1,094 231 419 242 81 179 191 110 289 131 387 144 899 237 1,214 212 1,613 277 1,956 277 1,937 281 788 19 7 944 62 15 1,285 71 101 1, 726 80 127 2,260 112 257 2,394 118 288 2, 552 153 477 2,339 108 1,302 2, 551 193 896 888 1,588 2,220 2,941 3, 722 3,651 3,123 124 178 236 Tailors, tailoresses, seamstresses, dressmakers, milliners, etc. . ------- ----------Tanners, curriers, and tannery workers. . --------------Textile workers7. . - -T i n s m i t h s and tinware workers and coppersmiths._ Tobacco and cigar factory Wagon and coach makers.. . . Wheelwrights........... ............... .. 128 f \ 510 (8) 8,045 6, 585 8,357 10,884 10, 652 10, 712 6,662 4, 421 646 1,925 446 1,686 744 4,842 595 6,015 625 5,442 561 7,087 591 8,162 565 9,097 373 7,796 582 615 847 920 935 925 848 467 673 1,323 681 618 1,040 1,044 1,101 543 1,536 995 311 1,773 549 204 1, 730 0) 178 1,826 376 41 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0) » 1,059 « 1,034 1,706 182 35 1,012 34 ...... 1020 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 1.— N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S P E R M I L L I O N OF P O P U L A T IO N , B Y O C C U P A T IO N , AS S H O W N B Y C E N S U S OF O C C U P A T IO N S , 1850-1930— Continued Occupation 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1,757 2, 468 3,132 3,541 5,854 7,092 1920 1930 4,826 3,975 1,240 6, 714 1,409 11,378 1,877 10,914 1,904 7, 749 1, 371 1,667 506 1,634 519 1,220 527 Transportation Chauffeurs. _______________ Draymen, hackmen, team- 498 Conductors, brakemen, and other railroad employees \ Locomotive engineers 208 1,163 3,995 / 6, 080 4,707 l 1,104 3,044 132 1,470 238 1,198 593 2,142 920 795 and Motormen, conductors, and other street railway em ployees (not c le r k s ).______ Professional service 26 40 52 67 128 139 181 172 179 20 1,157 20 1,194 20 1,138 39 1,290 72 1,401 116 1,469 177 1,283 312 1,204 302 1,212 40 126 1,032 1,757 100 178 1,081 1, 751 196 203 1,057 1,618 199 246 1, 279 1,708 318 278 1,424 1,665 355 390 1,506 1,737 57 346 435 1,247 1, 643 324 531 1,159 1,372 322 579 1,308 1,253 2,045 3,049 Chemists, assayers, and metPhotographers and daguerreoLawyers, judges, and justices. Technical engineers Domestic and personal service Barbers, hairdressers, and 259 Servants, housekeepers, stewwards, stewardesses, etc____ Laundry operatives________ __ Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shop workers___________ (6) 354 621 894 1,350 1, 725 2,123 218,696 25, 337 21,492 23, 111 22, 579 29 20,113 16, 285 21, 577 20, 793 f 16, 569 \13, 748 26, 691 10, 336 14, 565 19,469 Clerical occupations Clerks, stenographers, type writers, bookkeepers, ac1 4,369 Clerks and salesmen and saleswomen in stores. . _______ 5,933 / 1,926 1 6,139 2,999 } l 6 , 117 7, 691 i 1930 census classifications do not allow for detail of agricultural occupations as shown in previous years. • \?cPiure5 ava^ able Or slaves who formed a considerable part of agricultural and domestic labor in 1850 anu i860. 3 Includes a few whitesmiths. 4 Estimated by Bureau of Census in 1920. 3 Reported under another designation. 6 N ot shown, as males only were reported. 7 Including spinners, weavers, warpers, loom fixers, scourers, bleachers, dyers, knitters, etc., of cotton, wool, worsted, silk, linen, and hosiery. ’ 8 Includes sheet-metal workers. Fishermen and oystermen numbered only a few more per million of population in 1930 than in 1850 and considerably less than in any other year of the period studied. In the decade 1920 to 1930, how ever, there was an increase of almost 20 percent. In recent years the use of minerals has become more and more indispensable and the technical progress of these industries has kept pace with their importance, resulting in a steady growth in produc tion. The expansion of the coal and iron industries increased the number of miners employed from 3,338 per million of population in 1850 to 8,351 in 1920. Although mechanization has not been as rapid in coal mining as in certain other industries, recent technical improvements have led to a reduction in labor requirements which, combined with the development of other kinds of industrial power, resulted in a decrease in the number of miners per million of popula https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES SINCE 1850 1021 tion from 8,351 in 1920 to 6,064 in 1930. On the other hand, the growth of the oil and gas industries raised the number of employees of oil and gas wells from 99 per million of population in 1870, the first year for which separate returns were made, to 857 in 1930. Greater productivity has made it possible for the relatively smaller increase in persons employed in manufacturing industries to provide for the more rapidly expanding industrial population. Manufacturing and mechanical occupations have thus suffered a relative shrinkage. The building trades have experienced a considerable change since 1850. This is not surprising when consideration is given to the differ ence in buildings of today and those of 80 years ago. In the early days lumber was the easiest as well as the cheapest material with which to build, and most buildings were of wood. Today, however, almost all large buildings are constructed of brick, concrete, steel, or stone, while even the inside finish of wood is not so much used as formerly. These materials are also in common use among home builders, especially in the cities. Fabrication has transferred much of the hand work to the factory. The new technology of recent years has entered construction work and the amount of hand work has been reduced. As yet there has been but little inroad of machinery on the highly skilled crafts. The use of steel for framing accounts for the new trade of structuraliron worker. This occupation was shown separately for the first time in 1910, when 124 workers per million of population were reported in this trade. By 1930 the ratio had almost doubled, workers having increased to 236 per million of population. Carpenters and joiners and plasterers increased in almost the same ratio as the population during the 80-year period 1850 to 1930. Brick and stone masons decreased perceptibly after 1850, but showed an upward trend from 1920 to 1930. Marble and stone cutters, when compared with the population, decreased constantly after 1890 and in 1930 showed fewer workers per million of population than at any other time studied. Stone is now, to a large extent, cut and polished at the quarry by machinery, only the finer work being done by hand. The result of the introduction of these machines was first noticeable in the census returns for 1910. The bathroom, a luxury enjoyed by few families in 1850, has now become almost a necessity. Only 81 plumbers per million of popula tion were employed in 1850, as against 1,937 in 1930. There was a slight drop in the relative number employed in this trade in 1930 as compared with 1920. Electric lights were unknown in 1850, while now practically all of the large buildings and an increasing percentage of homes are equipped with electricity for lighting, as well as for the numerous electrical appliances now on the market. As a result 2,283 electricians per mil lion of population were reported in 1930 as compared with 667 in 1900, the first year for which a separate return was made for this trade. Painters, glaziers, and varnishers increased steadily from 1,215 per million of population in 1850 to 3,635 in 1910, decreased to 3,017 in 1920, but increased again in 1930 to 4,261. During the period there has been an increase in factory painting and varnishing, and most of the glazing is now done at the factory. Comparatively few families indulged in the luxury of wall paper m the early days and the occupation of paper hanger was not reported https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1022 MONTHLY LABOE R E V IEW separately in 1850, but this craft increased from 64 per million of population in 1860 to 231 in 1930. In 1920 there was a considerable decrease in the importance of this occupation, but during the last decade the relative number has increased approximately 30 percent. Commercially upholstered furniture was probably included among the furnishings of but few homes in 1850. However, as home-made furniture began to be replaced by the new factory-made upholstered product, the trade of upholsterer became very important. After 1900 there was a decline in the ratio of upholsterers to the population, but by 1920 the turn of fashion made a sharp increase in the demand for this occupation and by 1930 there were 419 upholsterers per million of population. The principal woodworking shop crafts have decreased amazingly in recent decades. Wagon and coach makers, important trades in 1850, diminished from 673 per million population in 1850 to 34 in 1930. These trades indeed are almost extinct, and wheelwrights are no longer separately enumerated in the census returns. The cooper’s trade, a very necessary one in 1850, is also fast disappearing. In 1850 there were 1,884 coopers per million of population; in 1930 the census returns showed but 92. Steel drums, pails, sacks, and other containers have been substituted for the old wooden barrel. The decrease of cabinetmakers from 1,611 per million of popula tion in 1850 to 472 in 1930 is probably due more to the growth of the factory system of manufacturing then to the introduction of machin ery. More desks, tables, chairs, etc., are made today than ever before, but most of them are now made in the factory. By 1890 the number of cabinetmakers per million of population had dropped to 571, and since 1900 the number has kept fairly even pace with the growth of population. Owing to the occupational classification used by the census, it is impossible to include factory operatives with the hand cabinetmakers. Thus, the decrease shown in this occupation represents the decrease of hand cabinetmakers and not the decrease in the trade generally. In the metal-working trades, machinists increased to more than sevenfold in comparison with the growth in population from 1850 to 1920, about two fifths of the increase occurring between 1910 and 1920. After 1920 there was some decrease in the relative number. Boiler makers increased steadily and rapidly, but during the decade 1920 to 1930, dropped from the high point reached in 1920 to the general level winch the trade held relatively to the population for three decades prior to 1920. Pattern and model makers have increased greatly since 1850, and have held a steady pace with population increases since 1910. Stationary steam engineers and firemen grew from 510 per million of population in 1850 to 3,123 in 1920. After 1910, however, the ratio gradually declined. The 982 harness and saddle workers per million of population in 1850 had been reduced to 62 in 1930. The advent of the automobile and motor truck has had, of course, a great deal to do with the decline in this trade. Bakers have nearly doubled in number per million of population since 1850. At that time there were but 615, in comparison with 1,147 in 1930. This increase is due largely to the substitution of bakery foods for the home-made variety. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES SINCE 1850 1023 The effect of the introduction of machinery in our manufacturing establishments is clearly illustrated in the occupation of the boot and shoe worker. Boot and shoe production has grown by leaps and bounds since 1850, although the number of workers per million of population has decreased steadily. Back in the early days a shoe maker made the entire shoe. At present practically all the shoes are made in the factory by machine and one man seldom performs more than one operation on a pair of shoes. Textile workers increased from 1,925 per million of population in 1850 to 7,796 in 1930, the decade 1920 to 1930, however, showing a decrease of over 1,000. Technology has played a large part in the relative reduction of employees in the textile trades and the operation of the modern loom is quite different from the old processes of 1850, but spinning and weaving continue to be the most important occupations in the textile industry. The tremendous increase in the use of machinery, steel frames for buildings, steel rails, etc., is reflected to a large extent in the increase in iron and steel workers. Years ago communities were self-sufficient to a large extent, but with the growth of the complex modern ways of living, need has arisen for wide and accessible markets and for ease of transportation, both of goods and passengers. Many changes have taken place in this field over the years studied. In 1930 there were fewer draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc., than there were in 1850 or at any time since then. In 1900 the peak was reached in these trades, and since that time a constant relative decrease has been reported. From 1920 to 1930 the drop was great, there being over three times as many per million of population in 1920 as in 1930. The effect of the automobile and motor truck is apparent, the new occupation of chauffeur taking the place of a large number of teamsters and drivers. This occupa tion was reported separately for the first time in 1910 and increased from slightly less than 500 per million of population in that year to 7,920 in 1930. The relative number tripled in the 10 years from 1920 to 1930. Steam railroad employment rose almost unchecked until 1910, when a relative decline set in which has continued. Locomotive engineers and firemen were shown separately for the first time in 1890 when 1,104 per million of population were employed. This number increased to 1,904 in 1920, but by 1930 it had dropped to 1,371, the lowest since 1890. During the three decades following the introduction of electric cars, a rapidly increasing number of persons were required ip the operation of street railways, but as in the case of steam railroads, the number needed fell off relatively between 1910 and 1920 and has gone down rapidly since that time. Sailors and deck hands have grown fewer and fewer relatively with the decrease in American ships. Our shipping industry was quite important in 1850 and there were 3,044 sailors per million of population. By 1930 this number had shrunk to 527. Since 1910 the number has kept pace with the population and has shown a slight increase. In the professional group of occupations there has been much growth during the last 80 years. Few professions have declined, and there has been a steady growth in many of the older professions and a rapid extension of some of the newer ones. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1024 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW The profession of architect increased to sevenfold by 1910 and there after kept pace with the population. Chemists increased to more than fifteenfold in relation to the popu lation during the 80-year period from 1850 to 1930. The ratio in 1930 was relatively the same as in 1920. The relation between clergymen and the population has remained fairly constant, as has also been the case with lawyers and judges. In 1930 the legal profession showed a slight relative gain over 1920 and 1910. Photographers have multiplied relatively eight times since 1850, hut kept a relatively constant growth with the population after 1890. Dentists increased from 126 per million of population in 1850 to 579 in 1930, the increase being constant. The number of physicians and surgeons was greater per million of population in 1850 than it has been at any time since, and was smaller in 1930 than at any other census year of the period covered. The so-called machine age has had much to do with the creation of the occupation of technical engineer, which occupation, excluding electricians, has increased from 69 per million of population in 1890, the first year in which a separate report was made, to 184 in 1930, an increase of 166% percent. While domestic and personal service has probably shown a smaller degree of relative change than almost any other group of occupations over the period of 80 years, there has been a great deal of change in the occupations within the group. As was the case with agricultural laborers in 1850 and 1860, many of the domestic servants in those years were slaves and were not reported by the census. The census of 1850 estimated that “ at least as many slaves will be employed as domestics as there are slave properties” ,1 which would allow 347,525 domestic slaves or approximately 15,000 per million of population. In 1850 the domestic service was made up largely of household servants. Today domestic service consists of such occupations as janitors, elevator tenders, boarding and lodging house keepers, restaurant and lunchroom owners, laundry operatives, cleaners and dyers. There is still a demand for servants, but instead of keeping a few servants in his home, the American now goes outside and em ploys various servants, all specialists in their particular lines. Domestic servants have fairly well kept pace with the population ever since 1860, fluctuating up or down a little at each census period. During the war large numbers of domestics left their employment for more congenial _employment at better wages and the relative number employed in that year fell below even the 1860 figure. The 1930 census, however, shows the relative number back at the approximate figure which has obtained throughout the period studied. Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists have increased relatively to over tenfold during the period covered, in accordance with the change in custom and fashion of the people. Laundry operatives, which were not returned separately in the census until 1900, increased from 29 per million of population in that year to 196 in 1930. Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shop workers, which did not appear in the census returns until 1910, increased relatively from 16 to 72 during the 20 years from 1910 to 1930, an increase of 350 percent. i U.S. Census Office. Statistical View of the United States— A Compendium of the Seventh Census, by J. D . B. D eBow. Washington, 1854, p. 94. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oc c u p a t i o n a l changes s in c e 1850 1025 Clerical service, which accounted for a very small proportion of the total gainfully occupied group in 1850, has increased at a con sistently rapid rate over the entire period, and has probably experi enced a greater percentage of increase than any other group. Tech nological changes have released a great number of workers from manual toil and made them available for clerical work. At the same time, the complex business structure which has been made possible by technological progress depends upon the efficient functioning of an administrative and distributive organization which has absorbed a great number of clerical workers. It was not possible to separate clerical employees from clerks and salesmen in stores in all years, but wherever possible the separation has been made. The relative number of clerks in 1930 was over 10 times what it was in 1850. Up to 1920 office clerks increased a great deal faster than sales clerks, but during the decade 1920 to 1930 office clerks increased but 14 percent, whereas clerks in stores increased 34 percent. W age Earners, by Industries, as Reported in the Manufacturing Censuses W h i l e the occupation census reports from which the above figures were compiled afford the only measure of the proportion of the several occupations in the population, additional data bearing on the subject are available from the Census of Manufactures which contains, among other things, a report of the average number of wage earners employed in the various industries by the manufacturing establish ments of the country. Occupations, however, are not considered. These reports are available by 10-year periods from 1850 to 1899, and by 5-year periods from that time to 1919. Since then reports have been issued bienially. It should be noted that the manufacturing census is a census of factories, with more attention given to product and investment than to producers. These statistics are compiled primarily for the pur pose of showing the absolute and relative magnitude of the various branches of industry covered, and their growth and decline. In addition, howéver, the number of wage earners is reported, and when the various industries are being studied without regard to occupations these figures are probably preferable to the occupational statistics. In the occupational census, for example, a carpenter is reported under the head of carpenter regardless of where he may be employed, while in the manufacturing census he would be included only as a wage earner under the industry in which he works. In presenting the following data compiled from the Census of Manu factures, only four of the principal industries in the United States have been chosen. Three of them are industries having occupations that are included in the occupational table. In no case, however, are the figures in this table comparable with those in the other, as the method of collecting data is entirely different. The method of enumeration used in the occupational census is the house-to-house canvass, the occupation of each individual being reported regardless of whether or not he is actually employed at the time of the census taking. Every person 10 years of age or over engaged in productive labor is included in the occupational information. Reports prepared by manufacturing plants are used for the Census of Manufactures, and only those persons employed in manufacturing plants with annual products of a value of $500 or over are included in the data. 16487° — 33------ 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I N D U S T R I E S AS S H O W N B Y T H E C E N S U S OF M A N U F A C T U R E S , 1850 T O 1931 Industry 1850 1860 1870 20,448 882 15,927 507 27, 554 i 30,000 715 598 39,837 1, 718 49,034 1,559 91, 651 110, 798 137, 766 183, 249 207, 562 240,076 248, 716 375,088 235, 515 388, 201 370, 726 361,312 395, 880 264, 561 2, 376 2, 209 2,189 2,411 2,554 2,610 2, 540 3,548 2,184 3,480 3, 227 3,057 3,224 2,132 1879 1889 1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 33,415 531 39, 241 516 35,078 432 38,429 418 29, 356 300 41, 660 394 18,698 173 36,712 329 29,188 254 27,958 237 24,960 203 13, 570 109 1026 T able 2 .—A C T U A L N U M B E R O F W A G E E A R N E R S , A N D N U M B E R OF W A G E E A R N E R S P E R M I L L IO N O F P O P U L A T IO N , E M P L O Y E D I N V A R IO U S Iron and steel Blast furnaces: Wage earners per million population___ Steel works and rolling mills: Wage earners____ . __ __ Wage earners per million population. _ _ Wage earners per million population. _ _ Silk goods: Wage earners per million population. _ _ Hosiery and knit goods: Wage earners per million population.. . 92, 286 122,028 135,369 172, 544 218,876 302, 861 315,874 378, 882 393,404 446, 852 425,835 495,197 468, 352 489,036 447, 051 348,148 3,979 3,881 3, 511 3, 440 3, 477 3, 985 3, 887 4,120 4, 017 4, 227 3,949 4,440 4,077 4,137 3,641 2, 806 45, 438 L 959 50, 419 105,071 132, 676 154, 271 159,108 179, 976 202, 029 195, 285 196,404 190, 948 237,454 206,110 194,827 187,150 148,413 1,603 2,725 2, 645 2,451 2,094 2, 215 2,197 1,994 1,858 1,771 2,129 1,794 1,648 1, 524 1,196 1,723 74 5,435 173 6,649 172 31, 337 625 49, 382 784 65, 416 861 2, 325 100 10, 532 335 18,846 489 30,699 612 59, 774 950 83, 691 104,092 129, 275 150, 520 172, 572 162,078 194, 244 186, 668 190, 283 208, 488 171, 524 1,101 1,281 1, 406 1,537 1,632 1,742 1,503 1,625 1,382 1,610 1,698 79,601 980 99, 037 108,170 126, 782 121, 603 125, 234 132, 509 127,643 130,467 109, 203 1,077 1, 105 1,199 1,128 1,123 1,154 1,080 1,063 880 Boots and shoes 2 Boots and shoes (including repairing): W age earners_____ __________ _______ 105,305 123, 030 138, 662 143, 301 Wage earners per million population. _ _ 4, 541 3,913 3,596 2,857 Boots and shoes (not including repairing): Wage earners. . . . _. . . . . 115, 972 142,116 151, 231 160, 294 198, 297 206,088 229, 705 196, 586 241,119 223, 574 221, 671 225, 515 203,400 Wage earners per million population__ 2,312 2, 258 1,972 1,990 2,156 2,104 2,162 2,173 1,823 1,875 1, 946 1,837 1,639 M otor vehicles 3 Wage earners . . . _ ________ W age earners per million population 1 N ot reported separately; this number is an estimate. 2 Including cut stock and findings. 3 Including bodies and parts. 4 No data covering bodies and parts— 2,241 wage earners for motor vehicles https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (4) 12,049 148 75, 721 127,092 343,115 213,116 404,886 426,110 369, 399 447, 448 287, 225 823 1,298 1,976 3,246 3, 630 3, 710 3,125 3,644 2,315 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Textiles Cotton goods: Wage earners............... ............. Wage earners per million population.. _ Woolen goods: OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES SINCE 1850 1027 The figures shown in table 2, while not comparable with those for the same industries in the occupational data, serve a distinct purpose and have been included in this article as supplemental information and not with the idea of comparison. In the case of boot and shoe workers, for example, in the occupation table the effort has been made to trace such workers from 1850 to 1930. Census designations have changed in the 80-year period and the shoemaker has given way to the shoe-factory operative. In the manufacturing census, boot and shoe wage earners, while mainly operatives engaged in the manu facture of shoes, include a few general occupations, such as carpenter, machinist, engineer, fireman, etc. In date the enumeration of population does not coincide with the manufacturing census. For instance, in 1900 the population count was made as of June 1, while the manufacturing census covered the year 1899 and gave the average number of wage earners for that year. These two numbers are used together in computing the proportion per million of population, as in point of time they are near enough to the same date. The estimates of population which the Bureau of the Census made for the years 1904, 1914, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1931 have been used, as the census of population is taken at 10-year periods only. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1028 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Significance of Nonmechanical Factors in Labor Productivity and Displacement By W il l ia m G. R o y l a n c e , U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r HE purpose of this article is to call attention to the importance of certain nonmechanical factors affecting the productivity of labor, and therefore the volume of employment. It is believed that a proper emphasis upon these factors, as compared with the factors of machinery and power, may aid in the development of a more rational point of view with regard to what is now widely known as technological labor displacement. T Main Characteristics of Modern Industrial Development T h e period of modern industrial history beginning with the inven tion of Watt’s steam engine, the spinning jenny, and the power loom, is universally designated as the machine age. The rapid develop ments which have been made in the discovery and utilization of new sources of power have led to the differentiation of the latter part of this period as the “ age of power.” There is ample justification for these appellations. Machinery and power have been the chief instrumentalities by which the modern world has been transformed from a welter of half-starved, disease-ridden communities to a place of at least potential abundance, health, and safety. But the very magnitude of the accomplishments that have been due to the utilization of machinery and power has led to an overemphasis of both the evils and the benefits that have resulted from the growth of mechanized industry. While machinery and mechanical power have been from the beginning of the modem industrial era the more obvious, and especially the more dramatic, factors making for indus trial efficiency and progress, there are other factors that from the beginning, though not so obvious, nor so dramatic, have been possibly of equal importance. In fact, there is one important phase of modern industrial development that antedates the invention of the first power machines that of the division of labor. This economic development, outlined by Adam Smith before the successful installation of the first power machinery, is the historical foundation of modern industrial rationalization. It has supplied the ground plan for the work of Taylor, Gannt, Emerson, and others in this country, as well as for the various 1 ationalization schemes that have appeared in Europe, at least insofar as they apply directly to the work of the factory. While the organization of the working force, as exemplified in the modern factory, has_been largely shaped by the requirements of machine production, it is nevertheless a factor that deserves separate treat ment a factor that might have been of very great importance even without the invention of machines and the utilization of mechanical power. There has also been an important development in individual skill, which, though modified, and sometimes impeded, by the require ments of machine production, has contributed very largely to mod ern industrial efficiency. Many discoveries have been made and many processes invented and utilized which would have been of very great benefit even in the absence of elaborate machineiy or mechanical power. Indeed, the contributions of the science of chemistry to industrial efficiency have been and still are in many respects more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NONMECHANICAL FACTORS IN LABOE PRODUCTIVITY 1029 important than the development and application of mechanical power as such. Moreover, machine production is largely dependent upon these discoveries and processes; while, on the other hand, many of the contributions of industrial chemistry are relatively independent of mechanical agencies. During recent years, these discoveries of the chemists, together with equally important discoveries of the physicists, have even tended greatly to reduce both the volume of machine equipment and the quantity of mechanical energy required per unit of output. Nonmechanical Factors in Postwar Development As e a r l y as 1928 it was noted that the progress in industrial effi ciency which had been achieved in this country during the postwar decade was due in very large part to factors other than the increase in machine equipment or in the number of power units utilized. Now that additional data have become available it is even more apparent that this is true. Recent investigations have indicated that the volume of machinery and equipment replacement in manufacturing industries during the decade 1919-29 was hardly, if at all, greater than normal.2 This implies that a considerable part of the increased efficiency that marked the period must have been due to other than mechanical causes. This conclusion is confirmed by other evidence. The increase in “ value added by manufacture” in the manufacturing industries between 1919 and 1929, when expressed in dollars of constant whole sale purchasing power, was 83 percent, while the increase in the number of power units utilized was only 48 percent. The increase in power units per wage worker engaged was 47 percent, as com pared with an increase in value output per worker of 92 percent.3 Classification of Nonmechanical Factors I t a p p e a r s therefore, that there must have been causes other than machinery equipment and power contributing to the large increases in total output and in output per worker during recent years. Among the causes that appear to have contributed to these results are the following: (1) A more adequate and a more even flow of raw materials to the manufacturing industries. (2) More easily workable materials, better adaptation of materials to purposes of manufacture, and standardization of materials. (3) A faster and more even flow of products from the mines, the farms, and the factories to markets, reducing inventories and obviat ing the congestion of goods in warehouses. (4) Improved factory layout and machine assembly, and more efficient utilization of machinery and equipment. (5) More economical distribution and application of power. (6) Improved working conditions, and better adjustment of work ing time. (7) Better organization of the working force, including personnel selection and distribution. 2 The Business Week, Aug. 24, 1932, p. 14. 3 Computed from data summarized in U .S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1931, p. 816. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1030 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W (8) More effective application of the energy and skill of workers (rationalization of movements, etc.). (9) Direct increase in individual efficiency. It is known that most of these factors were operative during the period under consideration, but in most cases it is impossible to de termine their relative importance. There was, for the most part, an abundance of readily accessible raw materials, the quality and workability of which were being constantly improved. There was marked progress in the standardization, both of finished products and of the materials from which they were manufactured. Consumer demand was fairly well sustained, and the “ hand-to-mouth” policy of wholesale buying contributed to a rapid flow of goods away from the factories. There was, in fact, a synchronization of the flow of products— from the mine, the forest, and the farm to the factories; from factories to jobbers and wholesalers; and onward through the retailers to final consumers— without parallel in industrial history. These are among the remoter factors influencing industrial effi ciency. Of the factors that operate more closely in connection with actual production in the several industries, those which may be dis tinguished as human factors are especially difficult of exact measure ment. Take, for example, that of increased skill, energy, or diligence on the part of the worker. There can be no doubt of its existence. In a few instances, employers have definitely recognized its impor tance. Mr. J. H. Bloedell, of the Bloedell-Donovan Lumber Co., of Seattle, Wash., commenting on the fact that the output per man-day was greater after the change from the 12- to the 8-hour shift in the logging and lumbering regions of the Northwest, credits the whole of this increased efficiency to the workers themselves, independently of any increase in equipment or of power, or of improvement in management or methods. There had, indeed, been great improve ments in these latter respects which, according to Mr. Bloedell, offset the increased cost of logging resulting from the receding of the timber supply from the mills, and the increased value that the lumber in dustry was compelled to put into its products, in order to meet the competition of the manufacturers of substitutes for lumber. Mr. Bloedell adds that most of the improvements in methods and devices were worked out by the men on the job.4 Among the human factors making directly for increased efficiency are the following: (1) Improved organization and management; (2) increased energy, skill, or diligence on the part of operatives; (3) selection of personnel and organization of the working force; (4) cooperation between management and operatives; (5) adaptability to and liking for the job; (6) incentives—wages, bonuses, profit sharing, etc. Other important factors that are either relatively independent of the machine set-up, or that greatly add to its efficiency are condi tions with regard to: (a) Safety; (6) light and sound; (c) ventila tion and temperature (air conditioning); (d) fitness and accessibility of tools; (e) working conveniences— seating, work benches, tables, eIc -j ( /) routing of materials to and from machines, and from one worker to another; (g) machine set-up, assembly and control; (Ji) synchronization of operations and processes. 1 Seattle Times, July 28, 1928. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NONMECHANICAL FACTORS IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 1031 The amount of saving in labor and other costs that has been ac complished by effective routing of materials, by scientific machine assembly, by timing of operations and synchronization of processes has been widely noted. Much attention has also been given to the rationalization of workers’ motions, and related adjustments. But the possibilities of improved organization and management of labor, of adjustments of the working time, and of better working condi tions have, until very recently, received far less attention. Proper lighting, ventilation, and heating were, until quite recently, regarded almost wholly from the humanitarian point of view. An employer made improvements out of consideration for his employees, or under compulsion of law or of public opinion, rather than from the belief that thereby he could reduce his labor costs. The same is true of the adjustment of the working time. Examples of Increased Labor Productivity Due to the Operation of Nonmechanical Factors A l t h o u g h the effects of nonmechanical factors upon labor produc tivity are, in most instances, especially difficult of computation, there have been a number of recent surveys the results of which afford a fairly good indication of the possibilities that lie in this field. The following examples are selected from a summary given in an article on “ The Social Aspects of Rationalization” , published in Studies and Reports of the International Labor Organization, Series B (Economic Conditions) No. 18, Geneva, 1931: T able 1.— E X A M P L E S OF IN C R E A S E OF O U T P U T D U E T O N O N M E C H A N I C A L F A C T O R S Method Place, industry, or operation 60 Arrangement of premises and work places. 30-40 United States, 25 cases showing following results: 1 r»n<5ft Gilbreth’sexamples (cited by F. W . Taylor, Principies of Industrial Management) bricklaying. Adjusting stand to stature of operative- . . . , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent of increase of output per labor unit Ohio State University studies: French experiments: Rythmic motion (machine)........................ ............. 10-20 20-30 35 42 92 100 50 50 25 170 130 10-40 30 27 40 13 31 35 23 10 270 50 38 100 100 600 60 700 800 17.8 1032 T able 1 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW — E X A M P L E S OF IN C R E A S E OP O U T P U T D U E T O N O N M E C H A N I C A L F A C T O R S — Continued Percent of increase of output per labor unit Place, industry, or operation Method Chain work.................... ............. ......... . - France: Fitting brake levers_______________________ - Inspecting brake levers____________________ In bicycle factory____________ ______ ________ __ Germany: Fitting brakes______ - - . _____________ __ Repairing locomotives- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Motor manufacture-- _ - - - - - - - Manufacture of women’s underwear,-_ - Manufacture of electrical appliances-------- --------Czechoslovakia: Packing webs_- - - - - - ---. Sweden: Manufacture of cooking u t e n s i l s . ----Assembling bicycle chain ______ Operating stamping machine ---------- - - ------Manufacture of sewing machines ---------------------------Krupp Factory (Austria)------ ---------------------- ------Germany: Manufacture of tin tubs— Czechoslovakia: B a t’a boot factory. France: Metal industries ____ - - - - - ------- --- - - - ----- 69 70 70 70 87.5 70 100-260 40 100 30 6.2-58 13 13.2 69 50 50 170 66 10-80 The following gains in labor output from improvements in lighting and ventilation, and regulation of sound conditions, are noted in Bulletin No. 1 (v. 11-12), of the Society of Industrial Engineers (U.S.), 1930: Percent gain Improved ventilation----------------------------------------- 12-14 11 Light and ventilation___________________________ Light_____________________________________________ 14 Light, ventilation, and sound---------------------------12 Adjustment of Working Tim e I n m o s t cases where the working shift lias been shortened, there has been an increase in the per-hour performance of labor. This is naturally to be expected, since monotony, fatigue, and exhaustion through too greatly prolonged activity are apt, not only to slow up the performance of the operative, but to entail considerable losses in spoilage, breakage, and damage to tools or machinery. But it is not so easily understandable that not only the output per hour, but the output per day, week, or year may be and often has been increased by shortening the working time. Perhaps the most notable example of this is found in the experience of the iron and steel industries in chang ing from the 10- and 12-hour to the 8-hour shift. In a study of productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces made by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the results of which are given in its Bulletin No. 474 (1928), it was found that where some of the plants studied made the change to the shorter workday in 1923, not only the output per man-hour, but the output per man-day, was increased. Quoting from the bulletin (p. 2): Another development in recent years which has had an important effect on the number of men required to operate a blast furnace is the substitution of the 8-hour for the 12-hour day. Although three crews were required where two had been used before, the labor force was so reorganized in a majority of plants that very few more men were employed, while the total man-hours was actually reduced. Shorter hours have lessened the strain on the workers, so that the men can keep more continuously at work. This has frequently led to the combination or elimination of operations formerly essential. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NONMECHANICAL FACTORS IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 1033 Again (pp. 46-47): Another factor affecting labor (productivity) is (the) skill, willingness, and ability of the worker himself. The difficulty is that there is no satisfactory way of gaging the influence of this important factor * * *. However, there did occur during the period covered by this study one specific change which has had some influence on the efficiency of the worker himself, in the absence of any improvement in equipment or organization. This is the substitution of the 3-shift for the 2-shift system in 1923, the elimination of the 12-hour day, and the establishment of the 8-hour day for workers on continuous processes. Before this change took place it was confidently expected by many that there would be a considerable increase in the labor cost because of the increase in the number of men required to operate the furnace. It is therefore of particular interest to note the results of the change in the shift system in individual plants. Theoretically, the substitution of the 8-'hour for the 12-hour day would have no effect on productivity; that is, each position requiring two men at 12 hours each would require three men at 8 hours each, and the output per man-hour would remain the same. In actual practice, of course, it would be expected that the output per man-hour would be somewhat higher in the latter case, for it is evident that a man can work at higher speed for 8 hours than he can for 12 hours. But the actual results in the blast-furnace industry following 1923 far exceed anything that might have been expected. There are numerous cases of plants in which, within a year after the change was made, the total labor force was back again to the same number of men that had been employed under the 12-hour system. On page 77 of this bulletin it is said: In plant no. 12 the steady increase in productivity was accelerated by the introduction of the 8-hour day. The old system of 10 and 12 hours was abolished at the end of 1923, and a new universal 8-hour system was substituted. The total labor time expended per ton of product was 2.917 man-hours in 1923, and 2.227 man-hours in 1924. There was about a 10-percent increase in the output per stack-day, which accounts for a small part of the increased productivity, but even when this is allowed for, there still remains a substantial increase in pro ductivity, or, to put it conversely, a reduction in labor time. Of course, this plant shows a steady increase in productivity in every year since 1919, but when the effect in the increase in stack-day output has been eliminated the rate of increase between 1923 and 1924 was greater than for any other 2 years. Again (p. 85): Another even better case is that of plant 32. Eliminating 1923, as the year of the transition from the 2-shift to the 3-shift system, a comparison can be drawn between 1922, with the 10-hour and 12-hour day, and 1924, with the universal 8-hour day. No mechanical improvements of any importance were made in this interval, the output per stack-day was nearly the same in the 2 years, and even the length of time operated was almost identical. In other words, the only important difference in the 2 years is in the hours per day. Y et in 1922 it re quired 3.270 man-hours of labor to produce a ton of pig iron, and in 1924 only 2.662 man-hours. While the increased output per man-hour in this plant was not sufficient completely to offset the shortening of the working time, additional data are available which confirm the statement made else where in this study, that in many plants no more men were employed after the change from the longer to the shorter shift than were em ployed before. In fact, according to the reports of manufacturers to the Bureau of the Census, there were only 24,960 wageworkers em ployed in the operation of blast furnaces in 1929, as compared with 36,712 in 1923, the last year before the change in the shift system.5 At the same time there was an increase in the total output of all blast furnaces from 40,361,146 long tons in 1923 to 42,613,983 long tons in 1929.6 The number of workers engaged, the total tons produced, and 5 U .S. Bureau of the Census. 6 Idem, p. 778. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1931, p. 831. 1034 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW tons produced per worker, for census years from 1923 to 1929, inclu sive, are shown in table 2: T able 2 .—N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S , T O T A L L O N G T O N S P R O D U C E D , A N D L O N G TO N S P R O D U C E D P E R W O R K E R IN B L A S T F U R N A C E S I N C E N S U S Y E A R S , 1923-29 1923 1925 1927 1929 - Total long tons pro duced Number of workers Census year ____________________________________________ _________________________________________ ______________________________ __ ___________________________________________ 36, 712 29,188 27,958 24,960 40, 361,146 36,700, 566 36, 565, 645 42, 613,983 Long tons produced per worker 1,100 1,260 1,300 1,700 The increase in tons produced per wageworker engaged during this period was 55 percent; that is, the 1923 output could have been produced, with the 1929 efficiency, by 13,000 fewer workers than were engaged in 1923. An analysis of the census data for the entire group of basic iron and steel industries will show that increases in output per man-year, not withstanding the general tendency to a reduction of the working time, that pervaded all iron and steel industries during these years, was not confined to the blast furnaces alone. The following table shows the “ value added by manufacture” , the average number of wageworkers engaged, and the value added per wageworker in basic iron and steel industries for the years 1923, 1924, 1927, and 1929.5 T able 3.—V A L U E A D D E D B Y M A N U F A C T U R E , A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S A N D V A L U E A D D E D P E R W A G E E A R N E R IN I R O N A N D S T E E L I N D U S T R IE S , C E N S U S Y E A R S , 1923-29 [Values in 1926 wholesale all-commodity dollars] Year 1923. 1925. 1927. 1929 Average num Value added Value added by ber of wage per wage workers manufacture worker engaged $1, 277,000, 000 1, 232, 000, 000 1, 283, 000,000 1, 672, 000, 000 424, 913 399,914 389, 270 419,533 $2,999 3,080 3,300 4,000 Index numbers 1923. 1925. 1927. 1929 100 96 100 126 100 94 92 99 100 103 110 133 It will be noted that there was an actual decline in the number of employees engaged during this period, and at the same time an in crease in the total value output, notwithstanding the fact that there occurred a general change from the longer to the shorter shift. While there has been no such general change from a longer to a shorter working time in any other large industrial group as in the iron and steel industries, nor sufficient data indicating such changes as have been made, information is available which tends strongly to indicate that in most cases the shortening of the work day or week t U .S. Bureau of the Census. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1931, p. 831. 1035 NONMECHANICAL FACTORS IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY results in an increased man-hour output. Not only is this true, but in many instances the output per man-day or man-year shows a sub stantial increase within a few years after the new system has been established. As noted elsewhere, most logging and lumber industries on the west coast changed from the 10 to 12 to the 8-hour day after 1914. While the change was not universal, taking the country as a whole, and while it appears that in the lumbering regions of the old South the 10-, 12-, or even 14-hour day was still in effect prior to the new lumber code under the N.R.A., in most regions the average working time did not exceed 10 hours. Thus, when all lumbering regions are included there must have been a considerable net decrease in the average working time from 1914 to 1929; yet the output per worker engaged in all lumber industries, when measured in dollars of constant purchasing power, was 63 percent greater in 1929 than in 1914, while the increase in board feet per worker in the basic lumber industries was 20 percent.7 The International Labor Office summary (see p. 1031), shows the following results of changes to a shorter working day: In France, changes to the 8-hour shift resulted in the following changes in labor productivity— Total number of samples_________________________________________ 68 Decrease in daily output_________________________________________ Increase not sufficient to maintain former daily output________ Increase sufficient to maintain former daily output____________ Increased daily output_____________________________ ______________ 3 8 6 51 In the United States changes were found as follows: Total number of samples__________________ ______________________ 127 No change in daily output_______________________________________ Increase___________________________________________________________ Slight decrease____________________________________________________ Large decrease____________________________________________________ 64 32 24 7 Though it may not be possible to discover all of the factors making for an increased labor productivity where the working time is reduced, or to assign to each factor its proper importance, the fact that there is such a result is in many ways of the greatest significance. For one thing, insofar as there is an increase instead of a decrease in per-man output on account of a shortening of the working time, a considerable complication will be introduced into the problem of labor absorption and employment stabilization. Thus, it is obvious that if a situation exists where there is a surplus of products and of productive capacity, and in which the output per worker is so high, relative to the volume of goods that can be profitably marketed, that only a part of the labor force can be utilized, and if at the same time a shortening of the work ing time results in an increased output per worker engaged, then there will be more workers unemployed after the adjustment than before. It is strongly indicated that under such conditions it will be necessary to provide for a progressive adjustment of the working time. Another important consideration, which also has a bearing upon the problem of employment stabilization, is that the gains indicated are likely to be net gains, at least in the instances where there is no increase in equipment costs, or a lesser increase in power utilization. i U .S. Bureau of the Census. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1931, pp. 755, 816. 1036 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Where, as in the cases of blast furnaces and of basic lumber industries, there lias been a large increase in output per man-year and a much smaller increase in other than labor costs or in power utilization, it is obvious that the labor displaced will be only partly absorbed by indus tries manufacturing equipment or in supplying power. Such a devel opment can mean nothing else than a progressively decreasing cost, whether of man-labor or of capital equipment, with a constant and cumulative increment of unemployment, unless some method is found whereby to absorb the labor dispensed with. New Processes and Methods I n n u m e r o u s instances the invention of new processes or methods has not only increased the output per unit of man-labor, but has eliminated entire processes or units of production. This does not mean merely that a more efficient or a less costly process has been substituted, but that in many cases the new development has ren dered the old process or industry no longer necessary. Recent devel opments in agriculture afford many examples, a few of which have been selected for purposes of illustration. For instance, in the growing of wheat in the semiarid regions it has been found that, under favorable conditions, plowing as a separate operation can be eliminated where modern methods of soil treatment are applied. Similarly, corn growers have learned that in many instances as good yields can be secured, and at the same time a considerable amount of humus put into the soil, by “ laying b y ” the crop, after the plants have reached a certain stage of growth— that is, by ceasing to cultivate and letting the quack or cheat grass, or other weeds grow for the remainder of the season. Again, it has been found that in the growing of sugar beets on certain kinds of land, better results are secured when the land is plowed only once in 2 years than when it is plowed every year, and similarly for the familiar practice of seeding grain on corn stubble. Likewise, where land is fallowed every second year the average biennial yield may be retained, or even increased, with less work in plowing, seeding, and harvesting, less outlay for seed, and important saving in soil conservation. There are numerous instances in which changes in processes or methods of manufacturing farm products have resulted in important saving of labor costs, with little if any addition to the mechanical equipment, and it often happens that these changes affect farm methods in such a way as greatly to reduce the labor requirement on the farms. This is equally true of lumber and of many other primary products. For example, good oak boards have been made from oak sawdust. Obviously, as good results could be obtained if the whole tree were utilized. In that case, everything from and including the sawmill upward would be eliminated, and a single synthetic process substituted. A similar example is afforded by a recent development in the utilization of cellulose. A considerable quantity of cotton has recently been grown and sold for its cellulose content. Where this is done, the cotton may be sown broadcast, and the crop mown and baled the same as hay, thus eliminating the present laborious and costly processes of row planting and cultivating, and picking. There is also a considerable gain from the fact that the leaves and stems of the plant contain an appreciable quantity of celluose, as well as from the fact that the ravages of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NONMECHANICAL FACTORS IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 1037 boll weevil are largely eliminated. It has even been suggested that this development, in conjunction with improved felting processes, might in the future eliminate also the processes of ginning, carding, spinning, and weaving in the manufacture of many kinds of cotton cloth, substituting therefor a single uncomplex synthetic operation, similar to that of making paper from wood pulp. There have been numerous other developments in which, though there is no complete elimination of entire processes or operations, there have been considerable reductions in both machinery and power and in labor requirements, with little or no addition of new equipment. A familiar example is that of the increase in crop yields per unit of man-labor applied by the economical use of fertilizers. This is illus trated by the following table, which is taken from the United States Year Book of Agriculture for 1930 (p. 264): T able 4 .— IN C R E A S E I N C R O P Y I E L D S P E R U N I T OP M A N -L A B O R B Y E C O N O M I C A L U SE O F F E R T IL IZ E R S Yield per acre Crop State Unfertilized Bushels W heat. Do. C o rn .. O a ts... Missouri___ Ohio________ ____ do______ ____ do______ Cotton Do Mississippi.. South Caro lina. 12.5 11.5 27.2 31.9 Pounds 691 1,321 Average hours of man-labor Fertilized per acre Bushels 30.0 28.0 46.6 51.2 Pounds 1,096 1,816 11.7 11. 7 19.0 13.0 Pounds 128 128 Yield per hour of man-labor Unfer tilized Fertilized Bushels Bushels 1.07 .98 1.43 2. 45 Pounds 5.4 10.3 2. 53 2. 39 2.45 3. 94 Increased labor efUciency Percent 140 143 71 61 Pounds 8. 56 14.20 While in this instance the comparison is between fertilized and unfer tilized plots, so that the cost of the fertilizer must be offset against the increased output per man-hour, similarly favorable results may be achieved by the right instead of the wrong use of fertilizers, by better adaptation of crops to soil and climatic conditions, by improved methods of cultivation, by improved seeds, and by better selection of animal breeds and elimination of unprofitable animals. In another class of examples, gains are in the nature of byproducts, or often due to the utilization of pure accident. In agriculture, it has been found that the application of copper sulphate for the removal of aphides on tomato plants both increases the yield and improves the quality of the fruit. In other cases, additional cultivation for the control of pests has increased the yield more than sufficient to cover the cost of the extra work. The use of mulch paper, primarily for the purpose of conserving moisture, has in some instances greatly reduced the cost of cultivation, weeding, and hoeing and has at the same time increased the yield of certain crops. In examples cited by the Society of Industrial Engineering, increases due to the use of mulch paper were 30 percent in the growing of pineapples, 73 percent for potatoes, and 691 percent for sweet corn. The manufacturing industries afford many examples in which materials formerly wasted have been converted into valuable byprod ucts, at less cost than the former cost of removing the waste. Opera tives often discover more economical ways of doing things, with no https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1038 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W other motive than that of getting by with less expenditure of effort. Thus even laziness may be turned into an asset. Explorers, inventors, or scientists in search of one thing often discover something else of equal or even greater value. Standardization A n o t h e r nonmechanical factor making for increased industrial efficiency is that of standardization. In general, standardization aims at uniformity of materials, products, or methods, or the simpli fication of processes, whenever output can be increased thereby, or waste eliminated. The term is applied to materials, products, tools, machines, processes, or methods. As applied to materials or products, it may have reference to quantity, quality, size, type of construction, or to use or purpose. It is obvious that some degree of standardization is essential in mass production, and that the efficiency, especially of large-scale machine production must be largely limited by the possibilities of standardization. The exact measurement of the contribution of this factor in any particular case, however, is as difficult as for other technical factors not measureable in terms of power units. The International Labor Office cites a German instance in which a 300 percent increase in man-hour output was achieved in the manufacture of electric meters by standardizing the product. The total annual saving to American industry by standardization was estimated by Mr. Hoover a few years ago at $600,000,000. According to another estimate, the saving through standardization in the automobile industries alone amounts to $750,000,000 annually. The Place of Power Machinery in Modern Industry I t is indicated by the foregoing analysis that machinery and mechanical power, instead of being the controlling factors in modern industrial progress, have been merely the principal instrumentalities by which progress has been achieved. Throughout the entire devel opment in this country, and even back to the beginning of the modern industrial age in the Old World, the moving forces making for eco nomic progress have been scientific research, invention, organization, management, and cooperation. These have throughout been moti vated by a persistent striving for individual and social betterment, which, as achieved, has reacted to aid and accelerate economic progress, by raising standards of living, improving working conditions, increasing the energy and skill of workers, and facilitating cooperation between workers and employers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINIS TRATION Summary of Permanent Codes Adopted from October 1 to 23, 1933 N this article codes approved under the National Industrial Re covery Act from October 1 to 23, inclusive, are summarized, thus bringing down to date the record of codes in effect carried in the August, September, and October issues of the Monthly Labor Review. I M otor Vehicle Retailing Trade Coverage.— Dealers engaged in whole or in part in the business of motor vehicle retailing whether retailing new or used passenger cars, trucks, truck tractors, busses, taxicabs, hearses, ambulances, and other commercial vehicles for use on the highway and excluding motor cycles, fire apparatus, and tractors other than truck tractors. Effective date.— October 3, 1933. Hours.— Provision is made for a maximum working time of 44 hours in any 1 week, except for outside commission salesmen and watchmen. The hours as fixed refer to the availability of the em ployee in the shop or premises of the employer at the latter’s request whether or not the employee is actively engaged in specific tasks throughout the prescribed hours. All places of business shall be kept open for not less than 52 hours a week, unless the regular hours were less than that number prior to July 1, 1933, in which case no reduction of hours is allowable. The hours here fixed do not apply to salaried employees in a managerial, executive, or supervisory capacity who receive $30 per week or more. Wages.— Minimum wages are fixed for employees according to population (as determined in the 1930 Federal census) and also for certain occupational groups. The general minima are: M in im u m weekly wage In cities of over 500,000 population or immediate trade areas____________$15. 00 In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population or immediate trade areas------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14. 50 In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population or immediate trade areas------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 4 .00 In towns of 2,500 or less population_______________________________________ 13. 00 In the towns of 2,500 or less one washer or greaser or porter or helper or aged or physically handicapped worker may be employed at less than $13, and where an establishment employs more than 19 employees, not to exceed 10 percent of the employees may receive less than $13. It is further provided that no employee shall receive less than $13 per week unless his wage was lower on August 1, 1933, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1039 1040 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W in which case his wage shall be increased by 20 percent, regardless of the fact that hours are shortened, with the limitation that after the raise in wages the total receivable shall not exceed $13 per week. For full-time outside salesmen who are unrestricted as to hours and are paid on a commission basis a guaranteed drawing account is stipulated as follows: M in im u m drawing account In cities of over 500,000 population or immediate trade areas------------------ $17. 50 In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population or immediate trade areas________________________________________________________________________ 15. 00 In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population or immediate trade areas________________________________________________________________________ 12. 50 In towns of less than 2,500 population-------------------------------------------------------10. 00 Apprentice salesmen are not entitled to the guaranteed minimum for the first 3 months of employment, 2 months of which shall be with the last employer. These apprentices shall number no more than 1 out of 10 regular salesmen or fraction thereof. No mechanic shall be paid less than 50 cents per hour unless he received less on July 15, 1929, in which case the rate of that date may be paid provided it does not fall below 40 cents. The general minimum rates fixed by population areas shall also apply to mechanics. The minimums set by the code shall be observed whether a worker is paid on time or piece rates and compensation shall not be reduced notwithstanding the reduction in hours. On the contrary, wages shall be equitably adjusted. Minors.— Minors under 16 are excluded from employment and where State laws specify a higher age such laws must be observed. Administration.—To administer the code a State advisory committee of five members, one of whom shall be elected by the exclusive or used-car dealers, shall be established in each of the several States. The Emergency National Committee includes the chairman of each State committee and five additional members, who shall be members of some State Advisory Committee, elected at large by the exclusive or independent used-car dealers. Each local committee shall deal with local problems and the national committee shall act in matters affecting more than one State, its decisions being binding subject to the approval of the Administrator. For the purposes of the code the District of Columbia, Metropolitan New York, the rest of New York, Metro politan Chicago, and the rest of Illinois are each considered as one State. From the Emergency National Committee a National Control Com mittee of four members shall be chosen, one of whom shall be an exclusive used-car dealer. In addition, two non voting members may be appointed by the President. This committee shall have such authority as the larger body shall delegate. Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— Manufacture of boots, shoes, sandals, slippers, mocca sins, leggings, overgaiters, and allied footwear chiefly of leather, and also footwear of canvas and other textile fabrics, together with such other products of the industry as may from time to time be included. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1041 Hours.—Maximum weekly hours are fixed at 40 per week except that, during 8 weeks of a 6-month period (the first period beginning on the effective date of the code), employees may work not more than 45 hours per week. Time and one third shall be paid for hours in excess of 8 per day. Excluded from the hours and overtime pro visions are outside salesmen, watchmen, firemen, cleaners, or em ployees in a managerial or executive capacity who receive more than $35 per week. Neither do the hours apply to employees doing emer gency, maintenance, and repair work, or work where restrictions of hours of workers on continuous processes would unavoidably reduce production or interrupt employment, but in any such cases at least time and one third shall be paid for work in excess of 8 hours per day or 45 hours per week. Wages.— Wages are fixed on an hourly basis as follows: Cities of over 250,000 population: Males___________________________________________________________________ Females_________________________________________________________________ Cities of between 20,000 and 250,000 population: Males_______________________________________________________________ Females_____________________________________________________________ Cities or towns of less than 20,000 population: Males___________________________________________________________________ Females_________________________________________________________________ M in im u m hourly rate $0. 37% . 32% . 36/4 . 31% . 35 . 30 The minimum rates established for cities and towns under 20,000 population shall apply to all cities and towns, regardless of size, in the States of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro lina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Where men and women do the same work they shall receive equal pay. Apprentices during a 6-week period shall be paid at a rate not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate, and their number shall not exceed 5 percent of all employees in any establishment. No unskilled employee receiving in excess of the rates fixed shall be reduced. Equitable adjustments in all pay schedules of employees receiving more than the minimum are ordered within 30 days of the approval date of the code, unless such adjustments have already been made under the President’s Reemployment Agreement. For infirm, partially disabled, or physi cally handicapped employees wage agreements mutually satisfactory to employers and employees may be made provided this group shall not constitute more than 5 percent of the total number of employees. Minors.— No minor under 16 years of age shall be employed, but where State law fixes a higher age that law shall be observed. Administration.— The National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association becomes the agency for administering the code. From its board of directors, elected by a fair method to be approved by the Administrator of the National Industrial Recovery Act, a planning and fair-practice committee shall be chosen, to which committee the President may appoint three nonvoting members. The president of the National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association shall preside at committee meetings and vote in case of tie, and the managing director of the association shall be a member of the planning and fairpractice committee without vote. 16487°— 33------ 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1042 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Builders’ Supplies Trade Industry Coverage.— The sale of builders’ supplies to contractor or consumer. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. Hours.— According to the terms of the code, hours are fixed at a maximum of 40 in any 1 week with 4 exceptions. Executives employed in a managerial capacity paid $35 per week or more; out side salesmen; night and Sunday watchmen; and branch yard mana gers (each yard to have only one such manager). For employees of dealers employing not more than 2 persons in towns of less than 2,500 population, not part of a larger trading area, the maximum hours permitted are 48, provided that 66% percent of the sales volume is to agriculturalists. Such employees may work more than 48 hours pro vided time and a half is paid for all such overtime. Yard foremen, truck drivers, and their helpers may work 44 hours per week with provision for pay at time and a half for hours in excess of this maxi mum. Three months from the effective date of the code hours shall be reviewed by the code authority to the end of shortening the hours if business conditions warrant. Wages.— Minimum wages are fixed for geographical divisions: M in im u m hourly rate Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, W est Virgina, Arkansas, New Mexico, and Arizona---------------------------------------------------------- $0. 35 Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Colorado, Wyoming, Okla homa, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and . 40 southern division of California— ---------- ----------------------------- -------------California (northern division), Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Nebraska, New York (except New York City), Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Minne sota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, . 45 Wisconsin, and Michigan__________________________________________________ . 50 New York C ity ________________________________ _______________________________ These rates shall be applied, except to night and Sunday watchmen, in cities of 500,000 population and over (based on 1930 census), de creased by 5 cents in cities of 75,000 and under 500,000 population, and decreased by 10 cents in cities under 75,000 population unless such cities fall in the trade areas of the larger divisions. Payments at these rates shall be made regardless of whether the employee is engaged on a time or piece rate basis. Office employees shall be placed under the same minimum scale, with the further provision that such employees coming under the 48-hour maximum provisions receive not less than $12 a week. The rates of wages for labor, used in handling delivery, receiving above the scale shall be fixed by dealers with the approval of the Administrator. The wages of those workers engaged under the 48-hour maximum provision shall not be increased by reason of the longer week, provided the pay for the excess hours is at the rate of time and a half (based on the minimum hourly wage of a 40-hour week). Minors.— State law as to child-labor exemptions shall be observed but in no instance shall minors under 18 years of age be employed. Administration.— The code authority shall be elected from the directors of the National Federation of Builders’ Supply Associations and be made up of 7 members. Two additional members may be appointed by the Administrator, if he so elects, as well as 3 non voting members. Appropriate administrative agencies shall be ap pointed by the code authority. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1043 Glass Container Industry Coverage.— Production and selling of glass bottles, glass jars, and glass accessories for glass bottles and glass jars. Effective date.-—October 13, 1933. Hours.— Factory workers’ hours are established at 40 per week averaged over a 6-month period and not to exceed 48 hours in any 1 week. The balance of the year 1933 shall be considered the first period and subsequent periods shall begin January 1 and July 1, respectively. For office or branch employees the maximum is 40 hours per week averaged over a 1-month period and not to exceed 48 hours in any 1 week, with executives and supervisors, outside salesmen, technical and laboratory staffs, watchmen, and those em ployed in emergency maintenance and repair work excepted. If skilled workers are not available the code authority may approve longer hours for a period not to exceed 3 months. No employee may work for longer hours for two or more employers than those specified for a single employer. Wages .— Minimum wages are set at 40 cents an hour unless the rate was lower on July 15, 1929, in which event they shall not be less than 30 cents an hour. The rates established shall apply to workers engaged on timework or piecework and females and males shall receive equal compensation for equal work. Apprentices and learners shall receive 80 percent of the minimum rates provided they do not exceed in number 5 percent of the employees of any 1 plant and that the apprenticeship period shall not exceed 3 months. Existing differentials between the low and higher paid classes of employees up to $35 per week shall be maintained, provided that if inequities between plants result reasonable adjustments shall be made subject to supervision of the code authority. For employees earning over $35, other than executives and supervisors and including out side salesmen, time and a half the regular rate shall be paid for hours in excess of 40 hours per week, averaged over a 6-month period. Minors.— No minor under 16 years of age shall be employed and in hazardous manufacturing processes no person under 18 years. In States having higher requirements, as to age of employees, hours, wages, etc., than those established by the code the State laws shall be observed. Administration.— A code authority of 5 members shall be estab lished by the industry, and the Administrator may appoint 3 non voting members. Knitting, Braiding, and Wire-Covering Machine Industry Coverage.— Manufacture of such machines and parts used therein. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. Hours:— Hours of employees (except executives, supervisory staff, and outside salesmen) may not exceed 40 per week, provided, however, that in emergency or any period of concentrated demand an employee may work as long as 48 hours per week for not to exceed 8 weeks in any 6-month period, so long as the average for the 6-month period remains at 40 hours per week. If any employee works in excess of 8 hours in any 1 day, the overtime pay shall be at the rate of time and one half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1044 MONTHLY LABOE E E V IE W Wages.— Accounting, clerical, and office employees shall be paid at the rate of $14 per week and all other employees (except learners during their initial 90 days and apprentices, not to exceed more than 5 percent of the average yearly number of employees) shall receive a minimum of 40 cents an hour regardless of whether they are paid for timework or piecework performance. It is further stipulated that if State law specifies a higher minimum wage the requirements shall be met, and that employees expressly excepted shall receive not less than 80 percent of the minimum rates of pay. An equitable adjustment of wages above the minimum is prescribed. Minors.— No minor under 16 years of age may be employed, and none under 18 shall be employed on hazardous metal-working ma chinery. If the State law in any instance sets higher exemptions the law shall be observed. Administration.— A committee to act as a planning and fair-prac tice agency is established numbering 3 representatives, respectively, of the Knitting Machine Manufacturers’ Association and the Braid ing and Wire-Covering Machine Association, and 1 representative^ be selected by the 2 groups jointly. The President may also appoint 3 members to serve without voting power. Lime Industry Coverage.— Manufacture of quicklime and such of its allied products as are natural affiliates. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. Hours.— Employees except outside salesmen are limited to working hours of 40 per week and 8 in any 1 day, provided, however, that in seasonal peak periods or if storage facilities are lacking, or in emer gencies these limitations shall not apply. In no event may total working hours exceed an average of 40 over a 6-month period, and all overtime in excess of 8 hours per day shall be paid for at not less than one and one half times the hourly rate. Exempted from these provi sions are foremen, superintendents, managers, officials, or others com pensated on a regular salary basis in excess of $35 per week. Wages.— Minimum wages of employees, exclusive of accounting, clerical, and office employees, are fixed as follows: M in im u m hourly rate Territory south of the northern boundary of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkan sas (including the manufacturing section known as Southwestern Missouri), Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona______________________ All other territory__________________________________________________________ $0. 30 . 37^ Compensation fixed prior to adoption of the code in excess of the minimum shall be equitably adjusted. For accounting, clerical, or office employees compensation is ordered according to population on the basis of the 1930 Federal census as follows: M in im u m weekly wage In cities of over 500,000 population or immediate trade area_____________ $15. 00 In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population or immediate trade area_________________________________________________________________________ 14. 50 In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population or immediate trade areas. 14. 00 In towns of less than 2,500 population--------------------------------------------------------12. 00 Employees who by reason of old age or physical infirmities are in capable of normal productive effort shall be paid not less than 80 per https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ATIONAL EECOVEEY ADMINISTEATION 1045 cent of tlie foregoing minimum rates and may not number more than 5 percent of tlie total number employed. Minors.— No person under 16 years of age shall be employed. Administration.— The trade relations committee of the National Lime Association shall be the code authority and the Administrator may appoint not to exceed three nonvoting members to participate in its deliberations. Luggage and Fancy Leather Goods Industry Coverage.— The manufacture of brief cases, hand luggage, fancy and small leather goods, sample cases and sample trunks, and trunks, excluding such similar articles as may be covered by other specific codes. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. Hours.— The maximum working week provided is 40 hours, with a further restriction to 8 hours on any working day. Manufacturers, executives, and employers working in a strictly managerial or execu tive capacity, outside salesmen, watchmen, and emergency repair crews are excepted. Engineers, firemen, shipping force, and drivers may work not to exceed 48 hours per week, except in emergency when all hours worked in excess of 48 per week shall be regarded as overtime and paid for at the rate of not less than time and one third. Clerical and office force when required because of an emergency to work in excess of the 40 hours prescribed shall also be paid for overtime at the rate of time and one third the regular pay. Wages.— Minimum wages are established for two geographical divisions: M in im u m hourly rate Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Car olina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Ar kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona: Males_____________________________ $0. 3 2 ^ Females_________________________________________________________________ . 30 Elsewhere in United States: Males___________________________________________________________________ . 35 Females_________________________________________________________________ . 32}£ Learners during a 6 weeks’ period shall be paid at not less than 80 percent of the minimum wage and may not exceed 5 percent of the total number employed in a particular factory. Piecework rates shall be so fixed as to guarantee the worker wages no lower than the minimum, and all rates shall be so fixed that earning opportunities are equivalent to those obtaining under the longer hours previously es tablished. There shall be no discrimination between sexes, equal pay being given for the same work. Minors.— Employment of minors under 16 years of age is forbidden. Administration.— Administration of the code shall devolve upon the Executive Code Committee, composed of directors of the National Luggage and Leather Goods Manufacturers Association; the presi dent and vice president of the fancy and small leather goods division of the association; 3 members selected by the Luggage and Leather Goods Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc.; 2 members of the industry at large; and 3 nonvoting members appointed by the President. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1046 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW Retail Lumber, Lumber Products, Building Materials, and Building Specialties Industry Coverage.— All those products used in building and construction work with the following exceptions, which are known to the public and trade as builders’ supplies and are included in the Code of Fair Competition for Dealers in Builders Supplies: Brick, mortars, case ment and steel sash, cement and cement products, cement pipe, ceramic tile, clay roof tile, common brick, cut stone, dampers and fireplace accessories, drain tile, face brick, fire brick and clay, glazed structural tile, gypsum products (except gypsum wallboard), hollow tile, lime and lime products, mesh reenforcement, metal lath and kindred prod ucts, mineral aggregates, mortar and cement colors, molding plasters, roof and flooring slates, sewer pipe, flue lining and other clay products, structural terra cotta, and waterproofing compounds. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. Hours.— Maximum hours of labor are established as 40 per week except for executives earning $35 or more per week, outside salesmen and night and Sunday watchmen, and branch-yard managers (lim ited to one for each branch yard). Employees of dealers employing not more than 2 persons in towns of less than 2,500 population may work 48 hours per week, provided at least two thirds of their sales volume is to persons engaged in agriculture, and that such employees may work in excess of 48 hours per week if paid time and one half (based on the minimum rate for the 40-hour week) for the additional hours. Yard foremen are allowed to work up to 44 hours per week, with the same overtime rates for additional hours. Truck drivers and their helpers shall not work over 44 hours per week except where existing contracts specify longer hours, in which event the hours shall not exceed 48 in any 1 week and the hourly rate of pay shall be in creased in the same proportion as the contract hours bear to 48 hours. Three months from the effective date of the code, the maximum hours shall be reviewed and shortened if business conditions warrant a reduction. Wages.— Weekly wages of employees who received above the mini mum on the effective date of the code shall not be lowered notwith standing any reduction in working hours. With the exception of night and Sunday watchmen and exceptions to be noted, the minimum hourly rates shall be fixed as follows: Division 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. M in im um hourly rate Alabam a____________________________________________________________________ $0. 35 California (northern division)------------------------------------------------------------------. 45 North and South Carolina-----------------------------------------------------------------------. 35 Florida_____________________________________________________________________ . 35 Georgia____________________________________________________________________ • 35 Illinois_____________________________________________________________________ . 45 Indiana____________________________________________________________________ • 45 Kentucky__________________________________________________________________ . 35 Louisiana__________________________________________________________________ • 35 Lower peninsula of Michigan____________________________________________ . 45 Eastern portion of Pennsylvania, and 7 southern counties of New Jer sey______________________________________________________________________ • 45 Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia_____________________ .4 0 Mississippi________________________________________________________________ • 35 Colorado and W yom ing---------------------------------------------------------------------------. 40 New Mexico______________________________________________________________ • 35 Nebraska__________________________________________________________________ • 45 Fourteen northern countiesof New Jersey______________________________ . 45 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1047 M in im u m hourly rate Division 16. The city of New York____________________________________________________ $0. 50 17. New York (except the city of New York), Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and McKean County, Pennsylvania_________________________________________________ . 45 18. Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa________________________ . 45 19. Ohio__________________ _____________________________________________________ . 45 20. Western portion of Pennsylvania________________________________________ . 45 21. Arkansas__________________________________________________________________ . 35 .4 5 Missouri (except St. Louis and St. Louis County)_____________________ Kansas_____________________________________________________________________ . 45 Oklahoma_____________________________________ *________________________ . 40 22. Tennessee_________________________________________________________________ . 35 23. Texas______________________________________________________________________ . 35 24. U tah_______________________________________________________________________ . 40 25. Virginia____________________________________________________________________ . 35 . 40 26. Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada________________________ 27. W est Virginia_____________________________________________________________ . 35 28. Wisconsin and upper peninsula ofMichigan_____________________________ .4 5 29. Cook County, Illinois____________________________________________________ . 45 30. St. Louis and St. Louis County, M o ____________________________________ . 45 31. Arizona____________________________________________________________________ . 35 . 40 32. California (southern division)_______ ____________________________________ According as the population as established by the Federal census of 1930 varies, these rates shall be as established or lowered. In cities of 500,000 and over the rate shall be as fixed; in cities of 75,000 and under 500,000 population it shall be 5 cents below the rate set; and in cities of less than 75,000 population, 10 cents less. In metropolitan or urban areas the rates for labor used in handling and delivery above the minimum fixed shall be not less than the rates agreed on by the majority of dealers, with the approval of the code authority and the Administrator. Office workers under 19 years of age and with less than 6 months’ experience and persons partially disabled may be paid not less than 75 percent of the minimum specified and may not exceed 10 percent of the total number of yard, office, and service employees. The pay of employees in towns of under 2,500, where not more than 2 are in the employ of an employer, shall be not less than the minimum hourly rates for 40 hours and time and one half for the hours in excess of 48, provided no such employee shall receive less than $12 for 48 hours. All rates established guarantee a minimum rate of pay regardless of whether the employee is engaged on a time- or piece- work basis. Minors.— A minimum age of 16 is required for employment in the industry and no person under 18 may be employed in handling lumber and building materials or as an operator of or as an off bearer from any woodworking machinery. Administration.— The code authority shall consist of one member from each of the constituent divisions of the National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, which is also empowered to elect two additional members at large, and three nonvoting members appointed by the Administrator. Saddlery Manufacturing Industry Coverage.—Manufacturing harness, harness parts, strap work, collars, and saddles, or any of them, and/or kindred lines whether made of leather or substitutes for leather, and selling, by manufacturers, of products of their own manufacture. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1048 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Hours.— Hours may not exceed 40 per week, averaged over a 4month period, nor 8 per day, except by payment for overtime at the rate of V/% times the regular rate. The hours of the supervisory staff and executives, watchmen, bookkeepers, and outside salesmen are not subject to the limitation of hours; neither are machine repair men, factory engineers, and firemen, who may be employed in emer gencies for a longer period (who shall, however, be paid the overtime rate for hours exceeding 40) ; nor office workers, inside salesmen, stock clerks, order clerks, shipping clerks, porters, warehousemen, packers, truckmen, and drivers whcPshall not work in excess of 40 hours average in any 26-week period. No employee shall work in excess of the prescribed hours for one or more employers. The maximum hours shall not apply to employees on emergency maintenance and repair work, who in such special cases shall be paid the overtime rate for the excess hours. Wages.— The code classifies labor in the saddlery industry as con sisting of skilled mechanics and unskilled labor. The skilled occu pations include: Cutters, sewing-machine operators, fitters, stampers, stuffers, hand collar facers, bucklers, thong stitchers, whether by hand or machine, operators of click ing machines, dieing-out machines, riveting machines, finishing machines, punch ing machines, or other similar machines. Unskilled labor shall be paid-as follows: Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, M in im u m Louisiana, New Mexico, and Arizona: hourly rate General rate______________________________________________________________$0. 32% Women making pads, etc_________________________________________ . 30 Elsewhere in the United States: General rate____________________________________________________________ . 35 Women making pads, etc_____________________________________________ . 32% A differential of at least 15 cents shall be paid the lowest paid skilled mechanic. Beginners without previous experience shall re ceive not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate for not over 90 days and those with experience (skilled) when transferred shall receive not less than 80 percent of the applicable rate for not more than 90 days, the percentage of all beginners not to exceed 5 percent of the total number employed, except that any manufacturer may employ at least 2 beginners. Skilled mechanics having some physical or mental disability are exempt from the wage provisions of their class but such workers shall not exceed 5 percent of the total number em ployed except that any manufacturer may employ 2 such workers. If paid on piece rates they shall receive the regular rate and if on a time basis what they are worth but in no case less than 80 percent of the minimum rate for unskilled workers. Minors.— In this industry no minor under 16 years of age may be employed or retained. Administration.—A code authority is set up consisting of the Sad dlery Industry National Committee, and three nonvoting members appointed by the President. W om en’s Belt Industry Coverage.— The manufacture and wholesale distribution of women’s, misses’, and children’s separate belts made of leather, imitation leather, and/or other materials and fabrics. Effective date.— October 13, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIO NAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1049 Hours.— Under the terms of the code a 40-hour work week and an 8-hour day in any 24 hours are established. The hours provisions do not apply to executives and outside salesmen. Subject to review of the Administrator the code authority may fix the beginning and closing hours. No overtime shall be permitted except with the approval of the Administrator. Employees may not work in excess of the es tablished hours for one or more employers and no home work shall be permitted. Wages.— Wages for 40 hours shall be not less than the following minimum rates and shall apply whether the worker is engaged on a time- or piece-rate basis. M in im u m weekly wage Cutters______________________________________________ $28. 00 Imitation leather strippers_________________________ 25. 00 Operators___________________________________________ 17. 00 14. 00 Unskilled labor and office workers___________ Outside errand boys________________________________ 12. 00 Hourly rates of compensation in effect July 1, 1933, shall not be reduced. Where hours have been reduced and wages not increased equitable adjustments shall be made in order to maintain differentials. Minors.— No person under 16 years of age shall be employed in the industry. Administration.—Administration of the code shall be in the hands of the code authority, having seven members selected by the National Association of Women’s Belt Manufacturers, Inc., and two nonvoting representatives appointed by the Administrator. Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Machinery Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— Manufacture for sale of all laundry and dry-cleaning apparatus, machinery, appliances, and parts thereof other than small macliinery, apparatus, appliances, and parts thereof for use in the home. Effective date.— October 14, 1933. Hours.— Maximum hours are fixed at 36 per week for employees en gaged in the production of products and labor operations directly incident thereto. Other employees, except executive, administrative, and supervisory employees and service staff and traveling sales staff, may not work in excess of 40 hours per week. However, where sea sonal or peak demand exists employees may be allowed to work up to an aggregate of 72 hours in any calendar 6-months period in excess of the hours established; such limitations shall not, however, apply in cases of emergency. Furthermore, the average for any 6-month period shall not exceed the limitations above specified. Extra time shall be reported to the Administrator and all such work in excess of 8 hours in any day shall be compensated for at the rate of time and one half the regular rate. Wages.—The minimum wages are established as follows: For labor directly incident to production, 40 cents per hour; for incidental labor and learners, not to exceed 5 percent of the total number employed in production, 80 percent of the minimum rate for direct labor and the regular rate after 3 months; for other employees, $14 per week, with office boys or girls, not to exceed 5 percent of the total number em ployed, paid 80 percent of the minimum rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1050 • MONTHLY LABOK EE V IE W It is further provided that where female labor is engaged for the same work and during the same hours as male labor the pay shall be the same. Not less than 90 days after the effective date of the code the adjustments made in wages shall be reported. Employers may not reclassify employees to defeat the purposes of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The wages fixed guarantee a minimum whether employees are engaged on a time- or piece-work basis. Minors.— Minors under 16 are barred from employment and where State law fixes a higher exemption it must be observed. Administration.— The Laundry and Dry Cleaners Machinery Man ufacturers’ Association shall promote the observance of the code and the supervisory agency, made up of six members connected with the industry and not more than three nonvoting members appointed by the President or Administrator, shall enforce its provisions. Bankers’ Industry Coverage.— Any person employed by a bank in any capacity in connection with its banking functions and operations. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— Under the code provisions the maximum working time is limited to 40 hours per week averaged over 13 consecutive weeks, except that in sections where the seasonal factor in commerce, agri culture, etc., imposes an unusual load on banking facilities the week may be extended to 48 hours for a period not to exceed 16 consecutive weeks in any calendar year, and any such increase shall be reported monthly to the banking code committee. Bank employees whose services are required in connection with periodic Federal or State examinations, over which the bank has no control, shall be exempt from the limitations as to hours, as shall be employees in banking institutions employing not more than 2 persons in addition to execu tive officers in towns of less than 2,500 population, not part of a larger trade area, and employees in a managerial or executive capacity or in any other capacity of distinction or sole responsibility (regardless of bank location) who receive more than $35 per week. The hours provisions shall not apply to night watchmen employed to safeguard the assets of the bank, who cannot with safety be shifted or changed during the night. Wages.— Weekly wages are fixed according to population as follows: M in im u m w eekly wage Cities of over 500,000 population, or immediate trade area_______________$15. 00 Cities of between 250,000 and 500,000, or immediate trade area_________ 14. 50 Cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population, or immediate trade area. 14. 00 In towns of less than 2,500 population wages are to be increased not less than 20 percent, provided this does not increase wages to more than $12 per week. For employees without previous banking experience or training an apprenticeship period of 6 months is provided with pay at the rate of 80 percent of the rates provided, this group not to exceed 1 in 20 employees. It is also stipulated that employers shall not reduce compensation for employment in excess of minimum wages provided, notwithstanding that hours may be reduced under the code. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1051 Minors.—Employment of minors under 16 years of age is prohibited, and if a State law provides a higher minimum age such law shall be observed. Administration.— A banking code committee is established as a planning and fair-practice agency, to consist of 15 representatives of the American Bankers Association; 1 representative selected by 51 percent (measured by total resources) of the nonmembers of the association, and 1 representative or more without vote appointed by the President. Boiler Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— Manufacturing all types of steel steam boilers for sta tionary and marine use (except boilers for locomotives and such boilers as may be specifically covered by other codes), stokers of 36 square feet of grate area and over, pulverized fuel equipment, superheaters, air preheaters, and economizers, and class 1 welded pressure vessels, and, with the approval of the Administrator, such other affiliated groups as may seek inclusion. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— A 40-hour week worked on 5 consecutive days of 8 hours each is the maximum provided. Where it is necessary to work shorter hours the work may be divided by agreement between em ployer and employees to a lesser number of days per week, with a limit of 9 hours on any 1 day. In emergency, production, repair, or erection work that cannot be taken care of through the addition of workers may be done by the regular force, but excess time shall be paid for at the rate of time and one half the hourly rate for shop work and double the hourly rate for repair, renewal, and construction and/or erection work. Otherwise, executives, administrative, and supervisory employees, and traveling and commission sales people are the only employees exempt from the 40-hour maximum work week. No employee shall work in excess of the prescribed hours per week in the aggregate for one or more employers, but if he does so without the connivance of any one of such employers, said employee shall not be held to have violated the code. No new apprentices shall be employed unless the Administrator grants the power because of absorption of the existing labor surplus in reasonably steady employment. Wages.— For labor directly incident to the manufacture of boilers the minimum rate of pay is fixed at 34 cents per hour in the South and 40 cents in the North. The South is designated as south of the States of Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky, and east of the Mississippi River. Excepted from the minimum wages are old or partially disabled employees and watchmen, who shall in no case be paid less than 80 percent of the fixed rates and may not exceed 2 percent of the total number employed; where less than 100 persons are em ployed 2 employees of this class may be engaged. For employees other than those engaged in labor operations the rate of pay shall he $15 per week, except for commission sales people; provided, however, that office boys and girls, not to exceed 5 percent of the total number employed, may be paid not less than 80 percent of that minimum, and provided also that where a State law fixes a higher minimum wage no person shall be paid a lower wage than that so fixed. Any system of contract work by which an employee undertakes to do work at a set price and engages other employees to work for him https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1052 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW is prohibited, nor may any employer contract for the fabrication and/or erection of any product of the industry unless the person taking the contract agrees to comply with the labor provisions of the code. Wage differentials for all operations shall be equitably readjusted and may not be decreased in any instance. Minors.— No member of the industry may employ any person under 16 years of age, and if State law provides a higher exemption such law shall be observed. Administration.— To administer the code the American Boiler Manufacturers Association committee of industrial recovery is desig nated as a planning and fair-practice agency. The Administrator is privileged to appoint one or more representatives without vote to serve in an advisory capacity. Electric Storage and W et Primary Battery Industry Coverage.— The manufacture of electric storage and wet primary batteries, parts, and accessories therefor. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— Under the terms established no factory employees engaged in processing and incident labor, excluding supervisors receiving $35 and over per week, shall work in excess of an average of 40 hours per week in any calendar week, nor in excess of 48 hours in any week or 8 hours in any 1 day. When it is necessary in order to avoid eco nomic waste, employees (not to exceed 10 percent of the total number) may be permitted a 10 percent tolerance in maximum hours per day, provided the maximum weekly hours are not raised for the calendar week, nor the average hours per week in any calendar year. No other employee, except managerial and executive staffs and technical engineers and outside salesmen, receiving not less than $35 per week, may work in excess of an average of 40 hours per week in any calendar year. These provisions, however, do not apply to employees on emergency maintenance and repair work, but for such work time and one third the regular rate shall be paid for hours worked in excess of those specified. No worker shall work, whether for one or more employers, beyond the fixed number of hours per week. Wages.