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MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW
Volume 130, Number 5
May 2007
Consumer prices rose less in 2006 than in 2005 3
Lower natural-gas prices and a smaller increase in gasoline prices
contributed to a lower rise in the all-items index
Todd Wilson
Time use in America
How do older Americans spend their time?
8
Older Americans’ time use changes dramatically with age, but it is the lower
employment rates at older ages—rather than age itself—that matters most
Rachel Krantz-Kent and Jay Stewart
Comparing childcare measures in the ATUS and earlier time diary studies
27
The American Time Use Survey’s measures of primary childcare and time with
children are comparable with those in earlier U.S. time diary studies
Mary Dorinda Allard, Suzanne Bianchi, Jay Stewart, and Vanessa R. Wight
Teen time use and parental education: evidence from the CPS, MTF, and ATUS
37
Responses from three surveys indicate that parental education plays a critical
role in the way teens spend their time in employment and other activities
Shirley L. Porterfield and Anne E. Winkler
Departments
Labor month in review
Précis
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
2
57
58
61
Editor-in-Chief: Michael D. Levi Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens Editors: Brian I. Baker, Leslie Brown Joyner Book
Reviews: James Titkemeyer Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters Contributor: Horst Brand
Labor Month In Review
The May Review
At only a few months removed, it is
easy to forget that 2006 was a year
in which consumer price inflation
slowed from the previous year, and
that the slowing was led by, of all
things, energy. Todd Wilson recaps
the rest of 2006’s Consumer Price Index developments in the lead article.
As we at the Bureau of Labor Statistics suspected, the American Time
Use Survey (ATUS) is proving to be
a rich resource for researchers both
within and outside of the Bureau.
Rachel Krantz-Kent and Jay Stewart
study the ways older Americans use
their time. In the array of variables
available for study, employment status
has the greatest impacts on a wide variety of time use patterns, from sleep
hours to social contact.
Mary Dorinda Allard, Suzanne
Bianchi, Jay Stewart, and Vanessa R.
Wight compare data on time spent
caring for children from ATUS and
from earlier time-diary studies. They
find that the data are “nearly identical” when measuring child care as the
primary activity, but that atus measures of child care as a secondary activity were far larger than those from
the time diary. The differences may
be attributable to differences in the
way the questions were structured.
Shirley L. Porterfield and Anne E.
Winkler analyze the ways time use by
teenagers is influenced by the educational level of their parents. They
find that hours spent on homework
are highest among the children of the
more highly educated, that work hours
peak among the teenaged children of
parents in the middle of the educational attainment spectrum, and that
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
hours spent on extracurricular activities, hobbies, and other “traditional
activities” are considerably higher in
the most-educated families.
Private compensation
costs
In December 2006, private industry employer compensation costs
averaged $25.67 per hour worked.
Wages and salaries averaged $18.11
per hour. Employer costs for legally
required benefits averaged $2.20 per
hour worked, insurance benefits averaged $1.92, paid leave averaged
$1.76, retirement and savings averaged 94 cents, and supplemental pay
averaged 75 cents. Legally required
benefits include employer costs for
Social Security and Medicare, Federal and State unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation. For additional information,
see “Employer Costs for Employee
Compensation–December
2006,”
news release USDL 07–0453.
Manufacturing
productivity
Labor productivity—defined as output per hour—rose in 2005 in 88
percent of the specific manufacturing
industries studied by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Output (the production of manufactured goods) rose
in 83 percent of the industries, while
hours fell in 65 percent of the industries.
The share of industries with productivity increases over a longer period was even greater. From 1987 to
2005, labor productivity increased
in all but one manufacturing indus-
try. Output rose in 80 percent of the
industries, while hours fell in 80 percent. Additional information is available from “Productivity and Costs
by Industry: Manufacturing, 2005,”
news release USDL 07–0561.
2006 Klein Awards
The Trustees of the Lawrence R.
Klein Award announced the winners
of the 2006 awards. The award for
best Review article by a BLS author
went to the contributors to the special issue on Hurricane Katrina (August 2006). The contributors to this
issue include: Brian I. Baker, Edith
Baker, Catherine D. Bowman, Bruce
Boyd, Sharon P. Brown, Patrick Carey, Kristy S. Christiansen, Richard L.
Clayton, Richard M. Devens, Molly
Garber, Diane E. Herz, Leslie Brown
Joyner, Sandra Mason, William Parks
II, Edith W. Peters, Anne E. Polivka, Edwin L. Robinson, James R.
Spletzer, Keith Tapscott, Allison Tarmann, Richard Tiller, Linda Unger,
James White, and Linda Wohlford.
For the best article by an outside
author, the trustees selected “Earnings mobility and low-wage workers” ( July 2006) by Brett Theodos, a
research associate at the Urban Institute, Washington, DC, and Robert
Bednarzik, a visiting professor at the
Georgetown Public Policy Institute,
Washington, DC.
The Klein Awards were established
by Monthly Labor Review Editor-inChief, Lawrence R. Klein, upon his
retirement from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in 1968 to encourage articles that exhibit originality of ideas or
method of analysis, adhere to principles of scientific inquiry, and are well
written.
Consumer Prices in 2006
Consumer prices rose less
in 2006 than in 2005
Lower natural-gas prices and a smaller increase
in gasoline prices contributed to a lower rise
in the all-items index
Todd Wilson
Todd Wilson is an economist
in the Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes,
Office of Prices and Living
Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: wilson.
todd@bls.gov
T
he Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. City
Average, for All Items, increased 2.5
percent in 2006, compared with 3.4 percent during 2005.1 A smaller rise in the energy index was responsible for the lesser increase in consumer prices last year. Shelter
inflation was significantly higher, food inflation slightly lower. Table 1 lists those components of the CPI which had a large effect
on the index for all items during 2006.
The CPI-U excluding food and energy increased more in 2006 than in 2005: 2.6 percent compared with 2.2 percent. The increase
in this index was the highest in 5 years, reflecting higher shelter inflation. (Shelter
costs represent about 42 percent of the index for all items less food and energy and 33
percent of the index for all items.) Increases
in residential rents were higher in 2006 than
in the previous year, mirroring a reduction
in the number of residential rental vacancies.
As a result, the indexes for owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence and for rent
of primary residence accelerated in 2006.
Prices for commodities less food and energy have remained nearly unchanged over
the past 3 years. Rising a total of 0.6 percent over the 3-year period, they were down
0.1 percent last year. In general, commodities are subject to greater global competition
than are services, and in fact, the category of
commodities less food and energy has registered smaller price increases than services
less energy every year since 1984. Reflect-
ing primarily the acceleration in shelter costs,
services less energy prices rose 3.7 percent in
2006, higher than during 2005, when they increased 2.9 percent. (See table 2.)
Other price measures
Like the CPI-U for commodities, the Producer Price Index (PPI) for finished goods rose
less in 2006 (1.1 percent) than in 2005 (5.4
percent). Although the CPI-U for commodities less food and energy remained nearly unchanged in 2006, the PPI for finished goods
excluding food and energy increased slightly,
by 2.0 percent, compared with 1.7 percent in
2005. The PPI for intermediate materials less
foods and energy increased 4.7 percent last
year, and the PPI for crude nonfood materials
less energy increased 16.7 percent. Prices for
nonferrous metal ores, copper, and aluminum
soared. Demand for metals continued to grow
in developing countries.
The PPI does not include changes in import
prices. As measured by the Import Price Index excluding petroleum, imported commodity prices advanced 1.7 percent in 2006, following a 2.4-percent advance in 2005.
Energy and food prices
Energy.
Energy inflation slowed dramatically in 2006 and was most responsible for the
lower increase in the all-items index. A double-digit decrease in utility (piped) naturalgas prices was the main factor behind this deMonthly Labor Review • May 2007
Consumer Prices in 2006
Table 1.
components having a large effect on all
items during 2006
CPI
Expenditure categories
With lower inflation
in 2006:
Natural gas....................................
Gasoline . .....................................
Used cars and trucks ...................
New vehicles.................................
With higher inflation
in 2006:
Owners’ equivalent rent
of primary residence .................
Apparel..........................................
Rent of primary
residence ..................................
12-month
12-month
percent
percent
change ending change ending
December
December
2005
2006
30.2
16.1
1.4
–.4
–14.2
6.4
–2.2
–.9
2.5
–1.1
4.3
.9
3.1
4.3
celeration. A significant slowdown in motor fuel inflation
was a key element as well. Lower world crude-oil inflation was the principal factor behind the slowdown in gasoline inflation last year. A double-digit increase in the energy index during the first 7 months of the year, reflecting
higher motor fuel and electricity prices, followed the lead
of world crude-oil prices, which peaked at $69 per barrel in July. During the remainder of the year, oil prices
turned downward, leading to lower prices for motor fuel
and electricity. World crude-oil prices reached their lowest level of the year in November, $54 per barrel. The price
of oil advanced from $53 per barrel in December 2005 to
$56 per barrel in December 2006.2
Energy prices increased 2.9 percent last year, after rising 17.1 percent in 2005. The energy index, which represents about 9 percent of the index for all items, comprises
two fairly equally weighted components: motor fuel and
household fuels. Prices for energy commodities, which
include mainly gasoline and home heating (fuel) oil, increased considerably less in 2006 than in 2005: 6.1 percent, compared with 16.7 percent. Prices for energy services (delivery of natural gas and electricity) were nearly
unchanged last year, with decreasing natural-gas prices
offsetting increasing electricity prices.
During 2005 in the Gulf of Mexico region, Hurricane
Katrina and, to a lesser extent, Hurricane Rita temporarily, but dramatically, reduced supplies of crude oil, oil
products, and natural gas, causing the prices of these commodities to soar that year. In 2006, energy production capacities were restored and supplies recovered. As a result,
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
natural-gas prices declined sharply and inflation for crude
oil and its products, including gasoline and fuel oil, slowed
considerably. Oil inventories remained high in 2006 because there were no supply disruptions from hurricanes in
the Gulf of Mexico that year. 3 Another factor that contributed to lower energy inflation last year was that warmerthan-usual winter weather reduced the need for heating.
During 2006, as natural-gas production capacity was
restored and as supplies recovered following the previous years’ hurricanes, natural-gas prices decreased 14.2
percent, after increasing 30.2 percent in 2005. Warmerthan-normal weather at the beginning and end of 2006
led residential consumption of natural gas to decline by
8.5 percent last year, according to the U.S. Department of
Energy. Total U.S. production of dry (not liquefied) natural gas increased 2.2 percent in 2006.4
The electricity index increased 7.5 percent last year,
compared with 10.7 percent in 2005. The increases in
2005 and 2006 were the largest in this index since 1981.
Low natural-gas prices, as opposed to fuel oil prices, led
electric power companies to change from burning fuel oil
to using natural gas.5 Although coal is the Nation’s dominant fuel for creating electric power, natural gas is the
fastest-growing fuel.
Gasoline prices increased 6.4 percent in 2006 after rising 16.1 percent in 2005. In December 2005, the average
price per gallon of regular unleaded gasoline was $2.19.
By December 2006, the price had risen to $2.33. Household fuel oil prices rose 2.3 percent last year, after increasing 27.2 percent in 2005.
Food. Food inflation in 2006 was 2.1 percent, nearly unchanged from the 2.3 percent registered during 2005.
Decelerations in the indexes for beef and veal, dairy, and
poultry were partially offset by accelerations in the indexes for fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and pork. The index
for food at home (grocery store food) grew 1.4 percent
last year, down from a 1.7-percent advance the previous
year. Grocery store food inflation has been declining for
each of the past 3 years, on a December-to-December basis. The index for food away from home (restaurant food)
rose 3.2 percent in 2006, the same as in 2005.
Beef and veal prices were nearly unchanged last year,
up 0.5 percent, after rising 2.2 percent in 2005. Commercial cow slaughters rose nearly 12 percent in 2006, owing largely to drought in the west leading to poor winter and fall grazing conditions and rapidly declining hay
stocks that were relatively low to begin with. Feeder cattle were placed in feedlots at lighter weights and higher
numbers than usual. Soaring corn prices due in part to in-
Table 2.
Annual percent change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), selected
expenditure categories, 1997–2006
Expenditure category
Relative
importance,
December
2006
Percent change for 12 months ended December—
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
All Items ........................
Food ........................
Energy.......................
Household fuels........
Motor fuel.................
All items less food
and energy...............
Commodities less
food and energy.......
All items less energy..
Services less energy
services....................
100.000
13.885
8.715
4.368
4.347
1.7
1.5
–3.4
–1.1
–6.2
1.6
2.3
–8.8
–3.8
–15.4
2.7
1.9
13.4
2.4
30.2
3.4
2.8
14.2
14.5
13.9
1.6
2.8
–13.0
–3.4
–24.8
2.4
1.5
10.7
1.0
24.6
1.9
3.6
6.9
7.1
6.8
3.3
2.7
16.6
8.4
26.1
3.4
2.3
17.1
18.0
16.2
2.5
2.1
2.9
–.3
6.4
77.401
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.6
2.7
1.9
1.1
2.2
2.2
2.6
21.735
91.285
.4
2.1
1.3
2.4
.2
2.0
.6
2.6
–.3
2.8
–1.5
1.8
–2.5
1.5
.6
2.2
.2
2.2
–.1
2.5
55.666
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.4
4.0
3.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.7
Commodities................
Durables...................
Furniture and
bedding..................
Televisions..............
New vehicles...........
Used cars and
trucks.....................
Personal computers
and peripheral
equipment..............
40.305
11.122
.2
–1.5
.4
–.5
2.7
–1.2
2.7
.0
–1.4
–1.3
1.2
–3.3
.5
–4.3
3.6
.4
2.7
–.5
1.3
–1.4
.981
.124
4.982
–.7
–4.3
–.9
1.4
–4.8
.0
–1.3
–7.3
–.3
.4
–10.7
.0
–3.1
–10.8
–.1
–1.1
–10.6
–2.0
–1.6
–14.3
–1.8
–.2
–12.3
.6
.6
–14.4
–.4
–.7
–22.6
–.9
1.716
–4.9
3.5
1.2
3.4
–1.9
–5.5
–11.8
4.8
1.4
–2.2
.203
–
–35.8
–26.5
–22.7
–30.7
–22.1
–17.8
–14.2
–15.8
–12.0
Nondurables.............
Energy
commodities..........
Gasoline..............
Fuel oil................
Apparel....................
Medical care
commodities..........
Prescription drugs
and medical
supplies.............
29.183
.8
.7
4.1
3.6
–1.4
3.1
2.4
4.8
3.9
2.4
4.685
4.303
.231
3.726
–6.9
–6.1
–11.7
1.0
–15.1
–15.4
–15.2
–.7
29.5
30.1
30.9
–.5
15.7
13.9
40.5
–1.8
–24.5
–24.9
–26.7
–3.2
23.7
24.8
14.7
–1.8
6.9
6.8
7.8
–2.1
26.7
26.1
39.5
–.2
16.7
16.1
27.2
–1.1
6.1
6.4
2.3
.9
1.446
2.3
4.1
4.0
2.8
4.4
3.1
2.1
2.2
3.7
1.8
1.018
2.5
4.9
6.1
3.6
6.0
4.5
2.5
3.5
4.4
1.9
Services........................
Shelter......................
Owners’ equivalent
rent of primary
residence..............
Rent of primary
residence...............
Hotels and motels...
Natural gas...............
Electricity..................
Medical care
services..................
Airline fares..............
Telephone
services..................
Motor vehicle
insurance...............
59.695
32.776
2.8
3.4
2.6
3.3
2.6
2.5
3.9
3.4
3.7
4.2
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.2
3.1
2.7
3.8
2.6
3.4
4.2
23.830
3.1
3.2
2.4
3.4
4.5
3.3
2.0
2.3
2.5
4.3
5.930
2.493
1.280
2.750
3.1
6.2
3.3
–1.3
3.4
3.7
–3.5
–3.2
3.1
1.7
2.1
.7
4.0
2.7
36.7
2.6
4.7
–.8
–15.1
6.1
3.1
.0
6.7
–1.9
2.7
3.1
17.4
2.6
2.9
5.0
16.4
2.1
3.1
3.3
30.2
10.7
4.3
3.9
–14.2
7.5
4.834
.649
2.9
–4.8
3.2
4.1
3.6
10.9
4.6
5.9
4.8
–3.9
5.6
–2.4
4.2
–.1
4.9
–1.5
4.5
6.4
4.1
–1.0
2.225
–
.3
.4
–2.3
1.3
.2
–2.7
–2.5
.4
1.7
2.261
2.4
–.3
.5
1.8
7.3
9.0
4.5
3.4
1.0
.8
Medical care.................
6.281
2.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.7
5.0
3.7
4.2
4.3
3.6
NOTE:
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Consumer Prices in 2006
creased ethanol production led to an increase in feeder steer
slaughters. 6
Prices for dairy products decreased 1.2 percent last year,
after increasing 1.7 percent in 2005. Milk prices declined
2.5 percent in 2006, following a 3.5-percent rise the previous year. Milk production rose in 2006, the result of a rise
in the milk-cow population and an increase in milk output
per cow. 7 Over the past several years, farm expansions and
relatively few farm exits have led to rising numbers of milk
cows.8 The prices of cheese and related products decreased
1.9 percent last year, after increasing 0.5 percent in 2005.
The poultry index declined 0.7 percent in 2006, following a rise of 0.3 percent the previous year. Chicken prices fell 0.9 percent last year, after decreasing 0.3 percent in
2005. Broiler production rose in 2006, due to both a rise
in the number of birds slaughtered and an increase in the
average live weight per bird.9
Fresh-fruit prices advanced 4.3 percent in 2006, following a 1.3-percent increase in 2005. Apple prices rose
10.0 percent last year, compared with 4.2 percent in 2005.
Higher apple prices accompanied a smaller crop in addition to stronger-than-usual demand. The index for oranges, including tangerines, rose 11.8 percent in 2006, after
rising 5.7 percent the previous year. In the spring of 2006,
a frost in California reduced the orange harvest. A heat
spell that followed during the summer then led to relatively small-sized oranges. Nearly three-quarters of California oranges are navel oranges and account for the majority of fresh oranges sold in the United States during
winter months.10
Prices of fresh vegetables decreased 0.8 percent last
year, compared with a 2.3-percent drop in 2005. Higher potato and lettuce prices were offset by lower prices for
tomatoes and other fresh vegetables.
Pork prices have hardly changed over the past 2 years.
The pork index increased 0.7 percent in 2006, after decreasing 0.1 percent in 2005. During the past 2 years, pork
exports have increased significantly, yet pork prices have
remained about flat, due to rising pork production, an increase in the number of pigs per litter, a growing number
of hog imports from Canada, and declining domestic per
capita pork consumption.11
Items other than food and energy
Shelter. Shelter inflation accelerated last year, with the
shelter index rising 4.2 percent, compared with a 2.6-percent increase in 2005. Owners’ equivalent rent of primary
residence, rent of primary residence, and hotels and motels each accelerated in 2006.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
The index for rent of primary residence increased 4.3
percent last year, after rising 3.1 percent in 2005. In 2006,
higher mortgage interest rates and rising home prices together made buying a home less affordable. These factors
stopped the shift from renting to buying, reduced rental
vacancies, and allowed landlords to raise rents at a faster
pace than during 2005.
According to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors,
in mid-2005 demand for new and existing homes began
to slow. During the first half of 2006, declining demand
for homes accelerated. By mid-2006, new- and existinghome sales declined dramatically to a level roughly 15
percent less than that of the previous year.12
In July of last year, the average 30-year conventional
fixed mortgage interest rate rose to 6.41 percent, its highest level in 4 years, before declining steadily throughout
the remaining months. In June 2003, this interest rate had
registered a 40-year low of 5.82 percent.13
The index for owners’ equivalent rent advanced 4.3 percent in 2006, up from a 2.5-percent rise in 2005. This index
represents approximately 73 percent of the shelter index
and approximately 24 percent of the index for all items.
Charges for hotels and motels rose 3.9 percent in 2006,
after rising 3.3 percent the previous year.
New and used motor vehicles. In 2006, both new- and
used-vehicle prices declined. The index for new vehicles
decreased more in 2006—0.9 percent—than it decreased
in 2005, when it fell 0.4 percent. The index for used cars
and trucks decreased 2.2 percent last year, after rising 1.4
percent in 2005.
New-car prices rose 0.2 percent in 2006, while newtruck prices decreased 2.0 percent. During 2005 and the
first half of 2006, sharply rising gasoline prices led to a reduction in consumer demand for new light trucks, including sport utility vehicles. Simultaneously, demand for smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles, such as hybrids, increased.
Fewer new light vehicles (cars, sport utility vehicles, and
pickup trucks) were sold last year (16.5 million), compared
with an average of nearly 17 million per year sold in the previous 2-year period.14 Truck prices have been decreasing steadily since 1999 and are now at 1994 levels. In addition to high
motor fuel prices, factors that held down new-vehicle prices
included intense competition among automakers, higher interest rates, and higher inventories of new vehicles.15
Medical care. The medical care index increased 3.6
percent last year, the smallest increase since 1998, after rising 4.3 percent in 2005. Lower inflation for prescription drugs and medical supplies and for profes-
sional medical services was partially offset by higher
inflation for hospital and related services.
Medical care commodities prices rose 1.8 percent last
year, the smallest increase in this index since 1995. In 2005,
prices for medical care commodities rose 3.7 percent. Prices for prescription drugs and medical supplies rose much
less in 2006 (1.9 percent) than during the previous year
(4.4 percent). Indeed, the 2006 increase was the smallest calendar-year rise in that index since 1973. In January 2006, Medicare introduced a prescription drug benefit “Part D,” which contributed to a slower rate of price
growth in the index for prescription drugs. The prices that
Medicare Part D beneficiaries pay for these drugs are typically less than those paid by other health insurance providers and by the uninsured.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics handled the introduction of this new Federal drug benefit plan by recording
any price changes between estimated Medicare-approved
discount card prices in the final collection periods of 2005
and the full Part D benefit prices recorded in January and
February of 2006. The implementation of the Medicare
Part D program did not affect the CPI prescription-drug
index after the release of the February 2006 data.
Another factor behind the lower rise in the index for
prescription drugs occurred during the fourth quarter,
when many pharmacies offered certain generic medications at dramatically reduced prices. As a result, for the 3month period ended December 2006, the unadjusted index for prescription drugs decreased 1.7 percent. Finally,
a number of popular, name-brand drugs, including medications for high cholesterol, depression, and blood thinning, lost their patent protection during the summer of
2006. The ensuing substitution by consumers from higher
priced name-brand medications to the new lower priced
generic equivalents was felt acutely in the last quarter of
2006, when the CPI reflected such substitutions.
The medical care services index rose 4.1 percent in 2006,
down from a 4.5-percent increase the previous year, reflecting a deceleration in the indexes for physicians’ services, dental services, and eyeglasses and eye care. Following
a 3.1-percent rise in 2005, fees for physicians’ services increased 1.7 percent last year, the smallest annual advance
in this index since 1949. Physicians implemented very few
fee changes in 2006. Among those fees which did change,
dental service fees increased 5.0 percent, after rising 5.7
percent the previous year, and charges for hospital services
rose 6.2 percent, compared with 5.2 percent in 2005.
Apparel and airline fares.
Apparel (clothing, footwear,
watches, and jewelry) prices rose 0.9 percent in 2006, following a 1.1-percent decrease in 2005. The 0.9-percent increase was the first in this index since 1997. Apparel retailers have had a difficult decade. Consumers increasingly
have been purchasing more electronics items, leaving less
disposable income for clothing and other apparel. Intense
competition from discount apparel stores has resulted in
closures and consolidation within the industry. The lifting of Chinese import restrictions has provided the United States with a source of relatively inexpensive clothing,
and Chinese clothing has been increasing its share of the
apparel market. Airline fares declined 1.0 percent in 2006,
after rising 6.4 percent in 2005. Airlines have been able to
lower fares by laying off workers and revising union contracts, thereby lowering their costs.
Notes
1
Annual percent changes are calculated from December to
December.
World crude-oil prices are officially called “Refiner Acquisition
Cost of Crude Oil, Composite (of both Domestic and Imported Oil).”
Prices cited here were published in Petroleum Marketing Monthly, February 2007 (Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, February 2007).
2
3
Short-Term Energy Outlook (Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Dec. 12, 2006 ).
4
Short-Term Energy Outlook (Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Feb. 6, 2007).
5
Short-Term Energy Outlook (Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Jan. 9, 2007).
6
Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jan. 23, 2007).
7
Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dec. 18, 2006).
8
Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook (U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, Dec. 16, 2005).
Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dec. 18, 2006).
9
10
Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture,
November 30, 2006).
11
Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Outlook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jan. 23, 2007).
12
Monetary Policy Report to the Congress (Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System, Feb. 14, 2007).
13
Mortgage Interest Rate, 30-Year Conventional Mortgages, FixedRate (Federal Home Mortgage Corporation, February 2007).
14
Sales figures for new vehicles are from Automotive News (Crain
Communications, Inc., January 2007).
15
New model-year cars and trucks are phased into the sample as they
begin outselling the older model-year vehicles in the sampled CPI dealerships and are adjusted for changes in quality. For more details, see “Report
on Quality Changes for 2007 Model Vehicles” (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Nov. 14, 2006), on the Internet at www.bls.gov/ppi/ppi07car.pdf.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
How do older Americans
spend their time?
Older Americans’ time use changes dramatically
with age, but it is the lower employment rates
at older ages—rather than age itself—that matter most
Rachel Krantz-Kent
and
Jay Stewart
Rachel Krantz-Kent
is an economist,
and Jay Stewart
is a research economist,
in the Office of
Employment and
Unemployment Statistics,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
E-mail:
Krantz-Kent.Rachel@bls.gov
or
Stewart.Jay@bls.gov
U
nderstanding how older Americans
spend their time and how their time
use changes at key life events, such as
retirement, is important because it affects their
well-being. Other aspects of aging, such as the
determinants of labor supply and retirement
age, the adequacy of retirement savings, and
the importance of housing wealth, have been
researched extensively. But little attention has
been devoted to how older Americans spend
their time.
At retirement, the opportunity cost of
spending time in leisure and household production activities declines, because individuals
no longer forgo wages to engage in these activities. Economic theory predicts that, because
of their lower income and lower opportunity
cost of time, retirees will spend more time doing household production activities—such as
cooking, cleaning, and performing household
maintenance—than they did while they were
employed.1 The predicted effect of retirement
on time spent in leisure activities is ambiguous, because the effects of a lower opportunity
cost of time and lower income work in opposite directions: the lower opportunity cost
of time in retirement tends to increase time
spent in leisure activities, while the decline in
income tends to decrease time spent in leisure
activities.2 Thus, when comparing the time
use of older Americans who are employed
with those who are not employed, one expects
to find that the nonemployed spend more
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
time in household production activities and
either more or less time in leisure activities
than those who are employed. Along the same
lines, one would expect part-time workers to
be in some sense “between” full-time workers
and nonworkers in how they use their time—
especially if people work part time to ease the
transition from full-time work to retirement.
Psychological and sociological research
has shown the importance of being socially
engaged throughout the aging process. For
example, staying connected with others and
maintaining socially supportive relationships
have both been shown to enhance the mental
and physical health of the elderly3 and to contribute to longevity.4
Until recently, there were few diary-based
surveys of time use done in the United States,
and all had small samples, resulting in limited
information about older persons’ time use.
Detailed analyses—for example, by full- or
part-time employment status for detailed age
groups—were not possible. Still, past time-use
studies have provided some valuable findings
about older Americans’ use of time.
In their book Time for Life, John Robinson
and Geoffrey Godbey included some insights
about older Americans’ time use. They found
that older persons spent less time doing paid
work, more time engaging in leisure activities,
more time doing housework, and more time
sleeping compared with younger individuals.5
They also found that employment status was
a more important factor than age in its impact on older
persons’ use of time. Research by Liana Sayer, Suzanne
Bianchi, and John Robinson shows that Americans aged
65 and older spent more time in leisure activities in 1998
than they had in 1975. There was also an increase in the
amount of time older Americans spent both alone and at
home6 over this same period.7
Anne Gauthier and Timothy Smeeding found that, for
American women aged 55 to 64, nonemployed individuals’ overall time use was similar to that of individuals employed full time on the days they did not work. However,
this result did not hold for American men.8 In another
article, Gauthier and Smeeding made cross-national
time-use comparisons and examined trends in time use
between the 1960s and the 1990s. They found that older
Americans were spending more time both in passive leisure activities (for example, watching television, reading,
or listening to the radio) and in active ones (for example,
playing sports or engaging in fitness activities) than in
years past.9
This study combines 2003 and 2004 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS’s) new American Time Use
Survey (ATUS) to examine how older individuals spent
their time on an average day during that 2-year period.
The ATUS’s large sample size permits detailed analyses by
demographic characteristics, day of week, time of day, and
presence of others. The first part of the article examines
how older Americans’ time use varies by age, employment
status, and sex. The rest of the article examines social engagement and connectedness by looking at how much
time older Americans spent actively socializing and how
much time they spent alone and with other people.
Data
The ATUS sample is a stratified random sample, drawn
from households that have completed their participation
in the Current Population Survey (CPS). The ATUS data
are nationally representative of the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 years and older and provide
age detail for respondents up to age 80.10 The survey began in 2003 and is ongoing. The data used in this article
cover the period from January 2003 through December
2004.11 About 1,725 diaries were collected each month of
2003 and about 1,165 diaries each month of 2004, for a
total sample size of 34,693, almost four times the size of
the 1992–94 University of Maryland time-use survey, the
largest U.S. time-use survey conducted prior to the ATUS. 12
The ATUS provides a wealth of information about how
Americans allocate their time to various activities.13 Dur-
ing a telephone interview, respondents sequentially report
their activities for the 24-hour period that began at 4 a.m.
the previous day and ended at 4 a.m. the day of the interview. Interviews are conducted every day except for a
few major holidays; thus, the data cover two entire years,
excluding the days before these holidays. For each activity reported, respondents provide the starting and ending
times, where they were, and whom they were with. After
the interview, each activity is assigned a three-tier activity code.14 ATUS interviewers do not systematically collect information about secondary activities (for example,
listening to the radio while driving or watching TV while
eating) in the time diary, except for childcare.
The ATUS also includes information about household
composition, demographics, and labor force status, such
as whether the respondent was employed, unemployed,
or not in the labor force (NILF).15 The ATUS data do not
distinguish between different reasons for being NILF (as
is done in the CPS); however, it is possible to identify respondents who report that they did not work because they
were disabled or unable to work.
The sample for the analysis that follows includes men
and women aged 55 and older, except individuals who indicated that they were NILF because they were disabled.
The resulting sample size was 10,091 observations. In
generating estimates, the sample weights were adjusted to
ensure that each day of the week was equally represented
for each demographic group examined.16
The exclusion of the NILF-disabled was done to facilitate some of the age comparisons, but its overall effect is
relatively small. The effect of this exclusion is the largest
for 55- to 59-year-old men, because disabled individuals
account for more than one-third of all those NILF for
this age-sex group, and the disabled and the nondisabled
use their time differently. For example, the NILF-disabled spent less time doing household work and more
time sleeping and watching TV. This exclusion had a
somewhat smaller effect on 55- to 59-year-old women,
because there is little difference in time use between the
disabled and the nondisabled in this age group. The effect
is small for 60- to 64-year-olds and is negligible for the
65- to 69-year-old and 70-and-older age groups.
The ATUS data have four important limitations that
are relevant to this analysis. First, because individuals living in residential-care facilities are out of scope for the
ATUS, one would expect the ATUS sample to be healthier,
on average, than the elderly population as a whole.17 Perhaps more importantly, the effect of this scope restriction is likely to be larger for older age groups. Second,
the ATUS drops interviews from individuals who did not
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
remember or who declined to provide activity information
for more than 3 hours of the 24-hour diary day. This restriction excludes a disproportionate fraction of the oldest
of the elderly from the ATUS sample, because they appear
to have more difficulty, in general, recalling their previous
day’s activities accurately. As with the previous restriction,
one would expect the ATUS sample to be healthier than
the elderly population as a whole, with the difference being larger for older age groups. Third, this article presents
a cross-sectional analysis of older Americans, so it is impossible to determine whether differences by age are due
to factors associated with aging or due to cohort effects.
Finally, because the ATUS data include only one diary per
person, it is impossible to make direct observations about
changes in time use due to changes in employment status.
Time use of older Americans
Table 1 shows the time spent in selected activities for men
and women by age and employment status. Because parttime bridge jobs—jobs held after a career full-time job
ends and before full retirement from the labor force—are
an important avenue for making the transition into retirement,18 separate estimates were generated for full-time
and part-time workers (based on usual hours worked per
week).Although there were too few observations to generate separate estimates of time use for the unemployed,
they are included in the “Total” columns.
Comparing the “Total” columns, one can see systematic
differences by age for both sexes. Hours worked per day
declined with age, while time spent sleeping and doing
leisure and sports activities increased. For men, time spent
doing household work also increased with age. However,
as will be seen subsequently, most of the differences by age
disappear after controlling for employment status.
Hours per day spent in market work declined with age
for employed men and women, but most of this decline
was due to a shift from full-time to part-time employment. Examining full-time and part-time employment
separately shows that hours worked varied by about 1
hour per day across age groups.
Time spent doing household work did not vary much
with age for either sex, because of two offsetting effects.19
The first, which was due to the decline in employment
rates with age, tended to increase time spent doing household work. The fraction of men and women who were
NILF increased with age, and those who were NILF spent
more time doing household work than those who were
employed. The second effect was that time spent doing
household work declined with age for individuals who
10
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
were NILF. The decline for nonworking women could be
due to a number of factors: increased help with household
work by retiring husbands, decreased demand for household work because the percent of the elderly living with
children or with a spouse declined with age, reduced demand for household work because of downsizing to smaller homes, or decreased ability to do household work.
Table 2 shows the time nonworking men and women
spent doing household work, by the presence of a spouse
or unmarried partner in the household. The time nonworking men spent doing household work declined with
age, but did not vary much by the presence of a spouse
or partner. However, for nonworking women aged 65
and older, those who lived with a spouse or partner spent
about 1 hour more per day doing household work than
their counterparts who did not live with a spouse or partner, with time spent doing food preparation and cleanup
explaining about half of this difference. Table 2 also shows
that the time women spent doing household work declined with age, even after adjusting for the presence of a
spouse or partner.
Older persons at all age levels who were NILF spent significantly more time in leisure and sports activities than employed individuals, and women spent less time in leisure and
sports activities than men, regardless of employment status.
(See table 1.) Older men who were NILF spent about 3.5 to 4
hours more per day in leisure and sports activities than those
who worked full time. Women aged 55 to 69 who were NILF
spent 2.5 more hours per day in leisure and sports activities
than those employed full time; this difference increased by
about 1 hour for women aged 70 and older. These differences
by employment status account for most of the increase in
leisure time with age in the “Total” columns, although there
was a slight increase with age among those NILF.
Television watching accounted for about half of all leisure and sports time for men and women aged 55 and
older, and this fraction did not vary much by age. As with
leisure time in general, men spent more time watching
TV than did women, regardless of employment status and
age group. The amount of time older Americans spent socializing and communicating did not vary much by age,
after controlling for employment status. As might be expected, those who worked fewer hours spent more time
socializing and communicating. Time spent reading for
personal interest increased with age. Americans aged 70
and older spent twice as much time reading for personal
interest as those aged 55 to 59. Although it is not possible
to determine whether the difference in reading time is due
to aging or to between-cohort differences in time spent
reading, it is worth noting that a larger fraction of 55- to
Table 1.
Hours that men and women spent doing various activities on an average day in 2003 and 2004, by age and
employment status
Aged 55–59
Activities of men
Total
Work¹
5.0
Household work
(including related
travel)²
2.6
Care of household
members (including
related travel)
.1
Food preparation
and cleanup
.3
Lawn and garden
care
.4
Employed
6.1
2.2
.1
.2
.3
Employed
full time
Aged 60–64
Not in
Employed the labor
part time
force
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor
force
6.4
3.1
0.0
3.8
6.1
6.7
3.8
0.0
2.1
3.3
4.5
2.5
2.0
1.8
2.6
3.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.7
.5
.4
.3
.6
.8
Religious activities
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
Volunteer activities
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
Leisure and sports
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.8
7.6
5.6
4.4
4.1
5.7
7.6
.5
1.0
1.1
.7
.5
.5
.6
.9
2.4
3.0
3.9
3.1
2.4
2.3
3.0
4.3
.2
.4
.5
.4
.3
.2
.5
.6
Socializing and
communicating
Watching TV
.6
2.8
.5
2.5
Sports, exercise,
or recreation
.3
Relaxing and thinking
.3
.3
.3
.4
.5
.4
.4
.3
.4
.5
Reading
.4
.4
.3
.6
.6
.5
.4
.5
.4
.7
8.1
7.9
7.9
8.2
8.6
8.3
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.9
.6
.6
.6
.4
.5
.5
.6
.6
.5
.4
Eating
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
Travel³
.9
1.0
1.0
.6
.5
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
.8
Other activities
.4
.4
.3
.8
.7
.8
.4
.4
.5
1.0
Sleep
Grooming
.3
Aged 65–69
Activities of men
Total
Work¹
1.8
Household work
(including related
travel)²
3.2
Care of household
members (including
related travel)
.2
Food preparation
and cleanup
.4
Lawn and garden
care
.6
Employed
4.7
2.4
.2
.2
.5
Employed
full time
Aged 70 and older
Not in
Employed the labor
Total
part time
force
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor
force
6.0
3.0
.0
.6
4.6
6.2
3.4
.0
2.2
2.8
3.6
2.9
2.0
1.9
2.1
3.1
.0
.4
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.2
.2
.4
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.6
.5
.7
.5
.3
.5
.2
.5
.2
Religious activities
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
Volunteer activities
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.0
.1
.2
Leisure and sports
6.9
4.8
3.9
6.0
8.1
7.7
5.1
4.1
5.9
8.1
.5
.6
.9
.7
.4
.2
.5
.8
Socializing and
communicating
.7
.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
11
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Table 1.
Continued—Hours that men and women spent doing various activities on an average day in 2003 and
2004, by age and employment status
Aged 65–69
Activities of men
Watching TV
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Aged 70 and older
Not in
Employed the labor
Total
part time
force
Employed
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor
force
3.9
2.7
2.3
3.1
4.6
4.2
3.0
2.4
3.4
4.3
Sports, exercise,
or recreation
.3
.2
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
.1
.2
.4
Relaxing and
thinking
.5
.4
.3
.6
.6
.7
.4
.4
.4
.8
Reading
Sleep
Grooming
.7
.5
.4
.6
.8
1.1
.6
.4
.8
1.2
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.6
9.0
8.4
8.4
8.5
9.1
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.6
.5
Eating
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
Travel³
.7
1.0
1.0
.9
.6
.6
.9
.7
1.0
.6
Other activities
.6
.6
.4
.9
.7
.8
.7
.7
.8
.7
Aged 55–59
Activities of women
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Aged 60–64
Not in
Employed the labor
Total
part time
force
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor
force
Work¹
3.7
5.0
5.7
2.8
.0
2.2
4.3
5.2
2.9
.0
Household work
(including related
travel)²
3.8
3.2
3.0
3.8
5.5
4.2
3.3
3.2
3.6
5.0
Care of household
members (including
related travel)
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
Food preparation
and cleanup
.9
.7
.7
.9
1.2
.9
.7
.7
.8
1.1
Lawn and garden
care
.2
.2
.1
.3
.5
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
Religious activities
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
Volunteer activities
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
Leisure and sports
4.3
3.8
3.6
4.3
6.1
5.0
3.9
3.6
4.4
6.1
Socializing and
communicating
.8
.7
.6
1.0
1.0
.7
.6
.6
.6
.8
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.4
2.6
1.9
1.7
2.2
3.3
Sports, exercise,
or recreation
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
Relaxing and
thinking
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
Reading
.6
.6
.6
.7
.6
.7
.6
.5
.6
.8
8.1
8.0
7.8
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.2
8.0
8.5
8.6
Watching TV
Sleep
Grooming
.8
.9
.9
.8
.6
.8
.9
.9
.8
.7
Eating
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
Travel³
.9
1.0
1.0
.9
.6
.7
.8
.8
.7
.7
Other activities
.8
.6
.7
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
.7
1.4
1.3
See footnotes at end of table.
12
Employed
full time
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 1.
Continued—Hours that men and women spent doing various activities on an average day in 2003 and
2004, by age and employment status
Aged 65–69
Activities of women
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Aged 70 and older
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor Total
force
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in
the labor
force
Work¹
1.0
4.0
5.4
2.6
.0
.2
2.9
6.1
1.7
.0
Household work
(including related
travel)²
4.3
3.4
3.0
3.7
4.6
3.9
3.5
2.7
3.8
3.9
Care of household
members (including
related travel)
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
Food preparation
and cleanup
1.1
.7
.6
.8
1.2
.9
.7
.5
.8
1.0
Lawn and garden
care
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
Religious activities
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
Volunteer activities
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
Leisure and sports
5.9
4.4
4.0
4.9
6.5
7.0
5.5
3.6
6.1
7.2
Socializing and
communicating
.8
.7
.5
.9
.8
.8
.8
.4
.9
.8
3.1
2.2
1.8
2.6
3.4
3.8
3.0
2.2
3.2
3.9
Sports, exercise,
or recreation
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
Relaxing and thinking
.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
.7
.3
.3
.2
.7
Watching TV
Reading
Sleep
Grooming
.9
.7
.8
.7
1.0
1.1
.9
.4
1.0
1.1
8.6
8.2
7.7
8.5
8.7
9.0
8.2
7.9
8.3
9.0
.8
.9
.9
.9
.7
.7
.9
1.0
.8
.7
Eating
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.3
Travel³
.6
.8
1.0
.6
.6
.5
.6
.6
.6
.4
1.1
.7
.3
1.2
1.2
1.0
.7
.7
1.0
1.1
Other activities
¹ Work times includes breaks from work that were 15 minutes or
less and travel episodes that were preceded and followed by like episodes of “Work, main job” (050101) or “Work, other job(s)” (050102).
² Household work includes the following activities: Household
activities (02) except Household and personal mail and messages
(except e-mail) (020903) and Household and personal e-mail and
messages (020904); Caring for and helping household members (03);
Consumer purchases (07); Professional and personal care services
(08); Household services (09); Using government services (1001);
Waiting associated with government services/civic obligations (1003);
Security procedures related to government services/civic obligations
(1004); Government services, not elsewhere classified (1099); Travel
related to household activities (1702); Travel related to caring for and
helping household members (1703); Travel related to consumer purchases (1707); Travel related to using professional and personal care
59-year-olds grew up with television in the home, compared with those aged 70 and older. Employment status
was also a factor, with nonworking individuals spending
more time reading than the employed.
Individuals aged 70 and older slept about 1 hour more
services (1708); Travel related to using household services (1709);
Travel related to using police/fire services (171001); Travel related to
using social services (171002); Travel related to obtaining licenses
and fines/fees (171003); and Travel related to government services/
civic obligations, not elsewhere classified (171099).
³ Travel includes all travel episodes except those already accounted for in work and in household work.
NOTE: Columns with the heading “Total” are averages for individuals who were employed, not in the labor force, and unemployed. Columns with the heading “Employed” are averages for individuals who
were employed full time and employed part time. Averages for the
unemployed are not shown separately, because there were too few
observations in the sample.
per day than 55- to 59-year-olds. About half of this difference was due to the greater sleep time of those NILF
compared with the employed, combined with a decline in
the fraction employed with age. The rest was due to an
increase in sleep times with age, even after controlling for
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
13
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Table 2. Hours that nonworking older Americans spent doing household work on an average day in 2003 and 2004, by
sex, presence of a spouse or unmarried partner, and age
Men not in the labor force
Spouse or unmarried partner
present in household
Activities
Aged
55–59
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
4.8
3.5
3.6
Care of household members
(including related travel)
.1
.2
Food preparation and cleanup
.6
Lawn and garden care
.7
Household work (including
related travel)¹
No spouse or unmarried partner
present in household
Aged 70 and
older
Aged
55–59
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged 70 and
older
3.2
4.3
3.4
3.6
2.8
.2
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.3
.4
.4
.6
.6
.5
.5
.8
.7
.6
1.4
.6
.5
.3
Women not in the labor force
Spouse or unmarried partner
present in household
Household work (including
related travel)¹
Care of household members
(including related travel)
Food preparation and cleanup
Lawn and garden care
Aged
55–59
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
5.3
5.1
4.9
.2
.2
1.2
.5
Aged
55–59
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
4.5
6.1
4.9
4.0
3.5
.2
.2
.5
.2
.1
.0
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
¹ Household work includes the following activities: Household
activities (02) except Household and personal mail and messages
(except e-mail) (020903) and Household and personal e-mail and
messages (020904); Caring for and helping household members (03);
Consumer purchases (07); Professional and personal care services
(08); Household services (09); Using government services (1001);
Waiting associated with government services/civic obligations (1003);
Security procedures related to government services/civic obligations
(1004); Government services, not elsewhere classified (1099); Travel
employment status. Time spent eating and drinking did
not vary much by either age or employment status.
These results indicate that employment status plays a
large role in explaining changes in time use by age. Another
way to compare workers and nonworkers is to account for
the time that nonworkers gained by not working. Table 3
shows the percentage of this time that nonworkers spent
doing household work, engaging in leisure and sports,
sleeping, and doing other activities.20 For both men and
women, the largest share of this “freed-up” time was spent
in leisure (between 52 percent and 70 percent for men and
between 44 percent and 59 percent for women), and less
than half was spent doing household work (19 percent
to 38 percent for men and 20 percent to 44 percent for
women). Consistent with the findings presented here, the
percentage of freed-up time spent doing household work
declined with age, while the percentage spent in leisure
activities increased.
14
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
No spouse or unmarried partner
present in household
Aged 70 and
older
Aged 70 and
older
related to household activities (1702); Travel related to caring for and
helping household members (1703); Travel related to consumer purchases (1707); Travel related to using professional and personal care
services (1708); Travel related to using household services (1709);
Travel related to using police/fire services (171001); Travel related to
using social services (171002); Travel related to obtaining licenses
and fines/fees (171003); and Travel related to government services/
civic obligations, not elsewhere classified (171099).
Another factor that likely plays an important role in
how older Americans spend their time is their health. The
exclusion of people who reported not working because
of a disability partially controls for this, but the group of
nondisabled nonworkers is not as homogeneous as one
might think. Health tends to decline with age, but as previously noted, very few people aged 65 and older report
that they are NILF because of a disability. One explanation
may be that those who stopped working at age 55 because
of a disability may not report their disability as a reason
for not working at age 65, because they would have been
retired at that age even without the disability. Therefore,
even though the NILF-disabled have been excluded from
this analysis, differences by age will include the effects of
age-related declines in health. Working in the opposite
direction are the factors noted earlier which lead one
to believe that the ATUS sample of older Americans is
healthier than the population as a whole, with the dif-
Table 3. How did nonworkers spend the hours they gained by not working? A comparison of time use of individuals
employed full time and those who were not in the labor force on an average day in 2003 and 2004, by age
and sex
Aged
55–59
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged 70 and
older
6.4
6.7
6.0
6.2
Household work
37.5
23.9
23.3
19.4
Leisure and sports activities
53.1
52.2
70.0
64.5
Sleeping
10.9
14.9
5.0
11.3
Other activities
–1.5
9.0
1.7
4.8
5.7
5.2
5.4
6.1
Household work
43.9
34.6
29.6
19.7
Leisure and sports activities
43.9
48.1
46.3
59.0
Sleeping
14.0
11.5
18.5
18.0
Other activities
–1.8
5.8
5.6
3.3
Activities
Men
Average hours per day that full-time workers worked
Differences in the times nonworkers and full-time workers spent doing
selected activities, as a percentage of the time the workers worked:
Women
Average hours per day that full-time workers worked
Differences in the times nonworkers and full-time workers spent doing
selected activities, as a percentage of the time the workers worked:
ference in health likely being larger for older age groups.
Although it is impossible to know which effect is larger, it
is striking how little time use varies by age, after controlling for employment status.
Part-time work and bridge jobs
The preceding analysis suggests that the transition from
full-time work to retirement brings about significant
changes in how individuals spend their time. Bridge jobs
are one way to ease the transition from full-time employment to full retirement. If part-time bridge jobs are in fact
transitional jobs, then one would expect part-time workers’ time use to fall somewhere “between” that of full-time
workers and those who are NILF.
Bridge jobs are often part time; however, they also
can be temporary contract jobs that require long hours
for short periods, followed by spells of no work. It is not
possible to identify the latter with the ATUS data, so we
focus on part-time bridge jobs. The implicit assumption
is that all part-time jobs are bridge jobs. This assumption
is likely to be approximately true for men, but because
women tend to work part time for different reasons and
are more likely than men to work part time at all ages,
such an assumption is not valid for women.
Table 4 shows the differences in time spent in four
major activities between the full-time employed, the part-
time employed, and those NILF, for men and women in
the four age categories. The first column in each age group
shows the difference between part-time and full-time
workers, while the second column shows the difference
between nonworkers and part-time workers. If bridge jobs
are transitional, then one would expect the differences in
the two columns to be similar. The third column for each
age group shows the difference in these differences. The
small differences in differences in the third column for
men suggest that the changes in time use are about the
same when workers make the transition from full-time to
part-time employment, compared with workers making
the transition from part-time employment to NILF. The
differences in differences are generally larger for women,
with the largest differences showing up for women aged
70 and older.21
The pattern of differences in differences is consistent
with the hypothesis that men take part-time jobs to make
a gradual transition into full retirement, whereas the pattern for women is not consistent with this hypothesis. Part
of the reason for the finding for women is that, as already
noted, they often are more likely to work part time at all
ages. It is reasonable to assume that most of the men who
were working part time worked full time at some point,
but that assumption is not realistic for women. Perhaps a
similar pattern would emerge for women if it were possible to identify which part-time workers had once worked
full time.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
15
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Table 4.
Comparison of hours spent in major activities by full-time workers, part-time workers, and those who were
not in the labor force (NILF)
Men aged 55–59
Men aged 60–64
Difference between—
Difference between—
Activities
Work
Part-time and
full-time
workers
Individuals
not in the
labor force
and part-time
workers
Difference in Part-time and
full-time
differences
workers
Individuals
Difference in
not in the
differences
labor force
and part-time
workers
–3.3
–3.1
0.2
–2.9
–3.8
–0.9
Household work (including related travel)
1.2
1.2
.0
.8
.8
.0
Leisure and sports
1.6
1.8
.2
1.6
1.9
.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.9
.8
Sleep
Men aged 65–69
Men aged�������������
70 and older
Difference between—
Difference between—
Part-time and
full-time
workers
Individuals
not in the
labor force
and part-time
workers
–3.0
–3.0
.0
–2.8
–3.4
–.6
.6
.8
.2
.2
1.0
.8
2.1
2.1
.0
1.8
2.2
.4
.3
.3
.1
.6
.5
Activities
Work
Household work (including related travel)
Leisure and sports
Sleep
.0
Difference in
differences Part-time and
full-time
workers
Women aged 55–59
Work
Part-time and
full-time
workers
Difference in
differences
Women aged������
60–64
Difference between—
Activities
Individuals
not in the
labor force
and part-time
workers
Difference between—
Individuals
not in the
labor force
and part-time
workers
Difference in
differences Part-time and
full-time
workers
Individuals
Difference in
not in the
differences
labor force
and part-time
workers
–2.9
–2.8
.1
–2.3
–2.9
–.6
Household work (including related travel)
.8
1.7
.9
.4
1.4
1.0
Leisure and sports
.7
1.8
1.1
.8
1.7
.9
Sleep
.7
.1
–.6
.5
.1
–.4
Women aged 65–69
Women aged�������������
70 and older
Difference between—
Activities
Work
Part-time
full-time and
workers
Difference between—
Individuals
not in the
labor force
and part-time
workers
Individuals
Difference in
Part-time
not in the
differences full-time and
labor force
workers
and part- time
workers
Difference ���
in�
differences
–2.8
–2.6
.2
–4.4
–1.7
2.7
Household work (including related travel)
.7
.9
.2
1.1
.1
–1.0
Leisure and sports
.9
1.6
.7
2.5
1.1
–1.4
Sleep
.8
.2
–.6
.4
.7
.3
Differences in overall time use
Activity-by-activity comparisons are useful for comparing
time spent in specific activities. But it also is useful to have
16
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
a measure of how overall time use differs by age and employment status. The measure used here, known as a dissimilarity index, summarizes the differences in time use
between two groups. The advantage of the dissimilarity
Table 5. Dissimilarity index comparisons, by age, sex, and employment status
Men
Workers on an average day
All
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged
55–59
0.070
0.155
Aged
60–64
...
Aged
65–69
...
Full time
Aged 70
and older
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
0.216
0.013
.098
.157
...
.068
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged 70
and older
0.038
0.050
0.081
0.059
0.072
...
.039
.061
...
.048
.084
...
...
.023
...
...
.063
Workers on a nonwork day
Not in the labor force (NILF)
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged
55–59
.052
.051
Aged
60–64
...
Aged
65–69
...
Women
Full time
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
.088
.084
.038
.050
...
.042
Aged 70
and older
Aged
65–69
Aged
55–59
.074
.134
Aged
60–64
...
Aged
65–69
...
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
.175
.063
.152
.179
.153
...
.179
.111
...
.096
.200
...
...
.190
...
...
Aged
65–69
.192
.029
.074
.134
...
.072
Aged 70
and older
Aged
55–59
.030
.043
Aged
60–64
...
Aged
65–69
...
Part time
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
.047
.058
.045
.046
.102
...
.035
.058
...
.067
.092
...
...
.044
...
...
.073
Aged 70
and older
Workers on a nonwork day
Full time
Aged 70
and older
Part time
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
Aged 70
and older
Aged
60–64
Aged
65–69
.101
.085
.101
.228
.064
.061
.092
.035
.082
...
.110
.170
...
.088
.086
...
.055
...
...
.146
...
...
.093
index is that it summarizes differences in overall time use
with a single number that can be thought of as a measure
of the “distance” between the two groups.
The dissimilarity index (DI) is given by the formula22
DI
.114
Aged 70
and older
Not in the labor force (NILF)
Aged
65–69
Aged 70
and older
Workers on an average day
Full time
Aged
60–64
Aged
60–64
Part time
Aged 70
and older
All
Aged
60–64
Part time
Aged 70
and older
Aged 70
and older
where ai is the time spent in activity i by group a, bi is the
time spent in activity i by group b, and k is the number
of activities. This index ranges between 0 and 1, with 0
indicating that the two groups spend the same amount of
time in each activity and 1 indicating that the two groups
have no activities in common. The index is best described
as a weighted average of the absolute percent difference
in time spent in all activities.23 Alternatively, it is equal to
the fraction of time that would have to be reallocated by
one group to make the two groups identical in time spent
in each activity. Note that in the ATUS the number of acMonthly Labor Review • May 2007
17
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
tivities (k) can vary because activities are assigned six-digit
codes representing three levels of analysis. The first two
digits of the code correspond to a first tier of detail, the
first four digits correspond to a second tier of detail, and
all six digits correspond to a third tier of detail.24
Tables 5, 6, and 7 show pairwise comparisons by age,
employment status, and sex. These index values were computed twice, with both first- and second-tier activity codes,
but only the estimates computed with the second-tier
codes are presented here.25 Because second-tier codes are
more detailed than first-tier codes, the DI will be larger for
any given difference. For example, differences in the type
of household work done (for instance, yard work versus
indoor cleaning) will show up when second-tier codes are
used, but not when first-tier codes are. With second-tier
codes, index values of 0.07 or smaller indicate virtually no
difference between groups. Values of 0.07 to 0.12 indicate
a small difference, values of 0.12 to 0.17 indicate a moderate difference, and values greater than 0.17 indicate a large
difference. Finally, because the index values are sensitive
to the number of observations, a bootstrap procedure was
used to correct the indexes for small sample bias.26
Table 5 shows dissimilarity index comparisons by age
for both men and women. If time use varies by age, then
one would expect index values to be smaller for age groups
that are “close” to each other. In the panels labeled “All” for
both men and women, this is indeed the case: the index
values for adjacent age groups indicate only small differ-
ences, with the values increasing as the distance between
age groups increases. For both men and women, the index
values range from about 0.07 for adjacent age groups to
about 0.20 for the comparison between 55- to 59-yearolds and those aged 70 and older.
Given the earlier findings that much of the variation
in time use by age was due mainly to differences in the
fraction employed at different ages, one would expect the
same to be true when looking at overall time use. Turning to the panels for full-time workers on an average day,
one sees no differences in time use by age for either men
or women. The indexes for men and women who were
NILF indicate either a small difference or no difference by
age, and comparisons with individuals aged 70 and older
indicate a small difference. Thus, the index comparisons
reinforce the patterns shown in table 1 that overall time
use does not vary much by age after controlling for employment status.