— Factory employees shall receive a minimum rate of 40 cents an hour in processing and labor incident thereto, unless the hourly rate for the same class of work was less on July 15, 1929, in which case the rate on that date shall apply, provided it is not less than 90 percent of the minimum set in the code. Learners may be paid not less than 80 percent of the established rate and may not number over 3 percent of the total number of factory employees. For other employees the minimum established is $15 per week, with a provision for payment of office boys and girls (not to exceed 3 percent of the total number employed) at not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate. Equitable adjustments of pay schedules above the minimum on or before the effective date of the code are ordered. Persons employed in the industry are entitled to claim the benefit of the occupational classifications of June 16, 1933. There shall be no discrimination in wages by reason of sex. Minors.— No person under 16 years of age may be employed in the industry and no person under 18 in factory work. No female shall be employed where exposure to an appreciable lead hazard exists. Administration.—The code authority shall have five members fairly representative of the industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1053 Ice Industry Coverage.— The production, manufacture, harvesting, selling, or distributing and/or merchandising of ice at wholesale or retail. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— The code establishes a 40-hour week and 8-hour day for office and clerical employees and for those other than the groups mentioned and those exercising executive or supervisory functions a 48-hour week averaged over a 12-month period, provided that such employees shall not work in excess of 56 hours in any 1 week. This may not be construed as permitting the employment of individual workers for continuous 56-hour periods one after the other, and it is the intent of this clause not to allow the operation of one shift on any one job exceeding 56 hours in any 1 week and averaging over 48 hours for any 12-month period, with a further limitation that where the weekly hours on July 15, 1933, were less than the maximum they shall not be increased. The supervisory groups excepted from the hours provisions are so excepted provided they have continuous em ployment and are paid not less than $30 in the North and $25 in the South, regardless of the off season, and provided also that they do not exceed 1 for every 7 employees or fraction thereof in operations em ploying at least 4 persons. Where an owner, partner, etc., performs any of the functions of labor the hours of which are restricted under this code, and to the extent that a nonmanufacturing distributor or person selling solely on commission performs the function of labor in distribution and service to the public, he shall be bound by the hours regulations under the code. No employee may work for one or more employers in excess of the prescribed number of hours. Wages.— The minimum rates of pay are: South: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, M in im u m Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, hourly rate Texas, Virginia____________________________________________________________ $0.23 Other sections---------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------.32}£ In the South, drivers’ helpers, the number of which shall not be in excess of the number under regular employment July 15, 1933, shall be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate, provided that if the rate was higher on that date it shall not be reduced. The rates established cover time- and piece-rate employees except that persons selling solely on commission basis are exempt. Equitable adjustment in all pay schedules is ordered on or before the effective date of the code. Minors.— Minors under 16 years of age may not be employed, and where State law specifies a higher minimum it shall supersede that in the code. Administration.— The code authority for the ice industry shall con sist of eight members, of whom three without vote shall be appointed by the Administrator and five shall be selected by the National Association of Ice Industries and approved by the Administrator. Optical Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— The manufacture of spectacles, oxfords, lorgnettes, and other ophthalmic frames, mountings, and accessories; all ophthalmic lenses in quantity, e}7e-glass and spectacle cases, parts, sun-glasses, industrial goggles, and eye protectors, and, as adapted to this industry, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1054 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW instruments, equipment, tools, machinery, and furniture for use in examining eyes and in making, fitting, repairing, and otherwise servicing eye-wear and ophthalmic products; provided, however, that said term “ optical manufacturing industry” shall not include the wholesale or retail operations with respect to the products manu factured. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— The code establishes a 40-hour week with the privilege of 8 hours a week of overtime during a period not to exceed 16 consecu tive weeks in divisions where peak demand makes this necessary. No employee may work in excess of 2,080 hours in any 1 year. Ex emptions under the hours regulations are allowed for the supervisory staff, outside salesmen, and emergency crews. All such workers paid on an hourly basis shall, however, be paid at the rate of one and one third times the regular hourly rate for hours in excess of 40. Waqes.— Minimum wages are fixed as follows: Minimum, N ot less than 75 percent of the total number employed b y hourly rate any employer_________________________________ :--------------------$0.40 N ot less than 20 percent of the total number employed by any employer___________________________________________ .32)4 N ot less than 5 percent of the total number employed by any employer_______________________________________________ .25 The class paid 25 cents an hour shall include only learners for a period not to exceed 6 weeks and errand boys and girls. The total number employed shall mean the total engaged in the manufacture of each single-line product whether or not the employer produces more than one line. Minors.— No employer shall employ or have in his employ any person under 16 years of age, with a higher minimum where required by State law. Administration.-—The Optical Manufacturers’ Code Committee shall be composed of seven members chosen by a fair method and approved by the Administrator. Silk Textile Industry Coverage.— The manufacture of silk and/or rayon and/or acetate yarn (or any combination thereof) woven fabrics or any of the proc esses of such manufacturing except throwing, but it shall not include such manufacturing of rayon and/or acetate yarn fabrics as are gov erned by the provisions of the Cotton-Textile Code. The term shall include also the converting of the woven fabrics enumerated above, the manufacture of silk, rayon, and/or acetate yarn sewing threads, spun silk, woven labels, and shall include such other related branches whether engaged in merchandising or manufacturing as may from time to time be brought within the provisions of this code. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— By the terms of this code maximum working hours of productive employees are set at 40 per week and machinery may not be operated for more than two shifts of 40 hours per week. No other employees may work more than 480 hours in any 12 weeks, or an average of 40 hours per week with work in no 1 week exceeding 48 hours. From this restriction the following are excluded: Repair-shop crews, engineers, electricians, firemen, supervising staff, shipping, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1055 watching, and outside crews. The hours of repair-shop crews, engi neers, and electricians, except in case of emergency, shall be 40 with a tolerance of 10 percent. Emergency time must be reported monthly to the general planning committee and overtime above 40 hours shall be paid for at one and one third times the regular hourly rate. A schedule of maximum hours for outside crews must be submitted to the Administrator for approval not later than January 1, 1934. The hours established provide the maximum allowable for each employee and in no event may workers work in excess of these hours for one or more employers. Where the maximum provided is greater than that permitted by State law the law shall take precedence. Wages.— Weekly wages are set at a minimum for employees, ex cluding learners, of $12 in the southern and $13 in the northern section of the country. The southern section embraces the States of Vir ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, and the northern section the remainder of the United States. A learner is one who has served an apprenticeship of less than 6 weeks, and shall be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate. The total number of learners must not exceed 5 percent of the total number of employees in any plant. Differentials between wages of workers in the upper brackets up to $30 per week as of July I, 1933, shall be maintained, but no employer need make an increase that will bring his scale above those of other employers who have made the required revisions. Incapac itated persons may waive their right to the minimum wages but shall be paid the standard piece rates and not less than $8 per week for timework. Employers having 100 or less workers may employ 1 worker of this category while employers with more than 100 employees shall include within such category not more than 1 percent of his employees. Minors.— Minors under age 16 are barred from employment unless State law specifies a higher exemption which, if existing, must be observed. Administration.— A general planning committee is provided as a planning and fair-practice agency. Its membership shall consist of 11 representatives of the industry and 3 non voting members appointed by the Administrator. Textile Machinery Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— The manufacture for sale of complete machines and parts thereof and accessories therefor used in textile establishments for the actual manufacture of yarn and/or woven fabrics or for finishing or dyeing, whether as a final process or as part of a larger and further process. Effective date.— October 16,1933. Hours.— With the exception of executives, supervisory staff, re ceiving more than $35 per week and outside salesmen, the hours of labor are limited to 40 per week, provided that in periods of concen trated demand upon any division of the industry an employee of such division may be permitted to work not more than 48 hours per week in not more than 8 weeks of any 6-month period as long as the average working week in such period does not exceed 40 hours. Any employee not expressly excepted shall be paid time and one half the regular rate for any hours exceeding 8 per day. Repair and main https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1056 MONTHLY LABOE E E V IE W tenance crews, engineers, and electricians may work a tolerance of 10 percent in excess of the maximum hours, provided they receive the regular overtime pay therefor. No employee shall work regularly more than six days in a 7-day period. Wages.— Minimum wages under the code are established as $14 per week for accounting, clerical, and office employees; for all other employees (except outside helpers and shippers south of the Potomac River, learners during their initial 90 days, apprentices, and watch men) the hourly wage rate shall be 35 cents regardless of whether payment is made on a time- or piece-rate basis. Wages above the minimum shall be equitably adjusted to the end that the differentials between rates paid skilled and unskilled workers existing prior to adoption of the code be maintained. Outside helpers and shippers south of the Potomac, learners during their initial 90 days, appren tices, and watchmen shall receive not less than the hourly rate prevail ing for the same class of labor on July 15, 1929, and in no event less than 30 cents per hour. All of these provisions are subject to change in States where the law establishes higher rates. M inors— Minors under 16 may not be employed and no persons under 18 may work in connection with any metal- or wood-working or other moving machinery, or on heat process, or in any other haz ardous occupations. These provisions are again subject to revision according to State law. Administration— A code authority is formed as a planning and fairpractice agency, consisting of 9 representatives of the industry and 3 nonvoting representatives appointed by the President. Throwing Industry Coverage.— A ll p la n ts o f th ro w in g m a ch in e ry w ith in th e U n ited S ta tes w h eth er o w n e d a n d /o r o p e ra te d b y com m issio n th row sters or b y th ose th row in g m a terial fo r sale o r fo r th eir o w n use and m a d e o f silk, ra y o n , o r a ce ta te yarn s. Effective date.— October 16, 1933. Hours.— No productive employee shall work or be employed for more than 40 hours per wreek. Operation of productive machinery shall be restricted to the hours between 6 a.m. on Monday and 7 a.m. of the following Saturday. Full working shifts shall be limited to 2 of 40 hours each, except that a reduced force of male operatives over 18 years of age, not to exceed 35 percent of the total number working in all throwing processes on the larger of the two full shifts, may be employed as and when necessary during the time when neither of the full shifts is working. The restriction on use of throwing machinery between certain fixed hours shall not hold where such machinery is in weaving plants operating under the cotton-textile industry code and throwing yarn (rayon or other synthetic threads) for their own use only in their own plants; operation of this equipment, however, may not exceed 121 hours each week unless the code for the throwing industry is amended to allow operation for more than 121 hours per week. Nonproductive employees, other than supervising staff, may work not more than 40 hours in any 1 week, with the option of extension to 44 hours when necessary and in emergency beyond that time, provided such emergency work is duly reported monthly to the Code Administration Committee and provided that one and one third times the regular rate shall be paid for hours in excess of 44. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1057 Wages.— Productive and nonproductive employees (with certain exceptions) are to be paid at the rate of 30 cents per hour in the southern section of the industry (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Loui siana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland) and 32% cents in the northern section (i.e., all other parts of the country). No employee shall be paid less for 40 hours of labor per week than he received as of April 1, 1933, for a period not exceeding 50 hours per week. The classes of labor excluded from these minimum rates are: (1) Bobbin and skein carriers and bobbin cleaners, who may not exceed 10 percent of the total number of employees of the shift and must be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate; (2) learners (who have worked less than 12 weeks in the throwing industry), who shall be started at the rate of 20 cents per hour, increased to 26 cents at the expiration of the first 6 weeks and to the established minimum at the expiration of the next 6 weeks; and (3) the special force of male operatives over 18 years of age, mentioned above, who are allowed to work extra hours and who are to be paid at the rate of 40 cents per hour in the southern section and 43.3 cents in the northern section of the country. For clarification of the status of the learner and in order that he may at all times be properly accredited with time served, it is pro vided that at the end of the first 6 weeks of the learning period the learner shall be given a card showing the time served, etc., which is to be replaced by a second card upon expiration of the full learning period. The form of these cards is to be prescribed by the code authority. Provisions as to wages shall be subject to correction in conformity with State law where higher rates are prescribed. Minors.— No minor under 16 years of age may be employed, except that if a higher minimum age is prescribed by State law the latter shall be complied with. Administration.—A Code Administration Committee is set up having 12 members in addition to the president of the dbrowsters Research Institute, Inc., who shall be chairman, and not to exceed 3 representatives without vote appointed by the Administrator. The secretary of the Throwsters Research Institute, Inc., shall be the secretary of the Code Administration Committee. At least one com mittee member shall be chosen, respectively, from the commission throwsters of weaving yarns, commission throwsters of knitting yarns, rayon and/or cotton weavers, knitters, yarn dealers, and silk weavers. Members shall be chosen by vote of signers of the code on the basis of one vote for each 5,000 spindles or fraction thereof oper ated by the owner and registered with the Throwsters Research Institute, Inc. Umbrella Industry Coverage.—-The manufacture of umbrellas, parasols, and covers thereof. Elective date.— October 16, 1933. . Hours.— Working time under the code is restricted to a total of 5 days and 40 hours per week and 8 hours per day. Salesmen, officers, and directors of manufacturing corporations, partners in, or individual owners of, manufacturing plants, when such persons are engaged m 16487°—33------- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1058 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W actual manufacture of products are subject to these provisions. Em ployees in a managerial or executive capacity who received more than $35 at the time the code was approved and outside salesmen who de vote their entire time to selling are not restricted to such hours. Neither do the hours apply to employees engaged in emergency repair work, who may not work more than 16 hours in 2 successive days and shall receive one and one third times the regular pay for hours exceed ing 8 on any 1 day. Watchmen may not exceed a total of 84 working hours in any 2-week period, to consist of three 12-hour shifts in 1 week and 4 the next. It is also provided that only one shift operation be allowed employers on the basis of the hours stipulated and that in case it becomes necessary to work more than one shift a petition may be made to the Administrator for a ruling on the point in question. Wages.— Wages are established at the following minimum rates: M in im u m New York City (50 miles of Times Square): hourly rate Cutters--------------------------------------------------------------------------$0. 65 Operators_______________________________________________ . 42}£ Tippers_________________________________________________ . 40 Examiners, finishers, mounters, steamers, and shippers______________________________________________ . 35 Others__________________________________________________ 1 14. 00 Outside of metropolitan New York: Cutters_________________________________________________ . 60 Operators_______________________________________________ . 40 Tippers-------------. 37)4 Examiners, finishers, mounters, steamers, and shippers______________________________________________ . 32 y2 Others__________________________________________________ 1 13. 00 Learners having less than 6 weeks’ experience in the industry shall be paid at not less than 80 percent of the specified rates, and may not number more than 5 percent of the total employed. Workers suffer ing from the infirmities of old age who cannot be employed on a piece work basis at the established rate shall receive not less than $8 per week and shall not exceed 5 percent of the total number of regularly employed workers. For such infirm workers as were employed on or before July 15, 1933, a record of earnings, sex, hours, etc., shall be furnished to the planning and fair-practice agency by their respective employers. The established wages shall apply whether persons are employed on a piece- or time-rate basis. For workers in wage brackets above the minimum the existing wages shall not be reduced notwithstanding the reduction in hours. Home work is prohibited. M inors— Minors under 16 may not be employed and where State law establishes a higher exemption it shall be observed. Administration.—A planning and fair practice agency is provided, made up of the executive committee of the National Association of Umbrella Manufacturers, Inc. With the approval of the Adminis trator this body may appoint such committees as are necessary. Automatic Sprinkler Industry Coverage.— Without limitation, a person, partnership, or corporation engaged in the business of manufacturing automatic sprinklers and devices, and fabrication and installation of such equipment. Effective date.— October 19, 1933. 1 W eekly rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1059 Hours.— A 40-hour week is provided for construction employees and also for manufacturing workers, except watchmen who may work not to exceed 56 hours per week. Otherwise, only outside salesmen and employees in managerial or executive capacities receiving more than $35 per week are excluded from the 40-hour-week provision. Wages.— Minimum wages are established as follows: Construction labor: Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, • Alabama, Mississippi, southern half of Arkansas, and southern half of Virginia______________________________________________________ Elsewhere in the United States______________________________________ Common labor (not to exceed 8 percent of total skilled and semi skilled) , 80 percent of rates of construction labor. Manufacturing labor: Workers other than watchmen_______________________________________ Watchmen, 70 percent of rate of other manufacturing labor. Accounting, clerical, office, service, and sales employees, excluding office boys: In cities of over 500,000 population______________________________ In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population____________ In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population______________ Office boys, 80 percent of rates of accounting, clerical etc., workers howl™raU $0. 37>£ . 43 % . 40 M in im u m weekly wage $15. 00 14. 50 14. 00 These rates establish a guaranteed minimum rate whether workers are engaged on a time- or piece-rate basis. No employee may be classified in one of the excepted classes unless he performs work iden tical with that falling in such class on June 16, 1933. Wages of per sons receiving in excess of the minimum rates at the time the code went into effect are ordered equitably adjusted. Minors.— The employment of minors under 16 years of age is pro hibited with the further stipulation that where State law fixes a higher exemption the law shall be observed. Administration.—Administration of the code is delegated to the code authority, having as members 3 representatives of manufacturing companies and not more than 3 members without vote appointed by the President or his delegated authority under the National Industrial Recovery Act. Handkerchief Industry Coverage.-—The manufacture, embellishment, and finishing by hand or machine of handkerchiefs, except that embellishment by Schiffli embroidery machines, so-called “ hand-loom” machines and “ handembroidery machines” is not included. Effective date.— October 19, 1933. Hours.-—Hours under the code are fixed at 8 in any 24-hour period and 40 per week. Machine operation is limited to one shift of 40 hours except during emergency periods and then only for a limited time and with the express approval of the Administrator. The hours as established apply to members of shipping crews except for a maxi mum of 16 weeks in any calendar year when 48 may be allowed at the regular hourly rate for hours above 40 per week. Repair-shop crews, machinists, electricians, and drivers are allowed a maximum of 45 hours per week, with longer hours in case of emergency, again with overtime pay at the regular hourly rate. No employee may exceed the fixed hours whether working for one or more employers. These provisions refer neither to members of outside sales force nor watch men, executives, or persons in administrative capacities or engineers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1060 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW or firemen, provided such employees receive not less than $25 per week. It is also stated in the code that the provisions do not apply outside the continental portion of the United States. Wages.— Minimum wages are established as follows: M inim um Southern section: weekly wage Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia____ $12. 00 Other sections of the United States__________________________________ 13. 00 These differentials are subject to change by the Administrator if unfair disadvantages result therefrom. No learner engaged in actual manufacture shall receive less than $9 per week and may not be deemed a learner for more than 8 weeks, regardless of where he may work. The learners in any shop may not exceed 10 percent of the employees. Differentials of other than those at the minimum shall be maintained as of July 1, 1933, subject to review of the code authority and the Administrator, and no weekly wages shall be reduced, notwithstanding the lowering of hours worked, without such review. The rates as established apply whether persons are compensated on a time- or piece-rate basis. Physically handicapped and aged workers, not to exceed 6 percent of the total number of employees, may receive not less than 80 percent of minimum rates and their names must be filed with the agency that shall be prescribed. Home manufacture of handkerchiefs is prohibited after January 1, 1934, except where the handkerchief is wholly hand-made. Manufacture and processing of handkerchiefs of which 60 percent or more of the cost is for labor, with a wholesale price of not less than $3.50 per dozen, are not subject to the hours, learners, physically handicapped, and home-work restrictions. A study of the geographi cal distribution of this type of manufacture is ordered with a view to confining the privilege within certain geographical range or ranges. Minors.— Employment of minors under 16 is prohibited in the industry. Administration.— The code authority designated as an administra tive agency will consist of nine members or such number as may be approved from time to time by the Administrator and, according to his discretion, the Administrator may appoint representatives. Compressed-Air Industry Coverage.— The manufacture for sale of air and gas compressors (requiring more than 10 horsepower), reciprocating vacuum pumps, and pneumatic machinery and/or parts thereof other than refrigerator equipment. Effective date.— October 22, 1933. Hours.— Maximum weekly hours are established at 40 per week, except for executives, administrative, supervisory, and technical employees and their respective staffs, who are paid at the rate of $35 or more per week, traveling, sales and service employees, watchmen, and firemen. The limitation of hours does not apply under conditions of seasonal or peak demand, creating unusual conditions in either pro duction or installation, when hours not to exceed 48 per week for any 6 weeks in any 6-month calendar period may be worked, nor does it apply to workers in emergency, maintenance, or repair work or to very special cases where restriction of hours of highly skilled https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1061 workers would unavoidably reduce or delay production. If any worker, other than salaried employees, whose hours of work are specified in the code, is required to work in excess of 8 hours per day he shall be paid at the rate of time and one third for such additional time. Wages.— It is provided that the minimum hourly wage of employees engaged in production or labor operations directly incident thereto is fixed at 40 cents unless the rate was lower on July 15, 1929, in which case the rate paid on that date shall be effective, except that in no case shall the rate be less than 35 cents an hour. Learners, not to exceed 5 percent of the total number of production employees, may be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate and at the end of 3 months shall be paid the established minimum. Employees other than those engaged in production and labor incident thereto shall be paid $15 per week, whether pay is calculated on an hourly, weekly, monthly, or piecework basis; and office boys or girls, not to exceed 5 percent of the total engaged in work other than production, may be paid at the rate of not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate. Nothing in these provisions may affect a bona-fide apprentice employed under a training system directed toward his becoming a skilled mechanic. Not less than 90 days after the effective date of the code employers must report to the Administrator action taken to adjust hourly wage rates for employees receiving more than the minimum rates established but less than $35 per week or regular work period. Minors.— Persons under 16 years of age may not be employed and where State law provides a higher minimum the law shall take precedence. Administration.— The Compressed Air Institute is designated to promote observance of the code provisions, and the code is to be administered by a committee of five, known as the Supervisory Agency, with three appointees, without vote, added by the President or the Administrator. Employer members shall be elected at a meeting of employers, as follows: One by majority vote of employers; and four members by a 51 percent vote of members on the basis of one vote for each $50,000 of sales in the calendar year 1932 as reported to the secretary of the Compressed Air Institute, but with, each member entitled to at least one vote. Heat-Exchange Industry Coverage.—-Manufacture for sale, of steam and vapor condensers, tubular heat exchangers, storage heaters, direct contact heaters, de aerators, cooling towers, and kindred and allied apparatus and/or parts thereof. Effective date.— October 22, 1933. Hours.— P rov isio n s sam e as fo r com p ressed -a ir in d u stry . (See p . 1060.) Wages.— P rov isio n s sam e as fo r com p ressed -a ir in d u stry . (See a b o v e .) Minors.— P rov isio n s sam e as fo r com p ressed -a ir in d u stry . (See a b o v e .) Administration.— The Heat Exchange Institute is designated as the agency for promoting the performance of the code provisions. To administer and supervise the enforcement of the code, the Supervisory https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1062 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Agency shall be established comprising 5 members representative of employers and 3 without vote appointed by the President or the Administrator. A meeting shall be called for the election of em ployer members of the Supervising Agency and members shall be elected, 1 by majority vote and the remaining 4 by a 51 percent vote on the basis of 1 vote for each $50,000 of sales in 1932 as reported to the secretary of the Heat Exchange Institute, but with each employer having at least 1 vote. Pump Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— Manufacture for sale of pumps, pumping equipment, and/or parts thereof except as manufactured and sold solely as an original or as a replacement part of the product of another industry as now or hereafter organized, and except that there shall not be included therein the manufacture for sale of hand pumps, windmills, and domestic water-supply systems, and parts and accessories thereof. Effective date.— October 22, 1933. Hours.— Provisions same as for compressed-air industry. (See p. 1060.) Wages.— Provisions same as for compressed-air industry. (See p. 1061.) Minors.— Provisions same as for compressed-air industry. (See p . 1 0 6 1 .) Administration.— The Hydraulic Institute is designated to promote the performance of the provisions of the code and the administrative and supervisory body established shall be the Supervisory Agency. This agency shall have five members representing employers and three without vote appointed by the President or the Administrator. The employer members shall be elected at a specially called meeting, one by a majority vote and the remaining four by a 51 percent vote on the basis of one vote for each $50,000 of sales in the year 1932, as reported to the secretary of the Hydraulic Institute, but with each employer having at least one vote. Farm-Equipment Manufacturing Industry Coverage.— Manufacture and/or assembly and/or sale (other than at retail) of all equipment used in farm operations (except automobiles, motor trucks, household utilities, barn and barnyard equipment, poultry equipment, and farm hardware such as hand rakes, shovels, spades, and hoes), and repair parts therefor whether manufactured by the maker of such equipment or others. Effective date.— October 23, 1933. Hours.— Factory employees shall not work in excess of 40 hours in any 1 week with a tolerance of 10 percent for those engaged in prepa ration, care, maintenance of plant, machinery, and production facili ties, and in case of emergency work the schedule of hours shall not apply. A similar 10 percent tolerance shall be allowed to take care of seasonal peaks or special demands. In all cases the hours shall average not more than 40 over a 6-month period, the 6 months chosen to be the period most appropriate for any employer. Account ing, clerical, service, sales, express, or delivery employees may not be employed in excess of 48 hours in any 1 week, nor for an average of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1063 over 40 hours per week averaged over a 6-month period. The hours provisions apply neither to supervisory employees receiving $35 per week nor to outside salesmen, collectors, field-service men, and serviceparts foremen. Wages.— Minimum wages for factory workers are: M in im u m hourly rate Zone A .— -Cities of over 1,000,000 population and industrial cities, towns, and villages in the same immediate trade area_________________________ Zone B .— Territory other than zones A and C ___________________________ Zone C .— States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and points east of the Mississippi River, south of Louisville, K y ., and communities elsewhere in the United States of less than 15,000 population where a majority of the adult male popu lation is not engaged in manufacturing_________________________________ $0. 40 .3 5 . 30 Female workers doing the same work as men shall receive the same pay, and where females and youths perform different and light work the minimum wage rate may be 5 cents an hour lower than the specified rates. For all factory workers paid at rates higher than the minimum and lower than $30 per week, wages shall not be less than 85 percent of those obtaining on July 15, 1929, either in the business of the em ployer or his predecessor, provided that no employer be required to pay a higher rate than other employers for the same class of work in the immediate area. Minimum rates for accounting, clerical, service, sales, express, or delivery employees are: . ^ ^ M in im um weekly wage In cities of over 500,000 population or immediate trade area_____ ______ In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population or immediate trade area_______________________________________________________________________ In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population or immediate trade area_______________________________________________________________________ In towns of less than 2,500 population, 20 percent increase but not over__ $15. 00 14. 50 14. 00 12. 00 No employee shall have his compensation reduced on account of any reduction in weekly hours. Learners for a period up to 10 weeks, messengers and office boys, who shall receive not less than 80 percent of the minimum, and old and disabled employees are excepted from the minimum rates of pay, but the total number of excepted employees may not exceed 5 percent of the total number employed by any employer. The foregoing wage rates apply regardless of whether workers are paid on a time- or piecerate basis. These provisions do not cover apprentices or learners working part time in conjunction with any public education system. Minors.— No person under the age of 16 years shall be employed. Administration.— The administration of the code shall be under the direction of the executive committee of the National Association of Farm Equipment Manufacturers. The Administration may appoint a representative or representatives to meet with this committee. Mutual Savings Banks Coverage.— Savings banks operating under a State law, without capital stock or stockholders and solely in the interests of depositors. Effective date.— October 23, 1933. Hours.— Hours are established at a maximum of 40 per week averaged over a period of 13 consecutive weeks. These requirements are subject to exception in peak seasons when employees may work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1064 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 48 hours per week during a consecutive 12-week period. Such time shall be reported to the banking code committee. Employees shall also be exempt when needed in connection with bank examinations. For workers in institutions employing not more than 2 persons in addition to executive officers, in towns of less than 2,500 population, not part of a larger trading area, for employees in managerial or executive capacities or in other capacities of distinction or sole responsibility (regardless of the location of the bank) who receive more than $35 per week, and for night watchmen, the foregoing require ments as to hours do not apply. Wages.—Wages are fixed according to population as shown in the Federal census of 1930. M in im u m weekly wage In cities of over 500,000 population or immediate trade area_____________ $15. 00 In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population or immediate trade area________________________________________________________________________ 14. 50 In cities of between 2,500 and 250,000 population or immediate trade area_ 14. 00 In towns of less than 2;500 population, 20 percent increase and not over__ 12. 00 For those without banking experience during a 6-month period remuneration shall be at the rate of 80 percent of the prescribed mini mum and such workers may not exceed 1 for every 20 employees or fraction thereof. No reduction may be made in the compensation of those receiving above the minimum notwithstanding the reduction in hours. Minors.— No person under 16 may be employed and if the State requires a higher minimum it shall be complied with. Administration.—A mutual savings banks code committee is set up, comprising 15 representatives of the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks, 1 representative selected by 51 percent (measured by total resources) of nonmembers of the association, and 1 or more representatives appointed by the President, without vote. Marking Devices Industry Coverage.— 'The manufacture and sale by the manufacturer of any or all of the general classes of articles or any part or parts of any one or more articles, such as rubber stamps, printing dies, brass stamps, checks, badges, pressed metal signs, seals, and stencils. Effective date.— October 30, 1933. Hours.— No employee shall work in excess of 520 hours in any 13week period (average, 40 hours per week), nor more than 48 hours in any 1 week, provided that one and one third times the hourly rate shall be paid for all hours exceeding 8 in any 1 day. Watchmen must be employed in pairs and may not work in excess of 36 hours in 1 week and 48 the next, averaging 42 hours per week. Excluded from the hours provisions are: (1) Emergency repair crews and outside sales force; (2) engineers, electricians, firemen, designers, draftsmen, shipping crews, and truck or delivery-wagon employees, who are limited to 48 hours in 1 week and shall be paid at time and one third the hourly rate for hours exceeding 8 on any 1 day; (3) executives and supervisory staff receiving more than $35 per week, except when engaged in productive or mechanical work, provided these limitations shall apply to all proprietors, executives, partners, supervisors, and foremen when they undertake productive or mechanical work. The hours as fixed apply whether a worker is employed by one or more employers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1065 Wages.— The minimum hourly wage rate shall be 32% cents. Learners without previous experience in the industry shall, during the first year’s apprenticeship, be paid not less than 80 percent of the established minimum and during the second year not less than 90 percent. Thereafter they shall be paid not less than the full mini mum rate as established. Each plant is entitled to employ at least 1 learner but not to exceed 1 learner for each 6 employees. Bicycle or foot messengers engaged exclusively to call for and/or deliver orders shall be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate, but may not engage in productive or mechanical work unless paid at a rate not less than the minimum fixed. These provisions establish a mini mum for all workers whether paid on a time- or piece-work basis. The code states that it is the policy of the industry to refrain from reducing compensation which was in excess of the minimum before June 16, 1933, notwithstanding the reduction in hours. All members of the industry are charged with endeavoring to increase the wages of those receiving more than the minimum by an equitable adjust ment of all pay schedules proportionate to the increase in compensa tion fixed by the code. Minors.— Minors under 16 may not be employed and no one under 18 may engage in operations or occupations hazardous in nature or detrimental to health. The code authority shall submit to the Admin istrator a list of hazardous occupations within a reasonable time. An employer shall be deemed to have observed this provision if he accepts evidence as to age admissible in the courts of the State where employ ment takes place. Administration.— The code authority established shall have 11 members, chosen by a fair method, and not more than 3 members without vote to be appointed at the discretion of the Administrator. The industry is divided into nine divisions for the purpose of admin istering the code. Plumbago Crucible Industry Coverage.— The manufacture for sale of crucibles, retorts, saggers, covers, stoppers, lids, stirring rods, brazing boxes, and similar refrac tory products, all of which contain flake plumbago or graphite, ir respective of the amount of these products contained therein. Elective date.— October 30, 1933. Hours.— No employee shall work to exceed 40 hours in any 1 week except: (1) Kiln burners, who shall be permitted to work not to ex ceed 48 hours in any 1 week; (2) employees engaged in the care and maintenance of plant and machinery, and stock and shipping clerks, who shall be allowed a tolerance of 10 percent oyer the maximum of 40 hours; and (3) employees generally, during periods of concentrated demand when unusual and temporary burdens are placed on produc tion facilities, at which times employees may be permitted to work not more than 48 hours per week in not more than 1 week of any 1-month period, provided extra work exceeding 8 hours in the day is compensated for at one and one half times the regular hourly rates. The hour provisions shall not apply to persons employed in a supervisory capacity who are paid more than $35 per week, nor to outside salesmen, field-service men, and watchmen. Watchmen shall, however, have 1 day of rest in 7. Neither shall the hours apply to employees engaged on emergency maintenance and repair work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1066 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W nor to very special cases where restrictions of hours of the highly skilled would unavoidably reduce or delay production. Time and one half the hourly rate shall be paid such skilled workers for hours in excess of 8 per day and 40 per week, and it is provided that not more than 7% percent of the total pay roll for skilled employees in any 1 week shall be employed in excess of 40 hours on such special cases. Wages.— The minimum hourly wage rate established is 40 cents, and those who are paid piece rates that yield less than the minimum fixed shall have their rates adjusted to this level. Physically handi capped persons are exempted from these provisions, but may not exceed 5 percent of the total number of workers employed by a mem ber of the industry. Each employer shall-report to the Administra tor on action taken in adjusting the hourly wage rates of workers receiving more than the minimum rate established, except that this shall not apply to employees earning over $35 per week. In deter mining the classification of any employee, he is entitled to claim the benefit of the classification existing on June 16, 1933. All accounting, clerical, sales, and service employees shall be paid not less than $15 per week, except that office boys or girls may be paid 80 percent of the established minimum, provided the total amount paid this class of labor shall not exceed 7% percent of the total amount paid by any employer to all employees of the account ing, clerical, etc., class. Minors.— No minor under 18 years of age shall be employed on manufacturing processes and no person under 16 years of age as a messenger or in office or other work. Administration.-—A supervising agency is set up to cooperate with the Administrator in administering the code. Membership shall consist of five (or such number as may be approved from time to time) representatives of industry and not more than three members without vote appointed by the Administrator. Retail Trade Coverage.— Selling of merchandise to the consumer and not for purposes of resale in any form, in the continental United States, excluding the Panama Canal Zone. The term does not, however, include the selling at retail of milk and its products, tobacco and its products, and foods and foodstuffs, or the dispensing of drugs, medicines, and medical supplies by a physician, dentist, surgeon, or veterinarian in the legitimate practice of his profession; nor does it include any division of retail selling which is now or may hereafter be governed by a separate code of fair competition approved by the President of the United States. By Executive order establishments employing not more than five persons, located in towns of less than 2,500 population (not in immediate trade area of a larger city) are exempted. Effective date.— October 30, 1933. Hours.— Establishments may elect to operate on one of three schedules of store hours and labor hours, as follows: Group A. Any establishment may remain open for business 52 and under 56 hours per week unless its store hours were less than 52 prior to June 1, 1933, in which case such establishment shall not reduce https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1067 its store hours. Employee hours, where store hours are 52 and less than 56, shall be 40 per week; not more than 8 hours per day, and not more than 6 days per week. Group B. Any establishment may remain open for business 56 and under 63 hours per week, in which case the employees’ working time shall not exceed 44 hours per week nor 9 hours per day nor 6 days per week. Group C. Any establishment may remain open for business 63 hours or more per week but no employee in such establishment shall work more than 48 hours per week nor more than 10 hours per day nor more than 6 days per week. No employee shall work for two or more establishments a greater number of hours than the total he would be permitted to work for one of such establishments which operates upon the lowest schedule of working hours. No employee not specifically covered in the foregoing paragraphs relative to hours and not exempted in the following paragraphs shall work for more than 40 hours per week, 8 hours per day, or 6 days per week. Those excepted from the maximum periods of labor are: (1) Professional persons, outside salesmen, outside collectors, watchmen, guards, and store detectives; (2) maintenance and outside service employees but these employees shall not work more than 6 hours per week above the fixed maximum unless they are paid at the rate of time and one third for all hours over such additional 6 hours; (3) ex ecutives receiving $35 or more per week in cities of over 500,000 population, or $30 or over in cities of 100,000 to 500,000, or $27.50 or more in cities of 25,000 to 100,000, or $25 or more in places with less than 25,000 population (executives in the South, who are paid not less than 10 percent below the wages just specified, also excluded). In peak periods, i.e., at Christmas, inventory, and other peak times, for a period not to exceed 2 weeks in the first 6 months and 3 weeks in the second 6 months of the calendar year, workers whose basic working time is 40 hours per week may work not more than 48 hours per week and 9 hours per day, those whose basic working week is 44 hours may work not more than 52 hours per week and 9}£ hours per day, and those whose working week is 48 hours may work not more than 56 hours per week and 10 hours per day, in all cases without payment of overtime. The total number of persons (whether executives, proprietors, partners, etc.) who shall be permitted to work unrestricted hours (excluding professional persons, outside salesmen, outside collectors, watchmen, guards, and store detectives) shall not exceed 1 for every 5 workers or fraction thereof in stores with 20 workers or less, and 1 for every 5 of the first 20 workers and 1 for every 8 additional workers above 20 in stores having more than 20 workers. The daily working hours of any employee shall be consecutive except that 1 hour may be allowed for each regular meal period and such time not counted as a part of the working time. Rest periods are not deductible from working time. Employees may work 1 extra hour on 1 day each week but this additional time shall be included in the maximum hours permitted each week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1068 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Where the provisions as established by State law conflict with the provisions herein established, in that shorter hours are provided for, the State law must be complied with. No establishment may change from the group in which it has elected to operate except upon December 3i of every year; any establishment may, however, at any time increase its store hours, provided it maintains the basic employee work week of the group in which it originally elected to operate ; and for a period not to exceed 3 months during the summer any establishment may temporarily reduce its store hours, provided weekly wages of employees are maintained. Wages.— Regardless of whether calculated on an hourly, weekly, monthly, commission, or other basis, wages shall be paid as follows: T able 1 .— M I N I M U M W E E K L Y W A G E S I N R E T A I L T R A D E ( E X C E P T D R U G STORES-) M inim um weekly wage, in cities with population of— Hours per week Over 500,000 i 40 hours. ____ ___ _____ _ 44 hours______ ____ . 48 hours______ __ __ ________ ___ $14.00 14. 50 15.00 100.000 to 500.000 1 $13. 00 13. 50 14.00 25.000 to 100.000 2 $12.00 12. 50 13.00 1 Differential of $l.less for the South. 2 In localities of under 25,000 populatioii rates existing on June 1, 1933, to he increased not less than 20 Pr.0V1(^ec^ , this shall not require an increase to more than $11 per week and that no employee s r-i. e Pa.1(! ^ess than $10 per week in cities of 2,500 to 25,000 and not more than $10 in towns under 2,500: a differential of $1 less for the South is provided. Minimum wages paid to professional persons, outside salesmen, outside collectors, watchmen, guards, store detectives, and mainte nance and outside-service employees shall be fixed on the basis of the basic employee work week under which the employing establish ment is operating. Employees not specifically provided for shall be paid on the basis of a 40-hour week. Juniors and apprentices may be paid at the rate of $1 less per week than the applicable minimum, provided that no employee shall be classed both as a junior and an apprentice and that both groups com bined shall not exceed a ratio of 1 such employee to every 5 employees or fraction thereof up to 20 and 1 for every 10 employees above 20. Part-time employees shall be paid at rates proportionate to those prescribed. Weekly wages of employees receiving more than the minimum wages here prescribed shall not be reduced from the rates existing as of July 15, 1933, regardless of any reduction in hours. Where the State law prescribes higher minimum wages, that law shall take precedence over the code. Minors.— Minors under 16 years of age may not be employed, except that persons 14 and 15 may be employed either for a period not to exceed 3 hours per day on 6 days per week or for 1 day per week, such day not to exceed 8 hours. In either case, the working hours shall be between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. and shall not conflict with the em ployees’ day-school hours. No employee under 16 may, however, be engaged in delivering merchandise from motor vehicles. Wfliere the State law establishes higher age requirements, they shall be observed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1069 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION Administration.— The Retail Trade Authority shall be made up of the Administrator or his deputy and three members appointed by the President. The members of this group shall be members, without vote, of the National Retail Trade Council; the latter is to consist of 1 and not more than 3 representatives from each major division of retail trade, elected by a fair method, and with general powers necessary to assist in enforcing the code. Regardless of the number of such representatives of each group, there shall be only one vote for each group. Additional administrative bodies shall be (1) a Regional Advisory Committee with one representative appointed for each major geographical section (as established by the Federal Reserve Districts) and (2) the National Retail Trade Economics Board, consisting of five members appointed by the President or Administrator. Retail Drug Trade 1 Coverage.— All retailing to the consumer and not for the purpose of resale in any form of drugs, medicines, cosmetics, toilet preparations, drug sundries, and/or allied items, in the continental United States, excluding the Panama Canal Zone. Effective date.— October 30, 1933. Hours.— Drug stores are given the option (in place of any of the schedules set for other retail establishments, pp. 1066, 1067) of remain ing open for business 7 days per week for a total of 84 hours per week, but not less than 8 hours on any 1 day. No employee may work for more than 56 hours per week nor more than 10 hours per day, nor more than 13 days in any 2 consecutive weeks. Excepted are regis tered pharmacists, assistant pharmacists, and apprentice pharmacists, employed and working as such, who may work 10 percent above the maximum hours as fixed and longer in cases of emergency. Wages.—A special wage scale per 56-hour week is established for retail drug establishments (except for juniors and apprentices and the provision for a southern differential) as follows: Cities with population of— Over 500,000__________ 100.000 to 500,000____ 25.000 to 100,000_____ 2,500 to 25,000________ Under 2 ,5 0 0 ___________ M in im um weekly rate $16 15 14 (2) (3) The wages established shall not apply to curb boys or girls employed by retail drug establishments paid on a commission basis. Minors.— Provisions same as for retail trade. (See p. 1068.) Administration.— The retail drug trade shall have administrative machinery consisting of a Retail Drug Trade Authority, and with the Administrator or his deputy and three appointees of the President as members. The members of the authority shall also be members, without vote, of the National Retail Drug Trade Council, whose other members shall be 1 representative of the American Pharma ceutical Association, 2 representatives from the National Associa tion of Retail Druggists, and such others the Administrator approves. 1As included in retail trade code, subsequently given separate code. 2 Rates existing on June 1,1933, to be increased not less than 20 percent, provided that this shall not re quire an increase to more than $11 per week and that no employee shall be paid less than $10 per week. 2 Rates existing on June 1, 1933, to be increased not less than 20 per cent, provided that this shall not require an increase to more than $10 per week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1070 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Cap and Closure Industry Coverage.-—The business of producing in the United States and sell ing caps or closures and liners therefor. Effective date.—October 31, 1933. Hours.— Working hours are fixed at a maximum of 40 per week averaged over a 6-month period, and not to exceed 48 hours in any 1 week. From the effective date to December 31, 1933, shall be the first period. Subsequent periods shall be January 1 to June 30, Jiffy 1 to December 31, etc. Office or branch employees shall not aver age over 40 hours per week in any 1-month period, and not over 48 hours in any 1 week, provided that these hours shall not apply to executives and supervisors, outside salesmen, technical and labora tory staffs, watchmen, and those employed in emergency maintenance and emergency repair work. Employees may not be reclassified as to duties or occupations to defeat the purposes of the National Industrial Recovery Act. No employee may work longer than the prescribed hours for one or more employers. Wages.— Minimum wage rates are established as follows: Accounting, clerical, office, service, or sales employees, except outside salesmen: P er week In cities of over 500,000 population___________________________________ $15. 00 In cities of between 250,000 and 500,000 population_________________ 14. 50 In cities of 250,000 population or less_______________ __________________ 14. 00 P e r hour Factory or mechanical workers 1 $0. 40 The rates given guarantee a minimum regardless of whether the employee is compensated on a time- or piece-work basis. Female workers doing the same work as males shall receive equal compensa tion. Apprentices and learners without previous experience in the industry shall not exceed 5 percent of the. total number of employees subject to the code provisions, and shall be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rate during the apprenticeship period, which shall not exceed 1 month. Existing differentials between wages in the higher-paid brackets up to $35 per week and amounts paid to lower-paid classes of workers, shall be maintained. However, if such action results in inequities as between plants for the same kind of work, adjustments shall be made m a reasonable manner, subject to supervision of the code authority. Any person exempted from the hours provisions, other than executives and supervisors who receive more than $35 per week, watchmen, and outside salesmen, shall be paid at the rate of time and one half for all hours exceeding 40 per week averaged over a 6-month period. Minors. No employer shall employ any person under 16yearsof age, and no person under 18 shall be employed or allowed to work in connection with hazardous manufacturing processes. Administration. The code authority shall have five representatives of the industry and up to three non voting representatives of the Administrator. All persons^ engaged in the industry as defined in the code are entitled to participate in election of members. .. ! F U e,,1U e for,a particular class of work was lower on July https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lin n r 1929, not less than the rate of the earlier r NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1071 Industrial Supplies and Machinery Distributors’ Trade Coverage.— Warehousing, selling, distributing, and/or servicing in conjunction therewith of tools, equipment, and supplies for railroads, ships, boats, mines, mills, factories, and/or other industrial users. Effective date.— November 2, 1933. Hours.— Except as specified hereafter no employee may work in excess of 40 hours per week, 6 days per week, or 8 hours per day. This shall not apply during inventory and other peak periods when employees may work not more than 48 hours in 1 week for not more than 3 weeks in any 6-month period, providing that the average shall be 40 hours per week in any 6-month period. These provisions shall not apply to persons in managerial, executive, or supervisory capaci ties who receive over $35 per week, or to watchmen and outside salesmen. Those engaged in outside delivery service, plant maintenance, outside repair, and/or installation service, and those engaged in stock receiving and shipping service shall be permitted to work not more than 48 hours in any 1 week, provided they are paid time and one third for all hours in excess of 40. The total hours to be worked shall not exceed the prescribed number per week whether a worker is employed by one or more employers. Wages.— Minimum wages are established as follows: weekly v ° wage rate In In In In cities of over 500,000 population----------------- -----------------------------$15. 00 cities between 250,000 and 500,000 population----------------------14. 50 cities between 2,500 and 250,000 population--------------------------14. 00 towns of less than 2,500 population, increase of 20 percent, but not to exceed------------------------------------------------------------------------12. 00 No part-time or casual employee shall be paid an hourly rate lower than prescribed in the above scale on the basis of a 40-hour week. Learners (for not over 6 months) may be paid $2 less per week than the prescribed minimum rates, but not less than $12 per week. Jhnior employees (16 to 18 years of age, inclusive) with less than 6month experience in the trade may be paid $2 less than the minimum weekly rates but in no case less than $10 per week. Learners and juniors shall not exceed 5 percent of the total number of employees of any employer, provided that each employer may have at least one learner or junior employee. Employees receiving compensation at a higher rate than that provided at the time the code became effective shall not have their compensation reduced on account of any reduction in weekly working hours. All employees receiving more than the minimum rate or salary shall have their hourly wage rate or salary adjusted equitably, if not already adjusted. Males and females doing the same class of work shall receive the same pay. No person shall be included in an excepted classification unless the functions are identical with those performed on June 16, 1933. The minimum rates as fixed establish a guaranteed rate of pay per hour or week regardless of whether the worker is paid on an hourly, a weekly, or a monthly basis. Minors.— No person under 16 years of age shall be employed and no person under 18 in hazardous occupations. Administration.-—A code authority is set up consisting of eight members of the trade, no two of whom shall represent the same member, and one or more appointees of the Administrator, if he so desires. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1072 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Steel Tubular and Fire-Box Boiler Industry Coverage.— All manufacture of steel heating boilers as described in the boiler code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; also, for all working pressures, Scotch type boilers for stationary use, vertical fire-tube boilers, horizontal fire-box type boilers, tubeless boilers, oil country boilers, and miniature boilers. Effective date.— November 6, 1933. Hours.— Hours per week shall be a maximum of 40 for labor operations during 5 consecutive days and 8 consecutive hours per day, exclusive of meal period. Where it is necessary to work a lesser number of days per week the hours may be divided by agreement, but in no case shall hours per day exceed 9. Watchmen are exempted from these provisions. In cases of emergency production, repair or erection work that cannot be met by employment of additional men and/or it becomes necessary, in order to protect life or property, to exceed the hours as scheduled, workers shall be paid at one and one half times the regular hourly rate for shop work. For outside repair, renewal, construction, and/or erection work the overtime rate is fixed at double the regular hourly rate. New apprentices shall not be employed except as approved by the Administrator and subject to absorption in reasonably steady employ ment of the existing surplus of unemployed local labor. This is not a prohibition against instruction of mechanics already employed in the industry. For all employees other than those engaged in labor operations and executives, their secretaries, administrative and supervisory employees and traveling salesmen, the maximum hours shall be 40 per week. No employee shall be permitted to work in excess of the established hours for one or more employers; provided, however, that if he does exceed the allotted number of hours in such employment without the connivance of one of such employers, the employer shall not be held to have violated this provision. Wages.— Wages are fixed by geographical areas. M in im u m Southern territory (south of the States of Maryland, West Virginia hourly rate and Kentucky and east of the Mississippi River)______________ $0. 34 Elsewhere in the United States____________________________________ . 40 Old or partially disabled employees unable to perform their usual duties shall be paid not less than 80 percent of the minimum rates and may not exceed 5 percent of the total number employed by any employer. Where less than 40 workers are employed 2 persons of this class may be engaged. Employees, other than those provided for above and commission salespeople, shall be paid not less than $15 per week. Office boys and girls may be paid not less than 80 percent of this minimum and may not exceed in any calendar month 5 percent of the total number of all employees covered by this paragraph. Where State law provides a higher minimum the law shall take precedence over the code provisions. No employee may be placed in one of the exempted classes described unless he performs functions substantially the same as those performed by employees thus classified on June 16, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1073 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION Contracting by which an employee undertakes to do a piece of work for a fixed price and engages other workers on the job is pro hibited. Contracting for fabrication and/or erection of any products of this industry by any employer or employee is allowed only if the person taking the contract agrees to comply with code provisions as to labor during the performance of the contract. Wage differentials for all operations shall be equitably readjusted and in no case reduced. No unfair advantage shall be taken of any employee in making the code effective. Each member of the industry must report adjustments made within 30 days after the effective date of the code. Minors.— No minor under 16 years of age shall be employed, and where State law fixes a higher exemption the law must be observed. Administration.-—The executive committee of the Steel Heating Boiler Institute, to which the President may appoint one nonvoting member, shall administer the code. Additions to and Modifications of Codes Previously Adopted Completed Wage Schedule for Bituminous-Coal Industry I n a p p r o v i n g the code for the bituminous coal industry the Presi dent reserved the right to determine later minimum wage rates for a number of districts. Accordingly the completed schedule was made part of an Executive order of September 29, 1933, which also made minor changes in the administrative features of the code. The com plete wage schedule follows and with the summary of the code appearing in the Monthly Labor Review of October 1933 (p. 820) completes the summarization of the code as approved for the bituminous-coal industry. B A SIC M I N I M U M R A T E S E S T A B L IS H E D I N T H E B IT U M I N O U S -C O A L I N D U S T R Y Skilled labor, inside Common labor, outside District and State Per day Per hour Per day Per hour District A : $4. 60 4.60 4.60 4. 60 $0. 57% .57 .57% •57% $3. 60 3.60 3. 60 3.60 $0 .4 5 .45 .45 .45 District B: 4.36 .54% 3. 36 .42 4.20 4. 20 4. 20 4.20 4. 20 4.20 .52% .52 % .52 % .52% .52 % .52% 3.20 3.20 3. 20 3.20 3. 20 3.20 .40 . 40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .52% District C: District D : 4. 57% . 571/5 4.20 5.00 .62% 4.00 .50 4. 70 4. 56 .58% .57 4.00 3.86 .50 .48% 3.75 .46% 3.28 .41 4.00 .50 3. 00 .37% 3. 40 3. 40 3,40 .42 % .42% .42% 2. 40 2.40 2, 40 .30 .30 ,30 District E : District F: District G: District H : District J: Hamilton and Rhea Counties, T e n n ----------------------- See footnotes at end of table, 16487°— 33---- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1074 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW B A SIC M I N I M U M R A T E S E S T A B L IS H E D I N T H E B I T U M I N O U S -C O A L I N D U S T R Y — Con. S k il le d la b o r , in sid e C o m m o n la b o r , o u tsid e D is t r ic t a n d S ta t e D is t r ic t J - l : M a r i o n , G r u n d y , S e q u a tc h ie , W h i t e , V a n B u r e n , W a r r e n , a n d D e d s o e C o u n tie s , T e n n . --------------- ._ D is t r ic t K : N e w M e x ic o - . . . . . . _______________ ___________ S o u t h e r n C o lo r a d o 9 ________ . __________________________ D is t r i c t L : N o r t h e r n C o lo r a d o !0________________________________________ D is tr ic t M : U t a h . . . __________ ________________________ . . . . --------D is t r i c t N : S o u th ern W y o m in g _ . . . . ____________________ ______ N o r t h e r n W y o m i n g . . _ . _ ----------------------- . . . ------- . . D is tr ic t 0 : M o n t a n a __________________ . . . ________ _________________ D i s t r i c t P: W a s h i n g t o n .. . . . _______ __________________________________ D is tr ic t Q : N o r t h D a k o t a _________ _________________ ________________ __ S o u th D a k o t a .. _______________________________________ . P er d a y P er hour $3. 84 $0. 48 P er d a y P er hour $ 2 .8 4 SO. 3534 4. 48 4 .4 4 .5 6 .5 5 % 3. 75 3. 75 .4 6 % .4 6 % 5 .0 0 .6 2 % 3 .7 5 .4 6 % 5. 44 .6 8 4. 48 .5 6 5. 42 5. 42 . 67% .6 7 % 4. 44 4. 54 .5 5 % .5 6 % 5. 63 .7 0 % 4. 82 .6 0 % 5 .4 0 .6 7 % 4 .0 0 .5 0 4 .0 0 4 .0 0 .5 0 .5 0 3. 20 3. 20 .4 0 .4 0 1 Includes Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, and Marshall Counties. 2 Includes Monongalia, Preston, Marion, Harrison, Taylor, Lewis, Barbour, Gilmer, Upshur, Randolph, Braxton, and Webster Counties and those mines in Nicholas County served by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 3 Includes all mines in counties of W est Virginia not named under districts A and B and under the Upper Potomac district. 4 Includes all mines in Kentucky located east of a north and south line drawn along the western boundary of the city of Louisville. 5 Includes Grant, Mineral, and Tucker Counties. 6 Includes all counties in Tennessee not named in districts J and J-l. 2 Excludes W ayne and Appanoose Counties. 3 Includes all mines in Kentucky west of a north and south line drawn along the western boundary of the city of Louisville. 9 Includes all counties in Colorado not named under district L. 10 Includes Jackson, Larimer, W eld, Boulder, Adams, Arapahoe, El Paso, Douglas, Elbert, and Jefferson Counties. N ote .— Differences between districts in the foregoing minimum rates are not to be considered as fixing permanent wage differentials or establishing precedents for future wage scales. Appalachian Agreement of the Bituminous-Coal Industry In the following pages the Appalachian agreement of the bitumi nous coal industry, between the Northern Coal Control Association and the Smokeless and Appalachian Coal Association, and the United Mine Workers of America, is reproduced in full. This agreement, signed September 21, 1933, becomes a part of the approved code for the industry, which will be found in the Monthly Labor Review of October 1933 (p. 820). This is one of a number of agreements to be established in this industry under section 7 (b) of the National Industrial Recovery Act. This agreement is made and entered into pursuant to the provisions of section 7 (b) of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and shall become effective upon approval by the President of the United States as provided therein. This agreement, made the 21st day of September, 1933, between the Northern Coal Control Association, a voluntary association on behalf of each member thereof, and the Smokeless and Appalachian Coal Association, a voluntary association on behalf of each member thereof, hereinafter referred to as the oper ators, parties of the first part; and the International Union United Mine Workers of America and districts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 19, 30, and 31, hereinafter referred to as mine workers, and on behalf of each member thereof, party of the second part. (New districts of the United Mine Workers of America may be established in this territory.) Witnesseth: It is agreed that this contract is for the exclusive joint use and benefit of the contracting parties, as heretofore defined and set forth in this agree ment; and it shall be construed as binding upon and effective in determining https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1075 only the relations with each other of those represented by the parties signatory hereto. It is the intent and purpose of the parties hereto that this agreement will promote an improved industrial and economic relationship in the bituminous coal industry, and to set forth herein the basic agreements covering rates of pay, hours of work, and conditions of employment to be observed between the parties in the following districts constituting the Appalachian territory: Northern Coal Control Association territory: Pennsylvania, Ohio, together with Ohio, Brook, and Marshall Counties, of W est Virginia, and Northern West Virginia, including Counties of Monongalia, Marion, Harrison, Preston, Taylor, Barbour, Randolph, Upshur, Lewis, Gilmer, Braxton, Webster, and that portion of Nicholas County containing coal or coal mines along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Smokeless and Appalachian territory: The State, of Virginia, Northern Tennes see, that part of Kentucky lying east of a line drawn north and south through the city of Louisville, and that part of West Virginia not included in Northern Coal Control Association territory, as set out above, and except Grant, Mineral, and Tucker Counties of W est Virginia. M axim u m hours and working time Eight hours of labor shall constitute a day’s work. The 8-hour day means 8 hours’ work in the mines at the usual working places for all classes of labor, exclusive of the lunch period, whether they be paid by the day or be paid on the tonnage basis; except in cases of accident which temporarily necessitates longer hours for those mine workers required on account thereof; and also excepting that number of mine workers in each mine whose daily work includes the handling of man-trips and those who are required to remain on duty while men are entering and leaving the mine. The 8-hour day, 5-day week (40 hours per week), as provided in this agreement, shall prevail. The following classes of mine workers are excepted from the foregoing provisions as to the maximum hours of work: All mine workers engaged in the transportation of men and coal shall work the additional time necessary to handle man-trips and all coal in transit, and shall be paid the regular hourly rate. When daymen go into the mine in the morning, they shall be entitled to 2 hours’ pay whether or not the mine works the full 2 hours, but, after the first 2 hours the men shall be paid for every hour thereafter by the hour, for each hour’s work or fractional part thereof. If for any reason the regular routine work cannot be furnished inside daymen, the employer may furnish other than the regular work. Drivers shall take their mules to and from stables, and the time required in so doing shall not include any part of the day’s labor, their work beginning when they reach the change at which they receive empty cars, but in no case shall the driver’s time be docked while he is waiting for such cars at the point named. The method at present existing covering the harnessing and unharnessing of mules shall be continued throughout the life of this agreement. Motormen and trip riders shall be at the passway where they receive the cars at starting time. The time required to take motors to the passway at starting time and departing from the same at quitting time shall not be regarded as a part of the day’s labor, their time beginning when they reach the change or parting at which they receive cars, but in no case shall their time be docked while waiting for cars at the point named. Holidays to be recognized are referred to the various district conferences for settlement. Basic tonnage rate Pick mining is the removal by the miner of coal that has not been undercut or overcut by a machine. The basic rate for pick mining and hand loading of coal shall include the work required to drill, shoot and clean and load the coal properly, timber the working place, and all other work and customs incidental thereto. In the districts represented by Northern Coal Control Association a shortwall machine differential of 10 cents per net ton between pick and machine mining rates shall be maintained. Any change in mining methods or installation of equipment that relieves the mine worker of any of the above duties and increases his productive capacity shall be recognized and a piecework rate agreed to therefor properly related to the basic rate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1076 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The standard for basic tonnage rates shall be 2,000 pounds per ton; where the gross ton of 2,240 pounds is the measure the equivalent rate shall be paid. The basic tonnage, hourly and day wage rates for the various producing districts represented in this conference are shown in the attached schedules A, B, and C, which are parts hereof. Yardage and deadwork rates in all districts shall be increased 20 percent. Checkweighmen The mine workers shall have the right to a checkweighman, of their own choos ing, to inspect the weighing of coal; provided that where mines are not now equipped to weigh coal a reasonable time may be allowed to so equip such mines; and provided that in any case where on account of physical conditions and mutual agreement W'ages are based on measure or other method than on actual weights, the mine workers shall have the right to check the accuracy and fairness of such method, by a representative of their own choosing. Cars shall be tared at reasonable intervals and without inconvenience to the operation of the mine. Tare shall be taken of the cars in their usual running condition. A t mines not employing a sufficient number of men to maintain a checkweigh man the weight credited to the mine workers shall be checked against the billing weights furnished by railroads to the operators, and on coal trucked from such mines a practical method to check the weights shall be agreed upon. Such weights shall be checked once a month. The wages of checkweighmen will be collected through the pay office semi monthly, upon a statement of time made by the checkweighman, and approved by the mine committee. The amount so collected shall be deducted on a per centage basis, agreed upon by the checkweighman and clerk, from the earnings of the mine workers engaged in mining coal and shall be sufficient only to pay the wages and legitimate expenses incident to the office, except where the method of payment is otherwise provided by State law. If a suitable person to act as checkweighman is not available among the mine workers at the mine, a man not employed at the mine may be selected upon mutual agreement. The checkweighman, or checkmeasurer, as the case may require, shall be per mitted at all times to be present at the weighing or measuring of coal, also have power to checkweigh or checkmeasure the same, and during the regular working hours to have the privilege to balance and examine the scales or measure the cars, providing that all such balancing and examination of scales shall only be done in such way and at such time as in no way to interfere with the regular working of the mine. It shall be the further duty of checkweighman or checkmeasurer to credit each mine worker with all merchantable coal mined by him on a proper sheet or book kept by him for that purpose. Checkweighmen or checkmeasurers shall in no way interfere with the operation of the mine. B oys No person under 17 years of age shall be employed inside any mine nor in hazardous occupations outside any mine, provided, however, that where a State law provides a higher minimum age, the State law shall govern. Exem ptions under this contract The term “ mine worker” as used in this agreement shall not include mine fore men, assistant mine foremen, fire bosses, or bosses in charge of any classes of labor inside or outside of the mine, or coal inspectors or weighbosses, watchmen, clerks, or members of the executive, supervisory, and technical forces of the operators. Management o f mines The management of the mine, the direction of the working force, and the right to hire and discharge are vested exclusively in the operator, and the United Mine Workers of America shall not abridge these rights. It is not the intention of this provision to encourage the discharge of mine workers, or the refusal of employ ment to applicants because of personal prejudice or activity in matters affecting the United Mine Workers of America. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1077 M in e committee A committee of three mine workers shall be elected at each mine. The duties of the mine committee shall be confined to the adjustment of disputes that the mine management and mine worker, or mine workers, have failed to adjust. The mine committee shall have no other authority or exercise any other control, nor in any way interfere with the operation of the mine; for violation of this clause the committee or any member thereof may be removed from the committee. Settlement of disputes Should differences arise between the mine workers and the operator as to the meaning and application of the provisions of this agreement, or should differences arise about matters not specifically mentioned in this agreement, or should any local trouble of any kind arise at any mine, there shall be no suspension of work on account of such differences, but an earnest effort shall be made to settle such differences immediately: First, between the aggrieved party and the mine management; Second, through the management of the mine and the mine committee: Third, by a board consisting of 4 members, 2 of whom shall be designated by the mine workers and 2 by the operators. Should the board fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to an umpire to be selected by said board. Should the board be unable to agree on the selection of an umpire, he shall be designated by the Administrator of the National Indus trial Recovery Act. The decision of the umpire in any event shall be final. District conferences may establish an intermediate board consisting of 2 commissioners, 1 representing the operators and 1 representing the mine work ers with such powers as said conference may delegate. Pending the hearing of disputes the mine workers shall not cease work because of any dispute; and a decision reached at any stage of the proceedings shall be binding on both parties thereto, and shall not be subject to reopening by any other party or branch of either association except by mutual agreement. Expense and salary incident to the services of an umpire shall be paid jointly by the operators and mine workers in each district. Discharge cases When a mine worker has been discharged from his employment and he believes he has been unjustly dealt with, it shall be a case arising under the method of settling disputes herein provided. In all discharge cases should it be decided under the rules of this agreement that an injustice has been dealt the mine worker, the operator shall reinstate and compensate him at the rate based on the earning of said mine worker prior to such discharge. Provided, however, that such case shall be taken up and disposed of within five days from the date of discharge. Illegal suspension o f work A strike or stoppage of work on the part of the mine workers shall be a violation of this agreement. Under no circumstances shall the operator discuss the matter under dispute with the mine committee or any representative of the United Mine Workers of America during suspension of work in violation of this agreement. Irregular work When any mine worker absents himself from his work for a period of 2 days without the” consent of the operator, other than because of proven sickness, he may be discharged. Preparation of coal and mining practice Each district agreement shall provide for the preparation and proper cleaning of coal. Proper disciplinary rules and penalties shall also be incorporated in such agreements. Safety practice Reasonable rules and regulations of the operator for the protection of the per sons of the mine workers and the preservation of property shall be complied with. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1078 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Engineers and pum pers1 duties When required by the management, engineers, pumpers, firemen, power plant and substation attendants shall under no conditions suspend work but shall at all times protect all the company’s property under their care, and operate fans and pumps and lower and hoist men or supplies as may be required to protect the company’s coal plant. Shifts The operator shall have the right during the entire period of this agreement to work all the mines, or any one or more of them, extra shifts with different crews. When the mine works only one shift it shall be in the daytime, but this shall not prevent cutting and loading coal at night in addition to the day shift cutting and loading. P a y day Pay shall be made semimonthly and at least twice each month. Coke and cleaning plants Proper rules may be negotiated in district conferences to provide for continuous operation of coking and cleaning plants. M iscellaneous provisions Matters affecting cost of explosives, blacksmithing, electric cap lamps, and house coal are referred to the district conferences. To the extent it has been the custom in each district, all bottom coal shall be taken up and loaded by the mine worker. The cutter shall cut the coal as directed by the operator. District conferences District agreements shall be made dealing with local or district conditions, and it is agreed that such district agreements shall embody the basic rates of pay, hours of work, and conditions of employment herein set forth, and all specific rights and obligations of operators and mine workers herein recognized. This agreement shall supersede all existing and previous contracts; and all local rules, regulations and customs heretofore established in conflict with this agreement are hereby abolished. Prior practice and custom not in conflict with this agreement.may be continued. All internal differences are hereby referred to the various districts for settle ment, with the understanding that only by mutual consent shall anything be done in district conferences that will increase the cost of production or decrease the earning capacity of the men: Provided, however, all yardage and deadwork rates not specified in this contract shall be properly adjusted. Joint wage conference A joint conference of representatives of Northern Coal Control Association and Smokeless and Appalachian Coal Association, and of the International Union United Mine Workers of America, shall be held in accordance with the following provisions of the Code of Fair Competition for the Bituminous-Coal Industry: “ On January 5, 1934, there shall be held a conference between representatives of employers and employees operating under this code, together with representa tives of the National Recovery Administration, for the purpose of determining what, if any, revisions may be desirable at that time of the wages, hours and differentials, or any other requirements of this code, on the basis of conditions then existing and the report of representatives of the National Recovery A d ministration made as hereinbefore provided. “ Unless revised by mutual agreement, as the result of said conference beginning January 5, 1934, the hours of work, minimum rates of pay and wage differentials as set forth in this code shall continue in effect until April 1, 1934.” This agreement shall become effective after approval by the President and on the same day that the bituminous-coal code applicable to the territory embraced herein shall become effective, following its approval by the President; and it shall continue in effect until the first day of April 1934. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1079 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION In witness whereof each of the parties hereto, pursuant to proper authority, has caused this agreement to be signed by its proper officers. U By J P T N L. W W in e o r k e r s A o f m e r ic a , President. h il ip M u r r a y , Vice-President. h o m a s K e n n e d y , Secretary. L e w is C o r t h e r n By J. D. A. S M n it e d o h n a l t e r M A. J o n e a n d M a h a n H a w t h C o a l o r r o w m o k e l e s s By E. C. H . R. , o n t r o l A s s o c ia t io n , President. s , Secretary. , A p p a l a c h ia n C o a l A s s o c ia t io n , President. o r n e , Secretary. , Joint scale committee For the mine workers: Van A. Bittner, P. T. Fagan, Sam Caddy, Percy Tetlow, James Mark, Frank Miley, William Turnblazer, Frank Hughes, W illiam Feeney. For the operators: J. D . A. Morrow, R. E. Jamison, W . L. Robison, R. L. Ireland, Jr., William Emery, Jr., E. C. Mahan, D. C. Kennedy, H . C. Faust, W . A. Richards, D. A. Reed, Charles O ’ Neill, Heath S. Clark, W . A. Bishop, J. D. Francis, S. C. Higgins, R. E. Taggart, S. D . Brady, Jr. S C H E D U L E A .— B A SIC R A T E S E S T A B L IS H E D I N T H E F O L L O W I N G N A M E D D IS T R IC T S Tonnage rate per Tone age rate per Western Pennsylvania: Pick mining, thin vein______________ Pick mining, thick vein................ ....... Machine loading, thin vein_________ Machine loading, thick vein________ Cutting, short wall machine, thin vein. Cutting, shortwall machine, thick vein___________________ ____________ Central Pennsylvania: Pick mining_____________________ ____ Machine loading_____________________ Cutting, shortwall machine_________ Connellsville, Pennsylvania: Pick mining............................... ............... Machine loading_________ _________ Cutting, shortwall machine_________ 2,000 2,000 pounds run of mine coal pounds run of mine coal $0.70 .65 .52 .48 .08 .07 .70 .52 .08 .56 .40 .06 Westmoreland-Greensburg P e n n s y l vania: Pick mining_________________________ Machine loading____________________ Cutting, shortwall machine_________ Thick vein Freeport, Pennsylvania: Pick mining--------------------- --------- ------Machine loading____________________ Cutting, shortwall machine....... ......... Ohio and the Panhandle District of Northern W est Virginia: Pick mining______________________ _ Machine loading_________ _____ ______ Cutting, shortwall machine-------------- $0.65 .48 .07 .65 .48 .07 .70 .52 .08 The following hourly and day wage rates shall be paid in all mines in Pennsyl vania, Ohio, and the Panhandle District of Northern W est Virginia for the classification of occupations shown herein: Classification of occupations Inside: Hourly rate $0. 595 Drivers, brakemen, spraggers, snappers, coal drillers, trackmen, wiremen, $4. 76 .575 4. 60 .545 .375 4. 36 3.00 .48 .45 .375 3. 84 3.60 3.00 Pumpers, trackmen helpers, wiremen helpers, timbermen helpers, and other Outside* D ay rate Skilled labor not classified to be paid in accordance with the custom at the mine. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1080 SCH ED ULE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW B .— B A S IC RATES E S T A B L IS H E D I N T H E N O R T H E R N W E S T V IR G IN I A D IS T R I C T Tonnage rates per 2,000 pounds run of mine coal $0. 56 .40 .06 The following hourly and day wage rates shall be paid in all mines in the north ern W est Virginia district for the classification of occupations shown herein: Hourlyrate Classification of occupations Inside: $0. 565 Drivers, brakemen, spraggers, snappers, coal drillers, trackmen, wiremen, $4. 52 .545 4. 36 .515 .345 4. 12 2.76 .45 .42 .345 3. 60 3.36 2. 76 Pumpers7tr™kme™ehelpers°wiremen helpers, timbermen helpers, and other Outside: D ay rate Skilled labor not classified to be paid in accordance with the custom at the mine. S C H E D U L E C .— B A SIC R A T E S E S T A B L IS H E D IN T H E F O L L O W IN G N A M E D D IS T R IC T S Tonnage rate per 2,000 pounds run of mine coal Tonnage rate per 2,000 pounds run of mine coal New River: Machine loading-----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. Winding Gulf: Machine loading-----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. Greenbrier: Machine loading-----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. Pocahontas: Machine loading-----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. Tug River: Machine loading-----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. Kanawha: Machine loading------------ — Cutting, shortwall machine. Logan: Machine loading----------------Cutting, shortwall machine. $0. 442 .075 .384 .07 .392 .055 .357 .045 .357 .045 .422 .07 Williamson: Machine loading____________ Cutting, shortwall machine. Big Sandy-Elkhorn: Machine loading____________ Cutting, shortwall machine. Hazard: Machine loading____________ Cutting, shortwall machine. Harlan: Machine loading____________ Cutting, shortwall machine. Southern Appalachian: Machine loading___________ Cutting, shortwall machine. Virginia: Machine loading___________ Cutting, shortwall machine $0. 358 .056 .465 .08 .402 .08 .41 .07 .43 .08 .408 .067 .332 .052 The following hourly and day wage rates shall be paid in all mines in the New River, Winding Gulf, Greenbrier, Pocahontas, Tug River, Kanawha, Logan, Williamson, Big Sandy-Elkhorn, Hazard, Harlan, Southern Appalachian, and Virginia districts for the classification of occupations shown herein: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1081 NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION Classifications of occupations Hourly rate D ay rate Inside: $0. 545 $4. 36 .525 4.20 .495 .325 3.96 2.60 .43 .40 .325 3. 44 3. 20 2. 60 Drivers, brakemen, spraggers, snappers, coal drillers, trackmen, wiremen, Pumpers, trackmen helpers, wiremen helpers, timbermen helpers, and other Outside: Skilled labor not classified to be paid in accordance with the custom at the mine. Modification of Lumber- and Timber-Products Code An amendment to the lumber- and timber-products industry code has been approved whereby a new division in the industry is created with special provisions for wages and hours. The new division consists of producers, manufacturers, importers, and distributors of commercial and face veneers and furniture, cabinet and interior finish plywood. This division will have three separate administrative subdivisions dealing with problems related to plywood, commercial veneer, and face veneer. The minimum rates of pay for a 40-hour week are established as follows: M in im um Commercial veneer and plywood: hourly rate South_________________________________________________________ $0. 23 N orth________________________________________________________ . 30 New York and Chicago (metropolitan areas)______ _______ . 42)4 Face veneer: Northern cities______________________________________________ . 35 Northern rural_______________________________________________ . 30 Southern cities_______________________________________________ .3 0 Southern rural_______________________________________________ . 25 New York and Chicago (metropolitan areas)_____________ . 42)4 Modifications of Cotton Textile Industry Code Limitation of machinery.—Upon recommendation of the Cotton Textile Industry Committee, restriction upon machinery installation is provided for, if the necessity is indicated. Such limitation was approved by the Administrator of the National Industrial Recovery Act on October 18, 1933. The recommendations of the Cotton Textile Industry Committee are that: (1) Persons engaged in the cotton textile industry register their productive machinery ; (2) Prior to the installation of additional productive machinery by persons engaged or engaging in the cotton textile industry, except for the replacement of a similar number of units of productive equipment or to bring the operation of existing productive machinery into balance, such persons shall secure certificates from the Administrator that such installation will be consistent with effectuating the policy of the National Recovery Act during the period of the emergency; and (3) A certain procedure shall be followed in applying for such certificates and the making of recommendations by the Cotton Textile Industry Committee as to the granting or withholding of such certificates by the Administrator. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1082 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Method of fixing wage differentials.—By Executive order of October 21, 1933, a new paragraph has been substituted for the one originally written into schedule A of the Cotton Textile Industry Code wherein a method for fixing differentials in wages as between classes of labor is provided. The paragraph has been rewritten as the result of a complaint by the cordage and twine industry, temporarily coming under the Cotton Textile Industry Code, that the paragraph as originally phrased worked a hardship on manufacturers of cordage and twine. The new paragraph reads: Every employer in the industry shall increase the rate of pay of all employees paid either b y the hour or piece (if not already increased) and shall increase the rate of pay of all employees paid by the day, week, or month now receiving less than $35 per week (if not already increased) to not less than 90 percent of the rates paid by said employer or his predecessor in business for the same class of work at the same place of business in June 1929; provided, that no employee shall be paid less than the minimum fixed in this code. In the event any place of business did not have a rate for a particular class of work in June 1929, the pre vailing rate for the same class of work in the competitive district in which the present place of business is located shall govern the application of this provision. Modification of President’s Reemployment Agreement Elimination of Employment of Factory Workers in Excess of 35 Hours Per Week HE President’s Reemployment Agreement was modified on Octo ber 1, 1933, by Executive order so as to eliminate the employment of factory workers or mechanical workers for any period in excess of 35 hours in any 1 week. In the agreement as previously applied workers could be employed for a maximum of 40 hours during 6 weeks prior to the close of the year 1933. It having appeared to the Presi dent that the hours provisions as set forth in paragraph (3) should be modified it was revised to read as follows: T (3) N ot to employ any factory or mechanical worker or artisan more than a maximum week of 35 hours until December 31, 1933; and not to employ any worker more than 8 hours in any 1 day. Application of Agreement in Small Establishments and Small Towns I n t h e President’s order of October 23, 1933, application of the President’s Reemployment Agreement in small establishments and small towns was changed in the following particulars: The provisions of the President’s Reemployment Agreement, issued July 27, 1933, shall not be held to apply to employers engaged only locally in retail trade, or in local service industries (and not in a business in or affecting interstate commerce) who do not employ more than 5 persons and who are located in towns of less than 2,500 population (according to the 1930 Federal census) which are not in the immediate trade area of a city of larger population, except so far as such employers who have signed the President’s Reemployment Agreement desire to continue to comply with the terms of said agreement after the date of this order; and this release of such employers who have heretofore signed the President’s Reemployment Agreement shall be further extended so as to release to the same extent all such employers of obligations not voluntarily assumed under the provisions of a code of fair competition approved by the President. This exemption is intended to relieve small business enterprises in small towns from fixed obligations which might impose exceptional hardship, but it is expected that all such enterprises will conform to the fullest extent possible with the require ments which would be otherwise obligatory upon them. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 1083 Definitions of Terms under Agreement Executives.— To prevent evasions and the giving of meaningless titles to minor employees in order to exempt them from the hours provisions under the President’s Reemployment Agreement and modi fications thereof, General Johnson has made the following statement defining “ manager” and “ executive” : In the President’s Reemployment Agreement it is provided that the maximum hours shall not apply “ to employees in a managerial or executive capacity who now receive more than $35 per week.” There are provisions in various codes excepting from the limitation upon hours of those described as “ managers” or “ executives” and complaint has been re ceived that in many instances employees are classified as “ managers” or “ exec utives” either for the purpose, or with the result, of exempting them from limita tions upon hours. It has not been the intention of the Administration in approv ing such exceptions to provide for the exemption of any persons other than those who exercise real managerial or executive authority, which persons are invested with responsibilities entirely different from those of the wage earner and come within the class of the higher salaried employees. It will be presumed that no employee receiving less than $35 per week will be classified as a “ manager” or “ executive” so as to be exempt from any provision of any code regulating the maximum hours of work permitted in a trade or in dustry. Violations of the requirements of any code, as here interpreted, should be reported to the National Recovery Administration. Substandard workers.-—The National Recovery Administration also makes it clear what employees may be considered mentally sub standard and therefore paid at less than the minimum wages established: A person whose earning power is limited because of physical or mental defect, age, or other infirmity, may be employed on light duty below the minimum wage set by the President’s agreement, if the employer obtains from the State authority designated by the United States Department of Labor a certificate authorizing his employment at such wages and for such hours as shall be stated in the certifi cate. State authorities will be guided by the instructions of the United States Department of Labor in issuing certificates to such persons. Clarification of Section 7 (a) of National Industrial Recovery Act N OCTOBER 19, 1933, in a letter to General Hugh S. Johnson, the President clarified section 7 (a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act as follows: O Following our recent discussion of various misunderstandings and misinterpre tations of section 7 (a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act, I wish to advise you of m y position. Because it is evident that the insertion of any interpretation of section 7 (a) in a code of fair competition leads only to further controversy and confusion, no such interpretation should be incorporated in any code. While there is nothing in the provisions of section 7 (a) to interfere with the bona fide exercise of the right of an employer to select, retain, or advance employees on the basis of indi vidual merit, section 7 (a) does clearly prohibit the pretended exercise of this right by an employer simply as a device for compelling employees to refrain from exercising the rights of self-organization, designation of representatives and col lective bargaining, which are guaranteed to all employees in said section 7 (a). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CHILD WELFARE Conference on Child Health and Nutrition N OCTOBER 6 a conference was held in Washington at the instance of the United States Children’s Bureau to consider the general subject of malnutrition among children and measures for combating it. As a preliminary, an executive committee had been formed representing the various agencies concerned with the question to outline some plan for dealing with the problem, which should be discussed and modified, if desirable, by the conference as a whole. Miss Perkins, Secretary of Labor, opened the conference, and Mrs. Roosevelt attended and spoke. Delegates, for the most part au thorities on their respective subjects, and representing organizations having over 50,000 members, were present from all parts of the Union. In the main, they represented four groups: Medical and health work ers, educationalists, nutritionists and home economists, and relief, social service, and labor organizations. The report of the executive committee stressed the seriousness of the problem and the impossibility of dealing with it satisfactorily except through the united efforts of all the different groups concerned with the health, education, and training of children. It presented two objectives for such an effort: First, the location of undernourished children by physical examinations; and second, the initiation and development of plans to overcome existing malnutrition and prevent its further progress, through dietary measures and corrective medical procedure. For both of these objectives it would be desirable to have State-wide organizations of the various interests and agencies concerned— State health authorities, the medical and dental pro fessions, child welfare bodies, nutritionists and home economists, pediatricians, relief agencies and auxiliary organizations— linked up by a national committee to aid in securing uniform standards and making the experience of each available to all. A few States already have such organizations, and some of these were described by dele gates, who also gave some account of the work they are doing. Discussion of these plans showed that there seemed to be general agreement on two points: (1) That a considerable amount of what is generally called malnutrition existed among the children of the country before the depression began. At the time of the last Presi dent’s conference on child welfare, it was estimated that there were millions of children in the United States suffering from malnutrition. Consequently, any effort simply to annul the effects of the depression would be inadequate; the campaign must be to improve conditions over the situation existing before the depression was even anticipated. (2) That malnutrition and undernourishment are not necessarily nor solely due to poverty. Children suffering from defects of nutrition are found in families whose income is amply sufficient to provide all 1084 O https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CHILD WELFARE 1085 the elements needed for healthful growth and development. Conse quently, an educational campaign is as necessary as a campaign for relief. On the question of how extensive malnutrition is, and to what extent it has been increased by the depression, there was difference of opinion, as there was concerning the value of physical examinations of school children to discover it. Dr. Haven Emerson, of New York, and some others, held that there is no evidence that children through out the Union generally are suffering from malnutrition, and that on the whole, such evidence as can be obtained shows that health in general has improved since 1929. “ All available scientific medical indices, such as the death rate, the infant mortality rate, the tuber culosis rate, and the communicable disease rate had never been lower than in the past 4 years.” Furthermore, they maintained that as there is no recognized standard of_malnutrition, widespread school examinations to discover undernourished children would be of little value, since there would be no uniformity of observation, and the data would be noncomparable. Such examinations might, on the other hand, rouse unjustified apprehension, leading to an unfounded belief that the child population as a whole is in a dangerous condition. They admitted, however, that serious malnutrition does exist in various unfortunate regions and among certain unfavored groups, where it has been in existence for years past. On the other hand, reports from various States showed a prevailing opinion that malnutrition has increased, that the schools present the most obvious point at which to discover its incidence, and that whether or not it is greater now than it was 4 years ago, the fact, admitted by everybody, that we have numbers of undernourished children, demands immediate and effective remedial action. Dr. Noble, of the Pennsylvania Health Department, cited the school health examinations in that State as having been of much value and havingled to definite remedial action. Dr. Cooper, of the North Carolina State Health Board, said that they had recently made a health survey of their State, and that while they did not find malnutrition general among the children of the State as a whole, they did find some very bad spots which called for action. Especially, they needed to increase the milk supply and to teach mothers to prepare food properly. As to the milk supply, he pointed out that the Government' had loaned money to 6,000 tenant farmers to buy feed and seed; why should it not lend enough to buy a milch cow for every family? Dr. Earle G. Browne, the State health officer of Kansas, reported that the examination of 38,000^ school children in that State had shown that 25 percent were suffering from malnutri tion, and that 70 percent of those in agricultural districts were not drinking milk. From other regions came reports similarly stressing the need of united action along both relief, preventive, and educa tional lines to improve present conditions and to prevent further deterioration. The objectives presented by the executive committee were ap proved, with the suggestion that there might be possible modifications to suit the special conditions of the different States. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS United States Department of Labor at the Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago, 1933 HAT the hundred year span, 1833-1933,has meant to the worker was dramatically presented by the United States Department of Labor at the Century of Progress Exposition in a symbolic por trayal of the long, laborious climb of the worker and his family through the century. Using a pyramid of frosted glass to represent time, the symbolism was developed by the upward movement across the pyramid of a group of figures representing the workingman, his wife, and his children, toward the goals and ideals which always lay ahead. The historical significance of the hundred years of indus trial changes, progress and recessions, was treated in text which gave succinctly the outstanding characteristics of the epochs through which the worker had passed. These epochs, represented by receding tiers of the glass pyramid, have no definite historical boundaries, but cover, broadly, periods of 15 to 20 years, up to 1930. The textual treatment of the industrial shifts of the hundred years follows: W 1833-50: Out of the hardships and the simple life of pioneer days, the working man and his family, the working woman, and the child, emerge into the beginning of the machine age. Slowly and painfully, with many reverses, they climb up the path toward freedom, security, and greater opportunity. Industry moves from the home to the factory. Wages are low and hours are from sunrise to sunset, even for little children. Y e t off to the W est, free land helps to check ex ploitation and the products of the machine bring added comforts and luxuries. 18 50 -6 5: The era of railroad transportation begins and the tide of immigration increases. Pushing ever farther westward, the pioneers carry with them ideals of independent labor, sound family life, and the education of children. Small industries become large industries. Labor unions are organized to protect and advance the interests of workers. Unorganized woman workers and children are exploited, yet industry brings opportunity for economic freedom for women. Lack of sanitation and child hygiene take their toll of infant lives. 18 65 -8 5: The machine hastens the growth of cities. Juvenile delinquency and disease flourish in the slums and alleys. Child labor is still taken for granted yet school laws raise the age of child workers. Organized labor gains shorter hours and higher wages. Panics sweep away these gains, yet new inventions and industries bring new prosperity. The slaves are now free but more little children are absorbed into industry. 1885-1900: State and Federal bureaus of labor are established. The public school and compulsory education spread. Immigration increases and machine production expands rapidly. W age cuts and strikes occur frequently. The Federal Government takes a hand in arbitrating labor disputes. Union crafts men gain an 8-hour day and higher wages, but most workers are still unorganized. 1900-15: State legislation helps protect woman and child workers. Work men’s compensation laws are passed and working conditions are improved. Im migration is restricted. The United States Children’s Bureau is created and the United States Department of Labor is established. 1915-30: The World W ar speeds up industry and brings further opportunities for woman workers. The United States W om en’s Bureau is established. Con ciliation and collective agreements take the place of strikes. Social legislation makes rapid strides, Wages and living costs reach their highest levels. 1086 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS 1087 1930-33: The mechanization of industry displaces workers. Labor’s purchas ing power decreases. Production drops. Wage reductions follow and millions are unemployed. Standards of working and living conditions are lowered. Suf fering and privation are nation-wide. The mounting figures stopped about two thirds of the way to the top of the pyramid, and through the device of colored lights the sym bolism continued by showing the worker and his family looking ahead toward the still unattained goals of earnings adequate for living, saving, and leisure; a share in formulating labor policies; economic security through steady employment; improved conditions of health, education, and home life. A more literal presentation of the labor history of the century was given in a series of 40 pictures showing changes in working methods and working conditions. These pictures, with brief historical sketches dealing with the industrial development of the century, were repro duced in “ Labor Through the Century— 1833-1933 ” , a booklet (Bui. No. 597) published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics for distribution at the Department of Labor exhibit. Exhibits of the Bureaus E a c h of the established Bureaus of the Department of Labor pro duced its own exhibit in addition to the general departmental dis play. These individual exhibits dealt both with the historical de velopment of the century in their respective fields and with the work of the exhibiting Bureau. Immigration Bureau.— A series of pictures showed types of immi grants; the old immigration station at New York City (Castle Gar den), and the more modern station at Ellis Island; the examination and selection of applicants for visas in consular offices abroad, a prac tice which, the picture pointed out, “ prevents many a heartbreak at Ellis Island” ; and the activities of the Immigration Service, such as the patrol of the northern border, picturing immigration inspectors going about their duties on snowshoes. Charts gave statistical data on immigration through the century. Naturalization Bureau.— By means of cartoons, the Bureau of Naturalization achieved an instructive and popular presentation of a subject which would seem difficult to treat at an exhibit. Starting with the naturalization clause of the Constitution engrossed on a scroll, the Bureau developed the steps by which an alien becomes a citizen, and the outstanding changes in naturalization procedure since the Constitution was adopted, such as the granting of citizenship to Negroes. One effective cartoon showed the Cable Act of 1922 hand ing citizenship in her own right to a married woman standing on the steps of the United States Capitol. Another suggested early abuses of the naturalization laws and the means taken to stop them. _Children’s Bureau.— The Children’s Bureau, in a series of 12 threedimensional dioramas, depicted the progress of child welfare over the century. Four phases of the welfare of children were presented— health, delinquency, dependency, and child labor— the status of each of which at the beginning, the middle, and the close of the century was pictured. The dependent children of 1833, for example, were shown in a grim, stark orphanage; a scene of a later era showed a trainload of dependent and orphan children at a railroad station in the West being bound out, practically by auction, to farmers and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1088 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW merchants for “ their board and keep” ; while the third scene, that of the present, was a small dwelling with children playing about in,i yard, to suggest the normal home life made possible by State aid mothers. Prison cells containing delinquent children w ear' s in the 1833 era gave way to the juvenile courts of th/' ^resent? day. A booklet entitled “ Children’s Progress, 1833-1A° , covering the same fields of child welfare and using con tern, nry pictures of each era, was published by the Children’s Bureau ldr distribution in con nection with its exhibit. Women’s Bureau.— Women’s work through the century, its shift from the home to the factory, and working conditions in factory and sweatshop, were vividly shown by the Women’s Bureau in a series of realistic three-dimensional sets. A typical family group of women— grandmother, mother, and daughters— churning, baking, spinning, weaving, and making garments, dramatized the introductory state ment that “ women have always worked and shared in family sup port.” From the home the scene shifted to the early textile mill, the sweatshop, the tenement workroom, and the munitions factory of the World War period. Women’s part in the early labor movement was depicted by a reproduction of a contemporary picture of the march through the streets of Boston in 1869 of the striking Daughters of St. Crispin, the organized shoe workers who formed the first national trade union for women. The historic incident of a working woman, Sarah Bagley, addressing the Massachusetts Legislature in 1845 in support of the proposed 10-hour law for women and children, was also reproduced. The publication, “ Women at W ork” , which the Women’s Bureau published as part of its exhibit, is the story of “ a century of industrial change” in the work and the economic status of women. Bureau of Labor Statistics.— Combining statistical charts and pic tured characters suggestive of the nature of the statistical data treated, the Bureau of Labor Statistics made^#, graphic presentation of pro ductivity of labor, accident and cost of living statistics, and other data which it collects and disseminates. These graphic charts, to gether with text pointing out the value and the practical application of the Bureau’s statistical material, have been published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a booklet entitled “ What Are Labor Statistics F or?” (Bui. No. 599). Meeting of Association of Governmental Officials in Industry 1933 HE nineteenth annual convention of the Association of Gov ernmental Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada was held in Chicago, 111., on September 14 and 15, 1933. The convention was opened by Dr. E. B. Patton, director of the bureau of statistics and information, Department of Labor, New York. Reports on new legislation were made by representatives from the several States and Provinces, and the progress made in the field of foreign labor legislation was outlined by Mr. Leifur Magnusson of the International Labor Office, Washington, D.C. On the first day of the meeting a joint session was held of this organ ization and the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. The opening address of the joint meeting T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS 1089 was delivered by Dr. E. B. Patton of New York. Mr. Charles E. oS&ddwin, Assistant Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Ibor Statistics, reported the status of industrial safety codes and ’A 'ns in the various States. The progress of national safety codes wasvt 1 own by Mr. P. G. Agnew, secretary of the industrial division, Naa ^Safety Council. The afternoon session of the first day was also a joh toflpfi&eting of the two organizations. A paper was read by C. B. Boulet’ safety director of the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, on Cause Analysis of Accidents Causing Injury and Near Injury. An interesting paper in regard to Standardization of Codes and "Mechanical Guarding at Point of Manufacture, prepared by Mr. R. McA. Iveown, engineer of the Wisconsin Industrial Com mission, was read by Mr. Wise. A spirited discussion followed the delivery of all of the papers, under the chairman of the meeting, Thomas P. Kearns, superintendent of the division of safety and hygiene, Department of Industrial Relations, Ohio. On the second and last day of the meeting a report was presented on minimum wage. The report was prepared by the chairman of the committee on minimum wage, Mr. E. S. Smith, commissioner of the Department of Labor and Industries of Massachusetts, and read by Mrs. Mabel E. Kinney, chief of the Division of Industrial Welfare, California. Mr. John B. Andrews, secretary of the American Asso ciation for Labor Legislation, delivered an address on Administrative Regulations in American Labor Law. Mr. Paul Raushenbush, consultant on unemployment compensa tion, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, gave an outline of the Wisconsin Reserve Plan. In the afternoon session reports of various committees were con tinued, including State laws on hours of employment of women by Miss Mary Anderson, Director of the Women’s Bureau, United States Department of Labor, and child labor by Mrs. Clara M. Beyer, Director of the Industrial Division, Children’s Bureau, United States Department of Labor. A round-table discussion followed the reading of the reports of the several committees. Following the reports of the various committees and the election of officers, the meeting adjourned until 1934, the date of the 1934 meeting to be determined by the executive committee. The following officers were elected for the coming year: President, T. E. Whitaker, Department of Industrial Relations, Georgia; first vice president, A. W. Crawford, Deputy Minister of Department of Labor, Ontario, Canada; second vice president, Edward F. Seiller, chief labor inspector, Kentucky; third vice president, Gerard Trem blay, deputy minister of department of labor, Quebec; fourth vice president, Joseph M. Tone, commissioner of department of labor and factory inspection, Connecticut; fifth vice president, Mrs. Mabel E. Kinney, cliief of division of industrial welfare, department of industrial relations, California; secretary-treasurer, Isador Lubin, Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1090 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Effect of the Depression Upon the Consumption of Commodities WO recently published surveys,1 one for the Nation as a whole made at Harvard University, and the other for the State of Minnesota made at the University of Minnesota, throw light on the relative force of the depression in curtailing use of production and consumption goods. Both of these studies showed that consumption goods (food, clothing, etc.) suffer a lesser reduction in sales than do producers’ goods (lumber, iron and steel, etc.) and that not only is the demand for producers’ goods reduced more sharply than that for consumers’ goods in periods of business recession but the effects of the recession are reflected earlier in the demand for such goods than is true of consumers’ goods. According to the findings in the Harvard study consumption by the mass of the people has held up remarkably well considering the severity of the depression and only the severe conditions of 1932 brought about a substantial decline in consumption. Even then the reduction was not in proportion to the fall in business as a whole. Figures are cited to show that the monthly average consumption of wheat flour, for example, did not decline at all in the 1920-21 depression but fell about 6 percent from 1930 to 1931 and 4 percent from 1931 to 1932. For meat there has been little change although there has been a shift in kinds of meat bought. In the 1921 depres sion there was a slight fall but the total consumption in both 1930 and 1932 was somewhat higher than in 1925 (1,029 million pounds as compared with 1,024 million pounds in 1925 and 1,058 million pounds at the peak in 1929). In 1932 the consumption of beef, veal, and pork was lower than in 1929 and that of lamb and mutton higher. Department-store dollar sales, using 1923-25 as a base or 100, rose from an index of 108 in 1928 to 111 in 1929, falling to 91 in 1931 and 70 in 1932. Taking into account the lower prices the author of the study under consideration believes that the consumption of women’s clothing in the aggregate was certainly no lower and was in all prob ability higher in 1932 than in 1928 and that of men’s clothing not markedly lower. The University of Minnesota found current consumption in the State fairly well maintained, with the food industry showing no re duction in dollar sales until 1931 when a 14-percent decline occurred. For clothing and textiles the decline came a year earlier, in 1930, the decline being 24 percent. Here again the figures are on the basis of dollar values and no correction is made to show what part of the decline may be attributed to lowered price without affecting the volume of consumption. As regards the loss in markets for production goods the Harvard University study states that a high rate of activity in these indus tries producing such goods characterized the years 1925 to 1929 but this was followed by inactivity in 1930, lasting through 1932. On the basis of the indexes of production compiled by the Federal Reserve Board, percentage changes have been worked out for a number of fields of production as between June 1929 and July 1932 as follows: T 1 Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, Bureau of Business Research, The behavior of consumption in business depression, by Arthur R. Tebbutt; and University of M inne sota, Employment Stabilization Research Institute, Impact of the depression on business activity and real income in Minnesota, edited by Roland S. Vaile. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1091 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS T able 1 .— I N D E X E S O F P R O D U C T I O N C O M P IL E D B Y FE D E R A L R ESER VE B O ARD [Adjusted for seasonal variation, 1923-25=1001 June 1929 Field of production Industrial production___________ ___________ _ ________ Manufactures__________ ______ _ _ ---------------------- , , Iron and steel___ _____ , . . _________ - ----------------Textiles- _______ __ _________________ - - - - Food products_____ _________________ __________ , , Paper and printing______ _____________________ , ,, ,, , L u m ber,- _ ______ __ . _________ , , Automobiles________________________________ ________ Leather and its products,,, ___________ _____ , , , , , Petroleum refining _ , , , , , , _______________ Rubber tires and tubes----------------- ------------------- — Tobacco products----------------------- -----------------------------Minerals--------------------------- -----------------------------------Coal: Bitum inous,. _, ------------------------------ --------------Anthracite,, ............ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - Petroleum, , -------------- ,_ , , -------------------Iron-ore shipments . , , ---------------------------------------Zinc,.. -_ , --------------- - , ---------------------- -------Lead , , , ---------- ----------------------------------Silver------ ------------ . ------------------------ -------------------- Percent of decrease July 1932 125 127 148 120 96 127 94 153 108 170 146 138 114 58 57 25 69 81 85 27 33 77 141 1 68 114 64 54 55 83 42 16 33 71 78 29 17 53 17 44 102 84 135 128 124 120 110 95 46 55 104 8 55 35 23 94 34 31 40 72 72 58 1 August. Thus it is shown that in a period when the reduction in food pro duction was 16 percent, in tobacco 17 percent, and in leather and its products 29 percent, iron-ore shipments, showing the greatest decline, fell 94 percent. The University of Minnesota, using the year when particular indus tries first felt the depression in their sales, pay rolls, and profits, found that the sharpest declines in sales were shown by wood (a producers’ goods industry) and clothing and textiles (a consumers’ goods industry), in pay roll by the wood industry, and in profits by the machinery and metals industry. Last to feel the combined effects of lowered sales and pay rolls was the food industry, although a reduction in profits was experienced in 1930. T able 2 .—Y E A R I N W H IC H S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S F IR S T F E L T T H E D E P R E S S IO N Industry Y ear of decline Percent of de cline Year of Percent of de decline cline Industry Miscellaneous: W ood: 1930 1930 1930 22 20 101 1930 1930 1930 15 14 155 1930 1930 1930 24 14 63 P ayroll__ __ _ _ ___ 1930 1931 1930 13 10 52 1930 1931 1931 16 17 96 1931 1932 1930 14 11 29 Paper and printing: Machinery and metals: Clothing and textiles: P a yroll......... ............. _ Profits_________________________ Food: Sales_______ In conclusion the Harvard University study brings out the fact that, actual consumption having been maintained during the depression, the resumption of production of producers’ goods and durable con sumption goods (i.e., houses, automobiles) must take place in order for an improvement in general business conditions to come about. Such activity is essential, according to the author, if balanced recovery https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1092 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW is to take place, and to meet this end he states that the investment of new capital will be necessary, an investment that will only be made with the return of confidence that recovery is sound and permanent. Report on Conditions in Needle-Trades Industry in Two Counties of Pennsylvania ABOR and Industry, the official publication of the Pennsylvania J Department of Labor and Industry, contains in its issue for August 1933 the report of the commission appointed by Governor Pinchot to investigate conditions in the needle trades of Lehigh and Northampton Counties. The commission consisted of Rev. Willis D. Mathias, of the Emanuel Reformed Church, and Clarence J. Moser, secretary Central Trades and Labor Council, both of Allentown; H. Morley Holton, plant manager Phoenix Manufacturing Co., and Dr. Harry L. Baker, physician, both of Catasauqua; A. F. Tidabock, president Northampton & Bath Railroad Co., and Dr. Charles A. Half, of the Haff Hospital, both of Northampton; and Miss Charlotte E. Carr, secretary Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Hearings were held in Northampton, Allentown, and Bangor, oppor tunity being afforded for employers and employees to give testimony and for civic interests to submit material. The findings of the com mission covered wages, working conditions, conditions as to employ ment of children, and general conditions, including morals. I Wages T he evidence submitted indicated that the wage rates for many, many workers were so extremely low that it was not possible for them to maintain a decent standard of living, and in some cases not even a subsistence. It was found also that there were violations of the legal requirement that employers should make payment of wages at least every 15 days, and that in some cases the employees lost their wages altogether. “ In fact, certain companies * * * went out of business leaving wage claims due workers amounting to thousands of dollars, without any legal process available for making collection of same.” Working Conditions T he commission found that in many instances where women and girls were employed there was no nurse or matron to whom they could report concerning working conditions or illness; that there was evidence of negligence on the part of employers in regard to keeping gas connections in good repair in the pressing departments of needletrade factories, thus involving both health and fire hazards; that there were cases of violation of the sanitary code; and that there was negli gence on the part of factory managements in not providing first-aid materials, rest rooms, and cots, as required by law. The testimony also showed the employment of women for more than the legal hours, and instances were cited in which girl workers under 16 years of age used pressing irons weighing 5 and 6 pounds during every working hour of the day, “ Such employment is injurious to workers of a tender age. ” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS 1093 Child Workers T he hearings brought out the fact that the child labor laws were being violated in several different ways: Evidence brought to the commission showed that children in industry under 16 years of age (a) worked more than the regulation number of hours per day, (b) were required to work more than specified number of hours per week, and (c) continued at work after the hour as posted on the labor schedule. The posting of such a list as referred to in (c) is required by the department of labor and in dustry. It was indicated by children workers that they were warned by “ bosses ” not to give information to inspectors and to tell falsehoods when questioned by inspectors of the department of labor and industry, so that violations of the em ployer would not be discovered. Evidence also showed that when children under 16 had struck against conditions of employment, their working papers had been returned to the school authorities, “ in an effort to force the children to return to work. ” General E v id e n c e was submitted which showed that in certain cases those in authority used their official position to take undue liberties with girls and women while at work, “ and even to mako advances which had immoral intent. Such conditions were reported as being mostly in evidence where there were men foremen and foreladies were not employed. ” Also, it was shown that where local chambers of com merce or other civic bodies had been instrumental in bringing needletrades factories into a community, they had sometimes been rather negligent in ascertaining the standing of the company before giving it a free hand to operate in the community. Recommendations I n v i e w of the evidence presented, and the conditions found, the com m ission presented the follow ing recom m endations: Wages 1. The enactment of a minimum wage law which will provide a decent wage for the lowest paid worker. 2. The passage of a law giving authority to the department of labor and indus try to aid workers in the collection of unpaid wage claims, and other such legisla tion which will guarantee wages to workers. 3. The enactment of a law making provision for a system of unemployment insurance for the needle-trades industry to be supervised by the State. Working Conditions 1. The amending of the present 54-hour law for women workers so as to reduce the same to a point of prohibiting more than 40 hours per week. 2. The enactment of legislation which will require that where 10 or more women workers are employed, and there is no forelady or matron, one of the women workers shall be designated as a matron to care for the needs of said workers. In larger establishments, such a matron to be in full-time service in that capacity. 3. The passage of legislation which will prevent male workers under 18, and female workers under 20 from working as pressers in the needle-trades industry. Child Workers 1. The amendment of the present State child labor act to prevent the employ ment of children in industry under 16 years of age. 2. The ratification of the Federal child labor amendment by the Common wealth of Pennsylvania. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1094 M ONTH LY L A B O R R E V IE W General 1. W e recommend that since there are constant efforts in this industry to evade adherence to existing labor laws, that the bureau of inspection of the de partment of labor and industry be more vigorous in their inspections, and that they engage trained and efficient inspectors in order to compel compliance to the law. 2. Since there is great need for arbitration and mediation today in the realm of industry, we recommend the reestablishment of the bureau of industrial relations in the department of labor and industry at the earliest possible date. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INSURANCE, PENSION, AND BENEFIT PLANS Effect of Public Old-Age Pensions on Almshouse Populations HE results of an inquiry by the American Association for Social Security on the effect of State old-age pension laws on the alms house population are given in the September-October 1933 issue of Social Security. Data were obtained from 9 States, 4 of which have old-age pension laws. The following table, compiled from the article above mentioned, shows the increase in almshouse population in specified years. T IN C R E A S E I N A L M S H O U S E P O P U L A T IO N I N 9 S T A T E S I N S P E C IF IE D P E R IO D S Percent of increase in almshouse population in— State, and year of enactment of pension law 1930 as Period 1924- compared 29 with 1929 Pension States: 48 7.8 20 40 13.0 32 26 16.0 14.0 Nonpension States: 1931-32 as compared with 1930 10.9 15.8 14.9 32.2 23.5 31.4 24.3 16.0 The report points out that in the 5 years prior to the depression “ the poorhouse population had been increasing steadily/’ an increase which was “ tremendously accelerated,” in most of the States report ing, during 1930. The one exception to this occurred in California where the increase was only 7.8 percent, as compared with increases ranging up to 16 percent in the other reporting States. A great discrepancy is shown in the rates of increase between the pension and nonpension States in 1931 and 1932, which the report attributes to the effect of the pension laws. Concerning the situation in New York State the report makes the following statement: The New York figures, available now for a series of years up to 1932, cover 56 out of the 62 institutions in the State, sheltering nearly 90 percent of all inmates. In 1929, the year just preceding the enactment of the State’s old-age security system for persons 70 years and over, the number of inmates over 70 increased by 567, or 15 percent. Following the first 2 years of the operation of the law, the number of inmates over 70 years of age actually dropped by 332, a decrease of 7.5 percent. Significantly, the number of inmates under 70, and therefore ineligible for pension grants, increased during the same period by 1,837 or 29 percent. An examination of the records for the various counties in New York State shows strikingly the effect the State’s old-age security act has had in reducing the number https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1095 1096 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW of older inmates. In Albany, the number of inmates 70 years and over fell from 184 in 1930 to 96 at the end of 1932, a decrease of nearly 50 percent. While this decrease occurred in the oldest and most dependent group, the number of inmates below the pensionable age increased by 280. In Green County the number of inmates over 70 decreased by 37 in the 2 years, while the younger group increased by 45. Livingston County showed "24 less in the older group. In Niagara County, those under 70 increased from 119 to 240, but the older inmates decreased from 78 to 46. In Oswego County the number of older inmates fell from 42 to 15, while the number of younger inmates increased by 23. Rensselaer County and the city of Kingston showed decreases of 54 and 29 in the older groups, and increases of 73 and 43 in the younger groups. These figures are representative of conditions throughout the Commonwealth. The report draws the following conclusions from the study: The above study is conclusive. Despite the fact that most of the pension laws were launched under the most unfavorable conditions during a period of un precedented economic difficulties, the alarming increase of older inmates in poorhouses was not only stopped, but a definite trend in the opposite direction set in. Old-age security laws are not only stopping the influx of new inmates but are gradually reducing the older poorhouse population. The extension and liberaliza tion of the present legislation to cover wider groups is the surest means for the gradual abolition of the onerous, antiquated, and brutal system of poorhouses and the substitution of a few well-equipped and humane hospitals for the chronically Retirement and Unemployment Plan of Hill Bros. Co.1 SYSTEM of reserves for the payment of unemployment benefits has been established by Hill Bros. Co., shoe manufacturers of Hudson, Mass. The benefit plan consists of three reserve funds, the first fund providing for payment of benefits for seasonal unemploy ment, the second for unemployment of a more permanent nature, and the third for retirement of iong-service employees because of dis ability, old age, or technological changes. The company believes that these three types of unemployment should be handled separately as far as possible, although they are coordinated under a general plan. The reserve fund for seasonal unemployment, which was established in June 1931, consists of individual savings set aside by the employees who are subject to seasonal fluctuation of employment, during their periods of steady employment. Executives, foremen, office employees, and salesmen on commission are not eligible, therefore, for member ship in the fund. Participation in the plan is optional, but participa tion in reserve fund no. 2 is dependent upon membership in the savings fund covering seasonal unemployment. This company, which manufactures men’s dress shoes, has two slack periods, one occurring in May and the other in November. These periods have been equivalent to 4 weeks of full shutdown or a total of 8 weeks in the year. The attempt has been made, however, to level off the production as much as possible, so that at least half-time work may be furnished during the slack period. In establishing the amount of the individual payments into the fund, the employee is asked to estimate his weekly requirements in case of a total shutdown for the main necessities of life ;that is, heat, food, and rent. He is then asked to establish a fund equivalent to eight times this amount. A member is allowed to withdraw from the fund, subject to the approval of the committee controlling disbursements, any amount which is con sidered reasonable, but he is requested to withdraw during half-time, only one half of his estimated weekly requirements. He is, however, A 1 Associated Industries of Massachusetts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Industry, Boston, Sept. 9, 1933. INSURANCE, PENSION, AND BENEFIT PLANS 1097 allowed to draw against this fund for emergencies, or, in the event of establishing a fund in excess of his estimated requirements for 8 weeks, he may draw the balance above this amount at any time. A statement of the operation of the fund furnished by the company shows that from June 1931 to January 1, 1933, the total deposits amounted to $11,570.50, or an average of about $60 per employee. At that time 140 of the 185 eligible employees were depositors in the fund. Withdrawals from the fund during 1932 amounted to $3,171.72, leaving a balance in the fund at the beginning of 1933 of more than $ 8 , 000. All employees who are contributors to the seasonal unemployment fund, as well as foremen and office employees who have had at least 6 months’ service, are eligible for membership in reserve fund no. 2, and new employees become eligible for participation at the end of the 6 months’ probationary period. This fund is accumulated through a weekly pay-roll deduction of an amount equal to 2 percent of the aver age salary or wages of the participating member, while the employer contributions are equal to those of the individual members. If the employer contribution credited to the individual-member accounts is less than 2 percent of the total pay roll for eligible employees, an annual adjustment will be made by the employer, who will contribute to reserve fund no. 3 an amount equal to such a deficit. Under the terms governing the operation of this fund a member of 1 year’s standing or over who is laid off or discharged through no fault of his own shall first be paid the amount of his credit in reserve fund no. 1. No benefits will be paid from fund no. 2 during the first 4 weeks of continuous unemployment, but thereafter such an unemployed member shall receive one third of his average weekly salary or wages until the combined member-employer deposit plus the guaranteed interest is exhausted. If one third of the member’s average weekly wage is less than $7, the weekly benefit may be increased but not to exceed $7. The maximum weekly benefit which any member may receive is $16.67. Members of less than 1 year’s standing who leave voluntarily or are laid off or discharged receive the amount of their own deposits without interest. A member who leaves the employ ment of the company and secures employment with a concern operat ing a similar plan or one satisfactory to the advisory committee may transfer his fund, including the company share, to the new company’s plan after a waiting period of 6 months. Provision is made, in the event of the death of a member, for payment of his contributions plus interest to his named beneficiary or to surviving dependents. Reserve fund no. 3, from which annuities are paid to long-service employees who are retired because of old-age disability or as a result of technological changes, is maintained by contributions by the employer, consisting of refunds of the employer’s contribution to fund no. 2 plus any excess arising from the employer’s contribution to reserve fund no. 2. Disbursements from this fund are made at the discretion of the employer with the assistance of the advisory committee. The advisory committee consists of 5 members, 2 elected by the members, 2 named by the employer, and 1 chosen by the 4 thus chosen who is called upon to act in case the other members are unable to reach a decision. The committee has charge of general administra tive details and controls disbursements, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1098 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Benefit Payments by Photo-Engravers’ Union HE American Photo-Engraver for September 1933 gives figures showing the benefits paid by the International Photo-Engravers’ Union and its locals for the year ending May 31, 1933. Although this is an organization of fewer than 9,000 members, the benefits paid by it during that year aggregated nearly 2% million dollars. The table below shows the amounts disbursed for each type of benefit during 1931-32 and 1932-33. T B E N E F IT S P A ID B Y L O C A L A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L P H O T O -E N G R A V E R S ’ U N IO N S , Y E A R S E N D E D M A Y 31, 1932 A N D 1933 Benefits paid by— International union Type of benefit Total Local unions 1931-32 1931-32 Strike and lockout-. - - - - - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ 1932-33 _ $249,836 $181,410 90, 274 72,000 15,000 12,800 32, 370 33, 419 368,055 319, 054 1931-32 1932-33 1932-33 1,959,618 19,834 $249,836 72,000 42, 788 33, 419 1,665,827 21,528 $181,410 90, 274 44, 943 32,370 1,959, 618 19,834 2, 009,395 2, 085,398 2, 328,449 $29, 988 $29,943 1,665,827 21,528 1, 717, 343 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS Meeting of International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, 1933 HE twentieth annual meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions was held at Chicago, 111., September 11 to 14, with delegates present from the various States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Canadian Provinces. A review of the developments during the past year in the work men’s compensation field was presented in the opening address by R. A. Wenzel, chairman of the Workmen’s Compensation Bureau of North Dakota and president of the association. This was followed by several sessions devoted to workmen’s compensation problems, with the question of uniform legislation as the keynote throughout. It was pointed out that uniform practices in the several administra tions would not only benefit the injured workers and simplify pro ceedings for the commissioners, but would also prove a boon to the many employers and large insurance companies that operate in sev eral States. The idea was also advanced that commissioners handling compensation claims should not be subject to politics but should have longer terms of office and should be paid reasonable salaries. The third day of the convention, wdiich was devoted to the medical phases of administration, developed an interesting and novel program through the arrangement of the chairman for the day, Dr. Samuel S. Graves, former medical director of the Industrial Commission of Illinois, in dealing exclusively with one important specific subject— back injuries and their relation to workmen’s compensation. On September 14 a joint session was held with the Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada, for the discussion of industrial accident prevention and safety codes. The convention authorized a study of the methods used in the various States for determining the average weekly wage which is used as a basis for compensation payments. A recommendation was ap proved for the establishment of a universal second-injury fund in ' States which do not provide for such funds; and a resolution was passed urging the members to do everything in their power to adopt the uniform blanks for the reporting of accidents, now adopted by 12 States, for use in their respective jurisdictions. Joseph A. Parks, chairman of the Department of Industrial Acci dents of Massachusetts, was elected president for the ensuing year; G. Clay Baker, chairman of the Commission of Labor and Industry of Kansas, was elected vice president; and Chas. E. Baldwin, assistant commissioner of United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, was con tinued as secretary-treasurer. Other members selected for the execu- T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1099 110 0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW tive committee were: Matt H. Allen, North Carolina; Peter J. Angsten, Illinois; Fred W. Armstrong, Nova Scotia; Parke P. Deans, Virginia; Thomas M. Gregory, Ohio; and It. E. Wenzel, North Dakota. The next annual meeting will be held in Boston, Mass., beginning Septem ber 10, 1934. At the joint meeting of the association with the Association of Gov ernmental Officials in Industry, held September 14, 1933, the following resolution was adopted: Resolved by the I.A .I.A .B .C . and the A .G .O .I. in joint convention, That it be recommended to the National Recovery Administration that some such clause as the following be included in each of the industrial codes: “ Every employer coming under the jurisdiction of this code shall comply with all safety and health laws and regulations of the State in which the workplace is located. In all occupations in which workmen are not protected by such State laws or regulations, the employer shall comply with provisions of any standard safety code approved by the American Standards Association, which provides protection against any hazard encountered in such occupations.” Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be transmitted to General Hugh S. Johnson, Administrator of National Industrial Recovery Act. Meeting of National Safety Council, 1933 HE Twenty-second Congress of the National Safety Council, held at Chicago, October 2 to 6, was opened in the usual manner by a general session, during which the accomplishments of the past year were reviewed by James I. Banash, retiring president of the council. Reference was made to the effect of the Industrial Recovery Act on the safety movement and the recognition through it of safe and health ful working conditions as a fundamental of fair competition. Indus try was, however, warned that existing measures are not sufficient and that the safety movement must be extended even more vigorously to overcome the results of drastic economy during the past few years, together with the serious menace of the present moment of a decided increase in accidents through increased industrial activity. The program scheduled 100 sectional meetings, including a widely extended list of subject sessions, with about 350 speakers. A message from President Roosevelt praised the work of the Na tional Safety Council and asked a continued fight on accidents and the economic waste resulting from that source. The resolutions adopted by the congress included a pledge of unceasing efforts, and also a pledge of “ allegiance to President Roosevelt for his able leadership and his unswerving determination to bring the American people out of economic chaos into rightful prosperity.” The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, John E. Long, Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation, Albany, N .Y.; managing director, W. H. Cameron, Chicago, 111.; treasurer, W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111.; vice pres ident for finance, G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Co., Chicago, 111.; vice president for public safety, Robert I. Catlin, Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.; vice president for engineering, J. E. Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; vice president for membership, R. T. Solensten, The Elliott Service Co., New York City; vice president for business administration, C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. ; vice president for the division of safety councils, Lew R. Palmer, Equitable Life Assurance T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS 1101 Society, New York City; vice president for industrial safety, George H. Warfel, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, Nebr. ; vice president for health, Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York City; vice president for education, A. W. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters, New York City. Industrial Accidents in Massachusetts, 1931-32 CCORDING to the report of the Department of Industrial Accidents of Massachusetts for the year ending June 30, 1932, reports were received during the year of 123,517 industrial injuries, or 20,616 less than for the year ending June 30, 1931. There was a corresponding decrease in the number of tabulatable injuries (injuries causing the loss of at least 1 day or shift) from 50,006 in 1930-31 to 42,067 in 1931-32. . . . . The tabulatable injuries included 222 fatalities (60 cases less than in the previous year), 7 injuries resulting in permanent total disa bility, and 864 cases resulting in permanent partial disability. Of the total tabulatable injuries 96.3 percent, or 40,514 cases, were under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Act, while 3.7 percent, or 1,553 cases, were not insured. This compares with 96 and 4 percent respectively for 1931-32. The report shows the average compensation cost of fatal cases as $3,378.42 and of nonfatal cases as $169.72, while the average medical cost for all cases where incurred is given as $27.65. In 13,651 cases, or 33.3 percent, of the temporary total disabilities, the employee was not incapacitated for a period of more than 7 days (the waiting period in Massachusetts), and would consequently not be entitled to compensation benefits, but would receive medical benefits if the employer was insured. Handling of objects caused 12,842 injuries, falls of persons 7,368, machinery 4,885, and hand tools 3,800, making these four causes responsible for 68.6 percent of all injuries against 31.4 percent due to all other causes. The largest number of workers injured occurred in the age groups of 20 to 24, 25 to 29, 30 to 34, and 35 to 39 years, to which are charged 56.9 percent of all injuries. The experience under the Workmen’s Compensation Act is given in detail in a number of statistical tables in the report. The table on page 1102 gives a summary distribution of the tabulatable injuries reported during the year by industry groups and by extent of dis ability. Road transportation shows the greatest number of fatalities, 55; trade is second, with 33; service and the building trades follow, with 17 and 15, respectively; and iron and steel is fifth, with 11. Seven injuries resulted in permanent total disability; two of these occurred in the building trades and two in the iron and steel industry. Per manent partial disabilities were distributed as follows: Iron and steel was highest, with 119 cases; road transportation second, with 91; textiles third, with 83; trade fourth, with 78; and building trades fifth, with 67. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1102 TABU LATABLE MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W IN J U R IE S I N M A S S A C H U S E T T S , Y E A R E N D E D JU N E I N D U S T R Y G R O U P S A N D E X T E N T OF D I S A B I L I T Y 30, 1932, B Y Number of injuries reported Perma nent to tal disa bilities Industry group Fatal 7 15 3 2 17 1 7 11 6 2 1 2 5 1 4 6 7 4 7 33 Transportation: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Perma nent par tial disa bilities Tempo rary to tal disa bilities 9 67 5 17 5 40 2 40 119 60 3 55 16 8 44 12 13 83 78 619 4, 827 317 417 500 2,612 313 1,871 3,176 2,443 131 1,055 408 161 1,032 600 759 123 2,736 8,063 635 4,911 325 437 505 2,669 316 1,918 3, 308 2, 509 134 1,115 425 173 1,082 612 779 127 2,826 8,174 5 5, 776 357 131 2,542 6 5,923 360 137 2,661 40, 974 42, 067 3 28 1 1 91 3 3 90 222 7 864 55 1 Total SAFETY Status of Industrial Safety Codes and Regulations in the Various States 1 B y C harles E. B a l d w i n , United States Assistant Commissioner of Labor Statistics URING the period of domestic and handicraft employment, before the application of steam and electric power, workers were exposed to few hazards, and the question of safety in industrial life was principally a matter of individual caution. Introduction of machinery changed conditions completely. Accident hazards were multiplied, and the safety of the worker depended not only on his own judgment and caution, but also on the judgment and caution of his fellow workers, as well as on the amount of protection afforded by the employer or by the manufacturers of the mechanical devices against the hazards incident to machine operation. It did, however, take considerable time before it was realized that an accident to a worker is evidence that something has gone wrong, and that a repetition of a particular kind of accident is evidence that something is habitually wrong and should be corrected. The mount ing toll of industrial accidents causing physical and mental suffering as well as financial loss to the workers, and the increased cost of pro duction to the employers, finally resulted in enactment of State regulations to safeguard workers from preventable accidents. Massachusetts took the lead in 1877 with the first American law requiring factory safeguards, providing that all transmission ma chinery and all machinery having movable parts in factories and workshops, or mechanical and mercantile establishments, should be securely guarded as far as practicable, if so placed as to be dangerous to employees while engaged in their ordinary duties. Factory inspec tors were appointed 10 years earlier, and a permanent bureau for the investigation of labor conditions was established in 1869. The example of Massachusetts was followed by New York, W is consin, and other States, many of which adopted blanket codes or regulations of similar character. It was, however, found that under blanket provisions the standard was very indefinite and vague, and that the constant changes in industries and methods required specific and detailed regulations. As a result, a number of special safety codes, rules, or regulations for industrial activities covering either specific important industries, certain mechanical processes, or special haz ards have been developed in the leading industrial States and in others that have considered accident prevention important. D 1 R ead before the T w en tieth A n n u al Convention o f the In tern atio n al A ssociation In d u strial A cciden t B oards and C om m issions, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1 1 - 1 5 , 1 933 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1103 of 1104 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Safety codes or regulations are adopted and enforced for the purpose of preventing accidents. The enactment of workmen’s compensation laws and the compilation of accident statistics have played very prominent parts in the accident-prevention movement and have pointed out the necessity for safety regulations. Industry was forced, through workmen’s conpensation acts, to pay the bills for all accidents. Through such payments the employers began to realize the frightful toll o f indifference and, sometimes, criminal negligence. Statistics disclosed that it was cheaper to prevent acci dents than to pay for them, and investigation showed, that a large majority o f accidents could be prevented. The experience of some large firms, which had applied rules of their own, proved both points. Safety regulations in some States are still statutory, with certain agencies designated for enforcement. In other States it has been found advisable to authorize the enforcing agency (industrial com mission, department of labor, utilities commission, etc.) to formulate reasonable rules, regulations, or orders for the prevention of in dustrial injuries. In such case the rules are sometimes promulgated by the enforcing agency itself, but the principal industrial States have adopted the method of forming advisory committees for as sistance in the drafting of safety codes or orders. Such advisory committees are composed o f the various groups interested: Employ ers; employees; and insurance, medical, legal, or technical experts with special knowledge of the particular problems involved. In some States public hearings are also held before the codes become effective. Since the previous report to this association an inquiry has been made, through the United States Bureau o f Labor Statistics, con cerning the specific safety regulations in effect at the present time in the individual States and the District of Columbia. Information has been received from practically all, and is shown in the appendix, by States. Previous information, supplemented by data obtained through careful research, is given for! the States from which definite information was not obtained. In some instances the safety regulations shown in the appendix are authorized specifically by statute, while in others they are pro mulgated under authority of the industrial commission, the depart ment of labor, or other regulatory agency to carry out the general provisions of law which authorize safety measures, without defi nite specifications. Safety provisions covering mines and mining operations are indicated under a general classification “ Mines ” , and are not given in detail, as that subject is ordinarily covered by the United States Bureau of Mines. Two o f the States, Alabama and New Mexico, have no safety regu lations of any kind, and Florida has only regulations covering em ployment of children under 16. Other States show considerable variation. Some of them have safety provisions covering all dan gerous practices, while others have regulations for a few specific subjects onlySome revisions and changes were made during the past year in the existing regulations in several States and some new safety codes were adopted. Notable among the latter were the laws and regula tions for the use of nonshatterable glass in motor vehicles, adopted https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY 1105 by California, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, and New York. Bills on this subject have also been introduced in the legislatures of Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio, and in the United States Congress. In California a new code was adopted for work in compressed air. In Maryland the existing list of approved safety codes was en larged by the adoption of codes on compressed-air work; floor and wall openings, railings and toeboards; and protection against light ning; making a total of 32 separate safety codes approved by that State. In North Carolina regulations were issued covering spray painting and quarries. In Ohio a new code has been adopted, covering pressure piping and mechanical-refrigeration systems and equipment, while two of the previous codes have been completely revised, bringing regula tions up to date for elevators and for fabricating machinery. Appendix A .— Safety Regulations for Industrial Workers, by States, 1933 Safety codes, rules, or regulations for tlie protection of industrial workers have been adopted by all of the States except Alabama and New Mexico, and by the District of Columbia. Considerable difference exists, however, in the number of subjects covered in the various jurisdictions, partly due to differ ences in industrial development. A compilation is here presented of the specific subjects covered in each of the States, either by statutory enactment or by orders of the enforcing governmen tal agency authorized through the laws to develop and issue regulations, accord ing to information received by September 1, 1933, from the various States and from research of reports and laws. The classification may not be complete, as some States have blanket regulations covering health and safety of industrial workers in all industries located in the jurisdiction, but it is assumed that all subjects are listed that are covered by specific rules and practically all that are covered by the general rules. Brief explanatory notes are included. Alabam a .— No industrial safety laws have been adopted, and no govern mental agency has authority to formulate rules or regulations. Suggestions furnished to industrial establishments, when requested, are usually based on regulations advocated by the various engineering societies or the National Safety Council. Alaska .— Statutory regulations cover health and safety of workers in mines, and sanitary conditions in factories, canneries, or other establishments where labor is employed, but failure of securing appropriation for necessary expenses has prevented enforcement of the sanitary provisions for nearly a decade. A rizon a .— Safety measures are provided to a certain extent through the industrial commission by variation in the cost of insurance in the State com pensation fund. Statutory provisions cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels, construction work, electrical installation, and power-transmission appa ratus. A rkan sas .— Statutory provisions cover boilers, mines, public-safety corpora tions, and industrial sanitation for female employees, and prohibit employment of children under 16 in dangerous occupations. Some proprietors of laundries, woodworking plants, printing plants, etc., provide safety appliances in con formity with recommendations of companies manufacturing such appliances, but such measures are voluntary. California .— Safety orders of the industrial accident commission apply to all places of employment in the State, and the commission has power to require that all unsafe conditions be removed, whether that condition is or is not covered by a special order. The safety orders cover the following subjects: 1 6 4 8 7 °— 33 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1106 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Abrasive wheels Aeronautics Air-pressure tanks Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Ceramics Chemicals Colors for traffic signals Compressed-air machinery (in part) Compressed-air work Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery (in part) Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dredges Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Grandstands Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Colorado .— Safety regulations, based enforced by the inspection department exception of mining regulations whici department or the State bureau of min are covered : Abrasive wheels Boilers Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Elevators and escalators Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Connecticut .— Statutory provisions e Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Boilers Construction work Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Machine tools Metal working Milling industry Mines Motorboats Oil drilling Painting Paper and pulp mills Plant railways Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Shipbuilding Steam shovels Steel mills Stevedoring operations Sugar factories Tanneries Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Walkway surfaces (in part) Welding Window washing Woodworking plants on broad statutory provisions, are now of the industrial commission, with the come under the coal-mine inspection s, respectively. The following subjects Lighting of school buildings Machine tools Mines Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Power presses, and foot and hand presses Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Sugar factories Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants ,Ter the following subjects: Exits, building Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Power-transmission apparatus Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ventilation SAFETY 1107 Delaware.— Statutory provisions cover the following subjects : Aeronautics ; automobile brakes and brake testing; automobile headlighting; boilers; can neries ; exits, building ; and explosives. Local safety provisions for the city of Wilmington cover drycleaning and dyeing, gas installations, plumbing, and protection from fire and panic. D istrict o f Colum bia .— Safety regulations, adopted by the Commissioners of the District under authority enacted by Congress of the United States, cover the following subjects : Air-pressure tanks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Boilers Compressed-air machinery Drycleaning and dyeing Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exits, building Grandstands Plumbing Power control, electrical Power-transmission apparatus Pressure piping Pressure vessels Protection from fire and panic Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Steam shovels F lorid a .— The only safety regulations in the State are the statutory provi sions of the child-labor law, which include safety and sanitary provisions for children under 16. Georgia .— Statutory provisions cover building exits and child labor only. None of the governmental agencies are authorized to promulgate safety codes. H a w a ii .— Statutory provisions cover aeronautics, and explosives (under super vision of the Territorial superintendent of public works), while sanitary regu lations are promulgated and enforced by the Territorial board of health. The workmen’s compensation law has no provision for safety regulations, but the industrial accident boards cooperate with local insurance carriers and employers to minimize industrial accidents, and ordinances of the city and county of Honolulu regulate several industrial conditions. Including the items mentioned previously, the subjects covered by the various regulations are : Aeronautics Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Construction work Electrical installations Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Grandstands Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Lightning, protection against Plumbing Protection from fire and panic Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ida h o .— Safety regulations issued by the industrial accident board, which is empowered by statute to protect workers, cover the following subjects: Elevators and escalators Exits, building Laundry machinery and operation Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Woodworking plants Illin ois .— Statutory provisions, administered by the department of labor through the division of factory inspection, cover the following subjects : Abrasive wheels Construction work (structural iron) Cranes, derricks, and hoists (limited) Electrical installations Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Ladders (in part) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power-transmission apparatus Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Ventilation Woodworking plants 1108 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Indiana .— Statutory provisions of the factory act, the boiler inspection act, and items under the State safety department, cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Aeronautics Air-pressure tanks Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Ceramics Chemicals Compressed-air machinery Compressed-air work Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dredges Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Felt-hatting industry Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Grandstands Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Metal working Milling industry Mines Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Shipbuilding Spray painting Steam shovels Steel mills Sugar factories Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Welding Woodworking plants Io w a .— Blanket regulations, covering specified health and safety conditions in all workshops or other industrial establishments, except mines or in agricul tural work, authorize orders by the State bureau of labor for proper observ ance of the law. Regulations for mine safety are under the jurisdiction of the State bureau of mines. Special industrial subjects covered include the following : Abrasive wheels Boilers Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Mines Paper and pulp mills Plumbing Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Printing Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Woodworking plants K a n sa s .— No specific* codes for special subjects, but statutory blanket regu lations for all industrial establishments authorize orders from inspectors for necessary changes according to individual judgment. In a general way the following subjects are covered: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY Abrasive wheels Aeronautics (in part) Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers (in part) Canneries Colors for traffic signals Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Gas-mask canisters, colors for Heads and eyes, protection of (in part) 1109 Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Machine tools Milling industry Mines Oil drilling Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical (in part) Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Sugar factories Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants K e n tu c k y .— Statutory regulations cover only industrial sanitation (under the State board of health), fire prevention (under the State department of fire prevention and rates), coal mines (under the State department of mines), safety provisions for miners and dust removal for polishing or grinding machinery (under the department of agriculture, labor, and statistics). The latter is authorized to inspect industrial establishments and suggest correc tions of hazards. Some safety codes have been adopted by the department for the guidance of inspectors in making recommendations. Louisiana .— Some statutory regulations exist, but the only inspection is in the parish of Orleans by an inspector specifically provided by the law to enforce the child labor act. The following subjects are covered: Construction work Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Ladders Printing Protection from fire and panic Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging M a in e .— No codes have been adopted. The department of labor and industry is permitted by law to order changes in ways, works, and machinery, where same are deemed necessary. Safety provisions cover the following subjects: Automobile headlighting Boilers (in part) Compressed-air work Exits, building Plumbing Power-transmission apparatus Sanitation, industrial Tunnels M aryla n d .— American Standard safety codes have been adopted by the State industrial accident commission as minimum specific requirements for safety and have the force of law. The following subjects are covered : Abrasive wheels Compressed-air machinery Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Gas-mask canisters, colors for Heads and eyes, protection of Digitized forLadders FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lightning, protection against Logging and sawmill machinery Mines Paper and pulp mills Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Textiles Woodworking plants mo MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W M a ssa ch u setts .— Under authority conferred by statute the State departments of labor and industries, of public safety, and of public works have adopted a number of health and safety codes covering the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Aeronautics Air-pressure tanks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Ceramics Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Felt-hatting industry Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Lightning, protection against Logging and sawmill machinery Metal working Painting Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Protection from fire and panic Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Steel mills Sugar factories Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Woodworking plants M ichigan .— In addition to statutory legislation, the department of labor and industry has adopted rules and regulations for safety in industrial establish ments, some of them as a result of conferences with those interested. The laws and regulations cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Boilers Canneries Colors for traffic signals Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Paper and pulp mills Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Spray painting Textiles Ventilation Welding Woodworking plants M in n esota .— The statutes relating to industrial safety are very general in their application and authorize the industrial commission to promulgate specific rules and regulations. W ith the exception of regulations for plumbing, which are under the jurisdiction of the health department, these cover the following subjects : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY Abrasive wheels Automobile brakes and brake testing Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in m i Heads and eyes, protection of Laundry machinery and operation Logging and sawmill machinery Paper and pulp mills Plumbing Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ventilation Window washing Woodworking plants M ississippi .— No special safety codes have been adopted, but statutory provisions cover the following subjects : Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Guarding of all machinery Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Power-transmission apparatus Sanitation, industrial Ventilation M issou ri .— The labor laws of the State contain general provisions for the protection of industrial workers, with specific reference to several subjects but details left to the judgment of the State department of labor and industrial inspection, and the only specific rules formulated by the department pertain to boilers. Including this code, and the regulations for mines which are under the jurisdiction of the State bureau of mines, the following subjects are covered: Abrasive wheels Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Colors for traffic signals Construction work Dust explosions, prevention of Elevators and escalators Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in (in part) Gas installations Heads and eyes, protection of Mines Plant railways Power control, mechanical Protection from fire and panic Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ventilation Woodworking plants M ontana .— Statutory provisions cover boilers and steam machinery, electrical installations, and mines. N ebraska .— The safety codes approved by the American Standards Associa tion have been adopted as minimum requirements for safety. The following subjects are covered : Abrasive wheels Air-pressure tanks Bakeries Boilers Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Heads and eyes, protection'of Ladders https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Laundry machinery and operation Metal working Paper and pulp mills Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power-transmission apparatus Pressure vessels Rubber machinery Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ventilation Window washing Woodworking plants 1112 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W N evada .— Statutory provisions cover the following subjects : Abrasive wheels Electrical installations Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Ladders Mines Power-transmission apparatus Tunnels N e w H a m psh ire .— The factory-inspection law permits the bureau of labor to issue orders covering any condition that is dangerous to the life and limb of workers. Regulations issued cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Boilers Compressed-air machinery Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building (in part) Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards (in part) Foundries, protection of workers in Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Paper and pulp mills Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants N e w J er se y .— Statutory provisions and safety regulations cover the following subjects : Abrasive wheels Boilers Ceramics Chemicals Construction work Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Felt-hatting industry Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Printing Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Ventilation Window washing Woodworking plants N ew M ex ic o .— No safety regulations exist. Some safety practices have been applied in coal mines through cooperation of inspectors and employers, but strictly voluntary as there are no State laws for enforcement. N ew Y o r k .— The State department of labor is authorized to formulate and adopt codes or rules which have the same force and effect as statutes enacted by the legislature. Such codes are supplementary to the labor law, which in some sections is specific, but in others broad and general. They are developed with the aid of an advisory committee and public hearings are mandatory before final adoption. The existing codes cover the following subjects: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY Abrasive wheels Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Compressed-air work Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of (in part) Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Hand tools Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Machine tools Metal working Milling industry Mines Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and presses Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Tanneries Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Walkway surfaces Welding Window washing Woodworking plants 1113 hand N orth Carolina .— Rules and suggestn s promulgated by the State department of labor covering the following subjects Abrasive wheels Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Chemicals Colors for traffic signals Cranes, derricks, and hoists Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Hand tools Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders N orth D a kota .— Safety regulations < and labor cover the following subjects Boilers Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Electrical installations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Lighting, factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Lightning, protection against Mines Painting Plant railways Plumbing Power control, electrical Power-transmission apparatus Protection from fire and panic Quarries Sanitation, industrial Spray painting Textiles Ventilation Woodworking plants the State department of agriculture Engines Exits, building Mines Scaffolds and staging 1114 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Ohio .— Safety codes prepared under statutory authorization by the indus trial commission, with the assistance of representatives of employers and employees, have the force and effect of statutory regulations. The following subjects are covered : Abrasive wheels Air-pressure tanks Bakeries Boilers Ceramics Compressed-air work Construction work Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Hand tools Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Machine tools Metal working Painting Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power presses, and foot and presses Power-transmission apparatus Pressure piping Pressure vessels Protection from fire and panic Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Steel mills Tunnels Ventilation Welding Window washing Woodworking plants hand Oklahoma .— Statutory regulations, or safety provisions issued by the State department of labor to give effect to the laws, cover the following subjects : Abrasive wheels Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives (in part) Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection o f workers in Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders (in part) Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Metal working Milling industry Oil drilling Plate- and sheet-metal working Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Pressure vessels Printing Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Steam shovels Steel mills Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants O regon .— Statutory provisions, or safety standards, promulgated by the in dustrial accident commission and having the effect o f legislative action, cover the following subjects: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY Abrasive wheels Air-pressure tanks Boilers Canneries Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards (limited) Foundries, protection of workers in Ladders Laundry machinery and operation 1115 Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Paper and pulp mills Plumbing Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Pressure piping Pressure vessels Printing Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Walkway surfaces Window washing Woodworking plants Pen n sylvan ia .— Safety codes, developed under statutory authorization by the State department of labor and industry, assisted by employer and employee representatives of the respective industries, and submitted to public hearings before adoption, cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Chemicals Compressed-air machinery Compressed-air work Construction work Drycleaning and dyeing Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Gas installations Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Milling industry Mines Paper and pulp mills Plant railways Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Tanneries (in part) Textiles Tunnels Window washing Woodworking plants R hode Islan d .— Statutory provisions of the factory-inspection law and the boiler-inspection law cover the followin subjects: Floor and wall openings, railings, and Abrasive wheels toeboards Aeronautics Foundries, protection of workers in Automobile brakes and brake testing Laundry machinery and operation Automobile headlighting Lighting factories, mills, etc. Bakeries Sanitation, industrial Boilers Scaffolds and staging Colors for traffic signals Textiles Construction work (cities) Ventilation Explosives South C arolin a — Statutory regulations pertaining to industrial establish ments prohibit children under 14 from cleaning machinery while in motion and require seats for female employees in mercantile establishments and sanitaiy drinking receptacles, the only industrial safety regulations in the State. South Dakota — Statutory regulations cover automobile brakes and brake testing, automobile headlighting, boilers, lighting of school buildings, and indus- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1116 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W trial sanitation where women or children are employed. They also cover building exits (under the jurisdiction of the State fire marshal), as well as mines, quarries, and the removal of gases, fumes, or dust in smelters or reduction works (all under the jurisdiction of the State mine inspector). T en n essee .— Safety standards adopted by the factory-inspection division of the State department of labor and published for the use of inspectors or the industries cover the following subjects : Abrasive wheels Amusement parks Compressed-air machinery Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dry cleaning and dyeing Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Gas-mask canisters, colors for Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Metal working Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Spray painting Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants T e x a s .— The health, comfort, and safety law, the law for female employees, and the child-labor law permit a broad field for safety rules in factories, mills, workshops, and mercantile establishments. Specific requirements include exits, handrailings, and industrial sanitation, but the State bureau of labor statistics includes the following subjects as covered : Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Colors for traffic signals Construction work Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations (local) Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards (in part) Gas installations Hand tools Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Logging and sawmill machinery Milling industry Mines Plant railways Plumbing Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Printing Protection from fire and panic Quarries Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Stevedoring operations Sugar factories Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Woodworking plants U tah .— The industrial commission is authorized to promulgate and adopt safety codes, rules, and regulations. A number of standards have been adopted as a result of conferences with employers and employees. The follow ing subjects are covered: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SAFETY Abrasive Wheels Air-pressure tanks Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing (in part) Automobile headlighting (in part) Bakeries Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Ceramics Chemicals Colors for traffic signals Compressed-air machinery Compressed-air work Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Drycleaning and dyeing Dust explosions, prevention of Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in (in part) Gas-mask canisters, colors for Grandstands Hand tools Heads and eyes, protection of (in part) Ladders (in part) Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. (in part) 1117 Lighting of school buildings Logging and sawmill machinery (in part) Machine tools Metal working Milling industry Mines Oil drilling Painting Plant railways Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses (in part) Power-transmission apparatus Pressure piping Pressure vessels Printing Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Safety glass Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Steam shovels Steel mills Sugar factories Tanneries Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Walkway surfaces Welding Window washing Woodworking plants V erm on t .— No specific safety codes have been adopted. The statutes are indefinite but broad so far as the jurisdiction of the State commissioner of industries is concerned and the activities of that office cover the following subjects: Abrasive wheels Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Elevators and escalators Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Heads and eyes, protection of Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Paper and pulp mills Power-transmission apparatus Quarrries Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Walkway surfaces Woodworking plants Virginia .— Statutory regulations give the State department of labor dis cretionary powers in the regulation of safety appliances and sanitary con ditions in industrial establishments, but does not provide for the establish ment of safety codes. In 1930 the legislature appointed a committee to study the advisability of adopting a safety code for employers and employees. A report of this committee has been submitted to the legislature, recommending promulgation of safety codes by the industrial commission, with enforcement in the department of labor and industry. Specific statutory provisions cover the following subjects : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1118 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Abrasive wheels Elevators Exits, building Explosives i Mines Power-transmission apparatus Quarries W ash in gton .— Under statutory regulations the State department of labor and industries has promulgated general safety standards, adopted after conferences with employers and employees and holding of public hearings. These stand ards have the status of legislative action, and carry penalties for noncompli ance. Much of the safety work is covered by city ordinances, such as building exits, elevator operation, etc., and motor-vehicle subjects are under the juris diction of the highway patrol. The following subjects are covered: Abrasive wheels Amusement parks Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Boilers Brewing and bottling Canneries Chemicals Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dredges Drycleaning and dyeing Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Foundries, protection of workers in Hand tools Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Metal working Milling industry Mines Oil drilling Painting Paper and pulp mills Plant railways Plate- and sheet-metal working Plumbing Potteries Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and presses Power-transmission apparatus Pressure vessels Printing Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Shipbuilding Steam shovels Steel mills Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Walkway surfaces Welding Window washing Woodworking plants hand W e s t Virginia .— No special rules have been issued, but statutory provisions cover the folowing subjects: Abrasive wheels Boilers Elevators and escalators Exits, building Laundry machinery and operation Mines Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power-transmission apparatus Sanitation, industrial Ventilation Woodworking plants W iscon sin .— The industrial commission is charged with the duty of fixing standards of safety in all places of public employment, and has promulgated a number of safety codes or general orders, with the assistance of advisory committees, and public hearings. Including the provisions for plumbing which are undei the jurisdiction of the State board of health, the following subjects are covered : Abrasive wheels Aeronautics Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Bakeries Boilers Colors for traffic signals Compressed-air work Construction work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dredges Drycleaning and dyeing Electrical installations Elevators and escalators Engines Exhaust systems Exits, building Explosives SAFETY Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards (in part) Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Flammable liquids Heads and eyes, protection of Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Lighting of school buildings Logging and sawmill machinery (in part) Machine tools Mines Paper and pulp mills Plumbing Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and presses Power-transmission apparatus Pressure vessels Printing Quarries Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery (in part) Sanitation, industrial Scaffolds and staging Spray painting Tanneries (in part) Textiles Tunnels Ventilation Window washing Woodworking plants 1119 hand le act creating the State department of W yo m in g .— Under the authority of labor and statistics, the commissioner ii ;sues safety orders for industrial establishments, while under statutory min ing regulations the safety orders for mining are issued by the coal-mine inspection department. The following subjects are covered: Abrasive wheels Aeronautics Automobile brakes and brake testing Automobile headlighting Colors for traffic signals Compressed-air machinery Construction work Conveyors and conveying machinery Cranes, derricks, and hoists Dust explosions, prevention of Elevators and escalators Exhaust systems Exits, building Floor and wall openings, railings, and toeboards Forging and hot-metal stamping Foundries, protection of workers in Ladders Laundry machinery and operation Lighting factories, mills, etc. Logging and sawmill machinery Machine tools Mines Paper and pulp mills Plate- and sheet-metal working Power control, electrical Power control, mechanical Power presses, and foot and hand presses Power-transmission apparatus Refrigeration, mechanical Rubber machinery Sanitation, industrial Tanneries Textiles Ventilation Walkway surfaces Window washing Woodworking plants Safety Rules for Window Cleaning in New York SAFETY code for window cleaners in tlie State of New York 1 became effective April 1, 1933. The regulations, which amplify previously existing rules on the subject, enable both employers and workers to obtain safety as far as regulations will permit. Owners, tenants, or persons in charge of public buildings are prohibited from requiring or permitting cleaning of windows from the outside unless proper means for safety are provided, and workers are required to make use of such safety devices. The code contains definitions of terms, general rules, specifications for the various safety devices (ladders, scaffolds, boatswains chairs, belts, belt terminals and anchors, and anchor installations according to building material), and penalties for violations. A ‘ New York. Department of Labor. window cleaning. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Industrial Code Bulletin N o. 21: Rules (as amended) relating to LABOR ORGANIZATIONS Convention of the American Federation of Labor, 1933 HE representatives of the American Federation of Labor at the fifty-third annual convention of that organization, which met in Washington, October 2-13, 1933, were confronted by new problems and new responsibilities in a changed and swiftly changing economic order. There were 596 delegates in attendance. After the invocation and addresses of welcome by various local officials, Mr. William Green, the president of the federation, voiced some of the aspirations and dissatisfactions of labor under the “ new deal.” A few of his remarks are given below: T From March to August of this year 2,800,000 persons were placed back at work in all industries. Of that number 150,000 found new work in the agricultural industry. But in spite of this there are still 11,000,000 persons out of work. W e hope that when the figures for September are compiled they will show as sub stantial an advance in overcoming unemployment as was shown during the month of August. The return of these workers has increased the total buying power about 25 per cent since March 1, but because living costs have increased rapidly, the total amount of this buying power cannot be manifested in the consumption of manu factured products. When the rise in living costs is accounted for, the total in crease in buying power will approximate 17 percent. All this increase in buying power is due to reemployment, not to the increase in buying power of the individual worker, for the average monthly income of the individual worker was increased only 6.9 percent since March, while the cost of living has increased 7.1 percent. This is according to the figures of the National Industrial Conference Board. These figures on buying power are based on reports covering 15 industries from the Department of Labor and other Government agencies. They cover wage earners in mines, factories, railroads, trade, utilities, and certain service industries. Buying power in all industries has increased by about $310,000,000 a month, or $3,720,000,000 a year. In Mr. Green’s judgment the 11,000,000 unemployed will not get back to work until the 6-hour day and the 5-day week are established in the industrial codes of fair practice. He also emphasized the necessity of raising the rates of pay. So that there is involved in this question a revision of the hours of labor and a revision of the rates of pay. I believe those who are administering the act are sincerely and earnestly desirous of accomplishing that purpose, but in all big undertakings such as this, and in the midst of confusion when we embark upon a great adventure, w e must realize that mistakes will be made and that we must all exercise that patience that is so characteristic of the working men and women of the Nation. _W e must have faith— faith in the “ new deal ” , faith in the principles of this act, faith in those who are honestly and liberally administering it, and most important of all, faith in that great, fearless leader— the President of the United States. Mr. Green also spoke of the augmenting interest of the workers in organization— an interest such as even tried veterans in the labor movement had never before witnessed. 1120 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 1121 In his address at the unveiling of the Gompers Memorial on October 7, President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the following words in which President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 “ summed up the splendid national services of Samuel Gompers and at the same time preached a sermon that applied to capital and labor alike” : If I may be permitted to do so, I want to express my admiration of his patriotic courage, his large vision, and his statesmanlike sense of what has to be done. I like to lay my mind alongside of a mind that knows how to pull in harness. The horses that kick over the traces will have to be put in a corral. That sermon President Roosevelt declared is “ just as good today as it was in 1917. We are engaged in another war, and I-believe from the bottom of my heart that organized labor is doing its share to win this war. The whole of the country has a common enemy; industry, agriculture, capital, labor are all engaged in fighting it. Just as in 1917, we are seeking to pull in harness; just as in 1917, horses that kick over the traces will have to be put in a corral.” Among other speakers at various sessions of the convention were: Hon. Frances Perkins, United States Secretary of Labor; Hon. James A. Farley, Postmaster General; Gen. Hugh S. Johnson, Administra tor, National Recovery Administration; Miss Elizabeth Christman, fraternal delegate, National Women’s Trade Union League of Amer ica; Mr. James Rowan and Mr. Joseph A. Hale, fraternal delegates, British Trades Union Congress; Mr. Fred J. White, fraternal delegate, Trades and Labor Congress of Canada; Rev. Francis J. Haas, member of Labor Advisory Board, National Recovery Administration; Spencer Miller, Jr., secretary, Workers’ Education Bureau of America; Hon. Robert F. Wagner, United States Senator; and Hon. James J. Davis, United States Senator. In reviewing the rapid advances made in the interest of the wage earners since March 1933, when an advisory labor committee drew up for the United States Department of Labor a program of accom plishment which it might desire to see under way in the next 4 years, the Secretary of Labor reported that the abolition of child labor and the drastic limitation of present and future hours of labor, which were included in that program, were already “ well under way.” She also reported progress in connection with various other pro visions of that program, among them unemployment relief by the Federal Government with State cooperation, with labor upon the boards administering the relief; the registration with the Federal Administration of a warning “ to take care that relief was not used to supplement sweatshop wages” ; and the raising of minimum-wage levels. Another recommendation of that advisory committee, the recognition of this right of the workers to organize and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, the Sec retary stated, was now “ established in the law and in the custom of the land.” She also said: I think that for the only time in m y memory the people of the United States are united in the acceptance of one common idea, and that is the idea that upon the prosperity of the wage earners of America depends the prosperity of the whole United States. Since we all see that, if we can all be but patient and have the character necessary to carry through this responsibility, I think we shall win through. In closing her address the Secretary asked the delegates to regard the Department of Labor as their Department, “ a Department 16487°— 33------ 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1122 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW developed by the United States Government for labor and for the service and help and information of labor/’ She asked their “ posi tive, whole-hearted, constructive cooperation” , and declared that she felt she could most surely count upon it. The realization of the tremendous significance of the National Industrial Recovery Act was strongly reflected in the convention speeches. According to Miss Elizabeth Christman, fraternal delegate National Women’s Trade Union League of America, a new approach to old problems and a real understanding of newer policies were imperative. She also said: I would like to strike another dominant note which I believe is in harmony with the changing times. I believe that we shall have to make some structural change in our present trade-union set-up. While I fully recognize the value of craft unions, I am in sympathy with the idea now being advanced here and there of a great need for the functional union in such many-sided industries as the rubber, textile, automobile, meat packing, for example. I urge, therefore, a functional organization of unions in industries which comprise a great diversity of occupations. Looking toward such a development I have in mind the forma tion of something that we might call a strategy board. Such an agency could map out general plans and policies for strengthening the united action of the regular craft unions and at the same time extending organization into those industries in which the present form of organization has obviously not been successful. It was the belief of Mr. James Rowan, fraternal delegate British Trades Union Congress, that the United States had “ initiated a de parture in the economic life of nations and that other countries will be compelled to follow” such lead in matters of fundamental policy. Mr. Joseph A. Hall, fraternal delegate British Trades Union Congress, advised the delegates to grasp their present opportunity. “ If ever a nation had an opportunity democratically it is this continent of America.” In the judgment of Mr. Fred J. White, fraternal delegate Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, the Canadian trade unions have not the present outlook for improved conditions that organized workers in the United States under the National Recovery Act have. Prudence in recognizing the need of trying new methods to solve new problems was stressed by Rev. Francis J. Haas, Ph.D. He said: Specifically, I have in mind the necessity of wiping out narrow jurisdictional lines when those lines stand in the way of the larger interests of all, and of adjust ing the legitimate weapon of the strike to the arbitration machinery, national and local, which the Government has set up and on which organized labor is to have representation equal with employers. Later on in his address he stated that if the National Recovery Administration fails “ something else with just another name will succeed it. That something else, barring the thought of bloodshed and revolution and dictatorship, will have to start from the same premises from which the N.R.A. has started, because these premises are basically sound.” The Postmaster General pointed out the great contribution organ ized labor can make to the success of the President’s recovery program “ by continuing to exhibit not only upon the part of its leaders, as has been eminently the case, but also upon the part of the rank and file, a recognition of the patriotic cooperation which the great majority of the employers of labor have rendered” to such program. Under the recovery program, labor is confronted with “ the responsi bility of developing a continuous program of study of the conditions https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 1123 not only of a particular shop but of a whole industry. In the develop ment of the codes of fair competition and in their revision there is no room for guesswork ” , Mr. Spencer Miller, Jr., secretary of the Workers’ Education Bureau of America, told the delegates. Labor must understand the facts, must be able to present the facts, must be able to know how to secure additional facts. Here again, the workers’ education movement through its courses on economic subjects, on public speaking, on labor negotiations, can do a great deal to assist in the preparation of labor for these new tasks. It is clear that labor cannot rise above the source of its own authentic information about these questions. It must encourage a systematic program of education among its members in study groups, in institutes, and summer schools to prepare the members for these new and important responsibilities. A strong appeal for industrial peace was made by Hon. Robert F. Wagner, United States Senator. “ Labor,” he said, “ has been given a new charter under the ‘ new deal,’ and there must be recognition on the part of labor of the responsibilities involved in this new freedom.” The strike as_a first resort is not prohibited by law; it is banned by common sense. If any individual rights remain, none is clearer than that of workmen simply to refrain from working, and at times this may be the only protest against intolerable wrongs. But the crucial point is that the strike is never more than a protest. It has no constructive force. It creates hundreds of new problems, but cannot solve a single one. It should be used only as the very last resort. Farther on, Senator Wagner stated that: “ Any group which in dulges in strikes or lockouts without first invoking the intervention of the National Labor Board violates every dictate of good policy and exhibits a complete oversight of the magnificent possibilities of our whole recovery philosophy and program.” At a night session on October 10, Gen. Hugh S. Johnson reviewed the economic conditions which necessitated the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, explained its effects, defined the rights of the wage earners under section 7 of the law, and sounded the following warning: I am speaking to leaders of organized labor. I have no words strong enough to implore you to acquit yourselves like men and American leaders in this great crisis. * * * If you act as Americans have usually acted when these great responsibilities impended, you can assure the future of organized labor. If you fail you will destroy it, and with it the one greatest hope of despairing humanity in this country. W e cannot stand another vast collapse. You are the principal props against collapse. You cannot escape your responsibility. He assured all honest employers who have displayed the N.R.A. emblem that they would be protected to the limit. “ The whole power of Government is behind the Blue Eagle. It is the symbol of the cooperation of a whole people.” Adopted Resolutions and Recommendations T h e action of the convention on various resolutions and recom m endations is sum m arized below: Organization.