When the sample is restricted to full-time workers on
nonwork days, the data show larger differences by age. For
men, it is clear that 65- to 69-year–olds’ time use differed
from that of the other three age groups, which were fairly
similar to each other. Compared with the other age groups,
65- to 69-year-old men spent more time doing yard work
and caring for nonhousehold adults, and less time sleeping and engaging in leisure activities. For women, index
comparisons of those aged 70 and older with other age
groups are striking. Women in this age group spent less
Table 6. Dissimilarity index comparisons of working and nonworking men and women, by age
Comparison of those NILF
with workers on workers’—
Men
Average day
Full time
Nonwork day
Part time
Full time
Part time
Average day
Nonwork day
Aged 55–59
0.298
0.140
0.105
0.123
0.159
0.174
Aged 60–64
.306
.173
.087
.155
.135
.169
Aged 65–69
.281
.159
.200
.062
.127
.187
Aged 70 and older
.275
.177
.129
.095
.134
.130
Comparison of those NILF
with workers on workers’—
Women
Average day
Full time
18
Comparison of full-time
with part-time workers on—
Comparison of full-time
with part-time workers on—
Nonwork day
Part time
Full time
Part time
Average day
Nonwork day
Aged 55–59
.268
.157
.119
.096
.131
.092
Aged 60–64
.231
.142
.068
.052
.090
.061
Aged 65–69
.243
.120
.116
.090
.146
.141
Aged 70 and older
.286
.113
.160
.083
.194
.177
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 7.
Dissimilarity index comparisons of men
and women, by age and employment status
Age
NILF
55–59
60–64
65–69
70 and older
0.127
.141
.125
.087
Full time
Average
day
0.094
.119
.116
.097
Part time
Nonwork Average Nonwork
day
day
day
0.183
.162
.255
.183
0.138
.156
.131
.143
0.237
.246
.187
.124
little attention is the timing of activities. Such information could be helpful in gaining a better understanding of
when during the day older Americans are more active or
less active and in determining when, for example, might
be the best time to organize outreach, exercise classes, or
other activities for seniors. In this section, variations in
sleep time by age and employment status are examined.
The timing of sleep differs predictably by age and
employment status. The percentage of older Americans who slept between 5 a.m. and 9 a.m. increased
with age, although much of the difference was due to
higher employment rates among the 55- to 59-yearolds. (See chart 1.) The biggest difference between
Americans aged 70 and older and those aged 55 to 59
in their likelihood to be asleep during any given hour
occurred on weekdays between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. On
an average weekday, 47 percent of 55- to 59-year-olds
were asleep during this time interval, compared with
71 percent of individuals aged 70 and older. Americans aged 70 and older also were more likely to nap
during the afternoon hours of 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. on
weekdays, again with labor force status accounting for
much of the difference. Older Americans who were
NILF were more likely to sleep between 5 a.m. and 9
a.m. and between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. than those who
were employed. (See chart 2.)
There were surprisingly small differences, both by age
and employment status, in the fraction of older Americans who were sleeping at each hour on weekday evenings.
Thus, employment status and age were factors in when
older Americans awoke in the morning and took naps in
the afternoon on weekdays, but not in when they went
to sleep in the evening. One explanation for this pattern
could be that nonworkers coordinate their leisure activities with those who are still in the workforce. The extra
sleep in the morning and afternoon does not interfere
with opportunities to socialize with individuals who work
during the day.
On weekend days, there was very little variation in
sleep patterns—except for naps—by either age or employment status. (See charts 3 and 4.) This finding is not
too surprising, because employment status was the main
determinant of sleep patterns during the week and most
workers do not work on weekends.
time preparing meals and more time engaging in incomegenerating activities (that is, other than their jobs27). These
differences—especially in the comparisons to women
aged 70 and older—should be viewed with some caution,
because the bootstrap correction may not have removed
the bias completely.
Finally, there was much more variation in time use
by age among full-time workers on nonwork days than
among those who were NILF. This finding suggests that
there could be large differences between how full-time
workers spent their nonwork days and how nonworkers
spent an average day.
To investigate this possibility, table 6 compares nonworkers’ time use on an average day with workers’ time use
on both an average day and an average nonwork day, by
age. Not surprisingly, for both men and women, there are
large differences in how full-time workers and nonworkers spent their time on an average day, with the dissimilarity indexes in the 0.23-to-0.31 range. The differences
between nonworkers and part-time workers are smaller,
although they are still in the moderate-to-large range.
Comparing nonwork days of full-time and part-time
workers with average days of nonworkers reveals small-tomoderate differences, except for 65- to 69-year-old men.
Thus, we conclude that the average day of a nonworker is
fairly similar to the average nonwork day of a worker.
Table 7 compares men with women. The differences
in time use by men and women on an average day, by
employment status, are in the small-to-moderate range.
The comparison of working men with working women
on nonwork days reveals the largest differences. Women
spent relatively more time doing housework and preparing meals, while men spent relatively more time doing
yard work. As might be expected, the differences between
working men and women on their nonwork days are much
Social contact
smaller when more aggregated activity codes are used.28
Sleep times of older Americans
One facet of older individuals’ time use that has received
As noted in the introduction, social contact plays a role
in older individuals’ well-being. The ATUS allows for
the computation of two measures of social contact: the
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
19
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Chart 1.
Weekday sleep patterns of older Americans, by age
Percent
sleeping
Percent
sleeping
100
100
Aged 55–59
90
90
Aged 60–64
80
80
Aged 65–69
Aged 70 and older
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
4–5
A.M.
6–7
A.M.
8–9
A.M.
10–11
A.M.
12–1
P.M.
2–3
P.M.
4–5
P.M.
6–7
P.M.
8–9
P.M.
10–11
P.M.
12–1
A.M.
2–3
0
A.M.
NOTE: Data are averages for the 2-year period from 2003 to 2004 and refer to time use on weekdays of individuals
aged 55 and older.
Chart 2.
Weekday sleep patterns of older Americans, by labor force status
Percent
sleeping
Percent
sleeping
100
100
Employed
Not in the labor force
90
80
90
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
4–5
A.M.
6–7
A.M.
0
8–9
A.M.
10–11
A.M.
12–1
P.M.
2–3
P.M.
4–5
P.M.
6–7
P.M.
8–9
P.M.
10–11
P.M.
12–1
A.M.
NOTE: Data are averages for the 2-year period from 2003 to 2004 and refer to time use on weekdays of individuals
aged 55 and older.
20
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
2–3
A.M.
Chart 3.
Weekend sleep patterns of older Americans, by age
Percent
sleeping
Percent
sleeping
100
100
Aged 55–59
90
90
Aged 60–64
80
80
Aged 65–69
Aged 70 and older
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
4–5
A.M.
6–7
A.M.
8–9
A.M.
10–11
A.M.
12–1
P.M.
2–3
P.M.
4–5
P.M.
6–7
P.M.
8–9
P.M.
10–11
P.M.
12–1
A.M.
2–3
0
A.M.
NOTE: Data are averages for the 2-year period from 2003 to 2004 and refer to time use on weekend days of individuals
aged 55 and older.
Chart 4.
Weekend sleep patterns of older Americans, by labor force status
Percent
sleeping
Percent
sleeping
100
100
Employed
Not in the labor force
90
80
90
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
4–5
A.M.
6–7
A.M.
8–9
A.M.
10–11
A.M.
12–1
P.M.
2–3
P.M.
4–5
P.M.
6–7
P.M.
8–9
P.M.
10–11
P.M.
12–1
A.M.
2–3
A.M.
NOTE: Data are averages for the 2-year period from 2003 to 2004 and refer to time use on weekend days of individuals
aged 55 and older.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
21
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
amount of time individuals spent actively socializing and
communicating with others;29 and the amount of time individuals spent in the presence of others.30
Although older Americans’ overall leisure time increased with age as individuals retired from the workforce,
time spent socializing remained fairly constant at twothirds to three-quarters of an hour per day. (See table 1.)
Thus, as a fraction of total leisure, time spent socializing
declined with age. This was due to the decline with age in
the fraction employed (which increased the total amount
of leisure time available) and a decline in the amount of
time spent socializing within each employment status
group.
The second measure of social contact is estimated from
information about who else was in the room with, or accompanied, a respondent on the diary day. Such information is collected for all activities except working, sleeping,
grooming, personal activities, and activities that could not
be coded.31 For this reason, time spent with others also
was calculated as a proportion of “available time,” which
is defined here as the time for which the “who” data were
collected.
There are large differences between men and women
in the amount of time spent alone and with others by age.
(See table 8.) For both men and women, time spent alone
increased as hours worked decreased, which resulted in
time spent alone increasing with age because older individuals are less likely to be working and thus have more
available time. After controlling for employment status,
the amount of time spent alone increased for women,
but not for men. The second measure, the share of available time, tells a similar story: the fraction of available
time spent alone increased with age for women, but not
for men. Men aged 55 and older spent about one-half of
their available time alone, whereas women’s time alone increased from 46.2 percent for those aged 55 to 59, to 58.6
percent for those aged 70 and older.
Much of the difference between men and women in
the pattern of time spent alone by age was due to differences in time spent with a spouse or partner. For men, the
time spent with a spouse or partner did not vary systematically with age. But for women, the time spent—both the
amount of time and the fraction of available time—with
a spouse or partner decreased with age, reflecting that
women are more likely to outlive their spouses than are
men. For both men and women, there was a small decline
in the amount of time and the fraction of available time
they spent with other family members. Finally, time spent
with friends did not account for any of the differences
between men and women in time spent alone: both men
22
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
and women spent relatively little time with friends (about
5 percent of available time), and neither the amount nor
the fraction varied much with age.
Time spent with children under 18 declined with age,
reflecting that Americans aged 55 to 59 are more likely to
live in households with children under 18 than are those
aged 70 and older. The percent of available time that men
spent with children fell monotonically from 7.2 percent
for those aged 55 to 59 to 2.8 percent for men aged 70
and older. Overall, older women spent a larger share of
their available time with children than did older men.
Women’s time with children shrank from 10.4 percent of
their available time for those aged 55 to 59 to 3.9 percent
for women aged 70 and older.
Living arrangement is an important factor in older individuals’ level of social contact. Individuals aged 70 and
older who did not live with a spouse or an unmarried partner spent 75 percent (totaling 10.3 hours) of their available time alone on an average day in 2003 and 2004. This
figure is about twice as much time spent alone—both as a
percent of available time and in hours—as older individuals who lived with a spouse or an unmarried partner. (See
chart 5.) Older men and women who did not live with
a spouse or an unmarried partner spent a larger share of
their available time with other family members and friends
than those who did. After controlling for the presence of
a spouse or an unmarried partner in the household, there
was little variation by sex in the time that older men and
women spent with others.
EXAMINING THE ATUS DATA revealed large differences
in time use by age among older individuals. Comparing
the times older Americans spent in specific activities,
their overall time use, and their timing of sleep, this study
found that most differences in time use were due to differences in the fraction of each age group that was employed
and that there was relatively little difference by age after
controlling for employment status. Some of the remaining
differences could be accounted for by observable characteristics. For example, the decline in household work by
older women appeared to be due in part to the increased
fraction of women who are single at older ages.
The ATUS does not include a health measure, so there
is no way to determine how much changes in health could
have affected time use. The natural decline in health as
people age suggests that older ATUS respondents are less
healthy. However, working in the opposite direction is the
fact that a higher fraction of the older population is excluded from the ATUS, because they are in assisted-living
facilities or because they cannot recall enough of the diary
Table 8. Average hours per day and percent of available time¹ that men and women spent with others in 2003
and 2004, by age and employment status
Aged 55–59
Hours spent by
men
Total
Aged 60–64
Not in the
Employed Employed
Employed
labor
full time part time
force
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in the
labor
force
Alone
5.1
4.4
4.2
6.5
8.1
5.4
4.5
4.2
5.6
7.0
With spouse or unmarried
partner
3.8
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.2
4.3
3.6
3.4
4.3
5.4
With family
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.5
5.4
5.0
4.1
3.9
4.9
6.2
With family except spouse
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.9
.8
.7
.7
.6
.9
.7
.6
.6
.7
.9
With children
With friends
.4
.3
.3
.9
1.0
.6
.5
.4
.6
.9
10.4
9.4
9.1
12.2
14.8
11.4
9.5
8.9
11.6
14.6
Alone
48.8
46.8
46.0
53.0
54.4
47.2
47.4
47.1
48.2
47.8
With spouse or unmarried
partner
36.9
39.5
40.2
32.6
28.6
37.9
38.1
38.3
37.3
36.8
With family
42.3
44.2
45.0
36.5
36.4
43.4
43.8
44.3
42.7
42.2
With family except spouse
Available time
Percent of available
time¹ spent
14.0
14.4
14.9
10.2
12.7
12.1
11.3
11.6
11.2
12.9
With children
7.2
7.6
8.0
4.8
6.3
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.0
6.0
With friends
4.0
3.3
2.8
7.3
6.5
5.5
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.9
Aged 65–69
Hours spent by
men
Total
Employed
Aged 70 and older
Employed Employed
full time part time
Not in the
labor
force
Total
Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in the
labor
force
Alone
6.3
4.6
4.2
5.3
7.3
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.4
7.1
With spouse or unmarried
partner
5.6
4.7
4.0
5.6
6.1
5.4
4.2
3.2
4.9
5.6
With family
6.0
5.0
4.2
6.2
6.6
5.9
4.5
3.6
5.3
6.2
With family except spouse
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.1
.8
.7
.8
1.2
With children
.6
.6
.4
.8
.7
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
With friends
.6
.4
.4
.5
.6
.7
.4
.5
.3
.8
13.2
10.4
9.2
12.1
14.8
13.8
10.4
8.8
11.4
14.3
Alone
47.8
44.4
46.1
43.4
49.1
49.7
49.5
51.6
47.5
49.7
With spouse or unmarried
partner
42.5
45.3
43.5
46.2
41.4
38.9
40.4
36.7
43.2
38.8
With family
45.5
48.4
45.6
51.2
44.4
43.0
43.6
41.2
46.0
43.0
With family except spouse
10.7
13.2
12.0
14.3
9.8
8.3
7.3
8.4
6.9
8.5
With children
4.8
5.4
4.1
6.6
4.5
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.9
With friends
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.2
5.2
3.9
5.6
2.7
5.4
Available time
Percent of available
time¹ spent
See footnotes at end of table.
day to complete the interview. There is no way to know the
magnitude of each effect, but it is notable that time use
exhibited relatively little variation by age after accounting
for employment status.
Comparing nonworkers with full-time workers, this
study found that about one-third of the time that was freed
up by not working was spent doing household work. The
rest of their freed-up time was spent in leisure activities
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
23
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Table 8.
Continued—Average hours per day and percent of available time¹ that men and women spent with others in
2003 and 2004, by age and employment status
Aged 55–59
Hours spent by
women
Total
Aged 60–64
Not in the
Employed Employed
Employed
labor
full time part time
force
Total Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in the
labor
force
Alone
5.3
4.7
4.5
5.4
6.7
5.9
5.3
5.3
5.4
6.5
With spouse or unmarried
partner
3.5
3.0
2.8
3.6
4.9
4.0
2.8
2.2
3.7
5.1
With family
5.1
4.4
4.0
5.5
7.1
5.6
4.3
3.6
5.3
6.9
With family except spouse
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.6
3.2
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.6
With children
1.2
1.0
.9
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
With friends
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.7
.6
.4
.9
.8
11.4
10.2
9.6
11.9
14.7
12.6
10.6
10.0
11.7
14.6
Alone
46.2
46.5
46.8
45.6
45.4
46.9
50.0
53.7
45.9
44.6
With spouse or unmarried
partner
30.8
29.7
29.6
30.2
33.6
31.4
26.7
22.4
31.4
35.0
With family
44.6
43.4
42.2
46.1
48.0
44.4
40.5
36.4
45.2
47.4
With family except spouse
21.0
20.6
19.9
22.0
21.9
18.1
18.5
18.6
18.4
18.0
With children
10.4
9.9
9.5
10.6
11.9
10.0
10.0
10.7
9.5
10.2
With friends
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.1
3.3
5.6
6.0
4.4
8.0
5.4
Available time
Percent of available
time¹ spent
Aged 65–69
Hours spent by
women
Total
Aged 70 and older
Not in the
Employed Employed
Employed
labor
full time part time
force
Total Employed
Employed
full time
Employed
part time
Not in the
labor
force
Alone
6.8
5.7
5.2
6.2
7.2
8.2
7.4
5.0
8.2
8.3
With spouse or unmarried
partner
4.2
2.7
2.4
3.0
4.7
3.1
2.0
1.0
2.4
3.2
With family
5.6
4.0
3.5
4.4
6.2
4.6
3.3
2.3
3.8
4.7
With family except spouse
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.8
With children
.9
.7
.6
.8
1.0
.6
.7
.8
.7
.5
With friends
.8
.7
.8
.7
.9
.7
.6
.5
.6
.7
13.5
10.9
10.1
11.8
14.5
14.0
12.0
8.9
13.1
14.1
Alone
50.4
52.3
52.0
53.0
49.6
58.6
62.1
56.5
62.7
58.5
With spouse or unmarried
partner
31.0
24.9
23.7
25.7
32.9
22.3
16.3
11.4
17.9
22.8
With family
41.5
36.4
34.4
37.4
43.0
33.2
27.5
25.2
29.2
33.5
With family except spouse
Available time
Percent of available
time¹ spent
14.5
15.5
15.8
14.5
14.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
14.5
12.9
With children
7.0
6.7
6.3
7.2
6.8
3.9
5.8
9.4
5.4
3.8
With friends
6.1
6.3
7.5
5.6
6.3
5.2
4.7
6.1
4.2
5.2
¹ “Available time” refers to the time spent in activities for which the
NOTE: The total amount of time accounted for by the six who-with
“who” question was asked. The “who” question was asked for all activi- categories (including Alone) does not sum to available time, because
ties except sleeping, grooming, working, personal activities, and activi- the categories are not mutually exclusive. The percentages do not sum
ties that could not be coded.
to 100 for the same reason.
and sleep. In general, for men and women aged 55 and
older, the average day of nonworkers was similar to the
average nonwork day of employed individuals.
24
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
This study included comparisons of full-time workers
with part-time workers and of part-time workers with
nonworkers to look for evidence that older Americans take
Chart 5.
Percent of available time that individuals aged 70 years and older spent with others, by
presence of spouse
Percent
Percent
80
80
No spouse or unmarried partner present in household
70
70
Spouse or unmarried partner present in household
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
Alone
With spouse
or unmarried
partner
With family
except spouse
With friends
0
NOTE: “Who” data were not collected for sleeping, grooming, working, or personal activities, and in cases where the respondent
refused to answer the question or did not know. “Available time” refers to the time during which the “who” data were collected.
Categories on the horizontal axis are not mutually exclusive. Data are averages for the 2-year period from 2003 to 2004.
part-time bridge jobs to ease the transition into retirement. The evidence was consistent with part-time jobs
being bridge jobs for men, but not for women, a result that
was not too surprising, because women are more likely to
work part time at all ages, which means that a smaller
fraction of part-time women workers are in bridge jobs.
The two measures of social connectedness tell somewhat different stories. Time spent socializing changed
little with age for both men and women. Time spent in
the presence of others—primarily time with a spouse or
an unmarried partner—declined for women, but not for
men. This difference probably reflects the fact that women are more likely to outlive their spouses than are men
and that those aged 70 and older who did not live with
a spouse or partner spent considerably more time alone
than those who did.
Notes
An employed individual, who has a higher income and opportunity cost of time, is more likely to hire others to prepare meals, clean
house, and do other household chores. Thus, one would expect employed individuals to spend less time engaged in household production
activities than retired individuals spend.
1
2
Leisure activities are considered to be a “normal” good, meaning
that the consumption of leisure increases as income increases.
3
Maria Mireault and Anton de Man, “Suicidal Ideation among
Older Adults: Personal Variables, Stress, and Social Support,” Social
Behavior and Personality, 1996, vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 385–92.
4
Lynne C. Giles, Gary F. V. Glonek, Mary A. Luszcz, and Gary R.
Andrews, “Effect of Social Networks on 10-year Survival in Very Old
Australians: The Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging,” Journal of
Epidemiology Community Health, 2005, vol. 59, pp. 574–79.
5
John P. Robinson and Geoffrey Godbey, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Spend Their Time (University Park, PA: The
Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
6
“At home” and “alone” are not the same as “home alone,” although
they may overlap.
7
Liana C. Sayer, Suzanne M. Bianchi, and John P. Robinson, “Time
Use Patterns of Older Americans,” Report to NIA, University of Maryland, June 30, 2001.
8
Anne H. Gauthier and Timothy M. Smeeding, “Patterns of Time
Use of People Age 55 to 64 Years Old: Some Cross-National Comparisons,” Center for Policy Research at Syracuse University, Aging
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
25
Time Use Studies: Older Americans
Studies Paper No. 20, March 2000; on the Internet at www-cpr.maxwell.syr.edu/agpapser/age20abs.htm (visited Mar. 29, 2007).
9
Anne H. Gauthier and Timothy Smeeding, “Historical Trends
in the Patterns of Time Use of Older Adults,” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Aging Working Paper, June
2001; on the Internet at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/5/2430978.pdf
(visited Mar. 29, 2007).
10
ATUS estimates can be generated for higher age brackets than
was possible in many past U.S. time-use studies. In 2003 and 2004, age
data were top coded at age 80 in the ATUS. This means that individuals
aged 80 and older who participated in the survey carry an age value of
“80” in the data.
11
While this paper was undergoing final review, the 2005 ATUS data
were released. Data for the years 2003–05 can be downloaded from
the American Time Use Survey home page, www.bls.gov\tus (visited
Mar. 29, 2007).
12
The survey referred to is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n
= 9,386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States,
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The
survey’s primary purpose was to provide comprehensive and current
exposure information for use in probabilistic population exposure
models. For more information, visit www.nature.com/jea/journal/v11/
n3/abs/7500165a.html and www.timeuse.org/information/studies/
data/usa-1992-1994.php.
13
For more details about the American Time Use Survey, visit the
ATUS home page, www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm (visited Mar. 29, 2007);
see also Daniel S. Hamermesh, Harley Frazis, and Jay Stewart, “Data
Watch: The American Time Use Survey,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, winter 2005, pp. 221–32; and Diane Herz and Michael Horrigan,
“Planning, Designing, and Executing the BLS American Time-Use
Survey,” Monthly Labor Review, October 2004, on the Internet at www.
bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/10/contents.htm (visited Mar. 29, 2007).
14
For information about the design of the ATUS activity coding
lexicon, see Kristina Shelley, “Developing the American Time Use
Survey Activity Classification System,” Monthly Labor Review, June
2005; on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/06/contents.
htm (visited Mar. 29, 2007).
15
In the ATUS, labor force data are collected with a slightly modified
version of the questions used to collect labor force information in the
monthly Current Population Survey. The ATUS distinguishes between
“at work” and “with job but absent from work” for the employed and
between “looking” and “on layoff ” for the unemployed. It does not distinguish between different reasons for not being in the labor force.
16
The ATUS weighting procedures ensure that each day of the week
is equally represented at the aggregate level, but this representation
may not hold for more detailed demographic groups.
17
In 2002, the civilian noninstitutional population included 95 percent of the U.S. population aged 65 and older. (See Federal Interagency
Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Older Americans 2004: Key Indicators of Well-Being (Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Nov. 2004).)
18
Christopher C. Ruhm, “Bridge Jobs and Partial Retirement,”
Journal of Labor Economics, October 1990, pp. 482–501.
19
Household work is defined as time spent doing household activities, purchasing goods and services, and caring for household members, plus related travel time.
20
This percentage is equal to the difference between nonworkers
and full-time workers in time spent in the activity, divided by the difference in time spent working (which is equal to the time spent work-
26
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
ing by full-time workers). Negative values indicate that nonworkers
spent less time on the activity than full-time workers did.
21
For women, eight of the differences in differences are statistically
significant at the 10-percent level or better, with half of those being
significant at the 5-percent level or better. For men, only two of the
differences in differences are statistically significant at the 10-percent
level or better.
22
See Jay Stewart, “Assessing Alternative Dissimilarity Indexes for
Comparing Activity Profiles,” The electronic Journal of Time Use Research, August 2006; on the Internet at www.eijtur.org/ (visited Mar.
29, 2007).
23
We used this index because it has an intuitive interpretation and
is the least sensitive to the level of aggregation. (See Stewart, “Assessing Alternative Dissimilarity Indexes,” for a discussion of other dissimilarity indexes used in the time-use literature.) The dissimilarity
index is equivalent to the Duncan segregation index when
24
See the 2004 ATUS Activity Lexicon for a list of codes and
corresponding activities, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/tus/
lexiconoex2004.pdf (visited Mar. 29, 2007).
25
To compute the dissimilarity index values in tables 5, 6, and 7, it
was necessary to further restrict the sample by excluding respondents
who reported spending more than two hours in activities that could
not be coded. This restriction was necessary because time spent in activities that could not be coded represented a much greater fraction of
time for full-time workers on nonwork days. Other comparisons were
not affected by this restriction. For additional information about the
index calculations, please contact the authors.
26
The bootstrap procedure is generally used to generate standard
errors in situations where computation is difficult or would require
overly restrictive assumptions. But the procedure also provides a way
to estimate the bias in the original estimate and, hence, to generate a
bias-corrected estimate. The bias-corrected estimate, however, can have
a larger mean squared error than the original estimate, so it is not necessarily an improvement. The effect of small samples on the value of
the DI, apart from any real differences between the groups, was investigated, and it was clear that smaller samples resulted in larger values
of the DI. Given the magnitude of this effect, it seems clear that the
benefit of reducing the bias outweighs the higher mean squared error.
(For additional information about the index calculations, contact the
authors.)
27
A job is an income-generating activity; here, we refer to other
income-generating activities (for example, selling arts and crafts, babysitting, lawn mowing, and so forth).
28
These estimates are available from the authors on request.
29
The time that individuals spent talking on the phone was not
included, because it amounted to very little time, on average. This exclusion does not affect the results.
30
Individuals are considered to be “with” the respondent if they are
in the same room as, or are accompanied by, the respondent.
31
These activities correspond to activity codes 0101xx, 0102xx,
0104xx, 0501xx, 500105, and 500106. (See the 2004 ATUS Activity
Lexicon for a list of codes and corresponding activities, on the Internet
at www.bls.gov/tus/lexiconnoex2004.pdf (visited Mar. 29, 2007).)
Time Use Studies: Childcare
Comparing childcare measures in the
ATUS and earlier time-diary studies
The American Time Use Survey’s measures of primary
childcare and time with children are comparable
with those in earlier U.S. time-diary studies,
but the secondary childcare measure is not
O
ne of the most important trends to
alter family life in the latter half of
the 20th century was the increase
in women’s labor market opportunities and
employment outside the home. This dramatic
reallocation of women’s time raised questions
about whether increased maternal time in
the labor market deprives children of necessary time with their parents. For this reason,
a number of studies have examined trends in
parental time spent caring for children.1
There is a long tradition of measuring parental time in childcare in the United States using time-diary data.2 The U.S. Department of
Mary Dorinda Allard is an
economist in the Office
Agriculture funded small scale nonnationally
of Employment and
representative time-diary studies in the 1920s,
Unemployment Statistics,
3
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960s, and 1970s, and other institutions have
e-mail: allard.dorinda@
collected nationally representative time-diary
bls.gov; Suzanne Bianchi
data at roughly 10-year intervals, beginning
is chair and professor
in 1965.4 Most recently, the American Time
of sociology, University
Use Survey (ATUS), which is sponsored by the
of Maryland, e-mail:
bianchi@umd.edu; Jay
Bureau of Labor Statistics and conducted by
Stewart is a research
the U.S. Census Bureau, began collecting data
economist in the Office
on a continuous basis in 2003. These data proof Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, vide a rich source of information about how
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Americans spend their time—including time
e-mail: Stewart.Jay@bls.
spent caring for children.
gov; Vanessa R. Wight is a
graduate student in the
Most time-diary studies use similar data
Department of Sociology, collection methods. Respondents are asked
University of Maryland,
e-mail: vwight@socy.umd. to sequentially describe what they did during
a 24-hour period (the “diary day”), which is
edu.
Mary Dorinda Allard,
Suzanne Bianchi,
Jay Stewart,
and
Vanessa R. Wight
often the previous day. Each time period for
which there is a separate activity reported is
an “episode.” For each episode, respondents
are asked to report what they were doing
(their primary activity), how long they were
doing it, who was with them, and where they
were. Some time-diary studies also ask respondents to report what else they were doing during the episode, which is coded as the
secondary activity. When the respondent reports doing more than one activity, the primary activity is the one that the respondent
indicated was the main activity, although it
is the convention in time-diary studies that
traveling—even when done in conjunction with another activity, such as feeding
a child—is always considered the primary
activity.5
Time-use researchers have developed
three concepts to measure parental investments in childcare: primary childcare, secondary childcare, and time spent with children. Primary childcare is childcare that is
done as the respondent’s primary activity and
typically includes activities in which a parent
is directly engaged in caregiving or activities
that promote children’s well-being. Secondary
childcare is time spent doing childcare as a
secondary activity. To avoid double counting
parents’ time, estimates of secondary childcare typically exclude episodes for which
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 27
Time Use Studies: Childcare
the primary activity was childcare. Secondary childcare
activities can include talking or reading to a child while
doing something else, but could also include “looking after” a child. Time spent with children is measured using the
“who-with” information from the time diary and includes
time spent in activities during which a child was present,
but not necessarily participating in the respondent’s activity. This tends to be a more expansive measure of childcare
because it includes time spent in activities other than primary or secondary childcare.
With the introduction of the ATUS, researchers have
been eager to compare the ATUS to earlier time-diary
studies. The ATUS definitions of primary childcare and
time with children are essentially the same as those used
in earlier time-diary studies, and the data in all of the
surveys were collected using the time-diary approach described above. The ATUS gives more explicit instructions
for collecting information on who is with the respondent
during the episode,6 but the differences in methodology
are relatively small. Therefore, we would expect any differences in estimates of these two measures from the ATUS
and the earlier time-diary studies to be the result of true
changes in behavior, rather than methodological differences. The ATUS approach to collecting secondary childcare is a departure from the approach used in the earlier
time-diary studies that collected secondary activities, and
some authors have noted that the secondary childcare estimates from the ATUS are much larger than the activity-based estimates of secondary childcare in the earlier
studies.7 We hypothesize that much of this difference is
due to the combined effect of the difference in concept
and the difference in methodology.
In this article, we compare the three childcare measures—primary childcare, secondary childcare, and time
with children—in the ATUS to the corresponding measures from a recent time-diary study that collects secondary childcare using the “What else were you doing?” approach. We confirm that measures of primary childcare
and time with children are similar between the two surveys and illustrate the differences between the two approaches to collecting secondary childcare.
Secondary childcare in the ATUS and earlier studies
In the earlier time-diary studies that collected secondary
activities, secondary childcare information was collected
via the “What else were you doing?” question. The ATUS
does not ask this question. However, because of the interest
in measuring the amount of time people spend “looking
after children,”8 the ATUS development team decided to
28
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
collect information on this more passive form of childcare
using questions modeled after those in Statistics Canada’s
General Social Survey.9 These questions, which are asked
after the time diary has been completed, ask respondents
to report times and episodes during the diary day in which
a child under age 13 was “in your care.”10 The “in your
care” concept of secondary childcare is a more passive—
and a more encompassing—notion of childcare than the
activity-based concept used in the past. Times when the
respondent is actively engaged in secondary activities with
children would also be considered times when children are
“in your care,” while the reverse is not necessarily true.
Exhibit 1 shows a sample time diary and illustrates
the differences between the ATUS measure of secondary
childcare and the measure used in previous time-diary
studies. In episode 1, the respondent was taking the train
and reading to a child. In both the ATUS and earlier timediary studies, “taking the train” would be considered the
primary activity. In the earlier time-diary studies, “reading to a child” would have been captured by the “What
else were you doing?” question and recorded as “talking
and reading to children,”11 whereas the ATUS identifies
this only as time when a child under age 13 was in the
respondent’s care. Episode 2, in which the respondent was
working while looking after a child, is similar. Both the
ATUS and the earlier studies would consider “work” to be
the primary activity and “looking after a child” to be the
secondary activity. The much higher estimates of secondary childcare time in the ATUS suggest that very little of
this passive childcare was captured in earlier time-diary
studies.
There are also two methodological differences between
ATUS and earlier studies that may have led to differences
in what is included in secondary childcare. First and foremost, the “What else were you doing?” question in earlier
time-diary studies is open-ended, whereas the “in your
care” question is closed-ended. The “What else were you
doing?” question was intended to allow respondents to
report any type of secondary activity—not just childcare.
The emphasis is clearly on activities, and nothing in the
question directs respondents to report passive childcare. If
information about a specific topic is desired, closed-ended
questions are typically more reliable.12 The “in your care”
question makes it clear to respondents that they are being
asked to report about passive childcare.13
The second methodological difference is that the “in
your care” questions are asked after the time diary has
been completed in ATUS, whereas the “What else were
you doing?” question was asked for each episode in the
earlier time-diary studies. It is not clear how this differ-
Exhibit 1.
Episode
number
Sample time diary and differences in coding between previous U.S. time-diary studies and the American
Time Use Survey
What the
respondent was
actually doing
Previous U.S. time-diary studies1
American Time Use Survey2
Start
time
Stop
time
1
12:00
12:45
Taking the train
and reading to a
child
Travel to and
from work
Talking and
reading to
child
Child
Travel related
to work
Yes
Child
2
12:45
5:00
Work and looking
after a child
Work
Childcare if
reported
Child
Work
Yes
Not asked
3
5:00
5:45
Taking the train
home with a child
Travel to and
from work
Childcare if
reported
Child
Travel related
to work
Yes
Child
4
5:45
6:15
Helping a child
with homework
Helping and
teaching
child
None
Child
Homework
(household
children)
Yes
Child
5
6:15
7:00
Making dinner
while looking
after a child
Food
preparation
Childcare if
reported
Child
Food and drink
preparation
Yes
Child
What else
were you
doing?
Primary
activity
Who
with?
Primary
activity
Was a child
under 13 in
your care?
Who with?
1
Primary childcare = 30 minutes; Secondary childcare (upper bound) = 6 hours 30 minutes; Secondary childcare (lower bound) = 45
minutes; Time with children = 2 hours 45 minutes (excludes episodes where primary activity is sleeping, grooming, work, personal activities,
could not remember, or refused to answer).
2
Primary childcare = 30 minutes; Secondary childcare = 6 hours 30 minutes (excludes episodes where the primary activity is childcare);
Time with children = 2 hours 45 minutes.
NOTE: For illustrative purposes, activity codes for previous U.S. time-diary studies are taken from the 2000 National Survey of Parents
(NSP). Previous time-diary studies did not all use consistent activity codes.
ence translated into differences in estimates, but ATUS
respondents may have been less likely to distinguish between times when they were and were not looking after
a child under age 13 and may instead report blocks of
time or episodes during which they were looking after
children.
About the data
For our comparisons, we use data from the 2003–04
ATUS and the 2000 National Survey of Parents (NSP),
which was a survey conducted by the Survey Research
Center at the University of Maryland and funded by the
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation’s Working Families Program.
The NSP was chosen because it is the most recent timediary study that systematically collects secondary activities. We expect any differences in estimates between the
2000 NSP and the 2003–04 ATUS to be primarily due to
differences in concepts or data collection because timeuse estimates typically do not change much over short
periods of time. Given that the procedures and questions
used in the NSP are similar to those in the earlier timediary studies, our assumption is that these comparisons
show whether the ATUS data can be used in conjunction
with earlier U.S. time-diary studies to generate meaningful statistics about changes in childcare time over the
years.
The samples from both surveys are restricted to parents age 18 and older who had at least one own child
under age 13 living in the household.14 All estimates are
generated using sample weights that have been adjusted
to ensure correct day-of-week representation.
Table 1 shows the distribution of parents by selected
demographic characteristics for both the 2000 NSP and
the 2003–04 ATUS. For the most part, parents across the
two surveys have similar characteristics, although parents in the ATUS sample appear to be slightly older, more
highly educated, and more likely to be married than
those in the NSP sample.
The 2000 NSP. In 2000 and 2001, the University of
Maryland Survey Research Center interviewed a national probability sample of 1,200 parents living with
children under age 18.15 The time-diary data were collected in computer-assisted telephone interviews that
detailed respondents’ primary activities from midnight
to midnight of the previous day, their secondary activities,
and who was with them during the activities.
Primary childcare: In the NSP, there are nine activity
codes for childcare, but no distinction is made between
childcare done for household and nonhousehold children. (See appendix 1.) Activities are coded as childcare
only if the care was done for a child under age 18.
Secondary childcare: The activity codes for second-
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 29
Time Use Studies: Childcare
Table 1.
Demographic comparison of the 2000 NSP and the 2003–04 ATUS
Fathers
Mothers
Characteristic
NSP
ATUS
Number of observations
573
Employed
65.2
NSP
ATUS
6,154
369
4,287
64.7
93.0
91.5
Family characteristics:
Percent married
68.8
73.5
86.9
91.5
Number of children under age 13
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.7
Percent with children under age 6
62.8
57.0
62.1
58.8
1.0
.8
.9
.8
Less than high school
15.3
13.1
17.9
12.7
High school graduate
33.6
30.0
34.1
30.1
Some college, no degree
28.1
27.1
24.6
24.4
College graduate
23.0
29.8
23.4
32.9
Number of children under age 6
Education:
Age:
18–24
14.8
9.8
9.6
3.9
25–34
38.4
41.2
27.8
33.3
35–44
38.0
39.0
44.5
45.8
45–54
7.6
9.4
15.3
15.3
55 and older
1.2
.6
2.8
1.7
NOTE: The sample for both surveys is restricted to parents age
18 and older who had at least one child under age 13 living in the
household.
ary childcare in the NSP are the same nine codes used
for primary childcare. To avoid double-counting time,
estimates of secondary childcare in this article exclude
episodes when the primary activity was childcare. Also,
to make the measure more comparable to the ATUS, episodes are considered out of scope if the respondent was
sleeping. Secondary childcare, like primary childcare, refers to the care of children under age 18, and it is impossible to separate out care for children under age 13 as is
done in the ATUS.
Time with children: Time with children was calculated using the “who-with” information collected during
the diary. Inspection of the NSP data revealed that the
probes for the “who-with” question were not consistently
applied by interviewers. In some cases, respondents did
not report being with a child under age 18, even though
it was clear from the verbatim response that a child was
present. To illustrate: children were present during about
72 percent of primary childcare episodes in the NSP data,
but in 90 percent of primary childcare episodes in the
ATUS data. To make the time with children measure
more comparable to the ATUS measure, we calculated
time with children as the sum of time spent with children, time in primary childcare activities, and time in
30
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
SOURCE: Authors’ calculations from the 2000 National Survey
of Parents and 2003–04 data from the American Time Use Survey.
secondary childcare activities, and then we adjusted the
data to eliminate double counting.16 We also excluded
episodes when the respondent was sleeping, grooming,
engaging in personal or private activities, working at a
job, could not remember, or refused to answer, because
the ATUS does not collect “who-with” information for
these activities.
The 2003–04 ATUS. The ATUS is a large nationally
representative sample that is drawn from households
that have just completed participation in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The sample size of the pooled
2003–04 ATUS data is about 35,000 observations, which
is reduced to about 10,400 observations after imposing
our sample restrictions.17 Time-diary data were collected through computer-assisted telephone interviews,
and the “diary day” was from 4 a.m. the previous day to 4
a.m. on the interview day, rather than from midnight to
midnight as in the NSP.
Primary childcare: As in the NSP, an activity in the
ATUS was only coded as primary childcare if it was
done for a child under age 18. The ATUS coding lexicon
is more detailed than that used in the NSP, having 23
different primary childcare activity codes for household
Table 2.
Comparison of primary childcare, time with children, and secondary childcare, 2000 NSP
and 2003–04 ATUS
Childcare measure
2000 NSP
2003–04 ATUS
Hours per day spent by parents—
In primary childcare:
All
1.73
1.84
Fathers
1.15
1.14
Mothers
2.10
2.32
6.30
6.28
Fathers
4.67
4.82
Mothers
7.35
7.31
.77
…
Fathers
.39
…
Mothers
1.02
…
…
5.83
Fathers
…
4.47
Mothers
…
6.78
74.5
75.0
Fathers
59.8
60.5
Mothers
84.0
85.1
96.0
95.4
Fathers
92.4
92.1
Mothers
98.3
97.7
With children under age 18:
All
In secondary childcare with children under age 18:
All
In secondary childcare with children under age 13:
All
Percent of parents reporting—
Doing any primary childcare:
All
Any time with children under age 18:
All
Doing any secondary childcare with children under age 18:
All
36.8
…
Fathers
22.2
…
Mothers
46.2
…
Doing any secondary childcare with children under age 13:
All
…
89.5
Fathers
…
81.7
Mothers
…
95.0
don’t know, or refused are considered out of scope. Similarly, episodes
NOTE: The sample for both surveys is restricted to parents age
of sleep done in conjunction with secondary childcare in the NSP are
18 and older who had at least one child under age 13 living in the
considered to be out of scope.
household. In order to make the NSP measures of time with children
SOURCE: Authors’ calculations from the 2000 National Survey of
comparable to the ATUS, reports of children present during episodes
coded as sleeping, grooming, personal activities, working at a job, Parents and 2003–04 data from the American Time Use Survey.
children and 23 for nonhousehold children—46 codes
total. (See appendix 1 for a crosswalk between the two
sets of childcare codes.) Even though the ATUS codes are
more detailed, the types of activities considered to be pri-
mary childcare are very similar in the two surveys. As previously mentioned, childcare reported in the NSP did not
distinguish between whether the care was for household
or nonhousehold children. Therefore, we combined the
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 31
Time Use Studies: Childcare
care of both household and nonhousehold children in the
ATUS estimates of childcare time to make this measure
more comparable to the NSP.
Secondary childcare: As noted earlier, the secondary
childcare measure is derived from the “in your care” questions. We excluded times when the respondent reported
doing primary childcare, times when the respondent was
asleep, and times when all household children under age
13 were asleep.18
Time with children: Time with children was calculated
using the “who-with” information collected in the diary.
The “who-with” question identifies all household members (and own nonhousehold children) by household roster number, so it is possible to determine the exact age of
household members who were present during each activity. For nonown nonhousehold children, it is possible to
determine only if they are under age 18. As noted earlier, the ATUS definition of being “with” the respondent
is more specific than the one used in the NSP. Time with
children includes all time that the respondent reported
being with any child under age 18 (except for the activities
for which the “who-with” questions are not asked: sleeping, grooming, personal activities, working at a job, could
not remember, and refused to answer).
Childcare in the ATUS and the NSP
Table 2 shows estimates of time spent in primary childcare, time spent in secondary childcare, and time with children. The estimates for primary childcare are remarkably
similar between the two surveys. Parents spent about 1.7
hours per day in primary childcare in the NSP and about
1.8 hours per day in primary childcare in the ATUS. The
average amount of time fathers spent in primary childcare was almost identical between the two surveys, while
estimates for mothers were slightly higher in the ATUS.
These small differences, which are neither substantively
nor statistically significant, suggest that the two surveys
are measuring essentially the same concept for primary
childcare.19
The estimates of time with children are also strikingly
similar. (See table 2.) In both surveys, parents are spending about 6.3 hours per day with children, and the largest difference (for fathers) is only 0.15 of an hour. These
similarities suggest that the time-with-children measure
from the NSP is approximately the same as time with children in the ATUS. Furthermore, the percentage of parents
who report doing any primary childcare during the day or
spending any time with children are remarkably similar
between the two surveys.
32
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
The results shown in table 2 lead to the conclusion that
the two surveys appear to be measuring the same concept for primary childcare and very similar concepts for
time with children. Because of the similarities in these
two measures, we proceed under the assumption that any
differences in secondary childcare estimates are due to
differences in concepts and methods that are specific to
the measurement of secondary childcare, rather than any
general survey effects.20
The similarities between the two surveys end when we
look at secondary childcare. Secondary childcare in the
ATUS is more than 7 times as large as the NSP measure—
5.8 hours per day versus 0.8 of an hour per day—even
though the NSP measure includes secondary childcare for
children under age 18, whereas ATUS restricts secondary
childcare to children under age 13. Table 2 also shows
large differences between the two surveys in the percentage of parents reporting any secondary childcare. More
than twice as many parents report doing secondary childcare in the ATUS, compared with the NSP. These differences are consistent with our hypothesis that the ATUS
captures more passive childcare than the NSP and other
earlier time-diary studies.
A comparison of time spent with children to the sum of
time spent in primary and secondary childcare highlights
the difference in concepts between the two surveys. In the
NSP, time spent with children is considerably greater than
the combined time spent in primary and secondary childcare (6.3 hours vs. 2.5 hours). In contrast, in the ATUS time
spent in primary and secondary childcare is larger than
time spent with children (7.7 versus 6.3 hours). These differences reflect the difference between the activity-based
concept in the NSP and the passive-care concept used in
the ATUS.
In table 3, we perform an episode-level analysis to determine the extent to which secondary childcare time coincides with time spent with children in the two surveys.
The episodes in each sample are divided into four groups
defined by whether the respondent was providing secondary childcare and whether the respondent was with a child.
Episodes were excluded from the analysis if the main activity was one of the activities for which the ATUS does
not collect “who-with” information. It was also necessary
to make some minor modifications to our definitions of
“time with children.” Because of differences in the definition of secondary childcare in the two surveys, it was not
possible to make these comparisons entirely consistent. In
the NSP, secondary childcare data were collected for care
of children under age 18, and the NSP portion of table 3
uses an age restriction of age 18. In the ATUS, secondary
Table 3.
Distribution of episodes by presence of children and provision of secondary childcare, 2000
NSP and 2003–04 ATUS
Percent of all episodes
Survey
Percent of secondary
Providing secondary
Not providing secondary
childcare episodes
childcare
childcare
with a child
under age 18
Total
Not with a
Not with a
With a
With a
NSP
present
child under
child under child under child under
age 18
age 18
age 18
age 18
All
41.6
Fathers
50.1
Mothers
38.0
54.3
47.7
57.1
0.4
.2
.5
3.7
2.0
4.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.8
90.4
89.5
6.4
4.0
7.2
Percent of secondary
childcare episodes
Not with a
With a
With a
Not with a
Total
with a child
child under child under child under child under
ATUS
under age 13
age 131
age 131
age 131
age 131
present
All
Fathers
Mothers
36.5
48.2
30.1
3.8
5.8
2.7
16.0
12.4
17.9
43.8
33.6
49.3
For nonhousehold children the age cutoff is 18.
NOTE: The sample for both surveys is restricted to parents age
18 and older who had at least one child under age 13 living in the
household. The first four columns show the percentage of all episodes
in each of the four cells defined by whether the respondent was
providing secondary childcare and whether the respondent was with a
1
childcare data were collected for care of children under
age 13, so the ATUS portion of the table uses age 13 as a
comparison point. For nonhousehold children, we had to
maintain the under age 18 restriction because ATUS does
not allow any finer distinction.21 In table 3, the first four
columns show the fraction of episodes in the four cells,
where the entries in each row sum to 100 percent. For
example, the first column shows that in the NSP, the respondent was not providing secondary childcare and was
not with a child under age 18 in 41.6 percent of episodes.
Summing the third and fourth columns in table 3 shows
that respondents report doing secondary childcare in about
4 percent of all episodes in the NSP, compared with 60 percent of episodes in the ATUS. When respondents provide
secondary childcare, a child is present about 90 percent of
the time in the NSP, but only 73 percent of the time in the
ATUS (the next to last column). Finally, when respondents
are with children, they provide secondary childcare in 92
percent of episodes in the ATUS, compared with only 6 percent of episodes in the NSP (the last column).22
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.3
73.1
73.3
Percent of episodes
with a child under
age 18 present
during which the
respondent is
providing
secondary childcare
Percent of episodes
with a child under
age 13 present
during which the
respondent is
providing
secondary childcare
92.1
85.4
94.9
child. For example, the entry in the second column of the NSP panel
indicates that in 54.3 percent of episodes the respondent was with a
child under 18 but was not providing secondary childcare.
SOURCE: Authors’ calculations from the 2000 National Survey of
Parents and 2003–04 data from the American Time Use Survey.
Putting together the results in tables 2 and 3, it is
clear that the secondary childcare measures in the two
surveys are very different from each other. The fact that
children under age 18 are present during nearly all secondary childcare episodes in the NSP is consistent with an
activity-based concept, while the lower percentage in the
ATUS is more consistent with a passive-care concept. NSP
respondents could have reported that they were looking
after children as a secondary activity, but it appears that
they rarely did so. Almost 90 percent of parents in the
ATUS reported doing some secondary childcare on their
diary day (table 2), and parents provided secondary childcare nearly all of the time they were with children under
age 13 (table 3); these two facts are also consistent with
the passive-care concept. Additional support for the activity-based concept in the NSP comes from the fact that a
much smaller fraction (30 percent) of parents in the NSP
reported providing secondary childcare, along with the
fact that most of the time spent with children in the NSP
does not involve secondary childcare.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 33
Time Use Studies: Childcare
THE COMPARABILITY OF THREE CHILDCARE MEASURES—primary childcare, secondary childcare, and time
with children—between the ATUS and earlier U.S. time-diary studies was examined in this article. We used the NSP to
represent the earlier time-diary studies because it is recent
and used the same methods to collect secondary childcare
as earlier studies. The ATUS and the NSP have similar concepts and use similar methods for collecting primary childcare and time with children, but they differ markedly on
both counts with regard to secondary childcare. The secondary childcare concept in the NSP and earlier time-diary
studies is activity-based, and the data are collected using
an open-ended question, “What else were you doing?” that
was asked for each activity. In contrast, the ATUS concept is
passive and is collected using closed-ended questions that
specifically ask respondents to report times and activities
during which a child under age 13 was “in your care.”
Primary childcare and time with children estimates
from the ATUS and the NSP were nearly identical, although it was necessary to adjust the NSP data to compensate for inconsistent probing by interviewers. The
secondary childcare measures from the two surveys were
very different—5.8 hours per day in the ATUS versus 0.8
hours per day in the NSP—and the differences were consistent with the conceptual and methodological differences between the two surveys. Thus, we conclude that
when comparably defined, the primary childcare and time
with children measures in the ATUS can be meaningfully
compared with the corresponding measures from earlier
U.S. time-diary studies. Meaningful comparisons cannot be made between secondary childcare in ATUS and
earlier U.S. time-diary studies.
Notes
1
Liana C. Sayer, Suzanne M. Bianchi, and John P. Robinson, “Are
Parents Investing Less in Children? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’
Time with Children,” American Journal of Sociology, July 2004, pp. 1–
43; and Suzanne M. Bianchi, “Maternal Employment and Time with
Children: Dramatic Change or Surprising Continuity?” Demography,
November 2000, pp. 139–54.
2
Time-diary data, which describe a person’s activities on a given
day, are considered to be more accurate for activities such as household
work and childcare than are data gathered using stylized questions,
which ask respondents to report about time spent on an activity over
time, such as for a week ( “About how much time do you spend taking care of children per week?”). See John P. Robinson, “The Validity
and Reliability of Diaries versus Alternative Time Use Measures,” in F.
Thomas Juster and Frank P. Stafford, eds., Time, Goods, and Well-Being
(Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Survey Research Center, Institute
for Social Research, 1985).
3
W. K. Bryant, “A Comparison of the Household Work of Married Females: The Mid-1920s and the Late 1960s,” Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 1996, vol. 24, pp. 358–84.
4
The 1965 and 1975 time-diary studies were conducted by the
Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, and the 1985
and 1995 studies were conducted by the Survey Research Center at
the University of Maryland. See Suzanne M. Bianchi, John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life
(New York, Russell Sage, 2006); and John P. Robinson and Geoffrey
Godbey, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Spend Their Time
(University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).
5
Common secondary activities include listening to the radio,
watching TV, eating, or communicating, but in principle they could be
anything that could be done as a primary activity (except travel).
6
In the ATUS, individuals are considered to be “with” the respondent
if they were in the same room or if they accompanied the respondent
at locations away from home. Earlier time-diary studies did not have
explicit definitions.
7
Muriel Egerton, Kimberly Fisher, Jonathan I. Gershuny, and others, “American time use 1965–2003: The Construction of a Historical
Comparative File, and Consideration of its Usefulness in the Construction of Extended National Accounts for the USA,” ISER Working
34
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Paper 2005-28 (Colchester, University of Essex, December 2005); and
Suzanne M. Bianchi, Vanessa R. Wight, and Sara B. Raley, “Maternal
Employment and Family Caregiving: Rethinking Time with Children
in the ATUS,” paper presented at the ATUS Early Results Conference,
Bethesda, MD, Dec. 9, 2005.
8
Nancy Folbre, Jayoung Yoon, Kade Finnoff, and Allison Sidle Fuligni, “By What Measure? Family Time Devoted to Children in the
United States,” Demography, May 2005, pp. 373–90.
9
The main criterion for the ATUS concept of secondary childcare
is that the respondent must be able to provide assistance to the child if
necessary. This implies that the respondent is in the general vicinity of
the child and has a general idea what the child is doing. However, the
respondent need not be in the same room as the child to be providing
secondary childcare. Thus, the respondent may not have been “with” a
household child under age 13 when providing secondary childcare at
home—the child could have been in another part of the house or in
the respondent’s yard. It is also possible, although not common, for the
respondent to have been “with” a child under age 13 and not have provided secondary childcare. One way this could occur would be when
one or more adults were present, and the respondent did not consider
himself or herself to be looking after the child.
10
Separate questions are asked for the respondent’s children living
in the household, respondent’s children not living in the household,
other children living in the household, and other children not living
in the household. For all but the last, the children’s names are filled in
from the household roster.
11
Previous U.S. time-diary studies used a variety of different codes,
and the actual activity descriptions may have varied. However, previous
studies would have identified the nature of secondary activities.
12
Floyd J. Fowler, Survey Research Methods, Applied Social Research Methods Series, vol. 1 (Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications,
Inc., 1993).
13
Cognitive testing of the secondary childcare questions revealed
that “in your care” best conveyed the passive childcare concept to respondents. See Lisa K. Schwartz, “The American Time Use Survey:
cognitive pretesting,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2002, pp. 34–
44.
14
“Own” children are either biological children, stepchildren, or ad-
opted children. Other relatives under age 18, such as grandchildren,
would not be considered “own” children.
15
The response rate in the NSP was 64.0 percent.
16
This adjustment would tend to increase time with children relative to the ATUS, because all primary and secondary childcare time
would be counted as having a child present, even though it appears that
this is not always the case in the ATUS. As discussed in footnote 9, the
respondent need not be “with” a child when providing secondary childcare in the ATUS. It is also possible, in both surveys, for a respondent
to provide primary childcare without a child present. For example, the
respondent may be driving to school to pick up a child. It is likely that
the NSP misses some time with children for nonchildcare episodes,
although we do not believe this effect is very large.
17
The response rate in the ATUS was 57.6 percent for 2003–04.
18
The last two restrictions were made because cognitive testing of
the ATUS questions revealed some inconsistencies across respondents
in how they answered the secondary childcare questions (some respondents included times when they or all household children under age 13
were asleep while others did not). For this reason, official estimates of
secondary childcare exclude times when the respondent or all household children under age 13 were asleep. To determine when the household children were asleep, the respondents were asked when the first
child under age 13 woke up and when the last child under age 13 went
to sleep (naps are ignored).
19
Our conclusion that primary childcare is comparable between
the ATUS and earlier time-diary studies is at odds with Egerton et al.,
who compared the 2003 ATUS to the earlier U.S. time-diary studies
conducted in 1965, 1975, 1985, and 1992–94 (see Egerton and others,
“American Tme Use 1965–2003”). They noted that primary childcare
“steeply increases” between the 1992–94 study and the 2003 ATUS, and
concluded that while sample composition may explain some of the increase, “…it also seems likely that there is a strong instrument effect.”
Our estimates using the same data combined with data from the 1995
University of Maryland time-diary study and the 2000 NSP lead us to
believe that it is the 1992–94 data that are anomalous. Primary child-
care time fell by 1 hour per week between the 1985 and 1992–94 studies, but increased by about 2 hours per week between the 1992–94 and
1995 studies, by 3 hours between the 1995 and 2000 studies, and by 1.5
hours between the 2000 NSP and the 2003 ATUS. Thus, we agree that
time spent in primary childcare did increase between 1985 and 2003,
but it seems more likely that there was a gradual increase between 1985
and 1995, rather than a decrease between 1985 and 1992–94 and a
sharp increase between 1992–94 and 1995.
20
One difference between the surveys that we have not discussed
is the difference in the procedures used to contact respondents. The
NSP called respondents every day until the respondent was reached,
while the ATUS used a designated-day approach. It has been shown
that the NSP approach tended to oversample days when the respondent
was away from home (see Jay Stewart, “Assessing the Bias Associated
with Alternative Contact Strategies in Telephone Time-Use Surveys,”
Survey Methodology, December 2002, pp. 157–68). This could bias estimates of childcare upward if childcare tends to be done away from
home and downward if childcare tends to be done at home. Taking
a quick look at the data, it appears that the two datasets do not differ much with respect to where primary childcare activities occurred.