— The decision of the executive council to grant a charter to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was approved. After protracted discussion the delegates approved the decision of the committee on adjustment, expressing full concurrence with executive council’s recommendation on the jurisdictional dis pute of the brewery workers, teamsters, engineers, and firemen. Ap preciation was expressed concerning the work of the president of the federation, in cooperation with affiliated national and international https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1124 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW unions, in purging the labor movement of racketeers and antiunion agitators. A report of the resolutions committee, which read in part as follows, was referred to the executive council: However, recent developments in our industrial and political life (the N .I.R .A .) with the great development of mass production plants have presented new prob lems which must be recognized and dealt with so that the rights and interests of affiliated national and international unions may be fully safeguarded and also that there be provided an immediate basis for the tentative organizing of these wage earners. Your committee is of the opinion that the issuance of Federal labor-union charters may well serve this necessary temporary purpose, that is the organizing of workers in mass production plants when the affiliated national and interna tional unions give consent to the granting of such Federal labor-union charters, and in plants in small communities where it may prove difficult for affiliated national and international unions to give the question of organizing their imme diate attention. It is the opinion and mature judgment of your committee that this declaration of policy be approved in lieu of all resolutions presented dealing with the sub ject and with the additional recommendation that in carrying out this policy that organizers of the American Federation of Labor be instructed to cooperate instead of compete with the representatives of the national and international unions affiliated, and that these organizers be instructed whenever there is a sufficient number of craft mechanics to maintain their organizations in the plant or to form a local union of their trade that such workmen shall be placed in the membership of the international organizations having jurisdiction. A minority report of a delegate from the International Typo graphical Union on the subject of changes in organization was also referred to the executive council. Among the resolutions that were not concurred in by the conven tion was a proposal for an amendment to the federation’s constitu tion, which would increase the membership of the executive council from 8 to 25. Government administrations and agencies.— Approval was given the executive council’s statement: “ If the declared purpose of the Re covery Act is to be achieved, it is obvious that such [thus far ap proved! codes must be reopened for reconstruction.” Regulations to protect wage standards on the public works construction program of the National Recovery Act were demanded. Protest was made to the Administration against the policy tending to cut wages below a decent living standard and to prolong hours in a way which would result in effecting no considerable absorption of the unemployed. Executive officers and affiliated bodies of the federation were in structed to endeavor to obtain an interpretation that section 7 of the National Industrial Recovery Act is applicable to all municipal, county, and State employees. Support was extended to unionized and chartered locals of office workers in securing a hearing on the National Recovery Administra tion codes relating to the wages and conditions of employment of such workers. AH State federations of labor and city central labor bodies were urged to give prompt and continued attention to the matter of proper and adequate labor representation on all State and local National Recovery Administration committees and boards. The convention insisted upon the equal representation of labor and indus try upon local boards to be established by the National Labor Board. The executive council was requested to introduce into Congress a measure providing for the establishment, under the appropriate Fed eral department, of a technological research and statistical division. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 1125 The council was also instructed “ to have a measure or measures introduced into the Congress which will provide the necessary appro priations to bring the Federal cost-of-living index up to date, and for the adequate and more comprehensive collection of statistics covering the volume of unemployment [sic], the hours of labor, the man-hours worked, and the weekly, monthly, and yearly amount of wages paid in the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries and also covering all civilian employees of the Federal Government, the several States, and all other political subdivisions. ” The continuation of the United States Compensation Commission as an independent governmental agency was strongly favored. The federation’s officers were urged to endeavor to have an act passed creating a resident commissioner for the Canal Zone. Recommenda tion was made for continued efforts to set up the principle that the Government shall, when possible, purchase only such raw materials and manufactured articles as are produced in the United States and that the use of these domestic products be provided for in Government contracts. Federal employees.— The enactment of a law providing a 30-hour week law for Federal employees was favored, such law to_ stipulate that there be no reduction in the weekly pay received prior to the passage of the “ Economy Acts.” The American Federation ^of Labor’s position in favor of the immediate restoration of just workingconditions of Federal employees was reaffirmed, as was also its posi tion in favor of a 30-year optional retirement law for such employees. The organization again went on record as being opposed to using a cost-of-living standard for determining wages or salaries of Govern ment workers and also (so long as a cost-of-living standard is in effect) to the existing inequitable method of determining the cost of living. The position of the Federation in favor of higher standards of Govern ment employment was reaffirmed and the executive council was instructed to continue to cooperate with affiliated organizations of Federal employees for remedial legislation. Officers of the federa tion were further instructed to make every effort to induce the President of the United States to cancel the 15-percent pay reduction at the earliest opportunity, and to induce Congress to pass legislation resulting in the application of the National Industrial Recovery Act principles to all Federal employees. An amendment to the Economy Act of March 20, 1933, to allow administrative and automatic pro motions in the United States civil service was recommended. Older workers.-—Prompt provision for Federal and State compulsory old-age pensions was favored. The delegates also urged the adoption of provisions to assure every producing worker, after the production years are over, an adequate income at least equal to his earned income at the time of retirement. The executive council was directed to make a thorough inquiry into the discrimination against older workers with a view to developing legislation to remedy this evil. Education and research.— The delegates renewed the federation’s pledge to endeavor as far as possible to protect education, from the kindergarten to the university, and the president of the federation and available members of the executive council were asked to present the convention’s petition to the President of the United States to “ use his good offices during this emergency to help save our schools.” The federation’s officers were also instructed to submit to the director https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1126 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW of the Citizens' Conservation Camps a request to formulate an educa tional program for such camps. Referring to labor’s increasing need to back its proposals by factual information^ the action of the officers of the federation in enlarging the organization’s research group was commended. Approval was given the report of the committee on education recording the executive council’s announcement of the striking success of the program of the Workers’ Education Bureau, particularly during the preceding 6 months. Puerto Rico.— The delegates approved the aspirations and demands of the Puerto Rican Federation of Labor, directed the attention of the legislative committee of the American Federation of Labor to the demands of the Puerto Rican Federation of Labor for the extension of progressive legislation, through interpretation, to Puerto Rico, and advocated that the island should have proper protection in the draft ing of National Recovery Administration codes. Foreign relations.— The delegates urged that labor be represented at the forthcoming Pan American Congress of governmental repre sentatives to be held in Uruguay. In view of the financial condition of the Pan American Federation of Labor and its constituents, the opinion was voiced that that body was not prepared to hold a con vention. The welfare, protection, and advancement of wage earners in all Pan American countries were declared to call for strong, compact trade unions and their affiliation to the Pan American Federation of Labor. The hope was expressed that the people of Cuba might estab lish a true trade-union movement to act in unison with the tradeunion movement of the other nations on the Western Hemisphere, in cooperation with and through the Pan American Federation of Labor. The delegates endorsed the executive council’s recommendation that the American Federation of Labor boycott “ German-made goods and German service, this boycott to continue until the German Govern ment recognizes the right of the working people of Germany to organ ize into bona fide, independent trade unions of their own choosing, and until Germany ceases its repressive policy of persecution of Jewish people.” The Government was commended for sending official representatives to the seventeenth session of the International Labor Conference and was urged to send official delegates to future conferences of the International Labor Organization. Immigration.— The immediate and effective restriction of the im migration of Filipino laborers was demanded. The federation’s policy of upholding immigration quotas was reaffirmed and Congress urged to resist any efforts to liberalize the same. The United States Department of Labor Immigration Service was called upon for a more vigorous enforcement of the immigration laws at all ports. Financial.— The federation was requested to ask the President of the United States to establish with the aid of “ the present financial machinery of the United States interim facilities of consumer credit.” The nationalization of banks was also favored, and the executive council was instructed to have introduced into Congress a Federal license bill with reference to individual firms and corporations en gaged in interstate business. Instructions were also given the council to continue its efforts to have legislation enacted which will eliminate every opportunity for the “ mulcting of the public through the brazen manipulation of securities.” The convention also declared in favor of President Green’s attitude against currency inflation as set forth https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 1127 in his opening speech to the convention, in which he said “ It is my judgment that labor will stand unflinchingly against inflation.” I do not mean that we will not favor credit expansion, the development of a wise financial policy that will tend to increase the volume of money in circulation, so that business can be carried on in a proper and businesslike way. But, my friends, when the worker earns a dollar he wants to be sure that that dollar is a real dollar and that it does not represent to him a reduction in buying power. In addition the convention unanimously adopted a recommenda tion of the committee on resolutions that “ the executive council be directed to resort to every possible and practicable means at its com mand to prevent currency inflation as herein defined and reported upon.” Officers Reelected M r . W il l ia m G r e e n was reelected president of the federation and Mr. Martin F. Ryan and Mr. Frank Morrison will again serve, re spectively, as treasurer and secretary. San Francisco, Calif., was decided upon as the 1934 convention city. Report of the Executive Council T h e report of the executive council, which covers the fiscal year ended August 31, 1933, shows an average total membership of 2,126,796 in the unions affiliated with the American Federation in that year— a decline of 405,465 as compared with the membership for the preceding 12 months. In a press release, however, of October 2,1933, from the federation’s Official Information and Publicity Service, Mr. William Green stated that this average total membership means that during the bottom of the depression in 1932 and early in 1933 the membership was much lower, while at the time the council’s report was prepared in August the number of members was much greater. According to the release at least 400,000 should be added to show the “ present worth” of the above reported average taxpaying membership. The recapitulation, after such addition, is given as follows: Reported as paying taxes_________________________________ 2, 526, 796 Exempt from dues________________________________________ 100, 000 In new Federal unions____________________________________ 300, 000 In new international union locals_______________ ________ 500, 000 Recruits in old international union locals_______________ 450, 000 Recruits in old Federal unions___________________________ 50, 000 Total present membership________________________ 3, 926, 796 In the same press release Mr. Green said: True figures, if they could be had, would, I have no hesitation in saying, bring that total to more than 4,000,000, a tremendous growth since July 1, which would be shown in our bookkeeping report if our fiscal year had closed 1 month later. W e cannot omit from any true calculation of our union strength those bona fide unions, such as the railroad brotherhoods, which are not in affiliation and yet which are as stanch and true as labor men can be. In the various units of this type there are approximately 1 million members, including those who are paying dues and those who remain union men and women but are exempted from dues for various reasons. The trade-union strength of America today is 5 million in membership. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1128 M ON TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W The following figures on the federation’s membership, 1913 to 1933, are taken from the executive council’s report: T able 1.— M E M B E R S H I P OF T H E A M E R I C A N F E D E R A T I O N OF L A B O R , 1913 T O 1933, BY YEAR Year 1913___________________________________ 1914_______________________ _____ ______ 1915___________________________ _______ 1916___________________________________ 1917___________________________________ 1918___________________________________ 1919___________________________________ 1920___________________________________ 1921___________________________________ 1922___________________________________ 1923___________________________________ Membership 1, 996,004 2,020, 671 1,946, 347 2,072, 702 2, 371, 434 2, 726, 478 3, 260. 068 4,078, 740 3, 906, 528 3,195, 635 2,926, 468 Year 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 _ . _ 1931 1932 1933 1933 (Oct. 2) Membership 2,865, 799 2,877,297 2,803,966 2,812, 526 2, 896, 063 2, 933, 545 2, 961,096 2,889, 550 2, 532, 261 1 2,126, 796 2 3,926, 796 1 Average for year ended Aug. 31, 1933. 2 American Federation of Labor, Official Information and Publicity Service, Oct. 2, 1933. In July and August 1933 the federation issued 340 charters to local trade and Federal labor unions. These new local unions did not begin paying the per capita tax until September 1933. Furthermore, during the fiscal year ended August 31, 1933, the national and international unions issued 2,953 local charters. The membership, however, of the local unions chartered by the 108 national and international unions in July and August of this year is not included in the council’s report to the 1933 convention.1 The 29,315 local unions of the national and international bodies and the 673 local trade and Federal labor unions make a total of 29,988, an increase, as compared with 26,669 (including 307 local trade and Federal unions) for the preceding year, of 3,319 charters. The balance on hand for the year ended August 31, 1932 ($366,444.97), and the total balance and income for the 12 months ended August 31, 1933, amounted to $824,368.87. The balance on hand August 31, 1933, was $402,132.80. Problems Discussed T h e m a jo r p a rt o f th e re p o r t o f th e e x e cu tiv e co u n cil is d e v o te d to th e N a tio n a l R e c o v e r y A c t . A m o n g o th e r s u b je c ts ta k en u p are: U n e m p lo y m e n t, relief, d iscrim in a tio n a gain st th e o ld e r w ork er, trad eu n ion benefits, n a tio n a l legislation , c o n v ic t la b o r, ch ild la b o r a m en d m en t, rep eal o f th e eig h teen th a m en d m en t, o ld -a g e secu rity , n o n p artisan p o litica l p o lic y , ju r is d ictio n a l trou b les, d e v e lo p m e n ts fo r ra ilroad w ork ers, th e sh orter w o r k d a y a n d w o r k w eek , P a n A m erica n F e d era tion o f L a b o r , P u e rto R ic o , th e G erm a n la b o r m o v e m e n t, the p u b lic sch ools, and the W o r k e r s ’ E d u c a tio n B u reau. Unemployment T h e fo llo w in g ta b le g iv e s the fe d e r a tio n ’s estim ate o f the tota l n u m ber o u t o f w o rk in the U n ite d S tates a t v a riou s d a t e s : 1 According to a press report of Oct. 2, 1933, the total estimated membership of the federation is approxi mately 4 000,000, including an increase of 1,300,000 since the enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1129 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS T able 2 .— A M E R I C A N F E D E R A T I O N OF L A B O R ’ S E S T I M A T E O U T OF W O R K I N T H E U N I T E D Month January_._ February.. M arch___ April______ M a y ______ June______ July_______ August___ September O ctober... November. December. OF T O T A L N U M B E R S T A T E S , 1930 T O 1933, B Y M O N T H S 1930 1931 1932 1933 3, 216, 000 3, S65, 000 3, 543, 000 3,188, 000 3, 090, 000 3, 250, 000 3, 714, 000 4,101, 000 4,150,000 4, 639, 000 5, 364, 000 5,541, (»0 7,160, 000 7, 345, 000 7, 098, 000 6, 739, 000 6, 750, 000 6, 841, 000 7,198, 000 7, 357, 000 7, 303, 000 7,778, 000 8,699, 000 8,908, 000 10,197, 000 10, 486, 000 10, 739, 000 10,990, 000 11, 470,000 11,853,000 12,300, 000 12,344, 000 11,767,000 11,586,000 12,008, 000 12,124, 000 13,100, 000 13, 294, 000 13, 689, 000 13, 256, 000 12,896, 000 12, 204, 000 i 11, 781, 000 i Preliminary. Since the preparation of the report of the executive council the federation has issued the following estimates on unemployment for three months in 1933: July, 11,793,000; August, 10,960,000; Sep tember (preliminary), 10,089,000. Explanatory note on unemployment estimate .— Our estimate of unemployment covers all workers in the United States including farmers, farm laborers, manage ment, professional workers, public service and the industrial groups. The figures are based on the census brought up to date by employment indexes furnished monthly by the Labor Department and other monthly figures from the Govern ment: Roads— Bureau of Public Roads: railroads— Interstate Commerce Com mission; Federal employees— Civil Service Commission; hired workers on farms Department of Agriculture; armed forces— Army, Navy, etc.; local and State government— Government reports from the localities. A group of some 7,851,800 workers (in April 1930) were not covered by any index and employment in this group is considered to vary correspondingly with emplovment in all other groups combined. This group includes domestic serv ants; automobile service; restaurants; clerical workers in banking, insurance, and real estate; semiprofessionals and others. In addition to these workers who have already been employed, there are con stantly being added to our population new recruits seeking jobs. Our estimate counts these as part of the total number seeking employment. The increase in this group from April 1930 to July 1933 is over 1,350,000. Some groups cannot be accounted for in the estimate because no reports exist to show their conditions. Of these groups the following are counted as unem ployed: 1. Those unemployed who have gone to the country to occupy deserted shacks and raise their food. 2. Those who are given food and shelter on farms but no wage payment in return for their work. _ 3. Those in forestry camps and on relief work are not counted as employed since they are not in permanent earning positions. 4. Many unemployed are of course able to find temporary work bringing in intermittently a small income. This work cannot be accounted for and these workers are considered unemployed. Offsetting these groups are three groups counted as employed because, lacking data on which estimates for their unemployment may be based, they automatically fall into the employed groups: 1. Teachers who are teaching school but not being paid. 2. Those unemployed who have gone to the country to live with relatives on farms and are provided with at least food and shelter. 3. Those who were living on income from investments and are now forced to seek work; we have no way of estimating them. , , In general our estimate aims to count as employed only those who actually have earning positions in normal industrial or service work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1130 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The following table presents the federation’s statistics on tradeunion unemployment: T able 3 .— T R A D E -U N IO N U N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A R T -T I M E W O R K Percent1 of members out of work Percent1 of mem bers on part time M onth January-------------- ---------------------- --------- --------- . F e b ru a ry .___ . . . ______ ____________________ ___ ... __________ __ . M a r c h ____ A p ril.. . . __ ------------------------- --------------------------M a y ______________ . . . . ___ _________ . . . . . . June. . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ ... _ July---------------------------------------------------------------------August_______ ____________________ . . . ________ Average for y e a r _____ __________ ______ 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 12.1 11.9 11.8 10.5 9.1 8.1 8.4 6.8 7.0 7. 2 7.6 10.0 11.3 10.6 8.5 7.9 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.6 7.3 8.7 10. 3 12.5 14.0 13.6 13.3 13.3 14.3 15.7 16.0 14. 6 14. 1 15.9 16. 6 19.8 19.0 18.1 17.6 17.1 18.2 18.8 19. 2 19. 4 19.5 20.1 21. 8 23.1 25.8 23.0 26.0 22.5 26.6 22.8 26. 1 22.8 25.8 23.6 24.5 25.4 24.1 25. 1 2 23.7 24. 8 23. 9 24. 2 24. 9 18 19 18 18 19 19 19 19 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 21 21 21 22 22 23 22 20 20 22 21 20 21 21 20 9.2 8.2 14.5 19. 1 23.8 19 21 21 25.3 1933 1 Weighted figures. 2 Preliminary. Since the preparation of the executive council’s report the federation has made a pre liminary estimate that the percent of members out of work in September 1933 (weighted figure) was 22.6. The estimate of members on part time for that month is 20 percent. Relief Because of the immense need confronting the unemployed this winter the executive council recommended: 1. That the American Federation of Labor insist on adequate relief appropria tions from Federal funds by Congress immediately after its reconvening in January, so that funds may be available by February when it is expected the present appropriations will be exhausted. 2. That we insist that the surplus agricultural product be made available for distribution to the unemployed. 3. That the American Federation of Labor and all State and local federations of labor do all in their power to educate public opinion to the immensity of the relief need this winter. There is danger that taxation and appropriations for relief may not have the necessary public support, since there is widespread belief that the reemployment of millions has greatly reduced relief needs, and that relief needs are therefore less than last winter. 4. That special consideration be given to the character of taxation which is being passed by State governments in order to raise funds for relief. Higher incomes and surplus profits should be made to bear their fair share of the burden. Benefit Services of National and International Unions The following figures on the benefits paid by national and inter national unions in 1932, submitted to the 1933 convention, are contrasted with the statistics on the same subject for 1931, taken from the report of the council to the preceding convention. T able 4 .— B E N E F IT S P A ID B Y N A T I O N A L A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L U N IO N S IN 1931 A N D 1932 Type of benefit Sickness..................... ............... D e a th .................................. Unemployment...................... . Old age..'.................................. Disability................................. Miscellaneous............................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total..... ............................. 1931 $2, 220,974. 17,132, 023. 9,146, 724. 6,090, 742. 3,671, 380. 1, 700,027. 1932 64 07 35 90 30 88 $2,308, 040. 08 17,674, 383. 64 19,970, 556.86 6,148, 302.12 4, 006, 890. 68 1, 340,175. 35 39, 961, 873.14 51, 448, 348. 73 1131 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS In concluding its report the council made the following statement: This convention meeting at a crucial period in the history of this country has the opportunity and the responsibility for shaping policies of momentous impor tance. W e are at least attempting to work out the principles of a new deal which our Government has legislated. As unions, we have no choice but to obey the law and to serve as the agencies for putting it into effect. Our immediate problem is to function so as best to advance justice and economic progress for all those concerned in carrying on the industry and all those served by the industry. As unions, we have the immediate task of: (a) Increasing union membership so as to represent the workers in industries fully; (6) to develop unions for workers in mass production industries; (c) to survey union activities so as to make ou” machinery and methods increasingly effective. Labor Unions in China, 1932 T HE following data on labor organizations in China are from a recent report 1 of the Chinese National Government. T able 1.— L A B O R U N IO N S I N S P E C IF IE D C H IN E S E P R O V IN C E S , 1932 Labor unions Membership Province Number Anhwei . _ _________ - .................. .. - - - - Chekiang_. - - ---------- --Fukien---------- . ------------------------ - --- -----------------Honan________________ _ ---------------------Hopei _ - - - - - - - - - Hunan........ . . - ---------- ----------------------------H upeh----------------- -------------------------------------. ------------------Kiangsi______________ - - - - ------------------------------------------Kiangsu ___________ - - - -------------- - - - -------------------Shansi------- --- -------------_ -------------------Shantung______________ _ - - -_ ------------------------- --------Suiyuan— - - - - - - - - ------------------------- - - - - - S ze ch w a n .____ _________________________________________ Total - - ____________ _____ - - Percent Number 1 Percent 46 149 4 30 67 83 49 36 36 12 17 37 3 31 7. 67 24.83 .67 5.00 11.17 13. 83 8.16 6. 00 6. 00 2. 00 2. 83 6.17 .50 5.17 19, 265 41,453 995 16,187 71,020 59, 328 93,346 17, 702 52, 618 4. 70 10.11 .24 3. 95 17. 32 14. 47 22.76 4. 32 12.83 5,162 28, 998 806 3,187 1.26 7. 07 .19 .78 600 100.00 410, 067 100.00 1 The numbers of members of labor unions in the following localities are not available: Chinkiang, Sutsien Taihing, Hwaion, Paihsien, Icheng, Woohsien, Fenghsien in Kiangsu; Taishun in Chekiang; Tsingtao in Shantung; Tientsin in Hopei; Keeshih, Pishan in Szechwan; Pichich in Kweichow. T able 3 .— L A B O R U N IO N S I N S P E C IF IE D I N D U S T R I E S I N C H IN A , 1932 Labor unions Members Industry or profession Number i China. National Government. Ministry of Industries. vol. 1, no. 1. Nanking, February 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent Number Percent 66 6 35 51 93 23 96 56 6 25 29 54 60 11.00 1.00 5.83 8. 50 15. 50 3. 83 16. 00 9. 34 1.00 4.17 4. 83 9.00 10.00 38, 346 350 21,177 27,827 60,100 4,689 34, 820 10,358 1,446 6,066 50,972 126,261 27,655 9. 35 .09 5.16 6. 79 14. 66 1.14 8. 49 2.53 .35 1.48 12. 43 30.79 6.74 600 100.00 410, 067 100.00 Bureau of Statistics. Industrial Statistics, 1132 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Reorganization of Labor Unions of Miners in Germany1 N August 1, 1933, the Federal Government decided on the dissolution of all former mining labor unions in Germany and to replace them with German labor unions of miners. The new unions will be under national socialistic control, which claims that this will reduce labor trouble to a minimum. It was first intended to replace the existing employers’ unions by a similar system, but some diffi culties prevailed and this plan was postponed. The new organization of miners consists of 1,612 local unions, which are under the inspection of 136 administration district offices. The supervising staff consists of a chairman, his substitute, the finance committee, the organization committee, the branch committee, the management committee, and the press committee. On the branch committees are representatives from the coal mining, lignite mining, potash mining, ore mining, slate mining, and raw oil industry. The head office of the organization is in Bochum, Westphalia. All members of the dissolved unions, with the exception of the Communists and the persons of non-Aryan race, are compelled to join the new unions, and all unorganized German laborers are forced to enter. A pamphlet was recently issued containing an appeal to the workers to join the new union. It ends as follows: O The doors are still widely open to all those who now for the first time become aware of their moral obligations and for those who wish to join the German labor front. W ho cannot now make up his mind must know that the doors will be closed for him permanently and as a proscribed person will be excluded from the fellowship with the working class, he can have no part in the national community and its cultural and material possessions. Decide before it is too late. 1 Report of William W . Heard, United States consul at Breslau, Germany, Sept. 14, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS Relief Denied Employer Violating Spirit of Labor Laws NFAIR wages, unreasonable working hours, and unhealthful working conditions were directly connected with the subject matter of a suit to enjoin acts of employees on strike, and the employer if guilty of such inequitable conduct was deemed to have come into court with unclean hands and injunctive relief denied, according to the recent decision of Judge Harry M. Fisher, in the case of La Mode Garment Co., Inc., v. International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, decided in the circuit court of Cook County, 111.1 The dispute dates back to July 15, 1933, when a strike was called by the employees of La Mode Garment Co., Inc., to secure the recognition of their union and to improve working conditions and secure a higher wage. The employer petitioned for an injunction to restrain the employees on strike from picketing the plant and committing alleged acts of violence. The case came up to be heard upon a motion for a preliminary injunction and, during the course of the trial, evidence was offered which in substance showed— U * * * That the female employees of the complainant were working from 55 to 60 hours a week, earning from $3 to $5.50 per week; that in many instances the girls were required to punch cards which indicated that they concluded their day’s work at 5 o’clock p.m ., and then continued to work until 10 or 11 o’clock at night; that the conditions under which these women worked wete what has become commonly known as the “ sweatshop” system. The members of the union further showed that the agreement made by the employer not to interfere with members joining the union was violated, as several who did join were immediately discharged, and that an arbitration proposed by the union was refused by the em ployer. The union insisted that only peaceful means were used in conducting the picketing complained of by the employer. In determining whether an injunction should be issued, the court held it was necessary to determine whether the complainant comes into court with clean hands, as the court found no distinction between a labor suit in equity and all other cases in an equity court in which the parties “ must come into court with clean hands.” Pointing to the fact that “ the jurisdiction of the court to issue such injunctions rests solely on the ground that its purpose is not the restraint of the evildoer, but the protection of property and business” the court said: Clearly, then, if one deals so inequitably in respect to the very business he seeks to" protect as to naturally and directly cause the trouble he complains of, how can he be heard to say that his wrongdoing is not connected with the subject matter of his suit? True, the inequitable conduct of an employer which causes a lawful strike does not justify lawlessness on the part of the strikers, but for such lawlessness cor1 Printed opinion and decree of case N o. B272112. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1133 1134 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW rectives are to be found in the criminal laws of the State and in civil suits for damages. But in equity the complainant’s own hands must be clean if he is to prevail against those who injure him. In holding that the conduct of the employer was of such a nature and so closely connected with the subject matter of the suit as to prevent him from coming into court with clean hands, the court based its decision upon three major reasons: (1) The prevailing employment conditions in La Mode Garment Co. violated the spirit of the National Recovery Act. The court commented on the fact that “ the country is struggling heroically to emerge from an unprecedented economic depression” and that the President in carrying out the powers granted him by Congress had prescribed codes for industry which prescribe maximum hours of labor and minimum wages, as “ the primary effort toward economic recovery.” Continuing, the court said: The provisions of the codes already adopted, as well as the provisions of the general agreement suggested by the President, prove conclusively that the hours of labor of the employees in complainant’s industry and the wages received by them are violative of the purpose and spirit of the National Recovery Act and tend to prolong the depression. In determining whether the conduct of the complainant in respect to the business it seeks to protect is equitable, the violation of this act cannot be ignored. (2) The wages paid in the complainant’s industry violated the letter and spirit of the minimum fair wage law recently adopted by the State of Illinois. This act, the court said, is a clear and concise statement of the public policy of the State of Illinois in respect to fair wages. The employer defended the low-wage scale on the ground that keen competition in the industry compelled it, but the court said, “ Granting that to be true, a court of chancery will not lend its aid to protect a business that can survive only by its proprietors oppressing its workers, by violating the law, and by conduct contrary to equity and good conscience.” (3) If the injunction were issued, the court held it would “ directly aid the continuance of an indefensible condition in the industry in question.” In concluding the opinion, the court said: * * * Whatever might have been the accepted thought on the subject in days prior to the economic breakdown, today, no employer can insist that it is his right to bargain with each of his employees separately for the longest possible hours of labor, at the lowest possible wage and then turn to the courts for aid when such insistence brings labor troubles upon him. The welfare of the Nation forbids it. The injunction was therefore denied, and the strike ordered to be terminated, the court fixing the minimum rate of wages and the maximum hours of labor pending the adoption of a code under the National Industrial Recovery Act. Court Holds National Recovery Legislation Constitutional HE National Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act, two of the major laws adopted in laying the foundation for the recovery program, have successfully passed the first tests of constitutionality. The National Recovery Act was upheld in an opinion delivered by Mr. Justice Cox rendered August 15, 1933, in the case of Southport Pe- T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 1135 troleum Co. v. Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior (33 Wash. Law Rep. 577). In this case the Petroleum Co. sought to secure an injunc tion restraining the Secretary of the Interior from prohibiting the inter state shipment of oil which had been produced in violation of State regulations. Orders to that effect had been issued by the Secretary of the Interior under the powers conferred upon him in the section of the National Recovery Act covering the oil industry. The opinion of the court in this case was based primarily upon juris dictional questions but the court also passed formally upon the constitutionality of the Recovery Act, and was in favor of its validity. In regard to the question of jurisdiction, the court said: Injunctive relief involves in most cases an element of discretion on the part of the court. One of the principal points of attack of the bill is that the Secretary, acting for the President, is giving effect to an invalid regulation of the Texas Railroad Commission, by excluding from interstate commerce oil produced in violation of the rules of the commission. This court is asked to pass on the validity of this regulation. On that point, the plaintiff seems to have a remedy in the State courts of Texas, or in the three-judge Federal court of that State. Either of those courts would be in a better position, in the first instance, to pass on the validity of the regulation than a court in the District of Columbia. So I am disposed, so far as I have any discretion in the matter, to leave the validity of the regulation to the courts in Texas. If the regulation be held invalid in Texas, I take it that the Secretary’s order, here complained of, would auto matically cease to be applied against the plaintiffs. The court also pointed to the fact that “ the executive power of the President may not be controlled by injunction” and authorities were cited establishing that principle. This was considered by the court to be a definite obstacle standing in the way of the petition for an injunction. . t it The remainder of the opinion was devoted entirely to upholding the constitutionality of the National Recovery Act, and is quoted in full as follows: Congress has declared the existence of a great national emergency, and has given the President great powers to meet that emergency. _ The rationale of the doctrine of the self-protection is that the necessity for it is inherent in the nature of every organism. Necessity confers many rights and privileges, which other wise would not exist. In the case of an individual, necessity may be a complete justification for the commission of acts which would otherwise be serious tres passes or heinous crimes. For example, if a highway is blocked, a man may from necessity properly tear down a neighbor’s fence and proceed through his field, or in self-defense he may be justified even in taking the life of another. T h e ’idea back of this law is sometimes expressed as “ necessity knows no law ” , or as “ Self-preservation is the first law of nature.” This principle, at least to some degree, also extends to governments. In time of war, which is the best known emergency, the most extraordinary _powers are exercised, and sacred rights are sometimes ignored. The conception is expressed in the old maxim, “ When arms speak, the laws are silent.” The same concept also extends to other emergencies. It may happen that other emergencies prove more perilous to national life than war itself. W ar may tend to unify a nation. _ There are emergencies that tend to disorganize and to destroy. ^Another maxim is I he safety of the people is the supreme law.” This conception must have its place m our laws dealing with emergencies that threaten national safety or stability. While the courts hold that the Constitution is not suspended or set aside by war or national emergency, it is thought that the Constitution and all other laws must be read in the light of and, to some extent, subject to, the primal and fundamental concept of the necessity for self-preservation. Here we are facing a national emergency declared to exist by the legislative department, which has invested the President with power and authority to meet it. Every presumption is in favor of the validity of the authority so granted to the President. The argument on behalf of the plaintiffs has failed to show that the authority conferred under section 9 (c) of the National Recovery Act, the exercise of which is here complained of, is not appropriate or adapted to the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1136 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW purpose for which it is granted, or beyond the powers arising under the Constitu tion. The court will not lightly exercise its power in any way to complicate the problem of the legislative and executive departments in the present emergency. The request for preliminary injunction was therefore denied. The Agricultural Adjustment Act was declared valid and the regu lations and licenses promulgated thereunder were held to be reasonable in an oral opinion rendered by Mr. Justice O’Donoghue of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in the case of Economy Dairy Co., Inc., v. Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture (35 Wash. Law Rep. 633). The question presented for determination was the constitutionality of the Adjustment Act and the opinion by the court in this case was based solely upon the constitutional issue. The case involves the section of the Agriculture Adjustment Act which clothes the Secretary of Agriculture with the power to issue permits or licenses to persons engaged in the sale of agricultural commodities and also gives him the power to suspend or revoke these licenses after a satisfactory cause is established upon a hearing. The Economy Dairy Co. challenged the price-fixing provision established under the licensing power by the Secretary of Agriculture as being confiscatory. The retail price fixed in the license was 10 cents a quart and approximately 3% cents of this was to be paid the dairyman. The dairy company contended that the ruling was confiscatory because it fixed the same price for milk delivered to the customer as it did for milk sold over the counter, in the manner that company sold milk. It was contended that con sumers would not purchase milk over the counter when they could get it delivered to them at the same price by another company. In declaring the act constitutional and the regulations and licenses promulgated thereunder reasonable and valid the court found “ that a national emergency exists and that the welfare of the people and the very existence of the Government itself is in peril. The day has passed when absolute vested rights in contract or property are to be regarded as sacrosanct or above the law. Neither the necessities of life nor commodities affected with a public interest can any longer be left to ruthless competition or selfish greed for their production or distribution.” The court therefore refused to grant the injunction and dismissed the bill. Egyptian Legislation on Employment of Women in Commerce and Industry N ITS issue for September 25, 1933, Industrial and Labor Informa tion states that a new law governing the employment of women in industry and commerce in Egypt was passed July 10, 1933, to become effective 6 months after publication. Under its terms women may not be employed in industrial or commercial undertakings for more than 9 hours a day, exclusive of rest periods. The rest periods must amount to at least 1 hour a day in all, and must be so arranged that women do not work consecutively for more than 5 hours. Women may not be employed at night, with the following excep tions: Women employed in hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, cafes, refreshment rooms, theaters, cinemas, music halls, and similar establishments, and women employed in such seasonal industries I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS 1137 co n ce rn e d w ith p erish able g o o d s as m a y b e sch ed u led b y ord er issued b y the M in iste r o f the In te rio r a fter con su lta tio n w ith the L a b o r O ffice. T h e n ig h t, fo r the p u rp o se o f th e a ct, m ean s an u n in terru p ted p eriod o f 11 h ou rs in clu d in g the p e rio d b etw een 9 p .m . a n d 5 a.m . Women employed in managerial or confidential positions, and woman commercial travelers, so far as they work outside the establish ment, are exempted from the provisions as to hours, rest periods, and night work. Any of these provisions may be set aside in case of emergency “ as an exceptional and temporary measure’ ’, provided the Labor Office is informed within 24 hours, and the prohibition of night work may be temporarily suspended, by official action, during certain great national and religious festivals, and for other public occasions. Every employed woman must have a weekly rest of at least 24 consecutive hours. Women may not be employed in certain indus tries and occupations, and provision is made for a rest of a month before and a fortnight after childbirth. For the fortnight following confinement, the woman is entitled to wages at half her usual rate. A woman nursing her child must be given two rest periods daily of half an hour each for this purpose, in addition to the rest periods prescribed for woman employees in general. P ro v isio n is m a d e fo r in s p e ctio n o f prem ises to see th a t the law is b ein g o b e y e d , an d pen a lties are p r o v id e d fo r its in fra ctio n . Child Labor Regulation in Egypt HE September 4, 1933, issue of Industrial and Labor Informa tion states that a bill to regulate the employment of children and young persons in industry passed the Egyptian Parliament, was pro mulgated as law No. 48 of 1933, and will come into operation 6 months from the date of publication, which was June 26. Its terms are thus summarized: T The act applies generally to industrial undertakings as defined in the inter national labor conventions. As amended, it prohibits the employment of chil dren under 12 years of age in industrial undertakings, instead of children under 9 years of age, as provided in the original bill, although an exception permitting the employment of children between 9 and 12 years in certain occupations is main tained. Special provisions regulate the employment of young persons in danger ous or unhealthy processes. _ In fixing the hours of work of children between the ages of 9 and 12 years at 7 in the day and those of young persons under 15 years of age at 9 in the day, the act has abandoned the notion of “ hours of effective work ” contained in the original bill. Night work is prohibited for young persons under 15 years of age, for whom a weekly rest is also provided. The act also makes provision for measures of supervision by the administrative authorities. 16487°— 33 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Strikes and Lockouts in the United States in September 1933 ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for September 1933, with comparable data for preceding months, are presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and lasting less than 1 day have been omitted. Table 1 shows the number of disputes beginning in each year from 1927 to 1932, the number of workers involved, and man-days lost for these years and for each of the months January 1931 to September 1933, inclusive, as well as the number of disputes in effect at the end of each month and the number of workers involved. The number of man-days lost, as given in the last column of the table, refers to the estimated number of working days lost by workers involved in disputes which were in progress during the month or year specified. D T able 1 . — I N D U S T R I A L D IS P U T E S B E G I N N I N G I N A N D I N E F F E C T A T E N D O F E A C H M O N T H , J A N U A R Y 1932 T O S E P T E M B E R 1933, A N D T O T A L N U M B E R OF D IS P U T E S , W O R K E R S , A N D M A N -D A Y S L O S T I N T H E Y E A R S 1927 T O 1932 Number of disputes Number of workers in volved in disputes M onth and year Beginning in month or year In effect at end of month Beginning in month or year In effect at end of month Number of man-days lost in disputes existing in month or year 1927__________________________________________ 1928________________________________ ________ _ 1929__________________________________________ 1930__________________________________________ 1931__________________________________________ 1932__________________________________________ 734 629 903 653 891 808 1932 January _ _____________ ________ _ February_____________ ___ _______________ . M arch_______ ______ _____________ _____ April. _______ ___________________ _____ M ay___ _______________________________ _ June................ .. ... . . . . ________ July_________________________________________ August. ___________________________________ September _ . _ . . . . _____________ October_________________ ___________________ November . ____ . _______ _______ ... . . D ecem b er... __ . . . . . . ___ . .... _____ 87 56 04 89 87 69 66 85 85 47 38 35 37 34 30 44 52 46 40 38 33 23 21 12 12,091 33, 713 33, 087 19,187 44, 357 15,858 20,890 28. 492 17, 824 10,442 3, 460 3, 425 4,993 31 103 13,937 21, 513 49, 777 24,138 33,216 27, 717 7,456 2, 324 1,896 997 132, 873 460, 701 736, 782 020,866 1,251,455 943, 338 740, 785 754, 423 566, 045 147, 059 68,154 40,492 1933 January_____________________________________ February _ _ . .......... _ .. .... . . March . . . . ____ ... _______ A p ril. . . . . M a y _____ ___________________ ____ . June . . . . . . . . . ... ...................... .. July_________________________________________ August 1 _________ __________ __________ ._ Septem ber1___________________ ____________ 67 63 91 72 133 131 219 183 143 29 32 41 46 49 45 68 102 133 19,616 10, 909 39,913 23,077 41,652 40, 903 108, 350 159, 287 220, 756 8, 790 6, 706 12, 794 19,867 16, 584 24,593 49, 058 63,420 171,288 240,912 109,860 445,771 535, 039 603, 723 504, 362 1, 404,850 1, 730, 634 3, 826, 835 1 Preliminary figures subject to change. 1138 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37 799 394 31 Sfifi 947 9* 97n’ 213 2 730 3fiS fi 33fi 133 6, 462| 973 349,434 357,145 230, 463 158,114 279, 299 242, 826 1139 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Occurrence of Disputes T a b l e 2 gives, by industrial groups, the number of strikes begin ning in July, August, and September 1933 and the number of workers directly involved. T able 2 .— I N D U S T R I A L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N I N G I N J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 Number of workers involved in disputes beginning in— Number of disputes begin ning in— Industrial group August July 1 6 5 1 1 14 2 65 1 1 1 10 1 45 3 3 2 1 2 3 8 2 4 . 2 2 3 6 7 1 2 4 1 2 12 16 Septem ber 2 5 1 1 7 5 32 1 1 7 1 2 5 1 1 3 1 2 4 13 6 July 163 270 18 August 100 1,416 1,585 33 56, 772 18 400 100 705 600 86, 633 214 1,313 1,390 34 530 1,050 3,538 347 530 594 1,212 11,320 560 3,150 5,000 130 1,467 100 350 2,789 22,806 Septem ber 3,800 925 45 46 2, 353 13, 068 67,025 20 2, 791 3,695 60 3, 000 1,663 300 300 1,700 30 68 985 3,788 82,150 Motion-picture operators, actors, and the755 5 1 3 1 6 1 3 2 1 1 2 63 4 11 41 8 9 219 183 1 1 2 1 18 150 667 250 1,183 60 1,200 416 14 150 2,019 19 26, 456 222 714 13, 266 8, 878 4,000 143 108, 350 159, 287 50 4,000 47 117 22,162 6,568 220, 756 Size and Duration of Disputes T a b l e 3 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in September 1933, classified by number of workers and by industrial groups. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1140 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 .—N U M B E R O F I N D U S T R I A L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N I N G I N S E P T E M B E R C L A S S IF IE D B Y N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S A N D B Y I N D U S T R I A L G R O U P 1933, Number of disputes beginning in September 1933 involving— Industrial group 5.000 1,000 500 100 10,000 6 and 20 and and and and and under under under under under under workers and 100 20 10.000 1,000 5,000 500 workers workers workers workers workers workers over 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 12 5 1 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 7 11 4 1 3 1 2 2 6 39 48 16 25 6 3 1 In table 4 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in September 1933, by industrial groups and classified duration. OF I N D U S T R I A L D IS P U T E S E N D I N G I N S E P T E M B E R I N D U S T R I A L G R O U P A N D C L A S S IF IE D D U R A T I O N T able 4 .—N U M B E R 1933, B Y Classified duration of strikes ending in September 1933 Industrial group https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis month or less 2 1 5 5 22 1 4 1 4 3 1 Over Vi and less than 1 month 1 month 2 and less 4 and less and less than 5 than 3 than 2 months months months 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 8 3 82 13 1 14 2 1 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES 1141 Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in September 1933 By H ugh L. K e r w in , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer cised her good offices in connection with 176 labor disputes during September 1933. These disputes affected a known total of 111,626 employees. The table following shows the name and location of the establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly and indirectly involved. There were 8 cases involving the law on the prevailing rate of wages. In these cases it is not always possible to show the number involved, due to lack of information as to total number required before completion of construction. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1933 Workers in volved Duration Company or industry and location Shrimp fisheries, Biloxi, M iss------- Winona Machine Foundry Co., Winona, Minn. Stone Silk Co., Carbondale, P a .... Chantrell Tool Works, Reading, Pa. Geo. E. Lee Coal Co., Plymouth, Pa. Dresner Shop, Chicago, 111----------M uskin Shoe Co., Chesapeake Shoe Co., and Merriam Shoe Co., Baltimore, M d. Ponemah Mills, Taftsville, Conn.. Hayes-Custer Stove Co., Bloom ington, 111. Benedict Coal Mining Corpora tion, St. Charles, Va. Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Co., St. Charles, Va. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cause of dispute Fishermen. Prices and working conditions.. Silk workers. Asked increase__________ _______ Controversy _ Miners---------- Working conditions___________ _ Zinc and chemical workers. Strike_______ Bill posters-------------- Wages, conditions, and viola tions of blanket code. Wage increase___________________ Strike. ____ do_______ ____ do_______ Tile and clay work ers. ____ do_______ Clothing workers— ____ do______ Threatened strike. Strike_____ Wages and discrimination.. W ages________ _______ ______ ____ do_____________ ____ do------------- --------- ----------- Foundry workers. Wages cut 5 cents per hour. _do. Silk and rayon work Asked wage increase_______ ers. W ages______________________ Toolmakers________ .do. Miners . Working conditions________ Leather workers. Refusal to recognize union or to' confer with workers. Union recognition and work con ditions. .d o . ____ do— . Lockout- Shoe workers------ Strike— ____ do---------- Cotton-textile work ers. Molders____________ ____ do---------- Miners. Controversy. ____ do_. Stretch-out system. Wages--------------------Working conditions; checkweighman. Discrimination and recognition.. Terms of settlement Unable to adjust. Out of 22 can neries, 5 are working under agreement with fishermen. Adjusted. Agreement to recog nize workers’ union. Adjusted. Agreement concluded. Adjusted. Satisfactory agreement concluded. Adjusted. Increase of 15 percent allowed; returned. Adjusted. Amicable settlement; work resumed. Adjusted. Increase of 33Lì percent. Direct Indi rectly ly Begin ning Ending 1933 Aug. 31 1933 Sept. 12 3, 400 Sept. Sept. 21 900 1 Sept. 15 75 1 500 Aug. 30 ___do____ 50 Aug. 25 Sept. Aug. 25 Sept. 5 180 Aug. 20 Sept. 1 500 Sept. 15 20 Sept. 5 Aug. 3 Sept. 5 Unclassified. Returned before commissioner’s arrival. Adjusted. Miners returned; griev ances to go through proper chan nels. Pending___________________________ Sept. 4 Sept. 5 100 Sept. 5 Sept. 9 250 Sept. 6 Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement. Aug. 28 Oct. 2 543 Sept. 1,000 Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement under existing agreement. Pending___________________________ _do_ 20 35 3 Sept. 5 36 Aug. 15 Sept. 1 800 Aug. 22 Sept. 14 400 Adjusted. No discrimination; checkweighman allowed. — 200 Oct. 1 250 (>) percent ___do------- _do. Adjusted. Allowed increase. 750 70 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Textile workers, Willimantic, Conn. Tommelson Coal Co., St. Charles, Va. American Zinc & Chemical Co., Langeloth, Pa. General Outdoor Advertising Agency, Akron, Ohio. Tile & Clay Products, Clearfield, Pa Hillsdale Work Clothing Co., Hillsdale, Mich. Vogue Wright Co., Chicago, H I ... Nature of con Craftsmen concerned troversy 1142 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C I L IA T I O N S E R V IC E D U R I N G T H E M O N T H OP S E P T E M B E R Virginia Lee Mine and Dominion M ine, St. Charles, Va. Blumenthal Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. Elekles Cigar Box Co., Quakertown, Pa. Strike . . ___ do______ Confectionery workers. Organization, collective bargain ing, and protest discharges. Excessive wage cuts when hours reduced. Cigar-box makers___ Discharges; asked increase_______ Kerr Glass Co., Huntington, W . Va. College Weavers, North Hampton, Mass. Working conditions ____ do_______________ Bobby Hat Co., Modern Hat Co., Elizabeth, N.J. Drake Baking Co., Irvington, N.J. Controversy. Retail fruit clerks. . . Working conditions______________ National Lock Co., Rockford, I1L_ AJabama Braid M ill, Gadsden, Controversy. Braid makers_____ . Ala. Huntington Stove & Foundry Co., Strike . . . . . Foundry workers___ Huntington, W .V a . Delta Finishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Relief workers, Tri-Cities, Illinois and Iowa. McClintoc-Marshall Co. New Controversy. Ironworkers’ helpers and engineers. York City. Goncordia Gallia - Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa. Leviton Co., Long Island, N .Y . . _ Hart Hat Co. and Cleveland Hat Co., Cleveland, Ohio Star H at & Frame Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Miners, Gordon Creek and Spring Canyon, Utah. F. P. W oll & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 1 N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Asked that strikers be allowed to return without discrimination. Discrimination and stretch-out system. (0 --------------------------- Sept. 13 200 Aug. 22 300 Sept. 9 Oct. 125 Sept. 6 Sept. 20 475 Aug. 19 Sept. 5 150 Aug. 30 Sept. 5 31 (i) Sept. Sept. 8 7 Adjusted. Adjustment of work ing conditions and union recog nition. Unable to adjust. Others em ployed throughout plant. Pending______ ______ ______________ Aug. 7 Sept. 28 550 Sept. 1 Sept. 17 1,000 Sept. 7 0) -------do________________ _______ ______ Sept. 8 (0 Asked increase and recognition. __ -------do........................ ..................... ......... Aug. 23 Dissatisfaction with handling of -------do— ............... ................................ moneys. Prevailing wage not paid on fab ____ do______________ _______ ______ _ rication of steel. Wage increase and recognition___ Adjusted. Increase of from 20 to 30 percent and recognition. -------do____________________ _____ _ Unclassified________________ _____ _ Working conditions alleged in Adjusted Increase of 25 percent; imical to spirit of N .R .A . recognition; and collective bar gaining. ----- do---------- ____ do_______________ Recognition and collective bar Adjusted. Increase of approxi gaining. mately 25 percent; recognition and collective bargaining. Working conditions______________ Pending____________________________ Aug. 28 Excessive wage cuts by introduc tion of 40-hour week. ___ d o _____ 3 Adjusted Increase of 20 percent in piecework rates; other differ ences adjusted. Piano workers---------- Wages and working conditions... Adjusted." Increase of 10 percent; returned to work. 160 Sept. 3 0) 0) 0) Aug. 31 Sept. 8 470 Sept. 12 Sept. 8 Sept. 20 Sept. 22 670 360 Aug. 16 --_d o ____ 40 1 Sept. 1 Aug. 17 150 110 7 Aug. 75 236 800 Sept. 11 Sept. 4 20 350 1143 Kimball Co., Chicago, 111_________ Adjusted. Arbitration to be de termined. by Industrial Recov ery Committee. Wages and recognition of I.M . Adjusted. W ill abide by blanket W .U . code. W ages____________ _______ ________ Adjusted. Increase of from $22 to $25 plus percentage. Violation of private agreement__ Pending___________________________ Wages, hours, and conditions____ ------- do__________________________ ___ Aug. 21 Aug. 18 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Morris Holkower, New York City_ Coal City Cooperage Co., Pell City, Ala. Matthiessen Hegler Zinc Co., La Salle, 111. Adjusted. Reinstated those dis charged. Adjusted. Company agreed to deal with union committees and adjust all complaints. Unable to adjust. Unable to se cure compliance terms from company. Pending__________________ ______ _ Workers in volved Duration Company or industry and location Nature of con Craftsmen concerned troversy Garden and market workers. Hosiery workers____ Cab drivers________ Low wages and conditions. Working conditions______________ Asked $14.50 for 48-hour week___ Terms of settlement Unclassified. Commissioner not engaged. Pending___________________________ Unable to adjust. Strike contin ued. Adjusted. Returned; negotiations continued. Pending______________ _____ ________ ___ do---------- --------- ------------------------- Ending 1933 Sept. 11 1933 Sept. 13 Sept. 19 Low wages and discharge of fore Bakery workers__ _do. O oldblatt’s Department Store, man. Chicago, 111. W ages____________________________ McBride Glass Co., Salem, W .V a_. Controversy- Glass workers___ Garment workers___ Working conditions______________ Strike___ Garment workers, Huntington, W .V a . Adjusted. Settlement concluded. Sept. 16 Discharges for union activity-Em ployees-. Bluejay Co., Huntington, W .V a -. ____ do--------Alleged violations of N .R .A . code- Adjusted. W ill comply with all Sept. 13 Box makers . Corrugated box factories, Parkers Threatened provisions of code. strike. burg, W .V a. Pending___________________________ Employees_________ .---_ d o --------------------------------------Ames-Baldwin W yom ing Shovel ____ do--------Co., Parkersburg, W .V a . Adjusted. Allowed 335-6 percent Sept. 18 Glass-bottle blowers Wages and working conditions J. T . & A . Hamilton Co., Pitts Strikeincrease and recognition. burgh, Pa. Sept. 5 Pending___________________________ Employees_________ ____ do------------------------------------------Threatened Sender Co., Jennette, Pa_________ strike. Adjusted. Settlement concluded Sept. 13 Union difficulty; plants closed--. Strike______ N ut shellers________ A . Calamari Co., Chicago, I1L and plants reopened. Sept. 19 Pending___________________________ Linton’s chain restaurants, Phila ____ do_______ Hotel and restaurant Working conditions-------------------workers. delphia, Pa. Sept. 17 Alleged discharges for union Unclassified. Referred to N .R .A . Valley M ould & Iron Co., Sharps- Controversy. Ironworkers_____ officials. affiliation. ville, Pa. Sept. 11 Adjusted. Referred to Industrial Bradford Cotton Mills, M ontgom ____ do_______ Cotton-textile work Stretch-out system---------------------Relations Board. ers. ery and Prattsville, Ala. Sept. 19 P e n d in g ..,________________________ Shoe workers, Milford, M ass____ _ Strike_______ Shoe workers_______ Working conditions_____________ Adjusted. Union recognition------ ___do-----Faultless Castor Co., Evansville, ____ do_______ Tool and die makers _ Discharges for union activity----Ind. Adjusted. Increase of 25 percent; Sept. 11 Paper hangers, Philadelphia, Pa-_ ____ do_______ Paper hangers______ Asked 40 percent increase . closed shop. Sept. 19 Unclassified. Mediation not de Standard Forgings, Indiana Har ____ do_______ Steel workers_______ Working conditions______ sired . bor, Ind. Sept. 18 Pending-----------------------------------------■Crystal Pocketbook Co., Union ____ d o ........... Pocketbook makers. M inim um wage___________ City, N.J. Sept. 19 .d o . Working conditions______ Operators__________ Motion-picture theaters, Indian Threatened strike. apolis, Ind. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Direct Indi rectly ly Begin ning 12 (i) 53 Sept. 23 12 (i) 0) Sept. 21 Sept. 26 0) (0 750 Sept. 25 300 P) Sept. 19 1,000 100 Sept. 25 90 Oct. 2 835 Oct. 2 300 200 Sept. 19 600 Oct. 475 2 35 200 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Controversy. R . H . Bogg Market Garden, W est Springfield, Mass. Merrill Hosiery Co., Hornell, N .Y _ ____ do_ Strike-. Yellow Cab Co., Akron, Ohio__ Cause of dispute 1144 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C I L IA T I O N S E R V IC E D U R I N O T H E M O N T H O F S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued Western Gas Co., Bechtel-Kaiser C o., Ltd ., and Henry J. Kaiser C o., Douglas to Phoenix, Ariz. Logan Porter Mirror Co., High Point, N .C . Rayon manufacturers, socket, It.I. Wages. Adjusted. hour. Glass workers---------- Objection to change in system of computing wages. Rayon workers_____ D ischarges..------- -------------------------- Adjusted. Returned to work; wages to be computed as before strike. Unclassified. Places filled by others. Pending------------------------------------------____ do_______________________________ Adjusted. Increase of 10 percent; 40-hour week. Adjusted. Agreed to arbitrate differences. Pending_______ _______ _____ _____ — Laborers line. Strike_______ Woon- _ do___ -- on pipe Allowed 50 cents per https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 750 _ Sept. 21 Sept. 25 52 _ Sept. 19 Oct. 1 48 Sept. 11 Sept. 15 (i) 107 32 Aug. 29 Sept. 27 120 Sept. 21 292 750 40 Sept. 21 63 Sept. 23 3 5 Sept. 21 60 Sept. 18 Sept. 29 90 Sept. 19 Oct. 7 35 365 Sept. 20 Sept. 25 670 10 ___do____ Sept. (!) Sept. 21 18 Sept. 18 Sept. 22 (i) 45 Sept. 11 Sept. 18 Sept. 25 12 500 Oct. 1 118 125 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 10 600 Sept. 25 Sept. 29 150 Sept. 26 Sept. 27 300 Sept. 16 Oct. 3 105 Aug. 15 Sept. 22 15 30 45 1145 ■Not reported. Sept. 26 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Cleaners____________ Working conditions___________ _ Pocketbook makers. Refusal to recognize union-----------Linen-supply hand W age increase and right to or Lockout___ Gordon Nick Linen Supply Co., ganize. lers. Philadelphia, Pa. Consolidated Cleaners et al., Se- S t r i k e ..----- Drivers and inside ____ do_____________________________ workers. attle, W ash. Ideal Specialty Co., Royersford, ___ do________ Molders_____________ ____ do_____________________________ Pa. Corset makers........... Working conditions______________ Adjusted. Reinstatement of those discharged. Nafziger Baking Co., Springfield, ___ do_______ Bakers......................... Discharges for union affiliation.. . Adjusted. Plant unionized and conditions satisfactory. M o. Clothing workers___ Working conditions......................... Unable to adjust. Factory closed C. O. Vactor Co., Cleveland, ___ do____ __ indefinitely. Ohio. Shoe cutters------------- Union recognition refused________ Adjusted. Recognition; collective P. W . M inor & Son Shoe Mfgrs., Lockout___ bargaining; workers reinstated. Batavia, N .Y . Shoe workers_______ Union recognition..------- --------------- Adjusted. Resumed work; settle do___ __ Buster Brown Shoe Co., Vinment reached. cennes, Ind. Steel workers_______ Discharges for union activity------- Pending— ------------ -------------------------Standard Steel Spring Co.,Cora- Threatened strike. opolis, Pa. Restaurant and ho Wages, hours, and conditions------ ____ do_________________________ _____ Strike___ __ Hotels and restaurants, Portland, tel workers. Oreg. platers, Asked increase and 36-hour week. Adjusted. Increase of 25 percent Electro-Platers’ Association and Controversy. Polishers, and 36-hour week. and buffers. Lamp Manufacturers’ Associa tion. Philadelphia, Pa. Woodruff Edwards Co., Elgin, 111. Strike_______ Molders_____________ Discharges for union activity------- Pending____________________________ Hudson M otor Co., Detroit, M ich. ____ do______ Pattern makers_____ Asked 7J^-hour day and 5-day ____ do______________ _______ ________ week. Solid Steel Scissors Co., Fort ____ do_______ Scissors makers_____ Wage cuts and conditions________ Unable to adjust___________________ Smith, Ark. Pacific Woodenware Plant,Marys- Lockout____ Woodenware work Agreement offered by workers Pending-----------------------------------------refused. ers. ville, W ash. Mission K nit Hosiery M ills, Los Strike_______ Hosiery workers____ Wages and working conditions. . . Adjusted. Agreement concluded. Angeles, Calif. and brick Discharges for union activity------- Adjusted. Recognition and col Stark Brick Co., East Canton, ___ do______ Clay lective bargaining allowed; will workers. Ohio. reemploy. Elsberry M fgr. Co., Elsberry, M o . ____ do_______ Glove workers______ Wages and working conditions.. . Adjusted. Satisfactory wage agree ment. S. L. Allen Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ____ do_______ Farm and garden ____ do_____________________________ Adjusted. Increase 22 percent; recognition and no piecework. implement makers. Controversy. Clerks, waiters, and W a g es.------------------------------------------ Adjusted. W ill abide by blanket Beulah Race Track, Grove City, code. laborers. Ohio. Sept. 20 Workers in volved Duration Company or industry and location Nature of con troversy Bloomington Crushed Stone Co., Controversy Bloomington, Ind. Reick McJunkin M ilk Co., Pitts Threatened burgh, Pa. strike. Chevrolet M otor Co., Flint, M ich. ____ do_______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Terms of settlement Begin ning Crushed-stone work ers. Dairy workers_____ Low wages and conditions.. . Pending. 1933 Sept. 25 Discharges___________________ ____ do ... ...d o ____ Pattern m akers.. . Hours per day________________ Adjusted. Three shifts of TYi hours each. Pending_________________ __________ Sept. Strike___ Laundry workers _ Discharges for union activity. Threatened strike. Strike______ ____ do_____________ ____ do........................ ..................... .d o . Leather workers... Asked union recognition_________ .d o . Strike. M in ers............ ....... Equalization of work; ment of local men. Printers and dyers. Wage increase and collective bargaining. Asked increase and collective Adjusted. Increase of from 12% bargaining. to 15 percent. -------do______________ _____ _________ ____ do........ ............................... ............... Printers and dyers, Paterson, N .J. ------ do______ Jersey C ity Dairy, Jersey City, N .J. Carlstadt Dairy C o., Carlstadt, N .J. Bachman Bros., Inc., Philadel phia, Pa. Shurig Bros. Electric Co., Cin cinnati, Ohio. Multnomah Laundry and Port land Laundry, Portland, Oreg. Fort W ayne Tailoring C o., Fort W ayne, Ind. Filipino farm workers, San Joa quin Valley, Calif. M ason Parker C o., W . D . Cass C o., and Gardner D oll Carriage Co., Winchendon, Athol, South Royalston and other towns, Mass. O’ Brien Bros. Overall Mfgrs., Nashville, Tenn. Blue Diamond Coal Co., St. Charles, Va. Penn Anthracite Coal Co., Scran ton, Pa. M . R . Regenberg, New York C ity _ Cause of dispute Dairy workers_____ Threatened strike. Controversy. ____ do______________ employ Optical workers___ Asked increase in wages_________ Controversy. Electrical workers.. Dispute between contractors and unions. Working conditions______________ Strike___ ____ do______ Laundry workers. _ Strike______ Garment w orkers.. -do. Controversy. Farm workers_____ Wages and working conditions. . Strike______ Woodworkers______ Refusal to recognize union______ .d o ... Garment m akers.. do___ Anthracite miners. Stretch-out system and other grievances. Working conditions........................ .d o ___ ____ do_____________ .d o ... Cigarmakers______ Asked reinstatement of men discharged. Asked 25 percent increase for all workers. 4 Ending (>) (>) Sept. 5 Adjusted. Reinstated without discrimination; further negoti ations. Adjusted. Settlement concluded. 5 Sept. 11 Sept. 6 Oct. Sept. 2 Sept. Aug. 31 2, 974 50 6 Aug. 22 250 26 13 Sept. 21 ...d o ____ Sept; Direct- Tndily rectly 700 13 25.000 7 23 . .. d o ____ 65 Sept. 25 200 Increase of 20 percent. Sept. 6 Pending............................................... .. Sept. 3 2 200 Adjusted. W ill abide by terms of N .R .A . code. Adjusted. Union contract con cluded. P e n d in g ............................................ .. Sept. 11 Sept. 15 100 50 Sept. Sept. 18 330 Adjusted. 5 10.000 Aug. 16 Adjusted. Code adopted; arbi tration for all grievances not fixed by code. Sept. 13 Sept. 21 5.000 Unable to adjust.................................. Sept. 7 Sept. 16 340 Adjusted. Resumed operations under agreement. Adjusted. Resumed operations and conditions normal. Pending___________________________ Sept. 1 Sept. 13 750 Sept. 2 Sept. 12 3.000 Sept. 8 155 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Mannheim Laundry Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Acme Laundry C o., Philadelphia, Pa. W hite Luggage Shop, Philadel phia, Pa. D . & H . Coal Co., Jermyn, Pa___ Craftsmen concerned 1146 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C I L IA T I O N S E R V IC E D U R I N G T H E M O N T H OP S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued M . Ulmer & W m . Freidberger, New York City. .d o . _do. -d o. Staten Island Dairy C o., Port Richmond, N .Y . H . Sommer Cigar Co., Quakertown, Pa. Threatened strike. Controversy Drivers and plant men. Cigarmakers_______ W ages____________________________ Sexton Can C o., Everett, M a s s ... Security H at Corporation, New York C ity. Omaha H at Co., New York City Carter Shoe Co., Nashville, Term Ingber & C o., Philadelphia, P a ... International Leather Goods Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Howard, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa------ Strike.. ___ do. Em ployees... Hat workers . Working conditions. Union difficulties___ ____ do_______ ___ do______ ___ do______ ____ do_______ .d o . Millinery workers.. Shoe workers----------- Working conditions. Pocketbook makers. ____ do_______________ ___ do_______________ ____ do_______________ Controversy. Cleaners and dyers. Imperial Glass Corporation, Bellaire, Ohio. Belcher Lumber C o., Bessemer, Ala. Fur workers, Boston, M ass---------- .d o . Controversy. Fabricated steel workers. Glass workers--------- Asked wage increase and shorter hours. Working conditions.._____________ Lockout____ Lumber workers___ ____ do____________ Threatened strike. Strike______ Fur workers________ ____ do____________ Strike______ .d o . _do. „do. Adjusted. Closed-shop agreement concluded Adjusted. Increase of from 10 to 50 percent; no discrimination. Pending....................... ....... ............... Willimantic Silk M ills, Willimantic, Conn. Dock workers, East Chicago, Ind. ____ do______ ____ do---------- •Not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dock workers______ Welders...... ......... — 2 Sept. 7 51 Sept. 1 Sept. 10 108 Aug. 29 July 15 Sept. 28 90 0) 0) (>) (0 (0 Sept. 13 Oct. 2 1.500 2,000 Sept. 11 Sept. 16 415 35 0) _do. Sept. 0 _do_ Sept. 10 Adjusted. Allowed 40 cents per hour. Adjusted. Increase of 20 percent and closed shop. Adjusted. Returned pending final settlement under terms of code. $1.90 per Asked $1.85 per thousand p ic k s .. Adjusted. Allowed 1,000 picks. Wages, sanitary conditions, and Adjusted. Increase allowed and recognition of committee. recognition of committee. Wages and working conditions... Pending------------------------------------------ 5 ) 0) 7 Sept. 16 100 Sept. 10 ...d o ........ 400 Sept. . .d o ____ Sept. 15 1.500 Aug. 25 ...d o ____ 900 Sept. 10 Sept. 14 50 Clothing workers. . . ____ do__________________ __________ Adjusted. Signed agreement____ Sept. Battery workers____ Wages______________ _____________ Adjusted. Increase of H percent. Sept. 15 Oct. 6 160 Aeronautical work ers. Wages and working conditions._. Adjusted. Strike averted------------ Sept. 16 Sept. 19 1,600 Building crafts-------- Working conditions______________ Pending. Sept. 15 300 Fur workers________ Asked 100 percent increase and ____ d o .. . closed shop. Working conditions______________ _do. ____ do_____________________________ Adjusted. Sept. 16 0) 0) Textile workers. Employees_____ M en reinstated. 1 200 (0 . .d o ____ Sept. 13 Sept. 15 Sept. 15 Sept. 19 300 1147 Standard Steel Casting Co., East Chicago, Ind. Lansky Brothers Clothing M fg. ____ do---------Co., Buffalo, N .Y . Globe Union Battery Co., Phila ____ do______ delphia, Pa. Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Co. Threatened strike. and Consolidated Aircraft Co., Buffalo, N .Y . Pennsylvania Station, Philadel Strikephia, Pa. Fur workers, Danbury, Conn------ Threatened strike. Strike______ Mobile Cotton M ill, Mobile, Ala Bowler Roller Co., Detroit, M ich ____ do_____ Silk workers________ Sept. Sept. 12 Hollow tile workers. Wages and hours. National Fireproofing Corpora tion, Perth Am boy, N.J. Cleaners and dyers, New Haven, ____ do______ Cleaners and dyers.. ____ do____________ Conn. _do. Cleaners and dyers, Seattle, W ash. Controversy. ___ do........ ................... Strike______ Sept. 13 . .d o ____ Sept. 1 Sept. 7 . .d o ____ .d o . 30 Aug. 21 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Griffin Mfgr. Co., Erie, Pa----------- Working conditions; refusal to use “ bunching machines.” Adjusted. Increase 12 percent; 40-hour week; $12 per week minimum. Adjusted. Increase 12}4 percent; collective bargaining. Adjusted. Company abandoned use of protested machines; other conditions corrected. Unable to adjust__________________ Pending------------------------ ----------------- Workers in volved Duration Company or industry and location Nature of con Craftsmen concerned troversy Cause of dispute B uilding............. Wage scale not satisfactory. Metal polishers, Philadelphia, Pa. Strike______ Chatillon C o., Rome, Ga__________ Threatened strike. Strauss Cigar Co., Chicago, 111___ Strike______ M . & M . Transportation Co., ___ do______ Springfield, Mass. Illinois Glass Bottle Co., Clairton, _do. Pa. Can workers, Chelsea, M ass______ ____ do______ Kaufman Plush Co., Philadelphia, Controversy. Pa. Chrysler Co., Philadelphia, Pa___ Strike. Metal polishers. Textile workers. Working conditions. ____ do_______ _______ Cigarmakers.. Truck drivers. Wages and working conditions.. ___ do________________ ________ _ Glass workers. W ages. Granite cutters, Atlanta, G a______ Niagara Apparel Shop, Buffalo, N .Y . Controversy. Strike______ Can workers . . . Plush workers. ____ do. ____ do. Metal polishers and buffers. Discharge of workers, working conditions, and increase in wages. Working conditions______________ ____ do_______________ _________ _ Granite cutters___ Clothing workers. Wages and working conditions. . . Philco Radio Co., Philadelphia, Threatened strike. Pa. U . S. Gauge Co., Sellersboro, Pa__ Strike______ Pennsylvania Sugar Refinery, ____ do_____ Philadelphia, Pa. Radio workers. Employees-------------Refinery workers.. . Working conditions______________ Wage increase and reinstatement of discharged workers. Chamberlain Weatherstrip Co., Boston, Mass. Weirton Steel Works, Weirton, W .V a ., and Steubenville, Ohio. Louisville Street Railways, Louis ville, K y. Carpenters and joiners, Salem, Mass. Julius Kauser Co., including Ster ling Silk Glove Co., Bangor, Pa. King Colonial Radio Corporation, Buffalo, N .Y . California Fancy Leather Goods Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Employees_________ Working conditions and viola tions of N .R .A . code. ____ do_____________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ____ do______ Terms of settlement Adjusted. Resumed work and negotiations continued. Pending___________________________ A d ju sted ..-------------------------------------Pending___________________________ Adjusted. Agreed to arbitrate; settled b y N .R .A . Adjusted. Increase of 10 percent; returned to work. Pending------ --------- ------------------------____ do.............. ............. ....................... . Adjusted. Increase of 25 percent and 36-hour week. Ending 1933 Sept, l l 1933 Sept. 29 29 Sept. 25 Sept. 26 Sept. 28 100 Sept. 25 ...d o ___ 200 (0 0) Sept. 26 Sept. 27 Sept. 26 Pending___________________________ Sept. 25 Adjusted. Agreed to abide by Sept. 27 popular vote, supervised by commissioner. Adjusted. (Report not yet re ...d o — ceived.) Pending--------------------------------- ------- . . . d o ____ Adjusted. Increase from $3 to $4 Sept. 23 per week; 700 returned without discrimination. Adjusted. Returned pending fur Sept. 25 ther consideration of issues. P e n d in g ..------- ------------------------------ Sept. 28 Steel workers______ Controversy. Traction workers... Violations of N .R .A . -d o . . . . d o ____ Threatened strike. ____ do______ Building___________ Working conditions. -d o . Sept. 25 ____ do. Hosiery and glove workers. Radio workers_____ ____ do_______________ Strike. Leather workers___ -d o . 25 350 Sept. 16 Sept. 15 ____ do______ Asked N .R .A . code be put into effect, minimum of 40 cents per hour, and 25 cents per hour in crease on all rates above. Direct- Indily rectly Begin ning Adjusted. Company agreed to Sept. 28 remedy differences. Adjusted. Satisfactory agreement . . . d o ____ concluded. Adjusted. Increase of 25 percent— Sept. 20 Sept. 28 Sept. 28 (0 150 3 1,600 Sept. 29 350 900 Oct. Sept. 30 15 5,000 0) 180 Oct. 5 1,600 Oct. 10 700 Oct. 4 22 6,400 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW Controversy. Jobst & Sons, Pekin, 111____ ______ 1148 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E C O N C I L I A T I O N S E R V I C E D U R I N G T H E M O N T H O F S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued Oct. Sept. 21 Sept. 27 Sept. 6 Sept. 26 225 91 Sept. 22 Sept. 25 18 200 Recognition refused------------ --------- Wages, working conditions and hours. Lumber workers____ Wages, hours and discharges____ Adjusted. Same pay for shorter work week. Pending___________________________ Sept. 30 Husch Bros. Department Store, Louisville, K y. .d o ____ Painters and paper hangers. Objection to nonunion men on job. Juvenile Shoe Corporation, A u rora, M o. O. E . Kearns & Sons Knitting M ill, High Point, N .C . -d o ____ Shoe workers. Working conditions; organiza tion. Wages____________________________ .d o ____ Knitters_____ -do- Bakery and grocery workers. Traction workers— Threatened strike. Controversy. Threatened strike. Strike______ Street railways--------- Working conditions.. . Embroidery workers, New York City. Cotton pickers, Arizona---------------- ____ do_____ Embroidery workers. ____ do_____ Cotton pickers_____ Low wages and working condi tions. W ages___________________________ Owners of cleaning and pressing shops, Seattle, Wash. Controversy. Retail shop workers. Wages, hours and affiliation. Bricklayers. Prevailing wage. 111. Shoe repair shops, Buffalo, N .Y ... Shoe a n d workers. r e p a ir Wages and conditions. 30 Sept. 29 Oct. 10 603 0) (0 Sept. 28 Sept. 26 -d o . 17 ............. Adjusted. M inim um pay $25 Sept. 25 Sept. 29 week for benehmen, $15 for ap prentices; 48-hour week. Adjusted. Home work to be Sept. 15 - .. d o ........ abolished. d o ._ Adjusted. Allowed $1 per 100 for — do___ long staple, 60 cents for short staple; increases in future. 6 Adjusted. Agreement formulated Aug. 29 Oct. and recommended for adoption. INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Consumers Grocery and Baking Co., Chicago, 111. Birmingham Electric Co., Bir mingham, Ala. Belcher Lumber Co., Greenpond, Ala. Street railways, East St. Louis, 20 Sept. 18 .d o ____ 5 20 Adjusted. Increase of 20 percent; 5 percent additional on N ovem ber 1. Adjusted. Agreed to finish job with union men at union scale of 90 cents per hour. Adjusted. Satisfactory settle ment. Adjusted. Returned with under standing that prices would be revised. Pending------------------------------------------ Piecework rates; protest furnish ing their own glue brushes. ____ do____ United Suit & Bag Co., Los A n geles, Calif. 100 1,000 3.000 1.000 GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION Post offices: Middleburg, V t ........................ - d o .......... Pittsburgh, Pa—Oberlin, Ohio-----Philadelphia, Pa. -do_do_ _do_ Elwood City Pa. _do. Columbus, Ohio. Strike. Iron workers------------Rod setters_________ Structural-ironwork' ers. Hod carriers, stone masons, bricklay ers, and laborers. Building trades me chanics. Total________________________ 1 Not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Adjusted. Wages fixed in conference. Pending.. ____ do____ ____ do____ Aug. 25 Aug. 25 Aug. 15 Sept. 8 Aug. 31 Back wages paid in Sept. 27 Sept. 29 25 Adjusted. M ason tending to be done by members of that craft. Sept. 15 Sept. 28 130 Pending___________________________ Adjusted. Allowed 90 cents per hour retroactive to Sept. 9. Mechanics allowed Prevailing wage not being p a id -.. Adjusted. $1.10 per hour. Sept. 27 Sept. 29 Oct. 1 Sept. 26 Oct. 2 -d o . Substitution of common laborers at 40 cents per hour for me chanics’ work at 60 cents. Prevailing wage not paid------------Prevailing wage---------- ---------------- Adjusted. full. (0 16 60 15 94, 272 17,354 1149 Dubuque, Iowa----- ----------------- Controversy. Marble setters______ Plumbers and steam "Plumbers and steam fitters, M u s ____ do— fitters. kegon, Mich. Mechanics__________ Conservation Corps Barracks, ____ do___ Andover, Mass. _do. _do. -do. LABOR TURN-OVER Labor Turn-Over in Manufacturing Establishments, Third Quarter of 1933 HE Bureau of Labor Statistics receives reports as to labor turn-over from representative manufacturing establishments in 148 census industry classifications. The reports received for the third quarter of 1933 show that their accession rate was 22.88. This hiring rate was nearly double the rate for the third quarter of 1932, and slightly exceeded the rate for the second quarter of 1933. The lay-off rate for the third quarter of 1933 was slightly higher than for the second quarter of this year, but much lower than the lay-off rate during the third quarter of 1932. The third quarter quit rate was higher than for any quarter in 1932 or 1933. Many strikes occurred in a number of leading industries; over 20 percent of the quits were caused by these industrial disputes. The greatest number of disturbances occurred in the silk and boot and shoe industries. The rates shown herein represent the number of changes, per 100 employees, that took place during the 3 months ending September 30, 1933. The average used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for compiling turn-over rates is the arithmetic mean. The rates shown in table 1 covering manufacturing as a whole were compiled from reports made to the Bureau by establishments employing approxi mately 1,000,000 people. In the industries for which separate indexes are presented, reports were received from representative plants em ploying at least 25 percent of the workers in each industry as shown by the Census of Manufactures of 1927. In addition to the separation rates and the accession rate, the net turn-over rate is also shown. Net turn-over means the rate of re placement, that is, the number of jobs that are vacated and filled per 100 employees. In a plant that is increasing its force, the net turn-over rate is the same as the separation rate, because while more people are hired than are separated from their jobs, the number hired above those leaving is due to expansion and cannot justly be charged to turn-over. On the other hand, in a plant that is reducing its num ber of employees, the net turn-over rate is the same as the accession rate, because while more people are separated from the pay roll than are hired, the excess of separations over accessions is due to a reduc tion in force and therefore cannot be logically charged as a turn-over expense. Table 1 shows for manufacturing as a whole the total separation rate, subdivided into the quit, discharge, and lay-off rates, together with the accession rate and the net turn-over rate for the four quarters of 1932, and the first, second, and third quarters of 1933. T 1150 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1151 LABOR TU R N -O YER T able 1 .— Q U A R T E R L Y T U R N -O V E R R A T E S I N R E P R E S E N T A T I V E F A C T O R IE S IN 148 I N D U S T R IE S Separation rates Period Quit Discharge Accession rate Total separation rate Lay-oil Net turn over rate 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 2. 28 First quarter- ___ Second quarter-------- 2.15 Third quarter_______ 2.10 1.77 1.56 2.23 4.16 0.58 .49 .45 .43 0.38 .52 .78 8.18 12. 92 10. 78 8. 75 10.14 4. 46 6. 31 11.04 15. 56 13. 33 10. 95 12.08 7. 21 11. 25 9. 65 7. 80 12. 55 10. 50 8. 50 20. 86 22.88 9. 65 7. 80 12. 55 10.50 8. 50 7. 21 11. 25 Table 2 shows the quit, discharge, lay-off, accession, and net turn over rates for the 10 industries for which the Bureau’s sample covers a sufficiently large number of firms to justify the publishing of sepa rate industry figures. Among these industries, cotton manufacturing had the highest quit rate during the third quarter of 1933. The lowest quit rate was shown by the furniture industry. Automobiles had the highest discharge rate and iron and steel the lowest. The highest lay-off rate occurred in brick manufacturing and the lowest in the iron and steel industry. The highest accession rate occurred in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry and the lowest in the men’s clothing industry. The manufacture of brick showed the highest net turn-over rate and the iron and steel industry the lowest. T able 2 .— Q U A R T E R L Y T U R N -O V E R R A T E S I N S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R I E S Automobiles Class of rates Net turn-over________________ Class of rates https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Brick Third Second Third Third Second Third Third Second Third quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter 1932 1932 1932 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1.29 .35 40. 61 42.25 7. 90 7. 90 Class of rates Boots and shoes 2.49 .97 5. 57 9. 03 29. 52 9.03 4. 82 1. 74 12. 05 18.61 28. 76 18. 61 Cotton manufacturing 3. 46 .80 5. 62 9. 88 31. 05 9. 88 6.10 1.11 2.14 9. 35 32. 23 9. 35 5. 53 1. 25 9.68 16. 46 21.30 16. 46 Iron and steel 1.22 . 14 5.32 6.68 3.98 3.98 1.72 .22 1. 59 3. 53 22.03 3. 53 2.51 .33 2. 33 5.17 22. 70 5.17 3.01 .77 4. 77 8.55 16. 43 8. 55 2. 50 . 54 4. 19 7.23 12. 15 7.23 5. 35 1.16 4. 27 10. 78 15. 20 10. 78 0. 93 .39 27. 44 28. 76 22. 27 22. 27 Foundries and machine shops 0. 75 .25 10. 23 11.23 7. 32 7. 32 1.31 .47 5. 70 7. 48 19. 08 7.48 2. 42 .72 5. 84 8. 98 27.14 8. 98 2. 53 .40 2. 94 5.87 16. 26 5. 87 3.10 .58 6.85 10. 53 13. 26 10. 53 2.58 .73 22. 05 25. 36 29. 32 25.36 Furniture 1.11 .24 9. 48 10. 83 20.88 10.83 M en ’s clothing 3.14 . 16 2. 73 6.03 22. 54 6.03 1.13 .59 13.17 14.89 46. 30 14.89 3. 49 .33 7. 74 11. 56 30. 71 11.56 2.23 1.09 5. 56 8. 88 36. 56 8.88 Sawmills 3. 49 .75 15. 77 20. 01 17. 94 17.94 3. 48 .75 9.26 13. 49 42. 47 13.49 3.00 1. 26 10. 38 14.64 27. 05 14. 64 1152 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW T able 2 .— Q U A R T E R L Y T U R N -O V E R R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D I N D U S T R I E S — Continued Slaughtering and meat packing Class of rates Third quarter 1932 Second quarter 1933 2. 57 1.11 14. 77 18.45 20.24 18. 45 2. 64 .96 8.12 11. 72 23.04 11.72 Quit____________ _____________ ___________ ____________ __ Discharge _______ ... - _________ - -------------Lay-off_____________ _ . _ _________ _ - ----- ---------------Total separation . - - ____ .. ......................... — Accession____________________________ ____________________ N et turn-over_________________ ___ -----------------------------. . Labor Turn-Over in the Cotton Manufacturing 1931 and 1932 Third quarter 1933 4. 21 1.11 13.96 19.28 36.99 19.28 Industry, HE present article (the third of a series dealing with labor turn over in individual industries *) covers 172 identical firms in the cotton manufacturing industry for the years 1931 and 1932. These firms had on their pay rolls an average of 89,918 workers in 1931 and an average of 83,814 workers in 1932. The net turn-over rate for the cotton manufacturing industry was 47.25 for the year 1931; for the year 1932, 38.89. The net turn-over rate for manufacturing as a whole during 1931 was 35.72 and during 1932, 40.50. It will be noted that cotton manufacturing, while having a higher turn-over rate than manufacturing as a whole in 1931, had a lower rate than manufacturing as a whole during 1932. Table 1 shows the number of firms, the number of employees, and the number of quits, discharges, lay-offs, and accessions in 172 identical cotton manufacturing plants, by rate groups, for the years 1931 and 1932. T T able 1.— C H A N G E S I N P E R S O N N E L I N 172 I D E N T I C A L F IR M S I N T H E C O T T O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G I N D U S T R Y , 1931 A N D 1932, B Y R A T E G R O U P S Quits Number of firms Number of employees Number of quits Rate group 1931 Under 2.5 percent.- ----------------------------------------2.5 and under 5 percent. - ------------ ------------------- 5 and under 7.5 percent. _______ _________ ________ 7.5 and under 10 percent-- - ________ --10 and under 15 percent . . . - - - - - - - - ... 15 and under 20 percent-.- - - - - - - - - - 20 and under 25 percent_____________ - ----------------- 25 and under 30 percent-- ------------------------- --- — 30 and under 35 percent - -------------35 percent and over- ---------- ------------------- --- ----------------Total- - ________ -_ _ - ----------------- --------- 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 37 20 17 18 29 21 9 7 1 13 57 22 29 9 24 17 4 2 2 6 15,291 7, 643 10,104 8,895 13, 935 12, 479 5,642 5, 957 402 9, 570 22,096 10, 986 13,335 3,941 13, 192 6,943 1, 523 1,160 1, 924 8, 214 73 291 590 757 1,722 2, 221 1,255 1,715 140 6,478 153 420 824 334 1,568 1,171 349 298 661 4,805 172 172 89,918 83,314 15, 242 10,583 1 The first dealt with the automobile industry (M onthly Labor Review, June 1933, p. 1316) and the second with the boot and shoe industry (M onthly Labor Review, October 1933, p. 893). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1153 LABOR TURN-OVER T able 1 .— C H A N G E I N P E R S O N N E L IN 172 I D E N T I C A L F IR M S IN T H E C O T T O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G I N D U S T R Y , 1931 A N D 1932, B Y R A T E G R O U P S — Continued Discharges Number of firms Number of employees Number of discharges Rate group 1931 Under 0.5 percent___ ._ . . . ________________ 0.5 and under 1 percent.. . . . . . ______ _____________ 1 and under 2 percent________________ ______________ _ 2 and under 3 percent_______________________ 3 and under 4 percent_____ _ _ _ _ _ 4 and under 5 percent___________________________________ 5 and under 7 percent _ _ _______________________ 7 and under 9 percent-__ _ _ ________ _______ ___ 9 and under 11 percent__________________________________ 11 percent and over _ . . . __________________________ _ Total ____________ . _________ ____ ____ _ _ 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 48 15 31 14 15 9 16 6 4 14 62 22 21 19 14 8 8 7 3 8 17, 040 9,832 16, 962 8, 155 12,450 5, 071 9, 784 2, 041 1,534 7,049 27, 508 10, 284 14,834 6, 620 6,985 3, 979 2, 562 4, 276 1, 152 5,114 13 73 211 208 403 219 556 152 157 1,007 11 71 187 166 237 166 147 342 120 712 172 172 89,918 83,314 2, 999 2,159 Lay-offs Number of firms Number of employees Number of lay-offs Rate group 1931 Under 5 percent _ ... _ ............ .. 5 and under 10 percent 10 and under 20 percent20 and under 30 percent. . _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ 30 and under 40 percent__________________________ ____ 40 and under 60 percent________________________________ 60 and under 90 percent _ _ _ -------------------------------90 and under 120 percent. ___________ _ ___ --------- _ 120 and under 150 p e r c e n t -._______ 150 percent and over. ___________ _ _ ___ _ Total 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 53 12 31 18 16 17 13 7 1 4 47 11 22 16 10 13 17 22 4 10 23, 510 3,860 23,081 9,804 4, 253 11,880 7, 377 2,936 295 2,922 21, 397 5,877 13,135 6,136 4, 991 8, 964 6,134 9, 287 2,114 5,279 422 292 3, 324 2, 402 1,425 5,877 6,035 2,982 428 4,659 299 482 1, 962 1,484 1,685 4,243 4, 671 9,810 2,656 10,057 172 172 89,918 83, 314 27,846 37, 349 Total separations Number of firms Number of employees Total separa tions Rate group 1931 Under 10 percent _ . . . ____ _________ 10 and under 20 percent _ _ _ ................ ....................... 20 and under 30 percent_____________________ __________ 30 and under 40 percent_______________ ____ _ _ 40 and under 60 percent._ _ ................ __._ -----60 and under 90 percent-------------------- ------------- -------------90 and under 120 percent________ _ _ _ 120 and under 150 percent___________ _______ ___ ___ 150 and under 180 percent_____________ _ ----------------180 percent and over ________________ __________ Total __________ __ ----------------------------------- -__ 16487°— 33------ 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 20 23 34 25 28 22 10 5 2 3 30 27 18 12 23 18 22 10 6 6 7,014 12, 675 14, 351 14, 781 17, 429 10, 733 4,660 4, 334 2,940 1,001 11, 677 13, 695 11, 536 3,087 11, 988 8,246 10, 235 6, 324 3, 691 2,835 350 1,973 3,547 5,135 9,158 8,281 4,879 6, 052 4,669 2,043 688 2,035 2,873 1, 055 5,606 6,517 10, 722 8,207 5,992 6,396 172 172 89, 918 83, 314 46,087 50,091 1154 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 1.— C H A N G E I N P E R S O N N E L I N 172 I D E N T I C A L F I R M S I N T H E C O T T O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G I N D U S T R Y , 1931 A N D 1932, B Y R A T E G R O U P S — Continued Accessions N u m b er of fir m s N u m b er of e m p lo y e e s R a te group 1931 1932 N u m b er of acce ssion s 1931 1932 1931 1932 U n d e r 5 p e r c e n t ____________ 5 a n d u n d e r 10 p e r c e n t s _ 10 a n d u n d e r 2 0 p e r c e n t . _ 20 a n d u n d e r 3 0 p e r c e n t . . 30 a n d u n d e r 40 p e r c e n t .. 40 a n d u n d e r 50 p e r c e n t .. 50 a n d u n d e r 70 p e r c e n t .. 70 a n d u n d e r 110 p e r c e n t110 a n d u n d e r 150 p e r c e n t 150 p e r c e n t a n d o v e r ______ 14 16 32 25 16 15 26 15 8 5 17 19 27 17 7 11 16 28 18 12 5 ,3 2 6 5 ,6 2 0 16, 760 8 ,7 4 8 5, 759 14, 669 17, 075 7, 936 4 ,8 9 3 3 ,1 3 2 5 ,8 2 2 8, 935 8 ,3 4 5 10, 663 3 ,8 3 8 4 ,3 4 8 9 ,7 8 9 1 1 ,6 7 7 12, 436 7, 461 143 421 2 ,5 8 1 2 ,2 3 9 1 ,9 2 5 6 ,4 1 6 9 ,6 1 8 7, 255 6, 516 5 ,2 6 1 178 657 1 ,1 9 5 2 ,4 4 6 1 ,3 8 6 1 ,9 9 8 5, 722 9 ,7 4 8 16, 229 13, 237 T o t a l ___________________ 172 172 8 9 ,9 1 8 83, 314 42, 375 52, 796 Net turn-over N u m b e r of fir m s N u m b e r of e m p lo y e e s N e t t u r n -o v e r R a te group 1931 U n d e r 10 p e r c e n t _______________ 10 a n d u n d e r 2 0 p e r c e n t . . ._ 20 a n d u n d e r 3 0 p e r c e n t _ . 3 0 a n d u n d e r 4 0 p e r c e n t _______ ____ 40 a n d u n d e r 50 p e r c e n t. . ______ 50 a n d u n d e r 60 p e r c e n t . . ____ 60 a n d u n d e r 70 p e r c e n t . _ . . . 70 a n d u n d e r 100 p e r c e n t _______ 100 a n d u n d e r 130 p e r c e n t . _ . 13 0 p e r c e n t a n d o v e r ____________ T o t a l _____________________ __ _ 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1 2 ,9 5 6 17, 726 615 2 ,7 1 3 2, 448 4, 403 3 ,7 0 0 7, 538 260 6, 252 2, 755 6 ,4 6 5 87 2 2 ,1 1 9 1 ,7 8 2 1 ,2 0 4 4 ,2 9 9 1 ,3 6 9 1 ,3 6 8 9 ,6 6 3 9, 078 11, 963 3 7 ,1 4 9 43, 717 33 34 28 20 12 20 i 16 4 4 42 31 15 9 15 8 4 22 14 12 1 2 , 800 8, 462 1 3 ,6 7 1 40 2 7 ,3 1 6 2, 333 4, 353 1 6 ,8 6 1 1 4 ,1 1 9 7 ,4 9 6 3, 476 9, 578 2 ,5 4 5 2 ,1 1 4 1 1 ,4 9 2 7 ,7 8 6 7 ,8 4 7 172 172 89, 918 83, 314 9 899 The quit rate for cotton manufacturing was 16.26 during 1931, and 12.78 during 1932. Many firms, however, had a remarkably low quit rate in each of the 2 years. In 1931, 37 firms having 15,291 employees had an annual quit rate of less than 2.5 percent. In 1932 the record was even better, as 57 firms having 22,096 employees on their pay rolls had a quit rate of less than 2.5 percent. In contrast, 13 firms in 1931 and 6 firms in 1932 had an annual quit rate of 35 percent or over. Many firms had remarkably low lay-off rates also. The lay-off rate for the cotton manufacturing industry as a whole during 1931 was 32.60, and during 1932, 42.53. Yet, 53 firms in 1931 and 47 firms in 1932 had lay-off rates of less than 5 percent. At the other end of the scale, however, 4 firms in 1931 and 10 firms in 1932 had lay-off rates of 150 percent or over. The annual accession rate for the industry in 1931 was 47.93 percent and for 1932, 63.75 percent. During 1931, however, the hiring rate for 14 firms was less than 5 percent and during 1932, 17 firms had a hiring rate of less than 5 percent. As opposed to these firms with low hiring rates, 5 firms in 1931 and 12 firms in 1932 had hiring rates of 150 percent or over. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1155 LABOR TU RN-O YER Of the 172 firms included in the table, 33 employing 12,956 persons had a net turn-over rate of less than 10 percent in 1931, while in 1932,42 firms having a total employment roll of 16,861 had a net turn-over rate of less than 10 percent. In contrast, the net turn-over rate of 4 firms during 1931 and 12 firms in 1932 was 130 percent or over. Table 2 shows the comparative turn-over rates in 172 identical firms in the cotton manufacturing industry for the years 1931 and 1932, by size of establishments. T able 2 .— C O M P A R A T IV E L A B O R T U R N -O V E R R A T E S , 1931 A N D 1932, I N C O T T O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G F IR M S H A V IN G F E W E R T H A N 300 E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T H O S E H A V IN O 300 OR M O R E E M P L O Y E E S Firms having— Item Quits_____________________________________________ Discharges- - ______________________ Lay-offs___________________________ _ Total separations.- ____ __________ _____ Accessions N et turn-over _ ____ _ ___ ___ Firms having— Under 300 300 or more Under 300 300 or more employees, employees, employees, employees, 1931 1931 1932 1932 11.14 2. 67 30. 05 43.86 38. 96 33. 43 18.07 3.46 31.14 52. 67 47. 72 42.83 6.91 2.04 41.36 50.31 46. 33 40. 93 13.80 2.70 45.49 61.99 66. 61 54. 67 Of the 172 identical firms from which reports were received for both the years 1931 and 1932, 84 had fewer than 300 employees per estab lishment, while 88 firms had 300 or more employees. The 84 firms in the first group had a total force of 14,477 in 1931 and 13,309 in 1932, while the 88 establishments in the second group had a total force of 75,441 in 1931 and 70,005 in 1932. The smaller cotton manufacturing firms had a better turn-over record than the larger ones, their net turn-over rate for 1931 being 33.43 and for 1932, 40.93. In the 88 larger firms, the net turn-over rate for 1931 was 42.83 and for 1932, 54.67. The smaller firms also had lower quit, discharge, lay-off, and accession rates than the larger firms during each of the 2 years. The above showing is in direct contrast to that of the boot and shoe industry, where the larger firms had much better turn-over records than the smaller plants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HOUSING Building Operations in Principal Cities of the United States September 1933 HERE was an increase of 9.7 percent in indicated expenditures for total building operations in September 1933, as compared with August 1933, according to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from 764 identical cities in the United States having a population of 10,000 or over. The number of buildings for which these permits were issued decreased 3.7 percent. The cost figures shown in the following tables are as estimated by the prospective builder on applying for his permit to build. No land costs are included. Only building projects within the corporate limits of the cities enumerated are shown. This excludes considerable building in the suburbs of some cities. , T Comparisons, August and September 1933 T a b l e 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 764 identical cities in the United States having a population of 10,000 or over, by geographic divisions. T able 1 .— E S T I M A T E D C O S T OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D I T I O N S , A L T E R A T I O N S , A N D R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N I N 764 I D E N T I C A L C IT IE S , AS S H O W N B Y P E R M I T S IS S U E D I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S New residential buildings (estimated cost) New nonresidential buildings (estimated cost) Geographic division August 1933 September 1933 Percent of change August 1933 September 1933 Percent of change New England.............. Middle Atlantic_____ East North Central... West North Central.. South Atlantic........ . South Central_______ Mountain and Pacific. $2,112, 230 2,696, 568 1, 519, 796 925,900 921, 548 744, 059 2, 432,415 $1, 521,926 - 2 7 .9 7, 510, 398 +178. 5 1,130,848 - 2 5 .6 641, 205 - 3 0 .7 824,999 - 1 0 .5 494, 609 - 3 3 .5 1,584,643 - 3 4 .9 $1, 078, 618 2,879,864 2, 299, 796 3, 736,088 886,902 874, 583 1,461,440 $2, 228,678 7,152,880 2,844,265 698,273 1, 004,487 741, 597 1, 611, 607 +106. 6 +148. 4 + 2 3 .7 - 8 1 .3 + 1 3 .3 -1 5 .2 + 1 0 .3 Total__________ 11, 352, 516 13, 708, 628 13, 217, 291 16,281, 787 + 2 3 .2 + 2 0 .8 Additions, alterations, and re pairs (estimated cost) Tota Iconstruction (estimated cost) Geographic division August 1933 September Percent of 1933 change August 1933 September 1933 N um ber of Percent cities of change New England_____________ . . . M iddle Atlantic_______________ East North Central_________ W est North Central___________ South A t la n tic ............................ South Central____________ _____ Mountain and Pacific_________ $1,446, 494 5,310, 712 1, 491,339 828, 240 1, 054, 096 922, 757 2,129,938 $1,131,207 3,989, 661 2, 237,194 651, 644 1,117, 708 737, 435 1, 562,067 - 2 1 .8 - 2 4 .9 + 5 0 .0 - 2 1 .3 + 6 .0 - 2 0 .1 - 2 6 .7 $4, 637,342 10,887,144 5, 310,931 5,490, 228 2,862, 546 2, 541, 399 6,023,793 $4,881,811 18, 652,939 6,212,307 1, 991,122 2,947,194 1,973, 641 4, 758, 317 +5. 3 + 7 1 .3 + 1 7 .0 - 6 3 .7 + 3 .0 - 22. 3 -2 1 .0 105 172 177 74 76 79 81 Total_____________ ______ _ 13,183, 576 11,426, 916 - 1 3 .3 37,753, 383 41, 417, 331 + 9 .7 764 1156 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1157 HOUSING There was an increase of 20.8 percent in indicated expenditures for new residential buildings comparing September permits with August permits. This increase, however, was entirely limited to the Middle Atlantic division. The other six divisions registered decreases. New nonresidential buildings increased 23.2 percent in indicated expenditures. Five of the seven geographic divisions showed in creases in this type of structure. Additions, alterations, and repairs decreased 13.3 percent in indi cated expenditures, only two geographic divisions showing increases. Indicated expenditures for total building operations increased in four divisions and decreased in three, the highest increase being 71.3 percent in the Middle Atlantic States. Table 2 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new non residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 764 identical cities of the United States, by geographic divisions. T able 3 .—N U M B E R OE N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D I T I O N S , A L T E R A T I O N S , A N D R E P A IR S , A N D O F T O T A L B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N I N 764 I D E N T I C A L C IT IE S , AS S H O W N B Y P E R M I T S IS S U E D I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S New residential buildings New nonresi dential buildings Additions, alter Total construc ations, and tion repairs Geographic division Sep Sep Sep Sep August tember August tember August tember August tember 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 1933 New England___________ _____ . ______ M iddle Atlantic___ . . . . ____________ East North Central. . . ___________ W est North Central___ . _________ South Atlantic_________ _____________ South C entral... . . . . . . ................ .. Mountain and Pacific_______________ 402 469 301 260 270 279 586 289 419 235 206 201 159 423 849 1,280 1,451 768 529 434 1,151 845 1,372 1,453 741 481 512 1,096 2,713 5,996 3,461 1,410 2,691 2,115 4, 674 2,536 6,181 3,002 1,460 2,919 2,054 4, 306 3, 964 7, 745 5, 213 2,438 3,490 2,828 6,411 3, 670 7,972 4, 690 2, 407 3, 601 2,725 5,825 T o ta l. _________________________ Percent of change___ __ _____________ 2,567 1,932 - 2 4 .7 6,462 6, 500 + 0 .6 23, 060 22,458 -2 .6 32, 089 30,890 -3 .7 The number of new residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations showed decreases, com paring September with August. The number of new nonresidential buildings, however, showed a slight increase comparing these 2 months. Table 3 shows the number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost of such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 764 identical cities during August and September. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1158 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW T able 3 — E S T I M A T E D C O S T A N D N U M B E R O F F A M I L I E S P R O V I D E D F O R I N T H E D I F F E R E N T K IN D S O F H O U S E K E E P I N G D W E L L I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D I N 764 I D E N T I C A L C IT IE S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S 1-family dwellings Estimated cost Geographic division August 1933 Septem ber 1933 New England- __________ $1,822,830 $1,413, 626 M iddle Atlantic_________ 2,108,468 1,816, 748 East North Central______ 1,427, 296 1,094, 548 622, 205 W est North Central_____ 898, 400 794, 099 875,848 South Atlantic- - - - - - 462,809 550,759 South C en tral___ _____ Mountain and Pacific___ 2,078,070 1,443,453 Total ____________ 9,761, 671 7, 647,488 - 2 1 .7 2-family dwellings Families pro vided for Sep August tember 1933 1933 Estimated cost August 1933 Septem ber 1933 Families pro vided for Sep August tember 1933 1933 366 410 283 256 253 243 545 274 384 230 202 193 151 404 $184,400 385,100 92, 500 27, 500 45, 700 158, 650 169, 345 $74,300 153, 350 36, 300 19,000 22,900 24,300 95, 390 61 99 32 8 30 57 66 20 44 9 8 13 12 39 2,356 1,838 -2 2 .0 1,063,195 425, 540 -6 0 .0 353 145 - 5 8 .9 Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Multifamily dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost Families pro vided for Sep August tember 1933 1933 Estimated cost August 1933 Septem ber 1933 Families pro vided for Sep August tember 1933 1933 August 1933 Septem ber 1933 New England-- _________ M iddle Atlantic_________ East North Central______ W est North Central_____ South Atlantic- _________ South C en tral_______ Mountain and Pacific___ $31, 000 ' 203, 000 0 0 0 34,650 185,000 $34,000 5, 540, 300 0 0 8,000 7, 500 45,800 15 72 0 0 0 24 64 15 $2,038, 230 $1, 521,926 1,802 2, 696, 568 7, 510, 398 0 1, 519,796 1,130,848 0 641, 205 925,900 921, 548 824, 999 4 4 744, 059 494, 609 18 2,432, 415 1, 584, 643 442 581 315 264 283 324 675 309 2,230 239 210 210 167 461 Total _____________ 453, 650 5,635, 600 + 1 ,1 42.1 175 1,843 11,278, 516 13, 708, 628 +953.1 + 2 1 .5 2,884 3, 826 + 3 2 .7 There was a decrease in the estimated cost and in the number of families provided for by both 1-family and 2-family dwellings. Indi cated expenditures for apartment houses were more than 10 times as great during September as during August. The number of family dwelling units provided in the multifamily structures was approxi mately 10 times greater during September than during August. Indicated expenditures for all kinds of housekeeping dwellings in creased more than 20 percent, while the number of family-dwelling units provided in all types of structures was nearly one third greater in September than in August. Table 4 shows the index numbers of indicated expenditures for new residential buildings, for new nonresidential buildings, for additions, alterations, and repairs, and for total building operations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1159 HOUSING T able 4 . — I N D E X N U M B E R S OF F A M I L I E S P R O V I D E D F O R A N D O F T H E E S T I M A T E D C O S T O F B U I L D I N G O P E R A T IO N S AS S H O W N B Y P E R M I T S IS S U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S OF T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S [Monthly average, 1929=100] Estimated cost of— Families provided for M onth 1929 September________________________________ New resi dential buildings New non Additions, residential alterations, buildings and repairs Total building construc tion _ 70.2 63.7 81.3 95.0 73.7 1930 August---------------------------------------------------------September---------- ---------------------------------------- 48.7 51.3 43.4 44.4 67.2 ■ 73.8 58.6 64.2 54.4 58.2 1931 August---------------------- ------------------------- -------September_________________________________ 36.6 30.1 33.5 24.8 63.9 41.8 48.3 41.0 47.3 33.5 1932 August___ _______ _____________________ _____ September---------------------------------------- ............. 9.7 10.8 6.8 7.5 15.7 11.4 24.9 21.7 12.6 10.7 1933 August___________ ______________________ September__________________________________ 8.9 11.8 7.1 8.6 10.4 12.8 29.4 25.5 11.9 13.1 The index number of families provided for and the index numbers of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, and of total building construction were all higher during September 1933 than during September 1932 or August 1933. The September 1933 index number for additions, alterations, and repairs, while higher than for September 1932, was lower than for August 1933. Construction from Public Funds T a b l e 5 shows the value of contracts awarded for public buildings by the various agencies of the United States Government and by the various State governments during the months of September 1932 and August and September 1933, by geographic divisions. T able 5 .— V A L U E O F C O N T R A C T S F O R P U B L IC B U IL D IN G S A W A R D E D B Y T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T A N D B Y S T A T E G O V E R N M E N T S , S E P T E M B E R 1932 A N D A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S State Federal Geographic division September 1932 New England_________________ M iddle Atlantic_______________ East North Central___________ W est North Central _________ South Atlantic________________ South Central-------- -----------Mountain and Pacific_________ T o ta l. _________________ August 1933 September 1933 1 September 1932 August 1933 September 19331 $605,735 829,842 2,396,660 163,349 349,396 322,974 829,166 $2,875 72,099 9,005 17,481 106,941 34,093 22,738 $118,925 4,184,561 56, 386 42,890 408,870 340,802 55,461 $51,341 1,656,398 425,471 86,050 690,317 533,421 224,433 $44, 070 1,708,679 267,637 85, 601 291,767 806, 649 647,807 $306,250 366,542 187,126 61,420 131,638 502, 734 626,093 5, 497,122 265, 232 5, 207,895 3,667,431 3,852,210 2,181,803 > Subject to revision. The value of contracts awarded for Federal building construction during September 1933, while slightly lower than for September 1932, was nearly 20 times as great as during August 1933. In contrast, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1160 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W value of contracts awarded, for State governments was only approxi mately 50 percent of the September 1932 and the August 1933 total. Table 6 shows the value of highway construction contracts awarded during August and September by the Bureau of Public Koads, by geographic divisions. T able 6 . — V A L U E OF H I G H W A Y C O N S T R U C T I O N A W A R D S M A D E D U R I N G A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, A S R E P O R T E D G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S B Y T H E B U R E A U OP P U B L IC R O A D S , B Y State Federal Total Geographic division New England_________________ M iddle Atlantic ____________ East North Central.................... W est North Central................... South Atlantic________________ South Central....................... ....... Mountain and Pacific................. T o ta l.. ________________ Percent of change____________ August 1933 September 1933 August 1933 September 1933 August 1933 $432,254 175, 559 1,252,312 2, 362,663 346,452 748,082 7,353,540 $381,605 513, 291 240.440 877, 699 392.441 882, 799 1,952,938 $1,251,512 4,522,336 2,286, 232 1,936, 605 438,940 2, 275,029 6, 580, 627 $1, 522,605 5,523,492 4,905, 540 7,402,100 2,973, 297 4, 555, 015 14,377,199 $1,683, 766 4,697,895 3,538, 544 4,299,268 785, 392 3,023, 111 13,934,167 $1,904,210 6,036,783 5,145,980 8,279,808 3,365, 738 5,437,814 16,330,137 12,670,862 5,241,213 - 5 8 .6 19,291,281 41,259,257 + 113.9 31,962,143 46, 500,470 + 4 5 .5 September 1933 The value of awards made for public roads from State and Federal funds during September was $46,500,470, an increase of 45.5 percent as compared with August. The value of awards made from State funds decreased 58.6 percent, while awards from Federal funds increased 113.9 percent. Table 7 shows the value of contracts awarded by the United States Government during September for construction projects of all kinds. T able 7 .— V A L U E OF C O N T R A C T S A W A R D E D F O R A L L C O N S T R U C T I O N P R O JE C T S B Y T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T , D U R I N G S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S i Geographic division New England................ Middle Atlantic______ East North C entral... W est North C e n tr a lSouth Atlantic_______ South Central________ Mountain and Pacific. Outside of United States. Geographic division Building construc tion $118,925 4, 213, 759 56,386 42, 890 427, 254 340,802 55,461 Naval vessels 180,705,130 Outside of United States_________________________ . 1 Subject to revision. 2 Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads. 3 Includes $7,000 not allocated by geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis River, har bor, and flood-con trol projects $1, 522, 605 5, 523,492 4,905, 540 7,402,109 2,973, 297 4, 555,015 14, 377,199 $14,315 1, 569,201 2,182,307 13,090,220 3, 202, 601 9,332,191 2, 747,948 3.325 ______ New England________________________ ____________ _ $39,486, 283 M iddle Atlantic__________ __________ _____ ______ _ 74,038, 296 East North C e n t r a l_____ ______ _________ _________ 231,158 W est North Central........................ ............................... . 0 South Atlantic ______________ _______ ___________ _ 57,873, 713 South Central__________ ________ _______ _____ ______ 0 Mountain and Pacific________ _____ _________ ______ 9,075,680 T o ta l.................................................................... .. Public roads Streets 2 and roads 0 0 0 $225,329 171,355 404 504,776 93,855 Reclama Forest Miscel tion laneous ry projects Total 0 0 0 6,000 30,000 8,000 4,823,671 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,456 $74,401 372, 533 32,326 0 434,291 6,474 14, 345 $41,216,529 85,717,281 7,407,717 20,766,548 65,112,511 14,242,886 31,604, 536 3 4,874,671 5,456 934, 370 3 266,075,008 28,046 125, 226 1161 HOUSING During September the Federal Government awarded contracts for construction projects of various kinds totaling $266,075,008. Awards for naval vessels accounted for nearly 70 percent of the total. Public roads accounted for the next largest expenditure, followed by river, harbor, and flood-control projects, and building construction. Comparisons, September 1933 with September 1932 T a b l e 8 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 347 identical cities of the United States having a population of 25,000 or over, for the months of September 1932 and September 1933, by geographic divisions. T able 8 — E S T I M A T E D C O S T O F N E W B U IL D IN G S , O F A D D I T I O N S , A L T E R A T I O N S , A N D R E P A I R S ; A N D O F T O T A L B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N I N 347 I D E N T I C A L C IT IE S AS S H O W N B Y P E R M I T S IS S U E D I N S E P T E M B E R 1932 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S New nonresidential buildings (estimated cost) New residential buildings (estimated cost) Geographic division September 1932 New England...................................... M iddle Atlantic--------------------- ......... East North Central_______________ W est North Central----------------------South Atlantic. ---------------------------South Central___ ___ Mountain and Pacific----------------- Total------ ------------------- --------- September Percent of September 1932 change 1933 September Percent of change 1933 $916,800 2, 608,060 1, 207, 258 782, 971 846, 617 613, 212 2,095,783 $806, 700 6,933,368 899,098 555, 665 663,475 435,129 1, 287,952 - 1 2 .0 +165. 8 - 2 5 .5 - 2 9 .0 - 2 1 .6 - 2 9 .0 -3 8 . 5 $2, 298,414 2,782,414 3, 646, 599 1, 752, 532 1, 516, 291 912, 287 963,127 $1,865,429 6, 798, 648 2,707, 281 608,949 746,875 616, 767 1,331,387 - 1 8 .8 +144. 3 -2 5 .8 -6 5 .3 - 5 0 .7 - 3 2 .4 + 3 8 .2 9,070, 701 11, 581, 387 + 2 7 .7 13,871, 664 14, 675,336 + 5 .8 Additions, alterations, and repairs (estimated cost) Total construction (estimated cost) Geographic division September 1932 New England________ M iddle Atlantic--------East North C entral... W est North C entral.. South Atlantic----------South Central-----------Mountain and Pacific. Total.................... September Percent of September 1932 change 1933 September Percent of change 1933 + 1 8 .2 $4,036,914 8, 267,185 6,405, 376 3,094,042 3,437, 769 2,044, 391 4, 214, 991 $3, 630, 376 17,474,137 5,461,732 1, 668,987 2,470, 991 1, 525,960 3,985, 582 - 10.1 + 111.4 - 1 4 .7 - 4 6 .1 - 2 8 .1 - 2 5 .4 -5 .4 + 1 6 .4 31, 500, 668 36, 217, 765 + 1 5 .0 $821, 700 2,876,711 1,551, 519 558, 539 1,074,861 518, 892 1,156, 081 $958, 247 3, 742,121 1,855, 353 504, 373 1, 060, 641 474,064 1, 366, 243 + 1 6 .6 + 30.1 + 1 9 .6 - 9 .7 -1 .3 8, 558, 303, 9,961,042 - 8.6 ber of cities 53 73 94 25 38 29 35 Increases were shown in indicated expenditures for both types of new buildings, for additions, alterations, and repairs, and for total construction, comparing September 1933 with the same month of the previous year. Table 9 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 347 identical cities having a population of 25,000 or over for the months of September 1932 and September 1933, by geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1162 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W .? iV ,N V ? ? B E R 0 E N E W B U IL D IN G S , OP A D D I T I O N S , A L T E R A T I O N S AND R E P A IR S , A N D OP T O T A L B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N I N 347 I D E N T I C A L CTTTES g 1 o G R ^ H I C Y D I V K I O n I IS S U E D I N S E P T E M B E R 1932 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y New residen tial buildings N ew nonresi dential build ings Additions, al terations, and repairs Total con struction Geographic division Septem Septem Septem Septem Septem Septem Septem Septem ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 New England_____________ M iddle Atlantic____________ East North Central ____________ W est North Central South A tlan tic.. ___ . South Central________ Mountain and PacificTotal________ _____ Percent of change. ______ 182 486 276 236 219 253 575 147 317 198 166 149 138 340 622 1.498 1.498 819 507 463 1,218 544 1,055 1,277 619 410 445 892 2,219 4, 590 2,780 1,124 2,720 1,792 3,484 2,034 5, 664 2,693 1,269 2,668 1,419 3,501 3,023 6, 574 4, 554 2,179 3,446 2,508 5, 277 2, 725 7,036 4,168 2,054 3, 227 2,002 4, 733 2,227 1,455 - 3 4 .7 6, 625 5,242 - 2 0 .9 18, 709 19, 248 + 2 .9 27, 561 25,945 -5 .9 There was a decrease in the number of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, and in the number of total building operations, comparing September 1933 with September 1932. The number of additions, alterations, and repairs, however, increased slightly comparing these 2 months. . Table 10 shows the number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost of such dwellings, for which permits were issued in 347 identical cities during September 1932 and September 1933. E S T I M A T E D c o s t a n d n u m b e r o p F A M I L I E S P R O V I D F D FOR TM t w w K o ^ i T R E I^E E I N D S OP H O U S E K E E P I N G D W E L L I N G S F O R W H IC H P E R M I T S W E R E G ^ O G R A r a i C 1)1 V IS IO N S L ° I T I E S I N S E P T E M B E R 1932 A N D S E P T E M ™ ^ ^ ^ 1-family dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost 2-family dwellings Families pro vided for Estimated cost Families pro vided for September September Septem Septem September September Septem Septem ber ber ber 1932 ber 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 New England. M iddle Atlantic . East North Central-. W est North Central.-. South Atlantic____ South Central. Mountain and Pacific___ $802, 300 1,813, 765 1,094, 058 779,471 773, 317 533, 262 1, 736,093 $753, 700 1, 281, 518 862, 798 536, 665 638, 675 410, 829 1,175,862 167 396 262 235 208 239 528 139 287 193 162 143 131 324 $98, 500 579,495 57,300 3,500 3,800 44,950 159,990 $46, 000 121,850 36, 300 19,000 16,800 24, 300 86,390 25 159 18 2 7 23 59 13 40 9 8 10 12 37 Total___________ . Percent of change. . ___ 7, 532, 266 5,660,047 -2 4 .9 2,035 1,379 -3 2 . 2 947, 535 350, 640 - 6 3 .0 293 129 - 5 6 .0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1163 HOUSING T able 10 .—E S T I M A T E D C O S T A N D N U M B E R O F F A M I L I E S P R O V I D E D F O R I N T H E D I F F E R E N T K IN D S O F H O U S E K E E P I N G D W E L L I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D I N 347 I D E N T I C A L C IT IE S I N S E P T E M B E R 1932 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV I S I O N S — Continued Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Multifamily dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost September September 1932 1933 Families pro vided for Estimated cost Families pro vided for Septem Septem Septem Septem September September ber ber ber ber 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 N ew England____________ M iddle Atlantic___ - East North Central______ W est North Central_____ South Atlantic___________ South Central____________ Mountain and Pacific___ $16,000 214, 800 52, 000 0 69, 500 35, 000 157, 700 $7, 000 5, 530, 000 0 0 8, 000 0 25, 700 8 74 17 0 29 8 89 3 1,793 0 0 4 0 11 Total_______________ 545, 000 5, 570, 700 +922.1 225 1,811 +704.9 $806, 700 6,933, 368 899,098 555,665 663,475 435,129 1, 287,952 200 629 297 237 244 270 676 155 2,120 202 170 157 143 372 9,024,801 11, 581,387 + 2 8 .3 2,553 3,319 + 3 0 .0 $916,800 2, 608,060 1,203,358 782,971 846,617 613, 212 2,053, 783 Decreases were shown in the indicated expenditures and in the number of families provided for in 1-family and 2-family dwellings, comparing September 1933 and September 1932. There was, how ever, a large increase in the expenditures for apartment houses and in the number of family dwellings provided therein. Details by Cities T a b l e 11 shows the estimated expenditures for new residential buildings, for new nonresidential buildings, and for total building operations, together with the number of families provided for in new dwellings, in each of the cities in the United States having a popula tion of 10,000 or over, for which reports were received for September 1933. Permits were issued during September for the following important building projects: In New Haven, Conn., for a college dormitory to cost $1,300,000; in the Borough of Manhattan for three apartment houses to cost $5,100,000; in Indianapolis, Ind., for store buildings to cost over $400,000; in Newark, N.J., for a factory building to cost $300,000; in Pittsburgh, Pa., for a church to cost $600,000; and for a public utilities building in Miami, Fla., to cost $225,000. Contracts were awarded by the Supervising Architect of the Treas ury Department for a naval hospital in Philadelphia, Pa., to cost over $2,000,000, and for a marine hospital on Staten Island, N.Y., to cost nearly $2,000,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1164 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933 N ew England States C ity and State Connecticut: A n sonia.. . . . Bridgeport — B risto l___ D anbury____ Derby___ . . . East Hartford. Fairfield. . . . Greenwich___ Ham den____ Hartford___ __ M anchester... Meriden--------M iddletow n.. M ilford______ New Britain.. New H a v e n .. Norwalk_____ Norwich_____ Stamford. . . Stratford.. . . T orrin gton ... W allingford. _ W a te r b u r y ... W est Hartford W illim an tic.. Maine: Auburn______ Lewiston_____ Portland-------South Portland________ Westbrook— Massachusetts: Arlington____ Attleboro____ Belmont____ Beverly______ B oston1. . . . Braintree- . . . Brockton_____ Brookline____ Cam bridge-. . Chelsea______ Chicopee_____ Dedham ___ Easthampton. Everett______ Fairhaven___ Fall River___ Fitchburg___ Framingham. G ard n er_____ Holyoke______ Lawrence____ Leom in ster... Lowell. . . . L ynn________ M alden___ Marlborough. Medford_____ Fami New New Total lies residen nonresi(includ pro tial dential ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings $600 $3, 750 $3, 000 3,090 44, 025 18,900 1,500 5,785 10,077 500 9, 080 4, 500 0 935 0 8, 225 4, 500 1,575 21,500 96, 060 57, 600 32, 000 47,450 136,900 1,250 25, 365 23,900 10, 500 125,950 173,152 15,115 3, 390 6, 000 1,780 4,200 15, 585 14, 787 977 10, 900 11,280 28,056 7,000 575 9, 262 0 6,000 1,305, 395 1, 327,125 4, 875 33, 215 21,100 9, 625 350 0 29,825 59,005 6,400 1,807 25,899 18, 426 13, 205 2, 500 5, 825 500 9,183 4, 300 25,950 2, 000 17,150 1,975 84, 780 61, 600 14, 850 0 9,100 2 8 1 1 0 1 5 3 7 2 1 1 4 3 0 2 5 0 1 4 1 1 1 10 2 44,000 8,000 12, 000 172, 200 2 ,80C 12,415 219, 200 10,800 30, 540 15 1 3 11,000 0 4 ,40C 400 17,19C 2, 275 5 0 46, 000 4, 00C 91, 90C 13, 00C 112,00C 21,00C 26, 30( 48, 000 0 1 4, 500 8 ,00C 50C ( 0 4, 550 ( 6, 250 7 ,00( 0 ( 4, 00C 6, 30C 14, 00C 13, 30C 3 ,00C 13,00C 2,600 1,020 1,400 2,580 31, 685 53,495 2, 305 2,821 2, 525 900 3,775 16,185 600 165 1, 140 815 2,400 905 1, 50C 2 , 10C 1,000 50C 1,295 1,875 1,685 70C 2,825 55, 315 6, 57C 95, 200 20,025 446, 39E 78, 35C 46,62C 55, 476 20, 400 6, 280 11,210 29, 550 1,200 3,365 1,64( 14, 872 4, 600 7, 580 10, 450 13, 000 12, 230 6, 357 33,140 42, 090 20, 21( 3, 750 17,995 6 2 13 3 24 3 5 4 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 3 4 4 1 3 1 Applications filed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis City and State New New residen nonresidential tial build build ings ings Fami Total lies (includ pro ing re vided pairs) for M assachusettsContinued. $18,500 $1, 650 $21,190 Melrose_____ 60,900 52, 300 6, 070 M ilton _______ 3,900 13, 500 N atick2. . . . 4, 500 4,325 33, 725 23, 300 N e e d h a m ___ 12,990 5, 200 New Bedford. 0 1,950 700 400 Newburyport. 12,400 133,064 N e w to n .. . . . 111,500 14,040 North Adams.. 8, 0C0 1,150 11,100 Northampton. 0 10, 700 North Attle borough___ 3,600 1,200 1,750 1,965 18,650 Norwood. . . . 15, 000 3,000 1,075 Peabody ____ 8, 500 5, 000 8, 375 21,175 Pittsfield____ Plym outh___ 11,150 4, 500 16, 750 29, 600 3, 430 58, 270 Quincy_______ 0 750 6, 475 Revere_______ Salem. ______ 11, 200 8, 500 38, 890 0 1,140 Saugus_______ 3,165 0 800 9, 550 Somerville___ 0 0 Southbridge.. 0 Springfield___ 13, 265 39, 515 17,800 Stoneham____ 15,500 2, 300 17,950 Swam pscott-. 0 2,850 6,900 0 695 Taunton_____ 7, 296 W altham ____ 5, 600 1,353 11,768 W a tertow n ... 3, 80C 450 23, 720 93, 700 6,910 102,435 W ellesley.. . . 1,500 1, 50C 3,000 W estfield-. . _ W est Spring4,000 6, 210 field________ 1, 825 W eym ou th .. . 4, 500 3, 660 17,195 32, 30C Winchester . . 1 ,45C 36,360 0 1,200 W inthrop____ 6,053 C 805 4, 545 W oburn____ Worcester____ 24, 87C 62, 295 19, 200 N ew H am p shire: 6,000 31, 500 38, 000 Concord.. . . . Manchester— 18,10C 49, 015 88, 915 Rhode Island: 0 150 Central Falls. 2,580 Cranston____ 13,150 24, 53C 9,035 East Provi 22, 500 2, 440 33, 472 dence— 4, 800 550 5,900 Newport . . . North Provi 6,500 2,400 9, 600 dence.. — 22, 77! Pawtucket — 15, 00( 4, 450 24, 50( Providence.._ 46, 55( 155, 90( W arw ick_____ 51, 900 3,250 78,30( 15, 575 W esterly_____ 10, OOC 1,300 W e s t W ar 4, 30C 90C 5,500 wick___ ._ 9,844 1, 09C W oonsocket.. Vermont: 8, OOC Bennington.. 8 ,00C 14, 00C 9, 62C 26, 61C B u rlin gton ... 4,881,811 1, 521, 92C 2,228, 678 Total____ 2 N ot included in totals. 3 14 1 4 0 1 10 2 0 1 2 1 1 5 5 0 1 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 3 1 8 1 1 1 5 0 0 6 2 6 0 4 5 1 2 1 4 14 4 1 0 2 2 309 1165 HOUSING T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T OE B U I L D I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E ISS U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued M iddle Atlantic States C ity and State New Jersey: Atlantic C ity, Bayonne. Belleville. Bloomfield___ Bridgeton____ Burlington__ Camden____ Clifton_______ East Orange. Elizabeth . . E n glew ood... Garfield______ Hackensack. . Harrison . . . Hillside T w p . Hoboken_____ Irvington___ Jersey C i t y ... Kearny______ Linden_______ Long Branch. Lyndhurst___ Maplewood T w p ___ . . Montclair____ M orristow n.. N e w a r k ... _ New Brunsw ic k _____ N u tley. . . . . Orange_______ Passaic_______ Paterson____ Perth Amboy------------Phillipsburg.. Plainfield____ Pleasantville. Red Bank____ Ridgefield Park_______ R id gew ood ... Roselle_______ Rutherford.. . South Orange. Sum m it______ Teaneck Tw p. Union C i t y ... Union T w p ... W eehaw ken.. Westfield. _ W est New Y o rk _______ W est Orange. New York: Albany_______ Amsterdam _ _ Auburn______ Batavia______ Binghamton.. Buffalo_______ Cohoes___ __ Dunkirk_____ Elm ira_______ Endicott_____ Freeport_____ Fulton_______ Glen Cove___ Glens F a lls ... Gloversville.. H em pstead... H ornell... . . . New New residen nonresitial dential build build ings ings 0 0 0 $1,191 $63, 000 5,000 4, 700 Fami Total lies (includ pro ing re vided pairs) for 0 0 0 10 2 2 0 15,800 7,155 0 22, 000 38, 500 0 9, 668 0 9,000 0 0 4, 000 0 0 1,500 0 4, 700 845 1,680 13,453 3,075 c 1,400 4, 90C 10,109 95C 1,050 685 2,050 0 3,000 1,300 5, 440 6,175 5, 585 162 $14, 276 15,125 5, 500 69, 700 6 , 045 7,873 2 1 , 218 26, 250 9, 318 53, 052 31,45C 53,129 3, 600 15,878 1, 015 12; 450 15, 700 7, 525 32; 950 22, 740 6, 725 8, 793 1,041 0 0 0 11,000 1,635 1,613 4,100 303, 205 6, 010 35, 927 10, 675 377, 735 0 0 0 2 9, 500 5, 000 0 0 14, 700 1, 225 17,976 702 19, 075 71,075 19,490 24,173 76’ 756 51, 335 113,701 3 1 0 0 3 0 9,000 11, 000 20, 000 1,200 995 0 7,100 50 400 7, 988 10, 675 20, 651 20,150 4, 750 0 2 2 1 1 0 42,450 6, 600 6, 000 10,000 29, 600 46, 250 0 30, 225 0 17, 500 350 500 400 2, 720 650 0 1,200 250 4,175 0 16,985 1,300 44,150 7, 775 11,127 12, 700 31,500 48, 565 13,325 37, 300 4, 257 38, 400 0 4 3 1 1 4 7 0 6 0 3 0 4,800 0 1,485 7, 395 11,350 0 1 61, 000 0 8,500 0 21,100 30, 750 0 0 0 18,350 11, 500 0 0 0 22, 600 5,000 0 36, 025 525 22, 510 3, 950 5,485 52,955 1C 22,115 2, 331 15,175 4, 38C 1, 000 815 650 2,500 2,085 0 122, 622 2, 725 31,810 4,046 77, 420 156, 807 835 25,197 33,482 39,412 21, 580 1,000 3, 015 1,722 26, 825 12,885 0 5 0 2 0 5 9 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 1 A p p li c a t i o n s file d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 2 , 600 4 2 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 City and State New Y 0 r k— Continued. Irondequoit.. Jamestown.. Johnson C ity. Kenmore. . . Lackawanna. New New residen nonresitial dential build build ings ings $6 , 500 19, 900 0 0 0 28, 000 3 ,2 0 0 Newburgh___ N ew R 0 - $9, 492 .84 500 8,596 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 455 3, 700 1 10, 300 150 1 850 500 775 1,170 3, 590 0 850 2,520 10, 255 8, 500 15, 515 0 0 3 3 16, 500 25, 500 4 910 6,400 3S, 646 4 2 150 Lynbrook____ Mamaroneck Massena_____ Middletown. . Mount Yer- $2, 392 800 1,625 Fami Total lies (includ pro ing re vided pairs) for 0 0 6 ,0 0 0 2 3 41,000 1,915 50, 715 New York City: The Bronx1. 163, 300 21,700 452,356 62 Brooklyn 414, 500 321, 320 1, 689,021 146 M a n h a ttan 1_____ 5,100, 000 380,100 6, 206, 565 1,618 Queens 1___ 326, 500 453,886 1,179,402 83 Richmond1. 38, 600 2, 0C5,211 2,084, 361 16 Niagara Falls. 18, 000 9,250 2 57,580 North Tonaw and a... . . 8,900 5, 802 15,102 2 Ogdensburg.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ___ Oswego Plattsburg... Port Chester. Port Jervis___ Poughkeepsie____ ___ Rensselaer___ Rochester____ Rockville Center_____ Saratoga Springs____ Schenectady.. Syracuse. Tonaw anda.. Troy_________ Utica. . . . - . V a l l e y Stream___ W atertow n ... W hite Plains Yonkers_____ Pennsylvania: A bington T w p . _____ Allentown___ Altoona______ Arnold___ . . 0 7, 500 0 0 45,300 5, 225 3, 400 0 45, 300 12,925 5, 200 0 0 4 0 0 6,500 0 4, 500 1,050 575 9,864 11,800 3,065 60, 977 1 0 1 31,000 1,643 37, 509 5 0 0 5,000 1, 500 16, 500 14, 500 875 4,312 4, 315 1,300 1,250 22, 475 10, 225 18, 229 29,812 4,300 44, 450 39,775 0 0 1 1 4 4 3,500 1,800 0 70, 000 510 6, 715 11,217 7, 350 5,240 13, 659 19, 967 98,825 1 1 0 15 5, 300 0 0 6,000 1,840 4,150 900 1,650 17,845 32,856 7,845 7,650 3 0 0 1 Bethlehem .. . B rad d ock ___ Bradford......... 10,000 0 0 850 0 2,350 13,400 1 0 8,031 0 0 Canonsburg _ Carlisle______ C h a m b ersburg______ C hester___ C oatesville... 1,000 0 3,300 410 4,300 1,200 0 0 7,000 0 800 500 0 800 9,400 725 1 0 1 0 1166 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T O F B U I L D I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E ISS U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued M iddle Atlantic States— Continued City and State Fami New New Total lies residen nonresi(includ pro dential tial ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings Pennsylvania— Continued. Connellsville. Conshohocken Coraopolis 2_ . 34,000 0 $2, 225 0 75,000 0 0 4,000 100 0 143,045 800 1,850 3,113 4,400 0 1,530 25, 200 0 2,400 950 $2, 650 80 80,000 10,000 0 7,265 9,095 10,000 151,836 1,075 37,000 20,433 74, 553 1,000 6', 120 29,700 0 45,445 3,470 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3, 200 0 0 100 100 6,000 9,640 450 0 1 0 15,000 0 0 950 0 2, 490 17,650 0 3,720 2 6 0 3,300 0 3, 300 2 0 0 0 0 D u B o is _____ Duquesne____ Easton. . . . Elwood C ity . Erie___ ______ Greensburg . Harrisburg . . Haverford . . Hazleton_____ Johnstown___ Lancaster____ Latrobe______ LowerMerion. M cK eesport.. M ahanoy C ity________ Meadville . . . M o n e sse n ___ M ount Lebanon________ M unhall. . . . New Castle . New Kensington_______ . 0 0 $6, 800 io,ooo 0 0 8, 400 10,000 9,400 0 1,000 0 0 City and State Pennsylvania— Continued. Norristow n... North Braddock . . . . Oil C ity______ Philadelphia.. Phoenixville.. Pittsburgh— Pittston.. . . . Plymouth____ Pottstown___ Pottsville____ Reading______ Scranton_____ Sunbury_____ Tamaqua___ U niontow n... Upper Darby. Vandergrift... W arren.. . . W ashington.. Waynesboro. _ W est Chester. Wilkes-BarreWilkinsburg.. Williamsport. York_______ New Fami New Total residen nonresilies (includ dential pro tial ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings $13,003 0 1,100 $1,000 100 0 48, 535 49,986 227,600 2, 094,715 2,448, 725 200 0 0 42,450 614,475 799,176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,575 11,270 5,000 6,950 21,985 0 400 12, 300 41,245 20,800 9,825 0 0 0 0 0 5,500 0 0 200 0 610 610 20, 800 39,375 61,610 0 0 0 0 2,500 2, 500 4, 500 300 4,800 0 21,000 7,500 0 0 450 4,150 38,495 54,520 4,000 100 4,530 6,186 24,106 7, 600 882 12, 504 4, 500 0 $500 1 0 61 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 4 Total____ 7,510,398 7,152,880 18,652,939 2,230 East North Central States I llin o is : A l t o n ___________ A u r o r a _________ B e l l e v ill e ______ B e r w y n _______ B lo o m in g t o n . B l u e I s l a n d ___ B r o o k fie ld ____ C a ir o ___________ C a lu m e t C i t y . C a n t o n ________ C e n tr a lia ______ C h a m p a ig n ... C h ic a g o _______ C h i c a g o H e i g h t s _____ C i c e r o _________ D a n v i l l e _______ D e c a t u r _______ E a s t S t . L o u is . E l g i n ___________ E l m h u r s t _____ E l m w o o d P a r k ................ E v a n s t o n ____ F orest P a r k .. F r e e p o r t ........... G r a n it e C i t y . H a r v e y ________ H i g h l a n d P a r k ................ J o lie t ___________ K a n k a k e e ____ L a G r a n g e ____ M a y w o o d ____ M e lr o s e P a r k . M o l i n e ________ 0 $500 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78, 500 0 $700 125 1,600 1,000 575 725 2,150 0 400 0 0 277, 540 $3, 440 6,883 5, 625 6, 200 1,700 5,638 2,025 2,150 325 400 2,000 4,800 810,953 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 4,000 5,500 5,825 6, 750 0 16, 350 3,770 1,300 275 5,195 8,915 1,025 17, 430 6,470 7,959 6, 750 26,162 18,008 1,025 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2,500 0 0 200 2,500 5, 735 16, 570 12,000 200 1,100 37,500 6,035 19, 070 12,000 1,570 0 0 0 1 0 0 5, 300 0 6,000 0 0 0 2,000 15,380 0 200 0 1,020 50 2,615 21, 730 41, 270 6,200 2,000 1,020 595 8,033 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 N ot included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Illinois— Con. Mount Vernon________ Oak Park___ Ottawa_______ Park R id ge... Peoria________ Quincy_______ Rockford____ Rock Island _. Springfield___ Sterling______ Streator______ Urbana ______ Waukegan___ W ilm ette____ Winnetka____ Indiana: Bedford______ Connersville.. Crawfordsville Elkhart______ Elwood______ Evansville___ Fort W a y n e .. G a r y .............. Goshen_______ Hammond___ H untington.. Indianapolis.. Jeffersonville. Kokomo_____ Lafayette____ La Porte 2___ Logansport... Marion_______ Michigan City 0 0 0 0 $18,000 0 5,000 3,000 18,100 0 22,000 0 3,000 0 12,000 $2,500 1,103 0 500 189, 525 3,825 975 940 210, 615 225 0 0 2,450 650 12,150 $2, 500 9,703 0 4, 645 240,635 5, 325 8,050 10,187 241,063 975 22,150 2,980 11,600 2, 775 46,150 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 1 8 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 0 3,000 0 3,500 0 18,500 0 0 0 0 0 1,400 0 2,000 145 750 700 0 2,478 205,910 1,525 250 6,274 0 476, 642 0 4,880 0 325 150 555 1,730 2,040 5,645 1,500 5,515 688 15, 370 221,930 7,025 250 12,884 516 541,233 3,000 9,530 1,800 2,000 26,341 11,135 2,495 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1167 HOUSING T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T OF B U I L D I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued East North Central States— Continued C ity and State New Castle--. Richmond___ South B e n d .. Terre H aute-Michigan: Ann Arbor___ Battle Creek. Bay C ity____ Dearborn____ Detroit ____ Escanaba— - Flint_________ Grand Rapids Grosse Pointe H am tram ck.Holland______ Kalamazoo___ Lansing_____ Lincoln Park, Marquette___ New New residen nonresidential tial build build ings ings Fami Total lies (includ pro ing re vided pairs) for o $2 500 0 o 0 0 3,000 $492 4 627 850 0 500 1,730 495 $1, 212 16, 786 850 75 1,950 7,885 5,907 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 o 9,500 0 14,850 10,500 174,450 1,500 0 1,900 2,500 1,300 1,100 1,775 1,900 3, 560 402,901 150 815 29,694 9,835 2,100 21,780 8,075 26,479 16,060 741,885 2,350 1,315 44,634 30,010 0 2 0 5 2 34 1 0 1 1 19, 600 0 0 1,450 19,600 5,200 2 0 500 0 0 8,000 2,550 0 0 10,000 0 700 235 70 4,785 74,385 6,045 605 0 5,100 3,340 '375 510 14,195 85,088 10, 775 1,805 10 , ooc 5,725 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 0 0 4,100 1,250 948 1 ,25C 5,803 0 2 0 o o 0 0 3,500 0 2,800 40C 70C 11,540 '700 C 382 1,605 1,045 1 ,10C 1 ,10C 30,370 7,350 29C 4,992 13,408 6 ,97C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9,810 0 40, 000 0 0 0 0 1,500 ( 10,800 174,400 55,500 6, 765 38C 3 ,85( 138 ( ( 0 ( 20( 2,930 262,810 112,90< 25,692 2, 28C 43,85C 3, 279 3,135 C 900 1, 500 55( 15,971 601, 250 491,40( 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 29 10 22,000 11, 500 1.25C 72,40C 26,75C 128, 25C 4 2 10C 8 , 10C 10C 39, 51C 0 0 25C 55C 0 Mount ClemMuskegon----M uskegon Heights____ Port H u r o n .. River Rouge. Royal Oak Sagin aw _____ W y a n d o tte ... Barberton___ Bucyrus--------C am bridge..Cincinnati..- Cuyaho g a East Clevel a n d . --------- 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis City and State New New residen nonresidential tial build build ings ings Ohio— Contd. 0 Elyria________ $20,900 Euclid_______ 0 Findlay........... 0 Fostoria.......... 3,000 Fremont_____ G arfield 0 Heights-----0 Hamilton------0 Ironton_____ 10,000 Lakewood-----0 Lim a_________ 0 Lorain---------22, 500 Mansfield-----0 Marietta____ 0 Marion—......... 0 Massillon------5,000 Middletown— 0 Newark--------0 Norwood------3, 950 Parma___ — 0 Piqua________ 0 Portsm outh.. 0 Salem _______ 0 Sandusky-----S h a k e r 27,500 Heights........ 5,000 Springfield— 0 Steubenville— 0 Struthers------4,000 Tiffin------------7,000 Toledo_______ 2,750 Warren— — 0 Wooster______ 26,800 Youngstown— Wisconsin: 10,500 Appleton------C Beloit _______ 0 C u d ah y.. 12, 200 Eau C ia ire ... 0 Fond du Lac. 29,900 Green B a y — 0 Janesville------0 Kenosha-------7,000 Madison-------3,350 M anitowoc-- . 2,000 Marinette-----37,513 M ilw aukee-. . 9,100 Oshkosh ----0 Racine----------3,000 Sheboygan— 9, 500 Shorewood — South M i l 0 waukee------27,500 Stevens Point. 2,600 Superior--------0 Two Rivers. . 3 ,85C Waukesha___ C W ausau______ 5,800 Wauwatosa— W est A llis----T o ta l.. Fami Total lies (includ pro ing re vided pairs) for $815 445 900 0 200 $1,950 21, 595 3,435 250 3,400 0 5 0 0 1 0 725 50 1,135 1,900 190 10,000 650 820 750 30,865 630 15,950 800 0 690 6,025 2, 593 0 2,150 415 13,625 6, 050 3, 6U5 34, 767 1,150 2,180 1,730 40, 570 2,180 17, 750 6,385 150 1,704 6,025 3,643 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1,300 2,880 2, 000 2,225 200 41, 867 1,290 0 39,375 31,800 11,115 5, 375 2, 225 4, 200 59,967 11,005 1, 525 73,671 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 2,330 825 20C 2,600 2, 275 3, 735 250 615 4,210 10,929 1,010 60, 735 530 850 17,929 782 15, 890 2,675 1,300 22,900 8, 665 40,000 5, 650 15, 583 56,853 251,876 4,650 152, 413 21, 580 4, 518 28,199 12,132 3 0 0 6 0 9 0 0 1 1 1 9 6 0 1 1 0 3,200 495 4,285 70C 2,030 2, 500 67C 0 34, 325 5, 700 5, 721 16,600 2,030 10,410 1,870 0 4 i 0 i 0 1 0 1,130, 848 2,844, 265 6,212,307 239 1168 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 1 1 .— E S T I M A T E D C O S T OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E ISS U E D I N P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued W est North Central States City and State Iowa: Ames_________ Burlington___ Cedar Rapids. CouncilBluffs. D a v en p o rt.-. Des M oines. . Dubuque____ Fort D o d g e ... Iowa C i t y .- . Marshalltown Mason C it y .. Muscatine___ Ottum wa____ Sioux C ity___ New New Fami Total residen nonresilies (includ tial dential pro ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings 0 0 $15,000 10, 200 5,850 3,600 37, 875 0 0 0 2, 500 0 18, 690 1, 500 7,000 6,000 5, 00C $585 475 1,285 2,710 4,992 16, 375 24,175 2, 555 4,040 1,282 1,450 2,100 6, 555 900 3,000 7, 530 6,085 $2, 085 550 23, 260 25, 548 17, 342 40, 708 85,625 10,163 6,315 1,432 4, 750 18,100 29, 072 4,518 13, 750 14,810 14,970 0 0 1 3 3 2 18 0 0 0 1 0 13 1 3 2 3 0 12,000 150 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 5 1 1 0 18 Kansas: Arkansas City Atchison. Dodge C ity— Eldorado. . . Fort Scott____ Hutchinson. _ Independence. Kansas C it y .. Law rence___ Leavenworth. M an h attan -.. Salina________ W ichita......... . Minnesota: Albert Lea___ Faribault____ Hibbing______ M ankato_____ M inneapolis.. 0 0 8,700 0 6 ,00C 1,200 3,800 0 0 0 1, 000 11, 950 0 0 0 725 150 3,720 200 300 50 0 0 3,360 2,130 2, 682 14, 324 150 250 615 800 0 16, 750 150 14,805 2, 680 7, 600 50 800 550 4,860 16, 200 10, 306 0 6, 100 500 3,000 300 3,960 120 7,000 890 141,480 550 39, 776 19, 430 17, 700 5,127 308, 725 c c c c 65,170 C City and State New New Fami Total residen nonresilies (includ tial dential pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for Minnesota— Continued. $5,700 2, 800 40, 920 10, 950 4,000 $400 820 221, 262 175 0 $7, 200 3; 770 337, 920 13,200 4,790 1 8 3 2 7,600 4,000 2,800 0 5,000 0 58,000 0 500 0 12, 000 138, 325 16,100 180 0 200 100 4,800 150 11, 000 2, 600 1,150 0 550 126,188 4, 965 7,980 4,000 3,000 43, 780 15,180 1, 741 82, 700 2, 700 2,350 0 13, 760 345, 222 42,982 3 1 2 0 1 0 15 0 1 0 4 32 5 0 0 150 0 0 12,440 23, 000 6,445 1,200 '800 3,685 12,000 44,499 30,500 116,280 0 0 0 7 2 21 0 375 0 150 500 375 11,090 3; 900 500 0 1 1 0 Rapid C i t y ... Sioux Falls. 0 0 0 0 16, 300 10, 600 0 142 1,825 2,545 10, 600 0 142 8,025 20,055 0 0 0 0 9 Total____ 641, 205 698,273 1,991,122 210 St. Cloud ___ St. Paul South St.Paul. W inona. . Missouri: Cape Girardeau_____ _ C olu m b ia___ Independence. Jefferson City. Joplin------- --Kansas C it y .. M aplew ood-. M oberly_____ St. C h a rles..St. Joseph___ St. L o u is.. - . Springfield___ Nebraska: Fremont_____ Grand Island. Hastings_____ Lincoln______ North Platte. Omaha_______ North Dakota: Grand Forks. South Dakota: Aberdeen.. . . H u r o n _______ 0 0 0 20, 550 7,500 63,825 0 1, 200 2, 500 3 0 South Atlantic States Delaware: W ilm ington.. District of Columbia: W ashington.. Florida: G ainesville.-. Jacksonville.. Key W est____ Miam i . . - . . Sanford______ St. Augustine. St. Petersburg Tallahassee.. . Tam pa_______ Georgia: Atlanta______ B ru n sw ick ... Columbus___ Lagrange____ R om e........... .. Savannah____ $27, 200 $2,315 $57,410 5 308,100 4 5 ,15C 450, 500 51 9,000 5, 650 0 13, 350 0 5, 350 0 0 1,000 11,095 4,900 1,925 69,908 0 245, 345 0 3, 880 0 0 6,000 6,000 2, 377 12,118 139, 303 0 375,884 21,051 14, 515 75 2,120 57,446 19, 625 42,141 3 6 0 8 0 6 0 0 1 5 3 0 22,150 8, 350 0 3,000 0 2,000 7,000 0 112, 035 250 0 130 200 200 8, 050 3,979 153, 694 28,449 1,585 11,803 200 4,000 37,310 0 11 4 0 1 0 1 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Maryland: Annapolis____ Baltimore____ Cumberland.. Frederick____ H agerstow n.. Salisbury____ North Carolina: Asheville____ Elizabeth C ity________ Gastonia......... Goldsboro___ Greensboro.. . High Point . . New Bern____ Rocky Mount Shelby_______ Statesville___ W ilm ington. _ W ilson............. $7, 240 48,000 2, 500 18,800 4,200 9,995 $7, 500 31,850 1,200 249 1,090 5,425 $15, 500 437,050 4,450 25,989 10,175 16,945 12, 000 15,100 2,100 48', 400 825 700 0 675 15,460 19,920 3' 950 50,900 0 2,500 0 1,575 4,800 0 0 0 3,000 13, 300 0 14,700 0 0 0 475 2,800 482 600 217,891 735 70 0 0 2,350 0 0 3, 575 575 7,113 6,607 600 217,891 7,185 3,095 14, 300 0 18,845 0 3 9 1 2 1 6 2 4 3 7 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 0 3 0 HOUSING 1169 T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T OF B U I L D I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D IN P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued South Atlantic States— Continued City and State Fami New New Total lies residen nonresi- (includ pro dential tial ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings C ity and State Virginia— Con. Norfolk------- _ P etersburg... Portsmouth. _ Richmond___ Roanoke-------Staunton------Suffolk_______ Winchester.— W est Virginia: Bluefield_____ Charleston.. . C larksbu rg... Fairm ont.. . . Huntington. . Martinsburg. Morgantown. Parkersburg.. Wheeling____ N o r t h CaroliWinston - Sa0 $565 $11,225 0 0 $4, 500 2,500 3,600 0 0 0 0 3, 600 600 2, 500 800 0 61,781 25 800 0 400 2,825 9,160 16,664 5,100 65,891 1,334 2,490 2, 255 4, 00C 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 31,500 75C 38, 762 9 Danville-------- 9, 500 27,294 c 2, 275 1,802 7( 13, 722 32, 558 3 6 N ew port News____ 12,000 5,892 26, 559 1 South Carolina: Anderson . . . Charleston.. . Columbia____ Florence_____ Greenville Greenwood . . Spartanburg.. Virginia: Alexandria___ Charl ot t es- Fami New New Total residen nonresi- (includ lies dential pro tial ing re vided build build pairs) for ings ings Total___ $14, 250 0 7, 500 31,800 0 3, 500 0 0 $6, 075 31, 500 9,310 26,592 4,490 135 370 1,300 $64, 072 32,660 21, 365 122, 721 9,109 4,925 2,390 2, 300 5 0 3 10 0 1 0 0 3, 500 1,200 5, 500 0 18,150 0 0 0 8, 750 250 2,450 1,500 5,800 32, 488 500 2,000 7,085 15,700 5, 215 9, 539 10,105 5,835 53, 588 3, 500 4, 550 13,340 35. 527 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 824,999 1,004,487 2,947,194 210 South Central States Alabama: A nniston.- . Bessemer.. . . Birmingham.. Decatur. _ Fairfield. . . . Huntsville — Mobile ______ Montgom ery. Selma____. . . Tuscaloosa.. . Arkansas: B lyth eville... E l Dorado----Fort Sm ith. . Hot Springs.. Little R o c k ... Texarkana___ Kentucky: Ashland--------Fort Thomas. Frankfort____ nenderson___ Lexington____ Louisville____ Middlesboro— Owensboro.. . Paducah_____ Louisiana: Alexandria. . . Lafayette------M o n r o e -------New Orleans Shreveport... Mississippi: Biloxi________ Clarksdale___ Columbus___ Greenwood- . Gulfport_____ Hattiesburg. . Laurel_______ Meridian____ Vicksburg___ Oklahoma: Ada _____ Ardmore_____ 0 0 0 0 0 0 $9, 500 0 0 0 $525 0 2,100 0 0 0 3,700 0 1,035 150 $800 369 20,843 0 1,695 0 23,766 18,105 1,835 275 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 1,175 0 0 0 971 600 3, 780 400 3,500 200 8,155 3,400 12,872 4, 570 1 0 0 0 2 0 4,000 8,000 0 0 0 87,000 0 0 1,100 0 0 6,697 0 2,130 69, 550 0 375 14,000 4,000 8,000 6,697 0 6,452 174,390 6,000 515 18,100 1 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 c 2,700 1,70C 44, 527 8,850 730 600 500 6,029 6,765 7, 278 4,401 14,106 75,431 33,977 0 2 2 10 12 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 0 1,000 (1 500 0 0 0 25, 292 0 0 75,000 0 500 0 0 0 25, 292 1,800 0 76,576 1,825 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 ( c ( 25 6 ,00( 25 0 0 2 N ot included in totals. 16487°— 33----- 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oklahom aContinued . Bartlesville—. Chickasha___ McAlester----Oklahoma C ity-----------Sapulpa______ Shawnee___ Tulsa________ Tennessee: Chattanooga.. Jackson. . . . Johnson C ity. Kingsport____ Knoxville____ M emphis____ Nashville____ Texas: Abilene---------Am arillo......... Austin_______ Beaumont----Big Spring— Corsicana____ Dallas-----------Del R io______ El Paso______ Fort Worth _ Galveston____ Greenville 2— Harlingen-----Houston . . . . Lubbock_____ Palestine_____ P a m p a ... . . . Paris________ San A n g e lo ... San Antonio.. Sherman 2-----Sweetwater. . Temple______ Tyler_________ W aco------------Wichita Falls. Total------- 0 0 $1,500 $275 1, 100 100 $275 1,493 1,600 0 0 1 16, 500 0 0 6,000 135, 750 0 400 30,140 169,082 500 2, 500 46,365 2 0 0 4 7,500 9, 325 1,000 3,200 18, 600 2, 080 11,800 500 0 0 190 3,456 155, 623 22,878 27,722 10,175 1,000 3, 390 57,090 234,143 44,461 1 3 1 2 3 3 5 0 0 27, 767 1,098 0 0 0 0 0 39, 500 3,900 6.80C 0 108, 35Q C 6,855 1,000 700 0 22, 882 0 ( 0 19, 20(1 14,300 ( 795 0 16,940 285 0 600 39, 670 55 945 14,133 5,353 13, 400 0 76,893 2,210 1,000 0 560 875 3,542 4,900 1,800 0 2,845 350 880 4,980 4,752 89, 359 13, 672 2,090 3, 025 73,365 3, 770 2,780 75,036 17, 571 20, 200 181, 618 203, 078 2,535 10,902 3, 500 7,498 1,725 46, 237 7,354 4,125 1,250 28, 747 17,825 2, 655 0 0 16 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 0 34 0 3 1 1 0 15 0 0 0 6 3 0 494, 60S 741,597 1, 973, 641 167 1170 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 11.—E S T I M A T E D C O S T O F B U I L D I N G S F O R W H I C H P E R M I T S W E R E IS S U E D IN P R I N C I P A L C IT IE S , S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued M ountain and Pacific States City and State New New Fami Total residen nonresilies (includ tial dential pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for Arizona: Pomona______ Riverside____ Sacramento.— Salinas_______ San BernarSan Diego___ San Francisco. San J o s e .___ San Leandro.. San M a t e o ... Santa Ana___ S a n t a Barbara ____ Santa C r u z ... Santa Monica. Santa R o s a ... South Pasadena_______ Whittier_____ New New Fami residen nonresi- Total lies (includ tial dential pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for Colorado: C 0 Tucson-........... California: Alhambra____ Anaheim_____ Bakersfield..Berkeley_____ Beverlv Hills. Burbank____ Burlingam e.. Compton____ Eureka_______ Fresno_______ Fullerton____ Gardena_____ Glendale_____ H u n tin g to n Park_______ Inglewood___ Long B e a ch .. Los A n geles.. Modesto_____ Monrovia____ Oakland_____ City and State $4,175 8,420 $10, 567 28| 703 0 0 11, 241 20; 245 2, 851 64, 600 93, 514 67, 480 13, 880 23,993 4, 721 10, 250 35, 278 7,977 1,725 54, 036 1 4 0 2 9 10 4 3 0 1 3 1 0 7 6,750 1,500 22, 300 433, 300 0 2,300 66,840 1,350 11,450 29, 500 0 0 5,900 38, 350 8,500 1,310 26, 399 9, 500 16, 690 47,120 282, 790 440,856 1, 222, 523 2,925 9, 300 1,065 9, 603 52,659 167, 787 200 3,125 1,450 15,450 69, 429 136, 891 8, 255 14, 239 1, 200 5, 664 3,900 16i 800 1,110 05, 541 7,930 21, 491 3 1 12 131 0 2 16 1 3 4 0 0 3 10 3 1,350 89,470 205,142 7,250 7,000 47,890 19,625 645 45,390 196, 060 193,825 0 37, 800 0 8,286 159; 462 551, 753 214, 730 8,960 88,860 29, 851 1 31 59 2 2 7 4 7,300 2,800 18, 300 8, 400 1,070 4,190 12,247 1,700 19, 309 10,015 44, 627 15,990 2 1 3 3 0 30 «00 2, 500 0 13 875 ’ 100 2, 022 0 A 675 1 $1, 50C 6, 650 C 4, 300 56,94C 34,100 8,000 14. 523 0 2,000 14,000 4, 000 0 31, 500 912 2,400 C 5,815 17, 825 10,100 3, 33C 4, 20C 2, 220 5, 750 3, 333 345 1,525 17,411 C olorado Springs____ Fort C ollins.. Grand Junetion 2_______ Pueblo_______ Idaho: B o is e ._______ Pocatello_____ Montana: Anaconda____ Great F a lls ... Missoula_____ Nevada: Reno_________ New Mexico: Albuquerque. Oregon: Astoria_______ 0 $130 $4, 085 0 $2,000 64, 300 0 4,794 23, 29C '300 14, 279 156, 868 2, 700 1 15 0 0 1,000 165 1, 685 960 1,450 1, 965 6,243 0 0 1 8, 500 1,500 590 655 23, 681 5,945 2 1 14,000 8, 825 0 5, 300 0 0 8,950 855 4, 745 1,660 14, 000 19 700 2,655 12, 840 1,660 0 7 0 26, 500 250 31, 500 2 1,000 975 11,970 1 0 0 2, 400 72; 745 L 500 129,040 150 4,160 21, 530 288 132, 252 6, 050 9, 315 187, 205 15, 776 0 500 5,000 200 0, 500 3 100 13, 630 20, 800 2,634 49,062 0 800 26,453 500 25,825 7,550 0 0 0 2, 250 800 37, 500 15, 100 11,990 500 0 75 175 0 39, 285 1, 624 70, 450 175 300 3 180 29; 804 45,078 280 320 3,942 800 137, 650 31 352 91, 335 2, 550 2,100 0 7, 735 10, 660 0 1, 584,643 1, 611, 607 4, 758,317 461 0 1 6 Utah: Salt Lake C ity______ Washington: Bellingham. __ Bremerton.. . Longview____ Olympia_____ Port Angeles. Seattle_______ Tacom a______ Walla W alla.. W enatchee.. . Wyom ing: Cheyenne___ Total___ 7 1 10 0 2 1 10 4 1 0 H aw aii City H o n o lu lu ______ ___________________ _______ _________________ 1 N ot included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New resi dential buildings New nonresidential buildings Total (in cluding re pairs) $77, 383 $5, 515 $107,468 Fami lies pro vided for 56 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Wages and Hours of Labor in the Manufacture of Silk and Rayon Goods, 1933 AGE earners employed in the manufacture of silk, rayon, or mixed silk and rayon goods in the United States actually worked an average of 45.5 hours in a representative week in 1931, as compared with 44 hours in 1933. These hours are for a representative week in March, April, May, or June in each year. The wage earners earned an average of 40.6 cents per hour and $18.47 in 1 week in 1931, as compared with an average of 26.9 cents per hour and $11.85 in 1 week in 1933. In contrast with the hours actually worked, full-time hours per week averaged 50.7 in 1931 and 50.9 in 1933. Had the employees worked full time and at the same average per hour as was earned in the hours actually worked, they would have earned an average of $20.58 in 1931 and $13.69 in 1933. Average earnings per hour in 1933 were 13.7 cents, or 33.7 percent less than in 1931; and actual earnings in 1 week in 1933 were $6.62, or 35.8 percent less than in 1931. The percentage loss of average earnings per week was more than for average earnings per hour because of more lost time or part-time work in 1933 than in 1931. The average of the hours that were actually worked in 1 week was 89.7 percent of the average full-time hours per week in 1931, as com pared with 86.4 percent in 1933, thus showing that there was 10.3 percent of lost time in 1931, as compared with 13.6 percent of lost time in 1933. The figures quoted above are part of the summaries of the results of studies by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the manufacture of silk, rayon, or of mixed silk-and-rayon goods. In making the studies, wage figures covering days, hours, and earnings were collected from the 1931 pay rolls of 340 representative mills in 13 States for 49,036 wage earners, and from the 1933 pay rolls of 291 mills in the same States for 41,713 wage earners. Studies of the silk-goods industry were made by the Bureau in each of the years from 1910 to 1914 and in 1919. The figures in table 1 for these years are for silk goods only. The manufacture of rayon yarn in the United States is a comparatively new industry and was for years prior to 1925 of so little importance that it was grouped by the United States Census of Manufactures with “ Chemicals, not elsewhere classified.” Details of the 1933 study will be published later as a bulletin 1 of the Bureau. The studies in the various years from 1910 to 1933 were limited to mills the principal products of which were broad goods, ribbons, dress goods, linings, shirtings, satins, georgettes, pongees, crepes, taffetas, chiffons, and tie goods, made of silk and/or rayon. W 1 For details of the studies for the specified years prior to 1932, see Buis. Nos. 128, 150, 190, and 568. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1171 1172 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W There were according to the United States Census of Manufactures 130,467 wage earners in the silk and rayon industry in 1929 and 109,225 in the industry in 1931. The number (41,713) covered in 1933 is 38 percent of the total in the industry in the United States in 1931. Except for a few mills the 1933 days, hours, and earnings of wage earners were collected by agents of the Bureau directly from the pay rolls of the mills included in the study for one representative pay period in March, April, May, or June and therefore reflect the con ditions of the industry for that part of the year. The length of pay periods varied in the different mills from 1 to 2 weeks or more. Those of more than 1 week were converted by the Bureau to a 1-week basis. The average earnings per hour and per week in this report include earnings at basic rates and any bonuses or premiums earned in the week covered in the study. Trend of Hours and Earnings, 1910 to 1933 T h e averages in table 1 for each of the years from 1910 to 1914 and for 1919 are for. a combination of the wage figures for the wage earners in certain selected occupations in the industry. The averages for these years are comparable one year with another. The averages in the table for 1914, 1931, and 1933 for a combination of the wage figures of the wage earners in all occupations in the industry are also comparable, one year with another, but are not comparable with the averages for a combination of the wage figures of the wage earners in the selected occupations for any year from 1910 to 1914 or in 1919. The index numbers in the table are for the purpose of furnishing comparable figures for the specified years from 1910 to 1933. The index for any year for selected occupations only is the percent that the average for that year is of the 1913 average. The index of average earnings per hour for 1931 or for 1933 was computed by increasing the 1914 index for selected occupations by the percent that the 1931 or 1933 average for all occupations is in excess of the 1914 average for all occupations. The index of average full-time hours and full-time earnings per week were each computed in like manner. Index numbers of full-time hours per week ranged, by years, from a low of 91 in 1931 to a high of 101.3 in 1910 and 1911, and in 1933 was 8.6 percent less than the 1913 index. The index of average earnings per hour ranged, by years, from a low of 86.5 in 1910 to ahighof 215.8 in 1931, and in 1933 was 43 percent more than the 1913 index. The index of average full-time earnings per week ranged, by years, from a low of 88.6 in 1910 to a high of 198.2 in 1931, and in 1933 was 31.8 percent more than in 1913, the basic year. The index of average full-time earnings per week did not change in the same proportion as earnings per hour, owing to the change from year to year in average full-time hours per week. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1173 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1 .— A V E R A G E H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S , W IT H Year Selected occupations: ______ 1910 . ... 1911______________________ 1912______________________ 1913______________________ 1914 2____________________ 1919______________________ All occupations: 1914 2____________________ 1931______________________ 1933______________________ I N D E X N U M B E R S , 1910 T O 1933 Aver Average Aver N um age N um hours age ber full ber of actually earn of time worked ings estab wage earners hours in per lish per 1 week hour ments week 42 42 51 59 63 33 7, 779 11,105 11, 762 12,002 18, 293 9, 415 56.4 56.4 55.9 55.7 54.6 51.6 0) (>) 0) (>) (>) (>) 63 340 291 22, 344 49,036 41,713 54. 6 50.7 50.9 (i) 45.5 44.0 $0.167 . 172 . 182 . 193 .202 .384 . 197 .406 .269 Ind ex num bers Aver G 913 = 10 9) age Aver full age time actual Full Full earn earn Earn time ings ings in time ings earn per 1 week hours per ings per week hour per week week $9.43 9.70 10.18 10. 64 11.06 19. 81 0) (0 0) (0 (0 (1) (1) 10. 79 20.58 $18.47 13. 69 11.85 101.3 101.3 100.4 100.0 98.0 92.6 86.5 89.1 94.3 100.0 104.7 199.0 88.6 91.2 95.7 100.0 103.9 186.2 91.0 91.4 215.8 143.0 198. 2 131. 8 1 N ot available. 2 2 sets of averages are shown for 1914 for the industry, one for selected occupations and the other for all occupations in the industry. The 1910 to 1919 averages for selected occupations only are comparable, one year with another, as are those for all occupations for 1914 to 1933. Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1931 and 1933, by Occupation and Sex T a b l e 2 shows for males in each of 23 of the important occupations in the industry and in the miscellaneous group designated in the table as “ Other employees” , and for females in each of 20 of the 23 im portant occupations and in the group of “ Other employees” average number of days on which wage earners worked in a representative week in 1931 and 1933, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week in each year, average earnings per hour, and the percent that the average hours actually worked in the week in each year is of the average full-time hours per week. Females were not employed in three of the 23 important occupations, namely dye-house laborers, loom fixers, and bobbin boys. The group of “ other employees” include wage earners in all occupations in the industry other than those referred to as important occupations. The figures at the end of the table are for a combination of all wage earners, males and females, and show that they worked an aver age of 5.2 days in 1 week in 1931 and an average of 5 days in 1933. In computing this average each day on which a wage earner did any work in the week was counted a day. Average days worked in the week in 1931 by males ranged, by occu pation, from a low of 4.3 for rayon winders to a high of 5.7 for packers, and in 1933 ranged from 3.9 for dye-house laborers and coners to 5.8 for cloth pickers. Average days for females ranged in 1931 from 4.7 for doublers to 5.9 for coners and in 1933 ranged from 4 for soft-silk winders to 5.5 for smash hands. Average hours actually worked in 1 week by males ranged, by occupation, in 1931 from 38.2 for enterers’ helpers to 57.8 for doublers, and in 1933 from 35.6 for dye-house laborers to 55 for hard-silk winders. Averages for females ranged in 1931 from 39.3 for reefers and packers to 51.5 for smash hands, and in 1933 from 33.8 for soft-silk winders to 48 for smash hands. Average earnings per hour of males in 1931 ranged, by occupation, from 19.7 cents for redrawers to 74.6 cents for loom fixers, and in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1174 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW 1933 ranged from 17.4 cents for hard-silk winders to 53.4 cents for loom fixers. Averages for females ranged in 1931 from 24.3 cents for redrawers to 47.6 cents for warpers, and in 1933 from 17.7 cents for redrawers to 32.1 cents for warpers. Average earnings per hour of males in each of the occupations in the table except two— soft-silk winders and cloth pickers—-and of females in each occupation were less in 1933 than in 1931. No males were found in the occupation of soft-silk winders in 1933. Cloth pickers, males, earned an average of 26 cents per hour in 1931 and 26.9 cents in 1933. T able 2 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y O C C U P A T IO N AN D SEX N um ber of Year estab lish ments Occupation and sex Aver age days on N um which ber of wage wage earners earners worked in 1 week Hours actually Aver worked in 1 week age fulltime Per hours Aver per cent age week num of full ber time Aver age ings per hour Aver — age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week Winders, hard-silk: Female......... .. _ __ ______ Doublers: M ale________________________ Female . .. Spinners: Male . . _ ____ . . . . . Female_____________________ Reelers: M ale__________ Female ________ _______ __ _____. . . Laborers, dye-house, m a l e ... 1931 1933 1931 1933 14 6 183 184 61 10 5,105 4,222 5.1 5.4 5.0 4.9 51.9 56.7 50.1 50.3 48.7 55.0 40.7 40.7 93.8 $0. 267 $13.86 . 174 97.0 9.87 81.2 .293 14.68 .206 10. 36 80.9 $13.00 9.58 11.94 8. 38 1931 1933 1931 1933 6 4 33 24 52 17 372 273 5.5 4.3 4.7 4.7 58.9 49. 7 50.3 50.8 57.8 36.3 39.8 40.7 98.1 73.0 79.1 80.1 .350 .270 .287 .201 20.62 13. 42 14. 44 10. 21 20. 26 9. 82 11.42 8.19 1931 1933 1931 1933 109 105 104 96 1, 794 2,074 2, 346 2,208 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.1 54.2 55.6 50.2 50.0 49.9 47.9 43.1 42.6 92.1 86.2 85.9 85.2 .344 .251 .289 .211 18.64 13.96 14. 51 10. 55 17.18 12.06 12.46 9.01 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 6 5 31 20 13 9 19 23 237 117 464 443 5.4 4.5 4.9 4.4 5.2 3.9 46.8 48.9 49.8 49.4 52.0 50.0 41.3 41.0 39.3 35.8 50.9 35.6 88.2 83.8 78.9 72.5 97.9 71.2 .319 .284 .287 .203 .479 .410 14.93 13.89 14.29 10.03 24.91 20. 50 13.16 11.66 11.30 7.25 24.36 14. 59 2 2 23 61 30 12 372 1,082 4.3 4.6 5.0 4.9 55.0 55.8 52.5 49.5 47.4 51.6 42.2 39.7 86.2 92.5 80.4 80.2 .375 .205 .295 .200 20.63 11. 44 15.49 9.90 17. 77 10. 57 12. 45 7.97 6 126 47 22 1,554 512 5.4 5.0 4.0 57.3 49.2 50.1 52.4 42.2 33.8 91.4 85.8 67.5 .319 .340 .235 18.28 16. 73 11.77 16. 73 14.38 7. 96 13 15 113 120 63 119 1,887 2,499 5.3 4.4 5.0 5.0 52.7 56.2 50.4 50.6 49.9 45.3 41.5 41.8 94.7 80.6 82.3 82.6 .197 .205 .243 .177 10.38 11.52 12.25 8.96 9.83 9. 27 10.08 7.39 166 153 164 139 993 844 1,974 1,343 5.1 4.9 5.1 4.8 51.1 51.7 50.4 50.5 45.4 44.6 43.5 40.3 88.8 86.3 86.3 79.8 .648 .396 .476 .321 33.11 20.47 23.99 16.21 29.42 17.66 20.72 12.94 62 66 238 193 299 325 1,934 1,608 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.0 54.2 51.9 50.0 50.5 49.2 46.3 44.2 42.5 90.8 89.2 88.4 84.2 .250 .188 .265 .192 13. 55 9. 76 13.25 9.70 12.28 8. 69 11. 74 8.16 7 9 18 25 161 183 528 664 4.9 3.9 5.9 5.1 52.1 56.1 50.4 50.9 48.8 38.6 43.4 43.5 93.7 68.8 86. 1 85.5 .323 .258 .278 .213 16.83 14.47 14.01 10.84 15.76 9.94 12.07 9.27 20 24 73 73 41 73 376 407 5.2 4.6 5. 1 4.5 51.7 53.0 50.8 51.7 46.7 42.3 42.4 37.6 90.3 79.8 83.5 72.7 .414 .268 .387 .291 21.40 14.20 19. 66 15.04 19.32 11.34 16. 39 10.93 Winders, rayon: M ale .............. ............... 1931 1933 Female_______ __ . . . ______ 1931 1933 Winders, soft-silk: M ale_______________ . . . . . . . 1931 F e m a l e ....________________ 1931 1933 Redrawers: M a le .. _____________________ 1931 1933 Female.__________ __________ 1931 1933 Warpers: M ale___ _________________ . 1931 1933 Female______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1931 1933 Quillers: M ale________________________ 1931 1933 F e m a le ______ . ______ . 1931 1933 C oners: M ale____ _ .. . 1931 1933 Female_____________________ 1931 1933 Enterers: M ale___ __ _________ _______ 1931 1933 Female_____________________ 1931 1933 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1175 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 2 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y O C C U P A T IO N A N D S E X — Continued N um ber of Year estab lish ments Occupation and sex Enterers’ helpers: M ale________________ ______ Aver age days on Num which ber of wage wage earners earners worked in 1 week Hours actually Aver- worked in age 1 week fulltime hours Per Aver per cent age week of num full ber time Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week 1931 1933 1931 1933 15 7 39 24 30 30 154 123 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.3 51.5 54.9 50.8 51.3 38.2 49.6 42.3 35.4 74.2 $0. 246 $12. 67 90.3 . 177 9. 72 83.3 .260 13.21 69.0 .197 10.11 $9. 40 8. 75 10. 98 6.97 1931 1933 1931 1933 145 123 61 51 407 372 228 230 5.3 4.8 5.3 5. 1 49.7 50.5 50.6 50.3 45.5 41.8 42.5 43.1 91.5 82.8 84.0 85.7 .634 .435 .428 .279 31.51 21.97 21.66 14.03 28. 84 18.20 18. 19 12.04 1931 1933 _ 1931 1933 Loom fixer, male____________ . . 1931 1933 Bobbin boys _______ . _ 1931 1933 Weavers, broad silk: M ale____________ _ ________ 1931 1933 Female______ ______ .. 1931 1933 Weavers, ribbon: M a le.____ __________________ 1931 1933 Female._____ _______ ___ . 1931 1933 Smash hands: M ale. ______ ________ . . 1931 1933 le m a le _____ ________________ 1931 1933 Pickers, cloth: M ale_______ __ 1931 1933 Female___ __________________ 1931 1933 Inspectors, cloth: M ale_______ . . . . . 1931 1933 Female_______ ____________ 1931 1933 Packers: M ale________________________ 1931 1933 Female____ . . 1931 1933 Other employees: M ale_______________ _______ 1931 1933 Female_____________________ 1931 1933 94 85 40 23 234 197 88 129 198 163 97 58 1,518 1,236 460 760 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.0 50.7 51.7 51.5 51.4 51.0 51.2 51. 4 51.7 49. 2 49.0 43.8 42.4 50.2 49.9 48.6 45. 6 97.0 94.8 85.0 82.5 98.4 97.5 94.6 88.2 .615 .427 .440 .315 .746 .534 .222 .178 31.18 22.08 22.66 16. 19 38.05 27. 34 11.41 9.20 30. 27 20. 95 19. 30 13. 35 37.47 26. 63 10.78 8.09 224 185 203 169 9, 796 8, 604 5,904 3,829 5.2 5. 1 5. 5 5.3 51.2 50.7 49.6 49.6 47.0 46.4 46.0 44.9 91.8 91.5 92.7 90.5 .499 .287 .422 .254 25. 55 14. 55 20.93 12.60 23.47 13. 34 19.38 11.39 15 16 12 11 332 284 272 227 5.0 4.9 5.3 5.4 47.3 48.7 48.2 47.7 42. 1 43.6 42.8 43.8 89.0 89.5 88.8 91.8 .558 .362 .444 .248 26. 39 17. 63 21.40 11.83 23. 51 15. 79 19.01 10.87 29 38 9 15 116 176 16 27 5.3 5. 1 5.8 5.5 51.5 51.3 52. 1 51.5 48.5 47. 7 51.5 48.0 94. 2 93.0 98.8 93.2 .536 .372 .409 .320 27. 60 19.08 21. 31 16.48 25.98 17.73 21.03 15.37 21 22 183 133 64 24 1,062 725 4.4 5.8 5.2 4.9 52.0 50.9 49.8 50.5 39. 1 50.7 42.9 40.0 75.2 99.6 86. 1 79.2 .260 .269 .270 .194 13. 52 13.69 13.45 9.80 10.18 13. 64 11.58 7.78 68 66 57 66 160 153 208 245 5.8 5.5 5.6 5.3 51.1 52.2 50.6 51.4 50.2 50.0 47.7 42.3 98.2 95.8 94. 3 82.3 .538 .382 .327 .242 27.49 19.94 16. 55 12.44 27. 03 19.13 15.60 10.25 36 44 23 22 81 127 70 198 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.9 49.8 50.6 49.5 51.1 48.5 46.6 39.3 42.2 97.4 92.1 79.4 82.6 .355 .279 .263 .197 17.68 14.12 13.02 10.07 17.22 12.99 10.34 8.34 282 244 208 178 4, 724 3,448 2,455 1,616 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.0 51.5 51. 5 50.0 50.5 50.8 47.7 43.3 41.9 98.6 92. 6 86.6 83.0 .434 .356 .276 .206 22.35 18. 33 13.80 10. 40 22.08 16.96 11.95 8. 62 1931 1933 1931 1933 340 291 340 291 21,885 19,500 27,151 22, 213 5. 3 5.0 5.2 5.0 51.5 51.6 50.0 50.2 48.4 46.5 43.2 41.8 94.0 90.1 86.4 83.3 .485 .319 .335 .221 24.98 16.46 16. 75 11.09 23.45 14.82 14. 46 9. 24 1931 1933 340 291 49,036 41,713 5.2 5.0 50.7 50.9 45.5 44.0 89.7 86.4 .406 .269 20.58 13. 69 18.47 11.85 Female_________________ . . Twisters-in, hand: M ale_______ ______________ Female___________ _ ______ Twisters-in, machine: M ale__________ _________ Female. ___ ___ A ll employees: M ale________________ _______ Female_____________________ All wage earners, male and female__________________________ Average actual earnings in 1 week of males in 1931 ranged, by occupation, from a low of $9.40 for enterers’ helpers to a high of $37.47 for loom fixers, and in 1933 ranged from $8.09 for bobbin boys to $26.63 for loom fixers. Averages of females in 1931 in the various https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1176 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW occupations ranged from $10.08 for redrawers to $21.03 for smash hands, and in 1933 from $6.97 for enterers’ helpers to $15.37 for smash hands. The decrease between 1931 and 1933 of $10.84 per week in the earnings of loom fixers was more than for males in any other occupation, and of $8.14 per week of smash hands was more than for females in any other occupation. Average actual earnings in 1 week of males in each of the occupations in the table except two and of females in each occupation were less in 1933 than in 1931. Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1931 and 1933, by Sex and State T a b l e 3 shows for the wage earners of each sex covered in each State in 1931 and in 1933, or in the group of 3 States (Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina), average days, hours, and earnings, and the percent of full time actually worked in 1 representative week in each year. The wage figures for the wage earners in the 3 States were combined to avoid presenting data for 1 establishment only, and thus possibly reveal its identity. Average actual hours worked in 1 week in 1931 by males ranged, by States, from 43 to 53, and for all States averaged 48.4; those by females ranged from 41.3 to 49 and for all States averaged 43.2. The averages in 1933 for males ranged from 42 to 55.8 and for all States the average was 46.5; and for females ranged from 40.2 to 47.6 and for all States averaged 44. Average earnings per hour for males in 1931 ranged, by States, from 21.8 to 59.7 cents and for all States averaged 48.5 cents, and those for females ranged from 18.1 to 41.8 cents and for all States averaged 33.5 cents. In 1933 the averages for males ranged from 15.1 to 36.4 cents and for all States averaged 31.9 cents, and those for females ranged from 12.7 to 28.4 cents and for all States averaged 22.1 cents per hour. Average earnings per hour, full-time earnings per week, and actual earnings in 1 week for each State and for the group of 3 States were less in 1933 than in 1931. T able 3 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E Aver age Aver N um days on age N um ber of which fullYear estab ber of wage time wage lish earners earners hours ments worked per in 1 week week Sex and State Hours actu ally worked in 1 week Aver age Aver Per age cent num of full ber time ings per hour Aver age full time earn ings per week Aver age earn ings in 1 week M ales Connecticut________ ______ ___ M aryland-- . . . __ _ M assachusetts.-- _ . ... New Jersey___. . . N ew Y o r k .. ________ North Carolina. __ Pennsylvania . . . ___ Rhode Island_______________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ___ 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 13 15 3 5 12 11 97 74 37 33 10 10 131 112 20 12 1,546 1,823 132 236 734 597 3,331 2,352 1,780 1,596 1,378 1,422 10, 349 9,332 1,403 932 5.6 4.9 5. 1 5. 1 4.9 5.2 5.2 5. 1 5.3 5.4 5. 1 5.0 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.2 51.0 50.1 56.0 49.3 50.2 50.6 47. 5 49.1 51.3 51. 2 55.3 51.9 52.2 52. 1 50.3 51.5 49.7 42.0 51.7 45. 4 43.0 49.3 43.7 45.0 48.1 49.3 51. 2 45.3 49.5 46.2 47. 1 49.4 97.5 $0. 522 $26. 62 83.8 .364 18.24 92.3 .310 17. 36 92.1 .247 12.18 85.7 .459 23.04 97.4 .292 14. 78 92.0 .597 28. 36 91. 6 .363 17. 82 .502 25. 75 93.8 96. 3 .350 17.92 92.6 . 419 24.97 87.3 .285 14. 79 94.8 .474 24. 74 88.7 .313 16.31 93.6 .553 27.82 .364 18. 75 95.9 $25.92 15.29 16. 01 11.18 19.71 14.40 26.06 16. 30 24.14 17.28 21.44 12.94 23. 45 14.46 26.04 17. 96 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1177 T able 3 . — A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E — Continued Aver age Aver N um days on age N um ber of which fullber of 1 ear estab wage time wage lish earners hours earners ments worked per week in 1 week Hours actu ally worked Aver in 1 week age earn ings Aver Per per age cent num of full hour ber time 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 5 6 6 8 6 5 447 417 311 369 474 424 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 55.1 56.0 56.8 56.9 53.8 55.7 51.7 51.6 53.0 55.8 50.2 52.2 93.8 $0. 294 $16. 20 92.1 .225 12.60 93.3 .218 12.38 98.1 . 151 8.59 93.3 .323 17. 38 93.7 .265 14. 76 _ 1931 1933 340 291 21,885 19, 500 5.3 5.0 51.5 51.6 48.4 46.5 94.0 90.1 .485 .319 24.98 16.46 23. 45 14.82 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 Massachusetts_____________ 1933 1931 New J e r s e y . _____________ __ 1933 New Y o rk _____ _ _ 1931 1933 North Carolina_______________ 1931 1933 Pennsylvania_______ 1931 1933 Rhode Island_____ 1931 1933 South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. 1931 1933 Tennessee—. _ _____________ 1931 1933 Virginia_______________________ 1931 1933 13 15 3 5 12 11 97 74 37 33 10 10 131 112 20 12 1,429 1,354 381 309 776 500 3, 764 2,204 3,047 2, 400 809 817 14, 250 12,165 1,170 842 5.5 4.9 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 5. 1 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.9 5. 1 4.9 4.9 5.4 49.3 50.8 50.0 48.8 47.6 46.9 46.9 47.8 48. 7 48.8 55.2 52.4 50. 5 50.2 49.7 50.7 45. 7 41.4 44.5 42.8 42.4 42.4 41.3 41.8 44.4 43.4 47.8 42.4 42.4 40. 2 42.6 46.8 92.7 81. 5 89.0 87.7 89.1 90.4 88. 1 87.4 91.2 88.9 86.6 80.9 84.0 80.1 85.7 92.3 .385 .259 .230 . 172 .278 .213 . 410 .251 .335 .227 .314 . 217 .324 . 216 .418 .284 18.98 13.16 11. 50 8. 39 13.23 9. 99 19. 23 12.00 16.31 11.08 17. 33 11. 37 16. 36 10. 84 20. 77 14. 40 17.56 10. 75 10.22 7. 35 11.79 9. 02 16.94 10. 50 14.90 9. 85 15.00 9 18 13. 71 8. 70 17.80 13 28 5 6 6 8 6 5 428 498 511 633 586 491 5.3 5.1 5.3 5. 1 5.2 5.3 55.6 55.6 56. 1 55.4 54. 1 55.3 49.0 47.6 48. 1 47.2 47.6 49.2 88.1 85.6 85.7 85. 2 88.0 89.0 .240 . 165 . 181 . 127 .265 .202 13. 34 9.17 10. 15 7.04 14. 34 11.17 11. 75 7.86 8.70 6.02 12. 61 9. 96 Total______ _______________ 1931 1933 340 291 27,151 22,213 5.2 5.0 50.0 50.2 43. 2 41.8 86.4 83.3 .335 . 221 16. 75 11.09 14.46 9.24 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 13 15 3 5 12 11 97 74 37 33 10 10 131 112 20 12 2,975 3,177 513 545 1,510 1,097 7,095 4, 556 4, 827 3,996 2,187 2,239 24, 599 21,497 2, 573 1,774 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.0 5.3 50.2 50.4 51.5 49.0 48.9 48.9 47.2 48.5 49.7 49.7 55.2 52. 1 51. 2 51.0 50.0 51. 1 47.8 41.8 46.3 43.9 42. 7 46.1 42.4 43.4 45.8 45.8 49.9 44. 3 45.4 42.8 45.0 48. 2 95.2 82.9 89.9 89.6 87.3 94.3 89.8 89.5 92.2 92.2 90.4 85.0 88.7 83.9 90.0 94.3 .459 .320 .253 .205 .367 . 259 .500 .311 .400 .280 .382 .261 .393 . 262 .495 . 327 23.04 16.13 13.03 10. 05 17. 95 12. 67 23.60 15.08 19. 88 13. 92 21.09 13. 60 20. 12 13. 36 24. 75 16. 71 21.91 13.36 11. 71 9. 01 15.64 11. 95 21.23 13.49 18.31 12. 82 19.06 11. 57 17.81 11. 20 22.29 15 74 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 5 6 6 8 6 5 875 915 822 1,002 1,060 915 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 55.4 55.8 56.4 55.9 54.0 55.5 50.4 49.4 49.9 50.4 48.8 50.6 91.0 88.5 88.5 90.2 90.4 91.2 .268 . 194 . 196 . 137 .292 .232 14.85 10.83 11.05 7. 66 15. 77 12.88 13. 51 9. 57 9. 77 6.91 14.23 11. 75 1931 1933 340 291 49,036 41,713 5.2 5.0 50.7 50.9 45.5 44.0 89.7 86.4 .406 .269 20.58 13.69 18. 47 11.85 Sex and State Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week M a les— Continued South Carolina, Alabama, and ___ Georgia__________ _ T ennessee.___ Virginia— _ _ ___ ______________ Total______________ _ $15. 20 11.61 11. 53 8.44 16.22 13.83 Fem ales Connecticut Maryland ___ __ __ ______________ M ales and fem ales Connecticut Maryland _ _ ________________ ___ Massachusetts_________ ________ New Jersey___________ -__ _ New York __ _ North Carolina Pennsylvania___ _ Rhode Island _ _ ______________ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia___________ ________ Tennessee_____________ _______ Virginia___________ __________ T otal______ _______________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1178 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Average Hours and Earnings for Nine Occupations, 1933, by Sex and State T he averages in table 4 are limited, for economy in space and cost of printing, to the wage earners in nine representative occupations in the industry. They illustrate the variations in average days, hours, earnings, and of the percent of full time worked in 1 week for the wage earners in all of the occupations in the industry. T able L —A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S F O R 9 R E P R E S E N T A T I V E O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E N um ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and State Winders, hard-silk, male: Connecticut. _ .. . Pennsylvania--. -----------Tennessee.V irginia.. ___ Total____ (>) Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week ----- __ __________ _____ - - - - 6 10 5.4 56.7 55.0 97.0 .174 9. 87 9. 58 10 4 6 46 26 3 66 9 248 46 61 410 489 131 2, 392 158 4.9 5.2 5.3 5. 1 5.3 5.5 4. 6 5.4 51.1 49.5 43.4 47.4 48.7 55.1 50.3 51.1 41.0 43.5 37.0 40.6 42.9 52.9 38.3 46.7 80. 2 87.9 85.3 85.7 88. 1 96.0 76.1 91.4 .199 . 141 .205 .216 .214 .215 .211 .212 10.17 6. 98 8.90 10. 24 10. 42 11.85 10.61 10.83 8.15 6.12 7.59 8. 77 9. 18 11.36 8.09 9. 93 4 8 2 37 159 91 5.3 4.9 5. 6 56.4 55.2 54.1 54.8 46.3 50.7 97.2 83.9 93.7 .151 . 125 .188 8. 52 6. 90 10.17 8.26 5. 77 9.55 184 4,222 4.9 50.3 40.7 80.9 .206 10.36 8. 38 5 3 2 16 12 2 55 2 38 50 22 142 191 54 1,446 13 3.7 4.9 5.7 4.8 5.3 4.1 4.5 5.8 52.1 52.0 48.0 54.3 58.9 59.5 55.5 54.0 38.0 72.9 43.3 83.3 49.3 102.7 47.8 88.0 57.7 98.0 45.5 76.5 46.9 84.5 57.8 107.0 .246 . 159 .253 .273 .297 .236 .254 .279 12.82 8. 27 12.14 14. 82 17.49 14.04 14.10 15. 07 9. 36 6. 87 12.47 13.05 17.12 10.73 11.89 16.15 2 4 2 5 46 67 5.2 5.6 4.7 57.5 55.5 55. 2 57.5 100.0 55.6 100.2 46.7 84.6 .153 .119 .183 8.80 6. 60 10.10 8.80 6.59 8. 54 105 2,074 4.6 55.6 47.9 86.2 .251 13. 96 12.06 3 3 2 17 11 2 51 1 49 17 11 127 422 91 1,351 5.0 4.8 5.7 5.3 5.6 4.6 5.0 50.7 46.8 48.0 49.1 48.5 55.4 49.8 42.9 44.4 46.6 44.0 45.3 45.6 40.6 84.6 94.9 97. 1 89.6 93.4 82.3 81.5 .226 .217 .227 .211 .210 .203 .216 (0 (>) (0 11.46 10. 16 10.90 10. 36 10.19 11.25 10. 76 0) 9.71 9. 64 10.57 9. 30 9.54 9. 27 8. 76 0) 2 2 2 14 41 82 5.8 4.9 5.4 57.3 54.2 54.9 56.8 42.8 52.9 99.1 79.0 96.4 .168 .145 .193 9.63 7. 86 10.60 9.56 6. 21 10.19 96 2,208 5.1 50.0 42.6 85.2 .211 10.55 9.01 Massachusetts ______ N ew Jersey - ---- --------- _ - -------------------------------------- North Carolina. Pennsylvania _ _ _ _ ----___ ____ Rhode Island South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. ______ __________ . o Hour s actua lly A ver work ed in Aver age age 1 w eek full earn time ings hours A ver Per per per age cent hour week num of full ber time 1 3 1 1 Winders, hard-silk, female: Connecticut-.. . Virginia, N um ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week - - - - - T o t a l . . ____ __ ___________ __ -- Spinners, male: C onnecticut..- _____________ M aryland, . ------Massachusetts - . - - ------------ - New Jersey— . ------------------------New Y o r k ,. ------------ -----------------------North Carolina___ --------------------Pennsylvania - ------- -----------------------Rhode Island ______- - ------------South Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee............. Virginia_______ - Total. ___________ . _ - - - --------- --. - -- - -- - - . Spinners, female: Connecticut. __ __ ----M aryland- ____ ______________ ______ Massachusetts____________ __________ New Jersey— . - — - - - ----New Y o rk -. -------------- ---------------------North Carolina------- ------------ - - - - - Pennsylvania — . — . ----------------Rhode Island_______________ _________ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia----------- -----------------------------Tennessee____________ __ _ ---------Virginia,. __ _ ______________ - - Total_____________ ________________ 1 D ata included in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.4 7 0) 0) (>) (■) (>) « 0) (■) (■) 57.4 57.1 0 ) (>) w ( ') (0 (0 0) 99.5 $0.166 0) 0) ( ') 0) $9.53 (■) 0) 0) $9.46 0) 0) W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1179 T able 4.—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N I N G S F O R 9 R E P R E S E N T A T I V E O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E — Continued Hours ac Aver tually Average worked in Aver Num N um days on age 1 week age ber o ber of which fullearnestab time ings lish earn earners hours A ver Per per ments ers worked per cent hour week age in 1 num of full week ber time Occupation, sex, and State Winders, soft-silk, female: ________ Connecticut_________ . . . New Jersey_________________________ New York______________ __ _________ Pennsylvania____________________ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia_____________________________ Total__________________________ _____ Redrawers, male: New York_______________ North Carolina____ __________________ Pennsylvania—. ___ _______ _______ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia_________________ ____ . . ____________ Tennessee.. _. . . . . Total_________ _________________ ... Redrawers, female: Connecticut.. . _ _ .................. M arylan d .. . . . . . . . . . ____ Massachusetts______ _____ ______ . . New Jersey... ___ _ _ _ . New York___ __ North C arolin a________________ ... Pennsylvania... _____________________ Rhode Island___ _____________________ South Carolina, Alabama, and G eorgia.._____ _____ . . . . _____ Tennessee____ _ . ... _ ... Virginia________________ _ __________ Total___________ ____ . . . . . . ___ Warpers, male: Connecticut_______. . . . . . . . Maryland ________ . . . . . _ _ . . . Massachusetts ________ __ . _________ New J e r s e y ..._______________________ New York. _______ . . . ________ North Carolina . ________ Pennsylvania______ _________ . . . Rhode Island.. __________ ________ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia___________ . . . _ _ ________ Tennessee_______ _____________ ______ Total_____ __________ _____________ Warpers, female: Connecticut. ______ __ ________ _ M arylan d.. _____ _________________ Massachusetts.. . . . . . ______ __ N ew Jersey.. . . ______. . . . . . . N ew Y o rk .. _________________________ North Carolina . ________ . . _______ Pennsylvania___ _____________________ Rhode Isla n d .._ . . . _ _ ____ _______ South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia . . . . . ___ ___________ . Tennessee____ . . . . . . ____. Virginia____________________ _ _ . . . Total_______________ 1Data included in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ ___________ 4 16 4 22 1 109 84 31 275 0) 48.3 44.8 49.9 52.1 27.4 35.8 37.8 34.7 56.7 $0.293 $14.15 79.9 .288 12.90 .242 12. 08 75.8 .210 10.94 66.6 $8.03 10. 32 9.14 7. 27 O (>) 0) (') (>) 47 512 4.0 50.1 33.8 67.5 .235 11. 77 7.96 2 1 10 4 (') 108 4.8 0) 4.5 54.4 0) 56.4 44.8 0) 45.6 82.4 (>) 80.9 .175 (') .209 9. 52 (>) 11.79 7. 84 0) 9. 52 (>) (0 0) (>) 0) M 0) W (0 C1) 0) « (0 (‘) 1 1 0) 3.3 4.5 4.3 4.0 Aver Aver age age full actual time earn ings ings in 1 per week week (0 (0 (0 15 119 4.4 56.2 45.3 80.6 .205 11.52 9. 27 9 3 3 17 10 4 60 4 70 77 45 156 272 85 1,623 30 4.9 5.7 4.8 5.4 5.5 3.8 5.0 5.7 51.3 50.0 48.0 49.7 49.5 48.2 41.5 50.8 40.0 45.8 37.0 43.9 45.1 29.2 41.5 49.3 78.0 91.6 77.1 88.3 91.1 60.6 81.9 97.0 .204 . 127 .150 .169 .198 .154 .176 .186 10.47 6. 35 7. 20 8.40 9.80 7. 42 8. 92 9. 45 8.14 5.81 5. 56 7.43 8. 93 4.50 7.32 9.20 4 4 2 26 58 57 4.4 4.4 5.3 56.0 54.6 54.0 41.2 38. 1 50.0 73.6 69.8 92.6 .182 .134 .209 10.19 7.32 11.29 7. 50 5.11 10. 47 120 2,499 5.0 50.6 41.8 82.6 .177 8.96 7.39 8 2 8 53 21 4 42 6 37 5 29 185 104 58 367 9 5. 9 5.4 5.0 5. 1 5.3 5.5 4.4 5.9 53.2 51.0 50.2 49.2 50.8 49.9 52.6 54.1 56.5 106.2 48.0 94.1 47.3 94.2 44.3 90.0 47.6 93.7 45.4 91.0 40.6 77.2 54.2 100.2 .372 .323 .415 .480 .469 .329 .378 .465 19.79 16. 47 20.83 23.62 23.83 16.42 19.88 25.16 21.02 15. 52 19.64 21.26 22. 32 14.90 15. 33 25.18 4 5 18 32 4.8 5.2 56.4 57.8 53.6 55.8 95.0 96.5 .206 .173 11. 62 10. 00 11.03 9. 65 153 844 4.9 51.7 44.6 86.3 .396 20.47 17.66 10 2 8 27 13 4 50 11 114 14 39 126 49 40 744 138 5.3 2.7 5.8 4. 8 5.0 4.7 4.5 5.4 51.6 47.7 48.0 46.6 48.6 52.9 50.5 50.9 46.8 23.3 45.8 38.8 39.8 41.5 37.1 46.2 90. 7 48.8 95.4 83.3 81.9 78.4 73.5 90.8 .323 .202 .295 .356 .350 .280 .318 .419 16. 67 9. 64 14.16 16. 59 17. 01 14. 81 16.06 21.33 15. 12 4. 72 13. 53 13.80 13.94 11.61 11.80 19.36 6 5 3 43 32 4 5.6 5.5 5.5 56.3 56.1 56.3 55.2 52.6 45.8 98.0 93.8 81.3 .182 . 147 .263 10.25 8.25 14.81 10.03 7. 75 12.03 139 1, 343 4.8 50.5 40.3 79.8 .321 16. 21 12.94 1180 T able MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 4 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S , A N D E A R N IN G S F O R 9 R E P R E S E N T A T IV E P A T I O N S , 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E — C o n t in u e d Num b e r o: esta b lis h m e n ts O c c u p a tio n , s e x , a n d S ta t e Q u ille r s , m a l e : C o n n e c ti c u t _ .... M a ssa c h u se tts --------N e w J e r s e y ____________ ___________________ N e w \ o r k -_ ____________________________ N o r t h C a r o lin a - - - - - P e n n s y l v a n i a ____ ___ . . . . . . . . ______ R h o d e I s l a n d ____ ______ . . . _________ S o u th C a r o lin a , A la b a m a , and G e o r g i a .- . ____________ ________________ ____ __ _ __ T e n n e s s e e .. . . V i r g i n i a ____ __ . . . . T o t a l . - - . ____ _______ _______________ Q u ille r s , f e m a le : C o n n e c t i c u t ____ _ . ______ ... . M a r y la n d __ M a s s a c h u s e t t s . - ____ . . . N e w J e r se y . . __________ N ew Y ork _ _ N o r t h C a r o lin a . _ . _____________ P e n n s y lv a n ia . _______________________ R h o d e I s l a n d _____ _______________ ______ S o u th C a r o lin a , A la b a m a , and G e o r g ia __ _ . __________________ T e n n e s s e e . _ . . . ____ ______ V ir g in ia . _______________ T o t a l ___ ___________ ___ _ ___________ L o o m fix ers, m a l e : C o n n e c tic u t M a r y la n d _ M a s s a c h u s e t t s .. _ __ ... _ __ N e w J e r s e y ___________ ____________________ N e w Y o r k . .... _ _ . _ _ _ N o r t h C a r o lin a . _ . _ _______ __ ______ P e n n s y l v a n i a . __________. _ _____________ R h o d e Is l a n d S o u th C a r o lin a , A la b a m a , and G e o r g ia . ............ ................................ __. T e n n e s s e e ______________________ V i r g i n i a ______________ ________________ _ _ T o t a l.. _________ ___________ _ _ ... W e a v e r s , b r o a d -s ilk , m a l e : C o n n e c ti c u t ._ ............... .......... M a ssa c h u se tts . . . . . . _______ . . . . N e w J ersey. ____________ _ . . . . _. N e w Y ork N o r t h C a r o lin a P e n n s y l v a n i a ____ _ ____ __ ________ R h o d e I s l a n d ____________________ _______ S o u th C a r o lin a , A la b a m a , and G e o r g ia _________________________________ __ T e n n essee ............... V i r g i n i a _________________________________ _ T o t a l _____________________ 1 D a t a in c lu d e d in t o ta l. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ _ ._ _ H o u rs ac A ver t u a ll y A ver age w o r k e d in A ver N u m d a y s on age 1 w eek age fu l l b e r o f w h ic h t im e in g s e a rn earn ers h o u r s A v e r P er p er per ers w ork ed age cen t hour w eek in 1 n u m o f fu ll w eek ber t im e A ver age fu ile a rn in g s p er w eek OCCU A ver age a c tu a l e a rn in g s in 1 w eek 4 7 5 7 5 28 2 24 29 8 24 84 107 10 5 .6 5 .1 4 .5 5 .4 4 .6 5 .1 4 .0 5 0 .8 5 1 .3 5 1 .7 5 1 .3 4 9 .9 5 2 .2 5 3 .8 4 7 .8 5 0 .4 4 3 .8 4 6 .9 39. 1 4 8 .3 3 5 .0 9 4 .1 9 8 .2 8 4 .7 9 1 .4 7 8 .4 9 2 .5 6 5 .1 $ 0 .1 9 8 .2 1 8 .1 9 4 .1 5 6 .1 9 1 .1 9 4 .2 0 0 $10. 06 1 1 .1 8 10. 03 8 .0 0 9 .5 3 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .7 6 $ 9 .4 6 10. 97 8. 49 7. 33 7. 47 9. 38 6 .9 8 1 4 3 (>) 17 20 (0 5 .1 5. 1 (>) 5 8 .1 5 5 .0 (0 5 9 .7 5 1 .2 (0 1 0 2 .8 9 3 .1 0) .0 9 5 .2 1 5 0) 5. 52 1 1 .8 3 0) 5. 67 11. 01 66 325 5 .0 5 1 .9 4 6 .3 8 9 .2 . 188 9. 76 8. 69 9 2 9 58 25 6 60 10 103 29 64 223 118 92 711 71 5 .4 4 .7 5 .3 5 .3 5 .0 4 .7 4 .9 5 .5 5 2 .3 5 0 .2 4 6 .9 4 8 .0 4 7 .5 5 0 .7 5 0 .5 5 0 .5 4 8 .3 4 1 .4 4 2 .8 4 2 .3 3 9 .2 3 8 .2 4 1 .2 4 8 .5 9 2 .4 8 2 .5 9 1 .3 8 8 .1 8 2 .5 7 5 .3 8 1 .6 9 6 .0 .2 0 6 . 184 . 156 .2 2 8 .2 1 6 .1 9 7 .1 8 4 .2 2 9 10. 77 9. 24 7 .3 2 10. 94 10. 26 9. 99 9 .2 9 11. 56 9 .9 8 7. 63 6. 66 9. 64 8. 49 7. 51 7. 59 1 1 .1 2 4 5 5 80 44 73 4 .8 4 .9 5. 1 5 5 .4 5 6 .0 5 5 .2 4 5 .0 46. 7 4 6 .6 8 1 .2 8 3 .4 8 4 .4 . 157 .0 8 6 . 197 8. 70 4. 82 10. 87 7 .0 7 4. 02 9 .1 9 193 1 6 .0 8 5 .0 5 0 .5 42. 5 8 4 .2 . 192 9. 70 8 .1 6 11 1 11 58 25 8 60 9 99 5 .4 ( ') 5 .7 5 .5 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 5 .5 5 0 .9 9 5 .7 0) 1 0 3 .8 9 8 .0 9 3 .1 9 4 .4 9 8 .2 1 0 2 .0 28. 25 0) 5 0 .1 4 8 .8 5 0 .5 5 1 .5 5 1 .1 5 1 .1 48. 7 (0 5 2 .0 4 7 .8 4 7 .0 4 8 .6 5 0 .2 5 2 .1 .5 5 5 (') 43 158 115 107 524 84 (! ) .5 4 7 .6 0 3 .5 4 6 .4 5 2 .5 5 7 . 593 ( ') 27. 40 2 9 .4 3 27. 57 2 3 .2 8 28. 46 30. 30 26. 99 ( ') 28. 48 2 8 .8 4 25. 62 21. 97 27. 97 3 0 .9 5 6 5 3 43 32 28 5 .0 5 .4 5 .8 5 5 .6 5 7 .3 5 5 .9 4 9 .9 5 6 .3 59. 1 8 9 .7 9 8 .3 1 0 5 .7 .3 1 2 .2 8 1 .4 0 2 17. 35 1 6 .1 0 2 2 .4 7 15. 56 15. 79 23. 77 197 1 ,2 3 6 5 .4 5 1 .2 4 9 .9 9 7 .5 .5 3 4 27. 34 26. 63 11 11 54 20 8 56 11 917 361 1 ,3 1 7 702 735 3, 458 619 5 .2 5. 1 5 .2 5 .4 5 .2 5 .0 5 .0 5 0 .2 5 1 .1 4 9 .0 4 9 .9 5 1 .1 50. 7 5 1 .5 44. 6 4 9 .2 4 5 .8 4 6 .9 4 5 .0 4 6 .0 4 7 .5 8 8 .8 9 6 .3 9 3 .5 9 4 .0 8 8 .1 90. 7 9 2 .2 .3 2 1 .2 5 4 .2 9 8 .3 0 2 .2 9 2 .2 7 9 .3 2 7 1 6 .1 1 12. 98 14. 60 15. 07 14. 92 1 4 .1 5 1 6 .8 4 14. 29 12. 51 13. 67 1 4 .1 9 1 3 .1 2 12. 83 1 5 .5 1 6 5 3 188 160 147 4 .9 5 .0 5 .1 56. 1 5 6 .5 5 5 .4 50. 5 5 3 .4 53. 7 9 0 .0 9 4 .5 9 6 .9 .2 2 2 .1 4 7 .2 8 2 1 2 .4 5 8 .3 1 15. 62 11. 23 7. 83 15. 14 185 8, 604 5 .1 5 0 .7 4 6 .4 91. 5 .2 8 7 14. 55 13. 34 1181 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 4 .— A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N I N G S F O R 9 R E P R E S E N T A T I V E O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y S E X A N D S T A T E — Continued Occupation, sex, and State Weavers, broad-silk, female: --------- Connecticut, Massachusetts---------- ---------------------New Jersey---------------------------------------N ew Y o rk .----- -------------- - North Carolina. ... ---------Pennsylvania------- - --------- --Rhode Island_______ - ----------------South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia ____ - --------------Tennessee_______ __ - - - . . -----Virginia-- ___ - - - - - - - T o t a l ---------- -----------------------------------Pickers, cloth, male: Connecticut. -----------------Massachusetts - --------------New Jersey.. -------------------N ew York -_ _ ---------- - - -Pennsylvania _ ---------South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. _____ - - - - - - N um ber of estab lish ments T o ta l___ __ . . ■ Data included in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . ----------------- Hours ac tually Aver worked in Aver age 1 week age full earntime ings hours A v er Per per per cent hour age week num of full ber time Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week 11 8 48 19 6 55 8 304 114 572 379 83 1,817 239 5.5 5.8 5. 2 5.3 5. 2 5.3 5.2 51.3 47.0 48. 7 48.0 51.5 48. 7 50.4 47.8 46.3 44.1 42.9 44.8 43. 5 46.8 93.2 $0. 301 $15.44 .242 11.37 98.5 90.6 .277 13. 49 89.4 .288 13. 82 87.0 .268 13. 80 89.3 .242 11. 79 . 294 14. 82 92.9 6 5 3 98 140 83 5. 1 5.6 5.7 55.5 55.0 57.3 49. 1 52.5 54. 1 88.5 95.5 94.4 .159 . 147 .222 8. 82 8. 09 12. 72 7.81 7.73 12. 02 169 3,829 5.3 49.6 44.9 90.5 .254 12. 60 11. 39 1 1 3 4 12 (*) 0) (0 (0 4.3 6.0 6.0 0) 0) 49.3 50.8 51. 1 0) 0) (>) <‘ ) 37.6 76.3 55.3 108.9 51.4 100.6 (0 0) .263 .290 .276 (>) (0 12.97 14. 73 14.10 0) 0) 9.89 16.01 14. 22 1 (0 0) 3 4 13 (0 (>) $14. 41 11.19 12.23 12. 35 12.03 10.54 13. 76 (0 0) 0) 0) 24 5.8 50.9 50.7 99.6 .269 13. 69 13.64 8 4 37 21 3 42 5 42 38 91 71 12 371 27 5. 5 5.5 5.2 5.0 5.6 4.5 5.3 53. 2 48.0 46. 1 47.8 53.0 50.8 50.8 48.0 43. 1 40.6 37.0 37.3 37.0 47.4 90.2 89.8 88.1 77.4 70.4 72.8 93.3 .180 . 162 .258 .205 .221 .193 .234 9. 58 7. 78 11.89 9. 80 11. 71 9. 80 11.89 8. 63 6. 96 10. 48 7.59 8.26 7.16 11.11 6 4 3 20 27 26 5.6 5.6 5.0 55.3 56.6 57.3 52.3 52.6 43.2 94.6 92.9 75.4 . 142 .086 . 173 7. 85 4. 87 9.91 7.45 4. 50 7.48 133 725 4.9 50.5 40.0 79.2 . 194 9. 80 7.78 Total_______________________________ __ 22 Pickers, cloth, female: Connecticut____ Massachusetts . . . ----------------New Jersey... - - . -------------------N ew Y o rk .. . _ _ --------------- North Carolina -------_ _ _ Pennsylvania.— . - - --------Rhode Island ---------South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia „ -. - --------------Tennessee__ -- - -- Virginia - Num ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in 1 week 1182 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Earnings and Hours of Labor in Principal Occupations in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1931 and 1933 Part 2. Bar, Rail, Sheet, and Tin-Plate Mills HIS article presents average earnings and hours of labor of wage earners in four rolling-mill departments of the iron and steel industry bar, rail, sheet, and tin plate.1 The data were collected in the early part of 1933 and in most instances relate to the last half of March, which was also, in general, the period covered by the 1931 study made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The plants furnishing information were, with few exceptions, the same as those included in the 1931 study. As stated in a previous article, many wage earners in the iron and steel industry work at operations other than their regular occupation during a given pay period. In order to show actual conditions, data for each of the various occupations were compiled so as to show average hours and earnings (1) in the primary occupation only and (2) in all occupations at which the wage earners did any work during the pay period studied. In the sheet-mill department the Bureau has included mechanical mills for the first time and information is presented separately for rollers on hand mills and rollers on mechanical mills. It will be noticed that sheet heaters appear for 8 plants only, while rollers on hand mills are shown for 10. This is due to the fact that mills in this department were, at the time of the study, at various stages of mechanization, some being completely mechanical and others only partly changed, i.e., having both hand and mechanical operations. In 1933 average full-time hours per week of wage earners in the primary occupations shown for these 4 departments ranged from 37.6 hours for pack furnace chargers in the sheet-mill department to 57.9 hours for laborers in the rail-mill department. In 3 occupa tions in sheet mills, in 4 in tin-plate mills, and in 5 in bar mills wage earners had a longer average full-time week in 1933 than in 1931. Female assorters in tin-plate establishments worked an average of 38.9 hours per week at the primary occupation which exceeds the hours worked by wage earners in any other occupation. While 7 tin-plate establishments were covered, information for assorters is shown for only 6 of them, due to 1 having only male assorters for which averages are not shown. Cold-saw men’s helpers in rail mills worked an average of 10.1 hours per week at the primary occupation which is the lowest average of any occupation in the 4 departments. In 1933 wage earners in tin-plate establishments worked a greater percentage of full time than did wage earners in the other departments covered by this article. Rollers in rail mills had the highest average earnings per hour for work at the primary occupation ($1,355) and female assorters in tin plate establishments the lowest (29.5 cents). In 1933 rollers on hand-sheet mills earned an average of $1,209 per hour for work at the primary occupation as compared with $1.016 for rollers on mechanicalsheet mills. Rollers on tin-plate mills earned an average of $1.25 per hour while working at their primary occupation. T 1 Summary averages for the industry appeared in the September M onthly Labor Review. Averages for wage earners in certain primaryi occupations in 6 departments of the industry were published in the October M onthly Labor Review. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1183 W AGES AND HOUES OF LABOR Hours at all work in 1933 ranged by occupation, during the period from a low of 11.4 for chippers and cold-saw men’s helpers in rail mills to a high of 39.1 for level-handed doublers on tin-plate mills, and earnings in 1 week ranged from $4.28 for cold-saw men’s helpers in rail mills to $37.36 for rollers on tin-plate mills. AVERAGE HOURS AND E A R N IN G S OF W A G E A N D 1933 EARNERS, BY O C C U P A T IO N , 1931 Tin-plate mills Primary occupation only Primary occupation N um N u m ber Average hours ber of per week Aver Year wage of age plants earn earn ers ings Actu per Full ally time worked hour 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 Heaters’ helpers.. . 1933 Pair heaters____________ 1931 1933 1931 Rollers_______ 1933 Rollers, level-handed . . 1931 1933 Roughers______ - - - - - - 1931 1933 1931 Catchers . _ _ _ 1933 Screw boys________ . . 1931 1933 Single boys_____________ 1931 1933 Doublers, h a n d _____ . 1931 1933 1931 Doublers, mechanical 1933 Doublers, level-handed, 1931 hand________________ 1933 Doublers’ helpers, hand. 1931 1933 Shearmen _______ __ _ 1931 1933 Shearmen’s helpers____ 1931 1933 Openers_________________ 1931 1933 ____ 1931 Tinners, h a n d .. 1933 Tinners, machine______ 1931 1933 1931 Branners_______________ 1933 Assorters, female. . . . 1931 1933 Laborers. _____ ._ . . . 1931 1933 Heaters____________ ___ Heaters, level-handed All occupations (in cluding primary) Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver age age age age age fullactual hours earn actual time earn earn earn worked ings ings ings per in 1 ings in 1 in 1 hour week per week week week 8 5 9 7 8 6 7 4 9 7 7 4 9 7 9 7 9 7 7 6 3 3 7 6 113 83 580 451 164 96 346 313 391 359 84 66 428 356 378 324 395 352 351 345 65 35 380 356 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.7 42.6 32.3 $1.102 $47.06 $35.63 .771 32.84 20.88 27. 1 35.4 .942 40. 22 33.37 30.9 .721 30.71 22.25 .798 34.07 26.10 32.7 26.0 .557 23. 73 14. 49 34.4 .744 31.77 25.59 28.3 15.09 .533 22.71 34.4 1.737 74.17 59.71 28.6 1.250 53.25 35.78 28.2 .930 39.71 26.19 26.7 .679 28.99 18.15 32.4 .989 42. 23 31.99 28.8 .709 30.20 20. 41 31.6 .902 38. 52 28. 52 27.0 .654 27. 86 17.63 .682 29.12 21.16 31.0 27.1 .489 20.83 13.23 33.8 .737 31.47 24. 86 27.0 .531 22. 62 14. 36 23.4 .883 37. 70 20. 70 30.2 .776 33. 06 23. 40 34.7 .749 31.98 25. 99 27.2 .544 23.17 14.79 36.0 $1.064 .738 30.3 .936 36.6 .698 34.5 .788 35.2 .542 29.4 .721 37.1 .504 31.9 1. 689 36.5 31.0 1.205 35.8 1.088 .744 30.8 .956 36.7 32.1 .680 .854 35.8 .615 30.7 34.1 .659 30.0 .470 .698 38.3 . 502 30.8 .871 24.3 .758 32.6 38.2 .717 .518 30.3 $38. 34 22.36 34.25 24.06 27. 74 15. 95 26.76 16.09 61.63 37.36 38. 96 22.88 35.05 21.80 30. 62 18.92 22. 47 14. 10 26. 76 15. 46 21.13 24.69 27. 42 15.68 2 2 1 2 8 5 4 3 8 4 5 4 6 5 6 6 6 6 9 7 38 19 32 27 135 77 60 27 355 182 125 92 119 117 83 69 305 295 350 413 42.7 42.7 42.7 42.7 43.6 43.6 46.1 45.8 47.5 51.7 42.7 43.8 42.7 42.9 44.7 45.3 45.5 45.2 55.4 55.4 16.4 3T.8 38.9 35.4 32. 1 28.8 34.3 25.8 36.0 21.0 33.9 34.1 31.9 29.5 35.7 36.6 38.1 38.9 40. 2 34.0 16.6 39.1 40.3 36.4 32.9 28.8 35.7 25.8 37.5 22. 1 34.3 34.8 33.3 30.8 37.3 38.2 38.1 39.0 42.9 35.1 .756 .677 .624 .503 .974 .528 .558 .430 .737 .509 .899 .648 .821 .578 .576 .415 .380 .295 .425 .335 12. 52 26.45 25.14 18.29 32.01 15. 20 19.92 11. 10 27.59 11.25 30.84 22. 56 27. 34 17. 81 21.51 15.85 14.49 11.50 18.25 11.73 24.4 $0.866 17.0 .608 24.7 1. 790 19.1 1.174 $21.11 10. 32 44. 20 22.44 .760 .684 .622 .507 .983 .528 .551 .430 .748 .516 .899 .654 .834 .587 .577 .415 .380 .295 .419 .332 32.45 29. 21 26.56 21.65 42.86 23.02 25. 40 19.69 35.53 26.68 38. 39 28. 65 35.61 25.18 25. 79 18. 80 17. 29 13. 33 23. 21 18.39 12.44 25. 82 24. 20 17.98 31.55 15.20 18.90 11.10 26.94 10. 82 30. 50 22.31 26.57 17.32 20.58 15.21 14. 47 11.46 16.82 11.29 Sheet mills Pair heaters------ -----------Rollers, hand mills_____ Rollers, level handed, hand mills_____ Rollers helpers and finishers, hand mills____ 1931 1933 1931 1933 15 12 15 10 532 195 541 143 43.5 42.4 43.5 42.3 23.8 $0. 870 $37. 85 $20. 75 9. 77 15.6 .626 26. 54 24. 1 1.811 78. 78 43.68 18.1 1.209 51.14 21.82 1931 1933 7 7 112 48 42.8 41.6 30.9 18.4 .971 .962 41.56 40.02 29.97 17.71 32.3 22.1 .969 1.053 31.32 23.24 1931 1933 13 9 388 152 43.2 42.4 25.0 16.2 .773 .583 33.39 24.72 19. 32 9. 45 25.8 17.6 .779 .576 20.07 10.17 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1184 A V ER AG E MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W HOURS A N D EAR N IN G S OP W AG E EAR N ER S, B Y OCCU PATIO N , 1931 A N D 1933— Continued Sheet mills — Continued Primary occupation only Primary occupation R o l l e r s , mechanical mills__________________ Assistant rollers, me chanical mills________ Spannermen____________ Roughers.______________ Year N um N u m ber Average hours ber of per week Aver wage of age plants earn earn ers ings Actu Pull per ally time worked hour A ll occupations (in cluding primary) Aver Aver age Aver Aver Aver age age full age age actual time earn actual earn hours earn earn worked ings ings ings ings in 1 per in 1 in 1 per week hour week week week 1933 6 57 41.5 25.4 $1,016 $42.16 $25. 75 26.4 $0. 998 1933 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 5 4 15 12 15 13 15 11 14 11 15 8 55 83 513 220 619 292 550 288 522 203 484 115 40.9 39.6 43.6 40.5 43.5 40.5 43.5 40.7 43.6 41.7 43.5 43.4 25.8 11.9 23.5 16.0 24.2 15.0 22.9 15. 1 22.8 17.1 24.6 16.9 .651 .647 .952 .744 .915 .665 .772 .526 .764 .516 1.287 .828 1931 1933 Sheet heaters’ helpers.._ 1931 1933 Chargers, pack furnaces (mechanical)_________ 1933 Shearmen_______________ 1931 1933 Shearman’s helpers_____ 1931 1933 Openers_________________ 1931 1933 Openers, level handed __ 1931 1933 Picklers_________________ 1931 1933 Feeders_________________ 1931 1933 Cold-roll rollers_________ 1931 1933 Cold-roll catchers_______ 1931 1933 Laborers________________ 1931 1933 8 7 14 9 37 53 415 118 43.5 43.4 43. 1 43.3 23.3 17.0 24. 