About 59 percent of primary childcare episodes (77 percent of time)
were at home in the NSP, compared with about 57 percent (73 percent
of time) in the ATUS. This suggests that the difference in contact procedures did not have a large effect on the childcare measures.
21
Our inability to restrict time with children to children under age
13 for nonhousehold children in ATUS likely made very little difference.
Very little secondary childcare was done for nonhousehold children,
and ATUS estimates generated using only data on household children
were virtually identical.
22
We noted earlier that probes for the “who-with” questions were
inconsistently applied in the NSP. However, we do not believe this effect to be large. For example, the percentage in the last column of table
3 for the NSP would be at most 1 percentage point higher if we were to
assume that a child was present during all episodes of secondary childcare.
Appendix 1. Primary childcare codes in the 2000 NSP and the 2003–04 ATUS
ATUS
NSP
Activity
code
20
Activity
Activity description
code
Time spent on baby care
21
Time spent on childcare
030101
030109
030199
040101
040109
040199
Activity description
[same as NSP code 21, depends on age of child]
Physical care for household children
Looking after household children (as primary activity)
Caring for and helping household children, not elsewhere classified
Physical care for nonhousehold children
Looking after nonhousehold children (as primary activity)
Caring for and helping nonhousehold children, not elsewhere classified
22
Time spent on helping
and teaching
030107
Helping/teaching household children (not related to education)
030201
Homework (household children)
030203
Home schooling of household children
030204
Waiting associated with household children’s education
030299
Activities related to household children’s education,
not elsewhere classified
040107
Helping/teaching nonhousehold children (not related to education)
040201
Homework (nonhousehold children)
040203
Home schooling of nonhousehold children
040204
Waiting associated with nonhousehold children’s education
040299
Activities related to nonhousehold children’s education,
not elsewhere classified
See note at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 35
Time Use Studies: Childcare
Appendix 1. Continued—Primary childcare codes in the 2000 NSP and the 2003–04 ATUS
NSP
Activity
code
ATUS
Activity
Activity description
code
Activity description
23
Time spent on talking and reading
030102
030106
040102
040106
Reading to/with household children
Talking with/listening to household children
Reading to/with nonhousehold children
Talking with/listening to nonhousehold children
24
Time spent on indoor playing
030103
030104
040103
040104
Playing with household children, not sports
Arts and crafts with household children
Playing with nonhousehold children, not sports
Arts and crafts with nonhousehold children
25
Time spent on outdoor play
030105
040105
Playing sports with household children
Playing sports with nonhousehold children
26
Time spent on medical care
for child
030301
Providing medical care to household children
030302
Obtaining medical care for household children
030303
Waiting associated with medical care of household children
030399
Activities related to household children’s health,
not elsewhere classified
040301
Providing medical care to nonhousehold children
040302
Obtaining medical care for nonhousehold children
040303
Waiting associated with medical care of nonhousehold children
040399
Activities related to nonhousehold children’s health,
not elsewhere classified
27
Time spent on other childcare
030108
030110
030111
030112
040108
040110
040111
040112
Organization/planning for household children
Attending household children’s events
Waiting for/with household children
Picking up/dropping off household children
Organization/planning for nonhousehold children
Attending nonhousehold children’s events
Waiting for/with nonhousehold children
Picking up/dropping off nonhousehold children
29
Time spent on travel related
to childcare
170301
170401
Travel related to caring for and helping household children
Travel related to caring for and helping nonhousehold children
NOTE: This crosswalk is not exact. For example, the ATUS does not determine whether the respondent was indoors or outdoors, so the
mapping into NSP codes 24 and 25 were based on whether the activities are usually done indoors or outdoors. Also, there are two ATUS activity
codes that are normally considered to be childcare that are not included in this crosswalk because there are no comparable codes in the NSP.
These are “meetings and school conferences” for household (030202) and nonhousehold (040202) children. In the NSP, meetings and school
conferences are coded under “time spent on child, youth, and family organizations” (67).
36
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Time Use Studies: Teens
Teen time use and parental education:
evidence from the CPS, MTF, and ATUS
Responses from three surveys indicate that parental
education plays a critical role in the way teens
spend their time in employment and other activities;
in recent years, teen employment rates have declined most
for those with more highly educated parents, while their
rate of engagement in volunteer activities has increased
Shirley L. Porterfield
and
Anne E. Winkler
R
ecent research based on data from
the Current Population Survey (CPS)
points to a secular decline in overall teen employment since the late 1970s—
a decline that accelerated beginning in 2000.
Indeed, the acceleration has been characterized in the literature as “stunning.”1 For instance, as shown in chart 1, the teen employment-population ratio in 2005 stood at 36.5
percent, well below the rates of the previous
35 years, including the low points associated with the recessions of 1981–82, 1991, and
2001. Although some of this change might
be attributed to rising school enrollment,
because teens in school are less likely to be
employed (and also because they work fewer hours), CPS data show a decrease in teen
employment even among those enrolled in
high school. For instance, from the 1995–96
school year to the 2003–04 school year, employment rates of enrolled teens fell from
34.2 percent to 27.0 percent.2 Given this observed shift in teens’ allocation of time away
Shirley L. Porterfield is an
from employment, how are teens spending
associate professor of sothese
hours? Recent anecdotal discussions,
cial work in the School of
both scholarly and in the popular press, sugSocial Work, and Anne E.
Winkler is a professor of
gest that teens in more highly educated and
economics and public poleconomically advantaged families are being
icy administration, at the
University of Missouri, St.
steered away from paid employment toward
Louis, MO. E-mail:
activities that are expected to increase their
porterfields@umsl.edu
likelihood of acceptance to, and success in,
college.3 To what extent is this story consistent with nationally representative data?
What about time-use patterns and trends in
hours worked for teens in families with less
educated parents? Many of the activities teens
find themselves in, by choice or default, can
have important long-term consequences for
their academic and employment success.
Academic research points to substantial
differences in outcomes by adult educational attainment—the measure also used here
to delineate a family’s socioeconomic status.
For instance, less educated adults experience
lower rates of employment and marriage and
higher rates of single motherhood. Moreover,
the gaps between them and their more educated counterparts are widening.4 Similarly, rates of teen nonmarital fertility are substantially higher in families with less educated
parents.5 These pieces of evidence lead one to
suspect considerable variation in teens’ time
use as a function of parental education.
Using data from outgoing rotation groups
of the CPS for the school years (September–
May) 1995–96, 1999–2000, and 2003–04, this
article briefly reviews trends in teen employment. Among the article’s findings, the recently observed decline in teen employment appears most pronounced for those in the most
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 37
Time Use Studies: Teens
Chart 1.
Trends in teen employment rate and overall unemployment rate, 1970–2005
Teen
employment
rate
(percent)
Overall
unemployment
rate
(percent)
10
50
Teen employment rate
48
9
46
8
44
42
7
40
6
38
5
Overall unemployment rate
36
4
34
32
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3
2005
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
highly educated families. Then, to answer the question of
how teens are spending their time if they are not in paid
employment, the article examines trends in teens’ time use
from 1975–76 to 2003–04, using data from Monitoring
the Future (MTF), an annual survey of high school seniors.
In addition, point-in-time data on teen time use from the
2003 and 2004 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) are
analyzed. Although the three data sets examined are not
(even collectively) rich enough to formally investigate the
long-term value of different uses of time (for example,
homework as opposed to paid work), together with the
existing literature, they suggest some implications.
Parental education as a “dividing line”
As the academic literature cited earlier intimates, parental education functions as an important “dividing line” in
the United States. Not only do children growing up in
families with more highly educated parents tend to have
greater access to economic resources, but also, these parents tend to serve as in-house role models and usually
have more extensive informational and social networks.6
Delineating economic (dis)advantage or socioeconomic
status by educational attainment rather than income has
38
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
several advantages. First, education level provides a welldefined set of “cutoffs” that serve to stratify the population.
In contrast, identifying groups such as the “middle class” in
income data is fraught with difficulties. Second, the average return for a given level of education has been found to
differ significantly by race or ethnicity, suggesting that income may be a less-than-satisfactory measure of socioeconomic status.7 Third, from a practical standpoint, the ATUS,
which is the basis for much of the analysis set forth herein, includes information on household income by broad interval only. More detailed income information is available
in CPS data linked to the ATUS, but these data are collected
2 to 5 months earlier, and income is more subject to shortterm change than parental educational attainment is.8 In
fact, it is precisely because income is more subject to shortterm change that policy researchers are increasingly using
adult (parental) education rather than income to demarcate
economic disadvantage in causal analyses.9
Importantly, the level of parental education that demarcates socioeconomic disadvantage differs by family
structure, principally as a consequence of the number of
adults in the household. With two adults, there are two
potential earners to support the household, as well as two
“supervisors” to monitor children.10 Thus, even if the edu-
cation levels of parents in married-couple and single-parent families are the same, the single-parent family is at a
greater socioeconomic disadvantage.
Trend data from the CPS and MTF
The trend data on teens’ time use analyzed in this article
are from two sources: the CPS, a monthly survey administered to approximately 60,000 eligible households11 by
the U.S. Census Bureau; and MTF, an annual survey of a
representative sample of approximately 14,000 to 18,000
12th graders located in 125 to 140 public and private high
schools throughout the United States. MTF is administered by the Institute of Survey Research at the University of Michigan.12
CPS sample.
Data on teens aged 16 to 19 years are taken
from three school-year (September–May) periods: 1995–
96, 1999–2000, and 2003–04.13 A school-year sample
frame is used because what is principally of interest is how
teens allocate their time when they must meet the demands of high school.14 The teens are drawn from households in the outgoing rotation group of the CPS during
the sample frame. Specifically, households are included in
the CPS on a rotation schedule of 4 months in the survey,
8 months out of the survey, and then 4 months in the survey again. At the end of this 16 month period, the household is dropped from the sample. The individuals interviewed in the 4th and 16th months are collectively called
the outgoing rotation groups. Each teen is included in the
9 month sample frame only once, for the household’s 4thor 16th-month outgoing interview.
The following additional restrictions are imposed on
the sample: the teen lives in a household with at least one
parent (this restriction captures information on custodial
parents’ education), the teen is single (not married or cohabiting), and the teen does not have a child. Sample sizes are reported at the bottom of table 1, and means of key
characteristics for the 2003–04 sample are reported in appendix table A–1.
The majority of the analysis focuses on teens enrolled
in high school during the school year, but broader figures
on all teens are presented as well. A teen’s employment is
based on his or her work status during the week prior to
the survey interview. For those employed, the number of
hours worked is measured as usual hours worked for all
jobs. Teens are divided into one of four education groups:
high school graduate, no college; high school student;
college student; and high school dropout (not enrolled in
high school or college and did not receive a high school
degree). For teens in married-couple families, parental education is measured as the educational attainment of the
more educated parent.15 Data are stratified separately for
white non-Hispanics and minorities, the latter defined
as individuals who describe themselves as at least partly
black or African-American or of Hispanic ethnicity. (Although Asians and other racial groups are not examined
separately, data on these groups are included in the totals
listed in the tables.) All CPS findings are weighted.
sample. The primary purpose of MTF is to gather
information on illicit substance use by teens, but these
data also contain useful information on teens’ time use and
how patterns have changed since the survey’s inception
in 1975–76. A multistage random sampling procedure is
used to draw a nationally representative sample of high
school seniors from approximately 135 public and private
high schools. In sampled schools, all 12th graders present
on the day the survey is administered are interviewed.16
The survey is self-administered and students’ identities
remain anonymous.
The MTF collects information on whether teens participate in various activities on a weekly basis, along with
categorical data on time spent at work (paid and unpaid
combined) and on homework. Although these data do
not provide information on the precise number of hours
per week spent performing each activity, they are indicative of changing time use over time. MTF data are available for each school year from 1975–76 through 2003–
04. This article reports figures for the first and last years
only. Given the way the MTF data are collected, data are
available only for high school seniors across the period cited; therefore, the survey fails to capture both younger
and older teens, as well as teens who are no longer attending high school, all of whom are captured in the CPS and
ATUS. The MTF data are useful nonetheless, in that they
provide a consistent cohort of teens and a time trend for
comparative purposes.
All seniors surveyed in the MTF complete a core questionnaire. In addition, seniors complete 1 of 6 different
forms on separate topics. The analysis presented in this article focuses on time-use activity questions asked in Form
2; thus, one-sixth of the full MTF sample provides the responses reported herein. Notably, questions on time use
mention activities such as television viewing and working around the house, but fail to mention activities such
as playing video games. Computer use is a recent addition
to the survey and, as such, cannot be examined with respect to trends over time. The sample restrictions applied
to these data are the same as those for the CPS, and all
MTF
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 39
Time Use Studies: Teens
results are weighted. Sample sizes for the MTF anal- more percentage points for teens in families whose more
highly educated parent had a high school degree or even
ysis are reported at the bottom of table 4.
more education. Again, additional analysis indicates that
Recent trends in teen employment rates: CPS. Table 1 pro- these declines in employment rates are statistically signifvides detailed CPS information about teens’ employment icant. The diverging trends by parental education observed
patterns for the school years 1995–96, 1999–2000, and for teens in single-parent and married-couple families are
2003–04. Previous studies point out that teens in less ad- consistent with anecdotal evidence suggesting greater pavantaged households are much less likely to be employed, rental pressure on teens in more highly educated families
a finding also identified in table 1 for teens in single-par- to focus on college-oriented activities (as opposed to ement families.17 For instance, in 2003–04, employment rates ployment). Indeed, in this regard, the type of family strucwere as low as 18 percent for teens living with a single ture appears to be a less important factor associated with
parent with no high school degree, but rose steadily to recent trends than does parental education. Table 2, which
range from 26 percent to 32 percent for teens living with stratifies the data on teens by sex, indicates further that rea single parent with a high school education, some college, cent employment declines are most pronounced for male
or a 4-year college degree.
teens, a finding corroborated in other research.18 One posA similar pattern is found for teens in married-cou- sible explanation is that male youths, especially, may be
ple families, although for this group, the relationship be- competing for jobs with unskilled immigrants. Another is
tween parental education and teen employment resembles that sectoral shifts in the employment of teens, such as a
a hill. For instance, in 2003–04, teens in the least educat- decline in the number of “male” jobs (for example, gas staed married-couple families had an average employment tion attendants), may be a contributing factor.19
rate of 30 percent, and those with a parent who completed high school or some college had an average employ- Recent trends in hours worked: CPS and MTF. Table 3 proment rate of 37 percent to 40 percent, but the rate stood vides trends regarding another dimension of labor supply:
at just 35 percent for those with a college-educated par- usual weekly hours of work by employed teens. The data
ent and was as low as 29 percent for teens with the most reveal employment patterns on the intensive margin—that
highly educated parents. This hill pattern also can be seen is, the number of hours worked, given that the person is
for teens in married-couple families for the years 1995– employed. As found in previous research, conditional on
employment, teens in families with less education work a
96 and 1999–2000.
Table 1 further documents striking trends in teen em- greater average number of hours than those in more adployment by parental education. As shown in the table, vantaged families, and a larger fraction of these teens work
although teen employment rates fell overall during the very long hours, typically defined as in excess of 20 hours
period from 1995–96 to 2003–04 (exhibiting a 6.5-per- per week.20 For instance, consider teens in single-parent
centage-point decline, significant at the 1-percent lev- families in 2003–04. Those whose parent either completed
el), employment reductions were greatest among teens in high school or had no high school degree worked an avermore highly educated families. For instance, over this pe- age of 19.8 to 23.4 hours per week, and 41.3 percent to
riod, the employment rate for teens in single-parent fam- 47.3 percent of these teens worked more than 20 hours a
ilies with less education (that is, their parent either com- week. In sharp contrast, teens whose parent had completed
pleted high school or had no high school degree) declined college or earned a professional or graduate degree worked
by 5.5 to 6.5 percentage points, while rates fell by as much an average of 12.6 to 16.7 hours per week, and as little as
as 11.4 percentage points for teens whose single parent 14.3 percent to 23.2 percent of these teens worked more
had completed some college and by 16.2 percentage points than 20 hours per week.
Patterns are similar for teens in married-couple famfor those whose single parent had earned a professional or
graduate degree. (All declines reported in this paragraph ilies. Further, conditional on employment, teens in more
highly educated married-couple families (those teens with
are statistically significant at the 1-percent level.)
For teens in married-couple families, the overall pat- a parent who completed 4 years of college) worked fewer
tern is similar, but the educational dividing line differs. hours in 2003–04 than in 1995–96 (a statistically signifiOver the full period from 1995–96 to 2003–04, the em- cant change at the 1-percent level). In comparison, hours
ployment rate for teens in families whose more educated worked were unchanged for teens in the least educated
parent had not completed high school actually increased married-couple families.
Data on high school seniors from the 2003–04 MTF (see
by 1.8 percentage points, while rates decreased by 6.5 or
MTF
40
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 1.
Employment rate of teens aged 16 to 19 years, September–May 1995–96, 1999–2000, and 2003–04,
by individual and family characteristics
Percent of teens employed
Category
Percentagepoint change,
1995–96 to
2003–04
2003–04
1995–96
1999–2000
39.9
40.0
35.4
39.8
33.2
41.5
41.7
35.2
41.4
34.9
33.4
34.6
29.0
32.3
25.1
2
25.2
39.9
45.6
53.1
25.5
40.3
48.0
56.5
18.5
31.9
40.9
50.1
2
41.8
28.3
44.6
46.4
41.5
36.2
42.8
33.3
45.2
48.2
42.9
33.5
35.6
30.2
37.1
39.8
35.0
29.1
2
34.3
24.6
31.6
40.8
38.8
45.8
38.3
28.9
40.6
39.6
41.7
43.5
26.9
18.0
26.1
29.4
32.0
29.7
White, non-Hispanic.............................................
Minority.................................................................
School enrollment and parental
education level
45.9
25.6
47.5
29.1
38.9
22.3
2
High school dropout.............................................
Not a student, high school graduate.....................
High school student..............................................
Parent has—
No high school degree.......................................
High school degree............................................
Some college.....................................................
4-year college degree........................................
Professional or graduate degree.......................
College student....................................................
Sample size (all teens)............................................
39.9
68.7
34.2
46.7
73.8
35.1
40.0
66.0
27.0
.0
–2.7
2
–7.2
18.0
34.4
38.6
36.2
35.4
45.1
21.7
35.5
38.2
38.6
33.1
47.3
15.6
25.2
30.2
30.6
26.7
41.0
12,042
12,472
13,587
All teens..................................................................
Female.................................................................
High school student...........................................
Male .....................................................................
High school student...........................................
Age
16 years................................................................
17 years................................................................
18 years................................................................
19 years................................................................
Family structure and parental
education level
Married-couple family1 ........................................
No high school degree.......................................
High school degree............................................
Some college.....................................................
4-year college degree........................................
Professional or graduate degree.......................
Single-parent family..............................................
No high school degree.......................................
High school degree............................................
Some college.....................................................
4-year college degree........................................
Professional or graduate degree.......................
Race or ethnicity
1
Parental education level is measured as the educational attainment
of the more educated parent.
2
Statistically significant at the 1-percent level.
3
Statistically significant at the 5-percent level.
4
–6.5
–5.4
2
–6.4
2
–7.5
2
–8.0
2
–6.8
–8.0
2
–4.7
3
–3.0
2
–6.3
1.8
2
–7.5
2
–6.6
2
–6.5
2
–7.1
–7.4
–6.5
2
–5.5
2
–11.4
4
–6.7
2
–16.2
2
2
2
–7.0
–3.3
–2.3
–9.2
2
–8.5
2
–5.6
2
–8.7
2
–4.1
2
…
Statistically significant at the 10-percent level.
NOTE: Data are from CPS outgoing rotations. Figures are weighted.
Teens are still living at home with parent(s).
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 41
Time Use Studies: Teens
Table 2.
Employment rate of male teens and female teens aged 16 to 19 years, September–May 1995–96
and 2000–04, by individual and family characteristics
Male teens
Category
Female teens
Employment
rate (percent)
PercentageEmployment
point
rate (percent)
change,
1995–96 to
2003–04
1995–96
2003–04
1995–96
2003–04
All teens.................................................
Age
39.4
32.3
2
16 years...............................................
17 years...............................................
18 years...............................................
19 years...............................................
Family structure and parental
education level
Married-couple family1 .......................
No high school degree......................
High school degree...........................
Some college....................................
4-year college degree.......................
Professional or graduate degree......
Single-parent family.............................
No high school degree......................
High school degree...........................
Some college....................................
4-year college degree.......................
Professional or graduate degree......
Race or ethnicity
24.6
38.1
46.1
53.4
16.9
29.0
40.2
49.8
2
41.9
28.5
46.9
44.6
41.6
36.5
Percentagepoint
change,
1995–96 to
2003–04
–7.2
40.2
34.6
2
–7.7
–9.1
2
–5.9
4
–3.6
25.9
41.9
45.0
52.7
20.1
35.1
41.6
50.4
2
34.9
31.4
36.8
39.1
34.6
27.0
–7.0
3.0
2
–10.2
2
–5.5
2
–7.0
2
–9.5
41.8
28.2
42.0
48.4
41.3
35.9
36.2
28.7
37.4
40.5
35.5
31.4
2
32.5
25.4
29.0
39.3
31.9
50.8
24.3
17.7
23.0
25.2
32.8
24.6
–8.3
–7.8
3
–6.1
2
–14.1
.9
2
–26.3
36.1
23.7
34.7
42.5
46.2
40.7
29.8
18.4
29.2
34.4
31.3
35.5
White, non-Hispanic............................
Minority................................................
School enrollment and parental
education level
45.1
25.9
37.7
21.2
–7.4
–4.7
46.7
25.3
40.1
23.5
2
High school dropout............................
Not a student, high school graduate....
High school student.............................
Parent has—
No high school degree......................
High school degree...........................
Some college....................................
4-year college degree.......................
Professional or graduate degree......
College student...................................
Sample size (all teens)...........................
45.4
72.1
32.8
44.0
65.9
25.1
–1.4
–6.3
2
–7.6
32.5
65.0
35.1
32.8
66.3
29.0
.3
1.2
2
–6.1
17.0
33.9
35.9
34.7
35.5
44.3
15.9
22.3
27.6
30.6
23.5
39.2
–1.1
–11.6
2
–8.2
4
–4.1
2
–12.0
3
–5.1
18.5
33.9
41.1
37.7
35.1
46.8
15.4
28.2
33.0
30.6
30.0
42.5
6,514
7,138
…
6,060
6,449
1
Parental education level is measured as the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
2
Statistically significant at the 1-percent level.
3
Statistically significant at the 5-percent level.
42
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
4
–5.6
–5.8
–6.8
4
–3.4
–2.3
2
–5.6
.5
3
–4.6
2
–8.0
2
–5.9
4
–4.5
–6.3
–5.4
4
–5.4
2
–8.1
2
–14.9
–5.2
2
–6.6
–1.8
–3.1
–5.7
2
–8.1
2
–7.1
4
–5.1
3
–4.2
2
…
Statistically significant at the 10-percent level.
NOTE: Data are from CPS outgoing rotations. Figures are weighted.
Teens are still living at home with parent(s).
Table 3.
Average hours worked per week by employed teens aged 16 to 19 years during the 1995–96 and 2003–04
school years
Percentage-point
change, 1995–96 to 2003–04
2003–04
1995–96
Percent with
20 or more
hours per
week
Average
hours
Percent with
20 or more
hours per
week
Average
hours
All Teens.................................................
Female................................................
High school student..........................
Male.....................................................
High school student..........................
Age
19.1
17.7
14.1
20.4
15.3
33.8
30.1
16.6
37.3
20.0
18.2
16.9
13.2
19.5
14.0
31.7
27.4
12.5
35.9
16.3
2
16 years...............................................
17 years...............................................
18 years...............................................
19 years...............................................
Family structure and parental
education level
Married-couple family1 ........................
No high school degree......................
High school degree...........................
Some college....................................
4-year college degree.......................
Professional or graduate degree......
Single-parent family.............................
No high school degree......................
High school degree...........................
Some college....................................
4-year college degree.......................
Professional or graduate degree......
Race or ethnicity
13.2
15.5
20.7
24.9
13.8
20.8
39.6
53.9
12.3
14.3
20.1
23.6
9.8
17.2
38.1
52.0
18.8
22.8
21.2
18.7
16.7
15.0
32.5
51.8
39.6
33.0
25.6
17.0
17.9
23.8
20.2
18.5
15.0
14.1
20.2
22.0
21.3
19.1
19.3
17.6
38.4
50.6
41.8
34.6
31.6
24.4
White, non-Hispanic............................
Minority................................................
School enrollment and parental
education level
18.7
21.1
High school dropout............................
Not a student, high school graduate....
High school student.............................
Parent has—
No high school degree...................
High school degree .......................
Some college.................................
4-year college degree....................
Professional or graduate degree....
College student...................................
Sample size (all teens)...........................
Category
Average
hours
Percent with
20 or more
hours per
week
–0.9
3
.9
2
–1.0
3
–.9
2
–1.2
3
3
–1.0
–1.3
–.6
3
–1.3
2
2
3
30.5
49.4
38.6
32.7
19.7
17.4
–.9
1.0
4
–1.1
–.2
2
–1.7
–.8
4
19.2
23.4
19.8
19.8
16.7
12.6
36.5
47.3
41.3
39.1
23.2
14.3
–1.0
1.4
–1.5
.7
4
–2.6
3
–5.0
31.9
43.5
17.5
21.1
29.2
41.4
2
27.3
31.6
14.7
64.2
75.9
18.4
27.3
31.2
13.6
62.7
78.5
14.3
–.1
–.3
2
–1.1
–1.6
2.6
2
–4.0
15.3
16.1
15.0
13.3
12.6
18.5
30.0
21.9
19.3
11.8
11.2
32.6
17.2
14.6
14.2
11.8
11.7
18.1
27.3
19.2
14.7
8.5
8.7
33.6
1.9
–1.5
4
–.8
2
–1.5
–.9
–.4
–2.7
–2.7
2
–4.7
4
–3.3
–2.5
1.0
5,126
5,126
4,851
4,851
…
…
1
Parental education level is measured as the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
2
Statistically significant at the 1-percent level.
3
Statistically significant at the 5-percent level.
2
–1.3
.0
2
–2.2
–2.7
2
–4.1
–1.4
2
–3.7
3
–4.1
–3.6
–1.6
–1.9
–2.0
–2.4
–.9
–.3
2
–5.9
.4
–1.9
–3.3
–.5
4.5
–8.4
–10.1
2
–2.7
–2.1
4
Statistically significant at the 10-percent level.
NOTE: Data are from CPS outgoing rotations. Figures are weighted. Teens are still living at home with parent(s).
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 43
Time Use Studies: Teens
5 provide some insight. Because teens in the most highly educated families are working far less than in the past,
one might expect that they would be devoting more hours
to homework; yet, to the contrary, MTF figures on high
school seniors’ time spent doing homework show virtually
no change for those whose parents are the most educated
(table 4), alongside a considerable reduction in homework
time for teens in less educated families.22 As of 2003–04,
67 percent to 71.1 percent of teens in families in which
the most educated parent either completed high school
or had no high school degree spent less than 5 hours per
week on homework, whereas the corresponding range for
teens whose most educated parent had completed college or gone even further was 49.3 percent to 58.8 percent. These percentages are particularly striking in light
of research which suggests that secondary school students
must spend at least 5 hours per week on homework in order to derive any measurable benefits in terms of academic achievement. 23
table 4) reflect similar patterns. In families in which parents either completed high school or had no high school
degree, a much greater fraction of teens reported working more than 20 hours per week, compared with teens in
families with college-educated parents.21 Moreover, as in
the CPS data, this divide appears to have grown over time.
Thus, at both the extensive and intensive margins, teens
in more highly educated families are spending less time
in paid employment. (That is, fewer such teens work, and
those who do, work fewer hours.) In contrast, although
employment for teens in less educated families also declined
at the extensive margin, it did so by less, and hours worked at
the intensive margin were virtually unchanged.
Recent trends in teen time use: MTF. Trends in teen employment rates and conditional hours worked raise an obvious question: how are those teens who are not employed
(or who are working fewer hours) spending their time if
not at paid work? The MTF data reported in tables 4 and
Table 4.
Percent of high school seniors reporting time spent on homework and on paid and unpaid work, by
school year, 1975–76 and 2003–04
Race or ethnicity
Sex
Family structure
Parental education level1
All
Category
In
In
No
seniors
White,
and school
singlemarriedhigh
reporting
nonMinority
Male
Female
year
parent couple school
Hispanic
family
family
degree
High
school Some
degree, college
no
college
4 years
of
college
More
than
4 years
of
college
More than 20
hours per week
at paid or
unpaid work
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
2
28.8
25.5
2
30.4
25.9
2
15.9
26.7
2
34.6
26.7
23.4
24.2
25.8
26.9
29.4
25.0
27.7
30.4
54.5
58.8
60.8
67.0
23.4
19.8
22.5
12.7
2,530
1,608
349
109
2
32.9
32.6
30.8
30.0
3
25.8
22.8
2
20.7
16.4
Hours per week
on homework
Less than 5:
1975–76...........
2003–04...........
More than 10:
1975-76...........
2003–04...........
2
2
54.5
61.9
22.7
17.6
2
2
54.4
61.4
23.2
17.7
3
3
55.8
65.2
18.6
16.5
2
2
58.5
63.9
19.5
16.9
2
2
50.7
57.9
26.7
20.8
2
2
55.0
67.1
20.5
16.2
2
2
2
2
63.9
71.1
16.3
10.5
2
2
47.4
64.6
26.7
16.2
2
2
45.6
58.8
47.1
49.3
27.4
20.8
28.0
27.7
487
654
310
460
Sample size
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
2,960
2,188
2,427
1,493
302
236
1,491
1,058
1,469
1,130
1
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured
as the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
2
Statistically significant at the 1-percent level compared with
1975–76 percentage.
44
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
590
674
933
425
403
412
3
Statistically significant at the 5-percent level compared with
1975–76 percentage.
NOTE: Data are from MTF. Figures are weighted.
either completed high school or had no high school degree significantly increased the time they spent on creative
writing, perhaps in conjunction with Internet or computer
use, such as writing on blogs, and all teens (except those in
families in which the most educated parent had no high
school degree) substantially increased their participation
in community or volunteer activities. One explanation for
the rise in the rate of volunteering is that a growing fraction of public and private high schools is mandating the
Table 5 presents MTF data on the percentage of teens
engaging in various activities (apart from homework and
paid or unpaid work) at least once per week. Although
these data fail to capture the intensive margin, they suggest little change in the percentage of teens watching television or in the percentage playing sports or exercising,
and large decreases in the percentage of teens helping out
around the house and reading for leisure. Notably, however, teens in families in which the most educated parent
Table 5.
Percent of high school seniors reporting engaging in various activities at least once a week, by
school year, 1975–76 and 2003–041
Race or ethnicity
Sex
Family structure
Parental education level2
All
Activity
In
In
No
seniors
White,
and school
high
reporting
nonMinority Male
Female single- marriedyear
parent couple school
Hispanic
family
family
degree
Watch televison
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
Sports or
exercise
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
69.8
64.4
70.2
74.0
74.9
76.9
Social activities
(friends, parties)
1975–76..............
87.8
88.0
86.4
89.2
86.3
84.7
88.5
84.6
89.7
87.9
4
4
3
2003–04..............
86.9
87.8
79.3
88.4
85.4
87.0
86.9
75.0
83.1
89.5
90.8
90.6
85.9
89.3
Work around
the house
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
Read books,
magazines
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
68.4
68.2
3
3
78.1
59.2
85.7
67.5
68.7
70.4
3
3
77.6
57.3
86.3
66.9
3
3
3
96.5
98.0
94.8
95.5
67.1
51.8
74.2
73.8
81.4
69.7
84.7
71.8
3
3
76.8
60.7
84.7
62.9
3
93.2
95.6
62.3
63.0
3
3
80.1
57.1
87.7
72.4
94.0
94.7
5
3
3
4
67.5
62.8
77.7
59.1
83.4
65.5
3
3
94.0
95.6
95.3
98.2
68.6
70.5
60.1
64.6
78.2
59.3
86.2
68.3
5
3
81.0
72.2
82.1
57.2
3
3
3
95.6
95.8
93.1
95.6
68.5
59.3
More
than
4 years
of
college
92.0
94.1
4
93.9
95.4
4 years
of
college
93.5
96.1
4
94.0
95.3
High
school Some
degree, college
no
college
79.9
63.9
84.6
57.7
3
3
76.2
58.5
86.2
67.5
4
3
3
Creative writing
1975–76..............
14.5
13.7
18.7
11.5
17.8
17.0
14.0
12.6
11.6
17.7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2003–04..............
19.4
17.0
29.7
15.3
23.3
20.6
19.3
26.9
16.6
20.8
Community or
volunteer service
1975–76..............
7.8
7.1
12.2
7.2
8.7
7.2
8.0
9.3
6.2
7.3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2003–04..............
14.2
13.2
14.9
12.2
16.3
14.3
14.2
10.4
11.5
14.4
Sample size
1975–76..............
2003–04..............
2,960
2,188
2,427
1,493
302
236
1,491
1,058
1,469
1,130
1
MTF asks about several other activities, including going to the
movies; going to rock concerts; riding around in a car (or motorcycle)
just for fun; playing a musical instrument or singing; doing art or craft
work; time spent alone; going to a shopping mall; going to taverns,
bars, or nightclubs; and going to video arcades. No significant change
occurred in the participation rate of high school seniors in these
activities between 1975–76 and 2003–04.
2
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured as
590
674
2,530
1,608
349
109
933
425
403
412
77.7
59.3
89.2
72.4
3
3
16.3
19.3
3
8.3
15.1
487
654
73.3
53.7
91.2
75.1
21.6
20.3
3
10.8
16.5
310
460
the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
3
Statistically significant at the 1-percent level compared with
1975–76 percentage.
4
Statistically significant at the 5-percent level compared with
1975–76 percentage.
5
Statistically significant at the 10-percent level compared with
1975–76 percentage.
NOTE: Data are from MTF. Figures are weighted.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 45
Time Use Studies: Teens
completion of service-learning or community service ac- reau of Labor Statistics into any of 17 major categories,
tivities by students as one of their high school graduation 105 second-tier categories, and 438 third-tier categories.27
requirements.24
Then they are aggregated, with appropriate weights, in
this article, to yield the weekly average hours estimates of
time use shown in tables 6-9.28 Responses with zero hours
2003–04 ATUS sample
are included; thus, estimates of average paid hours worked
This section takes advantage of newly available data from may differ sharply from the estimates of conditional hours
the 2003 and 2004 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), worked presented in table 3.
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, to underThe advantage the ATUS affords for this article is that it
stand how teens currently are spending their time at the provides the first estimates of what will be regularly availintensive margin if they are not in paid employment. ATUS able information on the time use of teens (and other inhouseholds are selected from households that completed dividuals). A disadvantage is the small sample size for this
their last (eighth) CPS household interview. Conducted 2 group: as shown in appendix table A–1, the ATUS teen
to 5 months after the last CPS interview, the ATUS ran- sample is one-tenth the size of the teen sample from the
domly selects one respondent per household, aged 15 or outgoing rotations of the CPS. (The ATUS sample is reolder, to answer questions about his or her time-use activ- stricted to those aged 16 years and older in appendix table
ities during the past 24 hours in a time diary format, in A–1 and table 6, for purposes of comparability.) The deaddition to other questions. In the time diary portion of sign of the ATUS raises some concerns about the selectivthe survey, the respondent lists the activities that he or she ity of the sample, and these concerns are particularly releengaged in during the previous day in sequential order, as vant to teens, because younger people tend to be especially
well as how long each activity lasted.
mobile.29 Suppose a teen is randomly selected for interIn the ATUS analysis, the same restrictions are applied view from the CPS, but subsequently exits the household.
to the sample as those applied to the CPS sample, with one Then that teen will not be included in the ATUS sample.
exception. That is, the data are restricted to teen respond- One consequence, as can be seen in appendix table A–1,
ents who live at home with at least one parent25 and who is that the ATUS includes a smaller fraction of 19-yearalso are not married or cohabiting, or a parent, themselves. olds, and thus a smaller fraction of those who are enrolled
The lone exception is that the teen sample is broadened to in college, than does the CPS. Although this distinction
include those aged 15 years (in addition to 16- to 19-year- is useful to keep in mind, the focus of much of the ATUS
olds). Data on 15-year-olds are included throughout the analysis conducted in this article is on time-use patterns
analysis (except for table 6) because these data provide a of enrolled high school youth, who tend to be aged 15 to
useful window into teens’ allocation of time.
18 years.
Data on the teens’ parents’ characteristics and teens’
The top portion of table 6 compares two estimates of
completed level of schooling are drawn from the last hours worked from the ATUS: (1) usual hours worked, colmonth of the CPS and are referred to here as the “linked lected from the teen’s response to the question “How many
CPS data.” Data on teens’ current school enrollment are hours per week do you usually work at your job?” and (2)
obtained from the ATUS. Teens’ school status (high school estimates of actual hours spent in paid work, drawn from
student, high school graduate only, college student, or high the teen’s time diary responses (ATUS time diary). These
school dropout) is identified by combining information figures tend to be fairly close, but are not identical. Differfrom the linked CPS and the ATUS. High school dropouts ences may arise due to (1) discrepancies between work acare defined as those teens who indicate that they are not tivities yesterday compared with what is usual, (2) which
enrolled in school at any level (ATUS) and are not identi- activities the teen describes as paid work, or (3) biases that
fied as having completed high school (linked CPS).26
arise in retrospective responses to usual hours worked.30
As in the CPS and MTF trend analyses, time use is analyzed
Information on usual hours worked also is taken from
for those teens who respond to the time diary during school- the linked CPS data. An important caveat is that these
year months only. The one difference is that the ATUS analysis data are obtained several months prior to data collection
is based on teen reports provided during all school months of from the ATUS, reducing comparability because teens’
2003 and all school months of 2004, rather than just during work activities fluctuate over the calendar year, especially
the 2003–04 school year (as was done for the MTF and CPS from summer to the school year. Another caveat, relevant
outgoing rotation groups), to increase the sample size.
to estimates of teen time use calculated from the linked
Responses on time-use activities are coded by the Bu- CPS data and from the CPS outgoing rotations (bottom
46
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 6.
Comparison of employment rates and hours worked from CPS outgoing rotations, 2003–04 school year,
and American Time Use Survey, school months 2003 and school months 2004, teens aged 16 to 19 years
Family
Race or ethnicity
Sex
Enrolled in high school, by parental education level1
structure
All
High
Source
teens
In
In
No
All
Professional
White,
school
4 years
of data
reporting
singlemarriedhigh
teens
or
non- Minority Male Female
degree, Some
of
parent couple reporting school
college
graduate
Hispanic
no
college
family family
degree college
degree
For teens who
participated in
ATUS, school
months,
2003 and 2004
Estimates
generated
from ATUS
data:
Actual hours
worked per
week (from
time diary).....
Usual hours
worked per
week...............
Percent
employed ......
9.0
11.1
5.7
10.1
7.9
9.2
9.0
5.9
2.6
6.6
6.9
6.7
4.0
8.8
10.3
6.3
9.4
8.1
9.2
8.6
6.2
4.8
7.4
7.0
5.8
4.4
43.8
52.6
27.6
43.2
44.5
40.0
45.2
38.4
21.0
41.9
42.7
39.2
37.3
3.8
4.4
27.4
34.3
220
147
3.6
3.1
30.6
26.7
1,925
1,272
Estimates
generated from
linked CPS
data:2
Usual hours
worked per
week.............
6.6
8.9
2.9
6.6
6.7
6.0
6.9
4.2
2.9
4.2
4.8
Percent
employed .....
34.8
45.8
15.4
32.2 37.6
31.2
36.1
27.8
17.1
29.8
27.6
Sample size........
1,285
904
311
672
613
384
901
946
92
216
271
For teens in
households
that participated
in CPS (outgoing
rotations),
2003–04
school
year
Estimates
generated from..
CPS data:
Usual hours
worked per
week...............
6.1
6.8
4.7
6.3
5.8
5.2
6.4
3.7
2.7
3.7
4.3
Percent
employed ......
33.4
38.9
22.3
32.3 34.6
26.9
35.6
27.0
15.6
25.2
30.2
Sample size........
13,587
9,555
3,194
7,138 6,449
3,264 10,323
1
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured
as the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
2
Figures are from CPS survey administered 2 to 5 months earlier.
9,235
791
2,400
2,847
NOTE: For the characteristics of the two survey samples, see
appendix table A–1. All figures are weighted.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 47
Time Use Studies: Teens
of table 6), is that the CPS permits proxy reports. Thus, it
is often the teen’s parent or head of household who answers the survey questions about the teen’s usual hours
worked, in contrast to the teen him- or herself, who provides a self-report in the ATUS. (See appendix exhibit A–
1.) The difference in the two types of report can best be
seen by comparing estimates (provided by teens) of usual
hours worked during school months from the ATUS with
estimates (often, proxy reports) of usual hours worked per
week during school months from the CPS outgoing rotations. As table 6 shows, self-reported figures considerably
exceed proxy reports of work activity, presumably because
teens know more about what they are doing.
In tables 7–9, all information on teens’ hours worked
is based on their own self-reports from the question on
usual hours worked and on the time diary section of the
ATUS. Teens’ activities documented in the time diary are
separated into 15 key activities, as described in appendix
exhibit A–2. Among these activities are time spent in paid
work, housework, playing sports, traditional activities (extracurricular activities plus hobbies, reading, and writing),
screen time (television plus computer use for games and
leisure), hanging out (including thinking, relaxing, socializing, and watching sports), and leisure shopping (shopping at stores, but excluding shopping for food, gas, or
groceries).
ATUS findings on teen time use
Although some existing research has focused on teens’
detailed time-use patterns,31 far less is known about how
these patterns vary by parental education.32 Table 7 shows
that teen time use differs relatively little across family structure (married-couple, as opposed to single-parent, family), but much more markedly by race or ethnicity,
sex, school enrollment status, and parental education. For
instance, as the table indicates, male teens spend much
less time doing homework and housework, and more time
being engaged in paid work, sports, and screen activities,
than do their female counterparts. Also, minority teens
spend at least 50 percent more time commuting to school
and considerably less time (5.1 hours compared with 9.3
hours) performing paid work than do white, non-Hispanic teens, and, as would be expected, work hours of high
school dropouts considerably exceed those of enrolled high
school students.
Tables 7 (bottom panel), 8, and 9, which provide figures
on enrolled high school students only, confirm a number
of striking patterns previously identified in the other data
sets. First, as in MTF, time spent in homework increas48
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
es dramatically with parental education, ranging from
slightly more than 4 hours per week for teens in the least
educated families to as much as 9 hours per week for teens
in the most highly educated families. (See table 7.) Moreover, as shown in table 8 for female teens and table 9 for
male teens, girls enrolled in high school spend considerably more time (6.9 hours) on homework than do their
male counterparts (4.7 hours).
Data on paid work from both the “usual hours worked”
question and the time diary further confirm the “hill” relationship between teen employment and parental education identified earlier in tables 1 and 2. For instance,
as shown in Table 7, average hours spent in paid work
(from the time diary) were highest, around 5.9 hours per
week, for teens whose most educated parent had completed some college only and were substantially lower in the
least and most highly educated families (2.3 and 3.4 hours
per week, respectively).
Finally, the ATUS data indicate that teens in the most
highly educated families spend considerably more time on
“traditional activities,” defined as extracurricular activities,
hobbies, reading, and writing. Although the ATUS data do
not enable one to identify whether teens in highly educated families are being increasingly channeled into these activities or others, rather than into paid employment, they
demonstrate the stark difference in teen time use by parental education at a recent point in time.
Implications and summary
What implications do these patterns and trends have for
teens’ future success? Academic research provides some
indication of those teen time-use activities which are
more “productive” than others. Theoretically, teen employment may yield positive or negative benefits. On the one
hand, teen employment provides benefits such as building
good work habits. In addition, such employment may ease
strained family finances if teen earnings offset what would
have been parental expenditures. On the other hand, teen
employment may reduce the quality or amount of human
capital acquired to the extent that employment displaces time or attention devoted to schooling.33 Although the
empirical evidence is mixed, it appears to indicate that
teens often benefit from holding paid employment, but
also suggests that working too many hours (more than 20
hours per week) has detrimental consequences.34 Research
also provides some information on the impact of alternative uses of teen time. Not surprisingly, for instance, teens
who spend more time completing homework are more
likely to go to college.35 In addition, academic achieve-
Table 7.
Estimate of average weekly hours spent in selected activities by teens aged 15 to 19 years, school months
2003 and school months 2004
Race or ethnicity
Activity
Personal ...........
School................
Homework.........
Paid work...........
Housework.........
Household
care..................
Nonhousehold
care.................
Play sports.........
Traditional
activities . ........
Screen time ......
Hanging out.......
Leisure
shopping..........
Organizations....
Work-related
travel................
Educationrelated travel......
Usual hours
worked per
week................
Percent enrolled
in high school..
Percent
employed . ......
Sample size ......
All
teens
reporting
Family
structure
Sex
White,
Minority
nonHispanic
School enrollment1
Male
Female
In
singleparent
family
In
marriedcouple
family
High
school
dropout
Enrolled
in
college
High
school
degree,
no
college
Enrolled
in high
school
70.79
21.22
5.45
7.59
4.02
69.56
19.93
5.40
9.25
4.17
73.24
23.47
4.77
5.07
3.86
70.39
20.61
4.25
8.43
3.23
71.24
21.88
6.77
6.67
4.88
73.00
21.46
4.07
8.10
4.51
70.00
21.14
5.95
7.41
3.84
77.81
2.30
.40
17.34
7.59
71.01
10.56
7.33
13.82
5.40
75.08
.00
1.84
24.37
3.86
70.09
25.41
5.76
4.87
3.46
.77
.75
.81
.53
1.05
.64
.82
1.89
.85
.70
.69
1.51
4.71
1.86
5.00
.93
4.40
1.23
6.20
1.82
3.06
1.79
4.38
1.41
4.84
2.22
3.17
2.09
2.27
2.09
5.09
1.33
5.26
1.55
20.59
12.24
1.76
20.10
12.54
1.11
21.37
11.89
1.20
23.45
12.24
1.94
17.44
12.25
.92
21.64
12.03
1.77
20.20
12.32
1.34
21.71
15.38
.87
17.89
13.78
.92
27.68
11.14
1.69
20.71
11.83
2.70
2.36
2.91
2.35
2.23
2.24
2.16
2.00
3.29
2.74
2.35
1.68
2.82
2.61
2.96
3.67
5.25
1.90
2.14
1.64
2.30
2.36
.63
.79
.36
.70
.55
.75
.58
1.45
.85
2.04
.44
1.64
1.37
2.04
1.50
1.79
1.67
1.63
.22
2.17
.00
1.74
7.33
8.67
5.20
7.76
6.86
7.83
7.15
14.03
11.34
25.31
5.01
76.8
72.9
84.0
75.2
78.6
78.8
76.1
0.0
0.0
4.1
100.0
38.2
46.2
23.9
37.1
39.3
36.4
38.8
52.5
52.8
67.8
32.6
1,625
1,140
397
852
773
480
1,145
88
195
64
1,277
Enrolled in high school by parental education level2
No
high
school
degree
High
school
degree,
no
college
Some
college
4 years
of
college
70.09
25.41
5.76
4.87
3.46
72.83
28.49
4.33
2.27
3.93
70.47
23.47
4.17
5.26
4.23
70.81
24.75
5.64
5.87
3.54
68.79
27.10
6.00
5.51
2.86
67.92
25.29
9.01
3.35
2.64
.69
.31
.69
.76
.61
.89
1.33
5.26
1.33
6.30
1.36
6.05
1.72
4.29
.98
5.22
.98
5.17
1.69
20.71
11.83
.52
20.37
11.87
.81
22.04
13.50
1.68
20.23
11.55
2.52
19.84
9.94
2.79
21.07
12.28
2.30
2.36
2.02
.82
2.72
2.52
2.15
2.53
1.97
2.72
2.53
2.24
.44
.16
.54
.53
.48
.30
1.74
3.16
1.71
1.34
1.71
1.60
All
teens
reporting
Personal ...........
School................
Homework.........
Paid work...........
Housework.........
Household
care.................
Nonhousehold
care.................
Play sports.........
Traditional
activities . ........
Screen time ......
Hanging out.......
Leisure
shopping..........
Organizations....
Work-related
travel................
Education related travel....
Professional
or
graduate
degree
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 49
Time Use Studies: Teens
Table 7.
Continued—Estimate of average weekly hours spent in selected activities by teens aged 15 to 19 years,
school months 2003 and school months 2004
Activity
Usual hours
worked per
week...................
Percent enrolled
in high school.....
Percent
employed . .........
Sample size .........
All
teens
reporting
No
high
school
degree
High
school
degree,
no
college
4 years
of
college
Professional
or
graduate
degree
5.01
3.96
6.00
5.71
4.64
3.42
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.6
19.5
35.0
37.1
33.2
29.2
1,277
117
295
376
279
210
1
Categories are identified on the basis of information on degree
completed from linked CPS (2–5 months prior to ATUS) and information
on enrollment from ATUS. High school dropouts are defined as teens
who had not completed high school at the time of the CPS interview
and who were not enrolled in any schooling at the time of the ATUS
ment, particularly in mathematics, has been found to decline as the time youths spend working at paid employment or around the house, socializing with friends, or
watching television increases.36 Research suggests as well
that engagement in extracurricular and service-learning
activities yields positive benefits. Participation in these activities has been found to reduce dropping out of high
school, criminal behavior, early childbearing, smoking,
and the use of drugs and alcohol. Participation in structured youth sports appears to yield potentially negative as
well as positive effects.37
All of these findings provide insight into the implications of current trends and patterns in teen time use.
Teens in families with less education spend less time each
week on homework and reading than they did 30 years
ago, a fact that raises concern, given the positive link between homework for this age group and academic success.
They are, however, more likely than in the past to engage
in creative writing each week. In addition, rates of participation in community or volunteer activities increased for
all teens (except those with parents with the least amount
of education, who already were volunteering at relatively
high rates), which may yield positive effects. Employment
rates for teens in families with less education declined far
less than for teens in more educated families, but whether
that trend is favorable or unfavorable is difficult to assess.
50
Some
college
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
interview. This group likely includes some individuals who graduated
from high school after the CPS interview.
2
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured
as the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
SOURCE: American Time Use Survey,
For teens in families with less education, observed declines may be related to a spatial mismatch between jobs
and home, a lack of transportation, or reduced opportunities, all critical issues that require further exploration.
In general, teens in families with more education substantially decreased the time they spent in paid employment,
at both the intensive and extensive margins, and increased
their rate of volunteerism. Especially in more highly educated families, trends for teens suggest some substitution of
volunteer work for paid work, perhaps to enhance their college prospects, as is suggested by anecdotal media reports,
or due to high school graduation requirements. Whether
this shift yields the expected benefits is not yet clear.
This article has provided only a first step in examining
teens’ time use and its implications. In the future, it will be
possible to use data from the ATUS to examine trends in
teen time use. The article emphasizes the point that teens
spend time in a variety of activities, not just one activity in isolation.38 However, existing research has focused
principally on the benefits and costs of one activity at
a time. To understand more fully the likely overall impact of documented shifts in teen employment patterns,
future research is needed to examine the differential
benefits derived from work, school, and extracurricular activities separately and from various combinations
of these activities.
Table
8. Estimate of average weekly hours spent in selected activities by female teens aged 15 to 19 years,
school months 2003 and school months 2004
Activity
Personal ...........
School................
Homework.........
Paid work...........
Housework.........
Household
care.................
Nonhousehold
care.................
Play sports.........
Traditional
activities . ........
Screen time ......
Hanging out.......
Leisure
shopping..........
Organizations....
Work-related
travel................
Education related travel....
Usual hours
worked
per week..........
Percent
enrolled in
high school......
Percent
employed . ......
Sample size ......
All
female
teens
reporting
Race or ethnicity
Family
structure
In
White,
singleMinority parent
nonHispanic
family
Enrolled in high school, by parental eduction level 1
In
No
All
married- female
high
couple
school
teens
family reporting degree
No
High
school
degree,
no
college
Some
college
4 years
of
college
Professional
or
graduate
degree
71.24
21.88
6.77
6.67
4.88
70.57
19.94
6.24
8.01
4.94
72.59
25.98
6.61
4.69
4.87
73.45
21.07
5.16
8.05
5.17
70.37
22.20
7.40
6.12
4.77
70.77
25.32
6.93
4.73
4.21
72.20
32.55
5.03
2.69
6.82
71.50
22.30
4.50
5.77
5.13
70.06
24.53
7.04
6.76
3.56
69.84
27.32
7.62
2.81
3.47
71.40
25.25
10.63
2.83
3.38
1.05
1.01
1.08
.73
1.17
.90
.53
.74
.90
.95
1.28
1.82
3.06
2.47
3.90
.69
1.59
2.59
2.24
1.51
3.39
1.64
3.27
1.05
2.76
1.58
3.10
2.16
2.63
1.34
4.40
1.38
3.38
1.94
17.44
12.25
2.05
17.22
12.62
1.65
18.20
11.67
1.34
18.87
11.89
2.17
16.88
12.39
2.10
17.86
12.07
.87
16.84
12.22
.85
19.54
14.29
2.15
18.64
12.73
3.41
15.34
9.52
2.83
17.79
10.65
3.29
2.74
3.47
2.74
2.73
2.50
3.26
1.95
3.30
3.05
2.82
2.94
2.55
1.08
3.65
3.28
2.75
3.02
2.21
3.86
2.47
2.08
.55
.63
.47
.82
.44
.46
.19
.80
.49
.30
.25
1.79
1.45
2.38
1.68
1.84
1.79
3.59
1.70
1.15
1.82
2.20
6.86
8.20
4.48
7.22
6.72
4.90
2.56
6.66
6.04
3.56
3.13
78.6
75.6
85.1
80.7
77.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.3
47.7
23.7
36.4
40.4
35.1
14.6
38.6
43.1
31.9
30.7
773
553
175
233
540
610
54
140
180
125
111
1
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured as
the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
NOTE: All figures are weighted. See appendix exhibit A–1 for
definitions of activities.
SOURCE: American Time Use Survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 51
Time Use Studies: Teens
Table 9.
Estimate of average weekly hours spent in selected activities by male teens aged 15 to 19 years,
school months 2003 and school months 2004
Race or ethnicity
Activity
Personal ...........
School................
Homework.........
Paid work...........
Housework.........
Household
care.................
Nonhousehold
care.................
Play sports.........
Traditional
activities . ........
Screen time ......
Hanging out.......
Leisure
shopping..........
Organizations....
Work-related
travel................
Education related travel....
Usual hours
worked per
week................
Percent
enrolled in
high school......
Percent
employed . ......
Sample size ......
All
male
teens
reporting
Family
structure
In
White,
singleMinority
nonparent
Hispanic
family
In
All
No
marriedmale
high
couple
teens
school
family reporting degree
High
school
degree,
no
college
Some
college
4 years
of
college
Professional
or
graduate
degree
70.39
20.61
4.25
8.43
3.23
68.57
19.91
4.60
10.46
3.46
73.80
21.44
3.28
5.35
3.04
72.65
21.88
2.99
8.02
3.85
69.67
20.21
4.69
8.53
3.04
69.48
25.50
4.66
5.00
2.77
73.37
25.86
3.81
1.84
1.75
69.66
24.86
3.86
4.66
3.30
71.56
25.00
4.34
5.04
3.49
67.98
26.93
4.54
7.83
2.28
64.33
25.29
7.43
2.97
1.98
.53
.50
.59
.55
.51
.49
.13
.63
.67
.26
.53
1.23
6.20
1.29
6.09
1.12
6.66
.94
6.60
1.32
6.11
1.04
7.11
1.49
8.91
1.16
9.13
1.26
5.73
.60
5.94
.59
6.83
1.20
23.45
12.24
1.47
22.81
12.48
.66
23.96
12.07
.49
24.45
12.18
1.43
23.08
12.27
1.31
23.40
11.59
.29
22.85
11.57
.79
24.66
12.41
1.19
21.74
10.47
1.68
24.06
10.40
2.59
24.48
13.86
2.16
2.00
2.36
1.97
1.84
2.03
1.43
1.37
2.40
2.22
1.81
1.80
1.63
.62
1.74
1.57
1.63
2.06
1.71
1.72
2.54
2.80
.70
.94
.28
.65
.70
.43
.12
.24
.57
.66
.37
1.50
1.29
1.76
1.66
1.44
1.68
2.88
1.72
1.54
1.59
1.07
7.76
9.12
5.79
8.45
7.53
5.11
4.94
5.29
5.41
5.67
3.71
75.2
70.4
83.1
76.8
74.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.1
44.9
24.0
36.4
37.4
30.3
22.9
31.1
31.5
34.5
27.7
852
587
222
247
605
667
63
155
196
154
99
1
In married-couple families, parental education level is measured as
the educational attainment of the more educated parent.