7 15.5 .822 .601 .758 .527 7 15 13 14 13 9 9 6 4 13 11 9 10 15 14 15 14 15 14 109 321 177 321 183 276 228 107 123 116 124 73 89 142 109 174 120 396 580 37.6 43.5 41.9 43.7 41.9 43.8 38.4 43.3 43.5 50.6 48.4 46.4 48.6 53.3 51.3 53.0 51.5 57.7 54.2 19.4 26.3 20.8 25.6 20.1 20.0 16.2 23.2 21.1 31.9 30.5 34.8 24.1 33.8 29.3 31.1 25.8 31.0 23.8 .392 1.052 .702 .627 .429 .659 .442 .544 .418 .712 .384 .750 .410 .759 .463 .663 .399 .428 .330 Catchers________________ Matchers...................... .. D o u b lers.._____________ Sheet heaters___________ Sheet heaters, level handed.______________ $26. 35 26. 63 25. 62 41.51 30.13 39.80 26.93 33. 58 21.41 33. 31 21. 52 55.98 35.94 16.83 7. 66 22. 37 11.88 22.18 10.01 17. 67 7.92 17. 39 8.81 31.64 14.02 29.2 13.1 24. 3 17.7 25.4 16.3 24.0 16.2 24.2 18.1 25.0 18.0 .641 .647 .953 .723 .907 .649 .770 .519 .763 .513 1.279 .809 18. 72 8. 49 23.18 12. 77 23.01 10. 60 18.44 8.38 18.48 9. 30 31.96 14.58 35. 26. 32. 22. 76 08 67 82 19.15 10. 23 18. 70 8.17 25.0 20.6 25.5 16.8 .830 .634 .765 .521 20. 73 13.03 19. 49 8. 77 14. 74 45. 76 29.41 27.40 17.98 28. 86 16. 97 23. 56 18.18 36. 03 18.59 34.80 19.93 40. 45 23. 75 35.14 20. 55 24. 70 17.89 7.60 27.61 14. 57 16.07 8. 63 13. 20 7.17 12.61 8. 84 22.71 11.69 26.13 9.90 25. 62 13. 58 20. 60 10.31 13. 25 7. 87 20.5 27.5 21.6 26.9 21.2 20.8 16.8 25.8 21.9 33.5 33.2 36.6 26.3 35.7 31.7 33.0 28.6 33.3 26.2 .393 1.032 .692 .629 .433 .658 .443 .548 .417 .701 .387 .739 .407 .747 .457 .659 .397 .437 .339 8. 05 28. 39 14.93 16.88 9.16 13. 69 7.47 14.13 9.13 23. 50 12.83 27.06 10. 71 26. 65 14.47 21. 76 11. 35 14. 53 8.89 Bar mills 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 Heaters’ helpers--1933 Chargers and helpers. __ 1931 1933 1931 Drag d o w n s.. --------- 1933 1931 Roll engineers. _ _ _. 1933 Rollers_______ ______ . . 1931 1933 Roughers... ----------------- 1931 1933 Catchers. ----- --------- . . 1931 1933 Stranders----- --------------- 1931 1933 ___ __ Stockers___ Heaters— ------ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 38 34 43 42 38 38 33 31 21 17 18 21 43 42 32 33 30 35 32 34 244 249 175 176 202 207 181 149 86 79 50 50 122 118 175 153 128 139 230 241 54.2 52.2 57.4 55. 6 56.5 55.3 54.5 54. 2 56.5 56.8 59.3 57.6 55.4 54.5 56.7 55.8 56.1 55.2 55.8 54.8 31.7 $0. 455 $24. 66 $14. 44 15.8 .326 17. 02 5.16 33.4 .902 51. 77 30.18 17.7 .650 36.14 11. 52 31.4 .621 35.09 19. 51 15.7 .402 22.23 6. 33 31.4 .567 30.90 17.81 15.9 .357 19. 35 5.69 26.0 .548 30.96 14. 26 15.2 .406 23.06 6.16 35.3 .534 31.67 18. 85 19.8 .401 23.10 7.96 37.8 1.542 85.43 58.27 23.8 .965 52.59 23. 02 32.8 .791 44. 85 25. 92 17.9 .536 29.91 9. 59 30.9 .781 43. 81 24.15 18.0 .532 29. 37 9.58 32.4 .701 39.12 22.68 16.9 .458 25.10 7.73 32.9 $0.455 16.0 .326 33.7 .901 18.4 .639 33.0 .618 17.0 .404 32.6 .564 16.9 . 357 26.8 .543 15.9 .404 36.3 .535 20.3 .403 38.2 1. 533 24.4 .956 33.7 .787 18.4 .535 32.0 . 775 18.6 . 527 34.1 .693 17.8 .459 $14.95 5.20 30. 39 11.77 20.42 6.87 18.34 6.02 14.59 6.43 19. 42 8.16 58. 61 23.31 26.56 9.86 24. 77 9.83 23.65 8.15 1185 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR AVERAGE HOURS AND E A R N I N G S OF W A G E E A R N E R S , A N D 1933— Continued BY O C C U P A T IO N , 1931 Bar mills — Continued Primary occupation only Primary occupation N um ber Average hours per week of Aver Year of wage age plants earn earn ers ings Actu per Full ally time worked hour Finishers----------------Hook-ups---------------Roll hands, other.-. Hotbed men----------Shearmen--------------Shearmen’s helpers Bundlers---------------Laborers___________ N um ber 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 38 39 27 25 31 33 42 36 40 39 35 34 22 18 39 34 143 142 161 137 284 288 472 406 193 169 438 389 147 95 637 506 54.4 55.0 55.2 56.1 55.1 54.9 54.1 55.5 53.5 54.3 54.3 54. 1 54.3 53.1 54.2 53.7 All occupations (in cluding primary) Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver age age age age age full- actual actual hours earn earn time earn worked ings earn ings ings per in 1 ings in 1 in 1 hour week week per week week 31.5 $0. 864 $47. 00 $27.24 8. 85 .500 27.50 17.7 .645 35. 60 16. 35 25.3 5. 35 14. 1 .381 21.37 .712 39.23 22.07 31.0 7.85 .471 25. 86 16.7 .578 31.27 16.14 27.9 19.37 5. 30 .349 15.2 .594 31.78 18. 71 31.5 6.60 .412 22. 37 16.0 .529 28. 72 13. 82 26.1 4.27 .348 18.83 12.3 30.4 .513 27.86 15. 57 5.03 18.43 .347 14.5 .394 21.35 11.06 28.1 4.47 .305 16. 38 14.6 34.0 $0.842 .497 19.3 .640 26.5 .386 14.8 .708 32.5 .469 17.2 .572 29.9 .346 16.3 .582 33.7 .409 17.1 .525 28.1 .346 13.0 .509 32.6 .349 15.4 .399 30.2 .304 15.3 $28. 65 9.61 16.95 5. 73 23. 01 8.06 17.11 5.64 19.59 7.00 14. 76 4. 50 16. 60 5.38 12.05 4. 67 39.4 $0. 627 .530 19.7 37.7 1.113 .948 20.6 .645 31.7 .553 19.1 .915 33.9 .684 15.0 43.2 1.596 25.6 1.321 .936 55.4 .719 17.4 .809 36.0 .693 17.5 .811 42. 5 .751 16.2 .652 37.8 .580 18.8 .491 34.7 15.0 .431 .561 38.9 .436 15.3 .524 33.7 .392 13.6 32.8 1.122 .876 15.0 .625 35.3 .528 12.9 .650 38.5 11.4 .575 .645 36.1 .579 13. 2 .484 44.0 17.6 .379 .476 28.5 11.4 .375 44.2 .581 .458 15.5 .416 35.7 13.2 .336 $24.68 10.41 41.93 19. 57 20. 45 10.58 31.01 10. 27 68.89 33.80 51.85 12. 47 29.16 Rail mills Charging machine op erator_________________ Re-heaters---------------------Re-heaters’ helpers-------Roll engineers---------------Rollers--------------------------Assistant rollers-----------Table levermen------------Guide setters----------------Hot-saw men----------------Hot-saw men’s helpers.. Hotbed leverman---------Hotbed men-----------------Straighteners, gag press. Straighteners’ helpers—. Chippers-----------------------Drillers and punchers— Cold-saw m en--------------Cold-saw helpers----------Inspectors------- -------------- 16487°— 33------12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 4 3 5 4 5 4 4 2 7 4 6 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 7 5 7 5 7 4 8 6 7 5 7 5 8 6 7 6 6 4 8 6 8 5 20 16 18 15 23 14 18 17 15 10 15 7 81 62 38 26 24 21 32 15 52 29 136 46 134 66 138 72 119 75 210 130 14 9 50 25 88 41 225 156 54.6 51.0 50.5 49.5 52.9 50.6 51.1 48. 0 53.7 50.4 55.6 53.5 52.2 50.4 55.5 53.4 54.0 51.9 53. 1 50.4 54.0 52.6 52. 1 51.6 52.7 62. 3 53.5 52. 4 54.3 53. 4 55.1 53.9 57.1 53.9 53.4 49.4 55.7 54. 6 58.0 57.9 37.8 $0. 637 $34. 78 .534 27. 23 19.2 37.5 1. 117 56.41 20.4 .949 46. 98 .633 33. 49 29.5 .556 28.13 18.1 .922 47.11 32.7 .684 32. 83 15.0 43.2 1.596 85.71 1.355 68.29 24.6 .954 53.04 45.9 .732 39.16 15.0 34.4 .816 42.60 .696 35.08 17.1 .816 45. 29 40.6 .760 40. 58 15. 1 .653 35. 26 36.9 .581 30.15 18.7 26. 34 .496 29.8 .420 21.17 12.7 .565 30. 51 36. 1 14.8 .438 23.04 31.5 .525 27. 35 .395 20. 38 12.8 32.0 1.131 59.60 13.4 .931 48.69 .625 33. 44 33.3 .538 28.19 12.0 .655 35. 57 35.8 .585 31.24 10. 4 .649 35. 76 34.5 .589 31. 75 12.5 .489 27. 92 38.2 15.4 .376 20. 27 .472 25. 20 24.5 .372 18. 38 10'. 1 42.1 .587 32. 70 .462 25.23 14.7 .406 23. 55 31.8 .324 18. 76 12.3 $24. 08 10. 23 41.83 19. 37 18. 66 10.06 30.13 10.27 68. 89 33. 27 43. 77 10. 96 28. 06 11.93 33.11 11.48 24.08 10. 88 14. 77 5. 34 20. 42 6. 48 16. 55 5. 06 36.19 12. 47 20.80 6.44 23.49 6.10 22. 40 7. 35 18. 68 5. 79 11.56 3. 74 24.71 6. 78 12.90 3. 97 12.11 34.48 12.13 24.66 10. 90 17.04 6.48 21.86 6. 65 17.64 5. 34 36. 76 13.11 22.05 6. 79 25.03 6. 54 23. 30 7. 66 21. 28 6. 68 13.59 4.28 25. 70 7.11 14. 85 4. 45 1186 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Union Scales of Wages and Hours of Labor in 1933 Part 2. Average Wage Rates, by Trades1 HE 1933 survey of union scales of wages and hours of labor, recently completed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covered nearly a half million organized workers, in 67 important industrial cities. The present article shows the average rates per hour of certain of the principal time-work trades—bakery trades, building trades, chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers, granite and stone trades, laundry workers, linemen, longshoremen, and the printing trades (book and job and newspaper), where such trades were found to be organized and maintaining an effective scale. The average hourly wage rate in 1933 for all of the trades indicated was $1,062, as compared with $1,111 in 1932, a decrease of 4.9 cents an hour, or 4.4 percent. Of the 69 separate time-work trades, 9 showed slight increases and 60 showed decreases in the average wage rates per hour. There are many trade unions whose members are employed wholly or mainly on piecework, but these frequently have a multitude of rates which are practically impossible to incorporate in a general tabulation and difficult to understand by anyone not familiar with the particular industries, and are therefore not included in the present tabulation. The rates for organized bus drivers, street-railway motormen and conductors, and barbers have likewise been omitted from this tabulation because their hours of labor are either lacking in uniformity or the wage rates are such as not to be susceptible of presentation in the same manner as the trades above mentioned. Data for bus drivers, street-railway motormen and conductors, and barbers will be published later. In table 1 are shown the average hourly wage rates by trade groups for the years 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, and 1933, together with the amount and the percent of decrease, comparing 1933 with 1932. T T able 1 . — A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S I N S P E C IF IE D T R A D E G R O U P S , 1929 TO 1933, A N D A M O U N T A N D P E R C E N T OF D E C R E A S E , 1932-33 Average hourly wage rates Trade group 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 B akers-_ _ ___ _ _ ............ _____ $0. 979 $0. 965 $0. 934 $0. 951 $0. 799 Building trades____ ________ _____________ _____ 1.352 1.410 1.428 1. 216 1.201 .732 Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers-______ .715 .740 .722 .663 Granite and stone trades__________ _ _ _____ 1.369 1.412 1.437 1.293 1.234 Laundry workers- ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ .458 .479 .481 .487 .435 Linemen_ _ ___ _ ____ 1.019 1.128 1. 135 1.091 1.034 Longshoremen-.. _________________________ ___ _ .863 .875 .868 .868 .837 Printing and publishing: Book and job. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.049 1.074 1.068 1.084 1. 006 1.241 1.241 1.247 1.231 Newspaper _________ 1. 149 Average, all trades _ _ __ _______________ 1. 204 1.250 1.254 1. I l l 1.062 Amount of decrease 1932-33 Percent crease 1932-33 $0.152 .015 .059 .059 .052 .057 .031 16.0 1.2 8.2 4.6 10.7 5.2 3.6 .078 .082 5.6 6.7 .049 4.4 Table 2 shows for 1933 the average hours per full-time week and the percent of members in each trade group having specified working 1 Preliminary data on 20 trades in 40 cities were given in the September 1933 M onthly Labor Review (pp. 660-673). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1187 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR hours. The hours stated represent the regular full time per week. No data are available as to broken time or overtime that may have been worked. It will be noted that 59.1 percent of the total membership have a regular work week of 40 hours or less and 89.9 percent a work week of 48" hours or less. Of the separate trade groups, the building trades with an average of 40.4 hours have the shortest full-time work week. To a large extent this short week is occasioned by the rather general adoption of a 5-day week within this group. However, the normal change in this regard has been slightly interfered with in the past 2 years by the adoption of short-time work for the purpose of spreading employment among the members. In some cases members in indi vidual local unions are limited by agreement to less than 5 days’ work each week. The chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers with an average of 53 hours per week had the longest full-time week. In this group it will be noted that 68.5 percent had a full-time week of more than 48 hours. T able 2 .— A V E R A G E H O U R S P E R W E E K A N D P E R C E N T OF T R A D E -U N I O N M E M B E R S , B Y T R A D E G R O U P S , W O R K I N G E A C H C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R OF H O U R S P E R W E E K , M A Y 15, 1933 Trade groups Aver age hours per U n full der time 40 week Bakers___________ _____ _____ Building trades------------------Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers_______________ Granite and stone trades.__ Laundry workers---------------Linemen____________________ Longshoremen_____________ Printing and publishing: Book and job---------------Newspaper-------------------- 47.6 40.4 Grand average----------- 1.5 .9 53.0 40.9 48.0 43.4 44. 5 Percent of members whose hours per week were— 40 Over 40 and under 44 3.2 88.1 0.3 .5 78.3 .5 44 10.4 1.2 21.7 Over 48 and under 54 Over 44 and under 48 48 7.2 .2 84.3 .3 5.4 24.0 7.6 100.0 . 2 33. 1 9.4 2.6 1.4 6.2 38.0 1.0 19.0 88.9 42.0 43.8 10.8 13.4 31.7 6.3 .2 11.3 53.6 11. 1 .1 37.6 3.6 20.3 43.1 2.4 56.7 .7 18. 5 3.2 8.4 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 16.6 12.0 Over 60 3.6 0) 29.1 3.2 .3 — 1.2 4.3 2.4 1.7 .5 i Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Table 3 shows the percent of members falling within each specified rate interval, by trade groups, May 15, 1933. Considering the total membership it is found that 40.3 percent have regular rates of less than $1 per hour, 74.5 percent under $1.37% per hour and 91.4 percent under $1.50 per hour. The spread between rates of the majority of the members’ wage rates per hour in the several trade groups are as follows: Bakers: 68.7 percent fall between 62% cents and under $1 per hour. Building: 69.6 percent fall between $1 and under $1.50 per hour. Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers: 84.5 percent fall between 50 cents and under 87% cents per hour. .. Granite and stone trades: 68.5 percent fall between $1 and under $1.37% per hour. Laundry workers: 100 percent fall under 75 cents per hour. Linem en : 82.9 percent fall between 75 cents and under $1.12% per hour. Longshoremen: 89.4 percent fall between 75 cents and under $1 per hour. Printing and publishing: Book and job, 78.5 per cent fall between 75 cents and under $1.37% per hour; newspaper, 82.5 percent fall between 87% cents and under $1.37% per hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1188 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 .— P E R C E N T O F T R A D E -U N I O N M E M B E R S W H O S E A V E R A G E R A T E S IN C E N T S P E R H O U R F A L L W I T H I N E A C H S P E C IF IE D R A T E I N T E R V A L , M A Y 15, 1933, B Y T R A D E GROUPS Percent of members whose rates (in cents) per hour were— 87^4 100 112J>i 125 137^ 150 162H 50 62 H 75 U n 175 and and and and and and and and and and der and under under under under under under under under under under 50 over 62^ 75 100 1121/2 125 137 150 162 y2 175 87 H Trade group Bakery _ _ Building trades. . . Chauffeurs and teamsters 2.3 .2 14.1 1.5 28. 2 2.6 19.8 5.6 20.7 7.5 7.4 19.1 5.5 10.4 2.1 12.9 7. 2 29. 5 .1 21.7 .4 .5 37.9 17.1 2.8 7. 6 .7 .3 25.0 .1 9.4 .1 34.1 13. 3 1. 7 6. 3 11. 4 55. 7 19.6 33.7 51.9 .4 2.2 .2 2.8 6.1 .1 4.2 .7 13.6 5.3 21.8 20.4 15.6 20. 1 8.6 20.7 18.9 21.3 4.5 6.7 6.3 8.7 11.6 11.6 14.7 8.4 11.1 17.0 65. 0 .3 Printing and publishing: Book and job _______ _ 4.4 Newspaper_____________ — Total_________________ 2. 1 27.2 7.5 1.4 26.6 9.1 0) 1.0 2.8 4.9 0.5 2.3 2.6 .5 (0 1.4 5.3 2.9 .4 1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Trend of Union W age Rates and Hours, 1907 to 1933 T h e grand average hourly union wage rate on May 15, 1933, was lower by 4.4 percent than it was on the same date in 1932; it was 11.8 percent lower than in 1929; however, it was 102.5 percent higher than in 1917, 131.2 percent higher than in 1913, 144.8 percent higher than in 1910, and 157.7 percent higher than in 1907. On the -weekly basis, the grand average rate in 1933 was 4.3 per cent lower than the grand average rate in 1932, 15.7 percent lower than in 1929, 80.6 percent higher than in 1917, 103 percent higher than in 1913, 113.2 percent higher than in 1910, and 121.8 percent higher than in 1907. T able 4 .— I N D E X N U M B E R S O F U N I O N W A G E R A T E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S AS O F M A Y E A C H Y E A R , 1907 T O 1933 [1913=100] Index numbers of— Year Rate of wages per hour Hours per full time week 89.7 91.0 91.9 94.4 96.0 97.6 100. 0 101.9 102.8 107. 2 114. 2 132.7 154. 5 199.0 102.6 102. 1 101. 9 101.1 100.7 100.3 100. 0 99. 6 99. 4 98.8 98.4 97.0 94. 7 93.8 1907 . . _____ 1908 _ __________ 1909 __ ________ 1910 1911__________ _ . 1912________ 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918________________ 1919 1920________________ Index numbers of— Rate of wages per full time week 91.5 92.5 93.3 95. 2 96.5 97.7 100.0 101.6 102.3 106. 2 112. 4 129.6 147.8 188.5 Year 1921________________ 1922________________ 1923________________ 1924________________ 1925________________ 1926________________ 1927________________ 1928_______________ 1929________________ 1930________________ 1931________________ 1932________________ 1933 _______________ Rate of wages per hour Hours per full time week 205.3 193.1 210. 6 228.1 237.9 250.3 259. 5 260. 6 262.1 272. 1 273. 0 241.8 231. 2 93.9 94. 4 94. 3 93 9 93. 0 92.8 92.4 91.9 91. 5 89.8 89. 2 87.7 88.0 Rate of wages per full time week 193 3 183 0 198 6 214 3 222 3 233. 4 240.8 240. 6 240. 7 243.8 242. 9 212.2 203. 0 The index numbers shown in table 4 are computed on the basis of 1913 as 100. These indexes include all the time-work trades and all https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1189 the cities covered in preceding years, but the number of trades and cities included in the data has varied to some degree during the period. Because of the wide interest in building operations and the resultant inquiries to the Bureau for wage changes in building trades as a group, the data for these trades are given below. Index numbers of union wage rates per hour in the building trades Index number Index number 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 100. 0 101. 102. 106. 112. 125. 145. 196. 200. 187. 207. 9 8 2 8 2 4 8 3 5 3 1924 1925. 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 224. 232. 248. 256. 258. 261. 272. 276. 235. 232. 0 7 0 7 1 6 8 3 3 4 Table 5 shows the average union wage rates per hour, average full-time hours per week, the number of quotations on which 1933 averages are based, and index numbers of hourly rates for the years 1928 to 1933. The index numbers for the years back to 1907 may be found in Bulletin No. 482 of this Bureau, but are omitted here for want of space. For some trades data were not collected as early as 1913, hence there can be no index numbers for them on a 1913 base. In computing an average rate, each rate quoted is multiplied by the number of union members having such rate. The products are added and the sum divided by the grand total membership; in other words, the rates are weighted by the number of union members. This membership is furnished the Bureau for this sole purpose and is held strictly confidential. The rates for a city may enter into an average 1 year because the trade has an effective wage scale, but may drop out the next year because the trade cannot enforce its scale or because the union has disbanded. Also, the membership fluctuations in high- or lowrate cities have an important bearing on this weighted average rate. The grand average rate may, possibly, vary to a greater extent than the rate in any city reporting for both years or it may show a decrease while the individual rates composing it may show no change and some increases. For the past 2 years the fluctuations in rates and membership have been unusually severe, which factors have been productive of anomalous or paradoxical average rates for several occupations and group averages. The index numbers are computed from these averages, and are, of course, affected by these same influences. In table 5 hourly rates only are considered. Equivalent weekly rates do not exactly parallel hourly rates because of changes in working hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1190 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 5 — N U M B E R OF Q U O T A T IO N S I N 1933, A V E R A G E W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R , 1932 A N D 1933, A V E R A G E F U L L -T I M E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1933, A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S OF H O U R L Y R A T E S F O R S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S Trade Bakery trades Bakers____________________ N um Average rate ber of of wages per hour quo ta tions M ay M ay M ay 1932 1933 1933 Aver age hours per week, M ay M ay 1933 1933 Index numbers of rates of wages per hour (1913=100) M ay 1928 M ay 1929 M ay 1930 M ay M ay 1931 1932 201 $0.951 $0. 799 285.9 293.4 289.2 279.9 285. C 239.5 47.6 Building trades Asbestos workers____________________ Bricklayers: Building________________________ Sewer, tunnel, and caisson______ Building labor group: Building laborers________________ Hod carriers_____________________ Plasterers’ laborers______________ Plumbers’ laborers______________ Carpenter group: General carpenters______________ Millwrights (carpenters)_________ Parquetry-floor layers (carpen ters)_____________ _______ _____ Ship carpenters_____________ ____ Wharf and bridge carpenters_____ Cement finishers____________________ Composition roofers_________________ Composition roofers’ helpers_________ Elevator constructors________________ Elevator constructors’ helpers________ Engineers, portable and hoisting_____ Glaziers________________ _____________ Inside wiremen______ ___________ ___ Inside wiremen, fixture hangers______ Lathers______________________________ Marble setters_______________________ Marble setters’ helpers_______________ Mosaic and terrazzo workers_________ Painter group: Building painters,........................... Fresco painters__________________ Sign painters_____________________ Plasterers____________________________ Plumbers and gas fitters_____________ Sheet-metal workers_________________ Slate and tile roofers_________________ Steam and sprinkler fitters___________ Steam and sprinkler fitters’ helpers__ Stonemasons_________________________ Structural-iron workers______________ Structural-iron workers, finishers_____ Tile layers___________________________ Tile layers’ helpers___________________ 42 1.237 1. 222 63 8 1.465 1.522 1.435 233.9 239.6 245. 1 245.9 211.9 207.5 1.604 214.2 199.5 199. 1 212.2 158.4 166.9 53 39 38 9 .762 .883 .910 .883 .761 257.0 258.2 275.3 267.5 228.3 228.0 .754 280.7 293.0 302. i 297. i 241.3 206.1 .838 264.1 265. 0 282. i 274. c 221.3 203.7 .908 (') 0) (>) 0) 0) 0) 67 34 1.166 1.108 1.106 247. 5 252.0 261.6 263.5 219.4 208.1 1.047 (>) 0) « (') (>) (') 40. 3 40.5 27 11 19 54 31 5 75 68 109 34 70 19 73 51 22 40 1.184 1.109 1.153 1.245 1. 182 .730 1.409 1.004 1.511 1. 211 1. 437 1.276 1.385 1.432 .931 1.356 1.004 1.021 1.228 1. 228 1.207 .682 1.295 .936 1.321 1.222 1.320 1.002 1. 309 1.398 .938 1.238 65 18 46 62 66 50 20 82 40 53 85 47 54 23 1.228 1.051 1.393 1. 423 1.302 1. 234 1.401 1.283 .953 1.449 1.339 1.332 1. 350 .923 1. 243 1.070 1.338 1. 360 1.300 1.200 1.375 1.266 .926 1.369 1.323 1.346 1.340 .831 1, 772 1. 216 1.201 Chauffeurs__________________________ Teamsters and drivers_______________ 484 82 .711 .785 .664 243.2 244.2 249. 4 253.9 244.9 228.7 .654 277. 1 279.8 292.0 287.8 299.2 249.3 52. 8 54. 1 Average, chauffeurs, etc________ 566 .722 .663 53.0 40 52 1.199 1.380 1.170 245.3 249.8 262.3 262.5 234.1 228.5 1. 294 242.2 253. 6 256.0 262.6 237. 7 222.9 40. 7 41.1 92 1.293 1. 234 40.9 38 41 39 .487 1.091 .868 .435 0) 0) 0) (i) (>) (') 1.034 0) (i) (>) (0 (') .837 248.6 250.1 253.5 251.5 251.5 242.5 48.0 43. 4 44.5 Average, building trades_______ (') (') (') 0) 0) (') 236.1 241.9 259. 5 262.8 208.3 176.6 40.0 40. 1 41.2 41. 40. 40. 40. 4 4 2 1 233.5 232.5 259.0 (') <‘> <‘ > 257.2 268. 2 271.1 235.8 241.8 258.2 251.0 249.0 259.4 218.0 233.4 234.5 248.0 262.8 259. 1 0) 0) (>) 275.1 257. 7 262. 6 235.5 254.1 0) 0) 0) 39. 5 40.8 40. 3 41. 8 40. 9 41. 6 40. 7 40. 6 41. 4 40.8 40.1 39. 9 40. 0 40. 4 40. 5 40.2 270.8 226. 7 247.5 241. 6 232. 1 247.4 292.4 267.3 248.3 253.0 244. 2 273. 2 242.3 192.9 219.9 210.6 210. 0 234.0 (') 214.2 304.7 237.4 215.4 214.3 206.1 257.3 245.3 196.4 211. 2 201. 3 209. 7 227.5 0) 211. 3 296.1 224.3 212.8 216. 5 204. 5 231.6 40 1 41. 2 40. 9 40.1 40. 6 40 3 40. 6 40. 0 40 1 40 1 40 6 40 4 40. 4 41.5 0) 0) 0) 0) (>) (>) (>) (') 0) 0) (i) (>) (>) (>) 0) <‘> (’) (0 <*> (L (!) 0) 0) 0) (>) 0) <‘> (') (>) (>) (>) 0) (i) 0) (1) 234.6 234.6 256.4 253.3 213.8 210.9 0) 239.5 309. 2 259.3 235.7 230. 2 221.8 278.5 270.2 230.9 249. 9 238.6 233. 8 256.9 (') 241.0 305.0 266.5 236.0 240.0 224. 2 274.3 289.5 253.4 249. 6 250.3 240. 0 268. 5 0) 252.2 340.5 266.4 248. 1 257.2 234.9 300.8 0) 261.4 245.7 214.8 (>) 0) 254. 5 346.6 269.0 251.6 257. 1 237. 2 291. 8 0) 262. 5 246.3 232. 4 214.6 230. 6 (>) 241. 1 193.4 219. 6 209. 5 232.3 40.4 Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers Qranite and stone trades Granite cutters________________________ Stone cutters_____________________ Average, granite and stone trades__________________________ M iscellaneous trades Laundry workers__________ ___________ Linemen_______________________________ Longshoremen_______________________ 1 N o data for 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1191 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T4BIE 5 —N U M B E R O F Q U O T A T IO N S I N 1933, A V E R A G E W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R , 1932 A N D 1933 A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1933, A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S O F H O U R L Y R A T E S F O R S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S — Continued Num- Average rate ber of of wages per hour quoTrade lions, M ay 1933 M ay 1932 M ay 1933 M ay 1931 M ay 1932 Average hours per week, M ay M ay 1933 1933 0) 252.7 260. 2 274.5 228.8 224.2 (*) 299.9 239.1 260. 2 0) 244.0 259.3 272.8 240.1 235.4 (>) 290.4 236. 2 250. 1 (') 239.1 237.2 253.9 218.3 219.2 0) 271.3 224.1 241.3 Index numbers of rates of wages per hour (1913=100) M ay 1929 M ay 1928 M ay 1930 Printing and publishing— book and job 45 $0. 515 $0. 509 .968 .988 88 68 1.162 1.063 52 1.307 1.216 1.137 69 1.251 32 1.279 1.191 1.321 48 1.371 .852 .796 137 141 1.147 1.088 .879 .911 108 Average, book and job---------------- (>) 247.5 251.5 263.2 228.0 219.9 (i) 289. 7 236.8 257.8 (') 244.8 250.1 257.1 224.6 216.8 0) 287.0 232. 7 253.9 (') 250.7 259.3 269.9 238.0 233.2 (') 294.8 240.1 259.9 44.6 44. 4 42.5 42.2 41.9 41.8 40.6 40.7 40.7 42.0 788 1.084 1.006 42.0 80 69 1. 164 1.283 1.114 206. 6 211.3 212.5 212.5 204.5 195.7 1.222 203.0 205.3 203.6 203.0 198.7 189.2 43.5 43.3 8 78 2. 149 1.206 2 . 129 138.5 124.1 130.4 132.2 134.0 116.0 1.110 213.8 217.4 216.7 220.0 214.2 197.1 42.5 43.6 7 68 2. 167 1.335 2.158 108. 1 103.2 109.5 117.2 117.2 110.9 1.210 205. £ 207.5 207.0 207.9 207.3 189. 3 42.3 43.3 61 63 1.233 1.380 1.094 198.4 201.7 205. 1 204. 7 209.7 186.0 1.211 190.8 196. 6 191.0 195.5 202. 5 177.7 43.5 43.4 40 38 1.347 1. 652 1.263 1. 478 44.0 41.9 124 115 1. 122 1.306 1. 028 224.9 228. 1 229.3 231.2 235.0 215.3 1. 24( 215.7 216. 1 218.7 222. 1 224.5 213.1 46.4 41.9 61 5 1.075 1. 227 201.8 201.6 203.9 190.4 1.004 191.1 200. 1. 16C 188.1 198.3 202. i 204.9 202.6 191.5 46.0 42.4 87 1. 231 1. 140 4,40f I. Ill 1.065 260.1 Printing and publishing— new spaper Compositors (hand): Machine operators, daywork: Machine operators, nightwork: Machine tenders (machinists): Photoengravers: Nightwork-------------------------------------Pressmen, web presses: Stereotypers: Average, newspaper-------------------- i N o data for 1913. (>) « 0) 0) 0) (') 0) 0) 0) (') 0) (0 ___ 43.8 262. 272. 273.1 241. 231. 43.1 2 Per 1,000 ems. Table 6 shows the percent of change in weekly wage rates in 1933 as compared with specified years. Comparing 1933 wage rates per full-time week with those of 1932, the changes noted in individual trades are as follows: The bakers’ wage rate shows a decrease of 15.7 percent. Of the 39 individual building trades, the average rates show 12 increases ranging from less than one tenth of 1 percent to 6.4 percent, and 27 show decreases ranging from seven tenths of 1 percent to 23.2 percent. The chauf feurs and teamsters’ rates decreased 6.7 percent and 16 percent, respectively. The granite cutters decreased 6.7 percent and the stone cutters 6.2 percent. The laundry workers decreased 10.7 per cent, the linemen decreased 5.4 percent and the longshoremen 3.8 percent. In the book and job printing trades all the occupations show decreases ranging from 1.1 percent to 12.4 percent. In the newspaper printing trades all occupations show decreases ranging from 4.3 percent to 10.1 percent. It will be noted that the average rates per full-time week in 1933 were generally lower than the rates in 1925 and in a few occupations were lower than in 1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1192 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 6 .— P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E I N R A T E S O F W A G E S P E R F U L L -T I M E W E E K I N 1933 A S C O M P A R E D W I T H S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S Percent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( —) in rates of wages per full-time week in 1933 as compared with— Trade and occupation 1907 1913 1917 1921 1925 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 B a k e r y tr a d e s Bakers ___ __ _ _______ +153.9 +116.0 +89.2 -1 3 .1 -1 7 .4 -1 5 .1 -17. -1 6 .0 -1 3 .9 -1 5 .7 B u ild in g tra d es Asbestos workers.. ________________ +88.6 +7.1 - 4 .7 -1 5 .5 -1 8 .6 -1 9 .3 -1 8 .5 P) P) Bricklayers: Building. _ __________ ______ +93. 1 +86. 5 +75. ‘ + 9.3 -11.4 -1 8 .8 —18. ‘ —18.4 -1 7 .3 Sewer, tunnel, and caisson.. +56. i +51.8 + 2.5 -1 6 .1 -2 6 .6 -2 0 .3 -1 6 .9 -2 3 .0 « Building labor group: Building laborers___________ . . . +107.9 +94.3 +74.] - 7 . 1 - 8 .7 -1 8 .0 -1 8 .4 -2 1 .7 -1 8 .3 Hod carriers _________ . . . +92.8 +87. i +60.5 -2 0 .6 —24. i -3 2 .8 -3 1 .5 -3 3 .1 -3 2 . Plasterers’ laborers____ ______ _ + 100. f +84.1 +65.7 -1 4 .7 -23.1 -2 6 .5 -2 6 .8 -2 8 .9 -2 7 .0 Plumbers’ laborers______ ______ - 3 .0 -1 4 .1 -1 4 .2 -2 0 .7 -1 3 .9 -1 3 .5 P) P) P) Carpenter group: General carpenters___ ______ . . . +105. 0 +88. i +64.0 -3 .4 -1 4 .6 -2 2 . 6 -2 4 .0 -2 4 .3 -2 3 .6 Millwrights*(carpenters). . _____ +44.5 -1 3 . 2 -1 7 .2 -2 3 .6 -1 9 .8 -2 3 .3 -26.1 0) P) Parquetry-floor layers (carpenters) . . . . __ ______________ (1) +49.8 +28.6 -2 7 .6 -2 5 .7 -3 2 .1 -3 4 .0 -3 3 .9 -34 .1 Ship carpenters___ _. ___ +53.6 +2.8 +6.2 +5. 1 -15. 1 -2 8 .5 -2 5 .6 p) P) Wharf and bridge carpenters.. . +95 .4 +14.1 -4 .4 -1 3 .8 -1 3 .0 -1 3 .0 -1 3 .4 P) P) Cement finishers +105. 8 +90.9 +79.6 +5.4 - 6 .4 -1 4 .3 -1 4 .4 -1 8 .3 -1 7 .0 Composition roofers_______ __ _____ P) P) +106 .4 + 11.3 - 3 .8 -1 5 .8 -1 6 .9 -1 4 .9 -1 6 .5 Composition roofers’ helpers . . +55.6 -8 .3 -15. 6 -2 0 .2 -1 8 .5 -1 8 .5 -1 2 .5 0) P) Elevator constructors. +77.3 + 6.3 - 8 .9 -1 7 .4 -1 7 .3 -1 8 .3 -17.1 P) P) Elevator constructors’ helpers _ . +99.2 + 6 .6 - 7 .4 -1 8 .1 -1 7 .0 -1 7 .6 -1 6 .7 P) P) Engineers, portable and hoisting____ +90.3 +79.4 +11.5 - 2 .9 -1 5 .0 -1 4 .9 -2 0 . 2 -2 0 .1 0) Glaziers____ __ . ... +14.6 - 7 .5 -1 5 .6 -1 6 . 1 -1 6 .2 -1 5 .9 0) P> P) Inside wiremen . . . _ __ ______ _ _ +137. 5 +113.1 +90.5 +8 .9 - 5 .3 -1 4 .0 -1 5 .3 -1 4 .3 -1 4 .7 Inside wiremen, fixture hangers _ _ . . . +69.2 +48.1 -1 2 .9 -2 0 .3 -2 4 .8 -2 6 .3 -2 6 .1 -2 6 .7 P> Lathers___ . ..... ... .. +95.9 +80. 1 + 4 .3 -1 4 .7 -1 9 .1 -1 8 .0 -1 6 .5 -1 7 .0 P> Marble setters . ____ . . . . +107. 9 +90.1 +86.1 +19.3 + .9 -1 2 .0 -1 7 .9 -1 3 .4 -1 2 .4 Marble setters’ helpers . _ P) +113.0 +99.4 - 1 . 0 - 4 .2 -1 4 .0 -1 8 .9 -1 3 .6 -1 0 .0 Mosaic and terrazzo workers. _____ +95.4 +14.9 -7 .1 -1 6 . 2 -2 0 .2 -1 8 .7 -1 8 .0 P) P) Painters: Building.. ___________ _ ______ +151.8 +119.6 +89.5 + 8.4 - 5 .8 -1 1 .9 -1 1 .5 -1 6 .3 -1 6 .6 Fresco painters___ __________ _ +84.2 +58.9 - 3 .5 -1 0 .0 -1 3 .5 -1 5 .2 -2 1 .5 -2 5 .3 (!) Sign painters.. _ _________ . +92.5 +81.6 - . 5 -1 5 .9 -1 8 .0 -1 7 .4 -1 6 .9 -1 5 .6 P) Plasterers . . . ________ . _____ _ +88.4 +81.2 +71.4 + 2.9 -1 5 .9 -1 9 .9 -1 8 .3 -2 0 .5 -2 0 .8 Plumbers and gas fitters_______ ._ + 110.0 +90.1 +80.3 + 7 .0 - 6 .2 -1 6 .4 -1 6 .2 -1 4 .1 -1 4 .6 Sheet-metal workers____ . . . . +132. 4 +102. 7 +83.3 + 2.8 - 9 .3 -1 5 .5 -1 8 .5 -1 8 . 7 -1 9 .0 Slate and tile roofers +93.8 +10.0 -1 0 .8 -1 7 .7 -1 7 .7 -1 5 .7 -1 3 .1 0) P) Steam and sprinkler fitters.. +113.9 + 8 7 .0 + 7 1 .9 + 1 2 .2 - 9 . 5 - 1 9 .6 - 1 9 .7 - 1 9 .7 - 1 9 .8 Steam and sprinkler fitters’ helpers. _ +212. 5 +164. 7 +135. 6 + 2 2 .6 - 1 . 4 -1 2 . 5 -1 1 . 2 - 1 3 .4 - 1 4 .8 Stonemasons. . . . ... + 113.2 + 101.7 Structural-iron workers + 115.2 + 9 3 .7 Structural-iron workers, finishers____ + 9 8 .9 P) Tile layers______________________ _ + 8 4 .2 (0 Tile layers’ helpers. . . _______ __ +114.6 p) + 8 4 .6 + 7 7 .6 + 8 3 .4 + 7 3 .7 +98. 5 + 5 .6 - 1 1 .0 - 2 1 .2 + 6 .6 - 4 . 1 - 1 6 .8 + 8 .4 + 1 . 1 - 1 3 .7 + 1 6 .0 - 7 . 2 - 1 5 .2 - 4 . 4 - 1 1 .7 - 2 1 .0 - 2 0 .7 - 1 6 .5 - 1 7 .0 - 1 5 .9 - 1 9 .5 - 1 8 .2 - 1 7 .8 - 1 8 .8 - 1 5 .2 - 2 2 .2 - 1 7 .4 - 1 7 .9 - 1 8 .1 - 1 4 .9 - 1 9 .8 - 2 .3 -.7 + 6 .4 - 2 .2 -1 4 . 6 -9 . 2 + 2 .8 - 5 .7 - 7 .2 -1 7 .3 - 9 .0 + 5 .5 +. 1 + 3 .7 - 5 .1 - 9 .4 - 8 .0 -1 2 .4 + .9 -7 . 9 -2 3 .2 - 5 .8 - 2 .8 +. 6 - 7 .5 + .9 + 1.2 -4 . 7 - 2 .9 +. 5 - 2 .9 - 2 .0 -1 .8 -2 . 9 —5. 9 — 1. 5 + .8 (2) -6 .5 Chauffeurs and teamsters and drivers Chauffeurs _ . ______ . . . . . . Teamsters and drivers _______ _ „ p) p) + 8 3 .7 + 6 8 .3 + 5 .3 + 116.5 + 9 2 .7 + 8 .5 - 4 .6 - 8 .7 - 7 .8 - 8 .0 - 9 .9 - 6 . 7 - 2 . 9 - 1 2 .4 - 1 2 .5 - 1 6 .5 - 1 7 .6 - 1 6 .0 Cranite and stone trades Granite cutters Stone cutters.. . . . . . . .. ... +128. 3 +110.2 + 9 2 .9 ... _ + 112.2 +104. 3 +85.4 +9.1 - 2 . 8 -1 4 . 1 -1 5 .4 -1 5 .0 -1 4 .2 - 4 . 3 - 7 .0 -1 4 .6 -1 8 .3 -1 6 .3 -1 6 .6 - 6 .7 M iscellaneous Laundry w orkers.. Linemen .... Longshoremen .. . . . . . . . ____ . P) P) P) +73.8 + 4.7 - 2 .0 - 2 .7 P) + 3.4 + 2.9 - 2 .7 P) P) +83.2 +54.0 + 1 .2 - 1 .8 - 2 .9 - 5 .0 - 9 .2 - 9 .5 -1 0 .7 - 5 .0 -1 1 . 2 -1 0 .9 - 5 .4 - 3 .5 - 4 .7 - 4 .3 - 3 .8 P rinting and publishing— book and job Bindery women______________ ____ Bookbinders____ . . . Compositors (hand). . . . . . . Electro typers. ... . . . . . _ Machine operators.. _ ________ _ Machine tenders (m ach in ists).___ Photoengravers . . . . . ______ Press assistants and feeders___________ 1 N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (O +109. 1 P) +136. 4 +120. 6 +103. 8 +135. 7 + 109. 4 +95.1 +152. 7 +127. 4 +101. 0 +107.8 - 2 .0 - 3 .9 + 6 .2 + . 1 + 1 .5 - 3 .9 + 5 .6 - 6 .0 - 4 .6 - 5 .3 - 3 .4 - 4 .3 - 8 .8 - 9 .3 - 8 .7 -1 0 .6 - 7 .9 - 7 .2 - 2 .5 - 5 .6 - 6 . 1 - 2 . 5 -1 2 .2 -1 2 .3 -1 1 .7 -1 1 .9 -1 2 .9 -1 2 .4 + 9 1 .0 + 8 3 .2 + 3 .1 - 2 . 3 - 7 . 7 - 9 . 1 - 1 2 .9 - 9 . 3 -1 3 . 6 + 9 0 .4 + 8 3 .8 + 4 .1 - 1 . 6 - 4 . 4 - 5 . 8 - 1 1 .2 - 7 . 9 - 1 1 .9 + 9 8 .1 + 1 8 .7 + 6 .1 - 7 . 3 - 8 . 6 - 8 . 7 - 8 . 3 —6.4 P) +155.1 +128.5 +107. 4 - . 5 - 1 1 .0 -13.41 - 1 4 .2 - 1 5 .7 - 1 7 .1 - 1 . 1 P) (0 ! Less than one tenth of 1 percent increase. 1193 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 6 .— P E R C E N T OP C H A N G E I N R A T E S OF W A G E S P E R F U L L -T I M E W E E K IN 1933 A S C O M P A R E D W I T H S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S — Continued Percent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( —) in rates of wages per full-time week in 1933 as compared with— Trade and occupation 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1921 1925 +113.8 + 8 8 .8 + 7 8 .4 +128.9 +109. 7 + 9 2 .0 -2 .2 - 3 .9 - 9 . 3 - 1 1 .8 - 1 3 .2 - 1 4 .5 - 1 4 .2 - 3 . 7 - 7 . 6 - 1 0 .5 — 12. 0 —12. 6 —12. 7 —6. 4 +105.4 + 8 4 .3 + 9 3 .9 + 8 0 .7 + 7 6 .2 + 7 4 .6 + 5 .7 + 5 .4 - 4 . 6 - 9 . 7 - 1 1 .2 - 1 1 .9 - 1 2 .0 - 6 . 6 - 3 . 6 - 1 0 .3 - 1 1 .0 - 1 0 .8 —10. 5 —5. 2 +105. 0 + 8 7 .4 + 9 4 .0 + 8 1 .8 + 7 8 .6 + 7 .6 + 7 4 .3 + 7 .0 - 4 . 4 - 1 0 .8 - 1 2 .2 - 1 1 .8 - 1 3 .5 - 8 . 6 - 3 . 8 - 1 1 .2 - 1 2 .0 - 1 1 .8 — 12. 2 —6. 6 - 1 .1 - 1 .2 - 5 . 2 - 1 1 .0 - 1 2 .1 - 1 3 .1 - 1 3 .2 - 8 . 9 - 5 . 6 - 1 1 .5 - 1 3 .6 —11. 2 — 12. 5 —6. 5 1907 1913 1917 Printin g and publishing—book and job— C ontinued Pressmen, cylinder _ Pressmen, platen . __ _____ P rinting and publishing— newspaper Compositors (hand): Nightwork----- ------- ---------------Machine operators: Nightwork. _ ----------- -----------Machine tenders (machinists): Nightw ork., __ __ --------------- - - Photoengravers: Nightwork. _ _ _ ------- ---------------- Pressmen, web presses: 0) (9 0) (') + 76.1 + 7 1 .9 + 6 8 .7 + 6 5 .5 (*) (') - 6 .3 - 6 .1 - 9 . 6 — 10.1 + 9 6 .2 + 1 9 .4 + 7 .2 +101.7 + 2 0 .9 + 6 .9 -5 .6 -5 .7 - 6 .3 -6 .6 -5 .7 -8 .9 + 1 .9 + 5 .5 - 5 .5 -2 .4 -6 .6 -3 .0 - 7 .1 - 7 .8 - 7 .5 —4. 0 —5. 4 —4. 3 +137.1 + 111.2 +102. 4 + 1 4 .7 Nightwork------------------------------------- +129.1 +118.1 +111.4 +19.1 Stereotypers: +110.3 + 8 4 .2 + 7 5 .7 + 8 .6 Nightwork _ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ +105. 4 +87. 1 + 7 9 .3 + 9 .5 + •4 - 2 . 9 - .9 + 1 .9 - 6 .2 - 7 .1 - 7 .1 - 7 .5 —5. 2 —6. 3 —6. 7 —6. 3 i Not reported. Employment and Wages in Retail Stores HE United States Bureau of the Census has recently issued a study dealing with various phases of employment and wage costs in the retail industry, covering store operations for the calendar year 1929. The study is in five parts, of which the first deals with the different kinds of retail employees and of stores in which they are employed, the second discusses the wage costs in retail stores and the wide variations in this respect between different kinds of stores, the third treats of the seasonal variations of retail employment, the fourth deals with average sales per employee, and the fifth compares the wage costs of chains and independent establishments. T Number of Retail Workers and Where They are Employed T h e census showed that in 1929 retail stores employed 3,833,581 full-time workers, which was 64 percent of the entire force; 676,559 part-time employees (11 percent), and 1,510,607 active, proprietors engaged in the operation of their own stores. This total of 6,020,747 persons was more than 12 percent of the whole number of gainfully employed persons, and nearly 5 percent of the total population of the United States. The percentage distribution of these workers ac cording to the kind of retail selling in which they were engaged was as follows: Food--------------------------General merchandise _ Apparel______________ Lumber and building. General stores------------ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19. 14. 8. 4. 4. 79 54 37 74 31 Automotive--------------------------------- 15. 43 Restaurants------------------------------- r 10. 41 Furniture and household appli 5. 37 ances__________________________ Miscellaneous-------------------- --------- 17. 04 1194 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Geographically, nearly two thirds of all retail workers were found in 11 States, each of which had a total of more than 150,000 such employees. New York led with a total of 760,284, Pennsylvania came next with 506,075, Illinois was third with 442,192, California fourth with 374,619, and Ohio fifth with 349,879. Indiana, with 162,266, stood lowest in the list. Listed as retail workers are a number of employees engaged not in selling, but in distributing, servicing, preparing material, or some other ancilliary process. Thus the automotive group includes a large number of mechanics engaged in repairing and servicing autos, the restaurants and bakery goods stores class cooks as retail employees, dealers in household appliances have workers to install and service all or a part of the merchandise sold, etc. Salaries and Wages of Retail Employees S a l a r i e s and wages, which amounted to $10.57 per $100 of total sales, were the largest single item of expense in the operating costs of retail stores. The reported pay roll included compensation paid to salaried executives, to buyers, to office employees, to salespeople, and to delivery and service employees, but did not include compensation for active proprietor-owners in the case of unin corporated proprietorships. Since these proprietors form an active part of the working force, their inclusion seemed essential to any accurate calculation of labor costs. The true measure of their compensation is, of course, the net earnings of the business, but since this item was not reported, it was determined to calculate their salaries at the wage value, i.e., the av erage salary paid to full-time employees in the same kind of business. Adding the amount thus calculated to the annual pay roll reported gave a total wage cost for 1929 of $7,012,560,329, which is equivalent to $14.28 per $100 of sales. The average annual compensation for retail employment in the United States was $1,312 for full-timers and $239 for part-timers. The average full-time compensation varied with the kind of business and with the geographical location, as shown in table 1. T able 1.—A V E R A G E F U L L -T I M E S A L A R IE S OF E M P L O Y E E S C L A S S IF IE D B Y B U S I N E SS G R O U P A N D Classification Lines handled: Food____ ________ __________ General stores __, _ __ General merchandise Automotive- ___________ __________ Apparel______________________ _ Other retail stores______ _ ____ Furniture and household appliances Restaurants and eating places Lumber and building-, _ . _ . . . G E O G R A P H IC Aver age full time salary D IV IS IO N Classification Aver age full time salary Geographic division: $1, 285 1,025 1,125 1,460 1,480 1,406 1,592 909 1,630 W est South Central- _ Mountain - ___ Pacific _______ $1,312 1,420 1,377 1,193 1,144 1,073 1,140 1,301 1,425 In the group distribution it will be noticed that the lumber and building, and the furniture and household groups pay considerably larger average annual salaries than any of the others, that the auto motive and apparel groups, with nearly the same average, stand next, and that the restaurants and eating places have by far the lowest https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1195 W AGES AND HOURS OP LABOR average. From the geographical standpoint, the Pacific and the Middle Atlantic groups lead, the East North Central comes next, while the New England and the Mountain groups have nearly the same average, and the other groups lag considerably behind. These differences are due to a number of causes, among which are men tioned variations in the cost of living, and the presence in many cities of dominant industries which set the general scale of wages, and with which retail stores must compete for desirable employees. The busi ness group differences are a more complicated matter, and are treated more fully under the subject of wage costs. W age Costs in Different Kinds of Retail Business V a r i a t i o n s in wage costs, from the national average of 14.28 percent, result from a number of contributing factors, many of which are capable of analysis. The necessity in many kinds of business for the conversion of certain commodities into another form before sale, or the further processing of materials, is responsible for increases in personnel with a resulting increase in wage costs. Another fac tor is the inauguration of customer services, such as delivery, credit, etc., from which there is no direct return in income. A third reason for the high wage costs is the necessity in certain kinds of stores for a highly trained selling organization, such as millinery stores, jewelry stores, and others, requiring salespeople with special qualifications, who necessarily receive higher than average salaries. When the stores are grouped according to their wage ratios, it is found that there are 16 kinds of business in which the total wage cost, as reported, formed less than 10 percent of the total sales. This group includes 265,085 stores, and accounts for nearly 28 percent of the total retail business of the country. In 42 other kinds of busi ness, wage costs ranged from 10 to 15 percent of sales, with a total sales volume of more than $20,000,000,000 in 557,393 stores. “ These two groups of 58 kinds of stores, all with an average wage ratio under 15 percent of sales, contained 822,478 stores whose sales represented nearly 70 percent of the total reported sales of all retail stores in operation in 1929.” The remaining businesses are divided into five groups, with wage ratios, respectively, of 15 to 20 percent, 20 to 25 percent, 25 to 30 percent, 30 to 35 percent, and in the final group, of over 35 percent. Table 2 shows the kinds of stores in the two lowest cost groups, with data as to number of workers, ratio of wage costs to sales, and amount of total sales: T able 2.—N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D W A G E C O S T I N R E L A T I O N T O S A L E S IN S T O R E S W I T H W A G E R A T IO OF U N D E R 10 A N D OF 10 T O 15 P E R C E N T , B Y K I N D OF B U S IN E S S 7 ^ Average wage ratios under 10 percent K ind of business Total retail Total workers, wage including cost full-time Number (per and part- cent of of stores time em total ployees and sales) proprietors Total sales 91,888 276,939 9. 78 $3,025, 304, 722 General stores—groceries with apparel-----------------------------General stores—groceries with dry goods-------------------------General stores—groceries with general merchandise--------- 5,426 40,159 58,504 12,332 85, 676 161,312 9. 92 9.92 8. 74 111,074,663 /13, 226, 435 1,746,442,908 General merchandise stores (with food)---------------------------- 31 2,182 35,877 11,876 8.64 9. 62 447,023, 641 139,404,484 Grocery stores with meats—.........— ......... ....... ........... ........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1196 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 2 .— N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D W A G E C O S T I N R E L A T I O N T O S A L E S I N S T O R E S W I T H W A G E R A T IO OF U N D E R 10 A N D OF 10 T O 15 P E R C E N T , B Y K IN D OF B U S IN E S S — Continued Average wage ratios under 10 percent— Continued Total retail Total workers, wage including cost Number full-time (per of stores and partcent of time em ployees and total sales) proprietors K ind of business Total sales Automobile sales rooms__ _______ ___ __ _________ Automobile dealers with farm implements. - _________ 40, 797 1,407 380, 820 8,162 9.58 9. 25 $6,153, 216, 567 113,363i 249 Apparel (mail-order houses) __ __ . _______________ . . Shoe stores—m en’s _________ _ _________________ . . . ___ 9 1,402 121 4, 271 6. 52 9.65 2,120, 818 61, 507, 370 Farm implement dealers with hay, grain, and feed .. . Feed stores... . . . . . ___ Fertilizer stores. ____ . . . Coal and feed stores. _ ____ . . ___________ _ 673 9, 953 1,213 4,093 2, 784 29, 238 2, 325 18,474 6.51 6.58 7.99 7.62 46, 818, 230 480, 305, 303 21, 669,045 287, 706, 575 Grain elevators (at retail). . Feed stores with groceries... 221 7,127 812 19,126 4.98 8. 21 17,494, 757 205, 235, 703 265, 085 1, 050,145 9. 32 13, 571,914,470 __________ ____ __ Total____. . . ____________ _____. . . Average wage ratios 10 to 15 percent Dairy product stores___________________________________ Eggs and poultry dealers______________________________ Delicatessen stores_____________________________________ Grocery stores without meats_________________________ Meat markets with groceries__________________________ M eat markets_____________ _____________________________ Farm products stores__________________________________ General food stores_____________________________ _____ 4, 488 3, 258 11,166 191,876 23,661 43, 788 974 686 14,806 7,098 23, 396 369,888 82,078 113,407 1,785 1, 509 11. 52 10. 64 11.58 10. 92 10.74 12.00 14. 49 14. 87 $165,965, 016 70,858,063 194,820, 089 3,449,129,144 878, 357,345 1, 253, 259,544 8, 942,183 8, 598,165 Department stores with food__________________________ Department stores without food_______________________ Dry-goods stores_______________________________________ Piece-goods stores_______________________________________ General merchandise stores without food______________ Arm y and N avy goods stores__________________________ Variety, 5-and-10, and to-a-dollar stores_______________ 460 3,730 24, 676 774 9,849 724 12,110 118,188 391, 494 91,302 1,891 51, 094 2,032 170,960 14. 85 15.00 13. 08 11. 93 11.49 12.47 11.13 939, 411, 294 2,963,662, 603 641,385, 596 21, 822, 252 363,887, 420 19, 783,037 904,147,495 Used-car dealers________________________________________ Filling stations— gas and oil____________________________ Filling stations with tires and accessories______________ Boat dealers (retail only)_______________________________ 3,097 52,727 26, 775 219 11,058 106, 922 70,143 807 11. 78 14. 72 14. 50 10.93 140,932,126 869, 081, 365 516,916, 621 10,741,113 M e n ’s and boys’ clothing stores________________ _______ M e n ’s and boys’ hat stores____________________________ M e n ’s furnishings stores_______________________________ M e n ’s clothing and furnishings stores_________________ Family clothing stores__________________________________ W om en’s ready-to-wear stores_________________________ Blouse shops____________________________________________ Corset and lingerie shops_______________________________ Knit goods shops______________ _________________________ Children’s specialty shops_____________________________ Infants’ wear shops___________ _________________________ Shoe stores— women’s___________________________________ Fam ily shoe stores______________ _______________________ 3, 386 1,566 9,196 14,049 10,551 18, 253 11 2,390 464 1,019 290 1,666 21,191 14,138 5,042 22,624 69,819 62, 297 133,427 42 6,937 1,738 2,985 761 11,507 69, 241 12.94 14. 57 14. 43 14.16 14.20 14. 25 14.32 14. 67 13.17 12. 75 13. 53 12.74 14. 33 176,418, 581 43, 744, 215 212,032,317 760, 527,660 552, 353, 340 1,087, 600, 723 313,362 49, 555,828 11,347, 587 23,982,252 5,983,019 130, 680,659 614, 640,960 Furniture and undertaker______________________________ Furniture and hardware stores__________ _______________ Lumber and building material dealers_________________ Lumber and hardware dealers__________________________ 3,590 3, 672 16,911 6,139 11,889 13,908 116, 803 35, 615 14.68 12.81 12.54 11.33 103,162,762 134, 258, 767 1,471, 744,992 457, 659, 775 Farm implements, machinery, and equipment dealers. Hardware and farm implement stores__________________ Farmers’ supply stores_________________________________ Coal and wood yards___________________________________ Sporting goods stores with toys and stationery________ Athletic and playground equipment___________________ 4,980 6,589 306 15, 444 675 17 15, 663 26,809 1,423 95,492 2,426 70 10. 25 11.34 10. 39 13. 11 14. 40 14. 35 174,975,432 296, 714,129 15, 377,055 929,829, 335 19,893, 517 682, 500 Total__________________________________ _____ ______ 557, 393 2, 350, 514 12.92 20, 695,179,238 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1197 Ten of the sixteen kinds of business in the first group are stores which are normally found only in small cities, in villages, and in rural areas. The unit of sale is relatively large, especially in those stores selling feed, fertilizer, and other farm supplies and equipment. Service is limited. The more favorable cost of living and the general low level of wages contribute to the very low expense ratios found generally in the sixteen kinds of stores included in this group. Mail-order houses selling general merchandise and mail-order apparel houses also show low wage costs. No selling personnel is necessary and there is little delivery cost. This classification includes only catalog business. Retail stores operated by some of the mail-order houses are classified as department stores. Combination stores (grocery stores with meats) show a low average wage cost which reflects the limited service characteristic of chain-store operation in this field. Chains in the grocery field have developed the combination store either entirely or in part, and it is claimed that chains are largely responsible for this particular kind of food store. (This is not true, however, of the combination meat market with groceries which will be discussed later.) Delivery service usually is held to a minimum and little or no credit is extended. The number of part-time employees reported by combination stores indicates that these organi zations long ago realized the advantage to be obtained from employing parttime salespeople to cover those hours of the day and particularly those days of the week when the selling load is at its peak. All of these factors have contributed to bringing about a low average for the grocery stores carrying fresh meats. The general merchandise stores (with food), somewhat resembling the country general stores except in the proportion of foods sold, are also low in wage costs. Their operation is kept as simple as possible, and almost the entire personnel is engaged directly in the sale of merchandise. The fact that a majority of these stores are proprietorships with the proprietors actively engaged in the business and are small enough to be closely supervised has a tendency to reduce wage costs. The businesses in these and in the succeeding groups are consid ered in detail with a view to finding the causes for differences in the cost of selling. Usually, a low cost of selling means either that little display and little service is necessary or that the unit of sale is so large that it can absorb a considerable addition to the costs of selling, in the way of specialized workers or additional services, without being expen sive to handle. Seasonal Employment V a r ia t io n s of employment are not so marked in retail selling as in some of the industrial occupations. “ For the United States as a whole the extreme variation between the year’s peak in December and April, which is the lowest season, is only 7 percent.” In many kinds of business the variation exceeds this, but since the maximum of employment in one line may coincide with the minimum in another, the employment curve tends to level off. The food and the restaurant group show a variation of only 3 percent during the year, and the automotive group of only 4 percent, while general merchandise has a range of 25 percent. Distribution of Employees by Sex T h e retail census provided for the first time a basis for segregating according to sex those engaged in retail selling. During 1929 the average total number so engaged was 6,020,747, of whom 4,441,547 were men and 1,579,200 were women. These figures include active proprietor-owners and both full-time and part-time employees. The relative number of men and women varied widely among these groups, as well as between different businesses. Table 3 shows the sex dis tribution by kinds of business, and also by the status of the workers considered. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1198 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 — P R O P O R T IO N O F M E N A N D W O M E N I N L A B O R F O R C E O F R E T A I L ST O R E S Percent men and women form of— Total em ployees (full-time and parttime) Kind of lines M en Part-time employees (included in total column) Proprietors and firm members (not on pay roll) Total retail workers (proprie tors, full-time and part-time employees) M en W om W om W om M en M en Number en en en Food_____________________________ General stores___________________ General merchandise____________ Automotive______________________ Apparel__________________________ Furniture and household________ Restaurants and eating places___ Lumber and building____________ Other retail stores________________ Second hand stores_______________ 79 70 31 93 49 80 55 91 80 90 21 30 69 7 51 20 45 9 20 10 75 62 20 92 52 77 46 95 81 90 25 38 80 8 48 23 54 5 19 10 92 92 85 97 79 92 82 96 92 95 8 1,004,829 8 208, 470 15 300, 758 3 874, 475 21 278, 718 8 266,007 18 386,414 4 263,126 8 827, 202 31, 548 Total_______________________ 68 32 63 37 91 9 4,441,547 5 Women Per cent Number Per cent 22 5 7 20 6 6 9 6 18 1 186, 879 50, 850 574, 839 54, 302 225,025 57, 457 240, 310 22, 535 164, 392 2, 611 12 3 37 3 14 4 15 2 10 (') 100 1,579,200 100 . 1 Less than 1 percent. It will be noticed that women form nearly 70 percent of the total number of employees in the general merchandise group, 51 percent in the apparel group, and 45 percent in restaurants and eating places, but that there is no other group in which they constitute as much as one third, although in general stores they reach 30 percent. They are relatively more numerous among the part-time employees, though even here they form but 37 percent of the total number employed, while in the group of proprietors and firm members, not on the pay roll, they are only 9 percent against the men’s 91 percent. Comparative W age Costs of Chains and Independent Stores A b r i e f comparison is made between the wage costs of chains and independent stores in five lines of business. Table 4 shows the figures on this point: T able 4 . — C O M P A R A T I V E W A G E C O S T S I N C H A IN S A N D I N D E P E N D E N T ST O R E S Average wage costs, percent of sales K ind of business M en ’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores Grocery stores (without meats)__________________ Combination stores— groceries and meats_______ Filling stations___________________________________ Drug stores _ ._____ _____________________ 1 Includes sectional and national chains only. 2 Includes single-store, 2-store, and 3-store independents. This comparison bears out the impression widely held that the wage costs of chains are lower in many cases than the wage costs of independents, but it does not necessarily follow that the chains pay lower salaries or wages than the inde pendents. Because of the many additional factors which may have a bearing on wage ratios it is unsafe to base such a conclusion on wage costs alone, and certainly census material provides no basis for such an interpretation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1199 The more effective use of part-timers and the more systematic selection and training of the selling force are factors which must come in for their proper share of attention. Unquestionably each presents a practical method for reducing wage costs through improved selling effectiveness. Customer services are also a factor if by their addition or elimination the expenses are affected proportionately. No census data are available on this subject. However, it is well known that in many fields, in which the chains have shown extensive development, these multiunit organizations have reduced service to a minimum. Obviously, nonselling employees are also reduced to a minimum if service operations are curtailed. Wage-Rate Changes in American Industries Manufacturing Industries HE following table presents information concerning wage-rate adjustments occurring between August 15 and September 15, 1933, as shown by reports received from manufacturing establish ments supplying employment data to this Bureau. Increases in wage rates averaging 21 percent and affecting 358,224 employees were reported by 1,937 of the 18,330 manufacturing estab lishments surveyed in September. Ninety-five establishments in the boot-and-shoe industry reported increases in wage rates affecting 55,538 workers, 205 establishments in the sawmill industry reported increases affecting 37,829 employees, 84 men’s clothing establishments reported increases affecting 16,165 workers, and 77 paper and pulp mills reported increases affecting 20,860 workers. One hundred and three foundry and machine shops reported wage-rate increases affect ing 17,864 workers, 41 automobile plants reported increases in wage rates to 15,776 workers, and 24 firms in the electrical-machinery group reported changes in wage rates affecting 13,496 employees. Increases in rates each affecting slightly more than 9,000 workers were reported in the iron and steel, glass, furniture, and cigar and cigarette industries. These changes in wage rates, as pointed out in connection with the changes reported last month affecting over 1,100,000 workers, do not necessarily represent an increase in average weekly earnings of employees, but they do represent a change in the hourly rates of pay whereby the worker receives as much pay for the shorter work week as he had received previously for longer hours at a lower rate. In a number of instances the increases in wage rates represent a restoration of wage cuts previously reported. Of the 18,330 manufacturing establishments included in the Sep tember survey, 16,388 establishments, or 89.4 percent of the total, reported no change in wage rates over the month interval. The 3,004,326 employees not affected by changes in wage rates consti tuted 89.3 percent of the total number of employees covered by the September trend-of-employment survey of manufacturing industries. Only five manufacturing establishments reported wage-rate de creases. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1200 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 1.— W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S I N M A N U F A C T U R IN G I N D U S T R I E S D U R I N G M O N T H E N D I N G S E P T E M B E R 15, 1933 Industry All manufacturing industries.-. Percent of total__________ Estab lish ments report ing 18,330 3, 362, 727 100. 0 100.0 Food and kindred products: B aking.._______ ____________ Beverages__________________ Butter______________________ Confectionery______________ Flour_______________________ Ice cream________ ________ _ Slaughtering and meat packing___________________ Sugar, beet_____ _ . ___ Sugar refining, cane. ______ Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpets and rugs........ .. Cotton goods___________ Cotton small wares____ Dyeing and finishing textiles........ ................... Hats, fur-felt_________ . K nit goo ds...................... Silk and rayon goo d s... Woolen and worsted goods_____ _____ ______ Wearing apparel: Clothing, m en’s________ Clothing, women’s____ Corsets and allied garments_______ ________ M en ’s furn ish in gs.___ M illinery______________ Shirts and collars______ Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_____________________ Cast-iron pipe______________ Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools____________ Forgings, iron and steel___ Hardware__________________ Iron and steel______________ Plumbers’ supplies_________ Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings___ ______ _________ Stoves_____________________ Structural and ornamental metalwork_______________ Tin cans and other tinware_________ __ _______ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, flies, and s a w s ) ..._____________ Wire w o r k ______ _________ Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural im plem ents.. . Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines_________________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies___ . . Engines, turbines, tractors, and waterwheels_________ 1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of establish ments reporting— Total number of em ployees Number of employees having— No Wage- Wagewagerate rate in rate de changes creases creases No wagerate changes Wagerate in creases Wagerate de creases 89.3 358,224 10.7 0) 68,432 23,729 5,420 36,867 15,787 13, 667 2 660 2,681 517 4,276 1, 788 269 109,430 4,988 7,611 3, 595 3,095 909 6 16, 730 309’ 671 11,112 2,000 2, 416 622 18 5 34,760 6,862 114' 494 56i 198 5,893 1,450 16, 388 89.4 1 ,9 3 7 10. 6 5 3,004,326 0) 995 394 306 305 420 371 71,092 26,429 5,937 41,143 17,575 13,936 948 375 281 266 385 357 47 18 25 39 35 14 244 63 12 113, 025 8, 083 8i 520 229 29 11 34 1 28 683 114 18,730 312,087 l b 734 23 672 108 153 34 454 240 34,760 6,862 120,387 57,648 153 34 436 235 243 76,715 210 33 67,865 8,850 405 527 74,200 32,332 321 425 84 102 58,035 26, 743 16,165 5, 589 34 80 147 117 6,111 7,542 10,970 17; 566 26 74 138 110 8 6 9 7 5, 222 7,257 9' 029 16,775 889 285 1, 941 791 72 41 12,012 6,175 67 34 5 7 10, 709 5,566 1, 303 609 129 64 107 207 71 10,440 7, 716 30,857 261,961 9, 569 114 50 94 193 61 15 14 13 14 10 9,428 6,529 28,805 252,403 8,258 3,012 1,187 2, 052 9, 558 1, 311 98 157 18, 263 24,927 83 134 15 23 15, 505 20,915 2 758 192 16,676 164 28 14,610 2,066 61 11,135 57 4 10,601 534 127 70 8,709 7,755 120 67 7 3 7,684 7,600 1, 025 155 77 8,632 64 13 7,277 1,355 15 5 11 1 4 ,0 12 36 13,519 36 288 109,846 264 24 96,350 13,496 89 20,401 80 9 15, 786 4,615 13,519 177 19 1201 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1 — W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S I N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R I E S D U R I N G M O N T H E N D IN G Industry SEPTEM BER Estab lish ments report ing Machinery— Continued. Foundry and machine-shop products................................ Machine to o ls,.-.................... Radios and phonographs... Textile machinery and parts Typewriters and supplies.. Nonferrous metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures... Brass, bronze, and copper products-________________ Clocks and watches, and time-recording devices___ Jewelry......... ....... ..................... Lighting equipment.............. Silverware and platedware.. Smelting and refining—cop per, lead, and z i n c ........... Stamped and enameled ware............................ ........... Transportation equipment: Aircraft-.................................... Automobiles............................ Cars, electric and steam railroad.................................. Locom otives........................... Sh ip building......................... Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad...... ............... Steam railroad...................... Lumber and allied products: Furniture.................................. Lumber: Millwork_________ _____ Sawmills........................ .. Turpentine and rosin........... Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta . Cement................................ . Glass................. ........... ............. Marble, granite, slate, and other products..................... Pottery....................................... Leather and its manufactures: Boots and shoes..................... Leather...................................... Paper and printing: Boxes, paper_______________ Paper and pulp....................... Printing and publishing: Book and job................... Newspapers and pe riodicals.......................... Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals........................... .. Cottonseed oil, cake, and m e a l ..................................... Druggists’ preparations____ Explosives................................ Fertilizers........ ............. ........... Paints and varnishes_______ Petroleum refining................ Rayon and allied products. S o a p ..._____________ _______ Rubber products: Rubber boots and shoes___ Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes............................ Rubber tires and inner tubes....................................... Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff............... Cigars and cigarettes............. 16487°—33------13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,076 146 41 49 16 15, 1933— Continued Number of establish ments reporting— Total number of em ployees 128,310 14,936 31,968 10,904 11, 237 No Wage- Wagewagerate rate in rate de changes creases creases 973 140 37 41 14 103 Number of employees having— No wagerate changes 110,446 14,112 30,114 10, 279 6 4 8 2 11,222 Wagerate 17,864 824 1,854 625 15 25 6,628 22 ,016 612 214 38,972 188 ,468 2,504 27 132 52 53 9,118 9,085 3, 535 8,315 117 47 47 45 14,413 42 133 87 17,021 67 3,903 28 239 7,654 239,907 24 198 41 95 5,929 2,359 29,548 39 9 91 378 545 18,843 79,484 364 545 465 60,073 390 75 49,658 10,415 463 617 25 21,770 82,883 1,660 395 412 22 68 205 3 18,153 45,054 911 3,617 37,829 749 657 129 184 22,878 15,545 46,235 574 126 151 83 3 33 17,997 15,451 37,137 4,881 94 9,098 221 121 5,698 18,432 209 12 8 5,398 17,432 300 890 344 156 122,175 31,659 249 128 95 28 66, 637 27,168 55, 538 4,491 322 416 27, 737 100,844 265 339 57 77 23,086 79,984 4,651 20,860 1,763 11 22 111 4,379 1,548 393 293 6 , 224, 1,300 15,776 1,407 119 243 2 771 47, 692 744 27 45,929 446 66,020 437 9 65, 274 746 104 26,374 93 11 22,519 3,855 103 45 29 167 352 127 24 98 5,721 8,362 4,309 7,347 17, 111 52,591 37,580 17,230 73 43 28 150 330 117 24 29 3,631 7,843 4,177 6,443 15,606 45,130 37,580 16,188 2,050 519 132 904 1,505 7,461 9 14,335 8 14,207 128 100 26,628 93 86 Wagerate de creases 2 1 17 22 10 12 1 ......... ......... . .............. .......... ......... . 1,042 7 26,228 54,675 5,214 9,987 32,501 55 11,263 41 59,889 39 2 32 207 10,042 43, 764 30 167 40 2 400 110 1202 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Nonmanufacturing Industries D a t a concerning wage-rate changes occurring between August 15 and September 15, 1933, in 15 groups of nonmanufacturing industries are presented in the following table. No changes in wage rates were reported in the anthracite-mining industry. Increases were reported in each of the remaining 14 indus tries and decreases were reported in 3 industries over the month inter val. The average percents of increase reported were as follows: Banks-brokerage-insurance-real estate, 29.5 percent; canning and pre serving, 25.9 percent; quarrying and nonmetallic mining, 20.4 per cent; laundries, 18.8 percent; retail trade, 18.2 percent; bituminouscoal mining, 17.9 percent; hotels, 16.7 percent; dyeing and cleaning, 13.1 percent; wholesale trade, 12.9 percent; metalliferous mining, 11.8 percent; crude-petroleum producing, 9.3 percent; power and light, 7.3 percent; electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance, 6 percent; and telephone and telegraph, 4.8 percent. The average percents of decrease were: Banks-brokerage-insurancereal estate, 15.6 percent; and hotels and power and light, 8 percent each. T able 2 — W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S I N N O N M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R I E S D U R I N G M O N T H E N D I N G S E P T E M B E R 15, 1933 Number of empi having— Number of establish ments reporting— Estab lish ments report ing Total number of em ployees l/)8 Anthracite m ining............ ........... TOO 0 Percent of total____________ 1,495 Bituminous-coal mining-----------100.0 Percent of total______ ______ 271 Metalliferous mining----------------100.0 Percent of to ta l................ . Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____________ —............. . 1,152 100.0 Percent of total______ ______ 244 Crude-petroleum producing----100.0 Percent of total______ ______ Telephone and telegraph........... 8, 240 100.0 Percent of to ta l............ ......... 3,098 Power and light________________ 100.0 Percent of total______ ______ Electric-railroad and motorbus operation and mainte 557 nance. .......................... ................. 100.0 Percent of total------------------2,947 Wholesale trade___________ _____ 100.0 Percent of total— ................ 17, 549 Retail trad e................................ 100.0 Percent of to ta l...................... 2,638 Hotels_________________ ______ — 100. 0 Percent of total......... ............. 1,021 Canning and preserving-----------100.0 Percent of to ta l.............. ....... 935 Laundries............ ................... ......... 100.0 Percent of total------------------344 Dyeing and cleaning--------- ------100.0 Percent of total------------------Banks, brokerage, insurance, 4,538 and real estate________________ 100.0 Percent of total..................... .. 77, 598 100 0 218, 200 100.0 25, 678 100.0 158 100. 0 1,462 97.8 252 93.0 33 2.2 19 7.0 77, 598 100. 0 212, 513 97.4 21,992 85.6 5,687 2.6 3, 686 14.4 35,442 100.0 26,304 100.0 245, 724 100.0 201,108 100.0 1,059 91.9 235 96.3 7, 744 94.0 2, 950 95.2 93 8.1 9 3.7 496 6.0 147 4.7 32,390 91.4 24,680 93.8 243, 757 99.2 189,111 94.0 3, 052 8.6 1,624 6.2 1,967 .8 11,977 6.0 124,331 100.0 82, 505 100.0 405,422 100.0 140,362 100.0 152,969 100.0 56,815 100. 0 11,942 100.0 538 96.6 2,869 97.4 17, 396 99.1 2,614 99.1 906 88.7 789 84.4 314 91.3 19 3.4 78 2.6 153 .9 23 .9 115 11.3 146 15.6 30 8.7 1 119,997 96.5 80, 352 97.4 401, 219 99.0 140,054 99.8 137,486 89.9 49,985 88.0 11,026 92.3 4,334 3.5 2,153 2.6 4, 203 1.0 299 .2 15,483 10. 1 6,830 12.0 916 7.7 178,827 ICO. 0 4, 470 98.5 64 1.4 4 .1 176,023 98.4 2, 795 1.6 Industrial group i Less than one tenth of 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wage- WageNo No wagerate rate wagerate in de rate changes changes creases creases tt 1 (0 Wagerate in creases Wagerate de creases 0 ) (') 1203 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Wage Changes Reported by Trade Unions and Municipalities Since July 1933 N THE table following are shown wage and hour changes reported by trade unions and municipalities covering the months of July to October 1933. The tabulation covers 113,803 workers of whom 65,523 are reported to have gone on the 5-day week. I R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S B Y I N D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L I T Y , J U L Y TO O C T O B E R 1933 Rate of wages Industry or occupation and locality Barbers, New York, N .Y ., Yorkville and Murray Hill section---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sept. 30 Brewery workers: Chicago, 111.: Engineers_______________________________________ July 15 Firemen and oilers: ___do___ Before change After change P er week i $22. 50 P er week 2 $25. 00 72 P er hour P er hour 1.25 1.07V2 48 40 48 48 48 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 .87 Vi •87M .87 y 2 .8 7 ji .75 .75 ___do___ ___do____ Los Angeles, Calif Sacramento, C a lif.. . ______. . . _ _ _ _ ___ _______ . Building trades: Bricklayers and masons, Chicago, 111., and vicinity. Carpenters, Sheridan, W y o _________________________ House wreckers, New York, N .Y .: Barmen_________________________________________ Painters, Sheridan, W y o . _____. ----------- . . . . Chauffers and teamsters, Hoboken, N .J.: M ilk wagon drivers. . . . . . . . . . ___________ . Clothing trades: Haverhill, Newburyport, Georgetown, Amesbury, Mass., and Seabrook, N .H ., wood-heel m akers... Hazleton, Pottstown, Meyerstown, and Newmanstown, Pa., shirtmakers_____________ ____________ Johnstown, N .Y ., glove'cutters... . ------- --------NewYork, N .Y .,and vicinity, boys’ and men’s clothing workers, operators, cutters, pressers_______ . . Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Pittston, Pa., pants makers___ _______ _________ ________ _______ . Loggers and lumbermen, Oregon, Idaho,Washington, and northern California, common laborers ---------Miners, metal: East Tintic district, Utah: Hoisting engineers.. . --------------------------------- . P u m p m en ----- --------- ------------------1 And 50 percent of receipts over $37.50. 2 And 50 percent of receipts over $40. 3 N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Hours per week Date of change 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .87 Yi .8734 Before After change change 71 Sept. 5 Sept. — P er week 42.00 38.00 P er week 42.00 38.00 44 44 40 40 Sept. Oct. P er hour 1.3714 .75 P er hour 1.50 1.00 40 48 40 40 .60 . 50 .75 1.37J4 .80 .70 1.00 1.50 44-48 44-48 (3) 40 P er week 4 27.82 P e r week 4 32. 62 48 (5) (6) 1 1 Sept. 22 __ do____ Oct. 1 Sept. 2 Aug. 1 July 10 July 22 (3) « 1.75 (7) 8 2.15 35 35 (3) 40 48 48 (3) 48 40 (3) 40 July 20 (3) (9) 44 44 July 10 (3) (6) 50 50 48 40 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Aug. 1 Sept. 5 _ _ _ d o ___ __ do___ __ do___ __ do___ ___do____ __ do____ __ do___ __ do___ __ do___ _ _do___ __ do___ _-do___ __ do____ ___do __ do____ ___do____ ------------ . . . _._do____ P er hour P e r hour . 20-. 32J4 .4234 P er day 4.25 4.00-4.25 3.50-3.75 3.25-3.50 4.25 3.00 3. 75 3.00 2. 75 4.25 4.00 3.50 3. 25 3. 50 3. 75 3.00 3. 25 3.50 4 Average. 5 Piecework. 6 20 percent increase. P er day 5.50 5.25-5.50 4.75-5.00 4.50-4.75 5. 50 4.25 5.00 4.25 4.00 5. 50 5.25 4. 75 4. 50 4. 75 5.00 4.25 4. 50 4. 75 7 15 percent increase. 8 Per dozen. 9 10 to 20 percent increase. 1204 M ONTH LY LABOR R E V IE W R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S B Y I N D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , J U L Y TO O C T O B E R 1933— Continued Rate of wages Industry or occupation and locality Miners, metal— Continued. Park City, Utah: Hoisting engineers______________________________ Date of change Aug. 1 July 1 Machine miners___________ . . . . ____ . . . . Timber m en ._ . . . ______ P u m p m en ___ ____ ________ _______________ . Printing and publishing trades: Compositors and machine operators, Ithaca, N .Y .: Newspaper, day ______________ _________ _____ Stereotypers, Indianapolis, Muncie, and Anderson, Ind ._ _ ____ _ __ _ . ____ ____________ _ July 15 Street-railway workers: Boston, M ass.: Motormen and conductors____ . _____________ Sept. 14 1-man car operators_____________________________ Cleveland, O h i o ______ ___________________ _ . Sept. 1 Municipal employees: St. M arys, Ohio, teachers and janitors... _______ ___do____ 3 N ot reported. Hours per week 10 Hours per day. Before change After change P er day $3.75 3. 50 3 50 3. 00 3. 50 2. 75 2. 75 2. 50 3. 50 2. 75 3. 25 3. 00 3. 25 2. 75 2. 75 P er day $4. 50 4. 25 4. 25 3 75 4. 25 3. 50 3. 50 3. 25 4. 25 3 50 4. 00 3 75 4 00 3 50 3 50 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 P er week 42.00 45. 00 P er week 43.00 46.00 48 48 48 48 P er day 7. 3Ò P e r day 7. 3Ó 46 38 P er hour P er .68M •78J/2 .54 " (3) howr .71 .81 .57 (») Before After change change io 8 io 8 (3) (s) (3) (3) ics io 8 i> 10 percent reduction. Rates of Wages of Public-Road Work, August 1933 URING August 1933 there were 149,094 employees on the public roads under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department of Agriculture. Of these, 91,101 were paid from the emergency fund as provided by an act of Congress (Public No. 202). The remaining 57,993 were employed under the regular State aid plan of the Bureau. On August 31 there were 1,200 employees on public roads hired under the National Recovery Administration allotment of $400,000,000. These employees are not included in the following tables. D Wage Rates T h e first section of the table shows the number of positions and the average hourly wage rates by geographic divisions on emergency highway construction projects, by occupations. The second section of the table gives similar data on nonemergency Federal and State highway construction projects.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1205 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR N U M B E R O F P O S IT IO N S A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S O N H I G H W A Y C O N S T R U C T I O N P R O JE C T S , A U G U S T 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S Em ergency projects New Eng land division Middle A t lantic divi sion East North Central di vision W est North Central di vision South A t lantic divi sion Occupation N um Aver N um Aver N um - Aver N u m Aver N um Aver ber of age ber ot age ber of age ber of age ber of age posi hour posi hour posi hour posi hour posi hour tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate Superintendents_____ _________ 57 Foremen_______________________ 261 Shovel, elevating grader, and crane operators______________ 105 Other operators.. . . _________ 91 Truck and tractor drivers____ 727 Teamsters___________________ . 1 Skilled la b o r ...____ __________ 498 2, 358 Common labor........................ . $0.89 .58 121 571 .84 .56 .44 .44 .53 .40 268 420 1,216 75 668 5,976 East South Central divi sion 137 Superintendents_______________ Foremen . . ________________ 628 Shovel, elevating grader, and 177 crane operators 219 Other operators_______________ 1,102 Truck and tractor drivers.. . 511 Teamsters_____________________ Skilled labor. ________________ 806 Common labor________________ 6,311 $0.96 .60 263 903 $0. 83 .55 156 454 $0. 79 .56 189 716 $0.69 . 41 .81 459 .53 656 .49 2,969 .42 751 .57 1,170 .39 12, 589 .66 .52 .44 .39 .52 .38 260 409 2, 522 943 505 4,317 .63 .52 .46 .37 .52 .37 215 375 1,947 303 675 7,006 .58 .37 .32 .23 .35 .22 W est South Central divi sion Mountain division Pacific divi sion $0.67 .40 151 515 $0. 73 .46 178 743 $0. 97 .70 136 557 .56 .33 .28 .22 .32 .21 161 275 1,087 826 849 4, 940 .60 .44 .34 .28 .42 .27 298 486 2, 343 1,482 833 3, 922 1.01 .67 .61 .50 .66 .48 324 438 1,695 159 1,310 3. 337 $1.10 .75 United States 1,388 5,348 $0.84 .55 1.10 2,267 .70 3,369 .64 15,608 .54 5,051 .68 7,314 . 50 50, 756 .75 .52 .46 .38 .52 .36 Nonem ergency Federal and State projects New Eng land division M iddle A t lantic divi sion East North Central di vision W est North Central di vision South A t lantic divi sion Occupation N um Aver N u m Aver N u m Aver N um Aver N um - Aver ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age ber of age posi hour posi hour posi hour posi hour posi hour tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate tions ly rate 133 Superintendents_______________ Foremen_______________________ 333 Shovel, elevating grader, and crane operators______________ 175 Other operators____ _________ 149 Truck and tractor d riv e rs___ 977 Teamsters_____________________ 31 Skilled labor__________ ________ 465 Common labor________________ 3, 796 Convicts__________ ____________ $0.86 .59 162 448 $1.14 .71 303 749 $0.92 .62 172 478 $0.74 .53 153 456. $0. 62 .40 .73 .53 .44 .45 .54 .37 277 378 1,062 26 1,056 4,311 .87 .54 .45 .47 .60 .35 439 532 2,416 358 1,137 9,314 .76 .56 .50 .44 .60 .42 195 363 1,494 716 522 3,858 1 .59 .50 .47 .37 .50 .35 108 124 526 63 313 2,124 4,452 .47 .34 .27 .26 .33 .23 . 10 East South Central divi sion Superintendents........................... 91 Fo rem en _____________________ 258 Shovel, elevating grader, and 121 crane operators___ - 152 Other operators_______________ 558 Truck and tractor drivers-.- 761 Teamsters_____________________ Skilled labor___________________ 530 Common la b o r ___________ ___ 2,807 145 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W est South Central divi sion Mountain division Pacific divi sion $0.59 .44 66 173 $0. 77 .52 32 72 $0. 83 .63 67 179 .54 .32 .28 .28 .34 .20 78 141 493 389 179 1,475 246 .55 .39 .34 .30 .38 .28 51 92 294 155 116 581 65 .72 .56 .50 .48 .60 .43 108 161 552 21 364 1, 049 226 $1.19 .80 United States 1,179 3,146 $0. 85 .57 1.06 1,552 .70 2,092 .66 8,372 .57 2, 520 .73 4,682 .50 29, 315 .26 5,135 .71 .50 .44 .38 .52 .35 . 15 1206 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW Of the slightly more than 91,000 employees on emergency highway construction, 50,756 were common laborers. The hourly commonlaborer rate on emergency construction averaged 36 cents per hour for the United States as a whole. The labor rate differed materially in the different geographic divisions, ranging from 21 cents per hour in the East South Central States to 50 cents per hour in the Pacific States. The skilled-labor rates also differed considerably. In the East South Central States the rate for skilled laborers was 32 cents per hour and in the Pacific division 68 cents per hour. Truck and tractor drivers, next to common laborers, were the most numerous class of employees on public roads. There were 15,608 of these drivers employed during August, their wages ranging from a low of 28 cents in the East South Central States to a high of 64 cents in the Pacific States. Lower wages were paid in the East South Central States than in any other geographic division for each class of work shown. The highest wages for each class of employees were paid in the Pacific States. Under the legislative mandate by which this emergency fund was disbursed, the hours of labor were limited to 30 per week. Through out the United States the actual time spent on the job during August averaged about 100 hours per man per month. Over 29,000 employees on the regular State-aid public road work were paid the common-laborer rate which averaged 35 cents per hour in the United States as a whole. The highest rate paid common laborers under regular State-aid funds was 50 cents in the Pacific States and the lowest, 20 cents, in the East South Central States. Higher wages were paid to all occupations, from common laborers to superintendents, in the Pacific States than in any other geographic divisions. Superintendents, foremen, shovel, elevating grader, and crane operators, and “ other operators” were paid a lower rate in the East South Central States than in any other geographic division. The South Atlantic States paid lower wages to truck and tractor drivers, teamsters, and skilled laborers than any other divisions. The average full time of employment for employees shown in this table was approximately 59 hours per week. Actual working time averaged about 180 hours per month. Occupational Terms T h e following is a list of the classes of work included under the different occupational headings shown in the table on page 1205. The term “ superintendent” needs no description. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Skilted labor— Continued. Forem en: Carpenter, journeyman Head mechanic Master finisher, concrete pavement Painter, journeyman Stonemason, journeyman Shovel, elevating operators: grader, and crane Asphalt plant engineer Crane operator Dragline operator Elevating grader operator Hoisting engineer (structural steel work) Pile-driver operator Power-shovel operator Other operators: Air-compressor operator Asphalt plant drierman or fireman Blade-grader operator Churn-drill operators Clefplane operator Compressor operator Crusher (stone and gravel) operator Distributor operator Finishing-machine operator (con crete or asphalt) Flexplane operator Grader operator (except elevating graders) Hoist operators (ordinary) Jack-hammer operator Jetting-machine operator Mixer operator (machines less than 3-bag capacity) Oiler (power, shovels, cranes, drag lines, dredges) Paver operator Proportioning-plant operator Pumpman Roller operator Screening and/or washing-plant operator Spreader-box man (asphalt or gravel) Trenching-machine operator Unloading-machine operator Truck and tractor drivers: Distributor driver Motor-patrol operator Tractor operator (20 hp. rated capacity) Truck driver (over 1%-ton rated capacity) Teamsters: Teamster (4 up or more) Skilled labor: Powderman (heavy rock) Structural-steel worker Blacksmith, rough Blacksmith’s assistant Carpenter’s assistant Carpenters, rough (saw and ham mer men) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1207 False work builder (carpenters’ assistant) Finisher, assistant (concrete pave ment Form setter head Hand-float operator (assistant finisher) Joint and lipcurb finisher (finisher’s assistant) Mechanic’s assistant (trouble shooter) Painter’s assistant (guard rail, and similar work) Pile-driver lead man Pile-driver holders Plow holders (4 up or more) Powder man (miscellaneous work, including light solid rock) Raker (asphalt) Stonemason’s assistant Common labor: Asphalt loader and shoveler Asphalt plant miscellaneous labor Axman Blacksmith’s helper Burlapman Carpenter’s helper Cement handler Concrete shoveler Driver, team (on Morman, slip wheeler, wagon, etc.) Driver, truck (1 J4-ton or less) Dumper (wagons, trucks, etc.) Finisher’ s helper (concrete pave ment) Form-setter’s helper Guard-fence builder Jetting labor Joint-filling labor Labor, miscellaneous, unskilled Mechanic’s helper Painter’s helper Pitman Pile-driver workman Pipe layer Powder monkey (helper) Reinforcing steel labor Sack shaker Sawman Sledgman Sprinkler labor (concrete pave ments) Stonemason’s helper Spader (concrete work) Subgrade labor (hand tools) Teamster, 2 line (Morman, Fresno, wheeler, wagon, etc.) Tractor operator, (under 20 hp.) Truck driver (1% ton or less) Water boy Watchman Wheelbarrowman 1208 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Monthly Wages in Sao Paulo, Brazil, First Half of 1933 H E fo llo w in g ta b le sh ow s m o n th ly m o n e y w ages in the three largest in terior cities in th e S ta te o f Sao P a u lo, B ra zil, in the first h alf o f 1933.1 T h e three cities u n d er re v ie w h a d a p o p u la tio n in 1927 as fo llo w s: C a m p in a s, 134,805; R ib e ir a o P re to , 73,820; and S ao C arlos, 59,427.2 T M O N T H L Y W A G E S I N T H E 3 L A R G E S T I N T E R I O R C IT IE S I N SAO P A U L O , B R A Z IL , F IR S T H A L E O F 1933 [Conversion into United States currency on basis oi milreis at par=12 cents; exchange rate, July 1, 1933, approximately 8 centsl Campinas Occupation Blacksmiths________________________ _________ Carpenters---------------------- ---------- ---------. . . . . . ----M a son s.. __________________ Servants_________ _____ _________ __________ Painters . . . ___________________________________ Drivers. . -------------- --------------------------------Joiners__________________ . . . ________________ Factory workers______________________________ Cooks__________________________________________ Typists------- -----------------------------------------------------Chambermaids___ - - - - - - - - - ______ Messengers________________ _____ __ _ _______ Gardeners.. _________ ________ _ _________ Chauffeurs_____________________________________ Ribeirao Preto Bra United zilian States Brazilian curren curren currency cy cy M ilreis 180 240 240 120 240 150 260 260 180 210 120 90 60 150 150 240 $21. 60 28.80 28. 80 14. 40 28.80 18. 00 31.20 31. 20 21.60 25. 20 14.40 10.80 7.20 18.00 18. 00 28.80 United States currency M ilreis 200-250 200-300 200-250 100-150 180-240 200-250 200-300 $24.00-$30. 00 24.00- 36. 00 24.00- 30. 00 12.00- 18.00 21. 60- 28. 80 24.00- 30. 00 24.00- 36.00 100-250 80-120 60- 70 70 170 100 12. 00- 30. 00 9. 60- 14. 40 7.20- 8.40 8.40 20. 40 12.00 200-250 24.00- 30.00 Sao Carlos United Bra zilian States curren curren cy cy M ilreis 180 180 180 120 180 220 200 300 120 60 60 50 40 150 120 150 $21. 60 21.60 21.60 14. 40 21.60 26. 40 24. 00 36. 00 14.40 7.20 7.20 6.00 4. 80 18.00 14 40 18.00 Wages in the Industries of Denmark, First Quarter of 1933 A V E R A G E hourly wages in the industries of Denmark in 1932 XJL and in the first quarter of 1933 are shown in the following table by localities and groups of workers: 3 1 Sao Paulo (Brazil). Secretaria da Agricultura, Industria e Comércio. Boletim do Departamento Estadual do Trabalho. Nos. 78 and 79. Sao Paulo, 1933, p. 17. 2 Sao Paulo (Brazil). Servido Sanitario do Estado de Sao Paulo. Annuario Demographico, Anno 1927. Vols. I and II. Sao Paulo, 1928, pp. 389, 500, and 618. 2 Denmark. Statistiske Departement. Statistiske Efterretninger, Sept. 22, 1933, p. 211. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1209 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E S I N T H E IN D U S T R IE S OF D E N M A R K I N 1932 A N D I N T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R OF 1933 [Conversion into United States currency on basis of krone (100 0re) at par=26.8 cents; actual exchange rate was as follows: 1932— March 20 cents, in June 19.9 cents, in September 18 cents; and 1933— March 15.3 cents] CO C 1932 Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter quarter S Ö o United States cur rency Danish currency United States cur rency Danish currency United States cur rency Danish currency United States cur rency Danish currency United States cur rency CDCO S CO Ï 3 o * o u « rO Danish currency j First quarter </)re 173 139 Cents 46.4 37.3 (¡)re 170 139 Cents 45.6 37.3 0 re 170 139 Cents 45.6 37.3 (/.’ire 172 141 Cents 46.1 37.8 (¡)re 167 137 Cents 44.8 36. 7 17, 568 16, 207 156 89 41.8 23.9 155 89 41.5 23.9 155 89 41.5 23.9 157 89 42.1 23.9 152 88 40.7 23.6 33, 775 14,185 137 36.7 137 36.7 136 36.4 137 36.7 134 35.9 47,960 Unskilled workers. _____________ 139 120 37.3 32.2 139 121 37.3 32.4 139 121 37.3 32.4 140 124 37.5 33.2 138 121 37.0 32.4 14,309 19,370 Total male workers. . Female workers------------------ 128 81 34.3 21.7 128 81 34.3 21. 7 128 82 34.3 22.0 130 82 34.8 22.0 128 83 34.3 22. 2 33,679 8, 579 119 31.9 120 32.2 119 31.9 121 32.4 119 31.9 42, 258 143 86 38.3 23.0 141 86 37.8 23.0 141 86 37.8 23.0 143 86 38.3 23.0 141 87 37.8 23.3 67, 454 22, 764 129 34.6 129 34.6 128 34.3 130 34.8 127 34.0 90, 218 Locality and group of workers Copenhagen Skilled workers- ____________ Unskilled workers................. -- Total male workers___ - Female workers_________________ Total workers--------------------- s 3 fc Provinces Total workers____- - - - - - Grand total: Female workers_____ . All workers .................. -- Earnings in the Building Trades in Germany, August 1932 HE Federal Statistical Office of Germany has made a study of the actual earnings of workers engaged in the building trades in Germany in August 1933. The first part of the results of the study was published in the Monthly Labor Review for August 1933 (pp. 390-392). The second part, which is reviewed here,1 covered 982 establishments with 20,770 workers in 50 cities with a population over 100,000. The following table shows average actual hourly and daily earnings, hours of labor, and wage deductions in the building trades in the larger cities of Germany. T i Germany. Statistisches Reichsamt. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wirtschaft und Statistik. Heft N o. 17, Sept. 1,1933, pp. 544 546. 1210 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW A V E R A G E A C T U A L H O U R L Y A N D D A I L Y E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S OF L A B O R IN B U I L D I N G T R A D E S I N G E R M A N C IT IE S OF O V E R 100,000 P O P U L A T IO N , A U G U S T 1932, B Y O C C U P A T IO N [Conversions into United States currency on basis of mark (100 pfennige) at par=23.8 cents] Actual earnings per hour Occupation and age Masons: Over 20 y e a r s ______ D o_______________ From 19 to 20 years. __ Carpenters: Over 20 years________ Do_______________ From 19 to 20 years... Helpers: Over 20 years________ D o_______________ From 19 to 20 years.. . Underground workers: Over 20 years________ D o_______________ From 19 to 20 years.. . Rate Num- Hours ber of worked work per ers day Ger man cur rency Union rate per hour United Ger States man cur cur rency rency Percent actual Actual earnings per day 1 ings United Ger form of States man union cur cur rate rency rency United States cur rency T im e . 7,699 341 Piece. T im e . 127 7. 95 7. 76 7. 93 P fe. 97.9 115.6 87.5 Cents 23.3 27.5 20.8 P fe. 97.4 101.6 90.1 Cents 23.2 24. 2 21.4 100.1 113.7 97.0 M arks 7.78 8.97 6. 94 $1.85 2.13 1.65 2,823 42 48 7.96 8.10 7.81 99.8 99.6 95.0 23.8 23. 7 22.6 99.3 95.6 96.4 23.6 22.8 22.9 100.1 104.2 98.4 7. 95 8. 07 7. 42 1.89 1.92 1.77 ___do___ 5, 567 Piece _ 196 T im e . 46 8.04 7.96 7. 97 81.6 100.4 72.6 19.4 23.9 17.3 80.8 84.1 71.9 19.2 20.0 17.1 100.2 118.9 100.7 6. 56 7.99 5.79 1.56 1.90 1. 38 ___do___ 3, 632 Piece. 187 T im e . 53 8.16 7. 99 8.01 70.9 77.1 63.7 16.9 18.3 15. 2 68.4 63.8 60.8 16.3 15. 2 14. 5 102.2 120.1 103.8 5. 79 6.16 5.10 1.38 1.47 1.21 Piece. T im e . 1 Without deductions for taxes on contributions for social insurance. Wage deductions for taxes and social insurance are made on an hourly basis. For taxes such deductions range from 2.1 pfennige for underground workers 19 to 20 years, to 6.5 pfennige for masons over 20 years, while for social insurance (including accident insurance) the range is from 6.5 to 11.1 pfennige for the same occupations. Hours of Labor in the Tobacco Industry in Germany, 1932 HE following data, from a report from W. A. Leonard, American consul at Bremen, dated August 9, 1933, show the working hours in the various branches of the tobacco industry in Germany, May and June 1933: T W O R K I N G H O U R S I N T H E T O B A C C O I N D U S T R Y OF G E R M A N Y , M A Y A N D JU N E 1933 Hours worked last week in— M a y 1933 June 1933 Branch of industry Cigar______________ . . . _____„ __ Cigarette_____ _______________ . ______________ _ Chewing tobacco. . . _______ __________ ______ Smoking tobacco and snuff.. _ . _______________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total man-hours worked Average hours per worker Total man-hours worked 698, 387 241,114 84,868 45,894 40.10 36.87 40.88 42.61 839,395 243,473 92,151 48, Oil Average hours per worker 41.79 35.36 43. 65 42.56 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1211 Forty-Four Hour Week in Queensland HE new conciliation and arbitration law of Queensland, which, in the main, became effective in February 1933 (see Monthly Labor Review, July 1933, p. 108), contained a provision that except in certain pursuits awards must forbid the working of employees on more than 6 out of each 7 consecutive days, and that the weekly hours of work must not exceed 44. This provision was to come info force July 1, 1933. According to the New South Wales Industrial Gazette for June 1933 (p. 1077), the unions applied to the Industrial Court in May for a general ruling that the hourly rates fixed in awards affected by this reduction in hours should be increased sufficiently to offset the reduc tion in time, and to leave the weekly earnings unaltered. The deci sion of the court was that such an increase would follow as a matter of course. T The president said that he did not think that the present act was any different from the 1925 act. He had already ruled that the 44-hour week operated automatically, and the basic wage rate had been allowed to stand. Each time the hours were reduced from 48 per week the hourly wages affected had been increased by the court. The court could always act on its own motion, and its jurisdiction to do so was undoubted. The law required that the basic rate of £3 14s. a week should be paid for 44 hours a week unless in any particular case the court decided otherwise. Yearly Wages in the Soviet Union in 1932 CCORDING to the Soviet Union official source in English L entitled “ Summary of the Fulfillment of the First Five-year Plan” , published by the State Planning Commission in Moscow, 1933 (pp. 286, 287), the yearly money wages per worker in 1932 were as follows: In industries, 1,470.10 rubles ($757.10); in transport and communication, 1,483.70rubles ($764.11); inconstruction, 1,544.90 rubles ($795.62); in social and cultural institutions, 1,492.90 rubles ($768.84) per worker; and in agriculture and forestry, 957.90 rubles ($493.32). . 1 The total number of the workers employed m the industries, trades, and services amounted to 22,804,300 and their aggregate pay roll amounted to 32,667,300,000 rubles ($16,823,659,500) or 1,432.40 rubles ($737.69) per worker in 1932. Conversion of the ruble into United States currency is made on the basis of the gold value of ruble in international financial transactions, which is 51.5 cents of gold dollar. There are no available data to show the value of the ruble in domestic transactions, i.e., in relation to prices of commodities in home markets, socialized and private. A Wages and Labor Cost on Tobacco Plantations in Sumatra HE following data show wage rates and labor cost on the tobacco plantations in Sumatra.1 Wage rates.— The number of coolies employed on the tobacco plantations in North Sumatra in each of the years 1928 to 1930 was as follows: T i Data are from report of Daniel M . Braddock, American vice consul at Medan, Sumatra, July 3, 1931, repOTt of L H Qourley, American consul at Medan, Sumatra, M ay 13, 1933, and Netherlands, India Centraal Sant/oor v o o rd e S t a t i s t , Indiscb Verslag, 1932, II, Statistisch Jaarovemcht over bet Jaar 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1212 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Number 1928 ________________________________ ______ ___________ ______ 1929 __________________________________________________________ 1930 __________________________________________________________ 9 8 ,442 107, 107 103, 701 The usual wage rates per day for such laborers in 1931 were as follows: Men: New hands____________________________ 0. Old hands_____________________________ 0. Women: New hands__________________________ 0. Old hands_____________________________ 0. Wages per day2 42 florins (16. 88 cents) 47 florins (18. 89 cents) 37 florins (14. 87 cents) 42 florins (16. 88 cents) 2 Conversion into United States currency on basis of florin at par=40.2 cents. The wages were not fixed by the coolie ordinance and may vary, though the above figures were considered to be standard. Wages are paid for rest days as well as workdays. Overtime work generally commands a rate of 0.07 or 0.08 florin (2.81 or 3.22 cents) per hour, or part thereof, for new hands and 0.08 or 0.09 florin (3.22 or 3.62 cents) for old hands. In 1933 the wage rate per day for men was decreased from 0.47 to 0.37 florin (18.89 to 14.87 cents) and for women from 0.42 to 0.32 florin (16.88 to 12.86 cents). The overseers and head overseers chosen from among the coolies received in 1930 the following monthly wages: Wages per month Overseers, female_____________________ 25 -4 0 florins ($10. 05-$16. 08) Overseers, male_______________________ 30 -5 0 florins ($12. 06-$20. 10) The monthly rates of Javanese and Chinese coolies from 1929 to 1931 are shown in table 1. T able 1 —A V E R A G E M O N T H L Y W A G E S O F C O O L IE S O N T O B A C C O P L A N T A T I O N S ON T H E E A S T C O A S T O F S U M A T R A A N D A C H E E N , 1929-31 Javanese coolies 1929 1930 1931 Locality and plantation no. Dutch cur rency East coast of Sumatra: N o. 1________________ N o. 2_____ ___________________ N o. 3____________________ No. 4...... ............ . . . . . . . . . . No. 5________________ ________ __________ No. 7............................. ............... N o. 8____ ______ ___________ ________ __ No. 9 . . . .................. ............................... No. 10____________________________ No. 11____ . . . _______________ N o. 12__________________ _______ No. 13_________________ _____ ________ Acheen: N o. 14................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis United States cur rency Dutch cur rency United States cur rency Dutch cur rency United States cur rency Florins 27.28 27.88 27.63 $10.97 11.21 11.11 Florins 23.80 25.48 26.71 $9. 57 10.24 10. 74 24.25 25. 78 23.91 24. 32 25. 81 28.46 30.65 30.28 9. 75 10.36 9.61 9. 78 10.38 11.44 12.32 12.17 23.66 25.82 27. 75 24. 07 28. 28 25.58 28.26 9. 51 10. 38 11.16 9.68 11.37 10.28 11.36 24.14 9. 70 25. 75 23.91 24. 72 10. 35 9. 61 9.94 26.03 10.46 33.46 13. 45 26.50 10.65 22.56 9.07 Florins 24.94 25.81 $10.03 10.38 1213 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1.—A V E R A G E M O N T H L Y W A G E S OF C O O L IE S O N T O B A C C O P L A N T A T I O N S ON T H E E A S T C O A S T OP S U M A T R A A N D A C H E E N , 1929-31— Continued Chinese coolies 1931 1930 1929 Locality and plantation no. United States cur rency Dutch cur rency Florins 25. 39 25.24 25.15 26.84 24.75 26,09 23.82 25.37 25.49 26.82 31.45 26.78 29.94 East coast of Sumatra: N o. 1______________ N o. 2______________ No. 3______________ No. 4______________ No. 5______________ N o. 6______________ N o. 7________ _____ N o. 8______________ No. 9______________ N o. 10_____________ No. 11_____________ No. 12_____________ No. 13....................... ACheen: 10.25 10. 78 12. 64 10.77 12.04 Florins 22.16 25.39 24. 93 27.68 22. 55 22.70 25.12 25.07 24.60 27.61 25.30 26.90 29.66 14.39 31.42 $ 10. 21 10.15 10.11 10.79 9.95 10.49 9.58 10.20 35. 78 No. 14. United States cur rency Dutch cur rency United States cur rency Dutch cur rency Florins 24. 65 25. 36 24.66 30.53 $9.91 10.19 9.91 12. 27 24.03 9.66 10.17 10.81 11.92 24.03 24.08 25.58 28. 79 24.26 28.46 9.66 9.68 10.28 11.57 9. 75 11. 44 12. 63 26.70 10.73 $8.91 10. 21 10.02 11.13 9.07 9.13 10.10 10.08 9.89 11.10 Yearly earnings.— The average yearly earnings (cash wages only) of coolies on the plantations were respectively 286 florins ($114.97) in 1928, 275 florins ($110.55) in 1929, and 257 florins ($103.31) in 1930. Nonwage costs of labor.— The labor costs, other than the wages, borne by the employers include medical treatment, cost of recruiting and hiring, pensions, and housing. In 1930 the provision of living quarters cost the employers, on the average, 0.05 florin (2 cents) per coolie per day. The employers’ expenditures for the other items entering into the total cost of labor in 1928, 1929, and 1930 are shown in table 2. T able 2 .— Y E A R L Y L A B O R E X P E N D I T U R E S P E R C O O L IE O N T H E T O B A C C O P L A N T A T IO N S I N N O R T H S U M A T R A Expenditures Dutch cur rency Medical treatment, rice, housing, etc--------Immigration (recruiting) cost--------------------Pensions.------------------------------------------- --------Yearly total per coolie--------------------- 1930 1929 1928 United States cur rency Dutch cur rency United States cur rency Dutch cur rency United States cur rency Florins 286 34 20 5 $114.97 13. 67 8. 04 2.01 Florins 275 34 22 4 $110. 55 13. 67 8.84 1.61 Florins 257 32 11 5 $103. 31 12.86 4.42 2.01 345 138.69 335 134. 67 305 122.60 Methods of wage ‘payment.— Wages are paid monthly, fortnightly, weekly, or daily, at the choice of the manager of the plantation. The employer has the right to pay part of the wages in rice of good quality; the quantity is limited to one half month’s supply for the coolie and his family, and must be furnished at a price allowing no profit to the employer. Advances of wages to the laborer may be deducted from his wages but the total deductions may not exceed one fourth of the wages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1214 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W The employer must prepare a statement of account with each coolie once a month, to be posted on a clear list at the latter’s living quarters. In piecework the proportion between the quantity of work to be executed by the coolie and the wages to be paid may not be lower than the proportion (on the plantation where he is working) between day’s work and day’s wage for similar work, while the wage granted to him will be proportionate to the amount of work done. In contract (job) work the wages to be paid the coolie must be at least equal to the wages which he would have earned at day wages during the time which is considered reasonable to finish the work. In going beyond that time no increment will be added to the contracted wages. Wages in Switzerland, 19321 HE annual report of wages in certain industries in Switzerland made by the Federal Bureau of Industry, Arts and Trades, and Labor, is based on statistics of wages of workers injured in industrial accidents. The statistics for 1932 relate to reports by 89,679 injured workers who were insured under the federal workmen’s compensation law, the average daily earnings being reported for 16,055 workers and average hourly earnings for 73,624 workers. The following tables show the average daily and hourly earnings of different groups of workers in various industries in 1932. T A V E R A G E D A I L Y A N D H O U R L Y E A R N I N G S OF W O R K E R S I N S P E C IF IE D I N D U S T R I E S I N S W I T Z E R L A N D I N 1932 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of franc=19.3 cents] Average daily earnings Industry Foremen and master work men Swiss cur rency Metals and machines. Building__________ W o o d ___ T e x t i l e s ...________ W atch ___________ Stone and earth___ Shoes_____________ Paper_______ __ Graphic arts . . . Chemical. ___ Pood, drink, and tobacco.. $3. 45 3. 40 3.24 2. 90 17. 23 3. 33 18. 86 18. 09 3.64 3.49 Commercial establishments 16. 20 Electrical light and power.. 18. 65 Gas and water. M ining and quarrying......... Forestry........... .. 3.13 3.60 17.17 Unskilled workers Wom en 18 years of age and over Young persons under 18 years of age United Swiss United Swiss United Swiss United Swiss United States States States cur cur cur States cur States cur cur cur cur cur rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency 17.85 17. 64 16. 79 15.00 Average, all occupations___________ _ Skilled and semiskilled workers 3. 31 12.93 13.43 10. 26 11.32 12.62 12.91 $2.50 2. 59 1.98 2.18 2. 44 2. 49 13. 48 16. 47 13. 67 14.18 11.39 13. 38 15. 47 16. 94 11. 74 9. 63 12. 92 10. 84 11. 22 8. 35 9.97 $2. 09 9. 93 1.92 2. 60 3.18 2. 64 2.74 2. 20 2. 58 2. 99 3. 27 2. 27 1.86 9 70 11.18 12.19 10. 30 11. 50 13. 72 14. 39 8. 98 7. 95 2.16 2.35 1. 99 2. 22 2. 65 2. 78 1.73 1.53 2. 49 10. 35 2. 00 2 17 1. 61 1.92 1 K7 6.78 $1.31 6. 55 1.26 5. 70 1 .10 7. 12 1 37 5. 38 1.04 5. 94 $1.15 4. 20 .81 4. 71 .91 J Switzerland, Département Fédéral de l ’Économie publique, La Vie Économique, Berne, August 1933 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1215 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR A V E R A G E D A I L Y A N D H O U R L Y E A R N I N G S OF W O R K E R S I N S P E C I F I E D I N D U S T R I E S I N S W I T Z E R L A N D I N 1932— Continued Average hourly earnings Industry Foremen and master work men Swiss cur rency W ood ____________________ Mining and quarrying------- 1. 77 1. 68 1.58 1. 39 Skilled and semiskilled workers Wom en 18 years of age and over Young persons under 18 years of age United Swiss United Swiss United Swiss United United Swiss States cur States cur States States States cur cur cur cur cur cur cur rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency rency $0. 34 .32 .30 .27 1.50 .29 1.65 .32 1.44 1. 53 1.36 1. 16 1.38 1.43 1.25 1.33 1.97 1.49 1.44 1.33 1.47 1. 51 1. 68 1.32 1.02 $0.28 .30 .26 .22 . 27 .28 .24 .26 .38 .29 .28 .26 . 28 .29 .32 .25 .20 1.16 1.12 1.01 1.03 $0. 22 .22 .19 .20 1.10 .96 1.07 1.19 1. 24 1.33 1.18 1. 19 1.19 1.40 1.01 .93 .21 . 19 .21 .23 .24 .26 .23 . 23 .23 .27 . 19 . 18 1.45 .28 1.11 .21 Average, all occupa- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Unskilled workers 0. 76 $0.15 .71 .74 .83 .71 .75 .70 .79 .80 .71 . 14 . 14 . 16 .14 .14 .14 .15 . 15 . 14 .73 . 14 .74 .14 0. 54 .84 .57 .49 $0.10 . 16 . 11 .09 .67 .50 .50 . 13 . 10 .10 .57 .11 .70 . 14 .62 . 12 ■ TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Trend of Employment, September 1933 HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor presents herewith data compiled from pay-roll reports supplied by cooperating establishments in 17 important industrial groups of the country and covering the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Information for 89 of the principal manufacturing industries of the country is shown, following which are presented tabulations showing the changes in employment and pay rolls in the 16 nonmanu facturing industries included in the Bureau’s monthly survey, together with information available concerning employment in the executive civil service and on class I railroads. T Employment in Selected Manufacturing Industries in September 1933 Comparison of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in September 1933 with August 1933 and September 1932 M P L O Y M E N T in m a n u fa ctu rin g ind u stries in crea sed 3.2 p e r c e n t in S ep te m b e r 1933 as co m p a re d w ith A u g u st 1933 a n d p a y rolls in crea sed 2.7 p e rc e n t o v e r the m o n th in terv a l, a cco r d in g to rep orts re ce iv e d fr o m rep resen ta tiv e estab lish m en ts in 89 im p o r ta n t m a n u fa ctu rin g ind u stries o f th e co u n tr y . C o m p a r in g th e ch an ges m e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y rolls o v e r th e y e a r in terv a l, it is seen th a t the lev el o f e m p lo y m e n t in S e p te m b e r 1933 is 26.3 p e rce n t a b o v e the lev el o f S e p tem b er 1932, a n d p a y rolls in S e p te m b e r 1933 sh ow ed a ga m o f 39.9 p e rce n t o v e r th e y e a r in terva l. E The index of employment in September 1933 was 73.9, as compared with 71.6 m August 1933, 67.3 in July 1933, and 58.5 in September 1932; the pay-roll index in September 1933 was 53.3, as compared with 5L9 m August 1933, 46.5 in July 1933, and 38.1 in September 1932. The 12-month average for 1926 equals 100. T h ese ch a n ges in e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y rolls in S e p te m b e r 1933 are based o n rep orts su p p lied b y 18,330 estab lish m en ts in 89 o f th e p rin c i p al m a n u fa ctu rm g in d u stries o f the U n ite d S tates. T h ese estab lish m en ts re p o rte d 3,365,524 e m p lo y e e s o n th eir p a y rolls d u rin g the p a y p e rio d en d in g nearest S e p te m b e r 15 w h ose c o m b in e d w e e k ly earnings w ere $62,830,748. T h e e m p lo y m e n t re p o rts re ce iv e d fro m these co o p e ra tin g estab lish m en ts c o v e r a p p ro x im a te ly 50 p e rc e n t o f w a g e earners in all m a n u fa ctu rin g ind u stries o f th e co u n tr y . T h ese co n tin u e d gains in S e p te m b e r m a rk the sixth su ccessive m o n th m w h ich in crea sed e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y rolls h a v e been re p o rte d in m a n u fa ctu rin g indu stries. W h ile the p ercen ta g e gains 1216 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OP EMPLOYMENT 1217 in employment and pay rolls in September were not as pronounced as the gains shown in the 4 months immediately preceding, the increases continued on a broad scale, 73 of the 89 manufacturing industries reporting gains in employment over the month interval and 61 industries reporting increases in pay rolls. The average percentages of increase between August and Septem ber over the preceding 10-year period were 1.2 percent in employment and 0.5 percent in pay rolls. The increases, therefore, in September of the current year are somewhat larger than the average increases over the preceding 10-year period and may be attributed to a com bination of seasonal gains plus an increase in number of workers added to the reporting companies’ pay rolls by the adoption of N.R.A. codes. This increase of 3.2 percent in employment in manufacturing indus tries in September 1933 represents an estimated gain of over 200,000 workers between August and September, and the increase of 2.7 percent in factory pay rolls indicates that the total weekly pay rolls of factory employees in September were approximately $3,000,000 greater than the total weekly pay rolls disbursed in August in all manufacturing industries combined. The September factory employment index (73.9) shows a gain of 34.1 percent over the employment index of March 1933 (55.1), which was the low point of employment recorded in manufacturing indus tries. The pay-roll index in September (53.3) stands 59.6 percent above the level of the March pay-roll index of 33.4. These percent age changes indicate an increase in employment in manufacturing industries of approximately 1,700,000 workers over this 6-month interval and an increase of nearly $44,000,000 in weekly wages in September over the total amount paid in 1 week in March 1933. The most pronounced gain in employment over the month inter val was a seasonal increase in the cottonseed oil-cake-meal industry of 45.6 percent. The fertilizer industry also reflected the usual seasonal activity due to the fall shipping season with an increase oi 28.2 percent in number of employees. Sixteen of the remaining 71 industries which reported increased employment showed gains rang ing from 10.2 percent to 24.1 percent, among which were the con fectionery, agricultural implement, shipbuilding, furniture, stove, machine tool, women’s clothing, and radio industries. Among the 16 industries in which decreased employment was reported in Septem ber, as compared with August, the cotton-goods industry reported a decline of 2 percent; silk and rayon goods, 1.9 percent; woolen and worsted goods, 5.4 percent; and the dyeing and finishing textiles industry, 16.8 percent. In the last-named industry, labor disturb ances in certain localities accentuated the decline. Ten of the 14 groups of manufacturing industries reported increased employment, 1 group (stone-clay-glass) reported no change, and 3 groups (textiles, tobacco, and leather) reported fewer workers in September than in the preceding month. _ The gains in the lumber, machinery, nonferrous metals, and chemicals groups were slightly more than 7 percent each. In the lumber group, furniture and saw mills reported pronounced gains in number of workers over the month interval; each of the industries comprising the machinery group reported increases in employment^ the largest percentage gains appearing in the radio, engine, machine tool, agricultural implement, 16487°—33— —14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1218 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W and typewriter industries. Each of the 8 industries comprising the nonferrous metal group reported increased employment, silverware, smelting and refining, and jewelry reporting the largest gains. In the chemical group, seasonal increases in the cottonseed oil-cake-meal and fertilizer industries were outstanding, while the explosive, drug gists’ preparations, and petroleum-refining industries also reported gains in employment ranging from 13.6 percent to 6 percent. The food group reported a gain of 6.5 percent in employment between August and September, each of the nine separate industries compos ing the group reporting increases in workers with the exception of the beverage industry in which a seasonal decrease of 1 percent was shown. The beet-sugar, flour, and confectionery industries reported the most pronounced gains in this group. The paper and transporta tion groups reported gains in employment of 4.6 percent each, general expansions appearing in the paper box, paper and pulp, book and job printing, and newspaper ind.ustries<in the first-named group. In the last-named group, the shipbuilding, locomotive, and automobile industries reported increases ranging from 11.5 to 4.2 percent, while the aircraft and the electric and steam-railroad car-building indus tries reported declines in employment over the month interval. The iron and steel group reported a gain of 4.3 percent in employ ment between August and September. Of the 13 industries com prising the iron and steel group, only 1 industry (hardware) failed to show a gain in number of workers between August and September. The stove industry reported the most pronounced gain in employ ment in this group (13.2 percent) and the structural metalwork, forgings, and cutlery industries reported gains of slightly more than 9 percent each. The rubber products group reported an increase of 2.2 percent in employment and the railroad car repair shop group reported a gain of 1.6 percent. In the three groups in which decreases in employment were shown, the losses in the textile and tobacco groups were less than 1 percent, and the decrease in the leather group amounted to 2.4 percent, due to declining employment shown in the boot and shoe industry. S p o ra d ic strikes co n tin u e d to reta rd the general a d v a n ces in em p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa ctu rin g ind u stries, a n u m b e r o f firm s in va riou s loca lities re p o rtin g p a rtia l o r co m p le te sh u t-d ow n s d u e to la b o r d istu rb an ces. A n u m b e r o f these la b o r d istu rb a n ces w ere re p o rte d in w o m e n ’s clo th in g a n d k n it-g o o d s fa cto rie s in N e w Y o r k , d y e in g and fin ish ing p la n ts in N e w J ersey, b o o t a n d sh oe fa cto rie s in M a ssa ch u setts, silk m ills in P e n n sy lv a n ia a n d N e w J ersey, a n d w o m e n ’s clo th in g fa cto rie s in M issou ri. A comparison of the indexes of employment and pay roll in manu facturing industries in September 1933 with September 1932 shows that all but 5 of the 89 industries surveyed reported increased em ployment and all but 10 industries reported increased pay-roll totals over the year interval. The five industries reporting decreased employment were: dyeing and finishing textiles, millinery, electricrailroad repair shops, marble-granite-slate, and cigars and cigarettes. The 10 industries reporting decreased pay-roll totals were: butter; ice cream,' sugar refining, cane; dyeing and finishing textiles; millinery : electric-railroad car shops; cement; marble-granite-slate; book and job printing; and newspapers and periodicals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1219 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT In table 1, which follows, are shown the number of identical estab lishments reporting in both August and September 1933 in the 89 manufacturing industries, together with the total number of employees on the pay rolls of these establishments during the pay period ending nearest September 15, the amount of their earnings for 1 week in September, the percents of change over the month and year inter vals, and the indexes of employment and pay roll in September 1933. The monthly percents of change for each of the 89 separate indus tries are computed by direct comparison of the total number of em ployees and of the amount of weekly pay roll reported in identical establishments for the 2 months considered. The percents of change over the month interval in the several groups and in the total of the 89 manufacturing industries are computed from the index numbers of these groups, which are obtained by weighing the index numbers of the several industries in the groups by the number of employees or wages paid in the industries. The percents of change over the year interval in the separate industries, in the groups and in the totals, are computed from the index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals. T able 1.— C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L I S H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R 1933 W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932 Pay-roll totals Employment Industry Food and kindred prod ucts............. ................. - ............. Estab lish ments reporting in both August and Sep tem ber 1933 Percent of change Percent of change N um ber on pay roll Sep tember 1933 August to Sep tember 1933 Sep tem ber 1932 to Sep tem ber 1933 Amount of pay roll (1 week, August Septem to ber Sep tember 1933 1933 Pay roll totals + 7.2 +16.6 100.1 80.1 + 5 .2 + 8 .7 - 4 . 9 +128.4 + 2 .5 - 4 .7 + 9 .6 + 1 9 .7 + 2 .8 + 1 4 .0 -.6 -.7 87.9 161.4 107.3 94.8 94.0 83.9 72.3 141.6 79.5 75.7 70.8 61.1 + 8 .6 + 2 7 .9 2,221,237 163, 202 + 1 2 .6 + 4 6 .6 185,081 + 2 .7 + 1 1 .9 - . 3 +24.5 12,020,085 + 8 .4 + 2 3 .6 + 1 3 .0 + 3 5 .4 - 4 .1 -5 .0 111.4 91.8 86.6 87.5 66.9 65.1 +30.1 9,395,089 + 3.9 +39.2 - 2 .5 +45.1 88.5 94.3 68.9 74.6 + 6 6 .1 353,825 + 4 1 .0 4,092, 436 182, 795 + 3 9 .5 + 7 .1 +141.9 - 2 . 6 + 7 0 .2 - 4 . 6 + 4 7 .6 78.4 101.4 101.8 61.2 85.6 78.4 - 1 9 .9 + 1 1 .2 + 9 .8 - 6 .5 - 1 2 .2 + 1 1 .8 + 2 9 .3 + 3 1 .7 77.4 84.8 95.1 72.5 52.7 63.7 75.4 54.4 -5 .2 + 4 5 .6 305,740 995 394 306 305 420 371 71,092 26,429 5,937 41,143 17,575 13,936 244 63 12 113,025 8,083 8, 520 Textiles and their products. Fabrics-------------------------- 3,259 1,949 787,644 638,923 -2 .0 Carpets and rugs------Cotton goods_________ Cotton small wares.. . Dyeing and finishing textiles_____________ Hats, fur-felt-------------------Knit goods. . . -----------Silk and rayon goods.. Woolen and worsted goods------- ---------- --- 28 683 114 18,730 312,087 11,734 + 5 .1 -2 .0 - 3 .4 153 34 454 240 34,760 6,862 120, 387 57, 648 - 1 6 .8 + 2 .6 + 6 .9 - 1 .9 -.5 601,361 154,106 +14. C + 1 7 .6 1,834,656 829,953 + 1 8 .5 243 76,715 - 5 .4 Wearing apparel---------------- 1,310 148,721 +4,6 Clothing, m en’s______ Clothing, women’s . . . Corsets and allied garments______ ______ M e n ’s furnishings. . . Millinery........ .. ............. Shirts and collars...... 405 527 74, 20C 32,332 + 1 .2 +18.1 34 80 147 117 6,111 7,542 10,97C + 4 .4 -8 .2 - .4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Em ploy ment 1, 564,455 720,872 120,089 620,387 347, 667 339,281 +6.5 +19.7 $6,282,271 3,110 Baking-----------------------------Beverages________________ Butter---------- ------- --------------Confectionery------------------Flour---------------------------------------------Icecream -------------- ---------------------Slaughtering and meat packing-------------------------Sugar, beet-----------------------Sugar refining, cane---------- 17, 566 Sep tem ber 1932 to Sep tem ber 1933 Index numbers September 1933 (average: 1926=100) + 6 .0 - 1 .0 + 9 .3 +109.6 + 5.4 + 1 .3 + 6 .6 + 1 0 .7 + 1 0 .2 +11.1 + 1.7 + 9 .7 + 3 5 .1 1,345,957 +9 .9 2,624,996 +15. 2 1, 269, 323 + 5 .7 723,971 + 9 .9 + 4 .2 - 4 .6 94, 459 97, 740 224,096 + .5 +21,3 215, 407 102.8 82.1 +24.2 +25.8 74.6 + 3 1 .5 + 2 9 .5 78.7 70.6 57.5 56. 4 + 8 .8 + 7 3 .0 105.7 + 4 .9 + 2 4 .6 62.7 - 1 1 .7 + 1 1 .7 -3 .2 72. 2 + 1 6 .0 + .5 + 5 7 .3 1 69.6 58.9 88.1 42.1 57.5 54,6 1220 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 1.— C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G E S T A B L I S H M E N T S I N S E P T E M B E R 1933 W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932— Continued Employment Estab lish ments report* ing in both August and September 1933 • Industry Iron and steel and their products, not including m achinery_____ _________ Percent of change N um ber on pay roll August Septo tember Sep1933 tember 1933 Machinery, not including transportation equip m e n t...... .................. Agricultural implements.. Cash registers, adding machines, and calcu lating machines________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.. . Engines, turbines, tractors, and water w heels.. Foundry and machineshop products__________ Machine tools________ Radios and phonographs. Textile machinery and parts_________ __ Typewriters and supplies. Nonferrous metals their products.. . Amount of pay roll (1 week) August Septemto ber Sep1933 tember 1933 September 1932 to September 1933 Em ployment Payroll totals 426,195 + 4 .3 + 4 4 .4 «7,922,878 + 9 4 .6 74.8 47.1 72 41 12,012 6,175 + 2 .1 + 4 .1 + 4 8 .7 + 2 1 .4 218,161 79,120 + 1 .9 + 9 9 .0 - 3 . 8 + 1 5 .2 90.7 34.1 58.7 18.2 129 64 107 207 71 10,440 7,716 30,857 261,961 9, 569 + 9 .2 + 9 .3 - 1 .4 + 2 .9 + 8 .3 + 1 8 .6 189,591 + 6 6 .7 130,963 + 2 2 .4 512,621 + 5 2 .2 5,027,862 + 7 4 .5 161,429 + 8 .6 + 3 0 .7 - 2 . 7 +122. 4 - 3 . 8 + 4 6 .3 - 1 0 .0 +141.7 + 9 .6 + 9 3 .8 75.4 83.2 59.0 78.1 87.6 51.1 48.7 33. 2 49.3 53.3 98 157 18, 263 24,927 + 3 .7 + 1 3 .2 + 36.1 + 51.5 329,616 468,182 -.9 + 1 4 .4 + 4 8 .5 + 5 8 .9 48.3 78.3 30.3 50.2 192 16,676 + 9 .7 + 1 8 .5 293,159 + 1 3 .7 + 30.1 50.6 31.1 61 11,135 + 2 .9 + 1 5 .0 208,030 + 1 .4 + 6 .5 93.4 55.8 127 70 8,709 7,755 + 3 .4 + 5 .6 + 3 5 .9 + 3 8 .9 157,678 146,466 + 2 .9 -8 .9 + 5 9 .0 + 6 1 .7 80.2 128.8 51.5 102.2 1,818 77 352,550 8,632 + 7 .3 +36.2 6,880,772 + 1 1 .0 + 6 5 .2 146,192 61.7 + 1 2 .2 40.8 34.7 27.2 36 16,316 288 109,846 89 20,401 1,076 146 41 128,310 14,936 31,968 49 16 10,904 11,237 635 107,087 25 6,628 214 38,972 27 132 52 + 5 .0 + 3 3 .1 + 6 .2 - 5 .2 +6.5 +55.7 + 8 6 .3 405, 754 + 5 .7 + 4 1 .9 83.7 64.4 + 2 0 .0 2, 263,947 + 5 .5 + 3 5 .9 60.7 44.7 + 2 3 .5 + 2 2 .2 + 4 0 .5 400,456 + 5 0 .9 55.2 34.1 + 3 .6 + 6 2 .6 + 1 7 .7 +70. 1 + 2 3 .5 + 6 2 .6 59. 2 44.5 133.6 36.1 30.1 91.2 229,561 211,904 + 5 .2 + 109.4 + 1 0 .9 + 8 9 .0 90. 8 76.1 69 1 55.0 +7 .3 +37.0 1,952,487 + 5.1 + 3 /. 1 110,608 + 7 .5 +45.8 71.8 + .6 49.0 + 6 1 .6 65.1 41.7 + 2 .7 + 2 .1 + 7 3 .7 73.0 50.9 + 1 6 7 + 4 3 .5 + 11.8 + 9 .6 + 2 9 .9 49.9 45. 2 82.1 38.6 31. 2 58.6 + 5 .0 + 3 6 .4 2,367,371 + 1 3 .8 + 4 7 .4 310,501 + 2 3 .5 + 9 6 .2 545,086 + 3 .4 + 9 .4 + 7 3 .6 + 3 6 .4 and Aluminum manufactures . Brass, bronze, and copper products_____ ______ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices.. Jewelry............. . Lighting equ ipm ent... Silverware and plated ware____________ Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and zinc. . Stamped and enameled ware............................. Transportation m e n t_______ September 1932 to September 1933 Percent of change Tndex numbers September 1933 (average: 1926=100) 1,396 Bolts, nuts,washers, and Cast-iron p ip e .. _________ Cutlery (not including silver and plated cut lery) and edge tools____ Forgings, iron and s t e e l Hardware . . _____________ Iron and steel_____________ Plumbers’ supplies_______ Steam a n d ' hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings...... ......... . Stoves.______ : ____________ Structural and ornamental metalwork______ Tin cans and other tinware___ _______________ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)_________ Wire work___________ _____ Pay-roll totals + 45.1 749, 306 9,118 9,085 3,535 + 8 .5 + 2 4 .4 + 1 2 .8 + 11.1 + 8 .3 + 2 9 .9 157, 203 53 8,315 + 2 4 .1 45 14,413 + 1 3 .5 + 5 3 .7 87 17,021 114 285,397 28 239 7,654 239,907 - 1 .3 + 4 .2 + 4 7 .8 + 4 3 .3 41 5,929 2,359 29,548 - 3 .1 + 6 .7 + 1 1 .5 + 1 3 .5 + 1 5 .9 + 1 1 .4 + 3 .6 62,964 + 1 6 .7 + 3 3 .4 + 2 8 .5 + 2 1 .4 70.6 46.0 268,325 + 5 .2 + 5 0 .7 84.4 53.8 274,407 + .7 + 3 1 .8 82.3 52.7 - 3 .2 +94.9 61.8 238.7 46.0 207.5 64.9 48.7 e q u ip - Aircraft_________ _____ Automobiles-.......... Cars, electric and steam railroad............................ Locomotives............ .. Shipbuilding________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis u 95 +4 .6 +37.3 6,145,949 197,951 5,181, 559 + 2 4 .1 +125.5 + 8 .5 21.9 16.8 12.0 10.2 + 8 .1 76.9 55.8 + 8 .1 627,747 + 1 0 .4 + 1 4 .7 1221 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T able 1.— C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G E S T A B L I S H M E N T S I N S E P T E M B E R 1933 W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932— Continued Employment Industry Estab lish ments reporting in both August and Sep tem ber 1933 Pay-roll totals Percent of change N um ber on pay roll Sep tember 1933 August to Sep tember 1933 Sep tem ber 1932 to Sep tem ber 1933 Percent of change Amount of pay roll (1 week) August Septem to ber Sep tember 1933 1933 Sep tem ber 1932 to Sep tem ber 1933 Index num bers September 1933 (average: 1926=100) Em ploy ment Railroad repair shops ______ 923 98,327 + 1.6 + 9.9 $2,317,477 - 1 .4 +23.6 51.1 Electric railroad__________ Steam railroad____________ 378 545 18,843 79,484 + .6 + 1 .8 -6 .0 462,901 + 1 1 .8 1,854, 576 -.7 -1 .4 - 9 .1 + 2 7 .9 62.5 50.2 1,570 166,386 465 60,073 463 617 25 21,770 82,883 1,660 1,312 108,788 657 129 184 Lumber and allied prod ucts_______ ______ _____ _ +14.7 +57.2 51,1 32.7 + 5 5 .6 63.0 40.0 + 1 .3 + 2 6 .5 + 1 4 .9 + 7 0 .7 +19.1 + 4 2 .2 41.5 48.2 60.6 25.3 30.9 49.9 - 1 .5 +25.0 52.9 32.5 + 1 8 .2 - 2 .4 + 6 0 .4 34.4 44.0 79.8 16.2 23.9 58.4 -.5 + 1 .8 - 2 6 .4 + 5 6 .4 44.6 72.0 26.2 46.6 +11.3 2,801,027 -.9 +26.0 85.7 66.4 + 6 .0 + 3 6 .7 2,183, 616 617,411 -.9 -.4 + 2 1 .5 + 4 2 .9 84.3 91.6 64.4 73.6 242,293 + 4.6 +12.6 5,668,852 +5 .3 + 6.5 88.7 69.3 27, 737 100,844 + 5 .6 + 5 .7 + 3 0 .2 493,977 + 2 6 .7 1,898,912 + 6 .8 + 1 .9 + 2 9 .3 +34.4 90.9 93.9 76.3 66.4 771 47,692 + 3 .1 + 1 .0 1,200, 267 + 6 .1 - 3 .4 72.4 56.6 446 66,020 + 4 .5 + 4 .7 2,075,696 + 6 .8 -2 .6 100.8 82.5 951,570 + 6 .1 + 9 .2 + 2 0 .3 + 3 6 .9 + 4 3 .9 323,192 1,230,314 22, 238 22,878 15, 545 46, 235 (>) - 2 .3 - 9 .7 + 3 .3 + 1 6 .2 + 5 .0 + 4 7 .0 290, 291 256,836 857,944 -5 .0 - 1 9 .0 + 4 .2 221 121 5,698 18,432 + 2 .3 + 3 .0 - 1 5 .7 + 3 1 .9 106,842 319,482 Leather and its m anufac tures __________________ _____ 500 153,834 - 2 .4 Boots and shoes....... ........... Leather................................... 344 156 122,175 31,659 - 3 .1 + .4 Paper and printing.............. 1,955 Boxes, paper_______ ______ Paper and pulp___________ Printing and publishing: Book and job................ Newspapers and peri odicals______________ 322 416 Stone, clay, and glass prod ucts_______________________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta. Cement......... ......................... Glass........................................ Marble, granite, slate, and other products.................. P ottery........................ ......... Chemicals and allied prod ucts_______________ _____ _ 1,049 176,625 Chemicals._______________ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal____________________ Druggists’ preparations... E x p lo siv e s.......................... Fertilizers.......................... .. Paints and varnishes......... Petroleum refining.............. Rayon and allied prod ucts....................................... Soap..................... ......... ......... 104 26,374 + 4 .4 103 45 29 167 352 127 5, 721 8,362 4, 309 7, 347 17, 111 52, 591 + 4 5 .6 + 7 .2 + 1 3 .6 + 2 8 .2 + .6 + 6 .1 24 98 37,580 17,230 + 4 .5 + 4 .6 Rubber products__________ 150 100,852 Rubber boots and shoes.. Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes________ _____ Rubber tires and inner tubes.................. ............. .. £ 14,335 + 2 .2 + 18.1 100 26,628 41 59,889 Tobacco m anufactures___ 239 53,806 -.7 Chewing and smoking to bacco and snuff_________ Cigars and cigarettes_____ 32 207 10, 042 43,764 + 1 .2 - 1 .1 Total, 89 industries... 1 N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41.4 48.8 40.8 + 2 0 .2 + 7.4 +35.5 2,527,314 + 1 2 .4 +39.1 Furniture......... ............. ....... Lumber: Millwork................ ....... Sawmills_____________ Turpentine and rosin____ Pay roll totals 18,330 3,365,524 +21.6 1,831,395 +7 .2 +30.7 3,757.755 + 4.5 +24.7 95.9 74,2 601,179 - .5 + 3 9 .8 118.6 81.8 +17. 5 58, 692 166, 991 + 1 0 .3 + 4 5 .0 87, 266 + 5 3 .4 92,109 + 2 0 .2 348, 599 + 10.4 1,393, 358 + 3 8 .5 + 5 .5 + 5 .8 + 3 0 .5 - 1 .6 + 4 .6 + 2 3 .6 + 1 0 .7 + 6 0 .0 + 4 3 .6 + 1 4 .7 + 5 .5 54.4 76.9 103.8 65.2 80.4 70.0 49,8 75,4 71.7 42.5 59.2 57.6 653,132 356,429 + 7 .7 + 6 .8 + 5 1 .9 + 1 0 .3 196.7 116.0 168. 3 91.9 - 1 .4 +63.8 89.4 + 1 2 .2 + 5 9 .0 67.4 61.6 59.3 76.8 + 4 4 .1 + 5 0 .3 + 2 2 .8 +43.5 1,978,336 + 3 6 .2 258,091 + 4 .1 + 5 0 .5 457,024 + 2 .1 + 44.1 118.6 - 2 .1 + 4 1 .7 1, 263,221 -5 .6 + 7 6 .7 84.0 56.9 -4 .0 744,150 + 8.4 + 2.6 69.1 55.6 + 2 .3 -5 .0 143,376 600, 774 + 1 .3 + 9 .8 + 3 .8 + 2 .3 89.5 66.5 77.0 53.0 +2.7 +39.9 73.9 53.3 +3 .2 +26.3 62,830,748 1222 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Per Capita Earnings in Manufacturing Industries P e r capita weekly earnings in September 1933 for each of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and for all industries combined, together with the percents of change in September 1933 as compared with August 1933 and September 1932, are shown in table 2. These earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages. They are per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). C A P I T A W E E K L Y E A R N I N G S I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D C O M P A R IS O N W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932 T able 2 . - P E R Industry Food and kindred products: Baking.................................... ......................... ................... ............. ............... Beverages________________________ ______ ________ k k l l l l l l l l B u tter.. ........ ..................................I__IIIZZIIIZZZIIZZZ Confectionery................................................. Flour................. ''" " I " Ice c re a m ........................................... ................... ............... Slaughtering and meat packing........................ ................. ..................... Sugar, beet...................................... ...........................................................** Sugar refining, cane........................................................................ Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpets and rugs.................................................................................... Cotton goods.............................................. ......... ............... ... 1 .1 . 1 . 1 Cotton small wares......................................................... ............... Dyeing and finishing textiles______________________________ Hats, fur-felt................. ................... ................. ......................... Knit goods.............................................................................. Silk and rayon goods................................. k ill Woolen and worsted goods................................................... Wearing apparel: Clothing, men’s _____ _______ __________________________________ Clothing, women’s _______ ____________________________ Corsets and allied garments_________________________ M en’s furnishings_______________________ ______ _____ ______ Millinery........................... k ill” Shirts and collars................................ IIIIIIIII Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets__ ___________ __________________ Cast-iron pipe............................................................................... kk Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge "tools.. Forgings, iron and steel........................................................................ Hardware_____ __________________________________________ Iron and steel........................... ......................................... IIIIIIIIIII Plumbers’ supplies................................................. I l l k l l l l l l l l l k l l k Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings.III” S t o v e s........................................... ................ ................................... ....... Structural and ornamental metal w ork ._____ _______ I k . I I Tin cans and other tinware....................................................... I l l k i l l Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws) " Wirework__________ _______ ______________________________ _______ Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural implements................ ................. Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines_____ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies................................. Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels............ ............... ....... Foundries and machine-shop products.............................. Machine tools....... .................... k ill Radios and phonographs_____________________________ k l l l l l k l l l Textile machinery and parts.................................. Typewriters and supplies.........................................I k .I I I I I I I I I I I I k Nonferrous metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures............................................................................ Brass, bronze, and copper products............... ........................... I k . I . Clocks and watches and time-recording devices........... ........... ......... Jewelry......................... ............... .................................................. ......... Lighting e q u i p m e n t . , , , „ „ „ . . I k . , . aek k k I k I k I k I k k I I I I i N o change, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Per capita weekly earnings in September 1933 Percent of change com pared with— August 1933 September 1932 $22. 01 27.28 20.23 15.08 19. 78 24. 35 19.65 20. 19 21. 72 + 2 .6 -3 .9 + 1.2 +8. 1 + 3 .5 -2 .3 - .2 4". 4 -6 .6 -3 .8 + 9 .0 -9 .6 + 2 .7 -7 . 3 -9 .0 -3 .4 -7 .6 - 1 4 .7 18.89 13. 11 15.58 17. 30 22. 46 15.24 14. 40 17.54 + 1 .9 -. 7 -1 .3 -3 .7 + 8 .3 + 2 .7 -4 .7 + .2 + 4 5 .0 +20. 1 + 5 .7 - 1 1 .5 -1 .9 + 1 0 .0 + 1 1 .4 + 7 .5 17.11 22.39 15. 46 12.96 20.43 12.26 + 7 .6 +46. 4 +• 5 -3 .9 + 1 6 .5 -.1 + 14.0 +22 3 +13. 5 + 7 .5 + 2 9 .7 18.16 12.81 18.16 16.97 16.61 19.19 16.87 18.05 18.78 17.58 18.68 18.11 18.89 - .3 -7 .6 —. 6 - 1 1 .0 -2 .4 - 1 2 .5 + 1.3 - 4 .5 + 1.1 + 3 .7 -1 .5 - .4 -1 3 .7 + 3 3 .6 - 5 .0 + 9 .8 + 3 3 .2 + 19.6 + 5 8 .7 + 11.7 + 9 .4 + 5.0 + 10.0 -7 .6 + 16.9 + 16.3 16.94 24.87 20.61 19.63 18. 45 20. 79 17.05 21.05 18. 86 + 1 .1 + .6 -.7 + 1.1 -1 .3 + 3 .4 (>) + 1 .7 + 1 .4 + 12.7 + 6 .5 + 13.6 + 7.4 + 19.2 + 15.7 - 1 6 .9 + 2 0 .4 + 3 8 .7 16.69 19.23 17.24 18.96 17,81 -4 .3 -.5 + 7.5 + 6 .5 + 1.8 + 1 7 .8 + 19.5 + 15.2 + .8 (') 1223 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 2 . — P E R C A P I T A W E E K L Y E A R N I N G S I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G I N D U S T R I E S IN S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D C O M P A R I S O N W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932— C o n . T able In d u stry Nonferrous metals and their products— Continued. Silverware and plated ware................................ .................................... Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and zinc...... ....................... . Stamped and enameled ware------------------- -------------- -------------------Transportation equipment: Aircraft___________________________________________________________ Automobiles___ ______ ___________________________________________ Cars, electric and steam railroad------------------------------------------------Locomotives___________ ________ _________________________________ Shipbuilding_____________________________________________________ Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad______ ______ __________ _______ ________ __________ Steam railroad__________________________ _______ - ----------------- ------Lumber and allied products: Furniture..................- ............. - ......................................... - -------------------Lumber: M illw ork.------- ------ ---------------- ---------------- -------------------------------Sawmills------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------Turpentine and rosin------------ ----------- ------------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta....................................................................Cement__________________________________________________________ G lass................................ — Marble, granite, slate, and other products--------------------------------Pottery.............................................. ........................................................... Leather and its manufactures: Boots and shoes......................................................................................... Leather____________________________ ___________ __________________ Paper and printing: Boxes, paper..................................... ............................... ............................ Paper and pulp------------------------------------ ------------------------ -------------Printing and publishing: Book and job_________________________ ___________ __________ Newspapers and periodicals___________________________ ____ Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals_______________________________________________________ Cottonseed oil, cake, and m eal.------- ---------------------------------- -------Druggists’ preparations.................. ....................... - -------------------------Explosives----- ------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------------Fertilizers____________ _____ - --------------------------------------------- --------Paints and varnishes......................... ............. - ............. - ........... ........... Petroleum refining-------------------------- ----------- -------------------------------Rayon and allied products................... ............... ....................... ......... Soap----------------------- ----------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------Rubber products: Rubber boots and s h o e s ............................................. ........................ Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes. Rubber tires and inner tubes.......................... .................................... Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff......................................... Cigars and cigarettes....... ............. ....................... ................... ............. T o t a l , 89 i n d u s t r ie s . P e r c a p ita w e e k ly e a rn in g s in S e p te m b e r 1933 P ercen t of change c o m p ared w ith — A u gu st 1933 S e p te m b e r 1932 $ 1 8 .9 4 1 8 .6 2 1 6 .1 2 + 3 .6 -7 .3 -2 .8 + 4 .2 -1 .7 -1 .3 2 5 .8 6 2 1 .6 0 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .8 0 2 1 .2 4 -7 .0 -8 .4 -1 .8 + 3 .4 + 2 .8 -1 6 .1 + 5 7 .4 -4 .4 -6 .2 -3 .2 2 4 .5 7 2 3 .3 3 -1 .2 -3 .2 -3 .6 + 1 4 .1 1 5 .8 4 + 7 .0 + 1 1 .7 1 4 .8 5 1 4 .8 4 1 3 .4 0 + . 7 + 8 .2 + 9 .1 + 4 .7 + 2 3 .7 -1 .2 1 2 .6 9 1 6 .5 2 18. 56 18. 75 1 7 .3 3 -2 .7 -1 0 .4 + .9 -2 .7 -1 .3 + 1 .9 -7 .3 + 8 .9 -1 2 .7 + 1 8 .5 17. 87 19. 50 + 2 .2 -.8 + 1 4 .5 + 4 .8 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .8 3 + 1 .1 -3 .5 -.8 + 5 .9 2 5 .1 7 3 1 .4 4 + 2 .9 + 2 .1 -4 .0 -7 .6 2 2 .7 9 10. 26 1 9 .9 7 20. 25 12. 54 2 0 .3 7 2 6 .4 9 1 7 .3 8 2 0 .6 9 -4 .6 -4 .8 -1 .6 -6 .9 + 1 .9 -2 .3 -1 .5 + 3 .0 + 2 .2 -2 .8 + 5 .4 + 1 0 .1 -6 .0 -4 .6 -4 .6 + .7 -1 0 .4 18. 00 1 7 .1 6 2 1 .0 9 -5 .1 -1 .9 -3 .6 + 1 6 .5 -4 .2 + 2 4 .6 1 4 .2 8 13. 73 + . 1 + 1 1 .0 1 8 .6 7 2-.6 + 1 .4 + 7 .8 2 + 1 0 .8 2 W e ig h te d . General Index Numbers of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing Industries G e n e r a l index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals in manufacturing industries by months, from January 1926 to September 1933, together with average indexes for each of the years from 1926 to 1932, and for the 9-month period, January to September 1933, inclusive, are shown in the following table. In computing these general indexes the index numbers of each of the separate industries are weighted according to their relative importance in the total. Following this table are two charts prepared from these general indexes showing the course of employment and pay rolls from January 1926 to September 1933, inclusive. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1224 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 3 .— G E N E R A L I N D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N M A N U FA C T U R IN G IN D U S T R I E S , J A N U A R Y 1926 T O S E P T E M B E R 1933 [12-month average, 1926=100] Employment Pay rolls Month January_____ February____ M arch............. April________ M a y _________ June_________ July--------------August______ Septem ber... October.. . . . N o v em b e r... December___ 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 100.4 101.5 102.0 101.0 99.8 99.3 97.7 98.7 100. 3 100.7 99.5 98.9 97.3 99.0 99.5 98.6 97.6 97.0 95.0 95.1 95.8 95.3 93.5 92.6 91.6 93.0 93.7 93.3 93.0 93.1 92. 2 93.6 95.0 95.9 95.4 95.5 95.2 97.4 98.6 99.1 99.2 98.8 98.2 98.6 99.3 98.4 95.0 92.3 90.7 90.9 90.5 89.9 88.6 86.5 82.7 81. C 80.9 79.9 77.9 76.6 74.6 75.3 75.9 75.7 75.2 73.4 71.7 71.2 70. 9 68.9 67. 1 66. 7 64.8 65. 6 64. 5 62.2 59.7 57.5 55.2 56.0 58.5 59.9 59.4 58.3 1926 1927 56.6 98.0 94.9 57.5 102.2 100.6 55.1 103.4 102. 0 56.0 101.5 100.8 58.7 99.8 99.8 62.8 99.7 97.4 67.3 95.2 93.0 71.6 98.7 95.0 73.9 99.3 94.1 102.9 95.2 99.6 91.6 99.8 93.2 Average... 100.0 96.4 93.8 97.5 84.7 72.2 60.1 162.2 100.0 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 89.6 93.9 95.2 93.8 94. 1 94. 2 91.2 94.2 95.4 99.0 96.1 97.7 94.5 101.8 103.9 104.6 104.8 102.8 98.2 102.1 102.6 102.4 95.4 92.4 88.1 91.3 91.6 90.7 88.6 85.2 77.0 75.0 75.4 74.0 69.6 68.8 63.7 68.1 69.6 68. 5 67.7 63.8 60.3 59. 7 56.7 55.3 52. 5 52.2 48. 6 49. 6 48.2 44. 7 42. 5 39.3 36.2 36.3 38.1 39.9 38. 6 37.7 35. 8 36. 4 33.4 34.9 38.9 43. 1 46. 5 51.9 53.3 96.5 94.5 100.5 81.3 61.5 41.6 ‘ 41.6 1 Average for 9 months. Time Worked in Manufacturing Industries in September 1933 R e p o r t s as to working time in September were received from 14,109 establishments in 89 manufacturing industries. Two percent of these establishments were idle, 70 percent operated on a full-time basis, and 28 percent worked on a part-time schedule. An average of 90 percent of full-time operation in September was shown by reports received from all the operating establishments included in table 4. The establishments working part time in September averaged 76 percent of full-time operation. A number of establishments supplying data concerning plantoperating time have reported full-time operations but have qualified the hours reported with the statement that, while the plant was operating full time, the work in the establishment was being shared and the employees were not working the full-time hours operated by the plant. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT MANUFACTURING https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY INDEXES M ONTHLY AVERAGE INDUSTRIES. 1926 - 1933I9E6000. 1226 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW MANUFACTURING MONTHLY INDEXES M O NTHLY AVERAGE. pa y - r o l l INDUSTRIES. 1926- 1933. 192.6= IOO. totals I OS 100 I9Z 6 95 90 1930 65 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 JAW. FEB https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT NOV DEC TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 1227 T able 4 .— P R O P O R T IO N O F F U L L T I M E W O R K E D I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G I N D U S T R IE S B Y E S T A B L I S H M E N T S R E P O R T I N G I N S E P T E M B E R 1933 Establishments reporting Percent of es tablishments Operating- Industry Total num ber Per cent idle Full time Estab All op lishments erating operating establish part ments time 26 94 78 81 57 63 72 73 70 77 92 60 18 43 35 25 26 30 23 8 40 97 91 93 93 92 94 96 99 92 82 79 79 74 70 79 84 88 79 3 84 13 97 73 6 2 2 88 85 63 80 35 91 83 92 6 13 35 17 65 8 9 6 99 96 91 94 83 98 97 98 81 69 74 68 74 75 73 72 8 5 1 86 87 46 40 80 91 11 8 54 52 14 8 97 99 91 88 94 98 78 73 84 79 63 70 1,041 3 49 48 87 74 58 34 24 34 12 66 65 81 81 72 77 41 38 66 66 41 57 63 34 25 59 85 83 91 91 86 75 73 75 69 76 2,454 Textiles a n d their p r o d u c t s ..................................... Fabrics: Carpets and rugs................................................. Cotton goods................................................. ....... Cotton small wares.................................... ....... Dyeing and finishing textiles-----------------Hats, fur-felt......................................................... Knit goods__________ ______ ________ — ......... Silk and rayon goods------------- ----------- --------Woolen and worsted goods------------------------Wearing apparel: Clothing, men’s . .................................................. Clothing, women’s . ............................................ Corsets and allied garments_______________ M en ’s furnishings-........................................... M illinery....... ......................................................... Shirts and collars................................. ........... . 2,563 16 585 103 132 20 413 217 205 273 333 24 63 92 87 2 M ach in ery, n o t in clu d in g tran sp ortation e q u i p m e n t .................................................................... Agricultural implements......... ........... ........... ......... Cash registers, adding machines, and calculat ing m achines....................... ....... ........................... Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels. Foundry and machine-shop products.................. Machine tools...... ....................................................... Radios and phonographs............................... ......... Textile machinery and parts______ ____________ Typewriters and supplies......................................... by— 73 Food a n d kindred p r o d u c ts .................................... Baking................................. ......... ................................. Beverages-...................... - ............................................. B u t t e r ....................... ................... ........... ............... . Confectionery. ..........................................................Flour........................................................................... — Ice cream....................................................................... Slaughtering and meat packing......................... .. Sugar, beet................................................. —............. Sugar refining, cane............................................. ....... Iron a n d steel a n d their p ro d u cts, n o t in clu d in g m a c h in e r y ............... ......... ........................... ......... Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets......... .................. Cast-iron pipe................................................... - ......... Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools.......................... .............. Forgings, iron and steel------------Hardware................ - ....................................................Iron and steel............................ .............................. . Plumbers’ supplies------- ------------------------------------Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings....... ................. ............................. .. Stoves___________ _____ _________ _____ - ................. Structural and ornamental metal-work............. Tin cans and other tinware...................................— Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)---------------------------- --------Wirework.......... ......... .................................................. Part time Average percent of full time reported 843 283 240 233 357 267 173 48 10 1 (0 2 3 1 2 1 7 2 5 108 40 76 138 54 2 69 108 143 55 1 1 3 2 49 61 55 64 49 38 41 35 82 91 89 93 64 76 75 81 108 50 2 26 42 72 58 81 87 75 77 1,396 1 2 73 9 43 29 214 70 859 110 26 36 9 0) 1 1 1 61 38 90 86 12 97 72 45 65 36 62 60 69 50 44 55 35 63 37 39 31 50 56 89 93 80 89 88 91 90 94 79 79 74 71 70 70 79 90 N on ferrou s m e ta ls a n d their p ro d u cts............... Aluminum manufactures_________________ _____ Brass, bronze, and copper products...................... Clocks and watches and time-recording de vices..............................................................- ............. Jewelry..... ................... - ................................................ Lighting equipment................................................... Silverware and plated ware..................................... Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and zinc.. Stamped and enameled ware.................................. 501 1 45 54 87 76 19 166 1 21 52 79 48 84 88 79 76 11 28 35 26 83 73 89 71 65 72 14 27 81 86 82 77 96 93 79 81 72 68 73 74 T ran sp o rtatio n e q u ip m e n t ...................................... Aircraft........................ ....................... ........... ........... .. Automobiles...........................- ....................... - ........... Cars, electric and steam railroad----------------------Locomotives......... .....................................- ......... ....... Shipbuilding................... ............................................. > Less than one half of 1 percent. 317 75 23 95 77 58 92 12 43 75 1 42 8 79 57 24 92 100 76 82 81 77 72 68 96 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19 109 43 46 36 63 24 165 33 7 88 1 2 3 2 1 9 1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 1228 T able 4 — P R O P O R T IO N O F F U L L T I M E W O R K E D I N M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S B Y E S T A B L I S H M E N T S R E P O R T I N G I N S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued Establishments reporting Percent of es tablishments operating— Average percent of full time reported by— Full time Estab All op erating lishments operating establish part ments time Industry Total num ber Per cent idle Part time Railroad repair shops__________________________ 723 Electric railroad___________________ ____________ Steam railroad...................................................... . . . (>) 45 55 89 80 301 422 0) 69 28 31 72 94 86 80 Lumber and allied products.......................... ....... 1,244 Furniture__________ ______ __________ ___________ Lumber: M ill work....... ........................................................ Sawmills_________ ________ _________ ______ __ Turpentine and rosin ____________ ____________ 2 2 77 21 95 78 384 88 10 98 85 348 493 19 1 2 5 69 77 16 30 21 79 93 94 87 79 73 84 Stone, clay, and glass products... ............... ........ 729 13 60 Brick, tile, and terra co tta .. ................................ C em e n t..__________________ __________________ G la ss.. _________________ __________________ Marble, granite, slate, and other products___ Pottery_________________________________________ 28 92 75 226 75 150 179 99 19 21 5 12 4 61 67 81 28 77 20 12 13 60 19 92 94 97 85 96 68 59 77 78 74 Leather and its m anufactures_______________ Boots and shoes______________________________ Leather_________________________________ . Paper and printing_______________ _____ Boxes, paper_________________________ Paper and pulp_______________________ _____ Printing and publishing: Book and job _______ __________ . Newspapers and periodicals___________ __ Chemicals and allied products...... .......... Chemicals____________ _ ____________ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal________ __ Druggists’ preparations_______________ Explosives___________________ _________ Fertilizers_________________________ _____ Paints and varnishes________________ Petroleum refining__________________ Rayon and allied products______________ Soap________________________________ Rubber products.__________________ Rubber boots and shoes... ______ Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes____________ Rubber tires and inner tubes_______ Tobacco m anufactures _____ Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff Cigars and cigarettes______________ Total, 89 industries_________ 406 3 90 7 98 278 128 4 1 92 85 77 4 14 99 97 72 81 79 20 79 77 72 23 27 96 2 94 79 75 88 1,661 278 346 656 381 0) 82 84 18 16 96 98 772 1 68 31 55 53 30 14 149 304 69 14 84 2 4 94 84 68 57 29 96 52 84 100 81 15 28 43 71 2 47 14 98 90 88 67 100 91 99 100 84 81 91 115 0) (') 2 1 1 1 5 45 54 80 20 88 98 90 78 77 78 32 1 27 84 72 16 84 187 59 72 57 59 33 40 32 90 30 157 8 3 9 93 89 83 70 14,109 2 70 28 90 76 1 Less than one half of 1 percent. Employment in Nonmanufacturing Industries in September 1933 M PLOYM ENT increased in September as compared with August 1933 in each of the 15 nonmanufacturing industries appearing in the following table. Pay-roll totals increased in all but three of these industries. Data for the building-construction industry are not presented here but are shown in more detail under the section “ Building construction.” The increases in employment in these nonmanufacturing industries represent gains ranging from more than 200,000 employees in retail trade to only a slight gain in number of workers in the electric-railroad operation industry. The increase in retail trade reflects a seasonal gain in employment coupled with the effect of the the N.R.A. code. E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OP EMPLOYMENT 1229 While increases shown in several of these industries were seasonal, the gains in practically all instances were more pronounced than usual, reflecting increased business activity combined with accessions in number of employees under the various codes. The increases in employment in September ranged from a pro nounced seasonal increase of 55.8 percent in the canning and pre serving industry, which reaches its peak of employment in September, to a gain of 0.2 percent in the electric-railroad and motor-bus opera tion industry. The anthracite-mining industry reported a gain of 19 percent in number of workers coupled with an increase of 30.2 percent in pay rolls reflecting seasonal demands. Retail trade establishments reported an increase of slightly more than 10 percent in employment coupled with a corresponding increase in pay-roll totals. The in creases in employment in the remaining 12 industries in the order of their percentage gains were as follows: crude-petroleum producing, 8.9 percent; dyeing and cleaning, 6.7 percent; metalliferous mining, 5.8 percent; bituminous-coal mining, 4.7 percent; wholesale trade, 3 percent; power and light, 2.8 percent; hotels, 2.1 percent; laundries, 1.8 percent; banks-brokerage-insurance-real estate, 0.7 percent; and telephone and telegraph, 0.4 percent. With the exception of the three industries comprising the publicutility group, each of the nonmanufacturing industries reported more employees on their pay rolls in September 1933 than in September 1932. In the following table are presented employment and pay-roll data for the nonmanufacturing industries surveyed, exclusive of building construction: T able 1 — C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN N O N M AN U FAC TU R IN G E S T A B L I S H M E N T S I N S E P T E M B E R 1933 W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R 1932 Industrial group Pay-roll totals Employment Estab lish Percent of Percent of ments change change report ing in N um both Sep Sep Amount of ber on tem A u A u tem pay roll A u pay roll, gust ber (1 week) gust to ber gust to Sep and Sep 1932 to Sep 1932 to Septem tem Sep tem Sep tem ber 1933 Sep ber tem tem ber tem ber 1933 ber ber 1933 ber 1933 1933 1933 1933 Coal mining: 158 1,495 271 77,598 218,200 25,678 + 1 9 .0 + 4 .7 + 5 .8 1,152 244 35,442 26,304 + 1 .9 + 8 .9 8,240 3,098 245,724 201,108 557 124,331 Quarrying and nonmetallic Crude-petroleum producing . Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph. Hotels (cash payments only)1 Canning and preserving......... 2,947 17,549 2,638 1,021 935 344 82, 505 405, 422 140,362 152,969 56,815 11, 942 BanksT brokerage, insur ance, and real estate----------- 4,538 178, 827 Pay roll totals + 3 0 .2 + 2 9 .1 + 1.9 + 4 6 .0 + 8 .8 + 4 0 .6 56.8 71.8 38.9 60.7 44.1 23.9 516,932 692,052 -2 .0 + 4 .3 -3 .9 + 6 .0 52.6 66.2 29.3 44.4 +• 4 - 1 1 .8 + 2 .8 -.9 6, 290, 218 5,667, 250 -2 .3 + 1 .3 - 1 4 .9 -3 .9 68.3 80.3 64.6 71.8 -5 .2 3, 293,441 - .8 + 3 .0 + 6 .5 + 1 0 .1 + 10.5 + 2 .2 + 2 .1 + 5 5 .8 + 40.1 + .9 + 1.8 + 6 .4 + 6 .7 2,119,915 7,931,714 1,743,194 1,835,076 859,513 211,131 2 + .6 5,800,487 + .2 2 + .7 1 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed. 2 Weighted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Em ploy ment + 1 7 .8 E lectric-railroad and motor-bus operation Trade: + 1 .8 $2,412,795 3,443,759 + 15.1 517,134 + 3 2 .8 Index num bers, September 1933 (average 1929=100) -7 .5 69.7 57.8 -1 .3 + 2 .4 + 1 0 .4 + 7 .1 -5 .9 + 3 .1 + 8 5 .9 + 6 9 .1 -3 .7 + 5 .2 +14. 3 - 1 . 1 82.1 86.0 78. 7 175.6 79.3 88. 6 62.3 69.2 55. 6 127.0 60.6 60.3 2- 3 . 0 2 99.0 2 84.5 a+ . i 1230 M ON TH LY LABOR R E V IE W Per capita weekly earnings in September 1933 for 15 nonmanu facturing industries included in the Bureau’s monthly trend-of-employment survey, together with the percents of change in September 1933 as compared with August 1933 and September 1932, are given m the table following. These per capita weekly earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages; they are per capita weekly earnings computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). T able 2 .— P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N I N G S I N 15 N O N M A N T J F A C T T IR ilvn Txrrnrq 1932^E ^ ^ S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D C O M P A R IS O N W I T H A U G U S T 1933 A N D S E P T E M B E R Industrial group Coal mining: Anthracite_____ Bituminous^ Metalliferous mining . Quarrying and nonmetallic mining Crude-petroleum producing Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph Power and light________ Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance ' Trade: Wholesale_________ R etail-- ______ Hotels (cash payments only) i Canning and preservingL a u n d r ie s -..___ Dyeing and cleaning_______ Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate Per capita Percent of change September 1933 weekly compared with— earnings in Sep tember August Septem 1933 1933 ber 1932 + 2 7 .0 + 2 6 .9 + 5 .9 14. 59 26.31 25. 60 26.49 12. 42 32.44 - 1 .0 - 2 .5 +• 3 - 8 .1 + 2 0 .7 2 - 3 .5 ------------------------- ----------------------- --- -----------------------------------‘ additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed J weighted. Indexes of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals for Nonmanufacturing Industries I n d e x numbers of employment and pay-roll totals for 15 nonmanulacturmg industries are presented in the following table. These index numbers show the variation in employment and pay rolls by months, from January 1930 to September 1933, in all nonmanufactunng industries with the exception of the laundry, dyeing and cleaning, and the banks, brokerage, insurance, and real-estate indus tries lor which information over the entire period is not available. I he Bureau has secured data concerning employment and pay rolls i^ base year 1929 from establishments in these industries and has computed index numbers for those months for which data are available from the Bureau’s files. These indexes are shown in this tabulation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 1231 T able 3 . —I N D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S F O R N O N M AN U FAC TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , J A N U A R Y S E P T E M B E R 1933 TO DECEM BER 1930, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D JANUARY TO [12-month average, 1929=100 Bituminous-coal mining Anthracite mining M onth Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls Employment 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 July __________ September_______ N ovem ber.. -----December........... Average----- 102.1 106.9 82.6 84.1 93.8 90.8 91.6 80.2 93.8 99.0 97.2 99.1 90.6 89.5 82.0 85.2 80.3 76.1 65.1 67.3 80.0 86.8 83.5 79.8 76.2 71.2 73.7 70.1 66.9 53.0 44. 5 49.2 55.8 63.9 62.7 62.3 52.5 58.7 54.6 51.6 43.2 39.5 43.8 47.7 56.8 — 105.8 89.3 121.5 101.9 78.5 71.3 75.0 75.2 98.8 76.1 94.3 66.7 84 0 53.7 78.8 56.4 91.6 64.9 117.2 91.1 98.0 79.5 100.0 78.4 61.5 57.3 61.2 72.0 58.0 37.4 34.5 41.4 47.0 66.7 51.0 56.2 43.2 56.8 48.8 37.4 30.0 34.3 38.2 46.6 60.7 102.5 102.4 98.6 94.4 90.4 88.4 88.0 89.2 90.5 91.8 ______ 92.5 ......... 92.5 __ 95.7 92.3 90.9 89.3 87.5 84.6 July _________ 80.5 79.0 78.1 77.2 72.8 December............. 70.1 ............ December.......... . Average----- 69.8 101.4 69.3 102.1 67.6 86.4 63.7 81.7 61. 2 77.5 61.3 75.6 63.2 68.9 68.6 71.1 71.8 74.9 79.4 ______ 79.1 ______ 77.7 — 73.3 68.3 65.2 58.6 54.4 52.4 50.4 50.6 53.6 56. 2 54. 6 52. 3 47.0 36.1 47.0 37. 2 46. 8 30.7 33.9 26.6 30. 7 26.9 27.3 29. 2 24. 4 33. 6 26. 4 43. 3 30. 2 44.1 37.8 — 38.0 — 37. 7 — Quarrying and nonmetallie mining 68.3 65.3 63.5 63.9 62.4 60.0 56.2 55.8 55.5 53.8 52.8 51.2 49.3 46.9 45.0 43.3 38.3 32.2 29.5 28.6 29.3 30.5 31.9 33.3 83.2 59.1 36.5 32.4 31.5 30.0 29.4 30.0 31.5 33.0 36.8 38.9 — 92.7 92.5 90.8 88.3 85.6 81.6 71.9 71.0 69.9 68.6 63.4 59.9 55.0 54.6 52.8 51.4 49.3 46.1 41.3 40.2 40.0 37.4 35.1 34.3 29.7 27.8 26.5 25.0 23.8 20.1 16.9 16.5 17.0 18.0 18.7 18.7 18.1 17.8 17.4 16.4 17.0 18.3 19.0 21.9 23.9 — 79.6 79.8 83.0 87.4 90.8 90.3 89.9 89.3 87.7 84.7 78.3 70.2 92.7 90.8 89.3 86.8 89.8 90.2 89.9 87.7 85.0 85.2 83.6 77.4 74.8 73.2 72.2 69.8 67.8 65.0 65.3 62.4 61.2 60.4 57.6 58.2 54.9 54.4 51.4 54.9 54.5 54.2 55.4 57.4 56.2 56.8 56.5 57.2 64.4 66.6 70.0 76.1 75.0 72.3 71.0 68.9 66.6 64.5 59.3 53.9 48.9 47.4 46.0 48.6 50.6 49.5 49.5 51.1 52.4 52.4 49.4 42.3 71.9 73.5 80.0 85.4 90.2 90.9 85.5 85.8 82.5 79.3 66.8 59.9 35.1 34.8 35.1 39.3 43.4 47.3 49.5 51.6 52.6 ______ ______ — 50.4 54.4 58.2 62.6 62.3 60.1 57.3 55.1 51.2 48.7 43. 3 36.9 30.2 18.1 29. 6 17.4 28. 7 17.8 30. 0 20.2 32. 3 23.8 30. 0 27. 5 29. 1 28. 4 29.7 29.9 30.5 29.3 30.1 — 27.1 — 22.1 — 32.6 78.0 44.8 21.6 118.9 84.3 67.4 49.0 143.2 79.3 53.4 29.1 123.6 Telephone and telegraph Crude-petroleum producing July 80.8 77.4 75.2 65.5 62.6 60.5 58.6 59.4 62.4 67.0 69.4 70.0 93.4 80.5 62.5 149.8 95.3 75.4 53.7 144.0 93.4 83.2 67.4 166.3 81.3 57.5 35.6 134.2 Metalliferous mining Average___ 93.9 91.5 88.8 85.9 82.4 78.4 76.4 77.0 80.4 81.3 81.1 81.2 57.2 57.0 56.5 56.8 56.9 58.0 59.5 60.8 66.2 — 94.0 88.6 91.3 86.6 85.4 87.1 88.5 86.0 84.0 82.6 80.0 77.2 71.5 70.0 73.2 66.3 64.7 62.7 59.2 56.3 55.2 54.4 52.0 54.9 46.5 46.9 43.2 44.5 47.1 44.8 44.6 42.9 41.9 42.5 42.4 41.7 39.9 41.7 42.5 40.1 41.6 40.6 42.2 42.5 44.4 __ — 101.6 100.2 99.4 98.9 99.7 99.8 100.0 98.8 96.8 94.5 93.0 91.6 90.5 89.2 88.6 88.1 87.4 86.9 86.6 85.9 85.0 84.1 83.5 83.1 83.0 82.0 81.7 81.2 80.6 79.9 79.1 78.1 77.4 76.2 75.5 74.8 74.6 73.9 73.2 72.3 70.1 69.2 68.5 68.1 68.3 ______ ______ — 105.1 101.9 105.8 103.4 103.2 103.4 106.6 102.5 102.2 100.9 97.9 101.3 96.3 94.8 97.9 95.0 94.1 95.0 93.3 92. 3 92.1 91. (3 89. 7 92. 7 89.1 71.7 89. 6 11. 9 88. 2 71.6 83.4 67.8 82.8 68. 5 82. 1 66. 6 79. 6 66.7 79. 1 66.1 75.9 64. 6 75.7 74. 3 — 73. 5 ......... 87.4 65.7 55.3 158.8 85.9 61.7 44.1 141.7 97.9 86.6 79.1 170.9 102.9 93.7 81.1 168.4 Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance 2 .rower ana ngnt 99.6 98.8 99.7 100.7 103.4 104.6 105.9 July 106.4 105.2 104.8 103.4 December_______ 103.2 Average___ 103. 77.7 77.4 76. £ 76.9 76.9 77.3 77.5 78.1 s o .; 99.7 98.6 100.4 99.7 102. 1 102.4 102.6 97.6 104.5 98.7 107.8 98.3 106.7 97.4 106.6 96.2 106. 1 94.; 105.6 93.2 103.7 93.; 106.3 91.2 88.4 86.1 85.4 82.4 84.2 80.5 78.7 76.7 74.7 74.4 73.2 73.2 73.0 71.6 71. { 69.4 69. t 69.9 70.1 70.9 71.8 97.1 95.1 94.4 95.2 95.2 94.8 95.; 92.9 91.8 91.0 89.3 88.8 86.9 86.6 86.4 86.8 85.9 85.3 85.6 84.8 84.(1 82.7 81.5 79.9 79.5 78.9 77.6 78.0 76.9 76.5 75.6 74.1 73.5 72.3 71.8 71.4 70.6 70.4 69.8 69.5 69. 1 69.3 69.4 69.5 69.7 97.8 95.7 95.4 97. 1 96.0 97.0 95.6 92.1 90.5 88.9 87.7 88. 6 85.6 87.1 88.1 86.6 85. 1 84.8 83. 3 81.9 81. 2 79.0 79.7 77.8 75.4 74.8 73.6 71.8 72. 2 70. 2 66. 4 63. 8 62. 5 61. 5 61. 7 61. £ 60.9 60.6 59.4 58.1 58. 2 58. 0 57. 4 58. 2 57. 8 99.2 97.8 96.7 97.1 97.6 97.2 96.7 95.9 94.7 92.7 91.3 90.3 89.3 87.2 85.5 84.8 84.0 83.2 82.3 81.5 81.0 79.9 79.1 78.4 95. 83.0 177.7 104.3 96.7 79.8 170.9 93.4 84.7 75.5 169.7 93.5 83.4 68. C >58.7 1 Average for 9 months. ... . , , ., , 2 Not including electric-railroad car building and repairing; see transportation equipment and railroad repair-shop groups, manufacturing industries, table 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1232 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 .—I N D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S F O R N O N M AN U FAC TU R IN G I N D U S T R IE S , J A N U A R Y T O S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued DECEM BER 1930, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D Wholesale trade Month Employment JANU ARY TO Retail trade Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 January___ ___ February __ M arch.................... April_____________ M a y _____________ June . . . _ _ J u ly .................. . Au gust......... ......... September_______ October__________ Novem ber_______ December_______ Average___ 100.0 98.5 97.7 97.3 96.8 96.5 96.0 95.0 94.8 94.2 92.6 92.0 89.5 88.2 87.4 87.4 87.1 87.1 86.8 86.5 86.1 85.2 84.1 83.7 81.8 80.9 79.8 78.9 77.9 77.0 76.6 76.4 77.1 77.8 77.6 77.0 75.3 74.1 73.1 73.3 74.0 75.7 76.9 79.7 82.1 — 100.0 98.3 99.7 97.9 97.4 98.6 96.0 93.6 93.6 92.9 91.0 91.3 87.5 88.4 89. 1 85.2 84.7 84. 1 83.3 82.1 81.4 79.9 79.7 77.8 74.1 72.5 71.2 68.9 69.7 66.2 64.7 63.2 63.1 63.9 63.3 62.6 61.7 58.6 57.1 56.0 57.4 57.3 59.1 60.8 62.3 — 98.9 94.4 93.9 97.3 96.7 93.9 89.0 85.6 92.0 95.5 98.4 115.1 90.0 87.1 87.8 90.1 89.9 89.1 83.9 81.8 86.6 89.8 90.9 106.2 Average___ 76.9 73.4 71.4 78.6 77.0 78.3 74.6 78.1 86.0 — 99.7 96.0 95.5 97.5 97.3 96.8 91.7 87.6 92.4 95.1 96.8 107.7 89.4 86. 7 87.5 88.3 88.0 87.6 83.3 80.3 83.5 84. 6 85.4 94.1 78.0 62. 7 73.7 58.4 73.4 55.1 72.7 60.4 71.1 59. 5 68.2 60.5 63.3 58.1 60.7 62.7 64. 6 69. 2 67.1 66. 9 73.6 — 96.0 86.6 78.2 176.0 95.9 83.6 67.0 158.9 95.9 89.4 80.9 >77.1 96.2 86.6 69.4 ‘ 60.7 Hotels January__________ February________ M arch__________ April______ ____ M a y _____________ J u n e ..____ ______ Ju ly . ----------------August___________ Septem ber.. . . . October__________ N ovem ber_______ D ecem b er............ 84.3 80.5 81.4 81.6 80.9 79.4 74.6 72.6 77.8 81.3 81.7 95.2 100.4 102.4 102.4 100.1 98.0 98.0 101.3 101.5 100.1 97.5 95.2 93.5 95.0 96.8 96.8 95.9 92.5 91.6 93.3 92.8 90.6 87.4 84.9 83.1 83.2 84.3 84.0 82.7 80.1 78.0 78.4 77.6 77.0 75.4 74.3 73.2 73.8 73.8 72.4 71.9 71.9 73.6 75.6 77.1 78.7 ______ — 100.3 103.8 104.4 100.3 98.4 98.1 99.8 98.6 97.1 95.5 93.6 91.5 Canning and preserving 91.0 93.7 93.4 89.9 87.7 85.4 85.2 83.8 81.9 79.7 77.1 75.4 73.9 55.7 73.9 55.9 72.4 53.5 69.6 51.7 67.0 51.8 63.8 52.3 61.8 53.3 59.6 54.0 59. 1 55.6 58.6 57.5 56.6 — 46.1 48.9 45.7 48.3 49.7 53.0 74.8 59.6 65.7 56.0 83.0 70.6 126. 3 102.2 185.7 142.9 246.6 180.1 164.7 108.1 96.7 60.8 61.6 40.7 35.0 37.1 36.3 47.0 40.5 55.5 73.0 99.0 125.3 81.1 50.5 33.7 34.1 35.1 33.2 49.2 45.5 55.6 76.6 112.7 175.6 — 50.3 51.5 50.8 72.6 66.9 81.5 112.7 172.0 214.8 140.0 82.9 57.4 46.1 48.6 50.3 57.1 56.0 58.6 74.2 104.7 129.4 77.6 48.1 36.9 31.8 24. 8 32.7 25.9 31.9 24. 2 37.9 33. 5 36. 0 31.8 40.5 36.7 47.5 46.2 65.6 68.3 75.1 127.0 51.8 34.4 25.6 ............ 99.2 91.7 79.0 174.3 98.5 85.4 64.5 153.8 103.9 80.9 59.5 168.6 96.1 65.6 42.6 146.5 Laundries Employment Banks, b r o k e r a g e , insurance, and real estate3 Dyeing and cleaning Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls Em ploy ment Pay rolls 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 January__________ February _____ M arch___________ April____ ________ M a y ____________ June____________ Ju ly . ----------------August___________ September_______ O ctob er_________ November_______ December_______ Average___ 90.5 90.0 89.5 90.5 90.3 91.0 91.8 90.2 89.3 88. 1 86.2 85.3 84.7 82.9 82.0 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.3 78.9 78.6 77.5 76.2 75.9 75.4 74.4 73.0 73.4 73.5 76.0 76.3 77.9 79.3 86.6 85.6 85.6 86.8 86.5 87.1 87.4 84.6 84.1 81.8 78.9 77.4 76.4 73.3 71.6 71.4 70.6 68.6 66.3 63.9 62.9 61. 2 59.1 58.7 57.9 55.5 52.9 54.0 54.5 56.7 56.1 57.6 60.6 88.9 87.4 88.0 95.7 96.7 99.0 98.6 93.5 95.3 94 2 90.1 84.9 82.1 80.5 80.6 83.3 84.5 85.1 82.4 79.5 83.3 82 3 78! Ó 75.2 73.0 70.9 71.2 81.1 82.0 85.6 82.9 83.1 88.6 77.7 75.1 75.6 86.3 86.6 89.1 86.2 80.0 82.6 65.8 62.2 61.7 65.9 67.3 65.8 60.0 56.3 61.0 46. 6 42.4 41.0 54.6 53.9 56.7 52.8 52.8 60.3 98.3 98.3 98.9 98.6 98.0 97.9 98.4 98.5 98.4 97.5 96.8 96. 5 96. 2 96. 2 97. 3 97.7 98. 3 99. 0 93 5 93 n 92. 9 92 1 92. 7 90. 0 89.8 88 2 87.1 — 74.7 52.3 67.9 48.4 98.0 98.0 1933 85 2 84 3 83, 7 82 9 83. 2 84^4 84 84 4 84 5 ........ 85.5 ____ 89.4 80.1 175.5 84.4 67.0 156.2 92.7 81.4 179.8 80.3 60.5 151.2 98.3 197.3 89.7 >84.2 1 Average for 9 months. 3 Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1233 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Average Man-Hours Worked and Average Hourly Earnings N THE following tables the Bureau presents a tabulation of man hours worked per week and average hourly earnings based on. reports supplied by identical establishments in August and September 1933 in 15 industrial groups and 78 separate manufacturing industries.. Man-hour data for the building-construction group and for the insur ance, real estate, banking, and brokerage group are not available, and data for several of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed monthly are omitted from these tables due to lack of adequate information. The total number of establishments supplying man-hour data in these 15 industrial groups represents approximately 50 percent of the establishments supplying monthly employment data. The tabulations are based on reports supplying actual man-hours worked and do not include nominal man-hour totals, obtained bj multiplying the total number of employees in the establishment by the plant operating time. Table 1 shows the average hours worked per employee per week and average hourly earnings in 15 industrial groups and for all groups combined. The average hours per week and average hourly earnings for the combined total of the 15 industrial groups are weighted aver ages, wherein the average man-hours and average hourly earnings in each industrial group are multiplied by the total number of employees in the group in the current month and the sum of these products divided by the total number of employees in the combined 15 indus trial groups. In presenting information for the separate manufacturing industries shown in table 2, data are published for only those industries in which the available man-hour information covers 20 percent or more of the total number of employees in the industry at the present time. The average man-hours and hourly earnings for the combined 89 manu facturing industries have been weighted in the same manner as the averages for all industrial groups combined, table 1. I T able 1 —A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S I N 15 I N D U S T R I A L G R O U P S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 Average hours per week Average hourly earnings Industrial group Septem ber 1933 August 1933 Septem ber 1933 August 1933 Hours 38.6 H ours 36.1 Cents 48.3 Cents 51.4 34.2 35.0 39.5 38.7 41.8 38.1 31.9 39.1 34.4 37.8 83.6 48.2 49.0 40.4 63.9 82.1 50.1 50.8 43.3 68.6 38.0 45.2 46.5 37.1 42.8 45.7 69.9 63.1 56.8 69.6 65.8 57.2 Dyeing and cleaning.................................................................................... 44.1 40.4 50.5 33.1 40. 3 40.8 42.1 39.6 50.2 39.8 38.8 41.5 57.0 48.7 23.0 32.2 36.1 41.7 59.3 49.7 23.6 34.4 38. 5 43.8 Total..................................... ................................................................ 39.7 38.0 49.3 51.5 Manufacturing.............. .....................................................- ........... - ........... Coal mining: Anthracite. . -------------------- ----------- ------------------- -----------------Bituminous ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Quarrying and nonmetallic mining---------- --------------------------------Crude-petroleum producing----------------------- -------------------------------Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph------------------------------------------- --------Power and light---------------------------------------------------------------Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance.. Trade: Wholesale-------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------Canning and preserving............................................................................. 16487°—33------15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1234 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Per capita weekly earnings, computed by multiplying the average man-hours worked per week by the average hourly earnings shown in the following table, are not identical with the per capita weekly earnings appearing elsewhere in this trend-of-employment compila tion, which are obtained by dividing the total weekly earnings in all establishments reporting by the total number of employees in those establishments. As already noted, the basic information upon which the average weekly man-hours and average hourly earnings are com puted covers approximately 50 percent of the establishments reporting monthly employment data. T able 2 .— A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N I N G S I N S E L E C T E D M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 Average hours per week Average hourly earnings Industry August 1933 Food and kindred products: Baking________________ ___________ _____ __ _ ________________ Beverages____________ . ________________ ____________ _ Confectionery.., . . . ............................ ... . ______________ F l o u r ...____________ ________________ __________ ______ ______ Icecream ___________ . . . _ ____________________ ____________ Sugar, beet____________________________________________________ Sugar refining, cane__________________________________________ Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpet sand rugs __________ ______________________________ Cotton goods_____________________________________________ Cotton small wares______ . ________________________ . Dyeing and finishing textiles________________ __________ Knit goods________________________________________________ Silk and rayon goods______________ _____________________ Woolen and worsted goods___ ______ ______ ___________ Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____________ _____ _______ . . . . Cast-iron pipe______________________________ ___________ _____ Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools____________ ____________________________________________ Forgings, iron and steel_______________ _____ ______________ ._ Hardware---------------------------- ----------- --- . _______________ _____ Iron and steel__________ ____________________ _____________ . Plumbers’ supplies.. . .. ... . . ______________ _______ Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings. Stoves__________ _________ ________ . __________________ Structural and ornamental metalwork.. ___ __ . ________ Tin cans and other tinw are__________ _____ ____________ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)_______________________ . ________________ W irew ork.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ . . . _. Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural implements______________________ _______ _______ Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines. Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies______________ Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels_________ ... Foundry and machine-shop products________ _____________ Machine tools_______ __ . . . _______________________________ Radios and phonographs.. . . . . __________________________ Textile machinery and parts__________ _____________________ Typewriters and supplies. . . . . _________________________ _ Nonferrous metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures____ ________________________ ______ Brass, bronze, and copper products___________________ ______ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices______ ______ Jewelry________ __ . . _________ . . . . _____________ . . . Lighting equipment___________________ _________ ____________ Silverware and platedware___________________________________ Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and zinc_________ _____ Stamped and enameled ware................................... ............. ......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Septem ber 1933 August 1933 Septem ber 1933 H ours 43 0 44.0 35.6 39 9 47.0 40 7 48.2 45.1 Hours 41.5 41.3 37.5 38 2 44.1 40 0 48.0 38.7 Cents 47.7 65.7 36.7 47 6 53.8 48 3 43.0 49.5 Cents 50 3 67.4 38.7 52.2 54.4 49. 8 43.9 52.3 36.3 36.5 37.5 38 8 37.4 36.8 41.0 37.1 35.8 37.0 35. 1 36.3 33.9 37.1 47.4 35.8 42.0 49 0 42.2 41.0 43.3 48.2 36.4 42.3 49. 5 44.8 42.7 48 7 36.3 33.4 35.0 28.4 46.7 41 8 48. 1 46.0 38.0 37.1 37.7 39 6 36.2 36.6 38.7 35.4 42.9 37.4 33.2 34.3 33.7 34.0 33.1 36.3 33.8 40.4 50.0 51 6 46.4 55.3 46.6 51.6 47.4 47.7 44.2 50.4 55.4 50.5 56.8 49. 5 54.2 51.2 51.7 46.4 37.2 45.0 35.4 36.8 48.6 49.6 50.9 52.3 35.1 38.3 35.2 34.7 33.6 34.3 35.6 37.1 3/. 8 34.4 38.6 33.4 34.6 33.5 35.1 33.8 36.6 37.1 47.8 66.6 56.8 56.4 55.4 57.9 46.1 58. 5 50.1 49.5 67.0 58.7 58.7 54.6 59.0 48.9 61.9 51.2 38.7 37.9 39.5 38.7 36.3 37.7 41.6 41.0 35.5 36.8 38.7 35.4 35.9 37.7 36.8 35.5 43.1 50. 7 40.7 42.4 49.4 48.4 48.8 40.9 46.1 52.0 44.8 49.1 50.6 49.9 50.1 45.5 1235 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T able 2 — A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S I N S E L E C T E D M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R I E S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933— Continued Average hours per week Average hourly earnings Industry August 1933 Transportation equipment: Septem ber 1933 August 1933 Septem ber 1933 H ours 43.3 37.6 34.0 29.5 30. 5 H ours 39.0 33.3 32.3 29. 7 30.6 Cents 63.1 62. 7 53.3 58.7 61.3 Cents 66.5 65.3 57.4 60.4 64.2 44.5 39.5 38.7 43.5 37.9 37.7 55.6 62.5 38.2 56.2 63.1 42.1 39.7 43.0 34.7 37.1 37.6 33.6 43.0 41.6 35.6 36.0 37.0 33.5 40. 5 41.8 32.7 31.5 33.9 33.7 38.1 37.9 37.2 50.2 48.5 57.1 42.5 44.7 40.2 52.6 53. 6 57.0 44. 7 48.6 41.3 44.3 37.8 39.9 43.4 44.3 46.5 47.2 36.3 39.2 35.4 38.0 69.9 76.8 72.3 81.2 40.9 39.7 37.7 38.8 42.3 39.4 39.9 39.5 40.3 38.1 41.5 38.3 35.5 40.1 37.8 35.5 38.0 39.2 57.8 28.8 49.8 58.2 29.3 52.1 63.1 45.2 47.1 59.6 26.3 47.7 59.9 31.4 53.9 70.6 47.1 49.7 35.8 32.4 34.5 29.9 47.4 65.0 49.5 68.1 38.1 37.7 37.6 38.5 36.2 35.1 37.5 35.4 Railroad repair shops: Lumber: Stone, clay, and glass products: Paper and printing: Printing and publishing: Chemicals and allied products: Rubber products: Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner Tobacco manufactures: Employment in Building Construction in September 1933 M PLOYM ENT in the building-construction industry increased 4.5 percent in September as compared with August and pay rolls increased 5.3 percent over the month interval. The percents of change of employment and pay-roll totals in Septem ber as compared with August are based on returns made by 11,013 firms employing in September 90,730 workers in the various trades in the building-construction industry and whose combined weekly earnings during the pay period ending nearest September 15 were $1,950,356. These reports cover building operations in various localities in 34 States and the District of Columbia. E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1236 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N T H E B U ILD IN G -C O N STR U C T IO N I N D U S T R Y IN I D E N T I C A L F IR M S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 Locality Alabama: Birmingham_____________ California: Los Angeles 1 ___ . . . ________ San Francisco-Oakland 1___ __ Other reporting localities 1______ Colorado: Denver__________ ______ Connecticut: Bridgeport______________________ Hartford________ ______________ New Haven____________ ________ Delaware: Wilmington_____________ District of Columbia________________ Florida: Jacksonville___________________ M iam i ____________ ___________ Georgia: Atlanta_____________ Illinois: Chicago 1 _______________________ Other reporting localities L ----Indiana: Evansville______________________ Fort W ayne_____________________ Indianapolis _______________ South B end.................................... Iowa: Des Moines__________________ Kansas: W ichita____________________ Kentucky: Louisville ______ _____ Louisiana: New Orleans____ _____ Maine: P o rtla n d .._ . _____________ Maryland: Baltimore 1_____________ Massachusetts: All reporting localities 1______________________________ Michigan: Detroit__________________________ Flint______________________ ______ Grand Rapids__________________ Minnesota: Duluth __________________ . Minneapolis _______________ __ St. Paul. _______________________ Missouri: Kansas C it y 3 . . . ____________ St. Louis________________________ Nebraska: Omaha.. _______________ New York: New York City 1_______________ Other reporting localities 1______ North Carolina: Charlotte................. Ohio: Akron___________________________ Cincinnati *_____________________ Cleveland_______________________ D ayton__________________________ Youngstown______ ______________ Oklahoma: Oklahoma C ity_________________ Tulsa____________________________ Oregon: Portland___________________ Pennsylvania: 3 Erie area 1_________________ _____ Philadelphia area 1....... ............. .. Pittsburgh area 1________________ Reading-Lebanon area L ______ Scranton area 1____________ _____ Other reporting areas 1__________ Rhode Island: Providence__________ Tennessee: Chattanooga__________________ Knoxville. ___________ _______ M em phis________________ _______ Nashville_______ ______ _________ Texas: Dallas________________ __________ El Paso______ _____ ______________ Houston_________________________ San Antonio_______________ _____ N um Number on pay roll ber of firms report Sept. 15 Aug. 15 ing Amount of pay roll Aug. 15 Sept. 15 Percent of change 77 373 467 + 2 5 .2 $5,539 $6,795 + 2 2 .7 21 35 22 202 440 975 881 580 419 997 856 592 -4 .8 + 2 .3 -2 .8 + 2 .1 8,423 22, 721 16,160 11,473 8,066 23, 022 15,211 11,464 -4 .2 + 1 .3 -5 .9 -.1 133 220 182 120 520 584 1,094 1,091 1,020 9,071 584 1,158 1,130 989 8, 659 0 + 5 .9 + 3 .6 -3 .0 -4 .5 11,882 22,871 24,632 18,871 258, 776 11,987 24,107 26, 799 19, 452 246,125 + .9 + 5 .4 + 8 .8 + 3 .1 - 4 .9 57 86 150 420 872 1,197 544 1,101 1,124 + 2 9 .5 + 2 6 .3 - 6 .1 6,897 13, 360 18, 248 9,155 17, 346 16,690 + 3 2 .7 + 2 9 .8 -8 .5 125 72 1,167 664 1,609 945 + 3 7 .9 + 4 2 .3 30,996 13, 846 50,600 15, 317 + 6 3 .2 + 1 0 .6 54 84 163 37 104 71 129 131 98 112 272 296 1,084 196 577 373 1,145 1,137 388 830 311 351 1,161 206 574 342 1,207 1,313 405 985 + 1 4 .3 + 1 8 .6 + 7 .1 + 5 .1 -.5 - 8 .3 + 5 .4 + 1 5 .5 + 4 .4 + 1 8 .7 4,033 4,697 21, 555 3,504 9,816 6,189 19,846 17, 773 8,003 14,082 4,367 5,947 22, 556 3,493 9,869 6,082 22, 658 20, 356 9,085 18,019 + 8 .2 + 2 6 .6 + 4 .6 -.3 + .5 - 1 .7 + 1 4 .2 + 1 4 .5 + 1 3 .5 + 2 8 .0 710 4,630 4, 643 + .3 112,012 116,335 + 3 .9 503 51 110 4,194 208 407 4,766 231 447 + 1 3 .6 + 11.1 + 9 .8 83,495 3, 621 5, 579 93, 258 4,246 7,060 + 11.7 + 1 7 .3 + 26.5 51 214 172 370 1,454 1,276 398 1,662 1,168 + 7 .6 + 1 4 .3 -8 .5 5,749 29, 271 26,331 5,840 34,436 25, 895 + 1.6 + 1 7 .6 - 1 .7 288 574 148 1,716 3, 279 883 1,691 3, 218 749 -1 .5 - 1 .9 - 1 5 .2 35,116 86, 770 17,013 35, 550 80,139 14, 560 + 1.2 - 7 .6 - 1 4 .4 298 206 57 5,327 5,651 345 5, 251 5,799 372 -1 .4 + 2 .6 + 7 .8 161,870 132, 659 4,599 151, 986 133,948 5, 386 - 6 .1 + 1.0 + 1 7 .1 84 472 603 121 76 314 2,364 2,702 580 307 366 2,394 2,857 597 290 + 1 6 .6 + 1 .3 + 5 .7 + 2 .9 - 5 .5 5,130 53,081 66,117 10,455 5,082 6,206 55, 021 71,942 10, 776 4,708 + 2 1 .0 + 3 .7 + 8 .8 + 3 .1 -7 .4 89 53 181 462 179 1,005 515 210 1,121 + 1 1 .5 + 17.3 + 1 1 .5 7,479 2,372 17, 782 7,821 3,056 22, 564 + 4 .6 + 2 8 .8 + 2 6 .9 29 496 258 46 34 338 258 206 5,041 1, 931 238 231 2, 764 1, 561 355 5,692 1,954 252 231 3,022 1,682 + 7 2 .3 + 1 2 .9 + 1.2 + 5 .9 « + 9 .3 + 7 .8 2,322 86, 833 42,585 3, 774 4,741 42, 793 33, 547 4,390 102,427 51, 896 4,136 5,120 51, 949 35, 579 + 8 9 .1 + 18.0 + 2 1 .9 + 9 .6 + 8 .0 + 2 1 .4 + 6 .1 40 51 88 85 356 483 471 1,255 356 466 583 1,238 « —3.5 + 2 3 .8 -1 .4 5,029 6, 634 6, 578 16,505 5, 570 6, 725 9, 449 16,926 + 1 0 .8 + 1.4 + 4 3 .6 + 2 .6 186 29 169 122 1,164 156 1,057 755 983 194 1,147 729 - 1 5 .5 + 2 4 .4 + 8 .5 -3 .4 17, 035 1,529 15, 481 10,956 15, 378 2,129 18,069 9, 713 -9 .7 + 3 9 .2 + 16.7 - 1 1 .3 1 Data supplied by cooperating State bureau. 2 No change. 3 Includes both Kansas City, M o., and Kansas City, Kans. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent of change * Includes Covington and Newport, K y . s Each separate area includes Irom 2 to 8 counties. TREND OF 1237 EM PLOYM ENT C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N T H E B U ILD IN G -C O N S T R U C T IO N I N D U S T R Y I N I D E N T I C A L F IR M S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933— Contd. Locality Utah: Salt Lake C ity . .............. ....... Virginia: N orfolk-Portsmouth____________ Richmond______________ - ____ Washington: Seattle ----------------------------------Spokane. ----------------------- . . . . Tacoma. ------- ----------------------W est Virginia: Wheeling___________ Wisconsin: All reporting localities L Total, all lo ca lities..___ _____ Amount of pay roll N um Number on pay roll Percent ber of of firms change report Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 ing Percent of change 85 385 408 + 6 .0 6,894 8,317 + 2 0 .6 92 146 1,041 991 1,082 1, 191 + 3 .9 + 2 0 .2 19, 608 18, 524 18, 877 23, 381 -3 .7 + 2 6 .2 152 54 86 45 58 873 217 212 162 925 861 206 200 266 858 - 1 .4 - 5 .1 -5 .7 + 6 4 .2 -7 .2 18,068 4, 009 3, 662 2,985 16, 331 17,081 4,314 3,403 5, 338 14, 888 + 7 .6 - 7 .1 + 7 8 .8 -8 .8 11,013 86,855 90,730 + 4 .5 1, 852,199 1, 950, 356 + 5 .3 - 5 .5 1 D ata supplied by cooperating State bureau. Trend of Employment in September 1933, by States N THE following table are shown the fluctuations in employment and pay-roll totals in September 1933 as compared with August 1933, in certain industrial groups by States. These tabulations have been prepared from data secured directly from reporting establish ments and from information supplied by cooperating State agencies. The combined total of all groups does not include building-construc tion data, information concerning which is published elsewhere in a separate tabulation by city and State totals. In addition to the com bined total of all groups, the trend of employment and pay rolls in the manufacturing, public utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade, bituminous-coal mining, crude-petroleum producing, quarrying and nonmetallic mining, metalliferous mining, laundry, and dyeing and cleaning groups is presented. In this State compilation, the totals of the telephone and telegraph, power and light, and electric-railroad operation groups have been combined and are presented as one group— public utilities. Due to the extreme seasonal fluctuations in the canning and preserving industry, and the fact that during certain months the activity in this industry in a number of States is negligible, data for this industry are not presented separately. The number of employees and the amount of weekly pay roll in August and September 1933 as reported by identical establishments in this industry are included, however, in the combined total of “ all groups.” The percents of change shown in the accompanying table, unless otherwise noted, are unweighted percents of change; that is, the industries included in the groups, and the groups comprising the total of all groups, have not been weighted according to their relative importance in the combined totals. As the anthracite-mining industry is confined entirely to the State of Pennsylvania, the changes reported in this industry in table 1, nonmanufacturing industries, are the fluctuations in this industry by State totals. When the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed by the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures for the group do not appear in the separate industrial-group tabulation, but are included in the State totals for “ all groups.” Data are not presented for any industrial group when the representation in the State covers less than three establishments. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1238 M ONTHLY LABOE E E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN TIC AL M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S E S T A B L IS H [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Total, all groups State Manufacturing N um Num N um ber on N um ber on Amount Amount ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of Percent of pay roll Percent pay pay estab roll, of (1 week), of estab roll, (1 week), of of lish Sep change Septem change lish change Septem change Sep ments tember ber 1933 ments tember ber 1933 1933 1933 505 64, 724 Alabama__________ A r iz o n a .................. 406 8,559 Arkansas_______ . i 4SI 18,406 California_________ 2 1,915 295,404 Colorado__________ 813 33, 545 - 0 .8 $846, 967 + 7 .1 168, 247 + 1 0 .0 269,666 + 8 .0 6,572,335 + 7 .8 672,271 - 6 .1 + 6 .9 + 1 4 .8 + 8 .0 + 9 .4 209 46,105 53 2,325 174 IS, 232 1,101 179,488 114 11,923 Connecticut______ Delaware_________ Dist. of Columbia. Florida______ _____ Georgia___________ + 1 2 .8 + 5 .4 + 9 .3 - 1 .3 3,356,964 236,122 707,608 386, 790 1,224,148 + 5 .4 + 5 .6 + 3 .0 + 1 8 .3 -2 .0 649 151,622 8,049 50 47 3,128 124 13, 200 301 77,042 + 5 .0 + 1 .2 + 5 .2 + 6 .6 -2 .2 221 Idaho........................ 8, 722 Illinois...................... 3 1,752 347,538 Indiana..................... 1,278 146,059 Iowa.......................... 1,179 49, 241 Kansas...... ............... * 1,333 66,545 + 6 .1 166,802 + 2 .8 7,081,200 + 1 0 .6 2,674,536 + 6 .6 901,922 + 4 .1 1,538,636 + 8 .6 +. 6 + 6.1 + 4.2 + 1 2 .9 40 4,261 1,108 224,537 577 107,406 433 27, 584 445 28,320 + 6 .4 + 2 .7 + 7 .1 + 3 .7 + 6 .9 Kentucky_________ 818 69, 519 Louisiana................. 481 35,441 M aine. ..................... 576 54,350 3 828 91,987 Maryland_____ __ Massachusetts____ « 8 ,045 386,678 + 6 .0 1,150, 565 + 6 .3 572, 312 + 4 .9 933,081 + 4 -1 1,864,205 + 3 .2 8,058,900 + 6 .0 + 7.4 + 4.0 + 7 .8 + 3 .7 Michigan_________ Minnesota.......... Mississippi_______ Missouri__________ Montana____ _____ 1,603 311,449 1,023 71,140 362 11,002 1,207 120,465 354 10, 227 + 3 .8 + 5 .7 + 6 .6 + 1 .7 + 1 .6 6, 693,563 1,413,152 147,586 2,425,317 246,738 Nebraska................. Nevada___________ New Hampshire— New Jersey_______ New Mexico______ 699 24,236 137 1,665 503 42, 993 1,549 209,232 184 4,175 + 7 .8 488, 273 + 3 .6 39, 758 + 1 .5 744, 524 + 2 .7 4,461,138 - 1 8 .4 75, 764 New Y o rk _____ __ North Carolina___ North Dakota____ Ohio_________ _____ O k la h o m a ............ 8,160 576, 676 899 140,406 334 4,134 5,053 456,169 725 29, 707 + 5 .3 13,844,115 + . 5 1,854,464 + 3.4 85, 283 + 3 . 3 8,965,065 + 5.4 569, 243 Oregon____________ Pennsylvania......... Rhode Island......... South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 701 40, 748 4,978 675, 689 911 62,981 316 59, 701 261 6,135 + 2 6 .6 751,816 + 6 .2 13, 613,738 - 4 . 7 1,207, 518 -.3 759,356 + 3 .6 137,908 + 2 1 .8 + 6 .4 - 4 .5 + .5 + 1 .4 Tennessee_________ Texas_____________ Utah______________ Vermont____ _____ Virginia........ ........... 728 798 344 382 1,284 70,708 66,092 14,969 11,049 95,035 + 1 .9 1, 069,803 + 5 .3 1,447,801 + 8 .2 281,995 208, 532 +. 5 + 5 . 3 1,578,486 + 3 .4 + 5 .0 + 10.1 + 2 .1 + 6 .4 Washington______ 1,118 64, 760 W est Virginia____ 867 113,868 Wisconsin________ 1 » 1,052 155,047 W yom ing_________ 191 5,869 + 1 4 .4 1,265,235 + 6 .7 2,062,016 + 3 .0 2,698,148 + 4 .0 139, 274 + 8 .7 -.1 1,105 172, 273 143 13,137 617 31,861 552 22, 983 650 91, 337 - 2 .5 $587, 664 + 5 .1 42,999 + 1 1 .6 174,656 3, 669,690 + 1 2 .4 + 2 .9 242,345 -8 .3 + 3 .9 + 1 3 .0 + 1 4 -9 + 7 .2 2,825, 046 156,445 94,727 191, 575 948, 309 + 6 .0 + 1 .3 + 6 .3 + 2 9 .7 -2 .6 81,183 2 ,0 i2,396 511,481 571,936 + 5 .5 + .9 + 4 .0 + 4 .4 + 7 .7 196 28,796 209 21,493 184 44,129 449 6 6 , 1 4 6 1,134 203, 787 + 6 .9 504, 574 + 4 .4 316, 666 + 1 .8 769,916 8 + 5 .5 1,295,289 + 2 .6 3,863,123 + 8 .9 + 8 .8 + 2 .7 8 + 9 .7 + 3 .7 - 1 .8 + 3 .2 + 1 1 .9 + 1 .6 -. 1 560 269,561 277 35,080 71 7,661 521 69,283 52 3,000 + 3 .1 5,755,554 +12.1 669, 062 + 8 .6 96, 562 1, 339, 699 + (7) + 5 .7 63, 780 - 7 .1 + 5 .8 + 1 7 .7 + .8 + 1 .0 + 4 .0 + .1 -.7 + 1 .1 - 4 .4 125 12,395 24 327 187 37, 573 8 673 186,905 21 232 + 6 .1 8 1, 786 365,716 + 1 .9 551 135,811 -4 .4 1,120 56 -1 .4 1,918 338,354 + 3 .3 131 11,132 + 6 .3 157 20, 332 1,735 394,732 262 50,651 176 56,398 2,132 48 260 384 84 118 407 53,163 38,510 4,708 6,294 68,059 254 32,259 177 45,154 778 124,199 29 1,346 + 1 0 .3 + 6 .9 4 , 2 4 5 , 164 249,143 7, 747 637,816 3,825,516 5,447 + 1 .2 + 5 .9 8,365,579 + . 4 1,780,671 24,565 + 2 .0 6, 596, 547 + 4 .6 202, 635 + 7 .8 + 2 .0 + .7 -2 .8 + 4 .2 + 8 .1 382, 599 + 4 -6 6,915,881 - 6 .0 913, 598 -.8 706,971 + 1 .2 39,102 + 1 1 .8 + .9 -6 .4 + .2 + 2 .4 + 6 .1 + 1 .3 + 1 .5 + 5 .0 + 1 0 .0 + 6 .1 -.3 - 1 .1 772, 656 788,963 91,848 117, 759 1,097, 777 + 3 .2 + 5 .8 + 8 .3 + .6 + 9 .0 + 8 .2 629, 685 + 6 .9 853,978 <•+4-7 2,098, 629 + 2 .0 35,460 + 4 .9 + 1 .0 <•+3.0 - 2 .0 + 6 .2 1 Includes automobile dealers and garages, and sand, gravel, and building construction. 2 Includes banks, insurance, and office employment. 3 Includes building and contracting. 1 Includes transportation, financial institutions, restaurants, theaters, and building construction. 5 Weighted percent of change. 6 Includes construction, municipal, agricultural, and office employment, amusement and recreation, professional, and transportation services. ! Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 8 Includes laundries. 8 Includes laundering and cleaning. 1» Includes construction but does not include hotels and restaurants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT 1239 C O M P A R IS O N OE E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN ID EN TIC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Wholesale trade State Retail trade N um N um N um ber on N um ber on Amount Amount ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of pay Percent of pay roll Percent pay estab roll, (1 week), of of of estab roll, (1 week), of lish Sep change Septem change lish change Septem change Sep ments tember ber 1933 ments tember ber 1933 1933 1933 Alabama.................. Arizona___________ Arkansas--------------California_________ Colorado ------------ 14 19 16 m 28 283 170 576 5,577 967 + 7 .6 -.6 +2S.S + 2 .3 + 1.4 $5, 718 4, 378 14,135 151,948 26, 351 + 5 .4 - 1 .6 + 2 5 .4 + 2 .1 + 1 .8 60 184 ISO Connecticut-------Delaware------ --Dist. of Columbia. Florida________ -Georgia..................... 57 8 28 49 31 1,402 117 387 788 457 + 3 .1 + 1.7 -.8 + 5 .6 + 6 .0 36,108 2, 331 11,159 17, 631 12, 768 + 1 .8 - 2 .5 - 1 .7 + 1 .8 + 5 .3 Idaho ----------------Illinois------------------Indiana---------- --- Iowa- ------------------Kansas------------------ 8 47 57 37 79 122 2,314 1, 163 1,183 2 ,0 1 4 + 3 .4 + 6 .8 + 1.7 + 2 .3 + 2 .1 3, 216 64, 551 28, 244 28, 259 49,005 Kentucky------------Louisiana_________ M aine. -------------Maryland---------- Massachusetts------ 19 29 19 32 706 416 737 471 739 15,228 + 3 .2 + .3 -.2 + 1 .4 + 3 .0 Michigan-------------Minnesota-----------Mississippi----- --Missouri--------------Montana_________ 61 56 4 59 15 1,597 4, 366 65 4,811 257 Nebraska_________ Nevada New Ham pshire.. New Jersey----------New Mexico_____ 34 7 16 25 6 New York________ North Carolina----North Dakota____ Ohio. . --------------Oklahoma________ 277 1,955 1,719 1,486 27,888 4, 597 + 9 .3 + 8 .1 + 1 .3 + 7 .1 + 9 .3 $33, 493 29, 732 23,380 576,696 87, 679 + 8 ,8 + 6 .4 + 2 .6 + 5 .6 + 6 .9 119 9 405 77 29 5,155 178 12,118 1,227 2, 200 + 8 .2 + 2 .3 + 1 0 .7 +13.1 + 8 .5 102, 280 2,803 239,173 21, 760 36,533 + 6 .5 + 4 .2 + 9 .8 + 1 1 .5 + 7 .0 + 1 .3 + 8 .9 + 1 .9 + 1 .8 + 6 .7 68 142 180 120 458 880 23, 795 6, 794 3,331 6,484 + 8 .8 + 2 .4 + 1 2 .4 + 3 .6 + 7 .2 13,463 478,967 118, 783 57, 877 117, 727 + 5 .7 + ■4 + 1 4 .4 + 7 .9 + 9 .2 8,834 16, 507 11,010 16, 714 394,548 +. 9 + 3 .0 - 1 .8 + 3 .2 + 3 .2 28 23 67 39 4,188 1,490 3,394 1,005 6,638 64,843 + 1 0 .5 25,122 + 8 .5 52, 726 + 5 .1 19,164 + 1 1 .6 118, 635 + 7 .3 1,275,704 + 7 .8 + 1 4 .4 + 3 .1 + 14-2 + 7 .1 "h 6 + 2 .5 (») + 3 .5 + 2 .0 42,883 112,808 1,309 121, 008 7,147 + 1 .3 + 2 .7 + 2 .5 + 4 .2 + 1 .6 156 246 47 101 82 11,772 7, 574 466 9, 674 895 + 17.1 + 1 1 .7 + 9 .6 + 1 1 .7 + 8 .7 215,888 136, 363 5, 050 184,817 18, 351 + 1 3 .7 + 14.7 + 1 7 .3 + 1 2 .8 + 5 .1 962 106 184 636 84 + 1 .7 + 6 .0 + 1 .1 + 7 .3 + 9 .1 24, 719 3,148 4,691 17,848 2,977 + 2 .1 + 4 .0 + 1.1 + 6 .8 + 1 2 .6 157 39 72 408 49 1,824 256 945 7,908 267 + 8 .4 + 8 .2 + 2 0 .0 -3 .6 32,904 5,975 14,178 172, 732 6,232 + 1 0 .1 -.8 + 1 3 .7 + 1 9 .9 + 2 .6 426 15 14 232 48 11,164 170 225 5,181 943 + 2 .1 + 3 .0 + 5 .6 +2. 1 + 10.8 332,291 3,450 6,005 126, 750 19,126 + 2 .4 + 3 .5 +. 5 + 2 .1 + 1 .1 4,101 158 10 1,573 88 74, 793 621 211 35,620 1,491 + 1 6 .2 + 8 .0 + 1 8 .5 + 8 .8 + 1 0 .4 1, 577,199 13, 723 3,210 683,384 25,910 + 1 7 .8 + 7 .4 + 2 4 .3 + 9 .6 + 1 1 .6 Oregon-----------------Pennsylvania____ Rhode Island____ South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 53 124 43 13 10 1,304 3, 751 1,140 181 131 + 2 .5 + 2 .3 + 1 .7 + 5 .2 + 4 .8 32, 750 98, 330 27, 050 4, 341 3,254 + 1 .1 + 5 .9 + 4 .1 + 1 .2 195 337 489 14 7 2,398 28, 028 4,865 497 84 + 4 .5 + 10.8 + 3 .6 + 6 .4 + 5 .0 49,215 547,696 104,982 5,275 1,433 + 1 1 .2 + 11. 7 + 4 .1 +25.4 - .5 Tennessee_________ Texas_____________ Utah______________ Vermont__________ Virginia__________ 33 W 13 4 44 843 3,116 481 98 1,176 + 8 .1 + 4 -2 + 4 .1 -6 .7 + 1 4 .1 17,312 76, 824 11,362 2, 450 27, 038 + 7 .3 + 4 -9 + 5 .3 - 3 .4 + 6 .3 53 70 76 38 474 3,597 6,104 573 468 5,091 + 8 .5 + 6 .0 + 2 .3 + 5 .2 + 5 .8 56, 701 107,418 12,918 7,202 96,070 + 7 .6 + 8 .2 + 3 .4 + 7 .6 + 1 0 .0 Washington.. ___ W est Virginia____ Wisconsin________ W y o m i n g .______ 90 28 46 8 2,301 638 2,017 64 + 3 .8 +3 9 + 4 .7 + 3 .2 58.191 16, 705 43,536 1,763 + 3 .6 + 2 .3 -1 .1 + 3 .5 368 52 51 38 6,909 906 10,289 230 + 1 3 .2 + 6 .1 + 2 .2 + 1 .3 129,687 15,516 149,613 5,230 + 1 4 .6 + 1 2 .1 + 1 1 -4 + 3 .6 ii No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 124 1240 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN TIC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued b y cooperating State organizations] Quarrying and nonmetallic mining State A labam a.............. . Arizona...... ......... . Arkansas. ______ California_________ Colorado.............. . Connecticut______ Delaware_________ Dist. of Columbia Florida___________ Georgia___________ Num N um N um ber on Amount N um ber on Amount ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of pay Percent of pay roll Percent pay estab roll, of (1 week), of estab roll, of (1 weekl, of lish Sep change Septem change lish Sep change Septem change ments tember ber 1933 ments tember ber 1933 1933 1933 17 3 596 64 375 1,147 35 -7 2 + 1 8 .5 +3. £ + 9 .3 - 1 0 .3 $5,547 805 4.794 20,860 585 —11 2 + 12.4 +14. a + 5 .1 -.5 a 406 62 + 2 4 .5 + 4 0 .9 6,173 827 + 5 .0 + 7 3 .7 16 24 841 1,113 + 17.5 -4 .6 9. 661 10,109 + 3 .4 - 1 2 .8 26 63 29 938 1,604 553 1,370 -7 ,2 + 5 .0 + 2 2 .9 + 1 2 .5 15,894 25, 688 7. 258 22,97 4 —3.7 + 1 2 .2 +13. 4 - 4 .5 -5 . 5 + 6 .5 + 56.9 - 1 .1 - 4 .1 £ 38 4 26 I d a h o ..................... Illinois...................... Indiana__________ _ I o w a ...____ ______ Kansas................... H Kentucky_________ Louisiana................. M aine____________ M aryland_____ __ Massachusetts____ 35 13 10 15 24 955 720 249 281 517 - 1 2 .5 +7. 6 + 4 1 .5 - 8 .8 - 4 .8 9,896 9,536 5,220 3, 652 10, 853 Michigan_________ Minnesota________ Mississippi ______ M issouri................. M ontana. _______ 48 9 1,588 265 130 1,139 142 + 4 .9 + 6 .4 + 41.3 - 7 .4 - 1 0 .1 26. 544 + 5 .1 4,052 -1 1 .1 1,720 +119. 7 15,825 - 6 .6 2,185 - 1 1 .8 11 244 +22. 6 3,009 + 2 0 .6 11 39 103 681 + 18.4 + 7 .4 2.153 11,658 +5. 5 + 4 .4 78 12 2,158 211 -2 .2 -2 .7 38, 642 1,953 - 1 0 .9 -9 . 2 132 18 3,786 204 + 1 .8 + 7 .9 55,471 1,593 + .8 + 8 .9 Oregon____________ Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island......... South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 3 158 31 6,114 + 1 0 .7 -.2 453 81, 332 +3 0 - 1 3 .1 4 8 104 64 - 1 .0 + 3 0 .6 1,165 876 + 2 0 .6 + 6 .1 Tennessee_________ Texas....................... Utah______________ Vermont.................. Virginia____ _____ _ 24 n 3 38 28 1,210 690 70 2,211 1,448 - 4 .8 + 1 9 .6 - 1 2 .5 + 4 .5 - 3 .5 14,131 12, 189 1,001 42, 051 14,539 - 1 0 .9 + 8 .8 +16. 7 +9. 1 - 6 .4 Washington______ W est Virginia____ Wisconsin________ W yom ing_________ 16 25 14 191 929 171 -9 .9 + 1 0 .2 -1 6 .8 2,991 12, 722 2, + 8 -3 .5 —1.5 -1 4 -6 N e b r a s k a .............. Nevada___________ New H am pshire.. New Jersey_______ New Mexico______ New Y o rk_______ North Carolina___ North Dakota____ O h io ........................ O k la h o m a ............. Metalliferous mining IS 7 48 15 N ot available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 18 1. 623 1,943 + 9 .8 +10. 6 $25.937 42.633 +8. 7 + 1 8 .2 34 17 2,778 1,073 + 5 .5 + 1 2 .9 64, 851 24,950 + 8 .5 + 8 .2 7 2,013 + 1 .6 46, 635 +21.1 A 17,370 + 1 0 .5 992 u (.5) +14- 34 25 3.028 1.316 + 1 + 3 6 .0 43. 516 26,620 + 6 .1 + 5 9 .8 15 17 Ï. 734 2,302 +2 2 +6. 1 21.558 64,884 + 9 .9 + 6 .1 H 342 + 4 .3 8.080 3 5 9 941 -1 8 2 -2 3 225 17,292 32 1,687 + 1 .5 21,895 - 1 0 .1 6 58 - 1 3 .4 1,005 - 9 .8 4 300 + 1 3 .2 5,623 + 1 4 .5 12 2,026 + 1 .4 37,113 + 7 .7 359 + 6 .8 6.819 + 2 0 .0 + 4. 7 TREND OP EM PLOYM ENT 1241 C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN TIC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Bituminous-coal mining State Crude-petroleum producing N um N um N um ber on N um ber on Amount Amount ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of Percent of pay roll Percent pay pay estab roll, of (1 week), of (1 week), roll, of estab of lish Sep change Septem change lish Sep change Septem change ments tember ber 1933 ments tember ber 1933 1933 1933 56 10, 229 + 2 .7 $127,681 - 5 .2 3 86 -2 9 .5 2',752 -2 3 .5 50 4, 564 + 2 5 .4 77, 266 + 5 7 .0 Kansas____________ 36 53 20 21 7,550 5,836 1,253 1,146 + 1 7 .9 + 2 .7 + 11. 2 -3 .4 126,316 102, 548 15, 290 16,631 + W .1 +• 7 - 2 9 .2 + 6 .0 Kentucky_________ 156 26,908 + 5 .0 393,829 + 5 .4 16 1,32 k + 3 .4 17,109 -1 1 .1 Montana__________ 21 10 1,655 '713 + 3 .0 + 1 1 .9 21, 360 19,296 New Mexico........... 14 1,338 - 4 2 .6 22,109 Arkansas__________ 9 39 444 7,059 + 7 .2 + 8 .8 $9,642 203,443 + 1 0 .1 + 6 .0 7 3 138 18 -.7 + 1 2 .5 2,430 168 - 2 .9 + 4 1 .2 26 1,233 + 5 .3 26,933 + .1 5 9 228 200 - 1 .3 + 35.1 2,687 4,027 -6 .7 + 1 8 .9 + 1 5 .9 -2 .5 3 26 + 4 .0 577 - 1 7 .5 - 1 4 .1 4 52 + 2 0 .9 1,495 + 1 6 .5 4 154 + 1 9 .4 3,229 + 1 9 .9 Connecticut______ Dist. of Columbia. Florida____ _______ Illinois...................... Indiana___________ Ohio . . _________ Oklahoma________ 9 85 19 468 13, 246 739 + 7 .8 + 4 .5 + 2 .4 9, 485 198,096 13, 375 + 3 4 .4 - 1 3 .8 + 9 .3 5 61 66 5, 014 + 2 2 .2 + 9 .6 661 117,450 + 1 6 .2 + 7 .3 Pennsylvania_____ 454 66,921 + 3 .7 1,006, 652 + 5 .5 17 378 + 1 3 .5 8,120 + 5 .7 Texas_____________ 20 5 19 2,892 348 1,672 -.7 + 1 .8 + 1 8 .8 39,169 7,218 41,287 +5. 7 + 1 6 .7 + 3 9 .0 3 8,386 + 8 .3 268,977 + 4 -3 36 7, 976 - 4 .7 122,825 - 1 0 .6 W est Virginia------- 10 346 355 57, 108 -2 . 2 + 6 .5 7, 259 966; 848 - 1 7 .7 - 1 .8 6 299 - 7 .4 6,901 -1 0 .0 W yom in g............... 33 3,241 + 5 .0 75, 670 + 1 0 .9 5 151 + 3 8 .5 3,633 + 51.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1242 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN TIC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Hotels Public utilities State N um N um N u m ber on Amount Amount N um ber on pay Percent of pay roll Percent ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of pay of (1 week), of of estab roll, (1 week), of estab roll, change Septem change Sep change Septem change lish lish Sep tember ments ber 1933 ber 1933 ments tember 1933 1933 Alabama____ _____ Arizona,.................. Arkansas____ _____ California................ Colorado__________ 88 67 62 4S 196 1,644 1,304 1,706 4i, m 5,254 + 1 .0 + 6 .2 + 8 .8 - .5 - .3 $31,894 30, 737 4 1 , 016 1,115,251 130,330 - 2 .0 + .2 + 5 .0 -3 .4 -.9 24 18 12 183 59 1,059 391 558 9,183 1,309 + 2 .7 + 8 .3 + 1 0 .7 + 2 .3 - 2 .5 138,992 16,927 + 6 .8 + 4 .9 + 8 .1 + 5 .8 -1 .3 Connecticut______ Delaware _______ D ist. of Columbia. Florida____________ Georgia___________ 135 28 22 185 186 9,343 1,058 8,337 4,705 6,342 + .6 -1 .4 + 1.2 + 1 7 .9 + 1 .5 284,634 29,030 220,087 112, 010 164,965 +. 5 - 2.6 - 4.5 + 11.5 - 2 .1 31 5 49 55 27 1,174 243 3,867 953 1,088 + 3 .5 -1 .6 + 3 .6 -.3 - 1 .5 14, 715 3, 209 53,021 8,981 8,303 + 1.6 + .5 + 4 .2 + 2 .2 + .6 Idaho_____________ Illin o is ................... Indiana___________ Iowa........................ Kansas...................... 56 80 132 421 1J,3 689 67,942 9,078 9, 210 7,277 + .3 + .9 + 3 .4 + 2 .2 + 2 .3 13, 257 1,822, 630 212,367 198, 740 166,037 - 3.1 - 2 .2 + 2.4 - 1.1 + 8 .4 21 42 51 85 67 32 359 11,909 3,151 2,248 658 + 9 .8 + 0 .8 + 4 .1 + 5 .8 + 1 .2 3, 945 175,669 31, 363 20,825 6,759 + 7 .0 + 3 .7 + 5 .4 + 7 .0 + 4 -6 293 Kentucky_________ 151 Louisiana_________ 168 M aine......... ............. Maryland_________ H Massachusetts____ 431S1 6, 274 5, 443 2,370 12, 4 01 45,521 + 2 .7 138, 201 + 1.5 131, 453 + 3 .7 61, 720 + 1 .0 345,841 + 1 .5 1,277,277 -.9 + .5 +• 8 + 7 .0 + 2 .6 36 22 35 24 92 1,780 1,812 1, 725 1,132 5,137 + 4 .2 + 2 .1 -.1 + 5 .9 + 1 .5 17,492 18, 740 20, 650 is, 4 0 4 69,001 + 2 .8 + 3 .9 + 1.3 + 5 .6 + 4 -0 M ichigan................ Minnesota________ Mississippi_______ Missouri__________ Montana.................. 412 226 190 204 101 20, 278 12, 523 1,644 19,132 1,793 + .7 + 3 .5 + 3 .5 + .5 -1 .3 572, 421 304,453 31,470 477,063 51,222 + 2 .2 - .2 -1 .8 - 2 .1 - 2 .1 104 76 16 92 25 4,850 3,095 446 4, 360 405 + 1 .5 + 3 .5 - 1 0 .6 -.2 -3 .6 52,255 35, 614 3,186 49,702 5,450 + 3 .8 + 6 .2 -7 .7 + 1.0 - 1 .4 Nebraska................. Nevada___________ New H am pshire.. New Jersey_______ New Mexico______ 299 37 140 265 49 5, 617 365 2,080 21,195 602 + 1 .5 + .3 + .4 + .5 + 4 .5 133, 004 9, 932 55, 230 591,279 10, 787 -2 .3 - 1 .4 -2 .5 - 6 -.3 42 13 25 86 15 1, 343 194 1,353 5,484 358 + 7 .2 + 7 .2 + 2 0 .3 -6 .0 + 6 .5 12,906 3,227 14, 714 58, 945 3, 653 + 7 .9 + 2 .1 + 1 3 .7 - 6 .9 + 3 .5 N ew York________ North Carolina. North Dakota____ Ohio______________ Oklahoma________ 874 87 171 489 244 96,252 1,534 1,219 31,318 5,836 + .2 + 3 .4 + 3 .7 + 2 .9 2, 914, 929 31,228 28, 335 791, 381 124, 996 -.3 -1 .7 + .9 -1 .4 - .4 271 35 25 150 50 30,983 1,121 404 8,546 1,153 + 3 .7 + 1 .2 + 1.3 + .9 + 5 .6 451,454 9, 346 4, 015 98, 599 11, 283 + 4 .5 +• 7 + 2 .9 + 3 .2 + 5 .7 Oregon____________ Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island......... South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 183 695 42 70 129 5,507 45, 550 3, 258 1,650 990 + 2 .3 + .9 -2 .4 + 1 0 .0 + 5 .5 134, 698 1,208,430 90, 540 31,881 23,699 - 5 -1 .4 - 2 .7 + (7) + 3 .2 61 178 21 12 18 1,223 9,335 572 214 301 + 5 .7 + .4 + 3 .4 + 2 .9 + .7 14, 735 111,041 6, 407 1,405 3, 572 + 6 .8 + 3 .0 -3 .0 + 4 .8 + 2 .7 Tennessee............ . Texas.................... U t a h ____________ Vermont__________ Virginia___________ 244 134 68 122 179 4, 251 6,175 1,870 1,051 5,713 + 1 .8 + 1 .1 + 4.1 + 6 .9 + 1 .5 95, 334 158,028 37, 374 25,185 135,343 + 1 .8 +• 4 - 2.8 + 3.0 36 U 12 24 33 2,128 3,111 476 564 1,848 + 1.0 + 5 .7 + 7 .2 - 1 5 .4 + 4 .7 17, 776 36,402 5, 683 5, 472 19, 374 + 1 .4 + 6 .1 + 2 .9 - 1 8 .1 + 5 .7 Washington______ W est Virginia____ 198 120 14 41 48 9,471 6,098 10,637 '449 +. 8 + 9 .3 + 2 .4 + 3 .7 244, 979 146, 488 288, 752 9,943 - 3.9 + 3.4 81 36 42 43 9 2,476 1,037 1,340 90 + 2 .7 (“ ) -.7 + 2 .3 27, 377 10, 775 + 3 .6 + .6 1,164 + 2 .5 W y o m in g .............. 2 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 41 No change. 12 Includes restaurants. 13 Includes steam railroads. 