NOTE: All figures are weighted. See appendix exhibit A–1 for
52
Enrolled in high school, by parental eduction level 1
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
definitions of activities.
SOURCE: American Time Use Survey.
Notes
1
Daniel Aaronson, Kyung-Hong Park, and Daniel Sullivan, “The
Decline in Teen Labor Force Participation,” Economic Perspectives
(Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago), first quarter, 2006, pp. 2–18. (See
also “Declining Teen Labor Force Participation,” Summary 02–06, Issues in Labor Statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002);
and Chinhui Juhn and Simon Potter, “Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States, Journal of Economic Perspectives, summer
2006, pp. 27–46.)
See figures in table 1 for enrolled high school students. Figures are
calculated by the authors from CPS outgoing rotations.
2
See Sandra L. Hofferth, David A. Kinney, and Janet S. Dunn, “The
‘Hurried’ Child: Middle-Class Phenomenon or Value Shift?” University of Maryland Working Paper, February 2006; Robert B. Reich,
“How Selective Colleges Heighten Inequality,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept. 15, 2000; and Barbara Hagenbaugh, “Full Activity, Study
Schedules Have Many Teens Just Saying No to Jobs,” USA Today, Apr.
7, 2005, p. 1B.
3
4
Sara McLanahan, “Diverging Destinies: How Children Are Faring under the Second Demographic Transition,” Demography, November 2004, pp. 607–28.
5
Robert Kaestner, Sanders Korenman, and June O’Neill, “Has
Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, spring 2003, pp. 225–48.
6
Writes columnist David Brooks, “We once had a society stratified
by bloodlines....Now we live in a society stratified by education....Educated parents not only pass down economic resources to their children,
they pass down expectations, habits, knowledge and cognitive abilities.”
(See David Brooks, “The Education Gap,” The New York Times, Sept.
25, 2005, p. 11.) Hofferth, Kinney, and Dunn, “The ‘Hurried’ Child,”
cite a similar argument based on earlier work by Melvin L. Kohn and
Carmi Schooler (Work and Personality: An Inquiry into the Impact of Social Stratification (Norwood, NJ, Ablex, 1983).)
Edith Chen, Andrew D. Martin, and Karen A. Matthews, “Understanding Health Disparities: The Role of Race and Socioeconomic Status in Children’s Health,” American Journal of Public Health, April
2006, pp. 702–08.
7
See, for instance, Robert M. Hauser, “Measuring Socioeconomic Status in Studies of Child Development,” Child Development, December 1994, pp. 1541–45.
8
9
For a summary of papers taking this approach, see Rebecca M.
Blank, “Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States,” Journal of
Economic Literature, December 2002, pp. 1105–66.
10
For a discussion regarding the supervisory role, see Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur, Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts,
What Helps? (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1994). Controlling for income, this study points to the importance of number of
parents in explaining children’s outcomes. (See also Lynn M. Mulkey,
Robert L. Crain, and Alexander J. C. Harrington, “One-Parent Households and Achievement: Economic and Behavioral Explanations of a
Small Effect,” Sociology of Education, January 1992, pp. 48–65.)
11
Of which approximately 8 percent (about 4,800) do not respond,
due to absence, refusal to participate, and so forth.
For a more detailed discussion of the MTF project, see Jerald G.
Bachman, Lloyd D. Johnston, and Patrick M. O’Malley, The Monitoring the Future Project after Twenty-Seven Years: Designs and Procedures,
Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 54 (Ann Arbor, MI, Institute
for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2001).
12
13
The CPS analysis begins in 1995–96 because the CPS questionnaire underwent a substantial revision in January 1994, raising issues
of comparability with earlier years. (See Anne E. Polivka and Stephen
M. Miller, “The CPS After the Redesign: Refocusing the Economic
Lens” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1995), on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/ec950090.pdf.)
For earlier research on school-year employment, see Donna S.
Rothstein, “Youth employment during school: results from two longitudinal surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, August 2001, pp. 25–37; and
Christopher J. Ruhm, “Is High School Employment Consumption or
Investment? Journal of Labor Economics, October 1997, pp. 735–76.
14
15
Other previous research also uses parental education level (that
is, the education level of the most educated parent) as a measure of
family socioeconomic status in examining teens’ social and economic patterns. See, for example, Nicholas Zill, Christine Winquist Nord,
and Laura Spencer Loomis, Adolescent Time Use, Risky Behavior and
Outcomes: An Analysis of National Data, Report to the Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, 1995). An overview of this report is
available online at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/cyp/xstimuse.htm. The
report (p. 11) cites research by John P. Robinson (How Americans Use
Time (New York, Praeger, 1977)) showing a stronger predictive relationship between adult education levels and time use than between
income levels and time use. Similarly, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Bonnie
L. Barber, Margaret Stone, and James Hunt, “Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Development,” Journal of Social Issues, vol. 59, no.
4, 2003, pp. 865–89, use mother’s education level to control for family socioeconomic status in their study of the relationship between the
two variables of the title.
16
In very large schools, a sample of senior classes is drawn.
Research points to a number of barriers to employment that contribute to this pattern: teens in such families tend to have less access
to transportation, fewer networking opportunities, and fewer employment opportunities near where they live. Nonetheless, of teens who do
hold employment, those in less economically advantaged families tend
to work “substantially” more hours, typically defined as more than 20
hours per week. (See table 3, p. 25.) For a further discussion of these
points, see Rothstein, “Youth employment during school”; and Robert
I. Lerman, “Are Teens in Low-Income and Welfare Families Working Too Much?” New Federalism: National Survey of America’s Families, series B, no. B–25 (Washington, DC, The Urban Institute, November 2000).
17
18
Similar patterns in teen employment trends by sex are reported
by Aaronson, Park, and Sullivan, “The Decline in Teen Labor Force
Participation,” and in What Is Happening to Youth Employment Rates?
(Congressional Budget Office, November 2004).
19
Congressional Budget Office, Youth Employment Rates.
See, for instance, Doris R. Entwisle, Karl L. Alexander, Linda
Steffel Olson, and Karen Ross, “Paid Work in Early Adolescence: Developmental and Ethnic Patterns,” Journal of Early Adolescence, August
1999, pp. 363–88.
20
As indicated in table 4, the survey asks about unpaid or paid
work, without separating the two categories. The responses likely exclude “work around the house,” because this is a separate category, as
listed in table 5.
21
One drawback to examining homework patterns of high school
seniors is that they may have modified their studying behavior to the
extent that college admissions depend on junior-year grades. Howev22
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 53
Time Use Studies: Teens
er, recent longitudinal research finds not only little change in hours devoted to homework among high school students over the past 40 years,
despite anecdotal evidence to the contrary, but also no difference between 13- and 17-year-olds in hours spent on homework. The only
measurable increase in time spent on homework is among elementary school children, although research points only to a weak-to-nonexistent or even negative correlation between homework and academic achievement for that age group. (See Brian P. Gill and Steven L.
Schlossman, “A Nation at Rest: The American Way of Homework,”
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, fall 2003, pp. 319–37; and
Harris Cooper and Jeffrey C. Valentine, “Using Research to Answer
Practical Questions About Homework,” Educational Psychologist, fall
2001, pp. 143–53.)
For further discussion, see Cooper and Valentine, “Using Research.”
23
For a discussion of trends, see Jeffrey A. McLellan and James
Youniss, “Two Systems of Youth Service: Determinants of Voluntary and Required Youth Community Service,” Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, February 2003, pp. 47–58; and Brian Kleiner and Christopher Chapman, “Youth Service-Learning and Community Service
Among 6th- through 12th-Grade Students in the United States: 1996
and 1999,” Education Statistics Quarterly (National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, first quarter, 2000).
Since 1997, Maryland public high school students have been required
to complete 75 hours of community service in order to graduate. (See
McLellan and Youniss, “Two Systems”; and Maryland Department of
Education Web site, http://www.marylandpublicschools.org/MSDE/
programs/servicelearning. Maryland is the largest jurisdiction and
the only State to have implemented such a program.)
24
Hence, educational information on the custodial parent is
available.
25
26
Because teens’ educational attainment is not updated in the ATUS,
the category of high school dropouts may include some teens who received a high school degree after the CPS was conducted. The linked
CPS and the ATUS differ not only in timing, but also regarding who provides information on the teen. As discussed in the text, the CPS permits proxy reports (for example, parental reports), while all ATUS data
are self-reports (by teens). The latter factor may result in discrepant reports.
27
Kristina J. Shelley, “Developing the American Time Use Survey
activity classification system,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2005, pp.
3–15.
28
The weekly average is a weighted sum that counts weekdays as
five-sevenths, and weekends as two-sevenths, of the weekly total.
29
The low response rate of the ATUS—around 60 percent—and its
implications is a topic of much discussion. See, for instance, Katharine
G. Abraham, Aaron Maitland, and Suzanne Bianchi, “Nonresponse in
the American Time Use Survey: Who Is Missing from the Data and
How Much Does It Matter?” paper presented at the ATUS Early Results Conference, Bethesda, MD, Dec. 9, 2005; and Grace O’Neill and
Jessica Sincavage, “Response Analysis Survey: A Qualitative Look at
Response and Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey,” BLS
working paper (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
For a detailed comparison of measures of hours worked in the
Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart, “What can time-use data tell
us about hours of work?” Monthly Labor Review, December 2004, pp.
3–9.
30
ATUS, see
See, for instance, “Variations in time use at stages of the life cycle,” visual essay, Monthly Labor Review, September 2005, pp. 38–45;
and F. Thomas Juster, Hiromi Ono, and Frank P. Stafford, “Chang31
54
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
ing Times of American Youth: 1981–2003,” mimeograph (Ann Arbor, MI, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, November 2004).
32
See Zill, Nord, and Loomis, “Adolescent Time Use.” These authors analyzed data on 10th graders from the 1990 National Educational Longitudinal Survey and the 1987 Longitudinal Survey of
American Youth. Their chief finding was that teens from more advantaged families engage in more “constructive activities.”
33
See, for instance, Christopher J. Ruhm, “Is High School Employment Consumption or Investment?” Journal of Labor Economics,
October 1997, pp. 735–76; and Sharon Wofford Mihalic and Delbert
Elliott, “Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Work,”
Youth & Society, June 1997, pp. 464–98.
34
Several authors have written extensively on this subject, most reporting negative academic, social, and physical outcomes for youths
who work more than 20 hours per week. See, for example, Jerald G.
Bachman and John Schulenberg, “How Part-Time Work Intensity Relates to Drug Use, Problem Behavior, Time Use, and Satisfaction Among High School Seniors: Are These Consequences or Merely
Correlates?” Developmental Psychology, March 1993, pp. 220–35; Laurence Steinberg and Sanford M. Dornbusch, “Negative Correlates of
Part-Time Employment During Adolescence: Replication and Elaboration,” Developmental Psychology, March 1991, pp. 304–13; Nancy F.
Weller, Steven H. Kelder, Sharon P. Cooper, Karen Basen-Engquist,
and Susan R. Tortolero, “School-Year Employment Among High
School Students: Effects on Academic, Social, and Physical Functioning,” Adolescence, fall 2003, pp. 441–58; and Deborah J. Safron, John
E. Schulenberg, and Jerald G. Bachman, “Part-Time Work and Hurried Adolescence: The Links Among Work Intensity, Social Activities, Health Behaviors, and Substance Use,” Journal of Health and Social
Behavior, December 2001, pp. 425–49. For a discussion of employment quality, see Julian Barling, Kimberley-Ann Rogers, and E. Kevin Kelloway, “Some Effects of Teenagers’ Part-Time Employment: The
Quantity and Quality of Work Make the Difference,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, March 1995, pp. 143–54.
35
Zill, Nord, and Loomis, “Adolescent Time Use.”
36
See Andrew J. Fuligni and Harold W. Stevenson, “Time Use and
Mathematics Achievement among American, Chinese, and Japanese
High School Students,” Child Development, June 1995, pp. 830–42; and
Thomas Ewin Smith, “Time Use and Change in Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Follow-Up,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
December 1992, pp. 725–47. (See also Jennifer A. Fredricks and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, “Is Extracurricular Participation Associated With
Beneficial Outcomes? Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations,” Developmental Psychology, July 2006, pp. 698–713, for a discussion of posthigh school effects of high school extracurricular activities.)
See Jacquelynne S. Eccles and Bonnie L. Barber, “Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band: What Kind of Extracurricular Involvement Matters?” Journal of Adolescent Research, January
1999, pp. 10–43, for a discussion of higher alcohol use among student
athletes. Eccles, Barber, Stone, and Hunt, “Extracurricular Activities
and Adolescent Development,” find that most extracurricular activities, including sports, provide positive benefits for participants in terms
of educational outcomes, controlling for social class, sex, and intellectual aptitude. However, higher rates of drinking are seen among members of school sports teams.
37
38
This point was made earlier by W. Todd Bartko and Jacquelynne
S. Eccles, “Adolescent Participation in Structured and Unstructured
Activities: A Person-Oriented Approach,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, August 2003, pp. 233–41.
APPENDIX: Table and exhibits
Comparison of sample characteristics from CPS outgoing rotations, 2003-04 school year, and American
Table
A–1.
Time Use Survey, school months 2003 and school months 2004, proportions of teens aged 16 to 19 years
Characteristic
ATUS
CPS outgoing rotations
Age1
16 years......................................................................................................
17 years......................................................................................................
18 years..................................................................................................... .
19 years......................................................................................................
Teen’s education level2
0.31
.31
23
.15
0.30
.29
.23
.19
High school student.....................................................................................
College student.......................................................................................... .
High school graduate, no college................................................................
High school dropout....................................................................................
Educational level of parent with highest education3
.72
16
.05
.07
.67
.20
.08
.07
No high school degree................................................................................
High school degree.....................................................................................
Some college..............................................................................................
4 years of college .......................................................................................
Professional or graduate degree.................................................................
Race or ethnicity3
.11
.23
.29
.21
.15
.10
.26
.30
.20
.14
White, non-Hispanic....................................................................................
Minority (Hispanic or African-American)......................................................
.62
.33
.66
.29
Sample size.................................................................................................
1,285
13,587
1
Calculated for the ATUS sample on the basis of age at the ATUS
interview.
2
Calculated for the ATUS sample on the basis of the teen’s
educational attainment at the time of the CPS and the teen’s
enrollment at the time of the ATUS interview.
3
Calculated for the ATUS sample from the linked CPS.
NOTE: For comparison of hours estimates, see table 6. All figures
are weighted.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 55
Time Use Studies: Teens
Exhibit A–1.
Definitions of work measures1
Data source
Time frame of data
Work Measure
Linked CPS 2–5 months prior to ATUS survey Usual hours worked
ATUS survey School months
Time diary
Actual hours worked
Demographic questions
Usual hours worked
Outgoing CPS rotations School months
Usual hours worked
MTF School months
Average hours per week
1
Proxy reports permitted
Teen self-report
Teen self-report
Proxy reports permitted
Teen self-report
Work measured is paid work for all sources except MTF, for which work measured is both paid and unpaid work.
Exhibit A–2.
ATUS codes and definitions
Activity
Details
Personal
Grooming, sleeping, travel time
School Any class
Homework For any class
Paid work On all jobs and income-generating activities
Housework Including travel time
Household care Including travel time
Nonhousehold care Including travel time
Play sports Actively engaged (excludes watching)
Traditional activities Extracurricular activities, hobbies, reading, writing
Screen time Television and DVD watching and leisure-time
computer use (surfing and computer games).
Note: also includes board games (activity cannot
be separated from computer games)
Hanging out Watching sports, attending parties, “relaxing,”
listening to music, attending events,
phoning friends, related travel time
Leisure shopping Excludes shopping for groceries, food, gas
Organizations Civic, volunteer, and religious
Work-related travel Travel time related to work
School-related travel Travel time related to educational activities
Omitted Eating, business phone calls, buying goods and
services (excluding “leisure” shopping),
household and personal e-mail and mail,
job search, and travel not elsewhere classified.
56
Type of report
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Codes
010000–019999, 170100–170199
060101–060199
060301–060399
050101–050399
020000–020902, 170201–170299, 020905, 020999,
029999
030100–039999, 170300–170399
040100–049999, 170400–170499
130101–130199, 171301
060201–060299, 120309–120311, 120312,120313
120303–120304, 120307–120308
130201–130299, 120101–120299, 120301–120302,
120305–120306,120401–120499, 160100–160102,
171201–171299, 171302
070104, 170702
140101–149999, 150101–159999, 100201–100299,
100303, 171004, 171401–171499, 171501–171599
170501–170503
170601
Précis
The “great moderation”
In ancient times, philosophers advised
moderation in all things. In our time,
economists and policymakers have
wished for moderation in the volatility of employment and output growth.
Firms and households prefer to make
their economic decisions with a higher
level of certainty about what the future
holds. While it is not possible to predict the growth of employment and
output with precision, producers and
consumers all realize that increases in
volatility—the variation around the
average of an economic measure—
mean decreases in certainty.
Since the mid-1980s, U.S. economic growth has become less volatile
than it was in earlier decades. During
the period from the 1950s though the
early 1980s, quarterly employment
growth ranged from around 2.0 percent to –1.5 percent. Since the mid1980s it has fluctuated in a narrower
range, from a little less than 1.0 to
–0.5 percent. The volatility of growth
in output has also shrunk.
What accounts for this moderation
in volatility? Has it varied among the
States and industries that compose the
national economy? Gerald A. Carlino,
in “The Great Moderation in Economic Volatility: A View from the
States” (Business Review, First Quarter, 2007, Federal Reserve Bank of
Philadelphia) says the underlying possible causes of the “great moderation”
can be grouped into three categories:
better policy, good luck, and structural
change.
An example of better policy was the
emphasis the Federal Reserve placed
on controlling inflation during the
Volcker-Greenspan era. Planning is
well served by low and stable inflation,
thus, the Federal Reserve may be increasing stability of employment and
output growth by keeping inflation
under control.
Good luck might have come in
the form of fewer or smaller “shocks”
such as natural disasters, political crises, and work stoppages that affect
the economy.
Examples of structural change
include improved inventory management and just-in-time production
practices, banking deregulation, globalization, and the decline in union
membership. A significant example of
structural change was the contraction
of the more volatile goods-producing
sector and the expansion of the relatively more stable service sector.
The goods-producing sector includes the industries with the highest measures of employment growth
volatility: mining, construction, and
manufacturing. Although these industries are more volatile, employment growth volatility has declined
in these industries from the 1956–83
period to the 1984–2002 period just
as it has declined in almost every
other industry.
Every State recorded a reduction in the volatility of employment
growth from the 1956–83 period to
the 1984–2002 period. The largest
decreases were seen in West Virginia,
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. The smallest decreases were
in New Jersey, New Hampshire, and
New York.
Further exploration of the great
moderation of economic volatility
at the national and State levels may
yield findings that will be useful to
policymakers.
computer use in the workplace are
frequently cited reasons, for example.
But in a recent study published in the
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
Economic Review (first quarter 2007),
senior bank economist Jonathan L.
Willis and co-author Julie Wroblewski do look at the effects of increased productivity on the distribution of income. The authors examine
changes in compensation for labor
and physical capital, as well as changes in the distribution of household
income during two different periods
of productivity growth, 1973–95 and
1996–2006, when annual productivity growth averaged 1.4 percent and
2.8 percent, respectively.
Willis and Wroblewski find that
the shares of income allocated to labor and the owners of physical capital
were stable, on average, during both
periods. Thus, by this measure, the
distribution of income was unaffected
by changes in the rate of productivity
growth. But they also find substantial changes in the distribution of
household income, especially during the more recent period of strong
productivity gains. Since 1996, lowincome households have experienced
no gains in real income. By contrast,
real income growth among the top
10 percent of households kept pace
with or exceeded productivity gains
in that period. The authors attribute
part of the disparity to unequal distribution of the benefits resulting
from increased productivity. But they
also acknowledge that technological
advances during the period of strong
Productivity gains: who productivity growth increased the demand for high-skilled workers, which
benefits?
likely would result in larger compenAs labor productivity in the United sation gains for those workers relative
States has increased over the last to lower skilled workers. Other facdecade or so, analysts have tended tors cited by authors include changes
to focus on the reasons for productiv- in labor market institutions and fiscal
ity gains, rather than on their effects. policy, and the acceleration of comTechnological advances and increased pensation for CEOs.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 57
Book Reviews
Industrial relations
from A to Z
The global evolution of industrial relations: events, ideas, and the IIRA. By
Bruce E. Kaufman. International Labour Office, Geneva. 2004. 722 pp.,
$74.95/hardback.
This virtually encyclopedic work
encompasses a far broader historical
and political analysis than the title
indicates. It discusses the origins, the
rise, and the decline of “industrial
relations” as a system of mediating
the usually adversarial relationships
between employers and the unions
representing their employees—a system founded on academic and other
organized research. Industrial relations originated in the United States,
and this book deals extensively with
the American experience. It also
encompasses other English-speaking nations, as well as non Englishspeaking countries in Europe, Asia
and Africa, and Latin America.
The working and living conditions
of workers in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, and ceaseless conflicts
between labor and business, gave rise
to a radicalism of large groups of
workers—Marxism, Anarchism, and
Syndicalism being among the major
manifestations of it. The reports by
the Bureau of Labor (later the Bureau of Labor Statistics), and of the
Industrial Commission (1898–1902),
appointed by Congress to investigate
the economic problems of the time,
gave ample testimony of working
and living conditions. Concern and
apprehension about social unrest
and possible threats to representative government stimulated reform
efforts and a search for the means to
abate industrial conflict.
Among intellectual pioneers of industrial relations, Kaufman discusses
58
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Sidney and Beatrice Webb and John
F. Commons. Commons was a protégé of Richard Ely who in turn had
been a graduate student at the sessions of the Association for Social
Policy in Berlin—an association of
scholars in the fields of economic
sociology who opposed the reigning
doctrine of laissez-faire and insisted
on the study of factually ascertainable developments and their historical roots.
This approach, Kaufman indicates,
largely negates the abstractions postulated by Marshallian and neoclassical economics (which, however,
have been widely adopted by economists since the 1970s). Neoclassical
economics views the labor market in
terms of supply and demand setting
labor’s “price,” (wages). Involuntary
unemployment does not exist; workers’ effort levels are “neutral.” Such
abstractions from the realities of
work and the labor market are rejected by institutional economics, of
which Commons was a founder. He,
as well as the Webbs, held that wages
are partly determined by the worker’s
bargaining power, which, however, is
vastly inferior to the employer’s. The
worker’s bargaining power is weakened by the prevalence of unemployment and the resultant competition
from other jobseekers, as well as by
the insecurity he or she experiences
on the job. Nor has the worker any
protection against long hours or the
lowering of standards. Hence, collective action to gain equality of bargaining power is a must; the Webbs
were among the foremost defenders
of trade unions.
Another idea which the Webbs
developed was that of the “common
rule.” Essentially, the common rule
represented an argument for industrywide bargaining so as to “take
wages out of competition.” It was
adopted by the International Labour
Organization (ILO), and practiced by
American industrial unions until late
into the 20th century. But globalized
competition and outsourcing have, in
effect, vitiated it.
Commons and associates rejected
neoclassical economics also on quasiethical grounds. Commons held
that “labor is not a commodity”—a
tenet subsequently adopted by the
1944 Philadelphia convention of the
ILO—meaning that labor, and the
conflicts which arise from labor’s position, versus that of the employer’s
cannot be approached as if labor were
a commodity to be bought at a given
price. For the labor power a worker
furnishes for pay is integral to his or
her person, and the output of such
labor power is not determinate (contrary to the production function of
neoclassical economics). The implicit
contract between worker and employer cannot usually stipulate output
with precision, hence the workshop is
always “contested terrain,”—“a place
of moral significance.” Kaufman
does not go into detail regarding this
problem; be it noted that much of the
history of such trade unions as the
United Auto Workers can be written
in terms of the unending grievances
and strike actions revolving around
output quantity and its composition
in a prescribed time period.
Acceptance by business—industrialists, managements, financiers—of
the program and ideas expressed by
Commons and other social reformers was not forthcoming. A key exception was John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Rockefeller had been “converted” to a
conciliatory approach to labor when,
in the course of a bitter conflict, a
dozen women and children at the
Ludlow, Colorado, coal mining camp
were killed in 1913. The company
was run by a company in which he
and his father were major stockholders. He had at first rejected all re-
sponsibility, shifting it to the mine’s
management and agitators. Public
outrage caused him to visit the camp
under the tutelage of Mackenzie
King, a well-known Canadian labor
expert. Rockefeller in time favored
a “collective voice” for labor and argued the common interest of labor
and capital. Commons, who also
wrote a few books devoted to management personnel policies, insisted
on an “organized equilibrium of
equality” between management and
labor—equality of bargaining power.
He and other reformers promoted
protective labor legislation, municipal
ownership of utilities, and health and
unemployment insurance—arguing
that were such insurance systems
left to employers, coverage would
be incomplete and labor costs would
be driven back into competition.
Kaufman writes that conservatives
considered these programs “dangerously socialistic,” and some of the
labor-friendly academics, including
Commons and Ely, were threatened
with dismissal from their university
positions or were indeed dismissed.
Business generally remained averse
to the industrial relations ideas and
policies proposed by the reformers.
A relatively small number of corporations introduced what has been
termed welfare capitalism, becoming
more open to such organizational
changes as personnel management,
human relations programs, pensions,
and job tenure assurance (subject to
business conditions). Some arranged
for workers to voice their work-related concerns. But trade unions and
collective bargaining were still widely
viewed as interfering with free markets and as disputing the employment-at-will doctrine and underlying
property rights. Emblematic of this
position, and caring not a whit about
the alarms over social unrest and revolution earlier reported by Kaufman,
was the refusal of steel industry
employers (in 1919) to cut back on
the 84-hour week over which steelworkers were striking nationwide.
Raymond Hogler has written that
“The defeat of the steel strike…signaled the beginning of an employer
offensive against unions that significantly reduced their strength for the
remainder of the 1920s…” Moreover,
more than 2,100 court injunctions
were imposed on unions during that
decade at the behest of employers.
Only the Norris-LaGuardia Act
(1932) ended this practice. (Employment Relations in the United States, pp.
62, 107.)
With President Roosevelt’s New
Deal, Kaufman writes, industrial
relations entered its “Golden Age”
which crested in about 1960. The
New Deal legislation met a key objective of industrial relations professionals by establishing the right of
workers to bargain collectively with
representatives of their own choosing
and forbidding employers to interfere
with this right or the right to form or
join a union. Furthermore, company
unions were declared illegal. Much of
the business community supported
the legislation which would in effect stop the competitive cutting of
wages and spur aggregate demand,
hence also reduce unemployment.
Yet, parts of the business community
bitterly opposed the apparent shift
in workplace power to employees.
Between 1937 and 1947 numerous
laws in opposition to the reach of the
National Labor Relations Act (1935)
were introduced in Congress and in
state legislature, topped by the Labor-Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act (1947). The act weakened many provisions of the original
labor relations act, and also permitted
states in effect to make it virtually
impossible to organize within their
jurisdiction.
After 1960, a few new journals appeared that dealt with industrial relations, and academic interest in the
field grew somewhat in the 1970s. Its
fundamental concern had been, and
for a time after 1960 continued to be,
the struggle between labor and capital. The instruments of this struggle
on labor’s side were the trade unions
and collective bargaining. However,
as union density declined, the laborcapital problem as a focus of public
concerns lost salience. Relatively
successful macro-economic policies
diminished the importance of collectivist solutions. The expansion of
social regulations, such as civil rights
and the lifting of employment barriers to handicapped or aged persons, also contributed to the labor
movement’s diminishing importance.
The re-emergence of neoclassical
economics in the 1970s and 1980s,
moreover, could not be easily countered by industrial relations professionals who were unable to offer an
equally “elegant” theory.
Perhaps most important for the
declining relevance of industrial relations in the United States was a loss
in unions’ bargaining power, as indicated by managements’ pressure for
“give-backs,” curtailment of health
and pension benefits, threats of joblessness from global competition,
and priority given to shareholder
value and corporate earnings results.
No action could more graphically illustrate the “downward spiral” of industrial relations in the United States
than the University of Wisconsin’s
closing of its industrial relations program in 2003—the school of labor
institutionalism, the home of John
Commons.
With the exception of some
countries in the European Union
and Scandinavian nations, interest
in, and study of, industrial relations
generally abated during and after
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
59
Book Reviews
the 1980s. Kaufman discusses the
historical and social backgrounds
of industrial relations in all major
countries where trade unions were
free—including Canada, Australia,
the United Kingdom, France and
Japan (we cannot summarize details here). But repression of trade
unions as occurred in China, high
unemployment as occurred in the
Russian Federation, and low levels of
economic development elsewhere do
not provide significant material for
his discussion. In Germany and other
E.U. countries, alternative regimes of
employment regulation exist—such
as tripartite concentration at the state
level; bargaining on the industry and
sector levels; enterprise regulation by
means of work councils; and shop
floor regulation of the labor process—but such models have hardly
anything in common with American
industrial relations.
Kaufman devotes a longish chapter to the work of the International
Industrial Relations Association
(IIRA), which was founded in 1966
under the aegis of the ILO, and remains closely associated with it (note
that the book discussed here has
been published by the ILO). It is not
clear how successful IIRA has been in
promoting the “global dialogue” for
which it was designed.
Industrial relations were in part
formulated in terms of the trade
unions of the late 19th and the first half
of the 20th centuries. But now, writes
ILO in its 2003 publication, Economic
Security for a Better World, “Old-style
trade unions are in trouble…(T)he
forms of voice that are going to predominate in the 21st century will look
very different from the trade unions
of the 19th and 20th centuries.” (p. 331)
Kaufman is unquestionably aware of
this. His great work is perhaps the
best preparation to ponder and help
deal with the future of labor’s voice,
labor’s representation.
—Horst Brand
Economist, formerly with the
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Book review interest?
Interested in reviewing a book for the Monthly Labor Review? We have a number of books by distinguished
authors on economics, industrial relations, other social sciences, and related issues waiting to be reviewed. If
you have good writing skills and/or experience, then please contact us via E-mail at mlr@bls.gov
60
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Current Labor Statistics
Monthly Labor Review
May 2007
NOTE: Many of the statistics in the
following pages were subsequently
revised. These pages have not been
updated to reflect the revisions.
To obtain BLS data that reflect all revisions, see
http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm
For the latest set of "Current Labor Statistics,"
see http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/curlabst.htm
Current Labor Statistics
Notes on labor statistics ................................... 62
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators..................................................... 74
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in
compensation, prices, and productivity........................... 75
3. Alternative measures of wages and
compensation changes.................................................... 75
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.........
6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted.....
7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
seasonally adjusted .........................................................
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted.............
11. Employment of workers by State,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
12. Employment of workers by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.......
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
15. Average hourly earnings by industry..................................
16. Average weekly earnings by industry.................................
76
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
81
84
85
86
87
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 88
18. Job openings levels and rates, by industry and regions,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 89
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 89
20. Separations levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 90
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 90
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
10 largest counties . ........................................................ 91
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State... 93
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages, by ownership................................................ 94
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
establishment size and employment, by supersector........ 95
26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area .......................................... 96
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population........... 101
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ..................101
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level,
by industry......................................................................102
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
30.
31.
32.
33.
Employment Cost Index, compensation ..........................103
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries .................... 105
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry .......... 107
Employment Cost Index, private industry workers,
by bargaining status, and region..................................... 108
34. National Compensation Survey, retirement benefits,
private industry ............................................................. 109
35. National Compensation Survey, health insurance,
private industry............................................................... 111
36. National Compensation Survey, selected benefits,
private industry.............................................................. 112
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more............. 112
Price data
38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups.................. 113
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and
local data, all items ........................................................ 116
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major groups........................................................... 117
41. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................... 118
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups.............................................................. 119
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of processing..................................................... 120
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................... 120
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................... 121
46. U.S. international price indexes for selected
categories of services...................................................... 121
Productivity data
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.......................... 122
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity........................ 123
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices...................................................... 124
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries..... 125
International comparisons data
51. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 128
52. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, 10 countries........................... 129
53. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
16 economies................................................................. 130
Injury and Illness data
54. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness................... 132
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure ..............134
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 61
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the
principal statistical series collected and
calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer,
producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness statistics. In the notes that follow,
the data in each group of tables are briefly
described; key definitions are given; notes
on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday
buying periods, and vacation practices, which
might prevent short-term evaluation of the
statistical series. Tables containing data that
have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of current and past experiences.
When new seasonal factors are computed
each year, revisions may affect seasonally
adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1–14, 17–21, 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted
labor force data in tables 1 and 4–9 were
revised in the February 2005 issue of the
Review. Seasonally adjusted establishment
survey data shown in tables 1, 12–14, and
17 were revised in the March 2005 Review.
A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on
the data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in table
54 are usually introduced in the September
issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and
quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index
series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes
are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data—such as the “real” earnings shown in
table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the effect
of changes in price. These adjustments are
made by dividing current-dollar values by
the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying
by 100. For example, given a current hourly
wage rate of $3 and a current price index
number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly
62
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150
x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting
values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or
“1982” dollars.
Sources of information
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety
of sources. Definitions of each series and
notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of
data. For detailed descriptions of each data
series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin
2490. Users also may wish to consult Major
Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are
published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue.
More information about labor force,
employment, and unemployment data and
the household and establishment surveys
underlying the data are available in the
Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment
and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted data from the household
survey are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/cps/
Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment
survey also are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ces/
Additional information on labor force data
for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic
Profile of Employment and Unemployment.
For a comprehensive discussion of the
Employment Cost Index, see Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the
Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms;
Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local
Governments.
More detailed data on consumer and
producer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the
1998 revision of the CPI, see the December
1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear
in monthly news releases.
Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found on
the Internet:
www.bls.gov/lpc/
For additional information on international comparisons data, see Interna-
tional Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
1979.
Detailed data on the occupational injury
and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States,
by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin.
Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries
analytical articles on annual and longer term
developments in labor force, employment,
and unemployment; employee compensation
and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness data.
Symbols
n.e.c. =
n.e.s. =
p =
r =
not elsewhere classified.
not elsewhere specified.
preliminary. To increase
the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued
based on representative but
incomplete returns.
revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability of later
data, but also may reflect other
adjustments.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1–3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in
compensation provided by the Employment
Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force
participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major
demographic groups based on the Current
Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and
average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The
Employment Cost Index (compensation),
by major sector and by bargaining status, is
chosen from a variety of BLS compensation
and wage measures because it provides a
comprehensive measure of employer costs for
hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it
is not affected by employment shifts among
occupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2.
Measures of rates of change of compensation
and wages from the Employment Cost Index
program are provided for all civilian nonfarm
workers (excluding Federal and household
workers) and for all private nonfarm workers.
Measures of changes in consumer prices for
all urban consumers; producer prices by stage
of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price
indexes are given. Measures of productivity
(output per hour of all persons) are provided
for major sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the
overall trend in labor costs, are summarized
in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope,
related to the specific purposes of the series,
contribute to the variation in changes among
the individual measures.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work
because they were on layoff are also counted
among the unemployed. The unemployment
rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as
employed or unemployed. This group includes
discouraged workers, defined as persons who
want and are available for a job and who
have looked for work sometime in the past
12 months (or since the end of their last job
if they held one within the past 12 months),
but are not currently looking, because they
believe there are no jobs available or there are
none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises
all persons 16 years of age and older who are
not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm,
or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian
noninstitutional population that is in the
labor force. The employment-population
ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
(Tables 1; 4–29)
Notes on the data
Household survey data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the
Current Population Survey figures to correct
for estimating errors during the intercensal
years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of
these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. For
a discussion of changes introduced in January
2003, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf).
Effective in January 2003, BLS began
using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment
program to seasonally adjust national labor
force data. This program replaced the X-11
ARIMA program which had been used since
January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally
Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion
of the introduction of the use of X-12 ARIMA
for seasonal adjustment of the labor force
data and the effects that it had on the data.
At the beginning of each calendar year,
historical seasonally adjusted data usually
are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data.
Description of the series
Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample
consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive
months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all those who
worked for pay any time during the week
which includes the 12th day of the month or
who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a
family-operated enterprise and (2) those who
were temporarily absent from their regular
jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial
dispute, or similar reasons. A person working
at more than one job is counted only in the
job at which he or she worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary illness
and had looked for jobs within the preceding
January–June period. The historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised for only
the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal
adjustment factors, which incorporate the
experience through June, are produced for
the July–December period, but no revisions
are made in the historical data.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
national household survey data, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202)
691–6378.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
Employment, hours, and earnings data in this
section are compiled from payroll records
reported monthly on a voluntary basis to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 160,000
businesses and government agencies, which
represent approximately 400,000 individual
worksites and represent all industries except
agriculture. The active CES sample covers
approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll workers. Industries are classified in
accordance with the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System. In most
industries, the sampling probabilities are
based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the
sample. (An establishment is not necessarily
a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example,
or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and
others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they
are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household
and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit which
produces goods or services (such as a factory
or store) at a single location and is engaged
in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick pay)
for any part of the payroll period including
the 12th day of the month. Persons holding
more than one job (about 5 percent of all
persons in the labor force) are counted in
each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in the goodsproducing industries cover employees, up
through the level of working supervisors,
who engage directly in the manufacture or
construction of the establishment’s product.
In private service-providing industries, data
are collected for nonsupervisory workers,
which include most employees except those
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
63
Current Labor Statistics
in executive, managerial, and supervisory
positions. Those workers mentioned in tables
11–16 include production workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining;
construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Production and
nonsupervisory workers account for about
four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory workers receive during
the survey period, including premium pay
for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
payments. Real earnings are earnings
adjusted to reflect the effects of changes
in consumer prices. The deflator for this
series is derived from the Consumer Price
Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W).
Hours represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and are
different from standard or scheduled hours.
Overtime hours represent the portion of
average weekly hours which was in excess
of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the
percent of industries in which employment
was rising over the indicated period, plus
one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with
Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while
those for the 12-month span are unadjusted.
Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries,
and a manufacturing index based on 84
industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
Establishment survey data are annually
adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The March
2003 benchmark was introduced in February
2004 with the release of data for January
2004, published in the March 2004 issue of
the Review. With the release in June 2003,
CES completed a conversion from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to
the North American Industry Classification
System (naics) and completed the transition
from its original quota sample design to a
probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruction
of historical estimates in order to preserve
64
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
time series for data users. Normally 5 years
of seasonally adjusted data are revised with
each benchmark revision. However, with this
release, the entire new time series history for
all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted
due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted
in the revision of all CES time series.
Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for
the national establishment data. Under this
methodology, the first preliminary estimates
for the current reference month and the
revised estimates for the 2 prior months will
be updated with concurrent factors with each
new release of data. Concurrent seasonal
adjustment incorporates all available data,
including first preliminary estimates for
the most current month, in the adjustment
process. For additional information on all of
the changes introduced in June 2003, see the
June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings
and “Recent changes in the national Current
Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3–13.
Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003
data. For information on the revisions for
the State data, see the March and May 2003
issues of Employment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan
Area CES survey,” Monthly Labor Review,
June 2003, pp. 14–19.
Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses
the X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This
procedure, developed by the Bureau of the
Census, controls for the effect of varying
survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus
5-week effect), thereby providing improved
measurement of over-the-month changes
and underlying economic trends. Revisions
of data, usually for the most recent 5-year
period, are made once a year coincident with
the benchmark revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates
for the most recent 2 months are based on
incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12–17 in the Review).
When all returns have been received, the
estimates are revised and published as “final”
(prior to any benchmark revisions) in the
third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in
January and February and as final in March.
For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the
first 2 months of publication and final in the
third month. Fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February
and as final in March.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
establishment survey data, contact the Division of Current Employment Statistics:
(202) 691–6555.
Unemployment data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in
cooperation with State employment security
agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis
for determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance
programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment
rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying
these data are those used in the national
estimates obtained from the CPS.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures
established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are
revised to new population controls, usually
with publication of January estimates, and
benchmarked to annual average CPS levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data
in this series, call (202) 691–6392 (table 10)
or (202) 691–6559 (table 11).
Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages
Description of the series
Employment, wage, and establishment data
in this section are derived from the quarterly
tax reports submitted to State employment
security agencies by private and State and
local government employers subject to State
unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from
Federal, agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
(ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the
information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration
of employment and wage information by
industry at the national, State, metropolitan
area, and county levels. They have broad
economic significance in evaluating labor
market trends and major industry developments.
Definitions
In general, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data
represent the number of covered workers
who worked during, or received pay for, the
pay period that included the 12th day of
the month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials,
executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece
workers, and part-time workers. It excludes
proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain
farm and domestic workers. Certain types
of nonprofit employers, such as religious
organizations, are given a choice of coverage
or exclusion in a number of States. Workers
in these organizations are, therefore, reported
to a limited degree.
Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday,
paid vacation, and the like, are included.
Persons on the payroll of more than one
firm during the period are counted by each
ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no
wages during the entire applicable pay period
because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs,
illness, or unpaid vacations.
Federal employment data are based on
reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State
agencies for all Federal installations with
employees covered by the Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe)
program, except for certain national security
agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies
for any given month is based on the number
of persons who worked during or received
pay for the pay period that included the 12th
of the month.
An establishment is an economic unit,
such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that
produces goods or provides services. It is
typically at a single physical location and
engaged in one, or predominantly one, type
of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses
two or more distinct and significant activities.
Each activity should be reported as a separate
establishment if separate records are kept
and the various activities are classified under
different NAICS industries.
Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the
predominant reporting unit or statistical
entity for reporting employment and wages
data. Most employers, including State and
local governments who operate more than
one establishment in a State, file a Multiple
Worksite Report each quarter, in addition
to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple
Worksite Report is used to collect separate
employment and wage data for each of the
employer’s establishments, which are not
detailed on the ui report. Some very small
multi-establishment employers do not file a
Multiple Worksite Report. When the total
employment in an employer’s secondary
establishments (all establishments other
than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer
generally will file a consolidated report for all
establishments. Also, some employers either
cannot or will not report at the establishment
level and thus aggregate establishments into
one consolidated unit, or possibly several
units, though not at the establishment level.
For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location
at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal
agencies follow slightly different criteria than
do private employers when breaking down
their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1)
all installations with 10 or fewer workers,
and 2) all installations that have a combined
total in the State of fewer than 50 workers.
Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers
in all secondary installations in a State, the
secondary installations may be combined and
reported with the major installation. Last, if a
Federal agency has fewer than five employees
in a State, the agency headquarters office
(regional office, district office) serving each
State may consolidate the employment and
wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters
is located. As a result of these reporting rules,
the number of reporting units is always larger
than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number
of actual establishments (or installations).
Data reported for the first quarter are
tabulated into size categories ranging from
worksites of very small size to those with
1,000 employees or more. The size category
is determined by the establishment’s March
employment level. It is important to note that
each establishment of a multi-establishment
firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level
of the reporting multi-establishment firm is
not used in the size tabulation.
Covered employers in most States report
total wages paid during the calendar quarter,
regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify
that wages be reported for, or based on the
period during which services are performed
rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or
regulations, wages include bonuses, stock
options, the cash value of meals and lodging,
tips and other gratuities, and, in some States,
employer contributions to certain deferred
compensation plans such as 401(k) plans.
Covered employer contributions for
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance
(oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private
pension and welfare funds are not reported as
wages. Employee contributions for the same
purposes, however, as well as money withheld
for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are
reported even though they are deducted from
the worker’s gross pay.
Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all
pay periods ending within the quarter. This
includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent
of any type of remuneration, severance pay,
withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for
workers in private industry.
Average annual wage per employee for
any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average
employment. A further division by 52 yields
average weekly wages per employee. Annual
pay data only approximate annual earnings
because an individual may not be employed
by the same employer all year or may work for
more than one employer at a time.
Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time
workers as well as the number of individuals
in high-paying and low-paying occupations.
When average pay levels between States and
industries are compared, these factors should
be taken into consideration. For example,
industries characterized by high proportions
of part-time workers will show average wage
levels appreciably less than the weekly pay
levels of regular full-time employees in these
industries. The opposite effect characterizes
industries with low proportions of part-time
workers, or industries that typically schedule
heavy weekend and overtime work. Average
wage data also may be influenced by work
stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive
payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments,
and so on.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the release of data for 2001,
publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have
switched to the 2002 version of the North
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
65
Current Labor Statistics
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and
tabulation of economic data by industry.
NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies
of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Due to difference in NAICS and Standard
Industrial Classification ( SIC) structures,
industry data for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based data for earlier years.
Effective January 2001, the program
began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and
related establishments to local government
ownership. This BLS action was in response
to a change in Federal law dealing with the
way Indian Tribes are treated under the
Federal Unemployment Tax Act. This law
requires federally recognized Indian Tribes
to be treated similarly to State and local
governments. In the past, the Covered Employment and Wage (CEW) program coded
Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments in the private sector. As a result of the
new law, CEW data reflects significant shifts
in employment and wages between the private sector and local government from 2000
to 2001. Data also reflect industry changes.
Those accounts previously assigned to civic
and social organizations were assigned to
tribal governments. There were no required
industry changes for related establishments
owned by these Tribal Councils. These
tribal business establishments continued to
be coded according to the economic activity
of that entity.
To insure the highest possible quality
of data, State employment security agencies
verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification
process are introduced with the data reported
for the first quarter of the year. Changes
resulting from improved employer reporting
also are introduced in the first quarter. For
these reasons, some data, especially at more
detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly
comparable with earlier years.
County definitions are assigned according
to Federal Information Processing Standards
Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas
shown as counties include those designated
as independent cities in some jurisdictions
and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the
Census Bureau where counties have not been
created. County data also are presented for
the New England States for comparative
purposes, even though townships are the
more common designation used in New
England (and New Jersey).
66
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) defines metropolitan areas for use
in Federal statistical activities and updates
these definitions as needed. Data in this table
use metropolitan area criteria established
by OMB in definitions issued June 30, 1999
(OMB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions
reflect information obtained from the 1990
Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census
Bureau population estimate. A complete list
of metropolitan area definitions is available
from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847.
OMB defines metropolitan areas in terms
of entire counties, except in the six New England States where they are defined in terms of
cities and towns. New England data in this
table, however, are based on a county concept
defined by OMB as New England County
Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed available
from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The NECMA is a county-based
alternative to the city- and town-based
metropolitan areas in New England. The
NECMA for a Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA) include: (1) the county containing
the first-named city in that MSA title (this
county may include the first-named cities of
other MSA, and (2) each additional county
having at least half its population in the
MSA in which first-named cities are in the
county identified in step 1. The NECMA is
officially defined areas that are meant to be
used by statistical programs that cannot use
the regular metropolitan area definitions in
New England.
For additional information on the
covered employment and wage data, contact
the Division of Administrative Statistics and
Labor Turnover at (202) 691–6567.
Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey
Description of the series
Data for the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and
compiled from a sample of 16,000 business
establishments. Each month, data are collected for total employment, job openings,
hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The JOLTS program covers all
private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal,
State, and local government entities in the
50 States and the District of Columbia. The
JOLTS sample design is a random sample
drawn from a universe of more than eight
million establishments compiled as part of
the operations of the Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program.
This program includes all employers subject to
State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and
Federal agencies subject to Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class.
Large firms fall into the sample with virtual
certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates
are controlled to the employment estimates
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment
is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS
data elements. Rates then are computed from
the adjusted levels.
The monthly JOLTS data series begin with
December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted
data on job openings, hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations levels and rates are available for
the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry
divisions and 2 government divisions based
on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and four geographic
regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job
openings, hires, total separations, and quits
levels and rates are available for the total
nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and
four geographic regions.
Definitions
Establishments submit job openings infor-mation for the last business day of the
reference month. A job opening requires
that (1) a specific position exists and there
is work available for that position; and (2)
work could start within 30 days regardless
of whether a suitable candidate is found;
and (3) the employer is actively recruiting
from outside the establishment to fill the
position. Included are full-time, part-time,
permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by
advertising in newspapers or on the Internet,
posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers,
promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs
are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with
start dates more than 30 days in the future,
jobs for which employees have been hired but
have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be
filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, or consultants. The job openings
rate is computed by dividing the number of
job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings, and multiplying that quotient
by 100.
Hires are the total number of additions
to the payroll occurring at any time during
the reference month, including both new and
rehired employees and full-time and parttime, permanent, short-term and seasonal
employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call
or intermittent employees who returned to
work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary
help agencies or employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The hires
rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment, and multiplying that
quotient by 100.
Separations are the total number of
terminations of employment occurring at
any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation—quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations.
Quits are voluntary separations by employees
(except for retirements, which are reported
as other separations). Layoffs and discharges
are involuntary separations initiated by the
employer and include layoffs with no intent
to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected
to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting
from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings
or other discharges for cause, terminations
of permanent or short-term employees, and
terminations of seasonal employees. Other
separations include retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations
due to disability. Separations do not include
transfers within the same location or employees on strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations rates are computed similarly,
dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Notes on the data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires,
and separations are relatively new. The full
sample is divided into panels, with one panel
enrolled each month. A full complement of
panels for the original data series based on
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system was not completely enrolled in
the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to
create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected
up until those points are from less than a
full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as
fewer sampled units were reporting data at
that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for
collecting hires and separations data were
revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may
not be comparable with estimates for March
2002 and later.
The Federal Government reorganization
that involved transferring approximately
180,000 employees to the new Department
of Homeland Security is not reflected in
the JOLTS hires and separations estimates
for the Federal Government. The Office of
Personnel Management’s record shows these
transfers were completed in March 2003. The
inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions
of hires and separations is intended to cover
ongoing movements of workers between
establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive
one-time event, and the inclusion of these
intergovernmental transfers would distort
the Federal Government time series.
Data users should note that seasonal
adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted
with fewer data observations than is customary. The historical data, therefore, may
be subject to larger than normal revisions.
Because the seasonal patterns in economic
data series typically emerge over time, the
standard use of moving averages as seasonal
filters to capture these effects requires longer
series than are currently available. As a result,
the stable seasonal filter option is used in the
seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS data. When
calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes
an average for each calendar month after
detrending the series. The stable seasonal
filter assumes that the seasonal factors are
fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient
data are available. When the stable seasonal
filter is no longer needed, other program features also may be introduced, such as outlier
adjustment and extended diagnostic testing.
Additionally, it is expected that more series,
such as layoffs and discharges and additional
industries, may be seasonally adjusted when
more data are available.
JOLTS hires and separations estimates
cannot be used to exactly explain net changes
in payroll employment. Some reasons why it
is problematic to compare changes in payroll
employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: (1)
the reference period for payroll employment
is the pay period including the 12th of the
month, while the reference period for hires
and separations is the calendar month; and
(2) payroll employment can vary from month
to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during
the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Additionally, research has found that
some reporters systematically underreport
separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their
payroll systems and practices. The shortfall
appears to be about 2 percent or less over a
12-month period.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Job Openings and Labor Turnover
Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202)
961-5870.
Compensation and
Wage Data
(Tables 1–3; 30–37)
The National Compensation Survey (NCS)
produces a variety of compensation data.
These include: The Employment Cost Index
(ECI) and NCS benefit measures of the incidence and provisions of selected employee
benefit plans. Selected samples of these
measures appear in the following tables. NCS
also compiles data on occupational wages and
the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC).
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation per hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It is a Laspeyres Index that
uses fixed employment weights to measure
change in labor costs free from the influence
of employment shifts among occupations
and industries.
The ECI provides data for the civilian
economy, which includes the total private
nonfarm economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the
Federal government. Data are collected each
quarter for the pay period including the
12th day of March, June, September, and
December.
Sample establishments are classified by
industry categories based on the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS).
Within a sample establishment, specific job
categories are selected and classified into
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
67
Current Labor Statistics
about 800 occupations according to the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
System. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate
aggregations, such as professional and related
occupations, or one of five higher level aggregations, such as management, professional,
and related occupations.
Fixed employment weights are used
each quarter to calculate the most aggregate
series—civilian, private, and State and local
government. These fixed weights are also
used to derive all of the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with the
March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were
introduced. From March 1995 to December
2005, 1990 employment counts were used.
These fixed weights ensure that changes in
these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among
industries or occupations with different levels
of wages and compensation. For the series
based on bargaining status, census region
and division, and metropolitan area status,
fixed employment data are not available. The
employment weights are reallocated within
these series each quarter based on the current eci sample. The indexes for these series,
consequently, are not strictly comparable
with those for aggregate, occupational, and
industry series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance,
retirement and savings plans, and legally
required benefits (such as Social Security,
workers’ compensation, and unemployment
insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as paymentin-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The ECI data in these tables reflect the
con-version to the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) and
the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data
shown prior to 2006 are for informational
68
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
purposes only. ECI series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates
starting in March 2006.
The ECI for changes in wages and salaries
in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total
compensation cost—wages and salaries and
benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages
and salaries and for total compensation in
the State and local government sector and
in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding
Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (December
2005=100) are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ect/
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Employment Cost Index is available at
http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or
by telephone at (202) 691–6199.
National Compensation Survey Benefit
Measures
Description of the series
NCS benefit measures of employee benefits are published in two separate reports.
The annual summary provides data on the
incidence of (access to and participation
in) selected benefits and provisions of paid
holidays and vacations, life insurance plans,
and other selected benefit programs. Data on
percentages of establishments offering major
employee benefits, and on the employer and
employee shares of contributions to medical
care premiums also are presented. Selected
benefit data appear in the following tables. A
second publication, published later, contains
more detailed information about health and
retirement plans.
contributions and fulfilled any applicable
service requirement. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating
regardless of whether they have fulfilled the
service requirements.
Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement
benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to
provide those benefits. Benefits are generally
based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula
for determining eventual benefits. Instead,
individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts
credited to these accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of
defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary
to an employer-sponsored plan and defer
income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as life
insurance, medical care, and vacation days,
and among several levels of coverage within
a given benefit.
Notes on the data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE NCS
benefit measures is available at http://www.
bls.gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm or by telephone
at (202) 691–6199.
Work stoppages
(Table 37)
Definitions
Description of the series
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as long as there
is some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term
care insurance paid entirely by the employee
are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium
rates are considered a benefit.
Employees are considered as having access to a benefit plan if it is available for their
use. For example, if an employee is permitted
to participate in a medical care plan offered
by the employer, but the employee declines to
do so, he or she is placed in the category with
those having access to medical care.
Employees in contributory plans are
considered as participating in an insurance
or retirement plan if they have paid required
Data on work stoppages measure the number
and duration of major strikes or lockouts
(involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring
during the month (or year), the number of
workers involved, and the amount of work
time lost because of stoppage. These data are
presented in table 37.
Data are largely from a variety of published sources and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effect of
stoppages on other establishments whose
employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages: The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers
involved in the stoppages.
Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays
lost as a percent of the aggregate number of
standard workdays in the period multiplied
by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more.
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on work
stop-pages data is available at http://www.
bls.gov/cba/home.htm or by telephone at
(202) 691–6199.
Price Data
(Tables 2; 38–46)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period—December 2003 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted),
1982–84 = 100 for many Consumer Price
Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990
= 100 for International Price Indexes.
Consumer Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure
of the average change in the prices paid by
urban consumers for a fixed market basket
of goods and services. The CPI is calculated
monthly for two population groups, one
consisting only of urban households whose
primary source of income is derived from
the employment of wage earners and clerical
workers, and the other consisting of all urban
households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is
a continuation of the historic index that was
introduced well over a half-century ago for
use in wage negotiations. As new uses were
developed for the CPI in recent years, the need
for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all-urban consumer
index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993–95 buying habits of about
87 percent of the noninstitutional population
of the United States at that time, compared
with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In
addition to wage earners and clerical workers,
the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and
technical workers, the self-employed, shortterm workers, the unemployed, retirees, and
others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares,
doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods
and services that people buy for day-to-day
living. The quantity and quality of these items
are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be
measured. All taxes directly associated with
the purchase and use of items are included
in the index.
Data collected from more than 23,000
retail establishments and 5,800 housing units
in 87 urban areas across the country are used
to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate
estimates for 14 major urban centers are
presented in table 39. The areas listed are as
indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area
indexes measure only the average change in
prices for each area since the base period,
and do not indicate differences in the level of
prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the
way in which homeownership costs are
meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence
method replaced the asset-price approach
to homeownership costs for that series. In
January 1985, the same change was made
in the CPI-W. The central purpose of the
change was to separate shelter costs from the
investment component of homeownership so
that the index would reflect only the cost of
shelter services provided by owner-occupied
homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were
introduced with release of the January 1987
and January 1998 data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes:
(202) 691–7000.
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic
producers of commodities in all stages of
processing. The sample used for calculating
these indexes currently contains about 3,200
commodities and about 80,000 quotations
per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced
in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity
and public utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing structure of PPI organizes products by
class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that
is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and
crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by
similarity of end use or material composition.
The industry and product structure of PPI
organizes data in accordance with the 2002
North American Industry Classification
System and product codes developed by the
U.S. Census Bureau.
To the extent possible, prices used in
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production
or central marketing point. Price data are
generally collected monthly, primarily by
mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies
on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices
generally are reported for the Tuesday of
the week containing the 13th day of the
month.
Since January 1992, price changes for
the various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1987.
The detailed data are aggregated to obtain
indexes for stage-of-processing groupings,
commodity groupings, durability-of-product
groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are
subject to revision 4 months after original
publication.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and
Price Indexes: (202) 691–7705.
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The International Price Program produces
monthly and quarterly export and import
price indexes for nonmilitary goods and
services traded between the United States
and the rest of the world. The export price
index provides a measure of price change
for all products sold by U.S. residents to
foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in
the national income accounts; it includes
corporations, businesses, and individuals, but
does not require the organizations to be U.S.
owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a
measure of price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U.S. residents.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
69
Current Labor Statistics
data for these items are collected primarily
by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases,
the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases,
prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products,
the prices refer to transactions completed
during the first week of the month. Survey
respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to
the reported prices, so that the price used in
the calculation of the indexes is the actual
price for which the product was bought or
sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices
for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of
exports and imports. These categories are
defined according to the five-digit level of
detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis
End-use Classification, the three-digit level
for the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), and the four-digit level of
detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate
import indexes by country or region of origin
are also available.
BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services,
calculated on an international basis and on a
balance-of-payments basis.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The
trade weights currently used to compute both
indexes relate to 2000.
Because a price index depends on the
same items being priced from period to
period, it is necessary to recognize when a
product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason,
the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed
descriptions of the physical and functional
characteristics of the products being priced,
as well as information on the number of
units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms,
packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so
forth. When there are changes in either
the specifications or terms of transaction of
a product, the dollar value of each change
is deleted from the total price change to
obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is
determined, a linking procedure is employed
which allows for the continued repricing of
the item.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of International Prices:
(202) 691–7155.
70
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 47–50)
Business and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real output
to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor
input measures, such as output per hour,
output per unit of labor input, or output per
unit of capital input, as well as measures of
multifactor productivity (output per unit
of combined labor and capital inputs). The
Bureau indexes show the change in output
relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the business, nonfarm
business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial
corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per hour of labor input.
Output per unit of capital services (capital
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the
quantity of goods and services produced per
combined inputs. For private business and
private nonfarm business, inputs include labor
and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs
include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy
materials, and purchased business services.
Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total
compensation equals the wages and salaries
of employees plus employers’ contributions
for social insurance and private benefit
plans, plus an estimate of these payments for
the self-employed (except for nonfinancial
corporations in which there are no selfemployed). Real compensation per hour
is compensation per hour deflated by the
change in the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a
unit of output and are derived by dividing
compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation,
interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output.
They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current-dollar value
of output and dividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the com-
ponents of unit nonlabor payments except
unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at work of payroll workers, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Labor inputs are hours of all persons
adjusted for the effects of changes in the
education and experience of the labor force.
Capital services are the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets—equipment, structures,
land, and inventories—weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by combining changes in
labor and capital input with weights which
represent each component’s share of total
cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy,
materials, and purchased business services are
similarly derived by combining changes in
each input with weights that represent each
input’s share of total costs. The indexes for
each input and for combined units are based
on changing weights which are averages of
the shares in the current and preceding year
(the Tornquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real
gross domestic product (GDP) the following
outputs: general government, nonprofit
institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied
dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes
farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government
enterprises. The measures are supplied by
the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau
of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of
manufacturing sectoral output are produced
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the
Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these
annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the
Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed
from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 47–50 describe the relationship between output in real terms and
the labor and capital inputs involved in its
production. They show the changes from
period to period in the amount of goods and
services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output
to hours and capital services, they do not
measure the contributions of labor, capital,
or any other specific factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many
influences, including changes in technology;
shifts in the composition of the labor force;
capital investment; level of output; changes
in the utilization of capacity, energy, material,
and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and
characteristics and efforts of the work force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
productivity series, contact the Division of
Productivity Research: (202) 691–5606.
Industry productivity measures
Description of the series
The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and
inputs for selected industries and industry
groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency over time. Industry measures include
labor productivity, multifactor productivity,
compensation, and unit labor costs.
The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity
measures for the major sectors because the
industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product
Accounts framework used for the major
sector measures.
Definitions
Output per hour is derived by dividing an
index of industry output by an index of labor
input. For most industries, output indexes
are derived from data on the value of industry output adjusted for price change. For
the remaining industries, output indexes are
derived from data on the physical quantity
of production.
The labor input series is based on the
hours of all workers or, in the case of some
transportation industries, on the number of
employees. For most industries, the series
consists of the hours of all employees. For
some trade and services industries, the series
also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers.
Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output produced,
and are derived by dividing an index of labor
compensation by an index of output. Labor
compensation includes payroll as well as
supplemental payments, including both
legally required expenditures and payments
for voluntary programs.
Multifactor productivity is derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an index of combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases.
The measure of capital input represents the
flow of services from the capital stock used
in production. It is developed from measures
of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The
measure of intermediate purchases is a
combination of purchased materials, services,
fuels, and electricity.
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, with additional
data supplied by other government agencies,
trade associations, and other sources.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691–5618, or visit
the Web site at: www.bls.gov/lpc/home.
htm
International Comparisons
(Tables 51–53)
Labor force and unemployment
Description of the series
Tables 51 and 52 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts for
the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan,
and six European countries. The Bureau adjusts the figures for these selected countries,
for all known major definitional differences,
to the extent that data to prepare adjustments
are available. Although precise comparability
may not be achieved, these adjusted figures
provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published
by each country. For additional information
on adjustments and comparability issues, see
Constance Sorrentino, “International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?”
Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20
(available on the BLS Web site at:
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.
pdf ).
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor
force, employment, and unemployment, see
the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data.
Notes on the data
The foreign country data are adjusted
as closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with
the exception of lower age limits and the
treatment of layoffs. These adjustments include, but are not limited to: including older
persons in the labor force by imposing no
upper age limit, adding unemployed students
to the un-employed, excluding the military
and family workers working fewer than 15
hours from the employed, and excluding
persons engaged in passive job search from
the unemployed.
Data for the United States relate to the
population 16 years of age and older. The
U.S. concept of the working age population
has no upper age limit. The adjusted to U.S.
concepts statistics have been adapted, insofar
as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, and the
Swedish statistics have been adjusted to include persons older than the Swedish upper
age limit of 64 years. The adjusted statistics
presented here relate to the population 16
years of age and older in France, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom; 15 years of age and
older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and
the Netherlands. An exception to this rule
is that the Canadian statistics are adjusted
to cover the population 16 years of age and
older, whereas the age at which compulsory
schooling ends remains at 15 years. In the
labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios, the denominator is
the civilian noninstitutionalized working age
population, except for Japan and Germany,
which include the institutionalized working
age population.
In the United States, the unemployed
include persons who are not employed and
who were actively seeking work during
the reference period, as well as persons on
layoff. In the United States, as in Australia
and Japan, passive job seekers are not in the
labor force; job search must be active, such
as placing or answering advertisements,
contacting employers directly, or registering
with an employment agency (simply reading ads is not enough to qualify as active
search). Canada and the European countries
classify passive jobseekers as unemployed.
An adjustment is made to exclude them in
Canada, but not in the European countries
where the phenomenon is less prevalent.
In some countries, persons on layoff are
classified as employed due to their strong
job attachment. No adjustment is made for
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
71
Current Labor Statistics
the countries that classify those on layoff as
employed. Persons without work and waiting
to start a new job are counted as unemployed
under U.S. concepts if they were actively
seeking work during the reference period;
if they were not actively seeking work, they
are not counted in the labor force. Persons
without work and waiting to start a new job
are counted among the unemployed for all
other countries, whether or not they were
actively seeking work.
For more qualifications and historical
annual data, see Comparative Civilian Labor
Force Statistics, Ten Countries, on the Internet
at http:/www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor
Statistics: (202) 691-5654 or flshelp@bls.gov
Manufacturing Productivity
and Labor Costs
Description of the series
Table 53 presents comparative indexes of
manufacturing output per hour (labor productivity), output, total hours, compensation
per hour, and unit labor costs for the United
States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea,
Taiwan, and 10 European countries. These
measures are trend comparisons—that is,
series that measure changes over time—
rather than level comparisons. BLS does
not recommend using these series for level
comparisons because of technical problems.
BLS constructs the comparative indexes
from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures
refer to all employed persons (wage and
salary earners plus self-employed persons and
unpaid family workers) with the exception of
Belgium and Taiwan, where only employees
(wage and salary earners), are counted.
Definitions
Output, for most economies, is real value
added in manufacturing taken from national
accounts. However, output for Japan prior to
1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960
is from an index of industrial production.
Manufacturing value added for the United
Kingdom is essentially identical to its indexes
of industrial production.
Real output for manufacturing in the
United States is the chain-weighted index of
real gross product originating (deflated value
added), produced by the Bureau of Economic
Analysis of the U.S. Department of Com72
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
merce. Most of the other economics now also
use chain-weighted as opposed to fixed-year
weights that are periodically updated.
The data for recent years are based on
the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). Manufacturing is generally defined according to the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). For
the United States and Canada, it is defined
according to the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS 97).
To preserve the comparability of the U.S.
measures with those for other economies,
BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States. The gross
product originating series differs from the
manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its quarterly news releases on U.S.
productivity and costs (and that underlies the
measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in
this section). The quarterly measures are on
a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output
less intrasector transactions.
Total hours refer to hours worked in all
economies. The measures are developed from
statistics of manufacturing employment and
average hours. For most other economies, recent years’ aggregate hours series are obtained
from national statistical offices, usually from
national accounts. However, for some economies and for earlier years, BLS calculates the
aggregate hours series using employment
figures published with the national accounts,
or other comprehensive employment series,
and data on average hours worked.
Hourly compensation is total compensation divided by total hours. Total compensation includes all payments in cash or in-kind
made directly to employees plus employer
expenditures for legally required insurance
programs and contractual and private benefit
plans. For Australia, Canada, France, and
Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or
employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991
to account for employment-related subsidies.
Self-employed workers are included in the
all-employed persons measures by assuming
that their compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees.
Unit labor costs are the costs of labor
input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as compensation in
norminal terms divided by real output. Unit
labor costs can also be computed by dividing
hourly compensation by output per hour, that
is, by labor productivity.
Notes on the data
In general, the measures relate to to-
tal manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for
France include parts of mining as well.
The measures for recent years may be
based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production
indexes), employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation until national accounts
and other statistics used for the long-term
measures become available.
For additional information on these
series, go to http://www.bls.gov/news.
release/prod4.toc.htm or contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202)
691–5654.
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Tables 54–55)
Survey of Occupational Injuries
and Illnesses
Description of the series
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses collects data from employers about
their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries
and illnesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they
maintain under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees,
employers regulated by other Federal safety
and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from
the survey.
The survey is a Federal-State cooperative
program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified
random sample with a Neyman allocation
is selected to represent all private industries
in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of
employment.
Definitions
Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal
work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of
consciousness, restriction of work or motion,
transfer to another job, or medical treatment
other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that
results from a work-related event or a single,
instantaneous exposure in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal
condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by
exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses
or disease which may be caused by inhalation,
absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses are
cases that involve days away from work, or
days of restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workdays include the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which the
employee was either away from work or at
work in some restricted capacity, or both,
because of an occupational injury or illness.
BLS measures of the number and incidence
rate of lost workdays were discontinued
beginning with the 1993 survey. The number
of days away from work or days of restricted
work activity does not include the day of injury
or onset of illness or any days on which the
employee would not have worked, such as a
Federal holiday, even though able to work.
Incidence rates are computed as the
number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
work days per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
The definitions of occupational injuries and
illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines
for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986).
Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases,
lost workday cases, days away from work cases,
and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These
data also are shown separately for injuries.
Illness data are available for seven categories:
occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust
diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions
due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic
effects of toxic agents), disorders due to
physical agents (other than toxic materials),
disorders associated with repeated trauma,
and all other occupational illnesses.
The survey continues to measure the
number of new work-related illness cases
which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for
example, long-term latent illnesses caused
by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not
adequately recognized and reported. These
long-term latent illnesses are believed to be
understated in the survey’s illness measure. In
contrast, the overwhelming majority of the
reported new illnesses are those which are
easier to directly relate to workplace activity
(for example, contact dermatitis and carpal
tunnel syndrome).
Most of the estimates are in the form
of incidence rates, defined as the number
of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent
full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000
employee hours represent 100 employee years
(2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the
available measures is presented in the annual
bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses:
Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.
Comparable data for more than 40 States
and territories are available from the bls
Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data
on State and local government employees in
addition to private industry data.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are
included in both the national and State data
published annually.
With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents
resulting in days away from work. Included
are some major characteristics of the injured
and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the
circumstances of their injuries and illnesses
(nature of the disabling condition, part of
body affected, event and exposure, and the
source directly producing the condition). In
general, these data are available nationwide
for detailed industries and for individual
States at more aggregated industry levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the
Office of Occupational Safety, Health and
Working Conditions at (202) 691–6180,
or access the Internet at: http://www.bls.
gov/iif/
The program collects and cross checks fatality
information from multiple sources, including
death certificates, State and Federal workers’
compensation reports, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration and Mine Safety
and Health Administration records, medical
examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records,
and follow-up questionnaires to employers.
In addition to private wage and salary
workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program.
To be included in the fatality census, the
decedent must have been employed (that is
working for pay, compensation, or profit)
at the time of the event, engaged in a legal
work activity, or present at the site of the
incident as a requirement of his or her job.
Definition
A fatal work injury is any intentional or
unintentional wound or damage to the body
resulting in death from acute exposure to
energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic
energy from a crash, or from the absence of
such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a
specific event or incident or series of events
within a single workday or shift. Fatalities
that occur during a person’s commute to or
from work are excluded from the census,
as well as work-related illnesses,which can
be difficult to identify due to long latency
periods.
Notes on the data
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
Twenty-eight data elements are collected,
coded, and tabulated in the fatality program,
including information about the fatally
injured worker, the fatal incident, and the
machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event
characteristics are included in a national news
release that is available about 8 months after
the end of the reference year. The Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort.
Most States issue summary information
at the time of the national news release.
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the
fatally injured workers and the fatal events.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health,
and Working Conditions at (202) 691–
6175, or the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
73
Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
Selected indicators
2005
2005
2006
I
II
2006
III
IV
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional
population (household survey):
1
Labor force participation rate........................................................
Employment-population ratio........................................................
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….…
Men………………………………………………..…….….…………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Women……………………………………………….….……………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:
66.0
62.7
5.1
5.1
12.4
3.8
5.1
10.1
4.2
66.2
63.1
4.6
4.6
11.2
3.5
4.6
9.7
3.7
65.8
62.4
5.3
5.4
13.2
4.1
5.1
10.3
4.2
66.1
62.7
5.1
5.0
12.5
3.8
5.2
10.5
4.2
66.2
62.9
5.0
5.0
12.0
3.8
5.0
9.8
4.2
66.1
62.8
5.0
4.9
11.7
3.7
5.0
9.9
4.2
66.0
62.9
4.7
4.7
11.2
3.6
4.7
9.6
3.9
66.1
63.1
4.7
4.7
11.2
3.6
4.6
9.2
3.8
66.2
63.1
4.7
4.6
11.4
3.5
4.7
10.2
3.8
66.3
63.3
4.5
4.5
11.1
3.3
4.4
9.8
3.5
66.2
63.3
4.5
4.6
10.7
3.6
4.3
9.1
3.5
1
Total nonfarm…………………….................................................... 133,703
Total private....................................................................... 111,899
136,171
114,181
132,817
111,075
133,610
111,818
134,244
112,400
134,904
113,031
135,659
113,753
136,030
114,062
136,636
114,560
137,161
115,053
137,594
115,189
22,190
Manufacturing………….………………..………………………… 14,226
22,569
14,197
22,070
14,270
22,179
14,224
22,239
14,182
22,410
14,209
22,573
14,212
22,613
14,238
22,625
14,206
22,520
14,131
22,554
14,090
Service-providing……………………………………………….…………..…111,513
113,602
110,747
111,431
112,005
112,494
113,086
113,417
114,011
114,647
115,097
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………..
Average hours:
Total private........................................…………..........................
Manufacturing………...……………………………………………
Overtime……..………….………………...………………………
33.8
40.7
4.6
33.9
41.1
4.4
33.7
40.6
4.5
33.7
40.5
4.4
33.7
40.6
4.5
33.8
40.9
4.6
33.8
41.0
4.5
33.9
41.2
4.5
33.8
41.3
4.4
33.9
41.1
4.2
33.9
41.2
4.3
Civilian nonfarm ……………………………….…………………………….……
3.1
3.3
1.0
.6
.8
.6
.7
.9
1.1
.6
.9
Private nonfarm……………...............………...............................
2.9
3.2
1.0
.7
.6
.5
.8
.9
.8
.7
.8
3.2
2.5
1.1
1.0
.8
.2
.3
1.0
.7
.5
.4
1, 2, 3
Employment Cost Index
Total compensation:
4
5
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………
5
Service-providing ……………………………………………….…………
State and local government ……………….………………………
Workers by bargaining status (private nonfarm):
Union……………………………………………………………………
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………
1
2.8
3.4
1.0
.6
.6
.5
1.0
.8
.9
.7
.9
4.1
4.1
.8
.3
2.0
.9
.5
.4
2.3
.9
1.0
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
.6
1.1
.9
.6
.8
.6
.4
.5
.5
.9
1.3
.8
.6
.9
.6
.6
-.3
1.0
Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter.
3
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are
for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the
official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
2
74
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
4
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries.
5
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population
controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC
based data.
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
Selected measures
2005
2005
2006
I
II
2006
III
IV
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
1, 2, 3
Compensation data
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
Civilian nonfarm...................................................................
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm……………………………………………….
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Price data
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.2
1.0
1.0
0.6
.7
0.8
.6
0.6
.5
0.7
.8
0.9
.9
1.1
.8
0.6
.7
0.9
.8
2.6
2.5
3.2
3.2
.6
.7
.6
.6
.7
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
.8
1.0
1.1
.8
.6
.7
1.1
1.1
3.4
3.2
1.6
.6
2.2
–1.0
1.5
1.6
.0
-.5
1.8
4.8
5.7
2.3
8.0
14.6
3.0
3.4
1.5
6.5
1.8
2.0
2.5
.4
2.4
2.8
.4
.6
.0
.9
-2.0
3.0
4.0
.2
4.2
19.9
-.1
–.4
.6
1.0
.2
.3
.2
.8
1.0
-11.1
1.7
2.1
.2
3.0
1.6
-.9
-1.3
.0
-.4
1.4
.1
-.2
1.3
-.8
4.0
2.3
2.1
.5
1.6
8.0
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.3
1.6
1.6
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.5
3.8
3.5
1.0
1.2
-.3
-.5
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.1
2.2
10.4
-4.4
4.1
1.0
-
1
Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items......
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods.....................................................................
Finished consumer goods.................................................
Capital equipment……………………………………………
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components…………
Crude materials.....................................................................
4
Productivity data
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector.....................................................................
Nonfarm business sector.......................................................
5
Nonfinancial corporations ……………….…………...………………
1
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly
changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter.
Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the
price data are not compounded.
2
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
3
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the
2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and
SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only.
Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March
2006.
4
Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly
percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are
seasonally adjusted.
5
Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly change
Components
Four quarters ending—
2006
I
II
2007
III
IV
2006
I
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
1
Average hourly compensation:
All persons, business sector..........................................................
All persons, nonfarm business sector...........................................
12.9
12.9
-1.6
-1.4
0.9
.6
7.7
8.5
1.9
2.3
5.7
5.7
5.2
5.1
3.6
3.5
4.8
5.0
2.2
2.4
.7
.8
.5
.9
.5
.9
.9
1.3
.8
.4
1.1
.8
.6
.9
2.3
.6
.7
.6
.6
.9
.9
.8
-.3
1.0
1.0
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.6
3.7
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.1
4.1
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.2
4.1
3.5
3.2
2.2
3.3
4.6
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
.7
.7
.3
.8
.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.1
.8
.5
.9
.6
.7
.6
.6
1.1
1.1
.5
1.2
2.7
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.3
3.3
3.6
3.6
2.5
3.7
State and local government….....................................................
.3
.5
2.0
.7
.6
2.8
3.1
3.7
3.5
3.8
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
2
3
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
State and local government….....................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
2
3
1
Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a
quarter ago, at an annual rate.
2
The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002
North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard
Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown
prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
3
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 75
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
2006
Annual average
2005
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 226,082
Civilian labor force.............. 149,320
66.0
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 141,730
Employment-pop62.7
ulation ratio 2……………
7,591
Unemployed...................
5.1
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force........ 76,762
228,815 227,975 228,199
151,428 150,689 150,862
66.2
66.1
66.1
144,427 143,680 143,763
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
63.0
7,009
4.7
77,285
63.0
7,098
4.7
77,338
228,428 228,671 228,912 229,167
151,051 151,370 151,558 151,734
66.1
66.2
66.2
66.2
144,045 144,386 144,330 144,618
63.1
7,006
4.6
77,378
63.1
6,984
4.6
77,301
63.1
7,228
4.8
77,354
63.1
7,116
4.7
77,433
229,420 229,675 229,905 230,108 230,650 230,834 231,034
151,818 152,052 152,449 152,775 152,974 152,784 152,979
66.2
66.2
66.3
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.2
144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254
63.2
6,912
4.6
77,602
63.3
6,715
4.4
77,623
63.3
6,826
4.5
77,456
63.4
6,849
4.5
77,333
63.3
7,017
4.6
77,676
63.2
6,865
4.5
78,050
63.3
6,724
4.4
78,055
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 100,835
Civilian labor force.............. 76,443
75.8
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 73,050
Employment-pop72.4
ulation ratio 2……………
3,392
Unemployed...................
4.4
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 24,392
102,145 101,754 101,857
77,562
77,310
77,390
75.9
76.0
76.0
74,431
74,180
74,163
72.9
3,131
4.0
24,584
72.9
3,130
4.0
24,444
72.8
3,228
4.2
24,467
101,963 102,075 102,187 102,308
77,457
77,319
77,339
77,616
76.0
75.7
75.7
75.9
74,208
74,233
74,105
74,421
72.8
3,249
4.2
24,506
72.7
3,087
4.0
24,756
72.5
3,234
4.2
24,848
72.7
3,195
4.1
24,692
102,428 102,549 102,656 102,751 102,956 103,046 103,143
77,823
77,936
78,123
78,334
78,384
78,375
78,452
76.0
76.0
76.1
76.2
76.1
76.1
76.1
74,868
74,924
75,088
75,235
75,158
75,138
75,323
73.1
2,954
3.8
24,606
73.1
3,012
3.9
24,613
73.1
3,036
3.9
24,533
73.2
3,100
4.0
24,417
73.0
3,226
4.1
24,572
72.9
3,237
4.1
24,671
73.0
3,129
4.0
24,691
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 108,850
Civilian labor force.............. 65,714
60.4
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 62,702
Employment-pop57.6
ulation ratio 2……………
3,013
Unemployed...................
4.6
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 43,136
109,992 109,646 109,736
66,585
66,089
66,249
60.5
60.3
60.4
63,834
63,349
63,432
109,829 109,927 110,026 110,134
66,356
66,644
66,872
66,856
60.4
60.6
60.8
60.7
63,622
63,901
64,029
64,118
110,241 110,349 110,445 110,528 110,803 110,880 110,964
66,754
66,851
67,024
67,132
67,361
67,267
67,487
60.6
60.6
60.7
60.7
60.8
60.7
60.8
63,978
64,252
64,333
64,491
64,654
64,703
64,912
58.0
2,751
4.1
43,407
57.8
2,739
4.1
43,557
57.8
2,818
4.3
43,487
57.9
2,735
4.1
43,472
58.1
2,743
4.1
43,284
58.2
2,843
4.3
43,154
58.2
2,738
4.1
43,277
58.0
2,776
4.2
43,487
58.2
2,599
3.9
43,498
58.2
2,691
4.0
43,420
58.3
2,641
3.9
43,396
58.4
2,707
4.0
43,442
58.4
2,564
3.8
43,612
58.5
2,576
3.8
43,477
16,678
7,281
43.7
6,162
16,575
7,290
44.0
6,150
16,606
7,222
43.5
6,169
16,637
7,237
43.5
6,215
16,668
7,407
44.4
6,253
16,700
7,347
44.0
6,197
16,725
7,262
43.4
6,079
16,751
7,242
43.2
6,060
16,776
7,264
43.3
6,161
16,804
7,301
43.5
6,202
16,829
7,309
43.4
6,200
16,891
7,228
42.8
6,145
16,908
7,142
42.2
6,078
16,927
7,039
41.6
6,019
36.9
1,119
15.4
9,397
37.1
1,140
15.6
9,285
37.1
1,053
14.6
9,384
37.4
1,022
14.1
9,399
37.5
1,154
15.6
9,261
37.1
1,151
15.7
9,352
36.3
1,183
16.3
9,464
36.2
1,182
16.3
9,509
36.7
1,104
15.2
9,512
36.9
1,099
15.1
9,502
36.8
1,108
15.2
9,520
36.4
1,083
15.0
9,662
35.9
1,064
14.9
9,766
35.6
1,020
14.5
9,888
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 16,398
7,164
Civilian labor force..............
43.7
Participation rate...........
5,978
Employed........................
Employment-pop36.5
ulation ratio 2……………
1,186
Unemployed...................
16.6
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 9,234
White3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 184,446
Civilian labor force.............. 122,299
66.3
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 116,949
Employment-pop63.4
ulation ratio 2……………
5,350
Unemployed...................
4.4
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 62,148
186,264 185,704 185,849
123,834 123,131 123,394
66.5
66.3
66.4
118,833 118,228 118,397
186,002 186,166 186,329 186,500
123,508 123,782 123,983 124,149
66.4
66.5
66.5
66.6
118,482 118,760 118,885 119,023
186,669 186,840 186,988 187,115 187,471 187,582 187,704
124,062 124,364 124,536 124,783 124,908 124,676 124,888
66.5
66.6
66.6
66.7
66.6
66.5
66.5
119,164 119,511 119,636 119,813 119,767 119,669 120,115
63.8
5,002
4.0
62,429
63.7
4,903
4.0
62,573
63.7
4,997
4.0
62,454
63.7
5,026
4.1
62,493
63.8
5,021
4.1
62,384
63.8
5,098
4.1
62,346
63.8
5,127
4.1
62,350
63.8
4,898
3.9
62,607
64.0
4,853
3.9
62,476
64.0
4,900
3.9
62,452
64.0
4,970
4.0
62,333
63.9
5,141
4.1
62,562
63.8
5,007
4.0
62,905
64.0
4,773
3.8
62,817
27,007
17,314
64.1
15,765
26,865
17,337
64.5
15,721
26,905
17,318
64.4
15,699
26,943
17,309
64.2
15,770
26,982
17,248
63.9
15,704
27,021
17,369
64.3
15,731
27,065
17,361
64.1
15,839
27,109
17,225
63.5
15,659
27,153
17,378
64.0
15,902
27,193
17,444
64.2
15,950
27,231
17,512
64.3
16,045
27,276
17,639
64.7
16,226
27,310
17,549
64.3
16,154
27,346
17,436
63.8
15,988
58.4
1,549
8.9
9,693
58.5
1,616
9.3
9,529
58.3
1,619
9.3
9,588
58.5
1,539
8.9
9,634
58.2
1,544
9.0
9,734
58.2
1,638
9.4
9,652
58.5
1,522
8.8
9,705
57.8
1,565
9.1
9,884
58.6
1,476
8.5
9,774
58.7
1,494
8.6
9,749
58.9
1,466
8.4
9,719
59.5
1,412
8.0
9,637
59.2
1,395
7.9
9,761
58.5
1,448
8.3
9,910
Black or African American3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 26,517
Civilian labor force.............. 17,013
64.2
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 15,313
Employment-pop57.7
ulation ratio 2……………
1,700
Unemployed...................
10.0
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 9,504
See footnotes at end of table.
76
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
Annual average
2005
2006
2007
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
30,103
20,694
68.7
19,613
29,793
20,445
68.6
19,376
29,880
20,566
68.8
19,466
29,966
20,559
68.6
19,531
30,053
20,723
69.0
19,630
30,140
20,667
68.6
19,580
30,232
20,652
68.3
19,551
65.2
1,081
5.2
9,409
65.0
1,069
5.2
9,347
65.1
1,100
5.3
9,314
65.2
1,029
5.0
9,406
65.3
1,093
5.3
9,330
65.0
1,087
5.3
9,473
64.7
1,101
5.3
9,581
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
30,324
20,738
68.4
19,611
30,416
20,825
68.5
19,860
30,508
20,994
68.8
19,953
30,596
21,176
69.2
20,131
30,877
21,439
69.4
20,221
30,965
21,318
68.8
20,204
31,055
21,390
68.9
20,288
64.7
1,127
5.4
9,586
65.3
965
4.6
9,591
65.4
1,042
5.0
9,513
65.8
1,045
4.9
9,419
65.5
1,218
5.7
9,438
65.2
1,115
5.2
9,647
65.3
1,101
5.1
9,665
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 29,133
Civilian labor force.............. 19,824
68.0
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 18,632
Employment-pop64.0
ulation ratio 2……………
1,191
Unemployed...................
6.0
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force ………… 9,310
1
The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
3
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
race.
2
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified
by ethnicity as well as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey.
5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Selected categories
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Characteristic
Employed, 16 years and older.. 141,730 144,427 143,680 143,763 144,045 144,386 144,330 144,618 144,906 145,337 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254
Men....................................... 75,973
77,502
77,259
77,234
77,315
77,361
77,176
77,482
77,920
77,985
78,148
78,311
78,237
78,172
78,344
Women............................…… 65,757
66,925
66,421
66,530
66,730
67,026
67,154
67,136
66,986
67,352
67,475
67,615
67,720
67,747
67,911
Married men, spouse
45,483
45,700
45,791
45,809
45,781
45,714
45,564
45,514
45,645
45,548
45,802
45,864
46,066
46,231
46,527
34,773
35,272
35,110
35,298
35,192
35,355
35,309
35,304
35,421
35,277
35,363
35,383
35,536
35,728
36,167
4,350
4,162
4,009
3,964
4,152
4,272
4,250
4,157
4,099
4,305
4,183
4,232
4,246
4,212
4,278
2,684
2,658
2,502
2,467
2,715
2,729
2,668
2,683
2,630
2,770
2,711
2,706
2,753
2,729
2,769
1,341
1,189
1,188
1,179
1,161
1,190
1,190
1,163
1,151
1,203
1,168
1,234
1,185
1,208
1,215
reasons……………………… 19,491
19,591
19,394
19,494
19,696
19,653
19,513
19,625
19,631
19,467
19,780
19,885
19,761
19,907
20,088
4,271
4,071
3,902
3,891
4,053
4,165
4,139
4,083
3,981
4,233
4,091
4,159
4,155
4,088
4,196
2,636
2,596
2,404
2,436
2,631
2,662
2,594
2,638
2,563
2,717
2,661
2,653
2,686
2,662
2,698
1,330
1,178
1,180
1,170
1,154
1,185
1,187
1,155
1,142
1,196
1,140
1,221
1,165
1,187
1,196
reasons.................………… 19,134
19,237
19,074
19,142
19,285
19,272
19,179
19,235
19,289
19,170
19,423
19,512
19,410
19,521
19,677
present................................
Married women, spouse
present................................
Persons at work part time1
All industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions………….........
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions.......................
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 77
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
Selected categories
2005
2006
2006
2007
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Characteristic
Total, 16 years and older............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................
Men, 20 years and older.........................
Women, 20 years and older...................
5.1
16.6
4.4
4.6
4.6
15.4
4.0
4.1
4.7
15.6
4.0
4.1
4.7
14.6
4.2
4.3
4.6
14.1
4.2
4.1
4.6
15.6
4.0
4.1
4.8
15.7
4.2
4.3
4.7
16.3
4.1
4.1
4.6
16.3
3.8
4.2
4.4
15.2
3.9
3.9
4.5
15.1
3.9
4.0
4.5
15.2
4.0
3.9
4.6
15.0
4.1
4.0
4.5
14.9
4.1
3.8
4.4
14.5
4.0
3.8
White, total 1………………………………
4.4
14.2
16.1
12.3
3.8
3.9
4.0
13.2
14.6
11.7
3.5
3.6
4.0
12.8
14.1
11.5
3.5
3.6
4.0
12.4
14.3
10.4
3.6
3.7
4.1
12.8
15.0
10.5
3.6
3.6
4.1
13.5
14.9
12.1
3.5
3.6
4.1
13.0
14.3
11.7
3.6
3.7
4.1
14.2
15.1
13.2
3.6
3.6
3.9
13.8
14.8
12.7
3.3
3.6
3.9
13.4
14.4
12.4
3.4
3.5
3.9
13.1
14.2
11.9
3.4
3.5
4.0
13.4
15.1
11.6
3.6
3.4
4.1
13.2
14.2
12.2
3.7
3.6
4.0
13.1
14.3
11.7
3.7
3.4
3.8
13.2
14.6
11.8
3.4
3.3
10.0
33.3
36.3
30.3
9.2
8.5
8.9
29.1
32.7
25.9
8.3
7.5
9.3
33.1
32.6
33.6
8.5
7.6
9.3
29.3
32.2
26.5
8.9
7.7
8.9
25.2
30.0
20.3
9.0
7.2
9.0
28.1
32.7
23.8
8.5
7.5
9.4
31.6
35.9
27.6
8.8
7.8
8.8
28.9
32.2
26.0
8.3
7.2
9.1
31.6
38.8
26.2
8.2
7.7
8.5
26.3
34.0
19.7
8.2
6.9
8.6
27.6
32.7
23.0
7.8
7.4
8.4
26.2
27.7
25.1
7.3
7.6
8.0
29.1
34.4
24.6
7.5
6.5
7.9
29.0
35.7
22.6
7.4
6.4
8.3
25.0
25.7
24.4
9.0
6.2
6.0
2.8
3.3
5.0
5.4
5.2
2.4
2.9
4.5
5.1
5.2
2.4
2.6
4.5
5.1
5.3
2.5
2.9
4.6
5.1
5.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
5.2
5.3
2.5
2.9
4.5
5.2
5.3
2.5
3.2
4.7
5.4
5.3
2.5
2.9
4.6
5.1
5.4
2.3
2.9
4.5
5.1
4.6
2.3
2.8
4.3
5.1
5.0
2.3
2.7
4.4
5.0
4.9
2.5
2.7
4.4
4.8
5.7
2.5
2.8
4.5
5.0
5.2
2.7
2.7
4.4
4.9
5.1
2.5
2.5
4.4
4.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
Black or African American, total 1………
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity………………
Married men, spouse present................
Married women, spouse present...........
Full-time workers...................................
Part-time workers..................................
Educational attainment2
Less than a high school diploma................
7.6
6.8
7.0
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.1
6.9
6.5
5.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
7.1
7.0
Some college or associate degree………..
4.7
3.9
4.3
3.6
4.2
3.8
4.4
3.8
4.4
3.7
4.0
3.5
4.4
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.2
3.6
4.1
3.4
4.3
3.3
4.3
3.4
4.2
3.7
4.3
3.6
4.1
3.6
Bachelor's degree and higher 4…………….
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.8
High school graduates, no college 3………
1 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
3 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
4 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the
race.
household survey.
2 Data refer to persons 25 years and older.
7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of
unemployment
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Less than 5 weeks...........................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..........................
15 to 26 weeks.............................
27 weeks and over.......................
2,667
2,304
2,619
1,130
1,490
2,614
2,121
2,266
1,031
1,235
2,671
2,002
2,323
1,029
1,295
2,632
2,123
2,365
1,036
1,329
2,517
2,234
2,307
984
1,323
2,676
2,061
2,129
1,010
1,120
2,686
2,171
2,343
1,028
1,315
2,615
2,198
2,345
1,036
1,309
2,582
2,077
2,264
1,010
1,254
2,588
2,064
2,062
974
1,088
2,517
2,135
2,152
1,006
1,145
2,707
2,037
2,081
991
1,090
2,642
2,283
2,118
986
1,133
2,600
2,192
2,135
905
1,230
2,327
2,159
2,177
954
1,223
Mean duration, in weeks...................
Median duration, in weeks...............
18.4
8.9
16.8
8.3
17.0
8.5
16.9
8.5
17.1
8.5
16.1
7.6
17.3
8.2
17.3
8.4
17.2
8.1
16.4
8.0
16.3
8.2
15.9
7.3
16.2
8.1
16.4
8.1
17.3
8.5
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
78
2007
Aug.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
Reason for
unemployment
2005
1
Job losers …………………….…
On temporary layoff..............
Not on temporary layoff........
Job leavers..............................
Reentrants...............................
New entrants...........................
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
3,667
933
2,734
872
2,386
666
3,321
921
2,400
827
2,237
616
3,414
920
2,493
811
2,161
626
3,476
912
2,564
845
2,183
585
3,463
955
2,508
876
2,128
519
3,373
976
2,396
817
2,150
643
3,351
924
2,427
854
2,361
630
3,289
892
2,398
851
2,276
646
3,195
872
2,323
804
2,292
635
3,088
958
2,130
783
2,249
593
3,179
965
2,214
793
2,279
591
3,236
958
2,278
807
2,199
601
3,440
1,021
2,420
797
2,230
619
3,453
1,022
2,430
816
2,042
580
3,238
863
2,375
755
2,147
599
48.3
12.3
36.0
11.5
31.4
8.8
47.4
13.2
34.3
11.8
32.0
8.8
48.7
13.1
35.6
11.6
30.8
8.9
49.0
12.9
36.2
11.9
30.8
8.3
49.6
13.7
35.9
12.5
30.5
7.4
48.3
14.0
34.3
11.7
30.8
9.2
46.6
12.8
33.7
11.9
32.8
8.8
46.6
12.6
34.0
12.1
32.2
9.1
46.1
12.6
33.5
11.6
33.1
9.2
46.0
14.3
31.7
11.7
33.5
8.8
46.5
14.1
32.4
11.6
33.3
8.6
47.3
14.0
33.3
11.8
32.1
8.8
48.6
14.4
34.1
11.2
31.5
8.7
50.1
14.8
35.3
11.8
29.6
8.4
48.0
12.8
35.2
11.2
31.9
8.9
2.3
.5
1.4
.4
2.3
.6
1.4
.4
2.3
.6
1.4
.3
2.2
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.6
1.6
.4
2.2
.6
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.0
.5
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.1
.5
1.4
.4
2.2
.5
1.5
.4
2.3
.5
1.3
.4
2.1
.5
1.4
.4
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Percent of unemployed
Job losers 1…………………….…
On temporary layoff...............
Not on temporary layoff.........
Job leavers...............................
Reentrants................................
New entrants............................
Percent of civilian
labor force
2.5
2.2
Job losers 1…………………….…
.6
.5
Job leavers...............................
1.6
1.5
Reentrants................................
.4
.4
New entrants............................
1
Includes persons who completed temporary jobs.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Sex and age
Annual average
2006
2005
2006
Mar.
Apr.
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years...............................
16 to 19 years............................
16 to 17 years.........................
18 to 19 years.........................
20 to 24 years............................
25 years and older........................
25 to 54 years.........................
55 years and older..................
5.1
11.3
16.6
19.1
14.9
8.8
4.0
4.1
3.4
4.6
10.5
15.4
17.2
14.1
8.2
3.6
3.8
3.0
4.7
10.2
15.6
18.4
13.7
7.6
3.7
3.9
2.7
4.7
10.3
14.6
15.7
14.3
8.2
3.7
3.9
3.0
4.6
10.0
14.1
15.2
13.6
8.1
3.7
3.9
3.0
4.6
10.4
15.6
17.2
14.4
7.9
3.6
3.7
3.0
Men, 16 years and older.................
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years.......................
18 to 19 years.......................
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older................
5.1
12.4
18.6
22.0
16.5
9.6
3.8
3.9
3.3
4.6
11.2
16.9
18.6
15.7
8.7
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.6
11.0
16.8
20.0
14.5
8.4
3.6
3.8
2.6
4.7
11.1
16.3
17.9
16.3
8.8
3.6
3.7
3.1
4.8
11.4
16.3
17.7
15.8
9.1
3.6
3.8
3.1
Women, 16 years and older...........
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years…………………
18 t0 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older 1…………
5.1
10.1
14.5
16.5
13.1
7.9
4.2
4.4
4.6
9.7
13.8
15.9
12.4
7.6
3.7
3.9
4.7
9.4
14.4
16.7
12.9
6.7
3.8
4.0
4.7
9.3
12.8
13.6
12.1
7.6
3.9
4.1
3.4
2.9
2.5
2.6
1
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Feb.
Mar.
4.8
10.9
15.7
17.0
14.7
8.6
3.7
3.8
3.2
4.7
10.8
16.3
19.4
14.5
8.2
3.6
3.8
2.9
4.6
10.7
16.3
18.0
15.1
8.0
3.5
3.7
2.9
4.4
10.6
15.2
17.6
13.3
8.4
3.3
3.4
3.0
4.5
10.5
15.1
17.3
13.4
8.4
3.4
3.5
2.9
4.5
10.3
15.2
16.9
13.7
7.9
3.5
3.6
3.0
4.6
10.3
15.0
16.9
13.7
8.1
3.6
3.7
3.3
4.5
9.8
14.9
16.6
13.7
7.4
3.6
3.7
3.1
4.4
9.7
14.5
16.4
13.3
7.6
3.5
3.5
3.1
4.6
11.0
17.1
18.0
16.7
8.2
3.5
3.6
3.1
4.8
11.4
17.1
17.2
17.5
8.8
3.6
3.7
3.2
4.7
11.5
17.1
18.6
16.5
8.9
3.5
3.7
3.0
4.4
11.3
17.7
19.4
16.8
8.3
3.3
3.4
2.6
4.4
11.3
16.7
19.8
14.0
8.9
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
11.1
16.7
19.1
14.4
8.6
3.3
3.4
3.0
4.5
10.9
16.7
19.0
14.8
8.3
3.5
3.5
3.2
4.7
10.9
16.2
17.0
15.4
8.4
3.6
3.7
3.4
4.7
10.8
16.6
19.3
15.0
8.2
3.7
3.8
3.1
4.5
10.5
15.9
17.6
14.8
8.1
3.5
3.6
3.3
4.5
8.6
11.8
12.6
11.2
6.9
3.7
4.0
4.6
9.8
14.0
16.4
12.0
7.6
3.7
3.9
4.8
10.4
14.2
16.8
11.7
8.4
3.8
4.0
4.7
10.1
15.4
20.1
12.3
7.4
3.7
4.0
4.7
10.1
14.8
16.7
13.3
7.6
3.8
4.0
4.4
9.9
13.6
15.6
12.5
7.9
3.4
3.5
4.5
9.9
13.4
15.7
12.4
8.1
3.6
3.7
4.4
9.6
13.6
14.9
12.6
7.5
3.5
3.8
4.5
9.7
13.7
16.8
11.8
7.7
3.6
3.7
4.3
8.6
13.1
13.8
12.4
6.4
3.5
3.6
4.3
8.9
13.0
15.1
11.6
6.9
3.4
3.5
2.6
3.0
3.5
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.4
3.3
3.0
2.8
Data are not seasonally adjusted.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 79
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2006
State
Feb.
Jan.
2007p
2007p
Feb.
2006
State
Jan.
2007p
Feb.
2007p
Alabama............................…………………
Alaska........................................................
Arizona............................……………………
Arkansas....................................................
California............................…………………
3.5
6.9
4.2
5.0
4.9
3.3
6.4
4.2
5.1
4.8
3.3
6.1
3.9
5.0
4.8
Missouri………………………………………
Montana.....................................................
Nebraska............................…………………
Nevada......................................................
New Hampshire............................…………
4.7
3.5
2.9
4.1
3.4
4.6
2.7
3.0
4.5
3.7
5.0
2.5
2.9
4.3
3.7
Colorado....................................................
Connecticut............................………………
Delaware...................................................
District of Columbia............................……
Florida........................................................
4.3
4.4
3.7
5.9
3.4
4.1
4.4
3.4
6.1
3.3
3.8
4.2
3.4
5.8
3.3
New Jersey................................................
New Mexico............................………………
New York...................................................
North Carolina............................……………
North Dakota.............................................
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.7
3.2
4.2
3.8
4.3
4.6
3.2
4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.2
Georgia............................…………………
Hawaii........................................................
Idaho............................………………………
Illinois.........................................................
Indiana............................……………………
4.7
2.5
3.6
4.9
5.1
4.5
2.2
3.0
4.6
5.1
4.3
2.3
2.8
4.8
4.7
Ohio............................………………………
Oklahoma..................................................
Oregon............................……………………
Pennsylvania.............................................
Rhode Island............................……………
5.3
3.8
5.4
4.6
5.2
5.3
3.8
5.2
4.7
4.7
5.0
3.9
5.3
4.0
4.4
Iowa............................………………………
Kansas.......................................................
Kentucky............................…………………
Louisiana...................................................
Maine............................……………………
3.9
4.4
6.0
4.3
4.4
3.4
4.1
5.6
3.7
4.4
3.3
4.4
5.7
3.9
4.4
South Carolina............................…………
South Dakota.............................................
Tennessee............................………………
Texas.........................................................
Utah............................………………………
6.4
3.2
5.1
5.1
3.2
6.4
3.3
4.8
4.5
2.6
6.1
3.4
4.9
4.5
2.3
Maryland............................…………………
Massachusetts...........................................
Michigan............................…………………
Minnesota..................................................
Mississippi............................………………
3.7
4.8
6.8
4.1
7.2
3.8
5.3
6.9
4.4
6.2
3.8
5.3
6.6
4.5
6.7
Vermont............................…………………
Virginia.......................................................
Washington............................………………
West Virginia.............................................
Wisconsin............................………………
Wyoming....................................................
3.6
2.9
4.8
4.6
4.8
2.8
4.0
2.8
5.1
4.0
4.9
2.6
3.9
2.9
4.8
4.3
5.0
2.3
p
= preliminary
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
State
Feb.
2006
Jan.
Feb.
2007p
2007p
Alabama............................………… 2,174,548 2,249,278
345,517
348,340
Alaska.............................................
Arizona............................…………… 2,937,270 3,022,179
Arkansas........................................ 1,363,559 1,369,805
California............................………… 17,809,834 18,084,615
2,236,114
346,199
3,031,502
1,379,358
18,069,232
State
Feb.
2006
Jan. 2007p
Feb.
2007p
Missouri……………………………… 3,012,290
Montana.........................................
490,402
Nebraska............................…………
973,212
Nevada........................................... 1,270,684
New Hampshire............................…
733,948
3,058,071
495,875
980,242
1,329,654
743,245
3,065,072
498,322
976,778
1,334,491
743,880
Colorado......................................... 2,612,296
Connecticut............................……… 1,833,532
Delaware........................................
437,883
District of Columbia........................
315,689
Florida............................................ 8,886,525
2,666,665
1,859,571
444,922
320,158
9,135,507
2,686,404
1,854,645
445,068
320,958
9,148,124
New Jersey.....................................
New Mexico............................……
New York........................................
North Carolina............................…
North Dakota..................................
4,500,679
930,872
9,481,057
4,411,238
355,986
4,528,634
937,238
9,518,611
4,510,816
362,766
4,520,933
938,531
9,491,143
4,522,860
364,476
Georgia............................………… 4,699,265
Hawaii.............................................
639,746
Idaho............................……………
742,322
Illinois............................................. 6,551,828
Indiana............................…………… 3,264,329
4,826,130
648,057
751,235
6,704,925
3,300,835
4,819,545
648,997
753,976
6,677,330
3,283,847
Ohio............................………………
Oklahoma.......................................
Oregon............................……………
Pennsylvania..................................
Rhode Island............................……
5,906,507
1,709,512
1,885,706
6,284,073
574,474
5,976,621
1,727,673
1,921,703
6,351,604
580,530
5,954,975
1,736,888
1,930,016
6,308,242
579,535
Iowa............................……………… 1,656,185
Kansas........................................... 1,461,091
Kentucky............................………… 2,027,688
1,664,502
1,478,476
2,066,150
1,658,972 South Carolina............................… 2,110,274
1,478,841 South Dakota..................................
428,327
2,069,361 Tennessee............................……… 2,960,034
2,159,316
435,419
3,031,519
2,156,985
436,242
3,035,052
Louisiana........................................
Maine............................……………
1,988,400
706,483
1,996,573
719,617
1,999,030 Texas.............................................. 11,417,454
713,534 Utah............................……………… 1,291,644
Maryland............................…………
Massachusetts...............................
Michigan............................…………
Minnesota.......................................
2,983,110
3,389,662
5,082,039
2,939,079
3,039,554
3,427,370
5,083,684
2,969,797
3,015,206
3,417,807
5,070,990
2,966,799
Mississippi............................………
1,304,124
1,317,864
1,319,013 Wisconsin............................………
Wyoming........................................
Vermont............................…………
359,653
Virginia........................................... 3,963,519
Washington............................……… 3,311,242
West Virginia..................................
799,883
3,054,682
280,593
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
p = preliminary
80
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
11,578,973 11,573,803
1,330,465 1,332,170
363,014
4,046,503
3,344,962
809,537
362,040
4,048,344
3,360,741
813,504
3,086,915
286,016
3,094,592
287,439
12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2006
May
June
Aug.
136,174
114,184
135,659
113,753
22,190
22,570
22,573
22,604
22,593
22,613
22,622
22,629
22,625
22,573
22,525
22,520
22,554
22,465
22,497
628
65.2
562.2
125.7
212.8
Mining, except oil and gas 1……
73.9
Coal mining……………………
Support activities for mining……
223.7
7,336
Construction................................
Construction of buildings........... 1,711.9
951.2
Heavy and civil engineering……
Speciality trade contractors....... 4,673.1
Manufacturing.............................. 14,226
Production workers................ 10,060
8,955
Durable goods...........................
6,219
Production workers................
559.2
Wood products..........................
505.3
Nonmetallic mineral products
466.0
Primary metals..........................
1,522.0
Fabricated metal products.........
1,163.3
Machinery……….....................
Computer and electronic
684
65.3
618.6
135.9
221.1
78.8
261.7
7,689
1,806.0
983.1
4,899.6
14,197
10,168
9,001
6,369
560.2
507.9
462.1
1,553.9
1,191.4
669
66.4
602.2
131.6
219.8
78.7
250.8
7,692
1,806.5
983.8
4,901.9
14,212
10,170
8,999
6,358
571.6
514.2
464.2
1,544.6
1,176.9
678
67.0
611.3
133.2
220.4
79.1
257.7
7,699
1,815.6
981.7
4,901.9
14,227
10,187
9,020
6,377
568.5
513.1
463.5
1,548.5
1,180.3
680
66.9
613.0
133.9
220.7
78.7
258.4
7,698
1,812.8
980.4
4,904.6
14,215
10,186
9,016
6,385
568.8
509.0
464.6
1,550.4
1,183.6
684
66.1
618.3
135.6
221.6
78.7
261.1
7,691
1,806.8
975.6
4,908.7
14,238
10,210
9,034
6,403
564.6
507.6
465.7
1,552.6
1,188.6
690
65.8
623.9
136.7
222.9
78.9
264.3
7,703
1,815.8
976.9
4,910.1
14,229
10,210
9,023
6,403
564.1
508.3
465.2
1,560.8
1,197.5
692
65.1
626.8
138.3
221.5
79.0
267.0
7,719
1,813.8
978.4
4,926.6
14,218
10,209
9,021
6,406
559.5
507.4
464.0
1,562.5
1,201.2
694
64.1
630.1
138.5
222.7
79.1
268.9
7,725
1,818.8
985.7
4,920.4
14,206
10,185
9,017
6,392
555.6
503.6
460.2
1,565.4
1,203.3
700
63.9
635.9
140.4
223.5
79.7
272.0
7,707
1,814.5
989.7
4,902.6
14,166
10,139
8,996
6,365
548.3
504.7
459.5
1,562.4
1,208.8
699
64.0
635.1
141.4
221.8
79.4
271.9
7,683
1,801.8
993.9
4,887.2
14,143
10,117
8,972
6,346
542.9
503.3
455.8
1,564.1
1,209.9
705
64.6
640.0
143.2
222.4
79.9
274.4
7,684
1,799.7
993.5
4,890.5
14,131
10,126
8,972
6,349
540.4
504.0
454.6
1,564.9
1,210.1
706
64.8
641.1
145.1
222.2
80.0
273.8
7,718
1,801.4
1,003.8
4,912.5
14,130
10,121
8,952
6,325
539.4
504.1
454.9
1,566.2
1,213.3
711
65.2
645.4
145.9
222.9
79.7
276.6
7,641
1,791.7
993.2
4,856.1
14,113
10,114
8,943
6,326
532.6
501.9
454.4
1,566.1
1,215.4
715
65.7
649.5
147.1
224.4
79.6
278.0
7,692
1,797.1
1,001.7
4,893.1
14,090
10,096
8,928
6,313
530.6
500.9
453.9
1,563.9
1,217.9
products 1……………………… 1,316.4
Computer and peripheral
1,316.4
1,310.6
1,315.8
1,316.4
1,322.7
1,318.0
1,320.0
1,318.9
1,316.6
1,320.4
1,319.9
1,319.4
1,317.5
1,313.5
136,252 136,438
114,262 114,415
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Mar.p
TOTAL NONFARM................. 133,703
TOTAL PRIVATE........................ 111,899
135,803 135,906 136,030
113,881 113,968 114,062
July
2007
Mar.
Natural resources and
mining…………..……….......……
Logging....................................
Mining..........................................
Oil and gas extraction……………
Apr.
Feb.p
2006
GOODS-PRODUCING………………
2005
136,636 136,745 136,941 137,167 137,329 137,419 137,594
114,560 114,645 114,835 115,053 115,189 115,245 115,397
equipment..............................
Communications equipment…
205.1
146.8
198.8
144.4
198.4
145.1
198.7
145.1
198.6
145.9
199.0
145.8
198.6
143.5
198.8
143.4
198.3
143.2
198.9
141.7
198.7
144.1
199.8
143.8
196.4
143.7
197.8
143.7
197.8
143.7
Semiconductors and
electronic components..........
Electronic instruments……….
452.0
435.6
462.8
437.5
457.2
436.5
460.6
438.3
461.9
437.8
464.8
440.3
466.3
437.0
466.8
438.3
467.1
438.4
466.5
437.6
468.0
437.7
466.2
438.3
470.5
437.5
468.8
436.8
467.8
434.4
Electrical equipment and
appliances...............................
Transportation equipment.........
433.5
1,771.2
435.5
1,765.0
433.2
1,768.5
434.2
1,780.2
435.8
1,774.1
438.0
1,782.6
437.1
1,764.8
438.8
1,761.2
438.3
1,764.4
438.1
1,752.8
436.4
1,739.8
437.4
1,741.0
437.3
1,722.3
436.4
1,724.4
437.3
1,717.9
Furniture and related
products.....……………………… 565.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing
652.2
Nondurable goods.....................
5,272
Production workers................
3,841
Food manufacturing.................. 1,477.6
556.3
651.6
5,197
3,799
1,484.3
564.4
651.0
5,213
3,812
1,479.0
565.1
650.3
5,207
3,810
1,480.5
563.3
650.1
5,199
3,801
1,482.2
562.4
648.7
5,204
3,807
1,487.4
558.4
649.0
5,206
3,807
1,487.3
554.8
651.6
5,197
3,803
1,486.6
553.3
653.5
5,189
3,793
1,491.8
550.0
654.6
5,170
3,774
1,487.8
542.4
657.1
5,171
3,771
1,491.6
541.1
658.2
5,159
3,777
1,485.1
536.6
658.2
5,178
3,796
1,493.9
535.8
658.9
5,170
3,788
1,492.8
533.5
658.9
5,162
3,783
1,495.0
Beverages and tobacco
products…………………………
Textile mills………………………
Textile product mills...................
Apparel………………………….
Leather and allied products.......
Paper and paper products.........
191.9
217.6
169.7
257.2
39.6
484.2
194.7
195.6
161.1
238.4
37.4
469.3
194.5
202.9
162.7
243.3
37.7
474.4
194.7
200.8
160.5
243.2
37.8
472.1
193.7
199.2
160.2
240.2
37.7
471.8
194.1
196.4
160.3
239.5
37.5
470.1
194.2
194.7
160.9
240.9
37.2
469.9
195.5
192.4
160.6
235.6
37.0
466.5
195.6
188.0
159.9
234.8
37.1
464.6
196.4
187.5
159.2
233.2
37.2
463.4
195.4
186.3
158.1
231.4
36.5
463.9
195.5
185.0
157.7
230.4
36.5
462.6
197.0
182.3
158.6
227.7
36.5
462.4
197.8
179.1
157.9
225.2
36.4
460.5
197.3
177.3
156.7
223.7
36.6
457.4
Printing and related support
activities…………………………
Petroleum and coal products.....