14 Includes railways and express. 15 Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis + .4 + .9 - 3 .7 $8,459 5,218 4 ,4 8 8 ( 15) TREND OF 1243 EM PLOYM ENT C O M P A R IS O N OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN T IC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Dyeing and cleaning Laundries State N um N um Amount N um - ber on Num - ber on Amount Percent of pay roll Percent pay ber of Percent of pay roll Percent ber of pay of of (1 week). of roll, (1 week), estabof estabroll, change Septem- change Sepchange Septem- change lishlishSepber 1933 ments tember ber 1933 ments tember 1933 1933 427 372 S88 5,424 '744 - 4 .0 + 2 .2 —2.8 + 1 .1 + .8 $3,839 5,090 8,551 95,497 IO! 618 + 9 .0 + 8 .0 -4 .8 + 2 .4 4-3.3 984 313 + 2 .1 — 1.6 + 2 .4 + 6 .8 -1 .2 15,859 5,176 38, 676 4,825 6,343 + 4 .5 + 3 .7 4-5.8 + 1 0 .8 + 4 .4 -4 .2 -.8 -1 .3 +3.5 27,006 19; 271 3, 256 10,918 - 4 .5 + 3 .7 + 4 .1 + 1 1 .4 + 1 .8 -.9 —.2 + 2 .2 — 1.2 9,974 952 6,251 29,224 69,828 + 1 0 .3 + 1 5 .0 + 1 .2 + 6 .2 +■1 329 + 2 .1 + 6 .3 +6. 6 + 2.3 - 1.2 18,898 11,044 2, 740 32, 366 5,423 + 1 0 .5 + 9 .1 + 1 2 .6 + 7 .9 -C ) 7 3 12 26 4 534 38 249 3, 228 20fl - 4. 8 + 2.7 —7.8 + 1.7 + 8 -3 7,620 667 3,884 61,885 3,078 7, 367 525 194 4,197 715 + 3 .2 + 1.4 + 2 .1 Ohio______________ Oklahoma............... 70 9 10 77 9 Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island_____ 40 19 Tennessee________ 12 23 7 3 Alabam a............. .. 4 10 lß 1Ô67 + 5 .9 3,441 + 7 .5 + 4 .2 4, 324 + 1 0 .1 5 7 3 135 52 91 4-4.7 -5 .5 + 8 .3 2,358 859 1,053 + 3 .6 + 4 .1 + 8 ,4 12 7 212 286 + 5 .5 + 2 .1 3, 551 4, 667 +14. 3 + 7 .3 4 3 156 57 + 3 .3 -6 .6 2,427 680 + 8 .0 + 1 4 .7 10 77 895 1,928 -2 .0 + 1 2 .4 5,897 85,916 + 4 -S + 2 2 .4 16 9 594 418 + 3 .7 + 8 .9 11,052 7,174 - 1 6 .8 + 1 3 .3 14 3 498 22 + 7 .1 + 4 .8 8, 879 494 + 1 5 .6 + 9 .1 -.2 - 2 .3 -5 .5 + 5 .1 + 7 .2 3 100 + 1 9 .0 1,668 + 2 6 .7 7 222 + 2 .8 5,553 + 8 .9 + 7 .6 + 8 .6 +1. C 4-5. 5 + 7 .3 13 3 451 66 -2 .2 + 4 .8 8, 732 813 44 3 1,683 78 + 1 .8 + 6.1 124,155 5, 386 2, 79£ 61, 599 9,145 29,920 970 + 8 .8 -j-3.4 2,887 1,166 43? 128 + 2.3 — 13 fi (H) * 44,452 19,810 4 185 1, 743 + 5 .0 + 5 .3 +25. 4 + 2 .8 13 5 845 367 + 1 3 .4 + .3 14, 694 6,395 + 4 4 .3 + 5.4 888 1,351 489 40 837 + 3.1 + 5.2 - 2.6 +5 £ + 1 1 .6 8,006 15,681 6 ,86i 462 10,041 + 1 5 .5 +11. £ - .5 + 1 1 .6 4-22.1 3 14 7 50 420 126 + 2 8 .2 + 4 .2 + 2 .4 651 6,922 2,149 + 2 9 .4 + 1 .8 + 1 1 .2 17 262 + 7 .2 3, 525 + 2 .8 20 489 710 + 3 .2 + 6 .7 +10. i + 3 .5 105 219 + 1 0 .5 + 7 .9 1,836 2, 926 + 1 4 .1 + 7 .8 98 8,816 9,026 18 2h 1, 605 10 9 6 + .6 + 1 .4 + / ? - 1 .0 16 27 17 5 16 40 1,954 1,388 228 879 Kentucky_________ Louisiana_________ 15 3 17 773 M a r y la n d ..______ Massachusetts____ n ns Michigan ________ Minnesota _______ 22 13 5 30 14 New Jersey_______ New York _______ North Carolina. _ 7 Utah.......................... + 5 .6 196 2 ,5 5 4 N eb ra sk a ________ $1, 304 198 24 4 20 10 11 Missouri__________ Montana__________ + 7 .3 7 10 Connecticut______ Indiana.................... I o w a ...................... . 133 11 Colorado__________ Dist. of Columbia. Florida___________ Georgia.................... 3 Virginia.................... h Washington______ W est Virginia......... h 489 654 115 428 1,884 3,719 1,371 708 260 2 ,3 7 4 i Less than one tenth of 1 percent, u N o change. io Includes dyeing and cleaning. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (») +rc + 2 6 .2 1244 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N ID EN TIC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S I N A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate State Number of estab lish ments Number on pay roll, Sep tember 1933 Percent of change Amount of pay roll (1 week), Sep tember 1933 Percent of change 18 31 18 1,146 28 474 214 236 23, 652 1,077 + 0 .2 00 + 1 .3 -.1 -.3 $13, 548 5,628 5,642 768,550 35,104 + 0 .9 -.9 + 3 .1 —. 5 + 1.1 56 17 41 18 25 1,856 573 1,335 564 1,019 - .2 -.7 + .6 - 1 .1 + 1 .8 66,287 19,771 48,407 17,339 29,455 +. 1 +• 6 —2 . 8 Kansas...................- - ................. ............... ......... ......... 16 94 38 17 SI 140 10, 790 1,201 989 749 -2 .8 + .2 -1 .0 - .2 + 5 .8 3,404 361,704 39, 069 31, 304 23,189 - 1.0 - 1.4 - 1.3 - .6 + 4-h Kentucky------------------------------ -------------- -------------Louisiana.._____ ____________________ _______ ____ M aine. ________________ _______ ________ ________ M aryland_______________________________________ Massachusetts-------------------- -------------------------------- 21 9 15 24 223 837 370 245 856 7,969 -.7 00 - 2 .0 -.5 - .7 30,127 13, 586 6,380 31,634 246, 704 + 1 .4 + 1 .8 - 1 3 .5 + .7 + .7 Michigan----- ----------- -------------------------------------------Minnesota-------- ----------- ------------------------ -------------Mississippi.------------- ------------ -------------- -------------Missouri_________________________________________ M ontana..................... .................. .............................. 96 53 16 86 21 3,979 3,330 181 4, 737 244 + 1 .7 + 1 0 .3 00 -.5 + .8 120, 763 88,334 3,928 143, 395 6,900 -2 .5 + 4 .1 + 5 .1 + 1 .2 -6 .4 Arkansas______________ ___________ _____ - ............. Colorado................. - ..................... ............. ................... Connecticut_______________________________ _____ Dist. of Columbia-------------- -------------- -----------------Georgia............................................................................. Idaho____________________________________________ Indiana____ _________ _________ ______ ______ _____ -.3 + .2 Nebraska................................................ - ....................... 17 504 + 2 .6 17,267 + .3 New Hampshire__________________ _______ - ......... New Jersey-------- ---------------- --------- ------------ - ......... New Mexico...................................................... ........... 38 108 16 471 12,439 86 + .4 - .2 00 11,313 352,847 2,546 - 2 .1 + (7) + .2 New York...... ......... ...................................................... North Carolina.......................... ........... .................. . North D akota............................................................... Ohio_________ ______ __________ _______ __________ Oklahoma---------------------------- ------------------------------- 720 28 36 275 20 53,514 322 262 8,026 597 - .6 + 1 .3 + .8 - 2 .7 + 2 .1 1,852,914 7,644 6,391 260, 750 17,503 -.3 + 3 .9 - 1 .4 -.4 -1 .7 Oregon......... ........................... ..................... ................... Pennsylvania__________________________ _____ ____ Rhode Island___________________ _______ ________ South Carolina______________ ________ __________ South Dakota.............................................. ................. 14 805 28 11 32 757 25,189 925 110 244 -.3 + .9 +• 4 + 2 .8 -2 .4 25,999 790,904 38,124 3, 201 5,834 + 1 5 .9 —. 5 + 3.0 + 3.6 - 1.5 Tennessee................................................................ ....... Texas......................... ............. ............................... ......... U t a h . .. .................................................... - ............... V e r m o n t ......................................... ......... ................... Virginia------------------------------ -------------------------------- 31 22 14 30 32 1,125 1,297 463 233 1,353 + .6 - .2 + .2 - 9 .7 + 1 .7 38,348 37,352 16,388 6,726 43,612 4*. 4 + 2.5 - 1.4 + 2.2 W ashington....................... .............. ....................... . W est Virginia____________ _____ ______ ______ ____ Wisconsin____________________________ ______ ____ W yom ing..................... .......... ................... ................... 33 46 17 11 1,425 690 921 99 + 4 .9 + 2 .4 + 1 .3 00 44,024 19,547 31,108 3,015 + 2.1 -j-i. 4 +. 2 + 3.0 7 Less than one tenth of 1 percent, h N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis + .5 TREND OF 1245 EM PLOYM ENT Employment and Pay Rolls in September 1933 in Cities of Over 500,000 Population N THE following table are presented the fluctuations in employ ment and pay-roll totals in September 1933 as compared with August 1933 in 13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over. These changes are computed from reports received from identical establishments in each of the months considered. In addition to including reports received from establishments in the several industrial groups regularly covered in the Bureau’s survey, excluding building construction, reports have also been secured from other establishments in these cities for inclusion in these totals. Information concerning employment in building construction is not available for all cities at this time and therefore has not been included. I F L U C T U A T IO N S I N E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N S E P T E M B E R 1933 A S C O M P A R E D W I T H A U G U S T 1933 Cities Number of establish ments reporting in both months Buffalo, N Y . ____________ 5,191 1,830 827 514 810 1,129 515 568 3,077 418 1,164 435 456 Number on pay roll August 1933 318,344 234,978 131, 236 180,929 67,901 96, 567 73, 224 51,346 92, 705 55,442 52,972 44,478 45, 513 September 1933 338,437 240, 708 139,180 189, 250 72,499 100,606 73,569 54,268 98,401 57,987 54,997 46,072 46,911 Per cent of change + 6 .3 +2. 4 + 6 .1 + 4 .6 + 6 .8 + 4 .2 + 0 .5 + 5 .7 +6. 1 + 4 .6 + 3 .8 + 3 .6 + 3 .1 Amount of pay roll (1 week) August 1933 September 1933 $8,397, 766 5,538,992 2,898, 703 4,350,336 1,606,169 2,060, 997 1, 559, 851 1,012, 566 2,193,802 1,180, 539 1, 232,920 974,993 925,791 $9,013,332 5, 594,171 3,047, 543 4, 330,963 1, 708,222 2,086, 643 1, 573, 526 1,095, 225 2,330, 519 1, 219, 266 1,279,929 1,001,516 922, 549 Per cent of change + 7 .3 + 1 .0 + 5 .1 -0 .4 + 6 .4 + 1 .2 + 0 .9 + 8 .2 + 6 .2 + 3 .3 + 3 .8 + 2 .7 -0 .4 Employment in the Executive Civil Service of the United States, September 1933 The United States Government pay rolls for September 1933 showed 8,934 fewer employees than Government pay rolls for September 1932. This is a decrease of 1.6 percent. Comparing September 1933 with August 1933, there was an in crease of 10,017 employees or 1.8 percent......................... The data herein do not include the legislative, judicial, or Army and Navy services. The information as shown in table 1 was com piled by the various departments and offices of the United States Government and sent to the United States Civil Service Commission where it was assembled. The figures were tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are published in compliance with the direction of Congress. Table 1 shows the number of Federal employees inside the District of Columbia, the number of employees outside of the District of Columbia, and the total number for the entire Federal service. Approximately 12 percent of the total number of workers on the pay rolls of the United States Government are employed inside the District of Columbia. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1246 T able M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 1.—E M P L O Y E E S I N T H E E X E C U T I V E C IV IL S E R V IC E O F T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S S E P T E M B E R 1932, A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 District of Columbia Item Per ma nent Number of employees: September 19 3 2 ................ August 1933..... ............... .. September 1933__________ Gain or loss: September 1932-September 1933____ _____ ______ August 1933-September 1933____________________ Percent of change: September 1932-September 1933________________ August 1933-September 1933____________________ Labor turnover, September 1933: Additions. ................ ....... Separations____ _________ Turnover rate per 100____ Tem po rary 1 64, 616 62, 681 63,258 -1 ,3 5 8 2,454 5, 034 6,482 Total Outside the District Per ma nent Tem po rary 1 67,070 470, 502 67, 715 456. 417 69, 740 453, 750 Total Entire service Per ma nent Tem po rary * 37, 718 508,220 535,118 32, 207 488,624 519, 098 42,866 496, 616 517, 008 40,172 575, 290 37, 241 556, 339 49, 348 566,356 + 4 , 028 + 2 , 670 -1 6 , 752 +5,148 -11,604 -1 8 ,1 1 0 +9,176 +577 +1,448 +2,025 - 2 , 667 +10, 659 +7,992 Total - 8 , 934 - 2 , 090 +12,107 +10,017 - 2 .1 +164.1 + 4 .0 - 3 .6 + 1 3 .6 -2 .3 - 3 .4 + 22.8 - 1 .6 + 0 .9 + 2 8 .8 + 3 .0 - 0 .6 + 33.1 + 1 .6 - 0 .4 + 3 2 .5 + 1 .8 3 1, 201 972 1.54 2,905 3 1,109 19. 26 3 4,106 3 2, 081 3.03 3, 787 6,454 0.83 23,172 12, 513 33. 34 26,959 18,967 3.85 4,988 7, 426 0.96 26, 077 13, 622 31.46 31, 065 21, 048 3. 75 1 N ot including field service of Post Office Department. 3 N ot including 348 employees, transferred from a temporary status in the National Industrial Recovery Administration to a permanent status in the same agency. Comparing September 1933 with September 1932, there was a decrease of 2.1 percent in the number of permanent Federal employees in the District of Columbia. However, comparing these 2 months, the number of temporary employees increased 164.1 percent. This large increase in temporary employees caused a net increase of 4 percent in the total number of Federal employees in the city of Washington. Comparing September 1933 with August 1933, there was an increase of nine tenths of 1 percent in the number of permanent employees. This increase was largely caused by a number of employees in the N.R.A. being transferred from a temporary to a permanent status. Outside the District of Columbia the number of permanent em ployees decreased 3.6 percent and the number of temporarv em ployees increased 13.6 percent, comparing September 1933 pay rolls with those for September 1932. Comparing September 1933 with August 1933, there was a decrease of 0.4 percent in the number of permanent employees, an increase of 32.5 percent in the number of temporary employees, and an increase of 1.8 percent in the number of total Federal employment. Table 2 shows employment and pay rolls in the Emergency Con servation Work. T able 2 .— E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S I N T H E E M E R G E N C Y C O N S E R V A T IO N W O R K , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 Number Pay rolls Group August September August September Enrolled personnel................. Reserve officers, lin e .. . . . Reserve officers, medical. Supervisory and technical . . . 276,172 1,286 869 14,444 208, 402 2,902 986 14, 744 $8, 624, 859 0) 0) 1, 714, 705 $6,508,392 0) 0) 1, 754,485 Total _______________ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------ 292,771 227,034 310,339, 564 3 8,262,877 i Data not available, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 N ot including pay rolls of Reserve officers, line or medical. TREND OF 1247 EM PLOYM ENT In fo rm a tio n co n ce rn in g e m p lo y m e n t a n d a m o u n t o f p a y rolls in the E m e rg e n cy C o n se rv a tio n W o r k is co lle cte d b y th e B u rea u o f L a b o r S tatistics fro m the W a r D e p a r tm e n t a n d the F o re st S ervice o f the D e p a rtm e n t o f A gricu ltu re. There were 227,034 persons in the Emergency Conservation Work on September 30, 1933. This is a decrease of 65,000 as compared with August. The pay of the enlisted personnel is $30 per month, except that 5 percent of the personnel of each company are paid $45 a month and an additional 8 percent are paid $36 per month. The pay roll for this branch of the service are figured on this basis. The amounts paid to Reserve officers, line and medical, are not available at the present time. Data for this branch of the service will be shown beginning with the October figures. Employment on Class I Steam Railroads in the United States EPORTS of the Interstate Commerce Commission for class I railroads show that the number of employees (exclusive of executives and officials) increased from 1,002,177 on August 15, 1933, to 1,018,017 on September 15, 1933, or 1.8 percent. Data are not yet available concerning total compensation of employees for Sep tember 1933. The latest pay-roll information available shows an increase from $115,936,195 in July to $121,857,255 in August, or 5.1 percent. The monthly trend of employment from January 1923 to Septem ber 1933 on class I railroads— that is, all roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by index numbers pub lished in the following table. These index numbers are constructed from monthly reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, using the 12-month average for 1926 as 100. R T able i —I N D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T O N CLASS I ST E A M R AILR O AD S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S , J A N U A R Y 1923 T O S E P T E M B E R 1933 [12-month average, 1926=100] 1932 1933 M onth 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 January_______ ________ F ebruary_____________ March______ _________ A p ril.. _______________ M a y __________________ June... . . ____________ July_______________ _ August------------------------Septem ber___ ______ 96.6 97.0 97.4 98.9 99.2 98.0 98.1 99.0 99.7 100. 8 99.0 96.0 95.6 95.4 95.2 96.6 97.8 98.6 99.4 99.7 99.9 100.7 99. 1 97.1 95.8 96.0 96.7 98.9 100.2 101.6 102.9 102.7 102.8 103. 4 101. 2 98.2 95.5 95.3 95.8 97.4 99.4 100.9 101.0 99.5 99.1 98.9 95. 7 91.9 89.3 89.0 89.9 91.7 94.5 95.9 95.6 95.7 95.3 95.3 92.9 89.7 88.2 88.9 90.1 92. 2 94.9 96.1 96.6 97.4 96.8 96.9 93.0 88.8 86.3 85.4 85.5 87.0 88.6 86.5 84.7 83.7 82.2 80.4 77.0 74.9 73.3 72.7 72.9 73.5 73.9 72.8 72.4 71.2 69.3 67.7 64. 5 62.6 61.2 60.3 60.5 60.0 59.7 57.8 56.4 55.0 55.8 57.0 55.9 54.8 53.0 52.7 51.5 51.8 52.5 53.6 55.4 156.8 57.7 December_____________ 98.3 98.6 100.5 102.0 105.0 107.1 108.2 109.4 107.8 107. 3 105. 2 99.4 Average_________ 104.1 98.3 97.9 100.0 97.5 92.9 93.3 83.5 70.6 57.9 3 53.9 1 Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Average for 9 months. 1248 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Table 2 shows the total number of employees by occupations on the 15th day each of July and August 1933 and by group totals on the 15th of September 1933; also pay-roll totals for the entire months of July and August. Total compensation for the month of September is not yet available. Beginning in January 1933 the Interstate Commerce Commission excluded reports of switching and terminal companies from their monthly tabulations. The actual figures for the months shown in the following table, therefore, are not comparable with the totals published for the months prior to January 1933. The index numbers of employment for class I railroads shown in table 1 have been adjusted to allow for this revision and furnish a monthly indi cator of the trend of employment over the period from January 1923 to the latest month available. In these tabulations data for the occupa tional group reported as “ executives, officials, and staff assistants” are omitted. T able 2 .— E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N I N G S OF R A I L R O A D E M P L O Y E E S , J U L Y A N D A U G U S T 1933 [From monthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important occu pations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sum of the items under the respective groups. Employment figures for September 1933 are available by group totals only at this time] Number of employees at mid dle of month Total earnings Occupation July 1933 Professional, clerical and general____ - ____________ Clerks____ _____ ________________________________ Stenographers and typists_____________________ Maintenance of way and structures........ ................... Laborers, extra gang and work train__________ Laborers, track and roadway section__________ Maintenance of equipment and stores____________ Car m en............................................ ............... ........... Electrical workers...................................... ............... Machinists_____________________________________ Skilled trades helpers__________________________ Laborers (shops, engine houses, power plants, and stores)________ ________ __________________ Common laborers (shops, engine houses, power plants, and stores)__________ ________ ________ Transportation, other than train, engine, and yard.............. ................... ........................... ....................... Station agents__________________________________ Telegraphers, telephoners, and towermen____ Truckers (stations, warehouses, and platforms). Crossing and bridge flagmen and gatemen___ Transportation (yardmasters, switch tenders, and hostlers)__________________________________________ Transportation, train and engine__________________ Road conductors_______________________________ Road brakemen and flagmen__________________ Yard brakemen and yard helpers...... ........... . Road engineers and motormen________________ Road firemen and helpers....... ............................... All employees______________________ ______ . . . August 1933 Septem ber 1933 July 1933 August 1933 162,145 84,881 15, 288 210, 748 21, 473 114,834 263,156 53,851 7,980 37, 406 58,124 163,550 85, 853 15, 366 219, 055 23,835 118, 615 274, 397 57,003 8, 092 38,595 61,092 164, 074 $21,373,020 $22,086, 339 10, 607,607 11,048, 777 1, 786, 959 1,850,071 224, 876 15, 840,377 17,335,030 1,083, 656 1,313, 580 6,326, 246 6,984, 277 278,898 28,081,634 30,911,586 6, 542, 531 7, 234,396 1,042,150 1,110,818 4, 603, 292 5,147,086 5,146, 639 5, 794,029 20,189 20, 636 1,543,174 1, 606, 556 17, 826 18, 644 1, 036,331 1,167,174 125,126 24, 239 14,855 17,889 16,878 125, 351 24, 266 14,930 17,930 16,854 126, 592 13,860, 586 3, 344, 594 2,073, 327 1, 356,491 1,137,362 14, 206,931 3,444, 699 2, 087,436 1,413, 000 1,140,930 11,984 203, 451 22, 539 46, 873 34,463 27,139 30,141 12, 238 207, 586 22, 828 47, 492 35,989 27, 501 30,193 12, 286 211, 291 2, 045,155 34, 735,423 4,924,187 6, 630, 511 4, 682,421 6, 583,487 4, 755, 444 2,095, 668 35, 221, 701 4,974,790 6, 696, 554 4, 784, 238 6, 657,199 4,804, 518 976, 610 1,002,177 1,018, 017 115,936,195 121,857,255 Unemployment in Foreign Countries HE table following gives detailed monthly statistics of unem ployment in foreign countries, as shown in official reports for the years 1927 to 1932, inclusive, and by months beginning with July 1932 to the latest available date. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT STA TE M E N T OF U N E M P L O YM E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S B e lg i u m A u s tr ia A u s t r a lia 1249 U n e m p lo y m e n t -in s u r a n c e societies C o m p u lY e a r a n d d a te (e n d of m o n th ) N um ber 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 _______________________ ________ _________________ ___________________ ________________ _________________________ _______ ___________________ an ce, n u m b er o f u n W h o l l y u n e m p l o y e d e m p lo y e d in re ce ip t o f b e n e fit N um ber P ercen t e m p lo y e d 3 1 ,0 3 2 45, 669 47, 359 84, 767 1 1 7 ,8 6 6 120, 454 P ercent 7 .0 1 0 .8 11.1 1 9 .3 2 7 .4 2 9 .4 P a r t i a lly u n e m p lo y e d N um ber P ercent 1 7 2 ,4 5 0 1 5 6 ,1 8 5 164, 509 208, 389 253, 368 309, 969 1 1 ,1 1 2 5, 386 8 ,4 6 2 2 3 ,2 5 0 7 9 ,1 8 6 1 6 1 ,4 6 8 1 .8 .9 1 .3 3 .6 1 0 .9 1 9 .0 23, 763 22, 293 18,831 5 0 ,9 1 8 1 2 1 ,8 9 0 175, 259 3 .9 3 .5 3 .0 7 .9 1 6 .9 2 0 .7 2 6 6 ,3 6 5 2 6 9 ,1 8 8 275, 840 297, 791 329, 707 3 6 7 ,8 2 9 16 9,41 1 167, 212 1 6 3 ,0 4 8 1 5 7 ,0 2 3 154, 657 1 7 1 ,0 2 8 1 9 .6 1 9 .5 1 8 .3 1 7 .7 1 7 .7 1 8 .6 1 7 4 ,6 4 6 170, 081 1 6 6 ,1 6 0 148, 812 144, 583 155, 669 2 0 .3 1 9 .9 1 8 .9 1 6 .8 1 6 .3 1 6 .9 3 9 7 ,9 2 0 4 0 1 ,3 2 1 379, 693 350, 552 320, 955 3 0 7 ,8 7 3 300, 762 291, 224 2 7 9 ,0 5 3 2 0 7 ,1 3 6 201, 305 195, 715 1 8 0 ,1 4 3 162, 781 145, 881 1 4 2 ,1 1 9 2 2 .1 2 1 .0 2 0 .1 1 8 .2 1 6 .4 1 4 .4 1 3 .7 196, 237 185, 052 186, 942 187, 222 1 7 6 ,1 7 4 1 5 8 ,0 0 5 1 6 8 ,6 5 3 2 0 .9 1 9 .3 1 9 .2 1 8 .8 1 7 .7 1 5 .5 1 6 .3 1932 J u ly _______ 0) (>) 122, 340 2 9 .6 0) (>) 1 1 5 ,0 4 2 28. 1 1933 1 0 9 ,1 8 2 2 6 .5 106, 652 2 5 .7 ____________ J u ly Y e a r a n d d a te (e n d o f m o n th ) P ercent of tra d e u n io n is ts p lo y e d N um ber of u n e m p lo y e d o n liv e register T r a d e -u n io n in s u r a n ce fu n d s — u n e m p l o y e d in re c e ip t o f b e n e fit N um ber 1927 1928 1929 _ _______________________ 1930 ________ _______________ 1931 - ___________________ 19 32___________________ ___________ 1932 J u l y _____________________________ D e c e m b e r ,. ___________________ D a n z ig , F ree C ity of C z e c h o s lo v a k ia C anada N um ber of u n e m p lo y e d D enm ark T r a d e -u n io n u n e m p 1 o y m e n t f u n d s— u n e m p lo y e d N um ber P ercent P ercent 4. 9 4. 5 5 .7 1 1 .1 1 6 .8 2 2 .0 5 2 ,8 6 9 38, 636 41, 630 105, 442 291, 332 554, 059 17, 626 16, 342 23, 763 52, 047 1 0 2 ,1 7 9 184, 555 1 .6 1 .4 2 .2 4 .6 8 .3 1 3 .5 12, 905 18, 291 2 4 ,8 9 8 33, 244 61, 705 50, 226 42, 817 39, 631 5 3 ,0 1 9 99, 508 2 2 .5 1 8 .5 1 5 .5 1 3 .7 1 7 .9 3 1 .7 2 1 .8 2 1 .4 2 0 .4 2 2 .0 2 2 .8 2 5 .5 453, 460, 486, 533, 608, 746, 294 952 935 616 809 311 167, 529 1 7 2 ,1 1 8 170, 772 1 7 3 .7 0 6 190, 779 2 3 9 ,9 5 9 1 2 .2 1 2 .5 1 2 .3 1 2 .4 1 3 .5 1 6 .9 2 9 ,1 9 5 28, 989 30, 469 3 1 ,8 0 6 35, 507 39, 042 92, 732 95, 770 9 6 ,0 7 6 101, 518 113, 273 1 3 8 ,3 3 5 2 9 .5 3 0 .5 3 0 .4 3 1 .8 3 5 .6 4 2 .8 872, 775 9 2 0 ,1 8 2 877, 955 797, 516 726, 629 675, 933 640, 360 6 2 5 ,8 3 6 2 622, 344 300, 210 305, 036 295, 297 264, 530 247, 687 2 3 6 ,0 0 7 2 2 2 6 ,2 4 3 2 0 .5 2 0 .7 2 0 .2 1 7 .9 1 6 .6 1 5 .8 1 5 .1 40, 726 3 9 ,8 4 3 38, 313 36, 205 33, 372 29, 622 28, 714 2 6 ,4 0 0 2 5 ,2 1 9 141, 354 1 3 9 ,3 3 1 116, 762 95, 619 84, 201 73, 565 74, 756 72, 559 2 7 4 ,1 3 9 4 3 .5 4 2 .8 3 5 .4 2 8 .9 2 5 .4 21. 9 2 1 .7 2 1 .4 2 2 .0 1933 2 5 .5 2 4 .3 2 5 .1 2 4 .5 2 3 .8 .2 1 .8 2 1 .2 19. 9 1 9 .8 i N o t r e p o r te d . 1 6 4 8 7 °— 33--------16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 P r o v is io n a l fig u re . 1250 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R E I G N C O U N T R IE S -C o n tin u e d E s t o n ia F in la n d F ran ce G erm an y T r a d e -u n io n is t s Y e a r a n d d a te (e n d of m o n th ) N um ber N um ber u nem N um ber of u n em p lo y e d re o f u n e m p lo y e d in m a in in g p lo y e d r e c e ip t o n liv e registere d o f b e n e fit r egister 19 27____________________ ___________ 19 28___________________________ 19 29______________________________ 1930________________________________ 1 9 3 1 ______________________________ 19 3 2 __________________ ______ _______ 3 ,0 3 7 2, 629 3 ,1 8 1 3 ,0 5 4 3, 632 7 ,1 2 1 1932 J u l y ________________________________ A u g u s t - _ __ _______ _______ S e p t e m b e r _________________ O c to b e r _________________________ N o v e m b e r ... _ . D e c e m b e r . . . _______ __ _ 1933 J a n u a r y ____ ______________ . F e b r u a r y ___________ . . M a r c h _____________ A p r i l _____________ . M a y . . ____________________ _ J u n e ... _____________________ J u l y ________________________________ A u g u s t ___________ _______ __ S e p te m b e r . _ _ ________ __ N um ber of u n em p lo y e d r e g iste re d P ercent w h o lly u nem p lo y e d P ercen t p a r tia l ly unem p lo y e d N u 'm b e r unem p lo y e d in r e c e ip t o f b e n e fit 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,7 3 5 3, 906 7 ,9 9 3 11, 522 17, 581 33, 549 4 ,9 9 3 905 2, 432 54, 587 264, 845 1, 353, 1, 353, 1, 678, 3 ,1 4 4 , 4, 573, 5, 579, 000 000 824 910 218 858 8 .7 8 .6 1 3 .2 2 2 .2 3 4 .3 4 3 .8 3 .4 5 .7 7 .5 1 3 .4 2 0 .0 2 2 .6 1, 029, 694 1, 4 5 1 ,1 3 7 2 ,1 5 8 , 049 2, 757, 999 2, 535, 601 2 ,0 2 2 3, 256 5, 957 8, 901 1 0 ,7 1 5 13, 727 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 20, 278 966 563 908 690 289 262, 642 264, 253 259, 237 247, 090 255, 411 2 7 7 ,1 0 9 5, 392, 248 5, 223, 810 5 ,1 0 2 , 750 5, 10 9 ,1 7 3 5, 355, 428 5, 7 7 2 ,8 5 2 4 3 .9 4 4 .0 4 3 .6 4 2 .9 43. 2 45. 1 2 3 .0 2 3 .2 22. 7 22. 6 22. 1 2 2 .7 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 16 ,5 1 1 15, 437 14, 512 1 1 ,6 8 0 4, 857 2, 822 1 ,5 6 8 2 ,0 4 6 2 3 ,1 7 8 20, 731 19, 083 17, 732 13, 082 11, 479 13, 437 15, 269 315, 364 330, 874 313, 518 309, 101 282, 545 256, 197 239, 449 235, 590 2 2 6 ,3 7 5 6, 013, 612 6, 000, 958 5, 598, 855 5, 331, 252 5, 038, 640 4, 856, 942 4 ,4 6 3 ,8 4 1 4, 1 2 4 ,2 8 8 3, 849, 222 46. 2 4 7 .4 52. 7 4 6 .3 4 4 .7 C1) 0) 2 6 .3 2 3 .7 2 4 .1 2 2 .2 22. 6 21. 6 (0 (>) 1 7 .1 Great Britain and Northern Ireland Great B r ita in 1 1 1 ,3 4 2 991, 985 849^ 768 720, 577 768', 602 073, 101 2, 372, 066 2, 455', 428 2 ,1 6 5 ! 891 1, 938, 910 1, 801, 930 1, 726, 676 1, 647, 155 1 ,5 3 0 ,4 5 2 Ir ish F r e e S ta t e H u n gary C o m p u l s o r y in su r a n ce Y ea r a n d d a te (e n d of m o n th ) W h o lly u n em p lo y e d Number 19 27 19 28 . 19 29 . 19 3 0 . 19 31 . 19 32 . 899, 980, 994, 1 ,4 6 7 , 2 ,1 2 9 , 2, 272, 093 326 091 347 359 590 July_______ August____ September. October___ November. December. . J a n u a r y ____ F e b r u a r y ._ M a r c h ______ A p r i l ________ M a y ________ J u n e ________ J u l y _________ A u g u s t _____ S e p te m b e r . 7 .4 N um ber P er c en t N um ber o f p e rso n s registere d w it h e m p lo y m e n t e x ch a n g e s 1 6 .7 1 7 .6 4 .3 4 .6 4 .5 2 , 668 , 000 2 ,1 8 5 , 015 2, 215, 704 2, 279, 779 2, 295, 500 2, 3 2 8 ,9 2 0 2, 314, 528 1 7 .1 1 7 .4 1 7 .9 1 7 .9 18. 2 18. 1 735, 929 7 3 1 .1 0 4 645, 286 515, 405 5 2 0 .1 0 5 461, 274 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1 8 .9 1 8 .7 1 8 .0 1 7 .2 1 6 .6 1 5 .8 1 5 .6 1 5 .4 532, 520, 611, 536, 497, 468, 506, 488, 4 2 2 ,8 0 8 3 9 4 ,1 0 6 310, 062 200, 397 128, 614 0 2 9 ,1 8 5 000, 923 970, 379 8.2 8.2 11.8 640 808 309 882 705 868 850 365 2 .3 2.6 2.2 Trade-unionists un Compul employed sory in surance— number unem ployed C h r is t ia n Social (B u d a Demo p e st) 263, 077 3 0 9 ,9 0 3 268, 400 526, 604 5 8 7 ,4 9 4 573, 805 1 N o t r e p o r te d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P er c en t T e m p o ra ry sto p pages 1 ,1 0 7 , 1, 355, 1, 281, 2, 297, 000 000 000 000 c ratic 21,100 2, 757, 000 852 951 977 1 ,0 2 6 15, 21, 27, 29, 322 339 635 772 22, 721 20, 860 2 2 ,1 7 6 25, 230 3 62, 817 5 .8 5 .7 5 .0 4 .0 4 .0 3 .6 2, 811, 782 2, 8 5 9 ,8 2 8 2 ,8 5 8 , O il 2, 747, 006 2, 799, 806 2, 723, 287 940 947 1, 022 1,091 1 ,0 7 2 1 ,1 0 6 28, 28, 27, 28, 29, 30, 297 186 860 654 336 967 3 7 7 ,6 4 8 3 57, 081 3 80, 923 3 70, 067 3 102, 747 3 102, 619 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 4 .2 3 .9 3. 7 4 .0 3 .8 2, 903, 065 2, 856, 638 2, 7 7 6 ,1 8 4 2, 697, 634 2, 582, 879 2, 4 3 8 ,1 0 8 2, 4 4 2 ,1 7 5 2 ,4 1 1 ,1 3 7 2, 336, 726 1 ,1 7 8 1, 210 1,1 3 1 1 ,0 8 0 1 ,1 0 4 1, 061 938 31, 30, 29, 28, 26, 26, 24, 431 955 771 521 778 209 881 3 95, 577 3 88, 747 3 82, 503 3 70, 039 3 65, 296 3 60, 578 3 56. 230 3 55, 590 3 5 8 ,9 3 7 R e g is t r a tio n area e x te n d e d . TREND OF EMPLOYMENT STA TE M E N T OF U N EM PL O YM E N T Y e a r a n d d a te (e n d o f m o n t h ) IN F O R E IG N 1251 C O U N T R I E S — C o n t in u e d N e t h e r la n d s It a ly Japan L a tv ia N u m b er of u n em p lo y e d re g iste re d O ffic ia l e s t im a t e s , u n e m p lo y e d P ercen t N um ber unem p lo y e d r e m a in in g on liv e reg ister 2 6 ,8 6 8 2 2 ,0 0 9 2 7 ,7 7 5 4 1 ,2 8 1 87, 659 162, 638 9 .0 6 .9 7 .5 9 .7 18. 2 30. 1 W h o lly unem p lo y e d P a r t ia lly unem p lo y e d N um ber U n e m p l o y m e n t in su ra n c e so c ie tie s— u n e m p lo y e d N um ber P ercen t 1927 1928 1929 _____________ 1930___________________________________ 1931___________________________________ 1932__________________________ ______ 278, 484 324, 422 3 0 0 ,7 8 7 425, 437 734, 454 1 ,0 0 6 ,4 4 2 97, 054 38; 457 1 6 ,1 5 4 23, 408 28, 721 33, 468 368, 465 413, 248 4 8 9 ,1 6 8 5 .2 5 .9 6 .9 3 ,1 3 1 4, 700 5 ,6 1 7 4 ,8 5 1 8, 709 14, 582 1932 J u l y ________ ______ ______ _____________ A u g u s t - ------------------------------S e p t e m b e r __________________________ O c to b e r ______________ ----------N ovem ber- . -----D e c e m b e r ._ --------------------------- 9 3 1 ,2 9 1 9 4 5 ,9 7 2 949, 408 956, 357 1 ,0 3 8 , 757 1 ,1 2 9 , 654 33, 218 33, 666 3 7 ,0 4 3 32, 556 3 6 ,3 4 9 37, 644 51 0,901 5 0 9 ,5 8 0 5 0 5 ,9 6 9 5 0 3 ,9 5 8 484, 213 463, 403 7 .2 7 .1 7 .0 7 .0 6 .7 6 .4 7 ,1 8 1 9, 650 8, 762 13, 806 17, 621 17, 247 123, 947 116, 524 1 2 6 ,5 1 0 12 8 ,9 6 1 142, 554 188, 252 2 4 .6 2 2 .9 2 4 .9 2 5 .2 2 7 .6 3 1 .5 1, 225, 470 1, 229, 387 1 ,0 8 1 ,5 3 6 1, 025, 754 1 ,0 0 0 ,1 2 8 883, 621 8 2 4 ,1 9 5 888, 560 907, 463 3 3 ,0 0 3 34, 506 2 9 ,1 2 9 5 1 ,8 7 1 4 5 ,1 8 3 38, 815 4 229, 217 4 259, 640 4 4 4 ,0 3 2 438, 250 424, 287 414, 392 429, 295 6 .1 6. 1 5 .8 5 .7 5 .9 14, 777 1 3 ,8 8 6 1 3 ,0 8 7 10, 377 5 ,9 9 3 3, 769 3 ,6 9 0 3 ,9 3 0 226, 709 187, 652 165, 367 147, 531 123, 447 117, 805 118, 346 1 1 3 ,9 8 8 1 1 6 ,2 3 7 3 7 .6 3 1 .1 2 7 .3 24. 3 2 5 .3 2 2 .5 2 2 .6 2 1 .9 2 2 .4 1933 J a n u a r y . . --------- --------- - ----------F e b r u a r y ____________________________ M a r c h _______________________________ A p r i l - . . --------- ------------------------------M ay ----------------- _ ------------------J u ly N e w Zea la n d Y e a r , a n d d a te (e n d o f m o n t h ) N um ber unem p lo y e d reg iste r e d b y e m p lo y m en t ex chan ges 5 P o la n d R u m a n ia P ercent N um ber u nem p lo y e d r e m a in in g on liv e r e g ister N um ber u nem p lo y e d r e g iste r e d w ith e m p lo y m e n t offices N um ber u nem p lo y e d re m a in in g on li v e r e g is ter 2 3 ,8 8 9 21, 759 1 9 ,0 8 9 1 9 ,3 5 3 27, 479 3 3 ,8 3 1 1 6 5 ,3 4 0 125, 552 129, 450 226, 659 299, 502 255, 582 10, 373 7, 288 2 5 ,3 3 8 35, 851 3 8 ,8 9 0 N orw ay T r a d e -u n io n is t s (10 u n io n s ) u n em p lo y e d N um ber ________________________ 1927 1928 _____________________ _ 19 29_____________________________________ 1930_____________________________________ 1931 ________________________ 1932_____________________________________ 2 ,8 9 5 5 ,0 3 7 4 1 ,4 3 0 51, 549 14, 790 2 5 .4 1 9 .2 1 5 .4 1 6 .6 2 3 .3 3 0 .8 1932 J u l y _____________________________________ A u g u s t - - - . - ------- - --------- --------S e p t e m b e r .,_______ . --. O c t o b e r ____________________________ __ N o v e m b e r ___ . . ... --------------------------------------D e c e m b e r .- . _ 55, 203 56, 332 55, 855 5 4 ,5 4 9 5 2 ,4 7 7 52, 533 12, 563 1 3 ,0 8 4 14, 358 1 5 ,5 1 2 16, 717 20, 735 2 5 .9 2 6 .9 2 9 .3 3 1 .6 34. 2 4 2 .4 2 6 ,3 9 0 27, 543 3 1 ,4 3 1 35, 082 3 8 ,8 0 7 41, 571 218, 059 187, 537 1 4 7 ,1 6 6 1 4 6 ,9 8 2 177, 459 220, 245 32, 809 2 9 ,6 5 4 21, 862 2 8 ,1 7 2 30, 651 38, 471 19, 19, 18, 17, 15, 13, 12, 14, 3 9 .3 4 0 .0 3 8 .5 3 5 .7 3 0 .9 2 7 .2 2 6 .0 2 8 .4 40, 642 4 2 ,4 6 0 42, 437 39, 846 35, 803 3 0 ,3 9 4 2 5 ,9 1 8 27, 459 3 2 ,8 4 8 264, 258 287, 219 279, 779 2 5 8 ,9 5 4 235, 356 224, 566 2 1 3 ,8 0 6 204, 364 2 0 0 ,0 3 0 44, 797 45, 371 44, 294 3 7 ,5 3 2 3 0 ,3 3 6 24, 685 2 1 ,0 8 4 1933 J a n u a r y ---------- ----------------------- F e b r u a r y ------------------------------------------- M a r c h ---------- ----------- -------------------------A p r i l ____ __________ __________ - M a y ----------- --------------------------- ----------J u n e ________________ - ----------------------J u l y ___________________________ ______ 5 1 ,6 9 8 4 9 ,9 7 1 5 1 ,0 3 5 5 3 ,1 7 1 55, 477 56, 563 5 7 ,1 6 9 2 5 6 ,9 1 4 8, 561 6 ,5 0 2 5 ,9 0 2 7 ,1 7 5 249 673 992 678 335 532 995 204 2 P r o v is io n a l fig u re . 4 N e w serie s, c o v e r a g e e x te n d e d in m i d d l e o f y e a r 1932. s I n c lu d e s n o t o n l y w o r k e r s w h o l l y u n e m p l o y e d b u t also th o s e i n t e r m i t t e n t l y e m p l o y e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1252 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S -C o n tin u e d Saar T e r r ito r y Y e a r a n d d a te m o n th ) (e n d o f Sw eden S w itz e r la n d T r a d e -u n io n is t s u n e m p lo y e d U n e m p l o y m e n t fu n d s N um ber of u n em p lo y e d r eg istere d N um ber P er cen t W h o lly u n em p lo y e d N um ber P ercen t 19 27___________________________ 19 28_____________________ 1929___________________________ 1930________________________ 1931_____________________ 1932___________________________ 6 ,5 9 1 9, 286 2 0 ,9 6 3 4l| 373 31, 076 29, 716 3 2 ,6 2 1 4 2 ,0 1 6 64, 815 89j 922 1 2 .0 10. 6 10. 7 12. 2 17. 2 22. 8 1932 J u l y _____________________________ A u g u s t _ _______ ____ ___ S e p te m b e r . _ _ ______ O c t o b e r . _ ________________ N o v e m b e r __ . ____ D e c e m b e r ____ _______ _ 3 9 ,0 6 3 38, 858 40, 320 40, 728 4 1 ,9 6 2 4 4 ,3 1 1 7 7 ,4 6 8 8 0 ,9 7 5 86, 709 9 2 ,8 6 8 97, 666 129, 002 1 9 .4 2 0 .0 20. 7 22. 2 2 3 .8 3 1 .4 3 5 ,7 0 0 36, 600 3 8 ,0 7 0 4 2 ,3 0 0 50, 500 6 6 ,0 5 3 7 .5 7 .6 7 .8 • 8 .7 1 0 .3 1 3 .3 1933 J a n u a r y ____ ____________ . . . F ebru ary . . . _______ M a r c h ___________________ A p r i l . . _ . . _ _______ M a y . ____ _________ _ . . . J u n e ... .. ... J u l y --------------------------------------------A u g u s t _____________________ _ . 4 5 ,7 0 0 4 5 ,1 0 1 42, 258 4 0 ,0 8 2 3 7 ,3 4 1 3 6 ,4 9 2 3 5 ,0 5 3 3 4 ,8 4 0 1 2 0 ,1 5 6 118, 251 1 2 1 ,4 5 6 1 1 0 ,0 5 5 93, 360 89, 485 83, 771 76, 686 2 8 .8 2 7 .4 2 8 .4 26. 1 2 2 .2 21. 1 2 0 .0 1 9 .7 83, 400 8 1 ,8 0 0 60, 698 4 9 ,1 0 0 43, 600 40, 958 39, 200 3 9 ,2 0 0 1 7 .0 1 6 .5 1 2 :0 9 .8 8 .7 8 .0 7 .8 7 .8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 2 1 3 Yugo sla v ia P a r t ia lly u n e m p lo y e d N um ber N um ber of u n em p lo y e d regis te r e d P ercen t 7 1 8 4 9 .1 1 2 .2 14, 761 54, 000 53, 400 5 2 ,9 6 7 52, 100 55, 700 5 9 ,0 8 9 1 1 .4 1 1 .1 1 0 .8 10. 6 1 1 .3 1 1 .9 9 ,9 4 0 l l ' 940 10’ 985 ]0 , 474 11, 670 14, 248 5 6 ,0 0 0 5 7 ,4 0 0 52, 575 47, 400 4 4 ,1 0 0 4 0 ,4 3 1 3 7 ,5 0 0 38, 400 1 1 .4 11. 6 1 0 .4 9. 6 8 .9 7 .9 7 .5 7 .6 23, 574 2 5 ’ 346 2 2, 609 19, 671 1 5 ,1 1 5 U , 492 11, 710 9 ,8 4 1 RETAIL PRICES HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor has since 1913 collected, compiled, and issued, as of the 15th of each month, retail prices of food. From time to time the work has been expanded by including additional cities and articles. The Bureau now covers 51 localities well scattered throughout the continental United States and also the Territory of Hawaii. Retail prices are secured for 45 of the principal articles of food. In order that current information may be available oftener, the Bureau is now collecting these prices every 2 weeks. The plan was inaugurated during August 1933 and prices are being collected every other Tuesday. Retail prices of coal were collected on January 15 and July 15 lor tne years 1913 through 1919 from the cities covered in the retail-food study. Beginning with June 1920, prices have been collected on the 15th of each month. No change has been made in the dates for the collection of retail prices of coal. A summary of prices and index numbers for earlier years and for current months is shown in a section of this publication. T Retail Prices of Food September 1933 ETAIL prices of food were collected by the Bureau for two periods during the month, namely, September 12 and 26. Prices were re ceived from the same dealers and the same cities were covered as have been included in the Bureau’s reports for former periods. For Au gust 29, however, a representative number of reports was not received from some of the cities, and average prices for the United States as a whole for this date are not strictly comparable with average prices shown for other dates. The index numbers, however, have been ad justed by using the percent of change in identical cities and are, therefore, comparable with indexes of other periods. Three commodities have been added to the Bureau’s list of lood items beginning with August 29. These items are rye bread, canned peaches, and canned pears. Only average prices can be shown for these articles as corresponding prices for the year 1913 are not avail able for the purpose of index numbers. Data for the tabular statements shown in this report are compiled from simple averages of the actual selling prices as reported to the Bureau by retail dealers in the 51 cities. Comparable information for months and years, 1913 to 1928, inclusive, is shown m Bulletins Nos. 396 and 495; and by months and years, 1929 to 1932, inclusive, in the January, February, and April 1933 issues of this publication. Indexes of "all articles, combined, or groups of articles combined, both for cities and for the United States, are weighted according to 1253 R https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1254 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW the average family consumption. Consumption figures used since January 1921 are given in Bulletin 495 (p. 13). Those used for prior dates are given in Bulletin 300 (p. 61). The list of articles included in the groups, cereals, meats, and dairy products, will be found in the May 1932 issue of this publication. T a b le 1 sh ow s in d e x n u m b e rs o f th e to ta l w e ig h te d retail c o s t o f im p o rta n t fo o d articles a n d o f th ree g ro u p s o f these a rticles; viz, cereals, m ea ts, a n d d a iry p ro d u cts , in th e U n ite d S tates, 51 cities co m b in e d , b y yea rs, 1913 to 1932, in clu siv e, a n d o n specified d a y s o f th e m o n th s o f 1932 a n d 1933. T h e se in d e x n u m b ers are b a sed o n the y e a r 1913 as 100. T ^ E. ^ r I N D E X N U M B E R S o f t h e t o t a l r e t a i l c o s t o f f o o d a n d o f c e r e a l s , M E A T S , A N D D A I R Y P R O D U C T S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S B Y Y E A R S , 1913 T O 1932 I N C L U S I V E , A N D O N S P E C IF IE D D A T E S O F E A C H M O N T H , J A N . 15, 1932, T O S E P T . 26^ 19oo, I N C L U S IV E [1913=100] Year A l l food C e r e a l s M e a ts D a ir y prod u c ts 1 9 1 3 .............. .............. 19 14_________________ 19 15_________________ 19 16_________________ 1 9 1 7 ................... ........ 1 9 1 8 - _____________ 19 19_________________ 19 2 0 _________________ 1 9 2 1 . . _____________ 1922 ______ _________ 1 9 2 3 ......... ..............— 19 24________________ 1 9 2 5 .............................. 1 9 2 6 _________________ 19 27_________________ 1 9 2 8 _________________ 1 9 2 9 ________________ 1 9 3 0 _________________ 1 9 3 1 _________________ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 4 6 .4 1 6 8 .3 1 8 5 .9 2 0 3 .4 1 5 3 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 4 6 .2 1 4 5 .9 1 5 7 .4 1 6 0 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 6 .7 147. 1 1 2 1 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 8 6 .5 1 9 4 .3 1 9 8 .0 2 3 2 .1 1 7 9 .8 1 5 9 .3 156. 9 1 6 0 .4 1 7 6 .2 1 7 5 .5 1 7 0 .7 1 6 7 .2 164. 1 1 5 8 .0 1 3 5 .9 1932_____ ________ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .4 9 9 .6 1 0 8 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 7 2 .8 1 8 4 .2 1 8 5 .7 1 5 8 .1 1 5 0 .3 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .2 1 6 3 .0 1 7 1 .3 1 6 9 .9 1 7 9 .2 1 8 8 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 4 7 .0 102.1 121.1 116.0 114.6 96.6 109.3 105.3 126.4 125.0 123.4 117.3 106.5 102.9 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .1 9 6 .1 1 0 3 .2 1 2 7 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 7 6 .6 1 8 5 .1 1 4 9 .5 1 3 5 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 7 .1 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .0 1 4 8 .6 1 3 6 .5 1932 J a n .15_________ Feb. 15__________ M onth M ar. 15.............. . Apr. 15.............. M a y 15-................ June 15__________ July 15............. . Aug. 15.................. Sept. 15................. Oct. 1 5 -................ N ov. 15.................. Dec. 15__________ All food Cereals Meats 105.0 103.7 101.3 .1 124.3 122.9 118.9 118.6 100.3 100.4 99.4 98.7 119.2 119.0 118.0 114.8 119.2 114.6 109.1 103.2 112.3 99.9 122.6 115.3 100 122.5 113.4 101.0 121.2 122.6 100.8 120.4 120. 1 Dairyprod uct? 101.9 97.4 94.3 92.6 91.4 93.1 93.5 93.8 93.9 95.9 1933 J a n .15___________ F e b .15................... M ar. 15__________ Apr. 15................... M a y 15__________ June 15__________ July 15....... ........... Aug. 15.................. Aug. 29—........... Sept. 12-................ Sept. 26-................ 94.8 90.9 90.5 90.4 93.7 96.7 104.8 106.7 107.1 107.0 107.4 112.0 99.0 100.1 112.8 98.8 115.8 100.1 112.3 117.2 128.0 137.8 138.8 140.2 142.7 103.7 103.5 105. 7 106.9 104.4 107.8 93.3 90.3 88.3 88.7 92.2 93.5 97.7 96.5 97.5 97.8 97.9 T h e fo llo w in g ch a rt sh ow s th e tren d in th e retail c o s t o f all fo o d and o f the classified g ro u p s, cereals, m ea ts, a n d d a iry p ro d u cts in the U n ited S tates (51 cities) fr o m J a n u a ry 15, 1929, to S e p te m b e r 26, 1933, in clu siv e. . T a b le 2 sh ow s in d e x n u m b ers o f th e to ta l w e ig h te d retail co sts o f im p o rta n t fo o d articles a n d o f cereals, m ea ts, a n d d a iry p ro d u cts in the U n ite d S tates based o n th e y e a r 1913 as 100, a n d ch an ges on S ep tem b er 26, 1933, co m p a re d w ith S ep tem b er 15, 1932, and A u g u st 29 and S e p te m b e r 12, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis RETAIL PRICES 1255 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F igure 1. 1256 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 2 —I N D E X N U M B E R S F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S OF T H E T O T A L W E I G H T E D R E T A I L C O S T OF F O O D A N D O F C E R E A L S , M E A T S , A N D D A I R Y P R O D U C T S ; A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E S E P T . 26, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H S E P T . 15, 1932; A N D A U G . 29 A N D S E P T . 12, 1933 Percent of change, Sept. 26, 1933, compared with— Index, 1913=100 Article All food______ _____ _____ ________ Cereals_________________ ______ M eats................................................ Dairy products________________ Sept. 15, 1932 Aug. 29, 1933 Sept. 12, 1933 Sept. 26, 1933 Sept. 15, 1932 Aug. 29, 1933 Sept. 12, 1933 100.3 119.2 119.2 93.5 107. 1 138.8 106.9 97.5 107.0 140.2 104.4 97.8 107.4 142.7 107.8 97.9 +7. 1 + 1 9 .7 -9 6 + 4 .7 + 0 .3 + 2 .8 + .8 + .4 + 0 .4 + 1 .8 + 3 .3 + .1 Table 3 shows the average retail prices of principal food articles for the United States, and index numbers for 23 of these articles based on the year 1913, for September 15, 1932, and August 29, September 12, and September 26, 1933. T able 3 .— A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S OF P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F F O O D I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S F O R T H E Y E A R 1913 A N D S E P T 15 1932, A N D O N A U G . 29, S E P T . 12, A N D S E P T . 26, 1933 Average price Article 1932 Year 1913 Sirloin steak____________ Round steak___________ ------------ do____ Rib roast_________ _____ _______do____ Chuck roast____________ Plate beef _____________ Pork chops...... ......... ....... Bacon, sliced___________ Ham , sliced____________ Lamb, leg of___________ Hens___________________ Salmon, red canned . . . M ilk, fresh,.. . . M ilk, evaporated______ B u tter.. ____________ Margarine______________ Cheese_______________ Lard................ Vegetable lard substitute______ do Eggs, strictly fresh____ ------ .dozen .. Breads, wheat__________ .......... pound.. Bread, rye_____________ Flour___________ Cornmeal___ _______ Rolled oats___________ Cornflakes...... ........... W heat cereal_________ Macaroni............. ....... ... Rice___________ Beans, navy................... Potatoes__________ __ . Onions.......... Cabbage____________ Pork and beans_________ Corn, canned___________ Peas, canned___________ Tomatoes, canned... . Sugar_______________ Tea______________ Coffee........... ....... Prunes____________ Raisins____________ Bananas_______________ Oranges_______________ Peaches, canned.. Pears, canned__________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cents 25.4 22.3 19.8 16.0 12.1 21.0 27.0 26.9 18.9 21.3 8.9 38.3 22.1 15.8 34.5 5.6 3.3 3.0 8.7 1.7 5.5 54.4 29.8 Index number (1913=100) 1933 1932 Sept. 15 Aug. 29 Sept. 12 Sept. 26 Cents 34.4 30.2 24.3 17.8 11.2 23.8 23.5 35.2 23.4 23.5 20.6 10.6 6.1 26.9 14.5 22.7 9.1 19.0 29.5 6.7 Cents 29.8 26.5 21.2 15.4 10.0 21.2 23.5 33.1 23.1 20.3 20.3 10.9 6.8 27.9 13.6 23.2 9.8 19.0 25.6 7.6 8.4 4.9 3.8 6.4 8.6 23.8 15.6 6.5 6. 1 3.3 4.1 4.0 6.8 10.3 13. 1 9.4 5.7 65.8 27.2 10. 1 9.4 24.5 28.6 16.9 20.5 Cents 30.1 26.2 20.9 15.3 9.9 21.7 23.1 32.4 22.3 20.4 20.4 11.0 6.9 27.9 13.6 23.5 9.6 19.0 28.3 7 7 8.5 4.9 4.0 6.4 8.7 23.7 15.6 6.6 6.3 3. 1 3.9 3.6 6.8 10.5 13.3 9.6 5.7 66.0 26.7 10. 1 9.4 25. 1 28.7 17.0 20.5 Cents 30.1 26.1 21.0 15.4 9.9 23.8 23.2 32.5 22.2 20.9 20.5 11.0 6.8 28.1 13.5 23.5 9.6 19.0 30.3 7.9 8.6 4.9 4.0 6.5 8.7 23.7 15.7 6.7 6.3 2.8 3.7 3.5 6.9 10.6 13.3 9.8 5.7 66.4 26. 6 10.3 9.4 25.4 29.9 17.1 20.4 3. 1 3.8 7.4 8.4 22.5 15.1 6.5 5.0 1.5 3.0 2.6 7.0 10.4 12.7 9. 1 5. 1 69.9 30. 1 9. 1 11.4 22.2 30.4 1933 Sept. 15 Aug. 29 Sept. 12 135.4 135.4 122.7 111.3 92.6 113.3 87.0 130.9 123.8 110.3 119.3 119.7 107. 1 96.9 81.8 100.9 86.3 122.7 121.7 96.2 118.5 117.5 105.6 95.6 81.8 103.3 85.6 120.4 118.0 95.8 118.5 117.0 106.1 96.3 81.8 113.3 85.9 120.8 117.5 98.1 119.1 123.6 123.6 123.6 70.2 72.6 72.8 73.4 102.7 57.6 105.9 62.0 106.3 60.8 106.3 60.8 85.5 119.6 76.0 135.7 82.0 137.5 87.8 141.1 93.9 126.7 151.6 130.1 148.5 133.3 148.5 133.3 Sept. 26 74.7 73.6 75.9 77 0 88.2 Ì94. 1 182. 4 164.7 92.7 128.5 101.0 101.8 119. 1 90.9 103.6 121.3 89.6 103. 6 122.1 89.3 1 R E T A IL 1257 P R IC E S Table 4 shows index numbers of the weighted retail cost of food for the United States and 39 cities, based on the year 1913 as 100. The percents of change on September 26, 1933, compared with September 15, 1932, and August 29 and September 12, 1933, are also given for these cities and the United States and for 12 additional cities from which prices were not secured in 1913. T able 4 . - I N D E X N U M B E R S O F T H E T O T A L W E I G H T E D R E T A I L C O S T O F F O O D B Y C IT IE S A N D F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S , A N D P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E S E P T . 26, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H S E P T . 15, 1932, A N D A U G . 29 A N D S E P T . 12, 1933 Percent of change Sept. 26 1933, compared with— Index, 1913=100 City United States------ ---------------------- Sept. 15, 1932 Aug. 29, 1933 Sept. 12, 1933 Sept. 26, 1933 Sept. 15, 1932 Aue. 29, 1933 Sept. 12, 1933 100.3 107 1 107.0 107.4 + 7 .1 + 0 .3 + 0 .4 98.6 105.7 98.3 102.2 106.6 110.1 103.7 110.1 105.4 110.5 103.0 108.6 104.6 110.8 102.9 108.5 104.3 112.1 112.6 113.0 104.0 109.9 97.8 95.4 107.3 113.4 108.8 106.7 108.0 111.0 106. 1 105.6 108.5 111.0 106.9 106.0 94.4 95.0 94. 1 99. 7 102.8 98.8 109. 1 106.2 103.8 101.2 108.8 105.5 103.7 100.1 109.4 106.9 94.9 93.8 98.7 91.5 92.3 92.6 102.6 93.4 102.2 98.1 105. 6 98.6 106.6 96.7 99.9 105.7 (*) 98.6 110.3 104.4 104.4 99.8 105.7 96.8 101.9 105.8 108.5 98.9 109.8 104.4 101.9 101.5 105.0 97.7 102.1 104.2 108.5 100.2 108.8 106.8 105.1 106.9 100.8 109.2 107.5 113.9 105.7 112.3 106.5 112.3 107 4 112.4 109.1 113.1 107.0 115.2 Washington-------------- ------------Hawaii: 93.5 99.8 98.6 101.9 104.5 98.6 109.1 104.3 110.1 103.9 111.0 105.2 94.9 102.2 103.0 96.1 110.0 109.2 96.7 109.0 110.9 95.9 110.4 111.1 100. 1 112.3 110.3 109.1 85.4 105.5 91.5 109.7 90.1 110.2 91.0 109.1 105.8 98.7 113.6 105.1 113.4 105.3 114.5 104.0 107.9 112.6 113.3 114.3 + 6 .1 + 4 .8 + 4 .6 + 6 .2 + 6 .6 + 8 .3 + .3 + 4 .3 + 1 .1 + 9 .4 + 11.0 + 12.0 + 9 .9 + 5 .3 + 1 6 .2 + 7 .2 +6. 7 + 7 .3 +8. 2 + 6 .4 + 6 .8 + 1 0 .6 + 12.6 + 5 .7 + 7 .2 + 6 .5 + 8 .8 + 7 .5 + 3 .8 + 5 .9 + 6 .1 +5 5 + 9 .0 + 7 .3 + 6 .2 + 6 .6 + 3 .5 + 1.1 + 8 .0 + 7 .8 + 1 0 .0 + 8 .9 + 9 .4 + 6 .6 + 3 .4 + 7 .4 + 8 .2 + 5 .4 + 8 .3 + 6 .0 + 1 .4 + 2 .5 i N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ! Data not available. -1 .9 + .7 -.9 -1 .4 + .7 + .8 + .6 + 1 .1 - 2 .1 - 1 .7 -.7 (0 +. 9 + 1 .3 + .3 + .6 - 1 .1 -3 . 5 + 2 .9 - 1 .5 + 1 .1 + 2 .2 - 1 .4 (2) + 1 .6 - 1 .3 + 2 .3 + .7 + 1 .5 -.7 + 1.2 + 2 .6 + 2 .9 + 2 .1 -2 . 1 + 1 .7 + .8 -.9 - .2 + .3 + 1 .8 0) -2 .9 + 1 .3 -.5 —;6 + 1 .0 + .8 -1 .0 -1 . 9 + 1 .5 - .8 + .3 -. 1 -. 1 + .9 + .3 4 .2 + .5 (') + .8 ■+ •3 + .2 (') -1 .2 + .6 +J. 3 - .7 - 2 .4 + 1 .7 -.7 + 1.0 + .2 -1 .4 (I)+ 1 .3o - 9 + 2 .3 (>) + 2 .5 +. 7 —. 4 + 2. 5 + 1 .9 + 3 .3 (>) +• 9 + 1 .2 -.9 -.8 + 1 .2 + .2 + 1 .0 - 1 .1 +1. 5 + 1.0 - 1 .1 +• 1 + 1.0 -1 . 2 +4 + .9 + .4 + 2 .9 1258 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Retail Prices of Coal on September 15, 1933 ETAIL prices of coal as of the 15th of each month are secured from each of the 51 cities from which retail food prices are obtained. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or bins where an extra handling is necessary. Average prices for the United States for bituminous coal and for stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite are computed from the quotations received from retail dealers in all cities where these coals are sold for household use. The prices shown for bitumi nous coal are averages of prices of the several lands. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. Table 1 shows for the United States both average prices and index numbers of Pennsylvania white-ash anthracite, stove and chestnut sizes, and of bituminous coal on January 15 and July 15, 1913 to 1931, and for each month from January 15, 1932, to Septem ber 15, 1933. An average price for the year 1913 has been made from the averages for January and July of that year. The average price for each month has been divided by this average price for the year 1913 to obtain the index number. R T able 1 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S OF C O A L FOR THF 0 N T H E Y E A R 1913 AS 100, O N T H E F I F T E E N T H O F S P E C L F IE D M O N T H S F R O M J A N U A R Y 1913 T O S E P T E M B E R 1933 Pennsylvania anthracite, white ash— Stove Year and month Pennsylvania an thracite, white ash— Bitumi nous Chestnut Y ear and month In Av dex In Av A v In erage 1913 dex dex price erage erage = 100 price 1913 price 1913 = 100 = 100 Dois. Dois. Dois. 1913: A v . for yr__ 7. 73 100.0 7.91 100.0 5. 43 100.0 January____ 7. 99 103.4 8.15 103.0 5. 48 100.8 July________ 7. 46 96. 6 7. 68 97.0 5. 39 99.2 1914: January____ 7.80 100.9 8. OC 101.0 5. 97 109.9 July------------- 7. 60 98.3 7. 78 98.3 5. 46 100.6 1915: January____ 7. 83 101.3 7.99 101.0 5. 71 105.2 July........... .. 7.54 97.6 7. 73 97.7 5. 44 100. 1 1916: January____ 7.93 102.7 8. 13 102. 7 5. 69 104.8 J u ly .......... . 8. 12 105.2 8. 28 104. 6 5. 52 101.6 1917: January____ 9. 29 120. 2 9. 40 118.8 6.96 128.1 July------------- 9.08 117.5 9.16 115.7 7. 21 132.7 1918: January........ 9.88 127.9 10.03 126.7 7.68 141.3 July________ 9. 96 128.9 10.07 127.3 7.92 145.8 1919: January____ 11.51 149.0 11.61 146.7 7.90 145.3 July------------- 12. 14 157. 2 12. 17 153.8 8.10 149.1 1920: January____ 12. 59 162.9 12. 77 161. 3 8. 81 162.1 July........... .. 14.28 184. 9 14. 33 181.1 10. 55 194.1 1921: January____ 15. 99 207.0 16.13 203.8 11.82 217.6 July------------- 14.90 192.8 14.95 188.9 10. 47 192.7 1922: January____ 14.98 193.9 15. 02 189.8 9.89 182.0 July------------- 14. 87 192.4 14.92 188.5 9. 49 174.6 1923: January____ 15. 43 199.7 15. 46 195.3 11.18 205.7 July............... 15. 10 195. 5 15. 05 190.1 10.04 184.7 1924: January____ 15.77 204. 1 15. 76 199.1 9. 75 179.5 J u l y ............. 15.24 197.2 15. 10 190.7 8.94 164.5 1925: January____ 15. 45 200.0 15. 37 194.2 9.24 170.0 July........... .. 15.14 196.0 14.93 188.6 8. 61 158.5 1926: January____ ) 0) (>) 9.74 179.3 0) July________ 15. 43 199.7 15.19 191.9 8.70 160. 1 1927: January........ 15. 66 202.7 15. 42 194.8 9.96 183.3 July............... 15.15 196.1 14.81 187.1 8.91 163.9 0 1 Insufficient data. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Stove Chestnut Index erage erage 1913 price = 100 price January........ July........... . January____ July________ January____ July________ January____ July________ January____ F e b ru a ry... March______ April_______ M a y ............. June.............. July________ August_____ September.. October____ Novem ber. . Decem ber... January____ February___ M arch______ April_______ M a y ________ June________ July................ August_____ September.. Bitumi nous A v- dex In- erage 1913 dex price 1913 100 = 100 Dois Dois 15.44 199.8 15.08 190.6 14.91 192.9 14. 6i 184.9 15. 38 199. 1 15.06 190.3 14. 94 193.4 14. 6Ï 184.8 15. 33 198.4 15. Ot 189.5 14.84 192. 1 14.53 183.6 15.12 195.8 14. 88 188.1 14.61 189. 1 14. 59 184.3 15.00 194. 2 14. 97 189.1 14.98 193.9 14.95 188.9 14.54 188. 2 14.45 182.6 13.62 176. 3 13.46 170.0 13.30 172. 2 13.11 165.6 13. 36 173. 0 13. 16 166.3 13. 37 173.0 13.16 166.2 13. 50 174.8 13.28 167.9 13. 74 177.9 13. 52 170.8 13. 79 178. 5 13. 58 171.5 13. 83 178.9 13.60 171.9 13.87 179. 5 13. 65 172.5 13. 82 178.9 13. 61 171.9 13.75 178.0 13. 53 171.0 13. 70 177.3 13.48 170.4 13. 22 171. 1 13.00 164.3 12.44 161.0 12. 25 154.8 12.18 157.6 12.00 151.6 12. 47 161.3 12.26 155.0 12.85 166.3 12. 65 159.8 13. 33 172.5 13. 12 165.8 Dois. 9.30 171.1 8.69 159.9 9.09 167.2 8. 62 158.6 9.11 167.6 8. 65 159.1 8. 87 163.2 8. 09 148.9 8.17 150.3 8.14 149.7 8.01 147.4 7.85 144.5 7. 60 139.9 7. 53 138.6 7. 50 138.0 7. 52 138.4 7.54 138.7 7.60 139.9 7.59 139.7 7. 51 138.3 7.46 137.3 7.45 137.0 7.43 136.7 7. 37 135.6 7. 17 132.0 7.18 132. 1 7.64 140.7 7.77 143.0 7.93 146.0 R E T A IL P R IC E S 1259 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1260 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W The accompanying chart shows the trend in retail prices of stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite and of bituminous coal in the United States. The trend is shown semiannually for the years 1913 to 1928, inclusive, and by months from January 15, 1929, to September 15, 1933, inclusive. Table 2 shows average retail prices per ton of 2,000 pounds and index numbers (1913 = 100) for the United States on September 15, 1932, and August 15 and September 15, 1933, and percentage change in the year and in the month. T able 2 .— A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S O F C O A L F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A N D P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E O N S E P T . 15, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H S E P T . 15, 1932, A N D A U G . 15, 1933 Average retail price on— Article Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove: Average price per 2,000 pounds_______________ Index (1913=100)_____________________________ Chestnut: Average price per 2,000 pounds_________ _____ Index (1913=100)____________________________ Bituminous: Average price per 2,000 pounds___________ _______ Index (1913=100)__________________________________ Percent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( —) Sept. 15, 1933, compared with— Sept. 15, 1932 Aug. 15, 1933 Sept. 15, 1933 $13.74 177.9 $12. 85 166.3 $13. 33 172.5 -3 .0 + 3 .7 $13. 52 170.8 $12. 65 159.8 $13.12 165.8 -3 .0 + 3 .7 $7. 54 138.7 $7. 77 143.0 $7. 93 146.0 + 5 .2 + 2 .1 Sept. 15, 1932 Aug. 15, 1933 Table 3 shows average retail prices of coal for household use by cities on September 15, 1932, and August 15 and September 15, 1933, as reported by local dealers in each city. T able 3 — A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S OF C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , S E P T . 15, 1932, A N D A U G . 15 A N D S E P T . 15, 1933, B Y C IT IE S 1932 1933 1932 City, and kind of coal Atlanta, Ga.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. Baltimore, M d .: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove__________________ Chestnut— ...................... Bituminous: Prepared sizes: Low volatile........... ......... Run of mine: High volatile___________ Birmingham, Ala.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. Boston, M ass.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove_____________________ Chestnut________________ Bridgeport, Conn.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove_____ _____ _______ Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 Sept. 15 Aue. 15' Sept. 15 $5. 74 $6. 25 $6. 52 Charleston, S.C .: Bituminous, prepared sizes. $9.50 $8. 62 $S. 59 15. 64 15.39 13 53 13.31 13. 91 13.70 7 32 9. 69 7 74 7. 99 10.44 6. 92 7. 45 7.70 5. 00 7. 00 5 35 7.23 5. 54 7.38 13 50 13. 25 12.19 11.94 12. 44 12.19 5. 97 8.18 5 67 8. 57 5. 82 8. 82 13. 00 12. 50 12.58 12. 25 13.00 12.75 8.75 9.06 9. 06 6.93 7. 21 7. 39 Chieago, HI.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove_____________ _____ Chestnut-.......................... Bituminous: Prepared sizes: High volatile_________ R un of mine: 4.98 5.11 5. 38 13. 75 13. 45 13. 25 13.00 13. 75 13. 50 13 00 13.00 13. 50 13. 50 13. 75 13. 75 12. 28 12.03 12. 85 12.60 9.70 9. 70 Buffalo, N .Y .: Pennsylvania anthracite: S tov e.________ ________ 12. 25 Chestnut_________________ 12.00 Butte, M ont.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1933 City, and kind of coal Cincinnati, Ohio: Bituminous: Prepared sizes: High volatile___________ Low volatile__________ Cleveland, Ohio: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove....... ............... ......... Chestnut________________ Bituminous: Prepared sizes: High volatile__________ Low volatile___________ R E T A IL 1261 P R IC E S T able 3.— A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S OF C O A L P E R T O N OF 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , S E P T . 15, 1932, A N D A U G . 15 A N D S E P T . 15, 1933, B Y C IT IE S — Continued 1932 1932 1933 City, and kind of coal City, and kind of coal Sept. 15 Columbus, Ohio: Bituminous: Prepared sizes: High volatile----------------- $5.04 6.42 Dallas, Tex.: Arkansas anthracite, e g g .-- 13.50 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 10.00 Denver, Colo.: Colorado anthracite: Furnace, 1 and 2 mixed . . 14.69 14.69 Stove, 3 and 5 mixed-----Bituminous, prepared sizes. 7. 59 Detroit, M ich.: Pennsylvania anthracite: 13. 00 Chestnut............................... 12.88 Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 5.93 6.83 Low volatile___________ Run of mine: 6. 25 Fall River. M ass.: Pennsylvania anthracite: 14. 50 Chestnut_________________ 14. 25 Houston, Tex.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. 9.70 Indianapolis, Ind.: Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 4 93 7. 46 Run of mine: 6. 05 Low volatile............... - . Jacksonville, Fla.: 9.00 Bituminous, prepared sizes. Kansas City, M o.: Arkansas anthracite: 10. 88 12.08 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5. 80 Little Rock, Ark.: 11.25 Arkansas anthracite, egg. 8. 17 Bituminous, prepared sizes Los Angeles. Calif.: Bituminous, prepared sizes 15. 75 Louisville, K y .: Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 4 69 7.25 Low volatile....... ......... . Manchester, N .H .: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove. ______________ . . . 14. 67 14. 67 C h estn u t....................... . Memphis, Tenn.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5.67 Milwaukee. W is.: Pennsylvania anthracite: 14 R5 Chestnut___ _____________ 14.60 Prepared sizes: Low volatile___________ Minneapolis, M inn.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Bituminous: Prepared sizes: Low volatile______ _____ Aug. 15 $5 35 6. 75 $5.50 6. 88 13. 50 10.00 13.50 10.00 14.50 14. 50 7. 30 14. 75 14. 75 7. 39 11.55 11.55 12.02 12.02 6. 27 7. 24 6. 30 7. 36 6. 38 6. 70 13. 67 13. 42 14. 50 14.25 9.60 10. 60 5 38 7. 40 5 64 7. 70 6. 50 6. 50 9.94 10. 75 10. 44 12. 33 5. 57 10. 38 12. 33 5. 61 10. 25 7.94 10.50 8.17 16.46 17. 30 5.08 7.06 5 20 7. 44 11. 00 14.00 15. 00 15.00 6. 68 6.69 12 86 12. 61 13.25 13.00 9.15 7 21 9.31 7 27 9. 37 17.15 16 90 15. 00 14. 75 15.50 15.25 9 4S 11.87 9 76 12.36 10. 09 12.24 6 QQ Sept. 15 Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 Mobile, Ala.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. $7.23 $7.13 $7. 77 Newark, N .J.: Pennsylvania anthracite: 12.08 12.10 12.60 Chestnut— .......................... 11.83 11.80 12.20 New Haven, Conn.: Pennsylvania anthracite: ■ Stove.................... ................. 13. 65 13. 40 13. 50 Chestnut_________________ 13. 65 13. 40 13. 50 New Orleans, La.: 9. 07 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8.07 8.07 New York, N .Y .: Pennsylvania anthracite: S t o v e ...------------ -------------- 12.50 12.12 12. 65 Chestnut............................... 12.25 11.87 12.40 Norfolk, Va.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stov e.......... ............... ........... 13.00 13. 00 13. 50 Chestnut............................. - 13.00 13.00 13. 50 Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 7.00 7.00 6.50 High volatile...... ........... 8.50 8.00 8.00 Low volatile___________ Run of mine: 7.00 7.00 Low volatile___________ 6.50 Omaha, Nebr.: 8. 52 8.70 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 8.70 Peoria, 111.: 6.39 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 6.09 6. 22 Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania anthracite: 12. 25 11.50 11.71 11.25 11.46 12. 00 Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Chestnut_________________ 12. 75 12. 38 12.38 4.64 4. 64 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 4.00 Portland, Maine: Pennsylvania anthracite: S t o v e ... ________________ 15.84 14. 13 14. 50 Chestnut____ ____________ 15. 60 13.88 14. 25 Portland, Oreg.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. 11.96 13.07 12.99 Providence, R .I.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove_____________________ 114. 50 113. 70 114. 50 Chestnut_________________ 114. 25 113.44 114. 25 Richmond, Va.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove ___________________ 13.00 13. 25 13.75 Chestnut_________________ 13.00 13. 25 13. 75 Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 7.33 7.33 6.67 High volatile___________ 8. 40 8.40 7. 65 Low volatile__ ... Run of mine: 6. 75 6.75 6.50 Low volatile__________ Rochester, N .Y .: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove_____________________ 13.13 12.35 13.23 Chestnut_____________ . . . 12.88 12.10 12. 98 St. Louis, M o.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove________________ - - - 15. 23 13. 97 13.91 15.23 13. 72 13. 72 5. 61 5.19 Bituminous, prepared sizes. 5. 45 St. Paul, M inn.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove------------ ---------------- - 17 15 15. 00 15. 50 Chestnut_________________ 16.90 14. 75 15. 25 Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 9. 98 9. 79 High volatile-------- -------- 9. 49 Low volatile......... ........... 11.87 12.39 12. 33 i The average price of coal delivered in bins is 50 eents higher than here shown. delivered in bins. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1933 Practically all coal is 1262 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 . - A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S OF C O A L P E R T O N OF 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , S E P T . 15, 1932, A N D A U G . 15 A N D S E P T . 15, 1933, B Y C IT IE S — Continued 1932 1933 City, and kind of coal Salt Lake City, Utah: Bituminous, prepared sizesSan Francisco, Calif.: New Mexico anthracite: Cerillos egg_______________ Colorado anthracite: Egg_______________________ Bituminous, prepared sizes. Savannah, Ga : Bituminous, prepared sizes. Scranton, Pa.: Pennsylvania anthracite: Stove____________________ Chestnut_________________ 1932 1933 City, and kind of coal Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 $7.39 $7. 77 $7. 79 25.00 25 63 25. 63 15.00 25.11 16.06 25.11 15.98 2 8. 37 2 8.90 2 9. 94 9. 03 8. 75 8 38 8.13 8.81 8. 56 Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Seattle, W ash.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. $10.11 $9.63 $9.73 Springfield, 111.: Bituminous, prepared sizes. 4. 34 3. 75 3. 73 Washington, D .C .: Pennsylvania anthracite: 3 14.15 313. 68 314. 45 C hestnut.................. ........... 313. 85 313. 42 314. 15 Bituminous: Prepared sizes: 3 8. 29 3 8 25 3 8. 33 Low volatile___________ 3 9.86 3 9. 84 3 9. 97 Run of mine: 3 7.50 3 7. 62 3 7.70 2 All coal sold in Savannah is weighed by the city. A charge of 10 cents per ton or half ton is made. additional charge has been included in the above price. 8 Per ton of 2,240 pounds. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. 15 This WHOLESALE PRICES Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices, 1913 to September 1933 T HE following table presents the index numbers of wholesale prices by groups of commodities, by years, from 1913 to 1932, inclusive, and by months from January 1932 to date: I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S [1 9 2 6 = 1 0 0 ] Year and month 1913 ___________ 1914 ___________ 1915____________________ 1916____________________ 1917_____ _______________ 1918____________________ 1919____________________ 1920____________________ 1921____________________ 1922____________________ 1923____________________ 1924____________________ 1925______ ______________ 1926____________________ 1927____________________ 1928____________________ 1929____________________ 1930____________ _______ 1931........... ................ .. 1932____________________ 1932: January________ _ February__________ M arch_____________ April______________ M a y _______________ June_______________ July_______________ August____________ September______ _ October___________ November____ ___ December_________ 1933: January_________ February__________ M arch______ ____ April----- ------------- M a y ....................... June ___________ July_______________ August. ________ September______ Farm prod ucts Hides Tex and tile Foods leather prod prod ucts ucts Fuel and light ing IlouseMetals M isBuild Chem furand icals celing nishmetal mate laneand ing prod ous rials drugs goods ucts 98.9 101.8 100.0 96.8 95.6 94.2 89.1 79.3 73.5 56.3 56.8 56.0 61.4 74. 2 93.3 105. 9 141.8 113.0 103. 5 108.9 104.9 103. 1 100.0 97.5 95. 1 94.3 92.7 84.9 75.1 93.1 89.9 86.9 100.6 122.1 134.4 139. 1 167.5 109.2 92.8 99.7 93.6 109.0 100.0 91.0 85.4 82.6 77.7 69.8 64.4 69.8 68.1 69.5 85.5 117.5 131.3 138.6 154.4 97.6 96.7 100.6 98.1 103.5 100.0 95.4 96.7 95.3 86.4 73.0 64.8 74.8 73.4 73.2 72.5 71. 5 70.8 69.7 69.6 70.5 70.7 70.7 70.8 75.7 75.5 75.3 74.4 73.6 73.1 73.0 73.3 72.9 72.7 72.4 72.3 77.7 77.5 77.1 76.3 74.8 74.7 74.0 73.6 73.7 73. 7 73. 7 73.6 65.6 64.7 64.7 64.7 64.4 64.2 64.3 64.6 64.7 64.1 63.7 63.4 67.3 66.3 66.0 65.5 64.4 63.9 64.5 65.2 65.3 64. 4 63.9 62.6 70. 1 69.8 70.3 70. 2 71.4 74.7 79.5 81.3 82.7 71.6 71.3 71.2 71.4 73.2 73.7 73.2 73. 1 72.7 72.9 72.3 72. 2 71.5 71.7 73.4 74.8 77.6 79.3 61.2 59. 2 58. 9 57.8 58.9 60.8 64.0 65.4 65. 1 61.0 59.8 60. 2 60.4 62.7 65.0 68.9 69.5 70.8 71.5 71.2 71.5 84.4 129.0 148.0 157.6 150. 7 88.4 93.8 98.6 100.0 109.8 100.0 99.4 105.9 104.9 88.3 64.8 48.2 64.2 64.7 65.4 75.7 104.5 119. 1 129.5 137.4 90.6 87.6 92.7 91.0 100.2 100.0 96.7 101.0 99.9 90.5 74.6 61.0 68.1 70.9 75.5 93.4 123.8 125.7 174. 1 171. 3 109. 2 104. 6 104. 2 101. 5 105.3 100.0 107.7 121.4 109. 1 100.0 86. 1 72.9 57.3 54.6 54.1 70.4 98.7 137.2 135.3 164.8 94. 5 100.2 111. 3 106.7 108. 3 100.0 95.6 95.5 90.4 80.3 66.3 54.9 61.3 56.6 51.8 74.3 105.4 109.2 104. 3 163.7 96.8 107.3 97.3 92.0 96.5 100.0 88.3 84.3 83.0 78.5 67. 5 70.3 90.8 80.2 86.3 116.5 150.6 136.5 130. 9 149.4 117.5 102.9 109.3 106.3 103.2 100.0 96.3 97.0 100.5 92. 1 84.5 80.2 56.7 52.7 53. 5 67.6 88.2 98.6 115.6 150. 1 97.4 97.3 108.7 102.3 101.7 100.0 94.7 94. 1 95.4 89.9 79.2 71.4 80.2 81.4 112.0 160.7 165.0 182.3 157. 0 164.7 115. 0 100.3 52.8 50.6 50.2 49.2 46.6 45.7 47.9 49. 1 49. 1 46.9 46. 7 44. 1 64.7 62. 5 62. 3 61.0 59.3 58.8 60.9 61.8 61. 8 60.5 60.6 58.3 79.3 78.3 77.3 75.0 72.5 70.8 68.6 69. 7 72. 2 72. 8 69. 6 59.6 59.5 58.0 56. 1 54.3 52.7 51.5 52. 7 55.6 55.0 53.9 53.0 67.9 68.3 67.9 70.2 70.7 71.6 72.3 72. 1 70.8 71. 1 71.4 69.3 81.8 80.9 80.8 80.3 80. 1 79.9 79.2 80. 1 80. 1 80.3 79.6 79.4 42. 6 40.9 42.8 44. 5 50.2 53.2 60. 1 57.6 57.0 55.8 53.7 54.6 56. 1 59.4 61.2 65.5 84. 8 64.9 68.9 68.0 68. 1 69.4 76.9 82.4 86.3 91. 7 92.3 51.9 51.2 51.3 51.8 55.9 61. 5 68.0 74. 6 76.9 66.0 63.6 62.9 61.5 60.4 61.5 65.3 65. 5 70.4 78.2 77.4 77.2 76.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71. 4 7 7 .7 79.3 80.6 81.2 82. 1 All com modi ties 101. 1 1263 1264 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W I N D E X N U M B E R S O F S P E C IF IE D G R O U P S O F C O M M O D I T IE S [1926=100] Year 1913__________ 1914__________ 1915__________ 1916__________ 1917__________ 1918__________ 1919................ .. 1920__________ 1921__________ 1922__________ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929__________ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932__________ SemiFin Raw m anuished facmate tured prod rials arti ucts cles Nonagricultural com modi ties All com modi ties other than farm prod ucts and foods 68.8 67.6 67.2 82. 6 122. 6 135.8 145.9 151. 8 88.3 96.0 98.5 97.6 106.7 100.0 96.5 99.1 97. 5 84.3 65.6 55.1 69.0 66.8 68.5 85. 3 113.1 125.1 131. 6 154. 8 100.1 97.3 100.9 97. 1 101.4 100.0 94.6 94.8 93. 3 85.9 74. 6 68.3 70.0 66.4 68.0 88. 3 114 2 124. 6 128. 8 161. 3 104 9 102.4 104.3 99.7 102.6 100.0 94.0 92.9 91 6 85. 2 75.0 70.2 74.9 70.0 81. 2 118. 3 150.4 153. 8 157.9 198. 2 96. 1 98.9 118.6 108.7 105. 3 100.0 94.3 94.5 93. 9 81.8 69. 0 59.3 69.4 67.8 68.9 82. 3 109. 2 124. 7 130. 6 149. 8 103. 3 96.5 99.2 96.3 100. 6 100.0 95.0 95.9 94. 5 88.0 77. 0 70. 3 SemiRaw inanu- Fin facished mate tured prod rials arti ucts cles M onth 1932: January___ February July All com Non- modi agrities culother tural than com farm modi prod ucts ties and foods . September _ October___ November December.. 1933: January. __ February._ July_______ August____ September. 58.3 56.9 56.1 55 5 53. 9 53 2 54. 7 55. 7 56.2 54.6 54.2 52. 1 63.1 61.9 60 8 59 6 58 1 57 6 55 5 57 9 60.7 60.7 58.9 57.7 72.1 71.4 71 5 71 1 70 3 70 0 70 ^ 70.3 69.6 69 3 71.7 71.3 70.4 69.6 69.3 68.4 68.7 68.1 67.5 66.5 70.4 70.2 69.8 69.0 50.2 48.4 49 4 50 0 53 7 56 2 61.8 60. 6 61.7 56.9 56.3 56 9 57 3 61 3 65 3 69! 1 71.7 72.9 66.7 65. 7 64.9 63.7 67. 3 66.0 72.2 73.4 74.8 70.7 72.0 73.7 72.2 74.1 76.1 Weekly Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices A s u m m a r i z a t i o n of the weekly index numbers for the 1 0 major groups of commodities and for all commodities combined as issued during the month of September 1933 will be found in the following statement: IN D E X NUM BERS O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S F O R W E E K S A N D 30, 1933 OF S E P T 2 9 16 23 ' ’ [1926 = 100] Week ending— Group Sept. 2 A ll commodities_____ 69.7 Farm products............... ......... Foods_______________________ Hides and leather products. Textile products____________ Fuel and lighting materials. Metals and metal products. Building materials_________ Chemicals and drugs.......... . House-furnishing goods____ Miscellaneous______________ 57.1 65.3 92.9 74.2 67.2 81.4 81.0 72.2 77.0 65.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. 9 56.6 65.0 92.8 73.9 67.6 81.7 81.4 72.3 78.6 64.9 Sept. 16 Sept. 23 Sept. 30 70.5 71.5 71.1 55.9 65.1 92.0 75.5 72.5 81.7 82.0 72.1 78.7 64.8 59.3 65.9 92.0 76.4 72.8 81.8 82.3 72.1 78.8 65.1 58.0 64.9 91.9 76.3 72.6 82.0 83.2 72.1 79.4 65.1 WHOLESALE PRICES 1265 Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1913 to September 1933 C h a n g e s in tlie buying power of the dollar expressed in terms of wholesale prices from 1913 to September 1933 are shown in the following table. The figures in this table are reciprocals of the index numbers. To illustrate, the index number representing the level of all commodities at wholesale in September 1933 with average prices for the year 1926 as the base, is shown to be 70.8. The recipro cal of this index number is 0.01412 which, translated into dollars, and cents becomes $1.412. The table shows that the dollar expanded so much in its buying value that $1 of 1926 had increased in value to $1.412 in September 1933 in the purchase of all commodities at wholesale. P U R C H A S IN G P O W E R OF T H E D OLLAR EXPR ESSED P R IC E S IN T E R M S OF W H O L E S A L E [1926 = $!] Year and month 1913___________ : _______ 1914 _ . . . __ _ . 1915____________________ 1916____________________ 1917. _________________ 1918__________________ _ 1919____________________ 1920____________________ 1921____________________ 1922. _________________ 1923. _________________ 1924____________________ 1925____________________ 1926____________________ 1927. _________________ 1928. _________________ 1929____________________ 1930____________________ 1931____________________ 1932____________________ 1932: January___ __ February.. March . . . . . . __ April____________ M a y _____________ June_________ . . . July--------------------August. . . . _ . September_______ October_________ November December_______ 1933: January_________ February________ M arch. . ____ April ___________ M a y ... ________ J u n e ... ________ July--------------------August. _ . ._ September_______ Farm prod ucts Hides and leath Foods er prod ucts Tex tile prod ucts Fuel Metals Build Chem House and furn and ing icals metal ish light mate and prod ing ing rials drugs ucts goods M iscellaneous $1. 399 $1. 558 $1.468 $1. 745 $1.631 $1.101 $1. 764 $1.247 $1. 776 $1. 074 1.404 1.546 1.410 1.832 1.767 1.247 1.898 1.229 1.761 1.112 1.399 1.529 1.325 1.848 1.931 1.159 1.869 .893 1.786 1.151 1. 185 1.321 1.071 1.420 1.346 .858 1. 479 .622 1.629 .994 .775 .957 .808 1.013 .949 .664 1.134 .606 1.348 .819 .676 .840 .796 .729 .916 .733 1.014 .549 1.072 .744 .635 .772 .574 .739 .959 .764 .865 .637 .944 .719 .064 .728 .584 .607 .611 .669 .666 .607 .705 .597 1. 131 1.104 .916 1.058 1.033 .851 1.027 .870 .885 .916 1.066 1.142 .956 .998 .932 .972 1.028 .997 .966 1.078 1. 014 1.079 .960 .898 1.028 .915 .920 .989 .918 1.003 1.000 1.099 .985 .937 1.087 .941 .978 1.011 .953 1. 068 .911 .998 .950 .923 1.036 .969 .983 .982 970 .917 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.006 1.034 .929 1.046 1.133 1.038 1.056 1.033 1.026 1.099 .944 .990 .824 1.047 1.186 1.031 1.063 1. 046 1.052 1.171 .953 1.001 .917 1.106 1.205 .995 1.048 1.062 1.060 1.211 1. 133 1.105 1.000 1.245 1.274 1.086 1.112 1.122 1.079 1.287 1.543 1.340 1.161 1.508 1.481 1. 183 1.263 1.261 1.178 1.433 2. 075 1.639 1.372 1.821 1.422 1.247 1.401 1.361 1.332 1.553 1.894 1.546 1.261 1.678 1.473 1. 222 1.337 1.321 1.287 1.524 1.976 1.600 1.277 1.681 1. 464 1.236 1. 362 1.325 1. 290 1. 546 1.992 1.605 1.294 1.724 1.473 1.238 1.366 1.328 1.297 1. 546 2. 033 1.639 1.333 1.783 1.425 1.245 1.379 1.344 1.311 1. 546 2.146 1.686 1.379 1.842 1.414 1.248 1.399 1.359 1.337 1. 553 2.188 1.701 1.412 1.898 1.397 1. 252 1.412 1.368 1.339 1.558 2. 088 1.642 1.458 1.942 1.383 1.263 1.435 1.370 1.351 1.555 2.037 1.618 1.435 1.898 1.387 1.248 1.437 1.364 1.359 1.548 2.037 1.618 1.385 1. 799 1.412 1.248 1.418 1.372 1. 357 1. 546 2. 132 1.653 1.374 1.818 1.406 1.245 1.414 1.376 1.357 1.560 2. 141 1.650 1.401 1.855 1. 401 1.256 1.414 1.381 1.357 1.570 2.268 1.715 1.437 1.887 1.443 1.259 1.412 1.383 1. 359 1.577 2. 347 1.792 1. 451 1.927 1.515 1. 279 1. 427 1.397 1.372 1. 634 2.445 1.862 1.471 1.953 1.572 1.292 1.433 1.403 1.383 1. 689 2. 336 1.832 1.468 1.949 1.590 1.295 1.422 1.404 1.385 1.698 2.247 1.783 1.441 1.931 1.626 1.300 1.425 1.401 1.399 1.730 1.992 1.684 1.300 1.789 1.656 1.287 1.401 1.366 1.395 1.698 1.880 1. 634 1.214 1.626 1.626 1.261 1.339 1.357 1.362 1. 645 1.664 1.527 1.159 1. 471 1.531 1.241 1.258 1.366 1.337 1.563 1.736 1.543 1.091 1.340 1.527 1.232 1.230 1. 368 1. 289 1.529 1.754 1.541 1.083 1.300 1.420 1.218 1.209 1.376 1.261 1.536 16487°— 33------ 17 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis All com modi ties $1.433 1.468 1.439 1.170 .851 . 762 .722 .648 1.025 1.034 .994 1.019 .966 1.000 1.048 1.034 1.049 1.157 1.370 1.543 1.486 1. 508 1.515 1.527 1. 553 1.565 1.550 1.534 1. 531 1. 553 1.565 1.597 1.639 1. 672 1. 661 1. 656 1.595 1.538 1.451 1. 439 1. 412 1266 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW Wholesale Price Trends During September 1933 T h e rise in the general level of wholesale commodity prices which began in March of this year continued unbroken during the month of September according to an announcement made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor. The index number for the month showed an advance of nearly 2 percent. This index which includes 784 commodities or price series weighted according to their relative importance in the markets and based on the average prices for the year 1926 as 100, rose from 69.5 for August to 70.8 for September. The index for September averaged above 70 for the first time since November 1931, and is higher than for any month since October 1931 when the index was 70.3. As compared with September 1932, with an index number of 65.3, the present index shows an increase of nearly 8% percent over that of 1 year ago. As compared with the low point reached in February of the present year, when the index was 59.8, September prices were more than 18 percent higher. The corre sponding index for March was 60.2. For the fourth consecutive time in the past 3 years prices for the current month have averaged higher than in the corresponding month of the year before. The all-commodities index, which indicates the trend in the general level of wholesale prices, shows that, prices in September were 25% percent below the level of June 1929 when the index stood at 95.2. Between August and September increases were reported in 294 instances, decreases in 152 instances, while in 338 instances no change in price was shown. The largest price advance was shown by the fuel and lighting group, which increased by almost 7% percent over the previous month. Increases took place in the average prices of coal, coke, and petroleum products. Wholesale prices of electricity and gas, however, decreased slightly. The second largest advance occurred in the textile products group, which showed a rise of 3 percent from August to September. This increase was due largely to advances in the prices of clothing, knit goods, and woolen and worsted goods. Cotton goods, silk and rayon, and other textile products registered slight declines in prices during the month of September. Wholesale prices of farm products, which advanced steeply for 6 months, showed a reaction in September and dropped by 1 percent as compared with August, although still 39 percent above February, the low point reached during the present year, and 16 percent over the corresponding month of last year. Corn, wheat, cows, steers, lambs, cotton, oranges, hops, and potatoes were mainly responsible for the decline. Barley, oats, rye, calves, hogs, eggs, lemons, hay, tobacco, and wool showed increases in prices between the 2 months. Among manufactured food products which showed price increases during the month were butter, macaroni, rice, canned fruits and vegetables, fresh pork, veal, dressed poultry, fish, lard, salt, and raw sugar. On the other hand, cheese, flour, cured beef, lamb, mutton, cured pork, granulated sugar, and most vegetable oils averaged lower than in the month before. The group as a whole showed a fractional https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WHOLESALE PRICES 1267 in crease in S ep tem b e r as co m p a re d w ith A u g u st, and rem ain ed n ea rly 21 p ercen t a b o v e tlie lo w o f F e b ru a ry o f this y e a r and 5 p e rce n t h ig h er th an S ep tem b er a y e a r ago. B o o ts and sh oes, leath er, and o th e r lea th er p ro d u cts sh ow ed a d v a n ces in average prices, ca u sin g th e g ro u p o f h id es a n d lea th er p ro d u cts to increase b y seven ten th s o f 1 p e rce n t o v e r th e p re v io u s m on th . H id es and skins d eclin ed fr o m A u g u st to S ep tem b er. COMPARISON OF WHOLESALE PRICES. 784- P R IC E . (l I 00 9 Z t S E R IE S . =. lOO ) 100 I9JL9 (930 90 90 \ 80 80 1931 70 60 SO DEC. 50 JA N . FE B . m ar . APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. MOV. DEC M e ta ls an d m eta l p ro d u cts as a w h ole co n tin u e d u p w a rd d u rin g S ep tem b er due to a d v a n cin g p rices o f a gricu ltu ra l im p le m e n ts, iron an d steel, n on ferrou s m eta ls, a n d p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g fixtures. M o t o r veh icles sh ow ed n o ch a n g e b etw een A u g u st a n d S ep tem b er. T h e in d ex fo r this g ro u p w as o v e r 1 p e rce n t h ig h er th a n fo r th e m o n th b efore. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1268 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In the group of building materials the average prices of brick and tile, cement, lumber, structural steel, and other building materials moved upward during the month, while paint and paint materials decreased slightly. The group as a whole recorded an increase of 1% percent. Chemicals and drugs registered a decrease of one half of 1 percent during September. Declining prices for chemicals, drugs and pharma ceuticals, and fertilizer materials outweighed advancing prices of mixed fertilizers. The housefurnishing goods group as a whole increased over 2 percent from the previous month. Both furniture and furnishings showed a strengthening of prices. The miscellaneous group of commodities declined one half of 1 per cent between August and September due to sharp declines in cattle feed. Paper and pulp and other miscellaneous commodities increased slightly, while automobile tires and tubes and crude rubber showed little or no change in average prices between the 2 months. Among the remaining groups raw-material prices increased by l%0 percent. Semimanufactured articles advanced by 1K0 percent to a level of 20 percent above a year ago. Finished products moved upward by nearly 2 percent and were 6% percent over September of last year. The nonagricultural-commodities group, which includes all com modities except farm products, advanced by about 2% percent during the month. When manufactured foods and farm products are excluded, the combined index number for all remaining groups showed an increase of 27 / 0percent during the month and a rise of more than 7 percent over September a year ago. From the low point reached in February, raw materials were higher in September by more than 27 percent and semimanufactured articles by more than 29 percent. In the same period finished products have advanced by nearly 14 percent, nonagricultural commodities by nearly 16 percent, and all commodities eliminating farm products and foods by more than 15 percent. I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S B Y G R O U P S A N D S U B G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S [1926=100] September 1932 Groups and subgroups All commodities __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Farm products _ ______________________________________ Grains________________________________________________ Livestock and poultry ______ Other farm products________________ ______________ Foods. _ _ ____ _____________________________ __. _ __ Butter, cheese, and milk _ _ _____ _ _ . _ _ _ _ Cereal products, _ _ ___ ........................ ................... Fruits and vegetables _ _ _ _ ________ __ _ _ _ M eats________________________________ _ _________ . Other foods _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .................... Hides and leather products. _ _________________________ Boots and shoes _ ___ _ __________ ___________ _ Hides and skins _______________________________ Leather______________________________________________ Other leather products_______________ ________ . . . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1933 September 1933 Purchasing power of the dollar, September 1933 65.3 69.5 70.8 $1,412 49.1 37.4 51. 2 52.1 61.8 60.6 65.8 52.5 60.9 64.6 72.2 84.4 48.2 63.2 81.5 57.6 64.6 45.9 62.5 64.8 65. 7 84.8 71.1 51.0 62.6 91.7 96. 1 91.5 82.5 81.2 57.0 63.9 46.7 61.2 64.9 65.8 84.7 66.8 51.5 64.5 92.3 98.9 84.1 85.4 84.6 1. 754 1.565 2.141 1.634 1. 541 1. 520 1. 181 1.497 1.942 1. 550 1.083 1. Oil 1.189 1.171 1.182 WHOLESALE PEICES 1269 I N D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S B Y G R O U P S A N D M O D I T I E S — Continued September 1932 Groups and subgroups Knit goods. ______ _ Agricultural implements_______ Nonferrous metals _ . . ____ _ . _ _ ____________ _____________________ All commodities other than farm products and foods._ _ 1 Data not yet available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55.6 61.8 57.9 50.4 32.6 56. 7 68.6 70.8 87.7 81. 1 76.7 103.4 107.6 46.7 80. 1 84.9 79. 7 92.7 51.6 66.8 70.5 75.4 79.0 56.3 68.2 66.8 81.7 79.9 72.9 79.8 56.6 63. 6 66.9 73. 7 74.7 72. 7 64.7 42.7 45.9 75.5 8. 2 83. 2 56.2 60.7 70. 4 68.7 70.4 S U B G R O U P S OF C O M August 1933 74.6 74.4 93.5 69.4 34.6 78.9 77.8 65.5 79.2 83.6 77.4 88.8 99.5 40.9 81. 2 83.2 78.6 90.4 68.2 70.3 81.3 81.5 90.3 79.4 77.5 70.3 81.7 85.0 73. 1 79.6 57.6 69. 0 64. 4 77.6 78.6 76.8 65.4 43. 2 78.0 81.0 14.9 77.8 60.6 71.7 73.4 72.0 74.1 September 1933 (') 0) Purchasing power of the dollar, September 1933 76.9 81. 1 91.3 74.8 34. 5 82.7 76.5 70.4 82.0 84.7 79.7 $1. 300 1.233 1.095 1. 337 2.899 1.209 1.307 1.420 1. 220 1. 181 1. 255 49.6 82. 1 83.2 80.3 90.4 68.5 74.7 82.7 82.6 90.8 82.0 77.3 74.7 82.4 85.9 72.7 78.8 56.8 66.6 67.8 79.3 80.5 78.4 65. 1 43.2 64.2 82.2 14. 9 78.1 61.7 72.9 74.8 73.7 76.1 2. 016 1. 218 1. 202 1. 245 1. 106 1.460 1.339 1. 209 1.211 1.101 1.220 1.294 1.339 1. 214 1. 164 1.376 1.269 1.761 1.502 1.475 1.261 1. 242 1. 276 1.536 2.315 1.558 1.217 6. 711 1.280 1.621 1.372 1.337 1.357 1.314 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR Official— United States C a l if o r n ia . Highway Patrol. Study o f salaries paid in police departments States. Sacramento, January 1 0 , 1933. 16 pp. throughout the United ( Mim eographed.) Emergency Relief Commission. First annual report, for the year ending February 5, 1933, issued join tly with a report o f the Illinois Em ergency Relief Com m ission ( Federal) covering the period J u ly 2 7 , 1932, through February 5, 1933. Chicago, 10 South L a Salle Street, 1933. 11+1 pp. I l l in o is . M assach usetts. Department of Industrial Accidents. year ending June 30, 1932. 105.) Boston, 1933. 89 pp. Annual report for the {Public Document N o. Reviewed in this issue. Department of Public Welfare. 3 0 ,1 9 3 2 . Boston, [19331]. Document N o. 17.) A n n u al report, for the year ending November Parts I and I I , 1 39 p p ; Part I I I , 29 pp. {Public Parts I and II contain data on welfare work, including mothers’ aid, old-age assistance, child care, homes for the aged, etc. Part III is devoted to city and towm infirmaries and statistics of poor relief. N ew Y o r k .— 1933. Commission on Pensions. 81+ p p ., chart. Sixth report, M arch 15, 1933. Legislative Document {1933) N o. 111. Albany, This report gives a brief history of the policies o f the State in regard to the retirement of public employees, with an outline of the steps still to be taken in order to complete the program of putting all public employees in New York under sound pension systems. It contains also a digest of the pension systems operated by the State and by the city of New York, and of the retirement provisions of other cities, counties, towns, and villages throughout the State. Department of Labor. Industrial Code Bulletin N o. 2 1 : Rules as amended relating to window cleaning. N ew York, 80 Centre Street, [1932?]. 13 pp., diagrams. Reviewed in this issue. U ta h .— Industrial Commission. Biennial report, J u ly 1, 1930, to June 30, 1932. [Salt Lake City, 1933?] Bulletin N o. 1 : S ynopsis of decisions rendered by the Industrial Commission in workmen’s compensation cases, and digest o f su preme court rulings. 2 3 2 pp. Bulletin N o. 2 : Financial statements o f the State Insurance Fund, the Industrial Com m ission o f Utah, F irem en’s Pension Fund, and the E m ployees’ Combined In ju r y Benefit Fund. 18 pp. Bulletin N o. 1+: Coal and metal mines reports, including report o f factory and labor in spections, building inspections, and wage collections. 167 pp. Bulletin N o. 5 : Utah agricult ural statistics, compiled by the U .S . Department of Agriculture, Bureau o f Agricultural Economics. 21+ pp. • Bulletin No. 3 of this series, the industrial accident statistics report, has not been printed. U n it e d S t a t e s .— Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. The United Communities. Hearing before a subcommittee {73d Cong., 1st sess.) on S . 111+2, a bill for the purpose o f providing industrial and agricultural communities for the absorption o f unemployed citizens o f the United States and fo r issuance o f self-liquidating bonds for the establishment thereof, M a y 10 1933. Washington, 1933. 1+7 pp. 1270 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR U n it e d States— 1271 Department of Agriculture. Yearbook o f agriculture, 1933. 789 pp., maps, charts, Ulus. Washington, 1933. An article on the effect of depression conditions on farm-labor productivity, in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review, is based on information contained in the above yearbook. ------- Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. Inform ation Circular 6 7 4 3 : Safety practices and achievements at the Columbia M in e o f the Columbia Steel Co. (subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation), by D . J . Parker. Washington, 1933. 10 pp. ( M im eographed.) ------- ---------Bureau of the Census. Distribution N o. R -8 1 : Em ploym ent and wages in the retail industry. Washington, 1933. 4 5 p p ., map, charts. (Fifteenth Census o f the United States, Census of Distribution, 1930— Retail Distribution, Special Series.) Reviewed in this issue. ------- Department of Labor. Letter from the Secretary o f Labor transmitting in response to Senate Resolution N o. 351 {72d Cong.) a report o f all functions of the Department o f Labor and the annual cost thereof. Washington, 1933. 10 pp. (Senate Doc. N o. 4 7 , 73d Cong., 1st sess.) ---------------- Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin N o. 5 9 6 : Law s relating to prison labor in the United States as o f J u ly 1, 1933. Washington, 1933. 146 pp. ------------------------- . Bulletin N o. 5 3 9 : What are labor statistics fo r ? A series o f pic torial charts prepared by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics fo r the United States Department o f Labor exhibit at the Century o f Progress Exposition, Chicago, 1933. Washington, 1933. 12 pp. ------- —— Children’s Bureau. medical social service. A handbook o f statistical reporting in the field of Washington, 1933. 39 pp. The handbook was compiled by a joint committee of the American Association of Hospital Social Workers and the Children’s Bureau. The material presented includes a definition of the field of medical social service, the determination of units of count, and the construction of statistical-record forms in the field of med ical social service. Official— Foreign Countries C h i n a .— Ministry of Industries. Voi. 1, N o. 1. Bureau of Statistics. Nanking, February 1933. The Industrial Statistics, [Various paging .] Data on labor unions from this report are given in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Part of the volume is printed in English as well as Chinese. C z e c h o s l o v a k i a .— Assemblée Nationale. latifs, session d’automne 1 9 3 2 -3 3 . Exposé sommaire des travaux légis Prague, 1933. 3 6 pp. Includes labor laws enacted by the Czechoslovakian Parliament during the fall session of 1932-33, including laws relating to civil service pensions, protection of inventions, creation of a committee on economic control, etc. D e n m a r k .— [Socialministeriet.] Beretning om arbejds- og fabriktilsynets virksomhed i aaret 1932. Copenhagen, 1933. 114 pp., folders, diagrams, illus. (Særtryk af Sociali Tidsskrift, J u ly -A u g u st 1933.) Annual report on factory inspection in Denmark in 1932. are in French as well as Danish. F r a n k f u r t - a m - M a in sichten 1 9 3 1 -3 2 . (Germany).— Statistisches Am t. Frankfurt-am -M ain, 1933. Some table heads Statistische Jahresuber- 64 pp. Contains statistical information in regard to welfare work, social insurance, unemployment and unemployment relief, housing, etc., in the city of Frankfurtam-M ain during the fiscal year 1931-32. G r e a t B r i t a i n .— Home Office. Committee on Compensation for Industrial Dis eases. Report, London, 1932, 16 p p .; second report, London, 1933, 21 pp. These reports deal with proposed extensions of the schedule of industrial dis eases to which the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1925, applies. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ON TH LY 1272 Great B ritain .— Mines LABOR Department. Eleventh annual report, 1932. R E V IE W Safety London, 1933. in Mines Research Board. 112 pp., diagrams, Ulus. The report covers various safety research projects carried out during the year and includes an account of the studies of the health advisory committee of the Mines Department. I ndia .— Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. Statistical abstract for British India, with statistics, where available, relating to certain Indian States, from 1 9 2 1 -2 2 to 1 9 3 0 -3 1 . Delhi, 1933. 854 VV- Contains data on cooperative societies, wholesale and retail prices, employ ment, and production in cotton mills, etc. I taly .— Istituto Centrale di Statistica. Rome, 1933. Annuario statistico Italiano, 1933- 5 0 7 p p ., maps, charts. This statistical yearbook includes data on employment, wages, prices and cost of living, social insurance, etc. N etherlands.— Rijksverzekeringsbank. Ongevallenstatistiek betreffende het kalenderjaar 1929. Deel I I . Am sterdam , 1933. 2 24 p p ., charts. Contains statistics of industrial accidents in the Netherlands in 1929, classified by industrv, occupation, and establishment; insurance against accidents by the State Insurance Bank, by trade associations, and by employers; wages of the insured, etc. N orway .— Chefinspektpratet for Fabrikktilsynet. [1933?]. Ârsberetninger, 1932. Oslo, 81 p p ., diagrams. Annual report on factory inspection in Norway in 1932, including information on personnel of the inspection administration, industrial accidents and diseases, welfare work, working hours, woman and child labor regulations, law violations, and steamship inspection. The table of contents and some table heads are in both Norwegian and French and there is a résumé in French. Oslo (N orway ). — Trygdekasse. Arsberetning, 1932. Oslo, 1933. 5 3 pp. Report of the Oslo Sickness Insurance Fund in 1932, including financial state ments and information on legislation, healing and preventive measures, and personnel and organization. Soviet U nion (U .S .S .R .).— Council of People’s Commissars. State Planning Commission. Sum m ary of the fulfillment of the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the U .S .S .R . M oscow , 1933. 296 pp. D ata on yearly wages and on number of workers employed in the Soviet Union in 1932, taken from the above publication, are given in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Sweden .— [Socialdepartementet.] detaljhandeln. Socialstyrelsen. Stockholm, 1933. Arbetstidsfôrhâllandena inom 160 pp. Deals with hours of labor in the retail stores in Sweden, including conditions influencing hours of labor, inherent peculiarities of certain establishments, nature of occupations, legislation regarding hours of labor, etc. Includes French table of contents and résumé. Unofficial A merican C ountry L ife A ssociation. Adult education and rural life. Pro ceedings of the Fifteenth Am erican Country L ife Conference, Wheeling, W .V a ., October 1 4 -1 6 , 1932. N ew York, 105 E . 22d Street, 1933. 153 pp. Among the subjects discussed at this conference were: Statesmanship in rural adult education, rural social trends, the crisis in American education, economic education needed today, training rural recreation leaders, and extension of the cultural arts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P U B L IC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO 1273 LABOR A merican F oundrymen’ s A ssociation. Good housekeeping conference. Pre sented at the A .F .A . annual convention, Chicago, June 21, 1933. Chicago, 2 2 2 W . A dam s Street, 1933. 3 0 pp. The subjects covered in the conference included the dust problem in foundries, employers’ liability in connection with occupational diseases; and keeping a clean and orderly foundry, particularly from the standpoint of the elimination of dust. B rayshaw , Shipley N. Unemployment and plenty. Unwin, Ltd., 1933. London, George Allen and 146 pp. This review of economic conditions which result in unemployment at the same time that there is great overproduction was delivered as the annual Swarthmore lecture before the Society of Friends. The principles of the Quakers as regards luxury and peace, therefore, enter largely into the discussion. B urnham , G race M. Dangerous jobs. N ew (N o. 3 4 ), 799 Broadway, 1933. 2 3 pp. York, International Pamphlets C hina Y ear B ook , 1933. Edited by H . G. W . Woodhead. Shanghai, NorthChina D aily N ew s & Herald, Ltd., 1933. 787 pp. ( University of Chicago Press, Chicago, III., agents fo r United States.) Chapter X I V deals with labor in agriculture, in handicrafts, in mining, and in modern industry; labor disputes; wages, hours, and cost of living; woman and child labor; factory legislation; and the International Labor Organization. C oppin , G uido. L ’Istituto Nazionale per VAssistenza ai Grandi Invalidi del Lavoro nel decennale della rivoluzione Fascista. M ila n , Arte Grafica Arnbrosiana, 1933. 356 pp., maps, diagrams, illus. This report on the Italian National Institute of Insurance Against Invalidity of Labor contains a short history of the organization of the institute and describes its healing and preventive measures, its rehabilitation work, etc. De P orte, J oseph V . Guides to vital statistics in the United States. M ich ., Edwards Brothers, In c., 1933. 38 pp. A n n Arbor, This is one of the reports made to the President’s [Hoover] Research Com mittee on Social Trends. The volume attempts to present in comprehensive and at the same time condensed form the statistics of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces as published by the United States Census Bureau. F lügge, L udwig . W ie ist von den Errungenschaften der Technik ein weiser Gebrauch zu machen ? Berlin, 1932. 108 pp. (Selbstverlag des Verfassers.) Deals with the question of how to make wiser use of technical achievements, especially of labor-saving machines. G ivens , M eredith B., and W ilke , E rnestine. relating to wages in the United States. In c., 1933. 5 5 pp. A guide to statistical series A n n Arbor, M ich ., Edwards Bros., H arvard U niversity . Graduate School of Business Administration. Bureau of Business Research. Business Research Studies, N o. 3 : The behavior of consumption in business depression, by Arthur R . Tebbutt. Boston, 1933. 21 pp. Reviewed in this issue. H odgson, V iolet H. Co., 1933. Public health nursing in industry. xxii, 2 4 9 pp., charts. N ew York, M acm illan The purpose of this book is to show the need for public health nursing in industry, that is, the need for effective preventive services including the preven tion of physical, mental, and social maladjustments among the workers, instead of the provision of strictly curative services which is now so general. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1274 M ON TH LY LABOR R E V IE W H offman, F rederick L. Lead-poisoning legislation and statistics. Prudential Press, 1933. 4 0 pp. Newark, N .J ., A reduction in the number of deaths from lead poisoning in the United States is shown for 1930 and 1931 as compared with the average for the years 1925-29, but the returns for 1931 were not complete so that the figures for that year are subject to correction. The report includes statistics of cases of lead poisoning in a number of foreign countries. I nternational U nion of W oodworkers. Report on activities for the years 1 9 2 9 -1 9 3 2 , submitted to the Eighth Ordinary International Woodworkers’ Congress, Brussels, August 1933 [with financial report, January 1, 1929, to J u ly 15, 1933], Brussels, 1933. 4% PP( M im eographed .) L eague of V irginia M unicipalities . Bureau of Public Administration. Report N o. 1 2 0 : Salaries and living costs in the municipal service in Virginia. Richmond, Travelers’ Building, 1933. 21 pp. ( Mim eographed.) M innesota, LTniversity of. M urchie. ------- Land settlement as a relief measure, by R. M inneapolis, 1933. 3 2 pp. W- Employment Stabilization Research Institute. on business activity 5 9 pp., charts. and real income in Impact of the depression M innesota. M inneapolis, 1933. Reviewed in this issue. N ational E ducation A ssociation of the United States. Proceedings of the seventieth annual meeting, held at Atlantic City, N .J ., June 2 5 - J u ly 1, 1932. Washington, D .C ., 1201 Sixteenth Street N W . [1933?] 9 92 pp. Includes various contributions on vocational and adult education, a report of the committee on social-economic objectives, and a section on social studies. P rospect U nion E ducational E xchange. Educational opportunities of Greater Boston: A selective list of day and evening classes and home-study courses for adults, 1 9 3 3 -1 9 3 4 . Cambridge, M a ss., 6 78 Massachusetts A ve., 1933. 157 pp. R ussell Sage F oundation. Library. Bulletin N o. 1 2 0 : Fam ily budgets and costs and standards of living— a selected list of recent material. N ew York 130 East 22d Street, August 1933. 4 PP- Secrétariat des P aysans suisses. Publication N o. 1 06 : Trente-cinquième rapport annuel du comité directeur de l’union suisse des paysans et du secré tariat des paysans suisses, 1932. Brugg, 1933. 185 pp. ------- Recherches relatives à la rentabilité de Vagriculture^pendant l’exercice 1 9 3 1 -3 2 , l re partie. Rapport au Département fédéral de l’Économ ie publique. Berne, 1933. ( Tirage à part de l’ Annuaire agricole de la Suisse, 1933, pp. 3 4 3 -3 9 1 , map, charts.) Regular yearly report on the cost of production (including the labor cost) of farm products. T aylor, M orris P. Common sense about machines and unemployment. delphia, John C. W inston Co., 1933. 173 pp. Phila V alenstein , L awrence, and W eiss, E. B. Business under the Recovery Act N ew York and London, M cG ra w -H ill Book Co., In c., 1933. 3 14 pp. The authors discuss the various phases of the recovery legislation and the effects that the realignment of hours of labor, hours of machine operation, wage rates, production and price control, and the establishing of fair-trade practices must have on merchandising, selling, and advertising programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o