Chemicals..................................
Plastics and rubber products..
646.3
112.1
872.1
803.4
635.9
114.3
868.7
796.9
638.4
111.6
865.2
803.2
636.9
112.5
864.9
802.6
635.4
113.1
864.8
800.6
635.0
114.1
867.4
802.2
633.5
115.7
869.6
801.6
634.4
115.9
872.9
799.7
632.5
116.4
871.1
796.8
633.2
116.9
871.9
783.2
637.2
116.6
871.2
782.7
636.7
117.1
871.0
781.7
634.7
117.4
872.1
795.8
634.6
117.4
872.5
795.7
633.5
118.2
870.6
795.2
111,513
113,605
113,086
PROVIDING……………………… 89,709
91,615
91,180
91,277
91,375
91,449
91,640
91,786
91,935
92,072
92,310
92,533
92,635
92,780
92,900
26,231
5,897.6
3,076.5
2,040.1
26,225
5,869.1
3,061.5
2,032.6
26,207
5,879.6
3,067.0
2,034.4
26,194
5,889.5
3,070.2
2,038.8
26,197
5,893.6
3,073.3
2,038.9
26,226
5,901.5
3,078.1
2,042.0
26,227
5,908.8
3,084.0
2,042.0
26,241
5,919.2
3,093.8
2,041.3
26,258
5,919.6
3,093.6
2,040.8
26,320
5,934.7
3,097.7
2,048.5
26,345
5,955.0
3,104.3
2,055.0
26,378
5,949.0
3,102.5
2,050.5
26,393
5,960.0
3,112.0
2,049.7
26,436
5,961.3
3,114.0
2,050.1
SERVICE-PROVIDING...................
113,199 113,313 113,417
113,630 113,809
114,011 114,172 114,416 114,647 114,775 114,954 115,097
PRIVATE SERVICETrade, transportation,
and utilities................................
Wholesale trade.........................
Durable goods…………………..
Nondurable goods……………
25,959
5,764.4
2,999.2
2,022.4
Electronic markets and
agents and brokers……………
742.8
781.0
775.0
778.2
780.5
781.4
781.4
782.8
784.1
785.2
788.5
795.7
796.0
798.3
797.2
Retail trade................................. 15,279.6 15,319.3 15,377.6 15,336.6 15,302.8 15,295.9 15,306.4 15,298.2 15,289.8 15,297.8 15,327.9 15,323.7 15,357.5 15,364.6 15,403.7
Motor vehicles and parts
dealers 1………………………
Automobile dealers..................
1,918.6
1,261.4
1,907.9
1,246.7
1,909.6
1,245.7
1,910.7
1,248.0
1,908.4
1,246.6
1,908.3
1,247.9
1,906.4
1,248.4
1,906.2
1,246.2
1,906.2
1,245.4
1,906.4
1,245.0
1,904.2
1,244.0
1,908.5
1,244.8
1,906.8
1,244.1
1,910.3
1,244.9
1,907.2
1,243.5
Furniture and home
furnishings stores....................
576.1
588.5
585.3
589.7
589.4
589.5
589.9
589.2
587.9
589.9
586.5
591.4
588.1
587.6
585.6
Electronics and appliance
stores.......................................
535.8
538.4
544.3
542.9
541.9
541.7
540.2
537.4
535.8
534.0
531.6
531.4
535.3
538.2
538.4
See notes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 81
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
12. Continued–Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
Industry
2006
2007
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
1,322.6
2,827.9
1,324.9
2,822.6
1,325.8
2,825.7
1,328.4
2,820.1
1,326.5
2,819.4
1,329.1
2,825.2
1,324.9
2,831.2
1,327.2
2,832.1
1,329.2
2,833.8
1,321.0
2,842.4
1,314.1
2,843.7
1,318.0
2,844.0
1,323.4
2,849.9
1,313.8
2,856.3
953.7
871.1
955.5
861.0
955.8
865.5
952.6
865.7
955.6
856.9
954.0
862.9
954.8
862.1
955.8
857.8
956.2
858.1
954.8
854.8
962.6
854.6
959.7
854.8
964.1
853.7
964.8
852.9
966.5
854.5
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores ……………… 1,414.6
1,439.0
1,426.9
1,421.2
1,414.3
1,426.2
1,436.0
1,438.6
1,437.4
1,443.1
1,467.3
1,460.1
1,446.9
1,445.1
1,449.7
2005
Building material and garden
supply stores............................. 1,276.1
Food and beverage stores.......... 2,817.8
Health and personal care
stores………………………………
Gasoline stations…………………
Sporting goods, hobby,
book, and music stores…………
647.0
646.6
649.7
646.8
644.9
644.5
641.4
644.0
638.0
638.3
647.4
648.9
655.8
654.9
653.9
General merchandise stores 1…… 2,934.3
Department stores……………… 1,595.1
899.9
Miscellaneous store retailers……
Nonstore retailers………………… 434.6
2,912.8
1,550.9
884.9
434.4
2,973.5
1,580.1
891.0
428.5
2,937.5
1,566.8
889.7
428.3
2,926.3
1,558.3
886.6
430.0
2,909.0
1,550.5
883.0
430.9
2,907.2
1,548.0
882.8
431.3
2,900.5
1,542.1
880.7
431.9
2,894.9
1,536.2
880.6
435.4
2,893.8
1,535.6
880.9
438.8
2,882.9
1,533.2
881.9
445.5
2,885.4
1,537.7
881.4
444.3
2,923.9
1,568.7
880.3
440.6
2,917.3
1,565.3
880.2
440.0
2,956.4
1,570.6
880.3
441.1
Transportation and
warehousing.............................. 4,360.9
Air transportation………………
500.8
Rail transportation……………….
227.8
4,465.8
486.5
225.3
4,430.2
486.4
225.6
4,441.6
487.3
225.8
4,453.1
485.4
225.8
4,459.2
485.2
225.7
4,470.6
485.9
225.5
4,472.6
486.7
225.1
4,484.4
488.1
224.7
4,493.8
488.1
224.8
4,509.6
484.5
223.9
4,517.0
488.3
226.4
4,522.6
490.8
227.9
4,519.6
485.5
228.9
4,520.8
485.5
229.1
Water transportation…………….
Truck transportation……………..
60.6
1,397.6
64.1
1,437.2
62.4
1,424.4
62.9
1,431.9
62.6
1,431.6
62.8
1,435.6
63.7
1,442.2
64.3
1,442.8
65.5
1,446.8
65.6
1,448.7
66.8
1,448.9
67.8
1,453.6
67.1
1,457.9
68.1
1,454.7
68.0
1,457.2
Transit and ground passenger
transportation……………………
Pipeline transportation………….
389.2
37.8
394.3
39.0
396.7
38.5
392.6
38.6
397.1
38.8
394.6
38.9
394.6
39.2
392.6
39.4
394.2
38.8
392.3
39.6
393.2
39.8
390.2
39.7
391.6
40.3
393.3
40.6
390.3
41.0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation……………………
28.8
27.0
27.3
27.3
27.4
26.9
26.7
26.9
26.6
26.6
28.3
27.8
27.8
28.0
27.3
Support activities for
transportation……………………
Couriers and messengers………
Warehousing and storage
Utilities………………………….………..
Information…………………...….
552.2
571.4
594.7
554.0
3,061
570.7
585.3
636.4
548.5
3,055
566.9
575.6
626.4
547.7
3,058
568.5
577.3
629.4
548.9
3,056
571.1
579.9
633.4
548.8
3,048
573.0
580.9
635.6
547.9
3,048
569.9
583.6
639.3
547.9
3,043
569.9
583.7
641.2
547.7
3,051
571.0
586.4
642.3
547.8
3,052
572.9
590.5
644.7
546.9
3,054
577.9
597.2
649.1
548.2
3,057
575.9
596.4
650.9
549.2
3,073
575.9
593.0
650.3
549.0
3,071
579.4
590.6
650.5
549.0
3,084
579.6
591.0
651.8
550.1
3,086
Publishing industries, except
Internet……………………………
904.1
903.8
904.5
905.8
903.9
902.4
902.9
902.6
900.2
902.1
905.0
906.1
907.0
907.8
907.4
Motion picture and sound
recording industries……………
Broadcasting, except Internet..
377.5
327.7
377.5
331.3
385.5
328.9
380.3
330.7
372.0
331.0
375.5
331.4
372.0
331.6
376.8
332.2
374.7
332.3
374.6
332.1
371.9
333.8
378.3
335.6
378.2
335.3
385.2
337.4
387.1
337.1
Internet publishing and
broadcasting………………………
Telecommunications………………
31.5
992.0
34.5
972.9
33.6
971.5
33.9
972.2
34.2
972.7
33.9
968.5
33.3
969.3
34.5
971.0
35.0
974.2
35.8
975.0
36.3
973.5
37.0
978.0
36.9
975.6
37.9
976.2
39.0
973.0
377.5
50.6
8,153
6,022.8
383.2
51.4
8,363
6,183.5
383.1
50.9
8,314
6,150.9
382.1
51.1
8,340
6,166.6
382.8
51.6
8,352
6,174.7
385.3
51.3
8,348
6,165.4
382.1
51.5
8,368
6,187.2
383.4
50.9
8,379
6,195.8
383.9
51.3
8,408
6,219.6
382.2
51.8
8,415
6,227.1
384.9
51.6
8,422
6,228.9
386.1
52.1
8,438
6,239.8
386.1
51.9
8,440
6,238.9
387.3
51.9
8,446
6,244.4
390.0
52.3
8,445
6,242.6
20.8
21.5
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.5
21.6
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.7
21.8
21.7
22.0
22.1
related activities1……………… 2,869.0
2,936.8
2,922.7
2,932.3
2,934.8
2,928.9
2,936.1
2,937.2
2,952.8
2,956.2
2,957.4
2,959.7
2,961.5
2,962.8
2,957.6
1,803.2
1,319.3
1,792.3
1,310.8
1,797.8
1,313.7
1,800.8
1,316.2
1,799.7
1,317.1
1,803.3
1,319.4
1,805.1
1,320.8
1,812.4
1,328.1
1,818.3
1,334.5
1,819.6
1,333.0
1,824.6
1,336.9
1,824.3
1,336.9
1,823.1
1,334.7
1,824.3
1,335.2
ISPs, search portals, and
data processing…………………
Other information services…….
Financial activities………...…....
Finance and insurance…………..
Monetary authorities—
central bank………………………
Credit intermediation and
Depository credit
1
intermediation ………………… 1,769.2
1,296.0
Commercial banking..……....
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments……….
786.1
816.3
807.0
810.5
813.5
812.8
817.4
820.8
825.4
830.4
829.2
829.2
831.0
831.4
834.5
Insurance carriers and
related activities……………….
2,259.3
2,315.9
2,308.9
2,310.9
2,312.7
2,309.1
2,318.1
2,321.7
2,324.8
2,324.0
2,326.0
2,333.9
2,329.6
2,333.2
2,333.4
87.7
93.1
91.2
91.7
92.4
93.1
94.0
94.5
94.9
94.7
94.6
95.2
95.1
95.0
95.0
Real estate and rental
and leasing………………………… 2,129.6
Real estate………………………… 1,456.9
Rental and leasing services…….
645.8
2,179.6
1,503.3
647.4
2,163.4
1,492.7
642.8
2,173.5
1,500.9
644.5
2,177.3
1,501.3
648.1
2,182.2
1,503.8
649.9
2,181.1
1,503.8
648.0
2,183.6
1,504.8
649.4
2,188.2
1,506.4
652.2
2,187.5
1,505.0
652.9
2,192.9
1,512.4
650.0
2,198.0
1,516.4
650.9
2,201.5
1,518.5
651.9
2,202.0
1,518.4
652.4
2,202.5
1,523.5
647.9
26.9
28.9
27.9
28.1
27.9
28.5
29.3
29.4
29.6
29.6
30.5
30.7
31.1
31.2
31.1
16,954
17,552
17,431
17,458
17,499
17,539
17,592
17,617
17,636
17,662
17,726
17,792
17,804
17,840
17,834
services1…………………………… 7,053.4
Legal services…………………… 1,168.0
7,371.7
1,173.4
7,297.0
1,174.5
7,319.0
1,175.2
7,337.6
1,171.8
7,359.6
1,170.0
7,398.0
1,171.0
7,407.6
1,171.5
7,420.1
1,172.6
7,438.5
1,173.5
7,469.6
1,175.9
7,499.8
1,179.0
7,515.6
1,176.2
7,544.3
1,178.8
7,553.7
1,178.1
849.3
889.3
876.8
879.8
881.0
885.5
884.8
881.9
893.1
893.7
914.5
925.1
922.1
927.8
924.4
Architectural and engineering
services………………………… 1,310.9
1,385.6
1,369.1
1,373.7
1,380.6
1,384.3
1,392.9
1,398.0
1,399.3
1,400.6
1,407.2
1,411.4
1,419.2
1,422.7
1,424.0
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles…………………
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets…………………
Professional and business
services……………………………
Professional and technical
Accounting and bookkeeping
services………………...………
.
See notes at end of table
82
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
12. Continued–Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
Computer systems design
and related services…………
Management and technical
consulting services……………
Management of companies
and enterprises……..……….....
2006
2007
2005
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
1,195.2
1,278.2
1,254.0
1,262.1
1,274.1
1,278.3
1,288.0
1,294.4
1,298.4
1,300.8
1,296.2
1,303.3
1,305.2
1,311.1
1,319.7
853.0
920.9
905.7
908.4
911.3
912.2
918.6
922.4
926.4
944.2
949.3
953.8
958.1
967.1
970.5
1,758.9
1,809.4
1,796.4
1,797.6
1,802.1
1,805.4
1,811.1
1,816.2
1,822.3
1,826.8
1,823.0
1,826.0
1,830.8
1,836.7
1,837.1
8,370.7
8,337.8
8,341.0
8,359.2
8,373.9
8,382.4
8,393.2
8,393.9
8,396.2
8,433.8
8,466.4
8,457.3
8,458.9
8,443.5
8,023.5
3,656.6
2,631.3
790.7
7,991.1
3,658.2
2,634.6
782.0
7,994.2
3,658.0
2,632.2
783.2
8,012.1
3,662.3
2,646.3
786.1
8,026.1
3,663.2
2,636.3
788.2
8,033.8
3,663.5
2,633.4
789.7
8,046.9
3,667.2
2,632.1
791.3
8,047.4
3,653.3
2,623.5
797.2
8,047.5
3,641.2
2,621.1
801.0
8,083.8
3,665.5
2,631.3
802.2
8,117.0
3,674.2
2,641.6
806.9
8,106.1
3,667.1
2,641.8
803.6
8,107.4
3,651.6
2,629.2
803.3
8,092.5
3,637.1
2,621.2
801.9
1,797.1
1,790.6
1,792.3
1,795.9
1,800.4
1,803.1
1,803.5
1,803.0
1,807.9
1,811.2
1,817.7
1,812.1
1,823.8
1,819.7
Administrative and waste
services…………………………… 8,141.5
Administrative and support
services 1……………………… 7,803.8
Employment services 1……… 3,578.2
Temporary help services…… 2,549.4
766.4
Business support services……
Services to buildings
and dwellings………………… 1,737.5
Waste management and
remediation services………….
337.6
347.2
346.7
346.8
347.1
347.8
348.6
346.3
346.5
348.7
350.0
349.4
351.2
351.5
351.0
Educational and health
services………………...……….
Educational services…….………
17,372
2,835.8
17,838
2,918.4
17,709
2,892.4
17,743
2,902.6
17,776
2,906.9
17,794
2,902.4
17,828
2,911.0
17,894
2,936.0
17,946
2,949.4
17,976
2,944.2
18,018
2,951.4
18,063
2,948.6
18,102
2,959.5
18,138
2,955.9
18,188
2,972.4
Health care and social
assistance……….……………… 14,536.3 14,919.9 14,816.7 14,839.9 14,869.5 14,891.5 14,917.2 14,958.3 14,996.4 15,031.5 15,066.1 15,113.9 15,142.6 15,181.7 15,215.9
Ambulatory health care
services 1……………………… 5,113.5
Offices of physicians…………… 2,093.5
Outpatient care centers………
473.2
Home health care services……
821.0
Hospitals………………………… 4,345.4
5,283.1
2,153.6
489.4
867.1
4,427.1
5,243.0
2,131.5
487.4
857.6
4,397.6
5,251.0
2,138.0
487.6
858.5
4,404.3
5,262.2
2,145.2
487.6
862.5
4,413.0
5,267.6
2,150.1
488.7
862.1
4,421.7
5,281.5
2,155.2
488.1
867.6
4,429.2
5,299.4
2,159.0
490.0
872.8
4,440.8
5,321.0
2,172.5
492.1
877.7
4,451.7
5,332.6
2,174.1
494.1
880.7
4,458.2
5,344.6
2,179.4
492.4
883.5
4,461.7
5,369.2
2,185.5
493.6
890.9
4,469.5
5,375.3
2,187.4
494.1
896.4
4,478.3
5,395.6
2,196.7
496.8
901.1
4,484.4
5,409.2
2,204.3
494.8
904.1
4,490.8
2,900.9
1,584.2
2,308.9
806.7
13,143
2,877.5
1,576.4
2,298.6
811.5
13,022
2,884.7
1,579.6
2,299.9
813.6
13,049
2,890.0
1,583.9
2,304.3
812.0
13,074
2,896.4
1,583.0
2,305.8
807.0
13,092
2,909.6
1,589.7
2,296.9
795.0
13,156
2,905.8
1,583.8
2,312.3
804.3
13,188
2,906.9
1,584.7
2,316.8
802.0
13,209
2,915.9
1,587.5
2,324.8
802.8
13,257
2,927.8
1,591.8
2,332.0
805.1
13,324
2,940.5
1,596.4
2,334.7
803.6
13,373
2,947.6
1,600.1
2,341.4
804.3
13,396
2,957.5
1,605.7
2,344.2
802.7
13,425
2,961.4
1,603.9
2,354.5
804.9
13,449
Nursing and residential
care facilities 1………………… 2,855.0
Nursing care facilities………… 1,577.4
Social assistance 1……………… 2,222.3
Child day care services………
789.7
Leisure and hospitality………..
12,816
Arts, entertainment,
and recreation……….…….……
1,892.3
1,927.0
1,908.3
1,918.1
1,921.6
1,923.7
1,933.4
1,933.9
1,923.7
1,939.9
1,947.4
1,957.2
1,960.4
1,963.3
1,963.2
Performing arts and
spectator sports…………………
376.3
398.8
388.3
395.3
400.3
400.1
403.6
402.7
401.4
405.0
405.7
406.4
408.0
406.0
405.9
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks…………………
120.7
123.9
121.3
122.8
124.2
123.7
124.0
124.7
125.6
125.7
126.4
127.1
127.7
127.5
128.2
1,395.3
1,404.3
1,398.7
1,400.0
1,397.1
1,399.9
1,405.8
1,406.5
1,396.7
1,409.2
1,415.3
1,423.7
1,424.7
1,429.8
1,429.1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation………………………
Accommodations and
food services…………………… 10,923.0 11,216.2 11,113.4 11,131.0 11,151.9 11,168.7 11,222.8 11,253.6 11,284.8 11,316.9 11,376.8 11,415.9 11,435.8 11,461.3 11,486.0
Accommodations………………. 1,818.6
1,833.4
1,827.1
1,821.5
1,821.0 1,816.4 1,830.2
1,834.0 1,847.0 1,845.3 1,854.4 1,863.2 1,858.1 1,860.3 1,860.0
Food services and drinking
places…………………………… 9,104.4
Other services……………………… 5,395
Repair and maintenance……… 1,236.0
Personal and laundry services
1,276.6
9,382.8
5,432
1,248.5
1,284.2
9,286.3
5,421
1,243.9
1,282.2
9,309.5
5,424
1,247.1
1,282.4
9,330.9
5,432
1,252.0
1,281.1
9,352.3
5,431
1,251.0
1,280.6
9,392.6
5,427
1,244.4
1,282.9
9,419.6
5,430
1,250.5
1,279.3
9,437.8
5,443
1,253.9
1,285.6
9,471.6
5,450
1,253.4
1,286.8
9,522.4
5,443
1,250.8
1,286.4
9,552.7
5,449
1,251.6
1,287.4
9,577.7
5,444
1,246.3
1,285.8
9,601.0
5,454
1,248.9
1,290.3
9,626.0
5,462
1,255.9
1,290.8
Membership associations and
organizations…………………… 2,882.2
Government..................................
Federal........................................
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service....................................
U.S. Postal Service………………
State...........................................
Education................................
Other State government..........
Local...........................................
Education................................
Other local government...........
1
2,899.3
2,894.6
2,894.3
2,899.1
2,899.3
2,899.2
2,899.7
2,903.1
2,909.3
2,905.4
2,909.7
2,912.3
2,915.2
2,915.7
21,804
2,732
21,990
2,728
21,906
2,731
21,922
2,731
21,938
2,729
21,968
2,733
21,990
2,739
22,023
2,730
22,076
2,729
22,100
2,725
22,106
2,719
22,114
2,713
22,140
2,718
22,174
2,718
22,197
2,716
1,957.3
774.2
5,032
2,259.9
2,771.6
14,041
7,856.1
6,184.6
1,958.3
770.1
5,080
2,294.9
2,785.2
14,182
7,938.5
6,243.0
1,959.0
771.9
5,060
2,281.2
2,778.7
14,115
7,896.1
6,218.9
1,960.2
770.5
5,064
2,284.5
2,779.2
14,127
7,905.0
6,222.2
1,958.8
770.4
5,073
2,291.0
2,782.1
14,136
7,905.5
6,230.6
1,961.0
771.6
5,075
2,292.6
2,782.3
14,160
7,915.4
6,245.0
1,962.4
777.0
5,078
2,292.9
2,785.3
14,173
7,926.5
6,246.8
1,960.4
769.6
5,088
2,298.8
2,789.5
14,205
7,951.6
6,252.9
1,959.0
770.2
5,113
2,321.1
2,791.5
14,234
7,970.7
6,263.0
1,954.7
770.2
5,109
2,314.3
2,794.3
14,266
7,995.1
6,270.9
1,949.5
769.0
5,107
2,313.1
2,793.5
14,280
8,003.7
6,276.3
1,948.6
764.5
5,111
2,311.8
2,798.9
14,290
8,015.6
6,274.1
1,951.1
767.1
5,117
2,311.4
2,805.7
14,305
8,018.7
6,286.4
1,951.8
766.5
5,133
2,324.0
2,809.4
14,323
8,025.1
6,298.0
1,949.7
766.5
5,134
2,324.5
2,809.2
14,347
8,044.1
6,302.9
Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 83
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
Industry
2006
Annual average
2005
2006
2007
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
TOTAL PRIVATE…………………………
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.9
33.8
33.7
33.9
GOODS-PRODUCING………………………
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.6
Natural resources and mining……………
45.6
45.6
45.2
45.5
44.9
46.0
45.9
45.3
45.1
45.7
46.1
45.6
45.0
45.9
45.9
Construction…………………………………
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
38.5
39.0
38.9
39.0
38.4
39.2
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.4
39.0
Manufacturing…………………….............
Overtime hours..................................
40.7
4.6
41.1
4.4
41.1
4.5
41.2
4.5
41.1
4.5
41.2
4.5
41.5
4.5
41.3
4.4
41.1
4.3
41.2
4.3
41.0
4.1
41.0
4.2
40.9
4.1
40.9
4.1
41.2
4.3
Durable goods..…………………............
Overtime hours..................................
Wood products....................................
Nonmetallic mineral products..............
Primary metals.....................................
Fabricated metal products...................
Machinery…………………………………
Computer and electronic products……
Electrical equipment and appliances…
Transportation equipment....................
Furniture and related products………..
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............
41.1
4.6
40.0
42.2
43.1
41.0
42.1
40.0
40.6
42.4
39.2
38.7
41.4
4.4
39.8
43.0
43.6
41.4
42.4
40.5
41.0
42.7
38.8
38.7
41.4
4.6
40.4
43.0
43.5
41.5
42.1
40.6
41.2
42.8
38.5
38.6
41.6
4.6
40.4
43.3
43.4
41.7
42.6
40.7
41.3
43.1
38.6
38.8
41.5
4.5
40.0
43.0
43.6
41.3
42.4
40.5
41.1
43.0
38.8
38.6
41.6
4.5
39.5
43.4
43.7
41.5
42.5
40.8
41.1
43.0
38.7
38.8
41.8
4.5
40.0
43.4
44.0
41.6
42.9
40.7
41.4
43.7
38.8
38.7
41.6
4.4
39.8
43.2
43.7
41.7
42.6
40.5
40.9
42.9
39.1
38.8
41.3
4.3
39.6
43.0
43.5
41.3
42.3
40.4
40.7
42.6
38.8
38.6
41.4
4.3
39.7
42.7
43.6
41.6
42.7
40.4
40.8
42.4
39.2
38.7
41.2
4.1
39.1
42.3
43.5
41.2
42.3
40.2
40.7
42.5
39.0
38.8
41.2
4.2
39.3
42.7
43.3
41.0
42.3
40.4
40.4
42.5
39.0
38.7
41.1
4.1
38.7
42.0
42.8
41.0
41.8
40.3
40.7
42.8
38.9
38.5
41.1
4.1
39.1
41.6
43.0
41.1
42.3
40.3
40.9
42.5
38.8
37.9
41.4
4.3
39.5
42.4
43.2
41.6
42.3
40.4
40.9
42.8
38.9
38.5
Nondurable goods.................................
Overtime hours..................................
Food manufacturing............................
Beverage and tobacco products..........
Textile mills………………………………
Textile product mills……………………
Apparel................................................
Leather and allied products.................
Paper and paper products………………
39.9
4.4
39.0
40.1
40.3
39.0
35.7
38.4
42.5
40.6
4.4
40.1
40.7
40.6
40.0
36.5
38.9
42.9
40.5
4.4
39.9
40.4
40.3
39.8
36.0
39.5
42.4
40.6
4.4
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
36.4
38.9
43.0
40.6
4.5
39.9
41.0
40.4
40.4
36.6
39.2
43.1
40.7
4.5
40.0
41.2
40.7
40.2
36.8
39.0
43.3
40.9
4.5
40.2
41.9
40.8
40.4
36.8
39.2
43.6
40.7
4.3
39.9
41.1
41.2
40.5
36.6
39.5
43.4
40.7
4.2
40.3
40.7
40.7
39.8
36.7
38.8
43.0
40.7
4.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.2
37.0
38.8
42.9
40.6
4.2
40.5
40.9
40.4
39.8
36.9
37.8
42.6
40.6
4.3
40.4
40.7
41.0
39.2
36.7
38.2
42.4
40.6
4.1
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.3
37.5
38.2
42.5
40.6
4.2
40.5
40.5
40.7
39.5
37.0
38.0
42.4
40.9
4.3
41.0
40.7
40.5
39.6
36.7
37.9
43.1
Printing and related support
activities.............................................
Petroleum and coal products…………
Chemicals…………………………………
Plastics and rubber products…………
38.4
45.5
42.3
40.0
39.2
45.0
42.5
40.6
39.0
44.9
42.7
40.7
39.2
45.2
42.7
40.7
39.2
45.3
42.3
40.6
39.3
45.4
42.6
40.8
39.1
45.5
42.9
41.1
39.1
45.4
42.7
40.9
39.2
45.0
43.0
40.5
39.4
45.1
42.5
40.7
39.1
44.8
41.9
40.6
39.5
44.7
42.0
40.6
39.2
45.3
41.8
40.8
39.4
45.1
41.8
40.4
39.3
44.7
41.9
40.9
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING…………………………….
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.5
Trade, transportation, and
utilities.......………………......................
Wholesale trade........……………….......
Retail trade…………………………………
Transportation and warehousing………
Utilities………………………………………
Information…………………………………
Financial activities…………………………
33.4
37.7
30.6
37.0
41.1
36.5
35.9
33.4
38.0
30.5
36.9
41.4
36.6
35.8
33.3
37.9
30.4
36.8
41.0
36.6
35.7
33.5
38.1
30.6
36.7
41.2
36.6
35.7
33.3
37.9
30.4
36.7
41.3
36.5
35.5
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
41.2
36.5
35.6
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
41.6
36.7
35.7
33.4
38.0
30.3
37.0
41.7
36.7
35.5
33.4
37.9
30.4
36.9
41.4
36.7
35.7
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
41.8
36.7
35.8
33.5
38.0
30.5
36.9
41.9
36.4
35.8
33.4
38.0
30.4
36.9
42.0
36.6
36.0
33.4
38.0
30.4
37.1
41.9
36.5
36.0
33.3
38.1
30.2
37.1
42.3
36.6
36.0
33.4
38.2
30.2
37.2
42.5
36.7
36.0
Professional and business
services……………………………………
Education and health services…………
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………........................
34.2
32.6
25.7
30.9
34.6
32.5
25.7
30.9
34.5
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.5
25.6
31.0
34.4
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.6
25.6
30.9
34.7
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.7
32.4
25.6
30.9
34.7
32.5
25.8
30.8
34.7
32.4
25.7
30.9
34.6
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.4
25.7
30.9
34.5
32.5
25.6
30.9
34.6
32.4
25.5
30.7
34.8
32.6
25.6
31.0
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers
in the service-providing industries.
84
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
p = preliminary.
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
Industry
Annual average
TOTAL PRIVATE
Current dollars………………………
Constant (1982) dollars……………
GOODS-PRODUCING...............................
2006
2007
2005
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
$16.13
8.18
$16.76
8.24
$16.55
8.21
$16.63
8.20
$16.66
8.17
$16.73
8.18
$16.79
8.17
$16.84
8.17
$16.88
8.25
$16.94
8.34
$16.99
8.36
$17.07
8.36
$17.10
8.36
$17.16
8.36
$17.21
8.32
17.60
18.02
17.82
17.87
17.93
18.00
18.00
18.06
18.08
18.15
18.21
18.29
18.34
18.37
18.45
18.72
19.46
16.56
15.68
17.33
15.27
19.90
20.02
16.80
15.95
17.67
15.32
19.49
19.67
16.71
15.84
17.54
15.30
19.66
19.71
16.75
15.88
17.58
15.34
19.77
19.87
16.77
15.90
17.62
15.30
19.83
20.03
16.78
15.91
17.65
15.28
19.86
20.06
16.78
15.92
17.66
15.26
20.02
20.11
16.83
15.98
17.72
15.30
20.11
20.17
16.83
15.99
17.73
15.29
20.26
20.24
16.88
16.04
17.78
15.33
20.43
20.37
16.89
16.09
17.79
15.35
20.52
20.44
16.95
16.12
17.86
15.41
20.60
20.55
16.98
16.17
17.90
15.44
20.77
20.57
17.03
16.22
17.96
15.47
20.77
20.68
17.09
16.24
18.03
15.49
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING..........………………..............
15.74
16.42
16.21
16.29
16.32
16.38
16.46
16.51
16.56
16.62
16.67
16.74
16.77
16.84
16.88
Trade,transportation, and
utilities…………………………………....
Wholesale trade....................................
Retail trade...........................................
Transportation and warehousing………
Utilities……………………………………
Information..............................................
Financial activities..................................
14.92
18.16
12.36
16.70
26.68
22.06
17.94
15.40
18.91
12.58
17.28
27.42
23.23
18.80
15.22
18.68
12.47
17.06
27.53
22.96
18.50
15.30
18.71
12.56
17.18
27.49
23.09
18.66
15.31
18.79
12.53
17.16
27.29
23.09
18.66
15.39
18.85
12.59
17.28
27.39
23.19
18.71
15.48
18.94
12.65
17.41
27.52
23.30
18.81
15.49
19.00
12.64
17.40
27.42
23.36
18.88
15.52
19.10
12.65
17.47
27.35
23.44
19.02
15.55
19.09
12.69
17.47
27.39
23.51
19.11
15.54
19.14
12.64
17.50
27.47
23.47
19.20
15.58
19.20
12.67
17.53
27.33
23.60
19.29
15.59
19.25
12.69
17.49
27.40
23.72
19.32
15.61
19.22
12.71
17.50
27.50
23.77
19.42
15.66
19.32
12.72
17.54
27.66
23.83
19.51
Professional and business
services.................................................
18.08
19.12
18.80
18.91
18.94
19.02
19.14
19.20
19.31
19.42
19.51
19.64
19.63
19.80
19.83
Education and health
services.................................................
Leisure and hospitality..........................
Other services.........................................
16.71
9.38
14.34
17.38
9.75
14.77
17.20
9.61
14.64
17.25
9.66
14.67
17.30
9.70
14.71
17.36
9.72
14.75
17.40
9.75
14.76
17.47
9.80
14.80
17.51
9.83
14.86
17.56
9.87
14.89
17.63
9.94
14.94
17.67
10.02
15.02
17.74
10.08
15.03
17.75
10.16
15.06
17.78
10.19
15.07
Natural resources and mining...............
Construction...........................................
Manufacturing.........................................
Excluding overtime...........................
Durable goods……………………………
Nondurable goods………………………
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the
service-providing industries.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 85
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2006
2007
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
$16.13
–
$16.76
–
$16.56
16.55
$16.72
16.63
$16.62
16.66
$16.63
16.73
$16.75
16.79
$16.74
16.84
$16.91
16.88
$17.02
16.94
$16.99
16.99
$17.07
17.07
$17.16
17.10
$17.21
17.16
$17.22
17.21
GOODS-PRODUCING..................................
17.60
18.02
17.73
17.82
17.89
18.00
18.03
18.12
18.20
18.26
18.26
18.37
18.27
18.26
18.35
Natural resources and mining………….
18.72
19.90
19.57
19.78
19.75
19.74
19.79
19.90
20.01
20.26
20.45
20.61
20.72
20.81
20.85
Construction.…………...............................
19.46
20.02
19.53
19.61
19.78
19.98
20.12
20.23
20.35
20.45
20.42
20.52
20.42
20.45
20.53
Manufacturing…………………………………
16.56
16.80
16.69
16.74
16.74
16.76
16.70
16.79
16.88
16.89
16.93
17.09
17.04
17.03
17.06
Durable goods..…………………..............
Wood products ......................................
Nonmetallic mineral products ……………
Primary metals ......................................
Fabricated metal products ….................
Machinery …………..……………………
Computer and electronic products ........
Electrical equipment and appliances ....
Transportation equipment .....................
Furniture and related products ..............
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...............
17.33
13.16
16.61
18.94
15.80
17.03
18.39
15.24
22.10
13.45
14.08
17.67
13.40
16.59
19.35
16.17
17.20
18.96
15.53
22.41
13.79
14.36
17.52
13.14
16.60
19.21
16.08
16.99
18.58
15.42
22.31
13.52
14.30
17.54
13.24
16.71
19.37
16.04
16.95
18.73
15.37
22.27
13.72
14.37
17.58
13.32
16.59
19.13
16.09
17.03
18.67
15.42
22.39
13.68
14.40
17.62
13.46
16.56
19.14
16.13
17.03
18.78
15.46
22.50
13.67
14.28
17.52
13.43
16.57
19.17
16.18
17.13
19.02
15.55
21.92
13.76
14.53
17.69
13.46
16.72
19.34
16.10
17.14
19.08
15.65
22.44
13.84
14.51
17.80
13.53
16.51
19.67
16.21
17.26
19.18
15.61
22.59
13.98
14.47
17.81
13.61
16.59
19.39
16.26
17.45
19.25
15.63
22.51
14.04
14.47
17.87
13.67
16.51
19.73
16.29
17.56
19.22
15.53
22.57
14.12
14.38
18.04
13.64
16.73
19.45
16.44
17.78
19.57
15.72
22.76
14.13
14.47
17.94
13.71
16.73
19.43
16.33
17.62
19.59
15.73
22.47
14.11
14.54
17.95
13.55
16.81
19.33
16.31
17.63
19.57
15.87
22.53
14.05
14.50
18.01
13.58
16.95
19.33
16.35
17.68
19.62
15.91
22.62
14.29
14.57
Nondurable goods………………………...
Food manufacturing ...........................…
Beverages and tobacco products .........
15.27
13.04
18.76
15.32
13.13
18.19
15.27
13.04
18.12
15.36
13.09
18.32
15.29
13.12
18.17
15.27
13.14
17.94
15.31
13.11
18.15
15.25
13.15
17.93
15.31
13.16
18.21
15.32
13.13
18.45
15.34
13.18
18.20
15.47
13.33
18.34
15.51
13.42
17.92
15.46
13.33
17.91
15.45
13.36
18.49
Textile mills ...........................................
Textile product mills ..............................
Apparel .................................................
Leather and allied products ……………
Paper and paper products ………………
Printing and related support activities ..
Petroleum and coal products ……………
Chemicals …………………………………
Plastics and rubber products ................
12.38
11.67
10.24
11.50
17.99
15.74
24.47
19.67
14.80
12.55
11.94
10.61
11.44
18.01
15.80
24.08
19.60
14.96
12.40
11.79
10.62
11.11
17.81
15.77
24.58
19.66
14.84
12.42
11.97
10.62
11.26
18.01
15.72
24.52
19.78
14.87
12.41
12.03
10.59
11.46
17.90
15.77
24.09
19.54
14.87
12.55
12.04
10.64
11.72
17.95
15.65
23.67
19.36
14.94
12.54
12.13
10.69
11.58
18.27
15.75
23.44
19.26
14.99
12.64
11.96
10.58
11.65
17.93
15.81
23.30
19.19
15.02
12.59
12.02
10.61
11.44
18.15
15.80
23.87
19.43
15.03
12.82
11.84
10.60
11.64
18.10
15.87
24.17
19.57
14.98
12.74
11.98
10.53
11.58
18.05
15.93
24.44
19.61
15.04
12.63
11.90
10.64
11.70
18.23
15.91
23.96
19.87
15.16
12.90
11.98
10.87
11.89
18.18
15.84
24.90
19.67
15.22
12.87
11.96
10.82
11.82
18.10
15.87
24.73
19.55
15.22
12.81
11.93
10.70
11.81
18.16
15.87
24.66
19.46
15.19
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING ……………………………………
15.74
16.42
16.24
16.43
16.27
16.26
16.41
16.35
16.56
16.68
16.65
16.73
16.87
16.94
16.92
Trade, transportation, and
utilities…….…….......................................
Wholesale trade ……………………………
Retail trade …………………………………
Transportation and warehousing …………
Utilities ………..…..….………..……………
14.92
18.16
12.36
16.70
26.68
15.40
18.91
12.58
17.28
27.42
15.23
18.60
12.49
17.05
27.55
15.44
18.87
12.69
17.19
27.65
15.30
18.71
12.56
17.07
27.29
15.36
18.74
12.60
17.27
27.14
15.53
19.07
12.68
17.50
27.43
15.45
18.93
12.62
17.45
27.13
15.57
19.09
12.70
17.51
27.47
15.59
19.14
12.70
17.48
27.51
15.44
19.16
12.52
17.48
27.44
15.41
19.24
12.51
17.47
27.38
15.61
19.30
12.69
17.48
27.39
15.65
19.25
12.72
17.42
27.50
15.66
19.24
12.74
17.51
27.73
Information………………………………..
22.06
23.23
22.85
23.14
23.05
22.95
23.15
23.27
23.60
23.68
23.53
23.68
23.84
23.80
23.74
Financial activities……..……….................
17.94
18.80
18.47
18.77
18.59
18.58
18.81
18.79
19.02
19.22
19.19
19.27
19.29
19.42
19.49
18.08
19.12
18.83
19.21
18.88
18.87
19.24
18.96
19.19
19.50
19.44
19.67
19.81
19.95
19.88
2005
TOTAL PRIVATE……………………………
Seasonally adjusted……………………
Professional and business
services………………………………………
Education and health
services………………………………………
16.71
17.38
17.21
17.29
17.26
17.32
17.42
17.45
17.53
17.55
17.62
17.68
17.78
17.76
17.79
Leisure and hospitality ……………………
9.38
9.75
9.63
9.65
9.70
9.63
9.62
9.69
9.83
9.90
10.00
10.13
10.15
10.24
10.23
Other services…………………...................
14.34
14.77
14.69
14.78
14.75
14.70
14.66
14.70
14.89
14.91
14.93
15.06
15.07
15.10
15.11
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and
mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries.
86
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
NOTE:
See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2005
TOTAL PRIVATE………………… $544.33
Seasonally adjusted..........
–
GOODS-PRODUCING…………..
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
$567.87 $556.42 $566.81 $560.09 $565.42 $572.85 $570.83 $573.25 $582.08 $574.26 $578.67 $573.14 $574.81 $580.31
–
559.39
563.76
563.11
567.15
569.18
569.19
570.54
574.27
574.26
578.67
577.98
578.29
583.42
705.31
729.87
712.75
711.02
722.76
736.20
730.22
741.11
742.56
746.83
739.53
753.17
728.97
723.10
741.34
853.71
908.01
874.78
899.99
892.70
913.96
906.38
909.43
912.46
940.06
942.75
939.82
924.11
942.69
946.59
750.22
781.04
749.95
753.02
767.46
791.21
792.73
807.18
799.76
811.87
792.30
806.44
773.92
764.83
794.51
673.37
690.83
684.29
676.30
689.69
692.19
683.03
693.43
698.83
697.56
697.52
712.65
695.23
689.72
701.17
712.95
526.65
Wood products .........................
700.78
Nonmetallic mineral products....
Primary metals…………………… 815.78
647.34
Fabricated metal products.........
Machinery………………………… 716.55
731.81
533.44
713.34
842.94
668.84
728.99
725.33
525.60
703.84
835.64
665.71
716.98
713.88
528.28
716.86
825.16
649.62
705.12
729.57
538.13
718.35
834.07
666.13
723.78
734.75
539.75
728.64
834.50
669.40
723.78
721.82
538.54
720.80
831.98
665.00
729.74
735.90
542.44
734.01
839.36
669.76
725.02
740.48
535.79
719.84
859.58
674.34
733.55
740.90
543.04
715.03
843.47
679.67
745.12
738.03
533.13
698.37
858.26
674.41
744.54
757.68
540.14
709.35
857.75
685.55
768.10
733.75
522.35
685.93
839.38
667.90
736.52
730.57
514.90
680.81
827.32
663.82
740.46
743.81
532.34
708.51
835.06
678.53
749.63
735.59
767.86
754.35
751.07
754.27
766.22
766.51
767.02
778.71
781.55
778.41
808.24
785.56
784.76
792.65
618.97
938.03
635.87
957.43
632.22
957.10
613.26
926.43
630.68
965.01
632.31
969.75
634.44
916.26
640.09
962.68
641.57
973.63
643.96
961.18
638.28
961.48
653.95
992.34
641.78
961.72
641.15
953.02
647.54
972.66
527.35
535.35
519.17
521.36
526.68
534.50
532.51
548.06
549.41
550.37
552.09
560.96
546.06
540.93
554.45
manufacturing..........................
545.21
556.16
554.84
547.50
557.28
558.35
555.05
562.99
559.99
561.44
560.82
568.67
558.34
548.10
563.86
Nondurable goods.......................
608.95
508.55
621.78
526.02
615.38
512.47
612.86
507.89
619.25
522.18
621.49
525.60
620.06
524.40
620.68
527.32
629.24
538.24
626.59
535.70
627.41
543.02
635.82
547.86
629.71
539.48
619.95
529.20
628.82
541.08
751.54
498.47
455.52
366.17
441.96
764.04
741.31
509.41
477.56
387.27
445.50
772.26
726.61
503.44
469.24
385.51
442.18
748.02
732.80
498.04
472.82
380.20
430.13
761.82
754.06
501.36
482.40
388.65
450.38
771.49
751.69
510.79
486.42
391.55
458.25
779.03
765.93
504.11
482.77
388.05
448.15
792.92
747.68
519.50
481.99
388.29
460.18
778.16
744.79
514.93
480.80
388.33
441.58
787.71
745.38
516.65
464.13
395.38
452.80
778.30
746.20
513.42
480.40
390.66
443.51
777.96
740.94
524.15
477.19
390.49
452.79
783.89
718.59
523.74
472.01
406.54
449.44
772.65
709.24
521.24
470.03
399.26
445.61
754.77
745.15
520.09
474.81
394.83
449.96
775.43
604.73
618.81
616.61
609.94
613.45
610.35
609.53
615.01
627.26
630.04
627.64
634.81
620.93
625.28
625.28
Natural resources
and mining………………………..
CONSTRUCTION
Manufacturing……………….....
Durable goods……………………
Computer and electronic
products..................................
Electrical equipment and
appliances...............................
Transportation equipment………
Furniture and related
products…………………………
Miscellaneous
Food manufacturing...................
Beverages and tobacco
products..................................
Textile mills……………………
Textile product mills………....
Apparel………………………
Leather and allied products.......
Paper and paper products…….
Printing and related
support activities………………
Petroleum and coal
1,114.51
products……………………...
Chemicals………………………… 831.76
1,084.03 1,088.89 1,113.21 1,088.87 1,079.35 1,071.21 1,046.17 1,093.25 1,099.74 1,109.58 1,054.24 1,115.52 1,088.12 1,082.57
833.59
841.45
844.61
824.59
822.80
816.62
815.58
833.55
825.85
823.62
842.49
824.17
817.19
815.37
Plastics and rubber
products………………………
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING…………....................
Trade, transportation,
and utilities………………………
Wholesale trade......…………......
Retail trade…………………………
591.58
607.82
603.99
594.80
603.72
611.05
604.10
612.82
614.73
609.69
609.12
626.11
622.50
610.32
621.27
509.58
532.84
521.30
535.62
523.89
528.45
539.89
533.01
536.54
545.44
537.80
542.05
539.84
543.77
544.82
498.43
685.00
377.58
514.61
718.30
383.16
502.59
699.36
375.95
517.24
722.72
388.31
509.49
707.24
381.82
516.10
712.12
385.56
526.47
732.29
393.08
520.67
719.34
387.43
523.15
723.51
388.62
523.82
734.98
386.08
515.70
728.08
379.36
517.78
731.12
384.06
513.57
723.75
378.16
514.89
727.65
376.51
518.35
729.20
380.93
Transportation and
warehousing……………………… 618.58
Utilities…………………………… 1,095.90
Information……………………….
1
637.14
620.62
629.15
624.76
638.99
654.50
650.89
649.62
652.00
648.51
648.14
639.77
637.57
646.12
1,136.08 1,121.29 1,144.71 1,129.81 1,118.17 1,141.09 1,131.32 1,145.50 1,160.92 1,149.74 1,144.48 1,136.69 1,157.75 1,170.21
805.00
850.81
827.17
851.55
832.11
837.68
861.18
856.34
868.48
878.53
856.49
864.32
863.01
866.32
864.14
Financial activities………………… 645.10
672.40
651.99
681.35
654.37
657.73
682.80
665.17
673.31
699.61
683.16
689.87
688.65
695.24
695.79
Professional and
business services………………
618.87
662.23
645.87
666.59
647.58
654.79
671.48
659.81
663.97
684.45
672.62
678.62
673.54
686.28
687.85
Education and Education and
health services………………...
544.59
564.95
555.88
563.65
557.50
562.90
571.38
567.13
569.73
572.13
570.89
572.83
576.07
573.65
576.40
Leisure and hospitality…….......
241.36
250.11
243.64
248.01
246.38
249.42
255.89
253.88
251.65
256.41
253.00
257.30
251.72
257.02
258.82
Other services………………….
443.37
456.60
450.98
458.18
454.30
455.70
457.39
457.17
458.61
462.21
459.84
463.85
461.14
462.06
465.39
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing,
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-
Dash indicates data not available.
providing industries.
p = preliminary.
septTAB16
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 87
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
Timespan and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries
Over 1-month span:
2002...............................................
2003..............................................
2004..............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
43.5
51.6
52.5
64.2
54.9
37.2
50.2
61.3
64.6
54.7
33.6
62.1
52.7
64.0
55.0
38.8
64.9
60.8
62.8
40.8
59.9
54.9
56.7
38.5
57.6
58.5
55.9
39.2
56.5
59.0
59.4
41.7
51.4
60.4
55.9
48.0
56.5
53.6
55.8
50.2
55.0
53.1
57.7
52.2
51.4
62.2
53.6
52.9
55.6
60.4
57.6
Over 3-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
39.6
55.9
51.3
70.5
64.6
33.8
53.2
55.9
66.7
60.6
34.9
57.0
56.8
66.0
61.2
33.8
64.2
61.3
66.9
35.3
70.3
57.2
63.3
42.3
65.6
59.4
62.4
39.2
59.9
62.8
60.3
34.4
55.2
63.7
62.6
42.6
57.9
59.9
57.7
48.6
59.0
53.4
59.0
48.7
60.4
57.2
57.7
50.2
55.8
62.2
59.9
Over 6-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.7
49.8
54.1
63.8
62.2
33.1
51.8
57.2
63.3
60.3
31.1
55.0
57.6
67.1
65.3
33.3
60.8
56.3
68.2
33.5
63.5
56.5
67.1
36.5
63.7
58.1
67.1
32.7
63.3
65.8
63.5
32.4
62.6
63.8
62.9
40.8
58.3
61.9
62.6
44.8
62.1
59.2
62.1
47.7
55.4
62.8
61.5
47.5
55.2
60.8
61.0
Over 12-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.5
40.3
60.1
67.3
64.6
31.5
42.1
61.0
65.3
64.4
32.9
44.8
59.5
66.0
63.8
33.5
48.4
58.8
64.7
34.2
50.7
58.3
65.8
35.1
57.7
60.3
65.3
32.7
57.0
60.6
67.6
33.1
55.2
62.8
66.4
37.1
56.7
60.3
66.5
36.7
58.3
58.8
66.4
37.2
60.1
59.7
65.5
39.2
60.3
61.3
65.1
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries
Over 1-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
34.5
41.1
36.9
63.1
52.4
17.3
45.2
48.2
48.2
38.7
17.3
47.0
43.5
56.0
30.4
10.7
63.1
48.2
53.0
22.0
50.0
38.7
47.0
17.3
48.2
37.5
58.9
17.3
56.5
42.3
51.2
31.5
43.5
45.8
44.6
26.8
41.7
44.0
40.5
38.1
43.5
44.6
47.6
42.3
40.5
48.2
43.5
42.3
42.3
51.8
38.7
Over 3-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
15.5
45.2
35.1
56.5
48.2
11.3
42.9
39.9
52.4
38.1
13.7
43.5
40.5
52.4
42.9
9.5
57.7
42.3
51.2
8.9
60.1
35.1
47.6
11.9
58.3
33.9
54.8
15.5
55.4
40.5
48.2
15.5
46.4
41.7
52.4
17.9
47.0
42.3
39.3
29.2
42.9
40.5
42.3
30.4
42.9
39.9
35.7
33.3
37.5
43.5
39.9
Over 6-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005…………………………………
2006…………………………………
11.9
28.0
31.5
42.9
39.9
11.3
32.7
35.1
41.7
37.5
7.1
35.1
36.3
50.0
37.5
8.3
47.0
34.5
50.6
9.5
50.0
32.1
51.2
10.7
52.4
33.3
53.0
7.1
54.2
44.0
45.8
9.5
52.4
39.3
45.8
12.5
48.8
32.1
47.6
16.1
51.2
36.9
45.2
25.0
41.1
34.5
44.6
24.4
38.7
39.3
39.9
Over 12-month span:
2002...............................................
2003...............................................
2004...............................................
2005...............................................
2006…………………………………
10.7
13.1
44.6
44.6
41.7
6.0
14.3
44.6
40.5
42.3
6.5
13.1
41.7
40.5
39.3
6.0
20.2
40.5
40.5
8.3
23.2
37.5
39.3
7.1
35.7
36.3
42.3
7.1
36.9
32.1
48.8
8.3
38.1
33.9
48.8
10.7
36.3
32.7
44.6
10.7
44.0
33.3
45.2
9.5
44.6
33.3
43.5
10.7
44.6
37.5
41.7
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with
employment increasing plus one-half of the industries
with unchanged employment, where 50 percent
indicates an equal balance between industries with
88
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data"
for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Data for the two most recent months are preliminary.
18. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
2006
Sept.
2
Total ………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
2006
Feb.
Mar.
p
Sept.
3.0
Oct.
2007
Nov.
3.0
Dec.
3.0
Jan.
3.1
Feb.
3.0
Mar.
2.9
p
4,177
4,157
4,200
4,401
4,222
4,149
4,173
2.9
Total private 2…………………………………
3,715
3,702
3,735
3,928
3,746
3,666
3,689
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.1
Construction………………………………
148
137
106
107
142
229
139
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.8
2.9
1.8
Manufacturing……………………………
317
364
328
362
337
330
319
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
721
658
671
767
727
660
679
2.7
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.5
Professional and business services……
755
709
705
745
707
642
756
4.1
3.9
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.5
4.1
Education and health services…………
701
749
713
734
707
670
687
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.6
Leisure and hospitality……………………
544
579
625
612
552
566
550
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
467
460
463
473
477
482
482
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
770
760
772
849
733
717
707
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
2.8
2.7
South………………………………………
1,626
1,649
1,572
1,674
1,653
1,631
1,648
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
Midwest……………………………………
789
769
770
810
822
783
783
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
1,017
989
1,034
1,044
1,005
1,011
1,035
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.3
West………………………………………
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas,
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia,
West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the
month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month
as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
P
= preliminary.
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels1 (in thousands)
Industry and region
2006
Sept.
2
Total ……………………………………………… 4,917
Oct.
Percent
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2006
Mar.
p
4,983
4,994
4,959
4,959
4,815
4,786
Sept.
3.6
Oct.
3.6
2007
Nov.
3.6
Dec.
3.6
Jan.
3.6
Feb.
3.5
Mar.p
3.5
Industry
Total private 2…………………………………
4,482
4,616
4,665
4,662
4,607
4,509
4,442
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
Construction………………………………
336
345
395
341
299
298
371
4.4
4.5
5.1
4.4
3.9
3.9
4.8
Manufacturing……………………………
314
366
363
375
369
371
323
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
965
1,008
1,012
990
1,020
1,018
1,002
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.8
Professional and business services……
1,028
994
1,010
963
954
953
851
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.4
5.3
4.8
Education and health services…………
467
529
492
515
508
518
498
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.7
Leisure and hospitality……………………
859
893
903
969
956
934
881
6.5
6.7
6.8
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.6
386
363
348
371
384
379
330
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
720
727
713
768
833
709
704
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.8
2.7
South………………………………………
2,019
1,969
1,979
1,900
1,899
1,837
1,836
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.7
Midwest……………………………………
1,031
1,097
1,061
1,150
1,167
1,184
1,093
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.4
West………………………………………
1,163
1,198
1,249
1,209
1,142
1,156
1,145
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.7
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, Wyoming.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate
is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
p
= preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 89
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
20. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
2006
Sept.
Total 2………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2006
Mar.
p
Sept.
3.3
Oct.
2007
Nov.
3.4
Dec.
3.5
Jan.
3.3
Feb.
3.4
Mar.
3.3
p
4,470
4,613
4,844
4,540
4,602
4,556
4,629
3.4
Total private 2…………………………………
4,123
4,323
4,543
4,253
4,296
4,263
4,357
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
Construction………………………………
346
373
413
387
400
322
330
4.5
4.8
5.4
5.0
5.2
4.2
4.3
Manufacturing……………………………
389
359
360
372
399
422
394
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
990
987
1,020
962
973
943
951
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
Professional and business services……
824
921
974
851
894
862
877
4.7
5.2
5.5
4.8
5.0
4.8
4.9
Education and health services…………
396
424
430
430
423
419
438
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
Leisure and hospitality……………………
726
791
838
835
768
835
820
5.5
6.0
6.3
6.2
5.7
6.2
6.1
315
298
305
283
309
294
265
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.6
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
731
745
707
670
740
675
659
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.9
2.6
South………………………………………
1,742
1,709
2,011
1,796
1,783
1,763
1,782
3.6
3.5
4.1
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
Midwest……………………………………
970
1,072
985
1,054
1,034
1,054
1,010
3.1
3.4
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
1,031
1,081
1,079
1,036
1,037
1,041
1,104
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
West………………………………………
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
Wyoming.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia;
NOTE: The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire
month; the total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire
month as a percent of total employment.
p = preliminary.
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
2006
Sept.
2
Total ………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2006
Mar.
p
Sept.
1.9
Oct.
1.9
2007
Nov.
2.0
Dec.
2.0
Jan.
1.9
Feb.
2.0
Mar.
p
2,566
2,655
2,774
2,759
2,648
2,705
2,706
2.0
Total private 2…………………………………
2,400
2,513
2,625
2,615
2,505
2,571
2,560
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
Construction………………………………
135
137
144
143
141
120
115
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
Manufacturing……………………………
185
196
211
222
229
212
223
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
591
593
661
597
594
606
573
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
Professional and business services……
443
475
486
497
498
486
461
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
Education and health services…………
263
274
278
289
271
280
277
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
Leisure and hospitality……………………
510
542
565
602
489
579
590
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.5
3.7
4.3
4.4
160
144
147
146
150
139
141
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
1.3
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
383
359
409
367
355
322
331
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
South………………………………………
1,102
1,101
1,167
1,171
1,099
1,152
1,139
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
Midwest……………………………………
541
604
543
559
595
599
599
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
West………………………………………
551
592
645
638
602
629
635
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia;
90
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits
rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total
employment.
p
= preliminary.
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, third quarter 2006.
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-062
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-062
United States3 ..............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
8,841.2
8,562.2
124.0
882.5
363.4
1,899.4
144.9
852.0
1,437.6
799.9
711.4
1,128.5
279.0
134,988.9
113,752.0
1,895.7
7,852.5
14,152.6
25,982.1
3,034.8
8,175.1
17,684.7
16,992.1
13,290.1
4,373.4
21,236.9
1.5
1.7
3.3
3.2
-.5
1.1
-.7
1.0
3.1
2.6
2.0
.8
.8
$784
776
761
829
947
685
1,217
1,133
938
748
334
510
832
0.9
.8
3.7
1.7
.1
.4
.7
1.9
1.0
.4
.9
1.0
1.7
Los Angeles, CA ..........................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
392.8
389.1
.6
14.2
15.9
55.6
9.0
25.2
43.4
28.2
27.1
169.9
3.7
4,161.2
3,608.2
12.2
160.0
463.8
807.9
206.4
247.2
603.5
469.4
392.5
245.1
553.0
.7
.8
7.4
2.8
-1.7
.8
-1.6
-.2
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
.2
894
872
1,184
896
937
750
1,486
1,440
978
834
513
413
1,038
1.7
1.2
-1.9
1.8
3.3
.8
1.3
3.0
-1.4
2.2
2.8
2.2
4.6
Cook, IL ........................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
135.0
133.8
.1
11.8
7.2
27.5
2.5
15.5
27.6
13.2
11.3
13.4
1.2
2,553.4
2,241.8
1.6
100.6
245.6
477.6
58.6
219.5
441.4
363.4
236.1
93.8
311.5
.7
.9
-.9
3.1
-1.8
.3
-3.0
.4
2.5
1.8
2.0
-1.9
-.8
928
925
1,036
1,147
956
784
1,275
1,433
1,135
813
411
670
(4)
1.0
1.3
7.2
3.1
-.1
3.3
-2.8
2.9
-.1
1.0
2.2
1.1
(4)
New York, NY ...............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
116.2
115.9
.0
2.2
3.0
21.3
4.2
17.8
23.2
8.3
10.7
16.8
.2
2,292.3
1,852.5
.1
32.4
38.9
241.0
132.4
369.7
464.3
276.2
198.8
85.3
439.9
1.9
2.4
-7.3
5.1
-7.5
1.2
.5
3.2
2.9
1.5
2.1
1.2
-.5
1,421
1,519
1,571
1,395
1,105
1,081
1,825
2,619
1,637
967
685
855
1,010
.3
.9
15.5
2.0
2.2
1.1
2.9
.7
.7
-.9
-.3
4.3
-4.6
Harris, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.7
92.3
1.4
6.3
4.6
21.2
1.3
10.1
18.0
9.7
7.0
10.6
.4
1,959.1
1,708.2
73.7
142.0
178.4
409.4
31.9
117.4
320.2
204.0
170.1
56.0
250.9
4.2
4.5
10.7
7.1
5.5
3.4
.7
.2
5.1
3.6
4.3
1.4
2.1
950
960
2,286
917
1,204
846
1,169
1,182
1,074
812
358
551
878
2.0
1.6
-6.3
6.3
1.4
1.7
1.0
5.2
1.4
.9
.6
.7
4.9
Maricopa, AZ ................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.3
91.7
.5
9.5
3.4
19.7
1.5
11.3
19.9
8.9
6.4
6.4
.6
1,819.1
1,605.4
8.1
177.8
136.9
366.7
31.3
150.3
316.8
188.6
174.0
47.8
213.7
4.4
4.8
2.2
5.9
2.3
4.1
-1.3
2.7
5.8
6.2
4.2
3.0
1.2
792
779
682
804
1,082
750
1,024
1,027
756
835
368
550
897
.5
-.4
12.9
1.4
.6
-1.8
3.7
-.1
-.4
-.4
-1.6
.5
7.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 91
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
22. Continued—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, third quarter 2006.
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-062
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-062
Orange, CA ..................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
95.9
94.5
.2
7.1
5.6
17.9
1.4
11.5
19.4
9.9
7.1
14.4
1.4
1,517.9
1,378.8
5.1
111.0
183.4
271.2
31.1
137.0
280.4
138.9
172.2
48.5
139.0
1.1
1.2
-16.5
3.7
.5
.2
-2.3
-5.1
3.7
4.8
3.0
-1.7
.3
$897
893
636
972
1,083
826
1,199
1,381
931
849
387
549
938
-1.1
-1.0
1.4
1.1
2.4
.2
-3.5
-5.9
.1
.4
.0
.5
-1.6
Dallas, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
67.0
66.5
.6
4.3
3.2
14.8
1.7
8.5
14.0
6.4
5.1
6.4
.4
1,466.0
1,306.9
7.4
80.4
148.8
303.9
52.7
140.8
263.3
139.2
128.1
38.9
159.1
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.4
2.0
1.4
-2.0
3.3
4.4
4.1
4.6
1.2
.3
961
969
3,640
877
1,099
907
1,300
1,285
1,050
876
436
608
894
2.2
2.1
48.6
2.5
-3.9
1.8
2.9
6.4
2.2
-1.9
3.1
.7
3.4
San Diego, CA .............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
92.5
91.0
.8
7.3
3.3
14.6
1.3
10.1
16.6
8.0
6.8
22.0
1.5
1,321.7
1,106.4
11.6
95.0
103.6
220.1
37.1
83.8
215.6
123.5
160.0
56.0
215.3
.9
.9
-1.6
.7
-.7
.4
-.7
-.8
1.2
1.3
3.5
1.2
1.2
850
832
527
877
1,112
695
1,554
1,041
1,052
816
397
479
944
-.7
-.8
.6
-1.7
1.6
-.3
-19.2
-3.5
4.9
1.6
-.3
1.3
-.1
King, WA ......................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
75.6
75.2
.4
6.6
2.5
14.7
1.7
6.8
12.4
6.3
5.9
17.8
.5
1,167.1
1,015.2
3.1
70.5
112.4
221.2
74.0
76.0
183.7
118.2
110.8
45.2
151.9
3.6
4.2
-3.7
11.0
11.5
1.9
5.2
-.4
5.7
2.3
2.6
.0
-.4
1,044
1,052
1,193
954
1,198
876
2,812
1,247
1,095
796
423
537
984
4.7
4.6
17.4
.1
-3.5
2.8
19.4
6.5
.3
.8
2.4
2.7
4.5
Miami-Dade, FL ............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
84.1
83.8
.5
5.8
2.6
22.9
1.6
10.1
16.9
8.6
5.6
7.5
.3
1,008.4
858.2
8.4
53.2
47.5
249.0
21.4
71.3
138.2
133.1
98.4
34.5
150.2
.6
1.0
-2.6
13.6
-3.2
1.7
-5.4
3.4
-5.7
3.4
-.3
1.9
-1.4
792
760
487
795
700
705
1,139
1,085
943
763
450
490
988
1.5
1.7
4.1
-.9
-2.2
-.8
3.5
.3
7.8
1.6
(4)
2.3
1.6
1
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
2
Percent changes were computed from quarterly employment and pay data
adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.
3
92
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Virgin Islands.
4
Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are
preliminary.
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, third quarter 2006.
State
Establishments,
third quarter
2006
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
September
2006
(thousands)
Percent change,
September
2005-06
Third
quarter
2006
Percent change,
third quarter
2005-06
United States2 ...................................
8,841.2
134,988.9
1.5
$784
0.9
Alabama ............................................
Alaska ...............................................
Arizona ..............................................
Arkansas ...........................................
California ...........................................
Colorado ...........................................
Connecticut .......................................
Delaware ...........................................
District of Columbia ...........................
Florida ...............................................
117.3
21.1
150.6
81.9
1,270.4
176.9
111.9
30.2
32.0
588.1
1,938.9
324.8
2,629.0
1,183.9
15,655.0
2,260.1
1,680.7
424.6
674.2
7,941.7
1.6
1.4
4.2
1.5
1.5
2.2
1.6
.5
.7
1.9
682
798
753
603
892
819
957
850
1,307
713
1.9
.1
1.1
.7
.6
1.4
-.9
3.4
3.6
.7
Georgia .............................................
Hawaii ...............................................
Idaho .................................................
Illinois ................................................
Indiana ..............................................
Iowa ..................................................
Kansas ..............................................
Kentucky ...........................................
Louisiana ...........................................
Maine ................................................
264.5
37.4
55.3
350.2
155.4
92.8
85.6
110.7
122.5
49.4
4,039.3
621.2
661.2
5,883.6
2,922.7
1,480.7
1,347.3
1,795.1
1,835.7
610.2
2.0
2.3
4.1
1.1
.3
1.2
2.4
.9
3.7
.6
752
722
613
831
687
641
662
656
683
636
.5
1.1
1.3
.7
-.3
.0
.6
.6
7.1
.8
Maryland ...........................................
Massachusetts ..................................
Michigan ............................................
Minnesota .........................................
Mississippi .........................................
Missouri .............................................
Montana ............................................
Nebraska ...........................................
Nevada ..............................................
New Hampshire ................................
161.5
208.8
261.0
165.5
69.1
172.1
41.4
57.8
72.4
48.9
2,545.0
3,228.1
4,278.9
2,685.1
1,134.3
2,725.1
434.4
906.9
1,287.6
634.9
.7
.9
-1.8
.0
2.9
1.1
2.3
1.1
3.7
.6
858
950
790
784
585
691
581
633
751
774
.5
.3
.3
-.6
2.1
.0
3.0
.0
.0
.3
New Jersey .......................................
New Mexico ......................................
New York ..........................................
North Carolina ...................................
North Dakota .....................................
Ohio ..................................................
Oklahoma ..........................................
Oregon ..............................................
Pennsylvania .....................................
Rhode Island .....................................
279.8
52.6
573.2
241.5
24.7
291.7
97.3
128.6
335.9
36.0
3,984.7
826.1
8,471.7
3,982.6
342.2
5,350.9
1,517.6
1,729.2
5,644.8
490.8
.7
4.4
.8
1.8
2.0
-.1
2.2
2.7
.8
.8
931
654
950
700
589
725
633
719
768
763
.3
4.0
1.1
1.6
1.4
.3
3.3
.7
.5
3.7
South Carolina ..................................
South Dakota ....................................
Tennessee ........................................
Texas ................................................
Utah ..................................................
Vermont ............................................
Virginia ..............................................
Washington .......................................
West Virginia .....................................
Wisconsin ..........................................
132.4
29.8
137.1
536.7
88.1
24.7
220.0
214.5
48.2
161.8
1,866.0
389.6
2,761.1
10,019.0
1,188.7
305.8
3,649.5
2,911.9
711.8
2,800.8
1.8
2.1
1.4
3.6
4.8
.6
1.0
3.3
1.2
.5
642
571
698
786
660
672
815
823
599
687
1.1
.7
1.2
2.5
2.0
1.4
-.1
2.7
1.7
.1
Wyoming ...........................................
24.1
274.1
4.6
706
10.0
Puerto Rico .......................................
Virgin Islands ....................................
60.6
3.4
1,020.9
43.2
-1.9
-2.0
439
692
1.2
12.5
1
2
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico
or the Virgin Islands.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI)
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE)
programs. Data are preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 93
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership
Year
Average
establishments
Average
annual
employment
Total annual wages
(in thousands)
Average annual wage
per employee
Average
weekly
wage
Total covered (UI and UCFE)
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
7,189,168
7,369,473
7,634,018
7,820,860
7,879,116
7,984,529
8,101,872
8,228,840
8,364,795
8,571,144
117,963,132
121,044,432
124,183,549
127,042,282
129,877,063
129,635,800
128,233,919
127,795,827
129,278,176
131,571,623
$3,414,514,808
3,674,031,718
3,967,072,423
4,235,579,204
4,587,708,584
4,695,225,123
4,714,374,741
4,826,251,547
5,087,561,796
5,351,949,496
$28,946
30,353
31,945
33,340
35,323
36,219
36,764
37,765
39,354
40,677
$557
584
614
641
679
697
707
726
757
782
$28,658
30,058
31,676
33,094
35,077
35,943
36,428
37,401
38,955
40,270
$551
578
609
636
675
691
701
719
749
774
$28,582
30,064
31,762
33,244
35,337
36,157
36,539
37,508
39,134
40,505
$550
578
611
639
680
695
703
721
753
779
$31,397
32,521
33,605
34,681
36,296
37,814
39,212
40,057
41,118
42,249
$604
625
646
667
698
727
754
770
791
812
$28,320
29,134
30,251
31,234
32,387
33,521
34,605
35,669
36,805
37,718
$545
560
582
601
623
645
665
686
708
725
$40,414
42,732
43,688
44,287
46,228
48,940
52,050
54,239
57,782
59,864
$777
822
840
852
889
941
1,001
1,043
1,111
1,151
UI covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
7,137,644
7,317,363
7,586,767
7,771,198
7,828,861
7,933,536
8,051,117
8,177,087
8,312,729
8,518,249
115,081,246
118,233,942
121,400,660
124,255,714
127,005,574
126,883,182
125,475,293
125,031,551
126,538,579
128,837,948
$3,298,045,286
3,553,933,885
3,845,494,089
4,112,169,533
4,454,966,824
4,560,511,280
4,570,787,218
4,676,319,378
4,929,262,369
5,188,301,929
Private industry covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
6,946,858
7,121,182
7,381,518
7,560,567
7,622,274
7,724,965
7,839,903
7,963,340
8,093,142
8,294,662
99,268,446
102,175,161
105,082,368
107,619,457
110,015,333
109,304,802
107,577,281
107,065,553
108,490,066
110,611,016
$2,837,334,217
3,071,807,287
3,337,621,699
3,577,738,557
3,887,626,769
3,952,152,155
3,930,767,025
4,015,823,311
4,245,640,890
4,480,311,193
State government covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
62,146
65,352
67,347
70,538
65,096
64,583
64,447
64,467
64,544
66,278
4,191,726
4,214,451
4,240,779
4,296,673
4,370,160
4,452,237
4,485,071
4,481,845
4,484,997
4,527,514
$131,605,800
137,057,432
142,512,445
149,011,194
158,618,365
168,358,331
175,866,492
179,528,728
184,414,992
191,281,126
Local government covered
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
128,640
130,829
137,902
140,093
141,491
143,989
146,767
149,281
155,043
157,309
11,621,074
11,844,330
12,077,513
12,339,584
12,620,081
13,126,143
13,412,941
13,484,153
13,563,517
13,699,418
$329,105,269
345,069,166
365,359,945
385,419,781
408,721,690
440,000,795
464,153,701
480,967,339
499,206,488
516,709,610
Federal government covered (UCFE)
1996 ..................................................
1997 ..................................................
1998 ..................................................
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
51,524
52,110
47,252
49,661
50,256
50,993
50,755
51,753
52,066
52,895
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
94
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
2,881,887
2,810,489
2,782,888
2,786,567
2,871,489
2,752,619
2,758,627
2,764,275
2,739,596
2,733,675
$116,469,523
120,097,833
121,578,334
123,409,672
132,741,760
134,713,843
143,587,523
149,932,170
158,299,427
163,647,568
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by
supersector, first quarter 2005
Size of establishments
Industry, establishments, and
employment
Total
Fewer than
5 workers1
5 to 9
workers
10 to 19
workers
20 to 49
workers
50 to 99
workers
100 to 249
workers
250 to 499
workers
500 to 999
workers
1,000 or
more
workers
Total all industries2
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
8,203,193
108,400,665
4,937,585
7,342,119
Natural resources and mining
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
122,314
1,591,414
69,037
110,672
23,171
153,458
15,130
203,615
9,542
285,777
3,024
207,152
1,679
254,726
505
175,153
170
114,603
56
86,258
Construction
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
831,198
6,801,693
541,438
788,401
136,884
897,445
81,651
1,095,463
49,546
1,480,278
13,963
946,712
6,186
911,056
1,178
393,664
279
185,993
73
102,681
Manufacturing
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
365,703
14,154,939
139,265
241,424
62,539
419,954
55,531
763,046
53,217
1,655,600
25,598
1,792,309
19,498
2,996,843
6,468
2,232,678
2,432
1,644,836
1,155
2,408,249
Trade, transportation, and utilities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,857,536
25,178,580
986,399
1,648,596
378,634
2,519,528
243,020
3,253,554
154,658
4,670,426
53,059
3,660,431
32,572
4,845,270
6,921
2,356,307
1,746
1,132,759
527
1,091,709
Information
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
141,249
3,044,649
80,206
111,997
20,516
136,803
16,131
220,670
13,347
410,443
5,569
384,425
3,553
539,896
1,153
393,212
518
352,742
256
494,461
Financial activities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
801,843
7,920,659
514,145
838,192
145,932
961,226
80,803
1,069,124
39,849
1,186,061
11,798
805,249
6,105
917,119
1,872
647,897
884
614,198
455
881,593
Professional and business services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,352,317
16,461,563
914,425
1,277,785
186,219
1,223,193
116,874
1,575,508
77,281
2,339,310
29,848
2,069,104
19,141
2,908,692
5,588
1,909,120
2,075
1,412,210
866
1,746,641
Education and health services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
758,591
16,369,857
356,913
659,950
171,672
1,139,990
109,414
1,470,423
69,888
2,099,073
25,217
1,757,066
17,969
2,693,346
3,985
1,355,658
1,810
1,260,059
1,723
3,934,292
Leisure and hospitality
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
683,022
12,325,005
265,161
421,191
115,748
780,979
124,094
1,739,011
128,070
3,861,338
37,122
2,485,398
10,332
1,460,338
1,563
528,449
624
422,549
308
625,752
Other services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,097,218
4,284,985
889,756
1,069,170
117,854
769,066
56,303
741,466
24,642
715,321
5,518
375,264
2,603
380,117
429
143,056
95
62,317
18
29,208
1
Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2005.
2
Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately.
1,368,471
900,660
620,350
210,747
119,647
29,663
9,060,122 12,154,050 18,712,178 14,484,991 17,908,651 10,135,444
10,633
5,437
7,202,266 11,400,844
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 95
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Percent
change,
2004-05
Metropolitan areas4 ..............................................................
$40,917
$42,253
3.3
Abilene, TX ............................................................................
Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastian, PR ...................................
Akron, OH ..............................................................................
Albany, GA ............................................................................
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY ..............................................
Albuquerque, NM ...................................................................
Alexandria, LA .......................................................................
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ ....................................
Altoona, PA ............................................................................
Amarillo, TX ...........................................................................
27,103
18,579
36,548
30,930
38,557
34,530
29,003
37,461
29,115
30,780
27,876
18,717
37,471
31,741
39,201
35,665
30,114
38,506
29,642
31,954
2.9
0.7
2.5
2.6
1.7
3.3
3.8
2.8
1.8
3.8
Ames, IA ................................................................................
Anchorage, AK ......................................................................
Anderson, IN ..........................................................................
Anderson, SC ........................................................................
Ann Arbor, MI ........................................................................
Anniston-Oxford, AL ..............................................................
Appleton, WI ..........................................................................
Asheville, NC .........................................................................
Athens-Clarke County, GA ....................................................
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA .....................................
32,689
40,652
31,719
28,937
44,926
29,915
33,618
29,989
31,702
43,250
33,889
41,712
31,418
29,463
45,820
31,231
34,431
30,926
32,512
44,595
3.7
2.6
-0.9
1.8
2.0
4.4
2.4
3.1
2.6
3.1
Atlantic City, NJ .....................................................................
Auburn-Opelika, AL ...............................................................
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ......................................
Austin-Round Rock, TX .........................................................
Bakersfield, CA ......................................................................
Baltimore-Towson, MD ..........................................................
Bangor, ME ............................................................................
Barnstable Town, MA ............................................................
Baton Rouge, LA ...................................................................
Battle Creek, MI .....................................................................
35,700
28,785
33,513
42,144
33,707
41,815
29,882
34,598
33,162
36,576
36,735
29,196
34,588
43,500
34,165
43,486
30,707
35,123
34,523
37,994
2.9
1.4
3.2
3.2
1.4
4.0
2.8
1.5
4.1
3.9
Bay City, MI ...........................................................................
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX .....................................................
Bellingham, WA .....................................................................
Bend, OR ...............................................................................
Billings, MT ............................................................................
Binghamton, NY ....................................................................
Birmingham-Hoover, AL ........................................................
Bismarck, ND .........................................................................
Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA ................................
Bloomington, IN .....................................................................
32,386
34,675
29,957
30,084
30,290
32,168
37,983
30,825
30,906
29,288
33,572
36,530
31,128
31,492
31,748
33,290
39,353
31,504
32,196
30,080
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
4.8
3.5
3.6
2.2
4.2
2.7
Bloomington-Normal, IL .........................................................
Boise City-Nampa, ID ............................................................
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH ......................................
Boulder, CO ...........................................................................
Bowling Green, KY ................................................................
Bremerton-Silverdale, WA .....................................................
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT .........................................
Brownsville-Harlingen, TX .....................................................
Brunswick, GA .......................................................................
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ......................................................
38,823
33,614
52,976
47,264
30,695
35,599
67,223
24,222
30,408
34,923
39,404
34,623
54,199
49,115
31,306
36,467
71,095
24,893
30,902
35,302
1.5
3.0
2.3
3.9
2.0
2.4
5.8
2.8
1.6
1.1
Burlington, NC .......................................................................
Burlington-South Burlington, VT ............................................
Canton-Massillon, OH ...........................................................
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL ....................................................
Carson City, NV .....................................................................
Casper, WY ...........................................................................
Cedar Rapids, IA ...................................................................
Champaign-Urbana, IL ..........................................................
Charleston, WV .....................................................................
Charleston-North Charleston, SC ..........................................
30,218
37,319
31,304
33,932
36,799
32,284
36,546
32,595
34,236
32,233
31,084
38,582
32,080
35,649
38,428
34,810
37,902
33,278
35,363
33,896
2.9
3.4
2.5
5.1
4.4
7.8
3.7
2.1
3.3
5.2
Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC ....................................
Charlottesville, VA .................................................................
Chattanooga, TN-GA .............................................................
Cheyenne, WY ......................................................................
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI .......................................
Chico, CA ..............................................................................
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN .........................................
Clarksville, TN-KY .................................................................
Cleveland, TN ........................................................................
Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH .................................................
41,897
35,743
32,701
31,007
45,181
29,082
39,170
28,353
31,529
39,172
43,728
37,392
33,743
32,208
46,609
30,007
40,343
29,870
32,030
39,973
4.4
4.6
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.2
3.0
5.4
1.6
2.0
Coeur d’Alene, ID ..................................................................
College Station-Bryan, TX .....................................................
Colorado Springs, CO ...........................................................
Columbia, MO ........................................................................
Columbia, SC ........................................................................
Columbus, GA-AL ..................................................................
Columbus, IN .........................................................................
Columbus, OH .......................................................................
Corpus Christi, TX .................................................................
Corvallis, OR .........................................................................
27,505
27,716
36,318
30,462
32,619
30,263
38,076
38,687
31,907
37,248
28,208
29,032
37,268
31,263
33,386
31,370
38,446
39,806
32,975
39,357
2.6
4.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
3.7
1.0
2.9
3.3
5.7
See footnotes at end of table.
96
2004
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
2005
Cumberland, MD-WV ............................................................
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ............................................
Dalton, GA .............................................................................
Danville, IL .............................................................................
Danville, VA ...........................................................................
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL .....................................
Dayton, OH ............................................................................
Decatur, AL ............................................................................
Decatur, IL .............................................................................
Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL .........................
$28,143
43,925
31,972
31,218
27,855
34,555
36,996
32,772
36,487
29,346
$28,645
45,337
32,848
31,861
28,449
35,546
37,922
33,513
38,444
29,927
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.1
2.1
2.9
2.5
2.3
5.4
2.0
Denver-Aurora, CO ................................................................
Des Moines, IA ......................................................................
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI ....................................................
Dothan, AL .............................................................................
Dover, DE ..............................................................................
Dubuque, IA ...........................................................................
Duluth, MN-WI .......................................................................
Durham, NC ...........................................................................
Eau Claire, WI .......................................................................
El Centro, CA .........................................................................
44,568
38,499
45,798
29,492
32,358
31,596
32,512
45,892
30,161
28,935
45,940
39,760
46,790
30,253
33,132
32,414
32,638
46,743
30,763
29,879
3.1
3.3
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.6
0.4
1.9
2.0
3.3
Elizabethtown, KY .................................................................
Elkhart-Goshen, IN ................................................................
Elmira, NY .............................................................................
El Paso, TX ............................................................................
Erie, PA .................................................................................
Eugene-Springfield, OR .........................................................
Evansville, IN-KY ...................................................................
Fairbanks, AK ........................................................................
Fajardo, PR ...........................................................................
Fargo, ND-MN .......................................................................
30,144
34,626
31,048
27,988
31,247
31,344
34,388
37,847
20,331
31,571
30,912
35,573
32,989
28,666
32,010
32,295
35,302
39,399
20,011
32,291
2.5
2.7
6.3
2.4
2.4
3.0
2.7
4.1
-1.6
2.3
Farmington, NM .....................................................................
Fayetteville, NC .....................................................................
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO ...............................
Flagstaff, AZ ..........................................................................
Flint, MI ..................................................................................
Florence, SC ..........................................................................
Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL ..................................................
Fond du Lac, WI ....................................................................
Fort Collins-Loveland, CO .....................................................
Fort Smith, AR-OK .................................................................
32,281
29,506
33,678
29,121
38,243
31,838
28,586
31,760
35,522
28,251
33,695
30,325
34,598
30,733
37,982
32,326
28,885
32,634
36,612
29,599
4.4
2.8
2.7
5.5
-0.7
1.5
1.0
2.8
3.1
4.8
Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL ..............................
Fort Wayne, IN ......................................................................
Fresno, CA ............................................................................
Gadsden, AL ..........................................................................
Gainesville, FL .......................................................................
Gainesville, GA ......................................................................
Glens Falls, NY ......................................................................
Goldsboro, NC .......................................................................
Grand Forks, ND-MN .............................................................
Grand Junction, CO ...............................................................
31,163
34,204
31,429
27,904
30,832
32,849
30,288
27,461
27,601
29,965
32,976
34,717
32,266
28,438
32,992
33,828
31,710
28,316
28,138
31,611
5.8
1.5
2.7
1.9
7.0
3.0
4.7
3.1
1.9
5.5
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI ..................................................
Great Falls, MT ......................................................................
Greeley, CO ...........................................................................
Green Bay, WI .......................................................................
Greensboro-High Point, NC ...................................................
Greenville, NC .......................................................................
Greenville, SC .......................................................................
Guayama, PR ........................................................................
Gulfport-Biloxi, MS .................................................................
Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV .........................................
36,302
27,060
32,593
34,861
34,129
30,592
33,557
22,359
28,857
32,088
36,941
28,021
33,636
35,467
34,876
31,433
34,469
23,263
31,688
33,202
1.8
3.6
3.2
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
4.0
9.8
3.5
Hanford-Corcoran, CA ...........................................................
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA ..........................................................
Harrisonburg, VA ...................................................................
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT .............................
Hattiesburg, MS .....................................................................
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC ..............................................
Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA ...................................................
Holland-Grand Haven, MI ......................................................
Honolulu, HI ...........................................................................
Hot Springs, AR .....................................................................
29,655
38,204
29,145
48,381
27,973
29,568
28,058
35,505
36,618
26,176
29,989
39,144
30,366
50,154
28,568
30,090
30,062
36,362
37,654
27,024
1.1
2.5
4.2
3.7
2.1
1.8
7.1
2.4
2.8
3.2
Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA ......................................
Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX ........................................
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH ...........................................
Huntsville, AL .........................................................................
Idaho Falls, ID .......................................................................
Indianapolis, IN ......................................................................
Iowa City, IA ..........................................................................
Ithaca, NY ..............................................................................
Jackson, MI ...........................................................................
Jackson, MS ..........................................................................
31,689
44,656
30,434
40,964
28,937
38,968
33,777
36,071
35,031
32,178
33,696
47,157
31,415
42,401
29,795
39,830
34,785
36,457
35,879
33,099
6.3
5.6
3.2
3.5
3.0
2.2
3.0
1.1
2.4
2.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 97
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Jackson, TN ...........................................................................
Jacksonville, FL .....................................................................
Jacksonville, NC ....................................................................
Janesville, WI ........................................................................
Jefferson City, MO .................................................................
Johnson City, TN ...................................................................
Johnstown, PA .......................................................................
Jonesboro, AR .......................................................................
Joplin, MO .............................................................................
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI .........................................................
$32,525
36,870
23,969
34,022
30,027
29,293
28,315
27,540
28,386
36,113
$33,286
38,224
24,803
34,107
30,991
29,840
29,335
28,550
29,152
36,042
2.3
3.7
3.5
0.2
3.2
1.9
3.6
3.7
2.7
-0.2
Kankakee-Bradley, IL ............................................................
Kansas City, MO-KS ..............................................................
Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA ...........................................
Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX ...............................................
Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA ............................................
Kingston, NY ..........................................................................
Knoxville, TN .........................................................................
Kokomo, IN ............................................................................
La Crosse, WI-MN .................................................................
Lafayette, IN ..........................................................................
31,322
38,650
37,611
28,883
33,100
29,506
34,718
44,394
30,445
34,064
31,802
39,749
38,453
30,028
33,568
30,752
35,724
44,462
31,029
35,176
1.5
2.8
2.2
4.0
1.4
4.2
2.9
0.2
1.9
3.3
Lafayette, LA .........................................................................
Lake Charles, LA ...................................................................
Lakeland, FL ..........................................................................
Lancaster, PA ........................................................................
Lansing-East Lansing, MI ......................................................
Laredo, TX .............................................................................
Las Cruces, NM .....................................................................
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV .......................................................
Lawrence, KS ........................................................................
Lawton, OK ............................................................................
33,042
32,077
31,163
34,296
36,706
25,954
27,492
37,066
27,665
27,276
34,729
33,728
32,235
35,264
38,135
27,401
28,569
38,940
28,492
28,459
5.1
5.1
3.4
2.8
3.9
5.6
3.9
5.1
3.0
4.3
Lebanon, PA ..........................................................................
Lewiston, ID-WA ....................................................................
Lewiston-Auburn, ME ............................................................
Lexington-Fayette, KY ...........................................................
Lima, OH ...............................................................................
Lincoln, NE ............................................................................
Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ...........................................
Logan, UT-ID .........................................................................
Longview, TX .........................................................................
Longview, WA ........................................................................
30,239
28,995
30,415
36,051
31,618
32,108
34,019
25,281
29,925
32,742
30,704
29,414
31,008
36,683
32,630
32,711
34,920
25,869
32,603
33,993
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.8
3.2
1.9
2.6
2.3
8.9
3.8
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA .............................
Louisville, KY-IN ....................................................................
Lubbock, TX ..........................................................................
Lynchburg, VA .......................................................................
Macon, GA .............................................................................
Madera, CA ...........................................................................
Madison, WI ...........................................................................
Manchester-Nashua, NH .......................................................
Mansfield, OH ........................................................................
Mayaguez, PR .......................................................................
45,085
36,466
29,061
30,956
32,275
28,108
37,250
43,638
32,352
19,066
46,592
37,144
30,174
32,025
33,110
29,356
38,210
45,066
32,688
19,597
3.3
1.9
3.8
3.5
2.6
4.4
2.6
3.3
1.0
2.8
McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX ..................................................
Medford, OR ..........................................................................
Memphis, TN-MS-AR ............................................................
Merced, CA ............................................................................
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL ..............................
Michigan City-La Porte, IN .....................................................
Midland, TX ...........................................................................
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI ....................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ...........................
Missoula, MT .........................................................................
24,529
29,786
38,292
29,122
38,557
30,065
35,566
39,315
45,064
28,625
25,315
30,502
39,094
30,209
40,174
30,724
38,267
40,181
45,507
29,627
3.2
2.4
2.1
3.7
4.2
2.2
7.6
2.2
1.0
3.5
Mobile, AL ..............................................................................
Modesto, CA ..........................................................................
Monroe, LA ............................................................................
Monroe, MI ............................................................................
Montgomery, AL ....................................................................
Morgantown, WV ...................................................................
Morristown, TN ......................................................................
Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA ...............................................
Muncie, IN .............................................................................
Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI ................................................
31,925
33,127
27,917
39,106
32,694
30,516
31,112
30,016
30,742
32,578
33,496
34,325
29,264
39,449
33,441
31,529
31,215
31,387
32,172
33,035
4.9
3.6
4.8
0.9
2.3
3.3
0.3
4.6
4.7
1.4
Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC ....................
Napa, CA ...............................................................................
Naples-Marco Island, FL .......................................................
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN .................................
New Haven-Milford, CT .........................................................
New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA .........................................
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA ......
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI ........................................................
Norwich-New London, CT .....................................................
Ocala, FL ...............................................................................
26,074
39,026
34,856
37,394
43,007
34,487
55,431
34,718
41,443
29,013
26,642
40,180
38,211
38,753
43,931
37,239
57,660
35,029
42,151
30,008
2.2
3.0
9.6
3.6
2.1
8.0
4.0
0.9
1.7
3.4
See footnotes at end of table.
98
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
2005
Ocean City, NJ ......................................................................
Odessa, TX ............................................................................
Ogden-Clearfield, UT .............................................................
Oklahoma City, OK ................................................................
Olympia, WA ..........................................................................
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA ................................................
Orlando, FL ............................................................................
Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................................
Owensboro, KY .....................................................................
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA ...................................
$30,227
31,744
30,406
32,328
35,033
35,208
35,041
38,135
30,606
42,805
$31,033
33,475
31,195
33,142
36,230
36,329
36,466
38,820
31,379
44,597
2.7
5.5
2.6
2.5
3.4
3.2
4.1
1.8
2.5
4.2
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL ........................................
Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL ...............................................
Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH ..............................................
Pascagoula, MS ....................................................................
Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL ...........................................
Peoria, IL ...............................................................................
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ...............................................
Pine Bluff, AR ........................................................................
Pittsburgh, PA ........................................................................
37,912
30,257
30,427
32,323
30,361
37,182
45,008
38,816
29,892
37,821
38,287
31,894
30,747
34,735
32,064
39,871
46,454
40,245
30,794
38,809
1.0
5.4
1.1
7.5
5.6
7.2
3.2
3.7
3.0
2.6
Pittsfield, MA ..........................................................................
Pocatello, ID ..........................................................................
Ponce, PR .............................................................................
Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME ................................
Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA ...............................
Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL ................................................
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY ............................
Prescott, AZ ...........................................................................
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA ..........................
Provo-Orem, UT ....................................................................
34,672
26,784
19,430
34,983
39,973
31,726
36,773
27,906
36,841
29,501
35,807
27,686
19,660
35,857
41,048
33,235
38,187
29,295
37,796
30,395
3.3
3.4
1.2
2.5
2.7
4.8
3.8
5.0
2.6
3.0
Pueblo, CO ............................................................................
Punta Gorda, FL ....................................................................
Racine, WI .............................................................................
Raleigh-Cary, NC ..................................................................
Rapid City, SD .......................................................................
Reading, PA ..........................................................................
Redding, CA ..........................................................................
Reno-Sparks, NV ...................................................................
Richmond, VA ........................................................................
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA .................................
30,463
29,998
37,082
38,450
27,945
35,414
31,036
37,260
39,629
34,287
30,165
31,937
37,659
39,465
28,758
36,210
32,139
38,453
41,274
35,201
-1.0
6.5
1.6
2.6
2.9
2.2
3.6
3.2
4.2
2.7
Roanoke, VA .........................................................................
Rochester, MN .......................................................................
Rochester, NY .......................................................................
Rockford, IL ...........................................................................
Rocky Mount, NC ..................................................................
Rome, GA ..............................................................................
Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA ...........................
Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI ..................................
St. Cloud, MN ........................................................................
St. George, UT ......................................................................
32,801
40,176
37,243
34,150
30,569
32,930
41,317
36,322
31,693
24,518
32,987
41,296
37,991
35,652
30,983
33,896
42,800
36,325
31,705
26,046
0.6
2.8
2.0
4.4
1.4
2.9
3.6
0.0
0.0
6.2
St. Joseph, MO-KS ................................................................
St. Louis, MO-IL .....................................................................
Salem, OR .............................................................................
Salinas, CA ............................................................................
Salisbury, MD ........................................................................
Salt Lake City, UT ..................................................................
San Angelo, TX .....................................................................
San Antonio, TX ....................................................................
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA ...................................
Sandusky, OH .......................................................................
29,047
38,640
30,490
34,681
31,118
35,562
28,990
33,919
42,382
32,586
30,009
39,985
31,289
36,067
32,240
36,857
29,530
35,097
43,824
32,631
3.3
3.5
2.6
4.0
3.6
3.6
1.9
3.5
3.4
0.1
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA ...................................
San German-Cabo Rojo, PR .................................................
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ..................................
San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo, PR .........................................
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA ........................................
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA ................................
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA ..................................................
Santa Fe, NM ........................................................................
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA ....................................................
Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL ............................................
55,793
18,158
69,637
23,219
32,942
37,471
37,386
32,590
38,512
32,118
58,634
18,745
71,970
23,952
33,759
39,080
38,016
33,253
40,017
33,905
5.1
3.2
3.4
3.2
2.5
4.3
1.7
2.0
3.9
5.6
Savannah, GA .......................................................................
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA ..................................................
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA ..............................................
Sheboygan, WI ......................................................................
Sherman-Denison, TX ...........................................................
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA ..................................................
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD .............................................................
Sioux Falls, SD ......................................................................
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI ..............................................
Spartanburg, SC ....................................................................
32,839
31,329
45,095
34,844
31,623
31,435
30,830
32,030
33,812
34,984
34,104
32,057
46,644
35,067
32,800
31,962
31,122
33,257
34,086
35,526
3.9
2.3
3.4
0.6
3.7
1.7
0.9
3.8
0.8
1.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 99
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
Table 26. Average annual wages for 2004 and 2005 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2005
Spokane, WA .........................................................................
Springfield, IL .........................................................................
Springfield, MA ......................................................................
Springfield, MO ......................................................................
Springfield, OH ......................................................................
State College, PA ..................................................................
Stockton, CA ..........................................................................
Sumter, SC ............................................................................
Syracuse, NY .........................................................................
Tallahassee, FL .....................................................................
$31,643
38,256
35,793
29,298
30,287
33,042
34,175
26,770
35,863
32,610
$32,621
39,299
36,791
30,124
30,814
34,109
35,030
27,469
36,494
33,548
3.1
2.7
2.8
2.8
1.7
3.2
2.5
2.6
1.8
2.9
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL ..................................
Terre Haute, IN ......................................................................
Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR ..............................................
Toledo, OH ............................................................................
Topeka, KS ............................................................................
Trenton-Ewing, NJ .................................................................
Tucson, AZ ............................................................................
Tulsa, OK ...............................................................................
Tuscaloosa, AL ......................................................................
Tyler, TX ................................................................................
35,328
29,839
30,185
35,122
32,071
50,467
33,992
34,014
32,223
33,704
36,374
30,597
31,302
35,848
33,303
52,034
35,650
35,211
34,124
34,731
3.0
2.5
3.7
2.1
3.8
3.1
4.9
3.5
5.9
3.0
Utica-Rome, NY .....................................................................
Valdosta, GA .........................................................................
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ...............................................................
Vero Beach, FL ......................................................................
Victoria, TX ............................................................................
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ .............................................
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC .....................
Visalia-Porterville, CA ............................................................
Waco, TX ...............................................................................
Warner Robins, GA ...............................................................
30,174
24,779
37,118
31,812
33,316
36,228
33,458
27,927
30,709
34,535
30,902
25,712
38,431
32,591
34,327
36,387
34,580
28,582
32,325
36,762
2.4
3.8
3.5
2.4
3.0
0.4
3.4
2.3
5.3
6.4
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ...............
Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA .......................................................
Wausau, WI ...........................................................................
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH ...............................................
Wenatchee, WA .....................................................................
Wheeling, WV-OH .................................................................
Wichita, KS ............................................................................
Wichita Falls, TX ....................................................................
Williamsport, PA ....................................................................
Wilmington, NC ......................................................................
53,134
32,322
32,399
30,173
26,440
28,772
34,618
28,144
30,050
30,379
55,525
33,123
33,259
30,596
27,163
29,808
35,976
29,343
30,699
31,792
4.5
2.5
2.7
1.4
2.7
3.6
3.9
4.3
2.2
4.7
Winchester, VA-WV ...............................................................
Winston-Salem, NC ...............................................................
Worcester, MA .......................................................................
Yakima, WA ...........................................................................
Yauco, PR .............................................................................
York-Hanover, PA ..................................................................
Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA ...............................
Yuba City, CA ........................................................................
Yuma, AZ ...............................................................................
32,396
36,559
40,428
26,497
18,274
34,966
31,943
30,913
25,978
33,787
36,654
41,094
27,334
17,818
36,834
32,176
32,133
27,168
4.3
0.3
1.6
3.2
-2.5
5.3
0.7
3.9
4.6
1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment
Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation
for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
2 Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (MSA) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (PMSA) as defined by OMB Bulletin No.
99-04. In the New England areas, the New
England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA)
definitions were used.
100
Percent
change,
2004-05
2004
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
3 Each year’s total is based on the MSA
definition for the specific year. Annual changes
include differences resulting from changes in
MSA definitions.
4 Totals do not include the six MSAs within
Puerto Rico.
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
1996
Civilian noninstitutional population...........
Civilian labor force............................……
Labor force participation rate...............
Employed............................…………
Employment-population ratio..........
Unemployed............................………
Unemployment rate........................
Not in the labor force............................…
1
200,591
133,943
66.8
126,708
63.2
7,236
5.4
66,647
19971
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
63.8
6,739
4.9
66,837
19981
19991
20001
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
64.1
6,210
4.5
67,547
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,385
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4
69,994
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,359
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,707
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6
74,658
223,357
147,401
66
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,956
226,082
149,320
66
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,762
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
Not strictly comparable with prior years.
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total private employment............................…
100,169
103,113
106,021
108,686
110,996
110,707
108,828
108,416
109,814
111,899
114,184
Total nonfarm employment……………………
Goods-producing............................………
Natural resources and mining.................
Construction............................……………
Manufacturing............................…………
119,708
23,410
637
5,536
17,237
122,776
23,886
654
5,813
17,419
125,930
24,354
645
6,149
17,560
128,993
24,465
598
6,545
17,322
131,785
24,649
599
6,787
17,263
131,826
23,873
606
6,826
16,441
130,341
22,557
583
6,716
15,259
129,999
21,816
572
6,735
14,510
131,435
21,882
591
6,976
14,315
133,703
22,190
628
7,336
14,226
136,174
22,570
684
7,689
14,197
Private service-providing..........................
76,759
Trade, transportation, and utilities..........
24,239
Wholesale trade............................……… 5,522.00
Retail trade............................………… 14,142.50
Transportation and warehousing.........
3,935.30
Utilities............................………………
639.6
Information............................……………
2,940
Financial activities............................……
6,969
Professional and business services……
13,462
Education and health services…………
13,683
10,777
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………………………
4,690
79,227
24,700
5,663.90
14,388.90
4,026.50
620.9
3,084
7,178
14,335
14,087
11,018
4,825
81,667
25,186
5,795.20
14,609.30
4,168.00
613.4
3,218
7,462
15,147
14,446
11,232
4,976
84,221
25,771
5,892.50
14,970.10
4,300.30
608.5
3,419
7,648
15,957
14,798
11,543
5,087
86,346
26,225
5,933.20
15,279.80
4,410.30
601.3
3,631
7,687
16,666
15,109
11,862
5,168
86,834
25,983
5,772.70
15,238.60
4,372.00
599.4
3,629
7,807
16,476
15,645
12,036
5,258
86,271
25,497
5,652.30
15,025.10
4,223.60
596.2
3,395
7,847
15,976
16,199
11,986
5,372
86,599
25,287
5,607.50
14,917.30
4,185.40
577
3,188
7,977
15,987
16,588
12,173
5,401
87,932
25,533
5,662.90
15,058.20
4,248.60
563.8
3,118
8,031
16,395
16,953
12,493
5,409
89,709
25,959
5,764.40
15,279.60
4,360.90
554
3,061
8,153
16,954
17,372
12,816
5,395
91,615
26,231
5,897.60
15,319.30
4,465.80
548.5
3,055
8,363
17,552
17,838
13,143
5,432
19,664
19,909
20,307
20,790
21,118
21,513
21,583
21,621
21,804
21,990
Government……………………………………
19,539
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 101
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Private sector:
Average weekly hours.......……................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)........................
34.3
12.04
413.28
34.5
12.51
431.86
34.5
13.01
448.56
34.3
13.49
463.15
34.3
14.02
481.01
34
14.54
493.79
33.9
14.97
506.72
33.7
15.37
518.06
33.7
15.69
529.09
33.8
16.13
544.33
33.9
16.76
567.87
Goods-producing:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
40.8
13.38
546.48
41.1
13.82
568.43
40.8
14.23
580.99
40.8
14.71
599.99
40.7
15.27
621.86
39.9
15.78
630.04
39.9
16.33
651.61
39.8
16.8
669.13
40
17.19
688.17
40.1
17.6
705.31
40.5
18.02
729.87
Natural resources and mining
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Construction:
46
15.1
695.07
46.2
15.57
720.11
44.9
16.2
727.28
44.2
16.33
721.74
44.4
16.55
734.92
44.6
17
757.92
43.2
17.19
741.97
43.6
17.56
765.94
44.5
18.07
803.82
45.6
18.72
853.71
45.6
19.9
908.01
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Manufacturing:
38.9
15.11
588.48
38.9
15.67
609.48
38.8
16.23
629.75
39
16.8
655.11
39.2
17.48
685.78
38.7
18
695.89
38.4
18.52
711.82
38.4
18.95
726.83
38.3
19.23
735.55
38.6
19.46
750.22
39
20.02
781.04
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Private service-providing:
41.3
12.75
526.55
41.7
13.14
548.22
41.4
13.45
557.12
41.4
13.85
573.17
41.3
14.32
590.65
40.3
14.76
595.19
40.5
15.29
618.75
40.4
15.74
635.99
40.8
16.15
658.59
40.7
16.56
673.37
41.1
16.8
690.83
Average weekly hours..………................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
32.6
11.59
377.37
32.8
12.07
395.51
32.8
12.61
413.5
32.7
13.09
427.98
32.7
13.62
445.74
32.5
14.18
461.08
32.5
14.59
473.8
32.4
14.99
484.81
32.3
15.29
494.22
32.4
15.74
509.58
32.5
16.42
532.84
Trade, transportation, and utilities:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Wholesale trade:
34.1
11.46
390.64
34.3
11.9
407.57
34.2
12.39
423.3
33.9
12.82
434.31
33.8
13.31
449.88
33.5
13.7
459.53
33.6
14.02
471.27
33.6
14.34
481.14
33.5
14.58
488.42
33.4
14.92
498.43
33.4
15.4
514.61
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Retail trade:
38.6
13.8
533.29
38.8
14.41
559.39
38.6
15.07
582.21
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631.4
38.4
16.77
643.45
38
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657.29
37.8
17.65
667.09
37.7
18.16
685
38
18.91
718.3
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Transportation and warehousing:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Utilities:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Information:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Financial activities:
38.6
13.8
533.29
38.8
14.41
559.39
38.6
15.07
582.21
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631.4
38.4
16.77
643.45
38
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657.29
37.8
17.65
667.09
37.7
18.16
685
38
18.91
718.3
39.1
13.45
525.6
39.4
13.78
542.55
38.7
14.12
546.86
37.6
14.55
547.97
37.4
15.05
562.31
36.7
15.33
562.7
36.8
15.76
579.75
36.8
16.25
598.41
37.2
16.52
614.82
37
16.7
618.58
36.9
17.28
637.14
42
19.78
830.74
42
20.59
865.26
42
21.48
902.94
42
22.03
924.59
42
22.75
955.66
41.4
23.58
977.18
40.9
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
23.96
24.77
25.61
26.68
27.42
979.09 1,017.27 1,048.44 1,095.90 1,136.08
36.4
16.3
592.68
36.3
17.14
622.4
36.6
17.67
646.52
36.7
18.4
675.32
36.8
19.07
700.89
36.9
19.8
731.11
36.5
20.2
738.17
36.2
21.01
760.81
36.3
21.4
777.05
36.5
22.06
805
36.6
23.23
850.81
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Professional and business services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Education and health services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Leisure and hospitality:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Other services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
35.5
12.71
451.49
35.7
13.22
472.37
36
13.93
500.95
35.8
14.47
517.57
35.9
14.98
537.37
35.8
15.59
558.02
35.6
16.17
575.51
35.5
17.14
609.08
35.5
17.52
622.87
35.9
17.94
645.1
35.8
18.8
672.4
34.1
13
442.81
34.3
13.57
465.51
34.3
14.27
490
34.4
14.85
510.99
34.5
15.52
535.07
34.2
16.33
557.84
34.2
16.81
574.66
34.1
17.21
587.02
34.2
17.48
597.56
34.2
18.08
618.87
34.6
19.12
662.23
31.9
12.17
388.27
32.2
12.56
404.65
32.2
13
418.82
32.1
13.44
431.35
32.2
13.95
449.29
32.3
14.64
473.39
32.4
15.21
492.74
32.3
15.64
505.69
32.4
16.15
523.78
32.6
16.71
544.59
32.5
17.38
564.95
25.9
6.99
180.98
26
7.32
190.52
26.2
7.67
200.82
26.1
7.96
208.05
26.1
8.32
217.2
25.8
8.57
220.73
25.8
8.81
227.17
25.6
9
230.42
25.7
9.15
234.86
25.7
9.38
241.36
25.7
9.75
250.11
32.5
10.85
352.62
32.7
11.29
368.63
32.6
11.79
384.25
32.5
12.26
398.77
32.5
12.73
413.41
32.3
13.27
428.64
32
13.72
439.76
31.4
13.84
434.41
31
13.98
433.04
30.9
14.34
443.37
30.9
14.77
456.6
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system. N AICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data.
102
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
30. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2007
2
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
98.0
98.6
99.4
100.0
100.7
101.6
102.7
103.3
104.2
0.9
3.5
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
98.0
99.0
97.5
97.7
97.3
98.0
98.5
99.4
98.1
98.4
97.9
98.7
99.4
99.7
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.3
100.7
100.5
99.9
100.9
101.6
101.9
101.4
101.6
101.1
101.9
103.0
102.7
103.2
102.4
101.7
102.8
103.7
103.2
104.0
103.0
102.3
103.5
104.7
104.4
104.9
103.8
102.4
104.7
1.0
1.2
.9
.8
.1
1.2
3.8
3.1
4.2
3.3
2.5
3.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
97.8
97.6
98.0
98.4
98.5
98.2
97.8
98.8
98.5
99.1
99.0
99.1
98.8
98.3
99.5
99.4
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.8
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.7
100.9
100.4
100.4
100.5
100.8
102.0
102.0
102.0
101.1
101.0
101.3
101.4
103.0
103.0
103.0
101.8
101.6
102.2
102.5
103.6
103.7
103.6
102.4
102.0
102.8
103.5
104.1
104.3
103.7
102.7
102.1
103.4
104.8
.5
.6
.1
.3
.1
.6
1.3
3.3
3.6
2.8
2.3
1.7
2.9
4.0
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
98.0
98.2
97.9
97.2
97.8
97.5
97.5
96.7
96.4
99.0
99.1
98.5
97.6
98.5
98.2
98.3
97.0
96.7
99.8
99.8
99.3
99.1
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.1
100.9
100.6
101.1
101.2
101.0
100.2
100.2
101.3
101.0
101.6
101.3
102.0
101.9
101.4
100.7
100.5
102.0
101.4
102.9
103.5
103.5
103.2
102.6
103.4
103.5
102.5
101.8
103.5
104.2
104.3
104.0
103.7
104.1
104.2
102.9
102.0
104.4
104.9
105.4
105.1
104.5
104.5
104.6
.4
.2
.9
.7
1.1
1.1
.8
.4
.4
2.6
1.9
3.5
4.3
4.3
3.9
3.5
4.3
4.4
97.1
97.5
99.0
100.0
100.6
101.2
102.4
103.8
105.6
1.7
5.0
98.2
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.8
101.7
102.5
103.2
104.0
.8
3.2
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.5
99.1
98.0
97.8
97.2
98.1
97.9
97.7
98.1
98.5
98.6
98.3
98.5
99.1
99.6
98.8
98.5
97.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
99.3
99.0
99.1
99.0
99.0
99.6
99.7
99.5
99.3
99.2
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.6
99.8
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
101.3
101.0
100.5
99.9
100.9
100.8
100.7
100.9
100.4
100.4
100.4
100.8
101.9
102.0
101.8
101.6
101.1
101.9
102.1
102.2
102.1
101.1
101.0
101.2
101.5
102.9
102.7
103.1
102.3
101.7
102.7
103.0
103.1
103.0
101.7
101.6
102.0
102.3
103.5
103.1
103.9
102.9
102.3
103.4
103.6
103.7
103.4
102.3
102.0
102.6
103.1
104.6
104.3
104.9
103.7
102.4
104.5
104.0
104.4
103.5
102.5
102.1
103.1
104.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
.8
.1
1.1
.4
.7
.1
.2
.1
.5
1.4
3.5
3.0
3.9
3.2
2.5
3.6
3.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.7
2.7
3.7
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
98.0
98.0
96.8
97.9
98.6
99.0
99.2
98.0
98.9
99.2
99.8
100.2
99.7
99.6
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
99.9
100.6
100.3
101.3
100.7
102.7
101.9
101.0
102.0
101.6
102.1
102.7
101.6
102.5
102.0
102.8
103.3
102.0
102.9
102.7
103.0
104.0
102.1
.4
.7
.2
.7
.1
2.6
2.5
3.1
3.4
1.8
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
97.4
98.2
97.6
97.6
98.3
98.7
98.5
99.1
98.9
98.7
99.2
99.3
99.7
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.5
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.1
100.0
99.5
100.1
100.2
101.9
101.0
100.5
102.8
100.8
100.9
103.0
101.4
101.3
101.3
101.5
101.5
103.6
101.8
101.4
102.1
102.1
101.9
104.7
102.0
102.0
102.4
101.7
101.9
1.1
.2
.6
.3
-.4
.0
4.0
1.9
2.0
2.9
1.6
1.7
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
98.3
98.6
97.9
97.9
98.3
98.5
98.9
99.1
98.5
99.0
98.8
99.0
99.5
99.5
99.3
99.4
99.6
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
101.3
100.6
101.2
100.6
100.9
101.8
102.2
101.5
102.5
101.3
101.5
102.7
103.2
102.3
103.6
101.9
102.3
103.4
103.8
102.9
104.0
102.6
103.1
104.3
105.0
103.7
104.0
103.0
104.5
.9
1.2
.8
.0
.4
1.4
3.3
3.7
3.1
2.8
2.4
3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
98.1
98.5
99.4
100.0
100.8
101.4
102.4
103.0
103.1
.1
2.3
3
Public administration ………………………………………
Private industry workers………………………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 103
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
30. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2007
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing………………………
Utilities………………………………………………………
Information…………………………………………………
Financial activities…………………………………………
Finance and insurance…………………………………
Real estate and rental and leasing……………………
Professional and business services………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Education services………………………………………
Health care and social assistance……………………
Hospitals………………………………………………
Leisure and hospitality……………………………………
Accommodation and food services……………………
Other services, except public administration……………
97.7
98.1
98.4
98.1
98.3
98.4
98.7
96.9
99.1
97.7
97.1
97.8
97.5
98.5
98.7
98.0
97.7
98.8
98.6
99.3
99.2
99.4
100.0
96.7
99.5
98.4
97.5
98.5
98.2
99.1
98.9
98.6
99.2
99.5
99.7
99.5
99.5
99.2
99.5
98.6
99.6
99.3
99.6
99.3
99.2
99.6
99.5
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.6
100.4
107.8
100.9
101.2
101.5
99.8
101.1
101.0
100.7
101.1
101.3
100.6
100.5
101.4
100.8
101.2
101.0
109.3
102.1
101.8
102.4
99.3
102.2
101.8
101.5
101.9
102.0
101.3
101.4
102.7
102.4
101.9
101.6
110.1
103.0
102.1
102.6
100.2
102.9
103.2
103.2
103.2
103.2
102.4
102.5
103.6
102.9
102.7
102.2
110.4
103.2
102.5
102.9
100.8
103.5
104.1
104.2
104.1
103.9
103.7
104.0
104.0
103.7
102.9
102.8
102.8
104.3
104.2
104.6
102.2
104.7
105.1
104.5
105.2
105.0
105.3
105.8
105.7
0.8
.2
.6
-6.9
1.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.0
.3
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.6
3.4
2.3
2.4
-4.6
3.4
3.0
3.1
2.4
3.6
4.1
3.8
4.1
3.7
4.7
5.3
4.2
96.9
97.2
99.1
100.0
100.5
100.9
103.2
104.1
105.1
1.0
4.6
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
97.0
96.8
97.5
97.4
96.2
97.3
97.1
97.6
97.5
96.7
99.0
98.9
99.3
99.2
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.9
101.0
100.6
100.8
100.8
101.5
101.6
101.2
103.3
103.4
103.3
103.5
103.1
104.0
104.0
104.1
104.2
104.5
104.9
104.8
105.6
105.7
105.4
.9
.8
1.4
1.4
.9
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
Workers by industry
Education and health services………………………………
Education services………………………………………
Schools…………………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
96.7
96.6
96.6
96.4
97.6
97.6
97.0
96.9
96.9
96.6
98.0
98.0
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.8
99.5
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.2
100.2
100.2
101.3
100.9
100.8
100.5
100.5
100.5
102.9
101.3
103.7
103.5
103.5
103.6
105.1
103.3
104.3
104.1
104.1
104.2
105.7
104.3
104.8
104.6
104.6
104.7
107.1
105.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
1.3
1.2
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.5
5.7
4.7
97.1
97.5
99.0
100.0
100.6
101.2
102.4
103.8
105.6
1.7
5.0
State and local government workers…………………………
3
Public administration ………………………………………
1
Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of
wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
3
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
104
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS
estimates starting in March 2006.
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2007
1
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
98.1
98.7
99.4
100.0
100.7
101.5
102.6
103.2
104.3
1.1
3.6
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
98.3
99.1
97.8
97.8
97.3
98.2
98.8
99.5
98.3
98.4
97.8
98.8
99.4
99.6
99.3
99.3
99.2
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.2
100.6
100.4
99.8
100.8
101.6
102.0
101.4
101.6
101.3
101.8
102.9
102.7
103.1
102.4
102.0
102.6
103.6
103.1
103.8
103.0
102.5
103.3
104.7
104.7
104.7
103.8
102.7
104.5
1.1
1.6
.9
.8
.2
1.2
3.9
3.5
4.1
3.4
2.9
3.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
97.8
97.8
97.8
98.3
98.2
98.4
98.2
98.7
98.4
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
99.4
99.3
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.7
100.6
100.6
100.7
100.5
100.5
101.8
101.9
101.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.2
102.7
102.9
102.6
101.9
101.8
102.1
102.2
103.4
103.7
103.1
102.5
102.3
102.7
103.2
104.3
104.6
103.8
103.2
103.2
103.3
104.6
.9
.9
.7
.7
.9
.6
1.4
3.6
3.9
3.2
2.6
2.5
2.8
4.1
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
97.9
98.2
98.2
97.6
98.0
97.6
97.7
97.4
97.1
98.7
98.9
98.7
98.0
98.5
98.2
98.4
97.6
97.3
99.5
99.6
99.4
99.1
99.2
99.2
99.1
99.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.8
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.0
101.8
101.7
101.5
101.1
101.8
101.7
101.2
100.5
100.3
102.3
101.9
102.7
103.1
103.2
102.9
102.2
103.0
102.9
102.9
102.3
103.3
103.8
104.1
103.8
103.3
103.5
103.4
103.9
103.3
104.3
104.4
105.1
104.8
104.1
103.7
103.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
.6
1.0
1.0
.8
.2
.2
3.2
2.6
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.9
3.4
3.5
3.6
97.9
98.3
99.3
100.0
100.5
101.1
102.0
103.5
104.5
1.0
4.0
98.3
98.9
99.5
100.0
100.7
101.7
102.5
103.2
104.3
1.1
3.6
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.6
99.2
98.2
97.8
97.3
98.2
97.8
97.8
97.8
98.3
98.3
98.5
98.6
99.2
99.7
98.8
98.5
97.8
99.0
98.7
98.5
99.1
98.9
98.9
98.9
99.0
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.3
99.2
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
101.3
100.9
100.4
99.8
100.9
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.6
100.7
100.4
100.6
102.0
102.2
101.8
101.6
101.3
101.9
101.8
102.0
101.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.3
103.0
102.8
103.1
102.4
102.0
102.6
102.8
103.0
102.6
101.8
101.7
102.0
102.0
103.6
103.1
104.0
103.0
102.6
103.3
103.4
103.7
103.0
102.4
102.2
102.6
102.9
104.9
104.7
105.1
103.8
102.8
104.5
104.2
104.7
103.7
103.1
103.1
103.2
104.6
1.3
1.6
1.1
.8
.2
1.2
.8
1.0
.7
.7
.9
.6
1.7
3.8
3.4
4.2
3.4
3.0
3.6
3.5
4.0
3.0
2.5
2.4
2.8
4.0
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
97.9
98.0
96.8
97.9
98.2
98.7
98.8
97.9
98.6
98.9
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.4
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.7
101.1
99.8
100.7
100.7
101.8
101.7
103.4
101.9
101.3
102.3
102.4
102.2
102.7
101.9
102.9
102.8
103.1
103.4
102.4
103.9
104.4
103.4
104.4
103.2
1.0
1.6
.3
1.0
.8
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.7
2.5
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
97.3
98.2
98.2
97.9
97.8
98.3
98.3
98.9
98.9
98.6
98.6
99.0
99.4
99.6
99.9
100.0
99.1
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
100.7
101.1
99.5
100.9
100.7
102.0
101.7
101.5
103.8
101.7
101.3
102.9
101.9
102.2
101.1
102.3
101.8
103.7
102.3
102.3
102.0
103.0
102.3
104.9
103.3
103.8
102.4
103.8
103.1
1.2
1.0
1.5
.4
.8
.8
4.3
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.4
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
98.4
98.7
97.9
97.8
98.5
98.6
99.0
99.2
98.5
98.9
98.9
99.1
99.5
99.6
99.3
99.4
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.1
100.5
100.7
100.4
100.6
101.7
102.0
101.4
101.8
101.0
101.3
102.6
103.1
102.4
103.0
101.7
102.0
103.3
103.7
102.9
103.4
102.4
102.9
104.4
105.0
103.8
103.9
103.0
104.6
1.1
1.3
.9
.5
.6
1.7
3.6
3.9
3.3
3.2
2.6
4.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
97.9
98.4
99.5
100.0
100.4
100.9
102.1
102.7
103.2
.5
2.8
2
Public administration ………………………………………
Private industry workers………………………………………
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 105
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
32. Employment Cost Index, benefits, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2007
Civilian workers………………………………………………….
97.6
98.3
99.5
100.0
100.9
101.6
102.8
103.6
104.0
0.4
3.1
Private industry workers…………………………………………
98.1
99.0
99.7
100.0
101.0
101.7
102.5
103.1
103.2
.1
2.2
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
98.2
97.6
98.0
98.7
99.0
98.5
99.3
99.3
99.8
99.3
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.3
100.8
101.1
100.1
101.8
101.6
102.7
101.0
102.8
102.0
103.5
101.6
103.4
102.9
104.0
102.0
103.8
103.4
103.4
101.2
.4
.5
-.6
-.8
2.5
2.6
2.3
1.1
Service occupations……………………………………………
98.3
98.9
99.5
100.0
101.5
102.2
103.0
103.6
104.2
.6
2.7
98.3
98.3
98.1
99.6
99.4
98.7
100.4
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
99.0
101.5
100.4
99.7
102.3
101.3
100.5
103.0
101.7
100.8
103.7
100.9
99.6
104.1
-.8
-1.2
.4
1.3
.6
2.6
95.5
96.0
99.0
100.0
100.7
101.3
104.1
105.2
107.0
1.7
6.3
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
State and local government workers…………………………
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to
the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and
SOC data shown prior
106
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official
BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status and region
[December 2005 = 100]
2005
Series
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2007
COMPENSATION
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
97.9
97.7
98.3
98.1
98.8
98.8
99.1
98.8
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.5
99.9
99.3
101.0
101.8
101.2
100.1
102.2
102.4
101.8
100.5
102.9
103.0
102.2
100.8
103.6
102.7
101.5
99.2
103.7
-0.3
-.7
-1.6
.1
2.2
1.6
-.1
2.7
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.3
98.1
98.2
98.3
98.9
99.0
99.1
98.9
99.5
99.9
99.8
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
100.5
100.3
101.0
101.7
101.4
101.3
101.8
102.6
102.0
101.7
102.7
103.2
102.5
102.1
103.4
104.2
103.3
102.8
104.4
1.0
.8
.7
1.0
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.4
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
97.6
98.9
97.8
98.4
98.5
99.3
98.4
99.3
99.2
99.7
99.5
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.0
100.7
100.6
101.8
101.6
101.7
101.8
102.5
102.8
102.3
102.5
103.3
103.5
102.8
103.0
104.0
104.3
103.3
104.2
.7
.8
.5
1.2
3.1
3.3
2.6
3.6
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
97.9
97.5
97.6
98.2
98.7
98.5
98.3
99.0
99.5
99.2
99.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.5
100.6
100.1
101.2
101.6
101.2
100.9
101.7
101.9
101.4
101.6
102.3
102.3
101.7
102.2
102.8
102.7
102.0
102.9
.5
.4
.3
.7
2.5
2.2
1.4
2.8
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
98.3
98.0
98.4
98.4
98.9
98.7
99.0
99.0
99.5
99.6
99.8
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.7
100.7
100.8
101.8
101.9
101.8
101.7
102.7
102.4
102.0
102.7
103.3
103.0
102.5
103.4
104.5
104.2
103.6
104.6
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
3.7
3.5
2.9
3.8
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
97.8
98.9
97.8
98.4
98.6
99.3
98.2
99.3
99.2
99.7
99.4
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.0
100.4
100.7
101.7
101.6
101.4
102.1
102.5
102.9
102.0
102.7
103.1
103.6
102.6
103.2
104.0
104.6
103.6
104.8
.9
1.0
1.0
1.6
3.2
3.6
3.2
4.1
WAGES AND SALARIES
1
The indexes are calculated differently from those for the
occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of
the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical
Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,"
May 1982.
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American
Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The
NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 107
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
34. National Compensation Survey: retirement benefits in private industry by
access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2006
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
All retirement
Percentage of workers with access
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
57
59
60
60
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
67
69
70
69
Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
59
59
60
62
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
28
31
32
34
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
67
68
69
69
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
24
27
27
29
Union…………………………………………………………………………………
86
84
88
84
Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………
54
56
56
57
Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………
45
46
46
47
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………
76
77
78
77
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
70
70
71
73
Service-producing industries………………………………………………………
53
55
56
56
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
42
44
44
44
Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………
75
77
78
78
Percentage of workers participating
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
49
50
50
51
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
59
61
61
60
Blue-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
50
50
51
52
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
21
22
22
24
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
58
60
60
60
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
18
20
19
21
Union…………………………………………………………………………………
83
81
85
80
Nonunion……………………………………………………………………………
45
47
46
47
Average wage less than $15 per hour……………………………………………
35
36
35
36
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……………………………………………
70
71
71
70
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
63
63
64
64
Service-producing industries………………………………………………………
45
47
47
47
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
35
37
37
37
Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………
65
67
67
67
Take-up rate (all workers) 1……………………………………………………………
–
–
85
85
Defined benefit
Percentage of workers with access
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
20
21
22
21
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
23
24
25
23
Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………
24
26
26
25
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
8
6
7
8
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
24
25
25
24
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
8
9
10
9
Union……………………………………………………………………………………
74
70
73
70
Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………
15
16
16
15
Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………
12
11
12
11
Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………
34
35
35
34
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
31
32
33
32
Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………
17
18
19
18
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
9
9
10
9
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………
34
35
37
35
Percentage of workers participating
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
20
21
21
20
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
22
24
24
22
Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………
24
25
26
25
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
7
6
7
7
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
24
24
25
23
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
8
9
9
8
Union……………………………………………………………………………………
72
69
72
68
Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………
15
15
15
14
Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………
11
11
11
10
See footnotes at end of table.
108
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
34. Continued—National Compensation Survey: retirement benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2006
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………
33
35
34
33
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
31
31
32
31
Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………
16
18
18
17
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
8
9
9
9
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………
33
34
36
33
Take-up rate (all workers) 1……………………………………………………………
–
–
97
96
`
Defined contribution
Percentage of workers with access
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
51
53
53
54
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
62
64
64
65
Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………
49
49
50
53
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
23
27
28
30
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
60
62
62
63
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
21
23
23
25
Union……………………………………………………………………………………
45
48
49
50
Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………
51
53
54
55
Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………
40
41
41
43
Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………
67
68
69
69
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
60
60
61
63
Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………
48
50
51
52
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
38
40
40
41
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………
65
68
69
70
Percentage of workers participating
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
40
42
42
43
White-collar occupations……………………………………………………………
51
53
53
53
Blue-collar occupations………………………………………………………………
38
38
38
40
Service occupations…………………………………………………………………
16
18
18
20
Full-time………………………………………………………………………………
48
50
50
51
Part-time………………………………………………………………………………
14
14
14
16
Union……………………………………………………………………………………
39
42
43
44
Nonunion………………………………………………………………………………
40
42
41
43
Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………………
29
30
29
31
Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………………
57
59
59
58
Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………………
49
49
50
51
Service-producing industries…………………………………………………………
37
40
39
40
Establishments with 1–99 workers…………………………………………………
31
32
32
33
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………………
51
53
53
54
Take-up rate (all workers) 1……………………………………………………………
–
–
78
79
Employee contribution required……………………………………………………
–
–
61
61
Employee contribution not required…………………………………………………
–
–
31
33
Not determinable………………………………………………………………………
–
–
8
6
Offering retirement plans………………………………………………………………
47
48
51
48
Offering defined benefit plans…………………………………………………………
10
10
11
10
Offering defined contribution plans……………………………………………………
45
46
1
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
48
47
Employee contribution requirement
Percent of establishments
NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 109
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
35. National Compensation Survey: health insurance benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2006
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
Medical insurance
Percentage of workers with access
All workers…………………………………………………………………………………
60
69
70
White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
65
76
77
71
77
Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
64
76
77
77
Service occupations………………………………………………………………………
38
42
44
45
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………………
73
84
85
85
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………………
17
20
22
22
Union………………………………………………………………………………………
67
89
92
89
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………………
59
67
68
68
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………………
51
57
58
57
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………………
74
86
87
88
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………………
68
83
85
86
Service-producing industries……………………………………………………………
57
65
66
66
Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………………
49
58
59
59
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………………
72
82
84
84
All workers…………………………………………………………………………………
45
53
53
52
White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
50
59
58
57
Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
51
60
61
60
Service occupations………………………………………………………………………
22
24
27
27
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………………
56
66
66
64
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………………
9
11
12
13
Union………………………………………………………………………………………
60
81
83
80
Percentage of workers participating
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………………
44
50
49
49
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………………
35
40
39
38
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………………
61
71
72
71
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………………
57
69
70
70
Service-producing industries……………………………………………………………
42
48
48
47
Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………………
36
43
43
43
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………………
55
64
65
63
Take-up rate (all workers) 1………………………………………………………………
–
–
75
74
All workers…………………………………………………………………………………
40
46
46
46
White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
47
53
54
53
Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
40
47
47
46
Service occupations………………………………………………………………………
22
25
25
27
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………………
49
56
56
55
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………………
9
13
14
15
Union………………………………………………………………………………………
57
73
73
69
Dental
Percentage of workers with access
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………………
38
43
43
43
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………………
30
34
34
34
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………………
55
63
62
62
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………………
48
56
56
56
Service-producing industries……………………………………………………………
37
43
43
43
Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………………
27
31
31
31
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………………
55
64
65
64
All workers…………………………………………………………………………………
32
37
36
36
White-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
37
43
42
41
Blue-collar occupations…………………………………………………………………
33
40
39
38
Service occupations………………………………………………………………………
15
16
17
18
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………………
40
46
45
44
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………………
6
8
9
10
Union………………………………………………………………………………………
51
68
67
63
Percentage of workers participating
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………………………
30
33
33
33
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………………
22
26
24
23
See footnotes at end of table.
110
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
35. Continued—National Compensation Survey: health insurance benefits in
private industry by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2006
Series
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………………
47
53
52
Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………………
42
49
49
49
Service-producing industries……………………………………………………………
29
33
33
32
Establishments with 1–99 workers………………………………………………………
21
24
24
24
Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………………
44
52
51
50
–
–
78
78
Percentage of workers with access……………………………………………………
25
29
29
29
Percentage of workers participating……………………………………………………
19
22
22
22
Percentage of workers with access……………………………………………………
–
–
64
67
Percentage of workers participating……………………………………………………
–
–
48
49
Percent of establishments offering healthcare
benefits………………………………………...……………………………………
58
61
63
62
Employer share…………………………………………………………………………
82
82
82
82
Employee share…………………………………………………………………………
18
18
18
18
Employer share…………………………………………………………………………
70
69
71
70
Employee share…………………………………………………………………………
30
31
29
30
Take-up rate (all workers) 1………………………………………………………………
52
Vision care
Outpatient prescription drug coverage
Percentage of medical premium paid by
employer and employee
Single coverage
Family coverage
1
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 111
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
36. National Compensation Survey: percent of workers in private
industry with access to selected benefits, 2003–2006
Year
Benefit
2003
2004
2005
2006
Life insurance………………………………………………………………………
50
51
52
52
Short-term disabilty insurance……………………………………………………
39
39
40
39
Long-term disability insurance……………………………………………………
30
30
30
30
Long-term care insurance…………………………………………………………
11
11
11
12
Flexible work place…………………………………………………………………
4
4
4
4
Flexible benefits…………………………………………………………………
–
–
17
17
Dependent care reimbursement account………………………………………
–
–
29
30
Healthcare reimbursement account……………………………………………
–
–
31
32
Health Savings Account……………………………………………………………
–
–
5
6
Employee assistance program……………………………………………………
–
–
40
40
Holidays……………………………………………………………………………
79
77
77
76
Vacations…………………………………………………………………………
79
77
77
77
Sick leave…………………………………………………………………………
–
59
58
57
Personal leave……………………………………………………………………
–
–
36
37
Paid family leave…………………………………………………………………
–
–
7
8
Unpaid family leave………………………………………………………………
–
–
81
82
18
14
14
15
47
46
Section 125 cafeteria benefits
Paid leave
Family leave
Employer assistance for childcare………………………………………………
Nonproduction bonuses……………………………………………………………
49
47
NOTE: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Annual average
Measure
2005
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period.............................
In effect during period…......................
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
22
24
20
23
2
5
2
6
1
5
4
7
1
4
4
6
1
6
3
5
1
5
0
3
0
2
1
2
2
3
99.6
102.2
70.1
191.0
4.2
12.9
3.1
14.2
5.0
13.9
10.8
18.2
3.0
10.4
19.6
25.8
3.9
22.2
15.0
19.9
1.9
20.6
.0
16.3
.0
3.7
2.8
4.6
7.8
9.6
Days idle:
Number (in thousands)….................... 1,736.1
2,687.5
261.5
176.1
179.8
188.0
146.8
215.4
247.7
342.7
349.2
326.0
58.8
73.4
142.8
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
0
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in thousands)…..
In effect during period (in thousands)…
1
Percent of estimated working time ……
.01
1
Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed
and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are
excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of
the total time
112
June
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review ,
October 1968, pp. 54–56.
2
Less than 0.005.
NOTE: p = preliminary.
38. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Series
2005
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
All items...............................................................................
All items (1967 = 100).........................................................
Food and beverages..........................................................
Food..................…............................................................
Food at home…..............................................................
Cereals and bakery products….....................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…....................................
2006
2007
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
195.3
201.6
199.8
201.5
202.5
202.9
203.5
203.9
202.9
201.8
201.5
201.8 202.416 203.499 205.352
585.0
603.9
598.6
603.5
606.5
607.8
609.6
610.9
607.9
604.6
603.6
604.5 606.348 609.594 615.145
191.2
195.7
194.5
194.2
194.7
195.1
195.6
196.0
196.7
197.5
197.2
197.4 199.198 200.402 200.869
190.7
195.2
194.0
193.7
194.2
194.5
195.0
195.5
196.2
197.1
196.8
197.0 198.812 200.000 200.403
189.8
209.0
184.7
193.1
212.8
186.6
192.3
210.9
185.9
191.5
210.9
185.5
191.9
211.9
184.7
192.2
212.8
186.0
192.6
214.6
185.1
193.1
214.6
187.1
194.1
213.6
188.0
195.1
214.6
188.1
194.3
214.5
188.4
194.3 196.671 198.193 198.766
214.8 216.276 219.041 218.458
188.6 189.609 190.491 192.508
Dairy and related products 1……….………………………
Fruits and vegetables…................................................
182.4
241.4
181.4
252.9
183.0
248.5
181.3
246.6
181.0
248.0
179.6
248.0
180.8
249.1
180.0
249.2
179.9
258.2
182.0
261.6
180.6
256.8
181.0 183.453 183.779 185.724
257.2 262.949 268.565 263.910
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials….................................................................
144.4
147.4
148.0
146.3
146.6
146.6
146.3
146.9
147.5
148.3
148.9
148.5 151.127 151.716 153.894
Other foods at home…..................................................
167.0
169.6
169.2
168.8
170.0
170.0
171.0
170.6
169.8
170.1
169.2
168.7 170.878 171.483 171.819
Sugar and sweets…....................................................
165.2
167.7
182.5
171.5
168.0
185.0
170.1
168.5
184.5
171.0
165.0
184.3
171.3
168.6
185.4
171.9
167.3
185.6
173.3
166.9
186.9
173.5
167.5
186.1
172.1
167.9
185.0
172.5
169.1
185.2
172.7
168.1
184.0
172.4 175.151 174.300 174.633
166.7 170.152 171.667 170.851
183.5 185.499 186.358 186.962
Fats and oils…............................................................
Other foods…..............................................................
Other miscellaneous foods 1,2……….…………………
111.3
113.9
113.0
113.2
114.3
114.4
115.0
113.8
114.2
113.7
113.8
115.1 114.655 114.939 114.331
193.4
199.4
197.6
198.0
198.7
199.2
199.7
200.2
200.5
201.1
201.6
202.2 203.171 203.909 204.082
Other food away from home ……….…………………
Alcoholic beverages….....................................................
Housing..............................................................................
131.3
195.9
195.7
136.6
200.7
203.2
135.2
200.1
201.3
135.8
200.1
201.7
136.0
200.8
202.2
136.3
201.6
203.7
136.8
201.3
204.7
137.3
201.2
205.1
137.6
201.4
205.0
138.0
201.9
204.4
138.6
201.6
204.5
139.1 140.919 141.626 141.366
201.1 202.968 204.385 205.663
204.8 206.057 207.177 208.080
Shelter...............…..........................................................
224.4
217.3
232.1
225.1
229.9
222.3
230.7
222.9
231.2
223.6
232.2
224.4
233.6
225.2
234.2
226.2
233.9
227.1
234.8
228.0
234.9
228.9
235.1 236.504 237.972 238.980
230.0 230.806 231.739 232.495
1
Food away from home ……….……………………………
1,2
Rent of primary residence….........................................
Lodging away from home…………………………………
130.3
136.0
140.4
140.4
137.9
139.1
142.8
141.1
135.0
135.7
130.7
127.7 133.633 139.160 142.247
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence 3……….…
230.2
238.2
234.9
235.8
236.9
237.9
238.8
239.7
240.4
241.3
242.1
242.8 243.345 244.020 244.602
Tenants' and household insurance 1,2……….……………
Fuels and utilities…......................................................
117.6
179.0
116.5
194.7
116.2
192.3
116.2
190.8
116.3
192.0
116.4
197.6
116.4
198.5
116.2
199.0
116.4
199.6
116.2
190.1
118.3
190.6
117.1 117.417 117.320 117.333
192.6 194.378 194.890 196.414
174.2 175.718 176.092 177.635
Fuels...............….........................................................
161.6
177.1
174.8
173.2
174.4
180.4
181.1
181.5
182.0
171.5
172.1
Fuel oil and other fuels…..........................................
208.6
234.9
230.4
236.4
239.8
239.1
241.9
245.3
237.1
227.9
227.2
233.2 227.930 231.800 236.863
Gas (piped) and electricity….....................................
Household furnishings and operations…......................
Apparel ..............................................................................
Men's and boys' apparel…............................................
Women's and girls' apparel….......................................
166.5
126.1
119.5
116.1
110.8
182.1
127.0
119.5
114.1
110.7
179.9
126.7
122.0
116.2
115.0
177.7
126.9
123.4
118.0
116.3
178.8
127.2
122.4
116.5
114.4
185.6
127.3
118.9
113.0
110.3
186.2
127.1
113.8
110.3
102.3
186.4
127.1
116.1
110.8
105.7
187.4
127.1
121.7
114.4
114.6
176.4
127.4
123.3
116.4
116.4
177.0
127.2
121.7
115.6
113.9
179.0
127.0
118.6
113.2
110.2
181.064
127.093
115.988
110.327
105.891
181.232
127.495
119.017
111.233
110.871
182.624
127.655
122.582
113.685
116.911
Infants' and toddlers' apparel1……….……………………
Footwear…....................................................................
Transportation....................................................................
Private transportation...............…...................................
116.7
122.6
173.9
170.2
116.5
123.5
180.9
177.0
118.7
125.4
177.4
173.5
118.2
126.1
184.1
180.4
118.3
125.8
187.6
183.9
115.0
123.0
187.3
183.2
114.4
119.1
189.0
184.9
115.6
120.6
188.5
184.5
116.5
124.2
180.6
176.5
119.4
125.6
174.8
170.7
117.6
124.5
173.9
170.0
114.1
123.0
175.4
171.8
112.444
120.915
174.463
170.562
115.416
121.930
174.799
170.775
117.996
123.505
180.346
176.468
95.6
137.9
95.6
137.6
96.0
138.8
96.0
138.4
95.8
137.7
95.7
137.2
95.6
136.9
95.5
136.4
95.3
136.3
95.2
136.8
94.9
136.8
94.8 94.840 94.591 94.493
137.1 137.603 137.340 137.228
139.4
195.7
140.0
221.0
140.0
205.8
140.4
235.4
140.9
250.9
141.5
248.4
142.1
255.6
142.4
254.4
141.0
220.1
139.3
193.8
137.3
191.4
136.2 135.257 134.597 134.382
199.3 193.900 195.377 220.515
New and used motor vehicles 2……….…………………
New vehicles…...........................................................
1
Used cars and trucks ……….……………………………
Motor fuel…...................................................................
Gasoline (all types)…..................................................
194.7
219.9
204.7
234.4
249.8
247.3
254.6
253.2
219.0
192.7
190.3
198.1 192.806 194.282 219.473
Motor vehicle parts and equipment…...........................
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…......................
Public transportation...............….....................................
Medical care.......................................................................
Medical care commodities...............…............................
Medical care services...............…...................................
Professional services….................................................
Hospital and related services…....................................
111.9
206.9
217.3
323.2
276.0
336.7
281.7
439.9
109.4
104.2
113.7
152.7
365.6
117.3
215.6
226.6
336.2
285.9
350.6
289.3
468.1
110.9
104.6
116.8
162.1
388.9
115.4
213.4
222.6
333.8
284.3
348.0
287.8
463.3
110.6
105.2
115.6
158.4
383.1
115.8
213.9
225.3
334.7
285.3
348.8
288.5
464.6
111.1
105.8
115.8
158.6
383.1
117.0
214.9
229.2
335.6
286.3
349.7
289.0
466.1
111.2
105.5
115.7
158.9
384.7
117.0
215.5
234.3
336.0
286.3
350.3
289.2
467.6
111.2
105.2
115.9
159.5
386.7
117.9
216.7
237.4
337.0
287.1
351.2
289.8
469.3
111.3
105.0
116.3
160.3
386.3
118.2
216.2
234.3
337.7
287.6
352.1
290.2
471.1
111.3
104.7
117.5
163.9
391.3
118.7
217.0
229.5
338.3
288.1
352.7
290.6
472.0
111.1
104.5
118.4
166.6
393.9
118.9
218.5
226.9
339.3
288.1
354.0
291.4
474.2
111.2
104.1
118.5
167.1
398.4
119.5
218.5
220.4
340.1
286.6
355.6
291.9
477.7
111.2
103.7
118.1
167.4
398.5
119.5
218.8
217.8
340.1
285.9
356.0
292.4
477.2
110.8
102.8
118.0
167.6
399.5
440.9
84.7
468.1
84.1
457.2
84.4
457.7
84.5
458.6
84.2
460.2
84.3
462.9
84.3
473.4
84.3
481.7
84.2
482.9
84.0
483.7
83.3
484.0 483.705 484.459 484.532
83.1 82.778 82.845 83.122
82.6
81.7
81.9
82.1
81.7
81.8
81.9
81.8
81.7
81.5
80.8
80.6
80.246
80.311
80.601
94.9
95.8
95.0
95.4
95.2
95.4
95.6
95.9
96.1
96.8
96.5
96.8
96.898
97.096
97.514
13.6
12.5
13.0
12.9
12.8
12.7
12.7
12.5
12.3
11.9
11.4
11.2
10.900
10.853
10.860
equipment ……….………………………………
Other goods and services..................................................
Tobacco and smoking products...............…....................
12.8
313.4
502.8
10.8
321.7
519.9
11.4
320.0
519.0
11.1
320.0
518.1
10.8
320.2
517.5
10.7
321.5
521.5
10.6
321.2
521.5
10.6
321.7
521.1
10.5
323.3
520.8
10.4
324.3
521.1
10.3
324.3
519.4
10.3 10.259 10.174 10.191
326.7 329.198 330.459 331.144
527.3 543.477 548.896 550.021
Personal care 1……….…………………………………….…
1
Personal care products ……….…………………………
1
Personal care services ……….…………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
185.6
154.4
190.2
155.8
189.1
155.2
189.1
155.0
189.4
154.6
189.9
155.2
189.7
155.0
190.1
154.9
191.3
156.4
192.0
156.6
192.2
156.1
193.3 193.560 193.987 194.390
159.0 157.699 158.038 158.592
203.9
209.7
208.5
208.5
208.7
209.1
209.5
210.1
210.7
211.7
212.3
212.5 214.045 214.616 215.091
2
Recreation ……….…………………………………….……
1,2
Video and audio ……….…………………………………
Education and communication 2……….……………………
2
Education ……….…………………………………………
Educational books and supplies…..............................
Tuition, other school fees, and child care…................
1,2
Communication ……….……………………………………
Information and information processing1,2……….……
1,2
Telephone services ……….…………………………
Information and information processing
1,4
other than telephone services ……….……………
119.759
219.262
221.403
343.510
288.088
359.757
295.219
482.258
111.012
102.784
117.815
167.624
405.668
120.196
220.530
224.061
346.457
287.703
363.908
298.393
487.881
111.174
103.144
117.971
167.927
407.809
120.485
221.160
225.893
347.172
286.940
365.164
298.990
490.104
111.244
102.886
118.231
168.114
413.665
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 113
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
38. Continued–Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers:
U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Series
2005
Miscellaneous personal services...............…....
2006
2007
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov. Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
303.0
313.6
310.9
311.3
312.4
313.3
312.9
314.4
316.4
317.6 318.2 318.7
320.047
320.725
321.299
160.2
191.2
142.5
168.4
119.5
164.0
195.7
145.9
176.7
119.5
162.8
194.5
144.7
173.3
122.0
165.5
194.2
148.6
181.8
123.4
166.9
194.7
150.3
185.6
122.4
166.3
195.1
149.3
183.8
118.9
166.4
195.6
149.3
183.8
113.8
166.6
196.0
149.4
184.5
116.1
164.4
196.7
146.0
177.7
121.7
162.5
197.5
143.0
171.2
123.3
161.8
197.2
142.1
169.7
121.7
162.1
197.4
142.5
170.9
118.6
161.978
199.198
141.529
168.788
115.988
162.890
200.402
142.290
170.479
119.017
165.710
200.869
146.037
178.548
122.582
202.6
115.3
230.1
233.7
225.7
268.4
216.3
114.5
238.9
241.9
230.8
277.5
209.3
115.1
236.6
239.6
228.8
274.6
222.3
115.1
237.1
240.4
229.6
275.5
229.2
114.9
237.7
241.0
230.7
275.8
228.4
114.6
239.2
242.0
231.8
276.6
231.6
114.6
240.2
243.4
232.7
277.2
231.2
114.3
240.9
244.1
232.2
279.1
216.6
113.8
241.1
243.8
231.7
280.8
205.0
113.8
240.9
244.7
232.3
281.2
203.5
113.5
240.9
244.7
231.5
281.1
207.3
113.3
241.2
245.0
230.8
280.9
205.498
113.263
242.540
246.476
231.367
281.282
206.395
113.210
243.793
248.024
232.077
281.864
217.451
113.163
244.671
249.087
232.200
282.431
196.0
186.1
188.7
144.5
170.1
201.2
180.2
243.2
221.2
177.1
198.7
200.9
140.3
197.4
236.6
202.7
191.9
194.7
148.0
178.2
213.9
186.7
253.3
229.6
196.9
203.7
205.9
140.6
223.0
244.7
200.8
190.3
193.0
146.8
175.0
207.5
184.4
250.9
227.3
188.6
202.6
204.9
141.5
208.3
242.4
202.8
192.3
194.7
150.6
182.9
219.2
188.7
251.0
227.8
201.4
203.0
205.5
141.7
236.6
243.2
203.9
193.5
195.6
152.3
186.5
225.5
191.0
251.8
228.4
209.3
203.3
205.7
141.5
251.4
243.7
204.3
193.7
196.1
151.3
184.9
224.8
190.2
253.9
229.9
211.3
203.6
205.9
140.7
249.0
244.7
204.9
194.0
196.6
151.3
184.9
227.6
190.4
254.6
231.0
215.1
203.9
206.2
139.6
256.0
245.8
205.4
194.4
197.1
151.4
185.5
227.3
191.0
255.4
231.6
214.7
204.4
206.7
139.9
255.0
246.5
204.1
193.1
196.0
148.0
179.1
214.2
187.8
256.2
231.8
199.1
204.9
207.2
140.9
222.3
246.6
202.6
191.2
194.9
145.1
173.1
203.8
184.8
254.4
231.5
181.3
205.6
207.8
141.2
196.9
247.5
202.3
190.7
194.5
144.3
171.7
202.5
183.8
254.6
231.5
180.4
205.3
207.6
140.6
194.6
247.5
202.6
191.1
194.8
144.7
172.7
205.8
184.5
254.9
231.7
185.2
205.1
207.3
139.9
202.4
247.5
203.035
191.328
195.295
143.775
170.878
204.403
184.284
256.164
232.892
183.567
205.993
208.009
139.628
196.983
248.836
204.101
192.272
196.298
144.558
172.552
205.347
185.751
257.147
233.963
184.451
207.106
209.112
140.305
198.617
250.199
206.195
194.482
198.179
148.240
180.197
215.400
190.212
257.864
234.809
196.929
207.850
209.923
141.056
222.620
251.026
191.0
568.9
190.5
190.1
188.9
208.9
184.7
182.2
238.9
197.1
587.2
194.9
194.4
192.2
213.1
186.1
180.9
251.0
195.3
581.8
193.8
193.2
191.4
211.1
185.8
182.7
245.9
197.2
587.3
193.4
192.8
190.5
211.2
185.1
180.8
244.0
198.2
590.5
193.9
193.3
190.9
212.2
184.4
180.5
246.0
198.6
591.7
194.2
193.7
191.2
213.1
185.4
179.1
245.7
199.2
593.2
194.6
194.1
191.6
214.9
184.7
180.3
247.0
199.6
594.6
195.2
194.7
192.2
214.8
186.7
179.4
247.9
198.4
591.0
195.9
195.5
193.3
214.1
187.5
179.4
257.3
197.0
586.7
196.7
196.2
194.2
214.9
187.5
181.4
260.8
196.8
586.1
196.5
196.0
193.4
214.9
188.0
179.9
255.1
197.2
587.3
196.5
196.1
193.2
215.2
188.0
180.3
254.7
197.559
588.467
198.280
197.886
195.531
216.416
189.119
182.711
260.176
198.544
591.403
199.540
199.111
197.044
219.191
189.996
183.185
266.159
200.612
597.561
200.056
199.589
197.735
218.799
192.013
185.095
261.627
143.7
166.5
164.3
167.8
182.8
111.8
193.3
131.1
195.8
191.2
217.5
216.5
130.0
208.8
117.9
177.9
159.7
208.1
165.4
121.8
119.1
115.6
110.4
146.7
169.1
170.5
168.7
185.2
114.2
199.1
136.2
200.6
198.5
224.8
224.2
135.3
216.0
116.8
193.1
174.4
234.0
180.2
122.6
119.1
114.0
110.3
147.3
168.7
169.0
169.4
184.8
113.4
197.4
134.8
200.5
196.6
222.4
221.4
140.4
213.0
116.5
190.8
172.4
229.8
178.3
122.5
121.6
115.7
114.3
145.7
168.2
169.9
165.7
184.5
113.4
197.8
135.6
200.3
196.8
223.1
222.0
139.8
213.9
116.5
189.4
170.8
235.8
176.1
122.5
123.1
117.5
115.9
145.9
169.4
170.5
169.1
185.5
114.4
198.4
135.8
200.6
197.4
223.7
222.7
136.6
214.8
116.6
190.4
171.8
238.9
177.1
122.8
121.9
116.5
114.0
146.1
169.5
170.9
167.9
185.9
115.0
198.9
136.0
201.0
198.9
224.7
223.5
138.7
215.7
116.7
196.0
177.8
238.3
183.7
122.9
118.4
113.0
109.8
145.6
170.4
172.5
167.9
187.0
115.2
199.4
136.3
200.8
199.7
225.8
224.3
142.6
216.5
116.7
196.7
178.3
241.3
184.1
122.7
113.2
110.3
101.3
146.3
170.0
172.5
168.2
186.2
114.2
199.9
136.7
200.7
200.3
226.5
225.3
141.1
217.3
116.6
197.2
178.6
244.6
184.3
122.7
115.7
110.9
105.4
146.8
169.3
171.3
168.6
185.3
114.5
200.2
137.1
200.9
200.4
226.6
226.2
134.0
218.0
116.8
197.7
179.0
235.8
185.3
122.7
121.4
114.5
114.3
147.7
169.5
171.4
169.8
185.3
113.8
200.8
137.5
201.8
199.6
227.5
227.1
134.7
218.8
116.6
188.1
168.7
226.6
174.3
122.8
123.1
116.4
115.9
148.3
168.7
171.3
168.9
184.3
114.1
201.4
138.3
201.9
199.9
227.8
228.0
129.3
219.5
118.6
188.9
169.4
226.3
175.1
122.8
121.8
115.8
114.2
147.8
168.1
171.3
167.3
183.7
115.3
202.0
138.7
201.1
200.5
228.3
229.1
127.1
220.1
117.4
190.9
171.5
232.2
177.1
122.6
118.6
113.0
110.4
150.620
170.242
173.929
170.559
185.681
114.759
202.905
140.499
202.821
201.509
229.359
229.921
132.607
220.602
117.748
192.895
173.352
226.971
179.457
122.623
115.315
109.762
105.697
150.968
170.861
173.081
172.380
186.473
115.151
203.689
141.274
204.616
202.370
230.472
230.860
138.083
221.185
117.622
193.330
173.654
231.136
179.550
122.962
118.211
111.079
110.214
153.329
171.183
173.248
172.005
187.026
114.402
203.838
141.119
205.729
203.203
231.315
231.634
141.335
221.704
117.653
194.963
175.303
236.103
181.092
123.134
122.021
113.921
116.275
119.3
121.8
173.0
170.3
94.7
118.6
123.1
180.3
177.5
94.7
120.8
124.7
176.6
173.8
95.1
120.3
125.4
183.9
181.2
95.1
120.2
125.1
187.7
184.9
95.0
116.8
122.6
187.1
184.2
94.9
115.9
119.1
189.0
186.1
94.9
117.7
120.3
188.6
185.8
94.8
118.5
123.9
180.1
177.1
94.5
121.8
125.2
173.7
170.7
94.3
120.5
124.2
172.7
169.9
93.9
116.8
122.6
174.4
171.7
93.7
114.948
120.506
173.182
170.321
93.709
118.037
121.679
173.518
170.588
93.459
120.167
122.870
179.541
176.695
93.365
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........…............................................
Food and beverages….........................................
Commodities less food and beverages….............
Nondurables less food and beverages…............
Apparel ….........................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages,
and apparel….................................................
Durables…..........................................................
Services…..............................................................
3
Rent of shelter ……….……………………………………
Transporatation services…..................................
Other services…..................................................
Special indexes:
All items less food…............................................
All items less shelter…........................................
All items less medical care…...............................
Commodities less food….....................................
Nondurables less food….....................................
Nondurables less food and apparel….................
Nondurables….....................................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….…………………
Services less medical care services…................
Energy…..............................................................
All items less energy…........................................
All items less food and energy….......................
Commodities less food and energy…..............
Energy commodities......................................
Services less energy…....................................
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN
WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS
All items....................................................................
All items (1967 = 100)...............................................
Food and beverages................................................
Food..................…..................................................
Food at home…....................................................
Cereals and bakery products…..........................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs….........................
1
Dairy and related products ……….…………………
Fruits and vegetables…......................................
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials….......................................................
Other foods at home….......................................
Sugar and sweets….........................................
Fats and oils…..................................................
Other foods…...................................................
1,2
Other miscellaneous foods ……….……………
1
Food away from home ……….……………………………
1,2
Other food away from home ……….………………
Alcoholic beverages…...........................................
Housing....................................................................
Shelter...............…................................................
Rent of primary residence…...............................
2
Lodging away from home ……….……………………
3
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence …
1,2
Tenants' and household insurance ……….……
Fuels and utilities…...........................................
Fuels...............…..............................................
Fuel oil and other fuels…................................
Gas (piped) and electricity…..........................
Household furnishings and operations…............
Apparel ...................................................................
Men's and boys' apparel….................................
Women's and girls' apparel….............................
1
Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….………………
Footwear….........................................................
Transportation..........................................................
Private transportation...............….........................
2
New and used motor vehicles ……….………………
See footnotes at end of table.
114
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
38. Continued–Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
2006
Annual average
Series
2005
Feb.
Mar.
138.6
139.9
139.5
138.8
138.3
137.9
137.4
137.4
137.8
137.9
138.2
138.722
138.451
138.315
140.3
196.3
195.4
111.5
209.3
215.5
140.8
221.6
220.7
116.9
218.1
225.0
140.8
206.5
205.6
114.9
215.8
221.6
141.3
236.1
235.2
115.3
216.3
224.0
141.8
251.3
250.3
116.5
217.4
227.5
142.4
248.8
247.8
116.6
218.0
232.0
143.0
256.2
255.3
117.5
219.1
234.1
143.2
255.1
254.1
117.8
218.6
231.4
141.9
220.8
219.7
118.4
219.4
227.8
140.1
194.4
193.4
118.6
221.1
225.6
138.1
192.0
191.0
119.2
221.1
219.7
137.0
199.8
198.8
119.2
221.4
217.4
136.063
194.278
193.262
119.464
221.769
220.809
135.411
195.934
194.923
119.897
223.054
223.338
135.203
221.011
220.052
120.170
223.683
224.973
322.8
269.2
337.3
284.3
436.1
335.7
279.0
351.1
291.7
463.6
333.2
277.3
348.3
290.2
458.4
334.2
278.4
349.2
290.8
459.9
335.0
279.4
350.0
291.3
461.2
335.5
279.4
350.6
291.5
462.8
336.5
280.3
351.6
292.1
464.8
337.3
280.6
352.5
292.5
466.7
337.8
281.1
353.1
292.8
467.5
338.9
281.0
354.6
293.6
469.9
339.8
279.7
356.3
294.2
473.9
340.0
279.1
356.7
294.7
473.0
343.138
281.098
360.251
297.335
477.603
346.191
280.597
364.519
300.720
482.895
346.946
279.762
365.827
301.339
485.074
106.8
108.2
107.9
108.4
108.5
108.6
108.7
108.5
108.3
108.4
108.5
108.1
108.281
108.484
108.461
103.4
103.9
104.4
104.9
104.7
104.5
104.3
104.1
103.9
103.5
103.3
102.4
102.334
102.653
102.363
111.4
113.9
113.0
113.2
113.0
113.3
113.5
114.5
115.3
115.4
114.9
114.8
114.703
114.870
115.161
Education ……….…………………………………………
Educational books and supplies…..................
151.0
367.1
160.3
390.7
156.8
384.9
156.9
384.7
157.2
386.2
157.8
388.1
158.4
387.6
161.7
393.0
164.7
395.4
165.2
400.9
165.4
401.0
165.5
402.0
165.789
409.068
166.144
411.130
166.341
417.027
Tuition, other school fees, and child care…....
427.1
86.4
453.3
86.0
443.1
86.2
443.5
86.3
444.4
86.0
446.1
86.1
448.0
86.2
457.7
86.2
466.6
86.2
467.4
86.1
468.0
85.4
468.3
85.2
468.417
85.030
469.284
85.112
469.224
85.408
84.9
84.3
84.5
84.6
84.3
84.4
84.5
84.5
84.4
84.4
83.7
83.5
83.256
83.337
83.645
95.0
95.9
95.2
95.6
95.3
95.5
95.7
96.0
96.2
96.9
96.7
96.9
97.045
97.233
97.625
14.2
13.0
13.6
13.5
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.1
12.9
12.4
11.9
11.6
11.321
11.272
11.292
12.6
322.2
504.2
10.7
330.9
521.6
11.3
329.4
520.9
11.0
329.3
519.9
10.7
329.3
519.4
10.5
330.8
523.5
10.4
330.7
523.3
10.5
331.0
522.9
10.3
332.2
522.4
10.2
333.1
522.7
10.2
332.9
521.1
10.2
335.7
528.6
10.081
339.084
544.568
9.997
340.917
550.097
10.040
341.719
551.161
1
Used cars and trucks ……….………………………
Motor fuel…......................................................
Gasoline (all types)….....................................
Motor vehicle parts and equipment…...............
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…..........
Public transportation...............…........................
Medical care..........................................................
Medical care commodities...............…................
Medical care services...............….......................
Professional services…....................................
Hospital and related services…........................
2
Recreation ……….…………………………………………
Video and audio
1,2
……….……………………………
2
Education and communication ……….………………
2
1,2
Communication ……….………………………………
1,2
Information and information processing ……
1,2
Telephone services
……….……………………
Information and information processing
other than telephone services
1,4
……….……
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
2007
138.9
New vehicles…...............................................
2006
July
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
equipment ……….……………………………
Other goods and services......................................
Tobacco and smoking products...............….......
1
184.0
188.3
187.2
187.2
187.3
187.9
187.9
188.2
189.2
189.9
190.0
191.1
191.311
191.922
192.411
1
154.5
155.7
155.2
155.0
154.7
155.1
155.0
155.0
156.3
156.5
156.0
158.6
157.505
157.992
158.528
1
204.2
303.4
209.8
314.1
208.5
311.4
208.6
311.8
208.6
312.7
209.2
313.8
209.7
313.9
210.2
315.1
210.8
316.8
211.9
317.9
212.5
318.5
212.7
318.7
214.254
319.885
214.773
321.269
215.318
322.090
161.4
190.5
144.7
173.2
119.1
165.7
194.9
148.7
182.6
119.1
164.3
193.8
147.2
178.7
121.6
167.3
193.4
151.8
188.4
123.1
168.9
193.9
153.7
192.8
121.9
168.2
194.2
152.7
190.8
118.4
168.5
194.6
152.8
191.1
113.2
168.8
195.2
153.0
191.8
115.7
166.1
195.9
148.9
183.6
121.4
163.8
196.7
145.3
176.0
123.1
163.1
196.5
144.4
174.6
121.8
163.5
196.5
145.0
176.1
118.6
163.212
198.280
143.764
173.542
115.315
164.171
199.540
144.567
175.371
118.211
167.350
200.056
148.836
184.604
122.021
210.6
115.1
226.1
114.6
218.1
115.2
233.2
115.2
241.1
115.0
240.1
114.8
243.8
114.8
243.4
114.5
226.2
114.0
212.7
113.9
211.2
113.6
215.7
113.3
213.546
113.270
214.738
113.178
227.564
113.107
Personal care ……….……………………………………
Personal care products ……….……………………
Personal care services ……….……………………
Miscellaneous personal services...............…..
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........…..........................................
Food and beverages….......................................
Commodities less food and beverages…...........
Nondurables less food and beverages…..........
Apparel ….......................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages,
and apparel…...............................................
Durables…........................................................
Services…............................................................
3
Rent of shelter ……….…………………………………
Transporatation services…................................
Other services…................................................
225.7
234.1
231.8
232.2
232.8
234.3
235.2
235.9
236.3
235.8
236.2
236.6
237.761
238.783
239.586
209.5
225.9
260.0
216.6
230.6
268.2
214.3
229.0
265.7
215.0
229.5
266.6
215.6
230.3
266.8
216.5
231.0
267.6
217.6
231.4
268.1
218.3
231.1
269.6
218.4
231.3
271.0
219.3
232.2
271.4
219.5
231.9
271.2
220.0
231.4
270.9
221.062
231.783
271.323
222.150
232.362
271.921
222.970
232.332
272.474
191.0
183.4
185.4
146.5
174.6
208.4
182.5
197.5
189.2
191.3
150.6
183.8
223.0
189.5
195.5
187.6
189.5
149.1
180.1
215.6
186.9
197.8
189.8
191.3
153.6
189.3
229.4
191.8
199.0
191.1
192.4
155.5
193.4
236.6
194.2
199.4
191.3
192.8
154.5
191.6
235.7
193.4
199.9
191.6
193.3
154.6
191.9
239.1
193.8
200.4
192.0
193.8
154.8
192.5
238.7
194.4
198.8
190.3
192.5
150.8
184.7
223.1
190.5
196.9
188.0
191.0
147.3
177.6
210.9
186.9
196.7
187.6
190.8
146.4
176.3
209.5
186.1
197.2
188.0
191.2
147.0
177.7
213.5
186.9
197.317
188.108
191.475
145.822
175.341
211.702
186.434
198.258
189.058
192.389
146.653
177.171
212.940
187.995
200.616
191.591
194.481
150.856
185.979
224.712
193.028
215.9
217.2
177.2
193.5
194.6
140.6
197.7
232.3
224.7
225.3
196.8
198.0
199.2
141.1
223.0
239.9
222.7
223.0
188.4
197.0
198.2
141.9
208.4
237.5
222.7
223.4
202.0
197.4
198.7
142.2
236.9
238.2
223.3
224.0
210.0
197.7
198.9
141.9
251.4
238.8
225.3
225.5
211.8
197.9
199.1
141.2
249.1
239.7
225.8
226.4
215.7
198.0
199.2
140.0
256.2
240.6
226.3
227.0
215.3
198.6
199.8
140.4
255.4
241.4
227.2
227.4
198.7
199.2
200.4
141.4
222.3
241.7
225.2
226.9
180.6
199.9
201.0
141.7
196.7
242.6
225.5
227.1
179.8
199.7
200.9
141.1
194.4
242.8
225.8
227.6
184.7
199.6
200.7
140.4
202.1
243.0
226.994
228.608
182.878
200.245
201.110
139.999
196.605
244.080
227.801
229.453
183.842
201.238
202.056
140.680
198.398
245.211
228.479
230.221
196.940
201.948
202.816
141.482
222.509
245.923
Special indexes:
All items less food…..........................................
All items less shelter…......................................
All items less medical care….............................
Commodities less food…...................................
Nondurables less food…...................................
Nondurables less food and apparel…...............
Nondurables…...................................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….………………
Services less medical care services…..............
Energy…............................................................
All items less energy…......................................
All items less food and energy….....................
Commodities less food and energy…............
Energy commodities....................................
Services less energy…..................................
1
Not seasonally adjusted.
2
Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base.
3
Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base.
4
Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base.
NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 115
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Pricing
All Urban Consumers
2006
schedule1
U.S. city average……………………………………………
Oct.
Urban Wage Earners
2007
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
2006
Feb.
Mar.
Oct.
Nov.
2007
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
M
201.8
201.5
201.8
202.416
203.499
205.352
197.0
196.8
197.2
197.559
198.544
200.612
Northeast urban……….………………………………………….………
M
215.2
214.8
215.2
215.813
216.651
218.334
211.1
210.9
211.5
212.054
212.649
214.517
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
217.7
217.4
217.8
218.365
219.330
220.936
212.1
212.2
212.7
213.163
213.892
215.629
M
126.9
126.4
126.7
127.237
127.546
128.691
127.0
126.5
126.9
127.395
127.587
128.888
M
192.3
192.8
192.9
193.068
194.458
196.389
187.0
187.5
187.8
187.811
189.121
191.145
M
194.1
194.5
194.7
195.073
196.507
198.335
187.9
188.3
188.6
188.802
190.087
192.051
M
122.6
123.1
123.0
122.861
123.854
125.151
121.7
122.2
122.3
122.103
123.121
124.508
M
187.1
187.0
187.1
187.587
188.122
190.365
185.1
185.2
185.5
185.949
186.458
188.484
South urban…….…..............................................................
M
194.7
194.3
194.8
195.021
195.950
197.904
191.5
191.1
191.8
191.671
192.574
194.734
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
197.2
196.6
197.3
197.650
198.516
200.538
195.0
194.4
195.1
195.057
196.032
198.254
M
123.7
123.4
123.8
123.817
124.521
125.726
122.1
121.8
122.3
122.204
122.842
124.185
M
195.7
195.4
196.0
196.077
196.043
198.204
195.2
195.2
195.7
195.466
195.444
197.902
West urban…….…...............................................................
M
207.1
206.3
206.2
207.790
208.995
210.778
201.3
200.6
200.8
201.946
203.036
205.173
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
210.5
209.7
209.6
211.102
212.549
214.393
203.0
202.2
202.4
203.537
204.885
207.180
M
125.5
125.1
125.0
126.244
126.805
127.848
125.0
124.5
124.6
125.593
126.161
127.333
M
M
M
185.0
124.2
194.3
184.7
124.1
194.2
184.9
124.3
194.6
185.608
124.571
194.724
186.673
125.243
194.945
188.309
126.424
196.999
182.8
123.3
192.5
182.6
123.1
192.5
183.0
123.4
192.9
183.443
123.578
192.985
184.447
124.203
193.060
186.331
125.513
195.247
Chicago–Gary–Kenosha, IL–IN–WI…………………………..
M
Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA……….…………
M
197.5
211.4
197.9
211.1
197.8
210.6
199.401
212.584
200.630
214.760
202.483
216.500
190.3
203.5
190.8
203.3
190.9
202.9
192.166
204.498
193.451
206.632
195.472
208.929
New York, NY–Northern NJ–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA…
M
221.7
220.9
221.3
221.767
223.066
224.551
215.3
214.7
215.2
215.793
216.771
218.510
Boston–Brockton–Nashua, MA–NH–ME–CT……….…………
1
–
223.1
–
224.432
–
226.427
–
223.4
–
224.256
–
225.918
Cleveland–Akron, OH……………………………………………
1
–
189.4
–
191.610
–
194.244
–
179.5
–
181.559
–
184.014
Dallas–Ft Worth, TX…….………………………………………
1
–
188.4
–
188.890
–
190.156
–
189.6
–
190.187
–
191.750
Washington–Baltimore, DC–MD–VA–WV ……….………………
1
–
129.3
–
129.956
–
131.945
–
128.7
–
128.978
–
131.234
Atlanta, GA……………………..…………………………………
2
192.7
–
194.8
–
194.886
–
190.9
–
193.1
–
193.446
–
Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI……………………………………
2
196.6
–
196.4
–
198.064
–
191.2
–
191.0
–
192.717
–
Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX………………………………
2
180.4
–
179.2
–
181.217
–
178.9
–
177.5
–
179.288
–
Miami–Ft. Lauderdale, FL……………...………………………
2
204.8
–
205.4
–
207.989
–
203.1
–
203.6
–
205.688
–
Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD……
2
211.6
–
211.6
–
213.152
–
211.1
–
211.2
–
212.986
–
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA…….…………………
2
211.0
–
210.4
–
213.688
–
206.2
–
205.6
–
208.803
–
Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA………………...……………
2
209.8
–
209.3
–
211.704
–
203.9
–
204.3
–
205.746
–
Region and area size2
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
4
Midwest urban ……….………………………………………….…………
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size classes:
5
A ……….………………………………………….…………..……………
3
B/C ……………………….….………………………………………….…
D…………….…………......................................................
Selected local areas 6
7
1
Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other
goods and services priced as indicated:
M—Every month.
1—January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2—February, April, June, August, October, and December.
Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnatti, OH–KY–IN; Kansas City, MO–KS; Milwaukee–Racine,
WI; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN–WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land–Salem, OR–WA; St Louis,
MO–IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL.
2
Regions defined as the four Census regions.
3
Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local
index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling
and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than
the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use
in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Dash indicates data not available.
4
The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the
Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities.
5
Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base.
6
In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and
appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed
116
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
7
Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base.
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
[1982–84 = 100]
Series
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index..................……...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Food and beverages:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Housing:
Index....………………...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Apparel:
Index........................…….........................................
Percent change............................……………………
Transportation:
Index........................………......................................
Percent change............................……………………
Medical care:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Other goods and services:
Index............…….....................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items:
Index....................……………...................................
Percent change............................……………………
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
156.9
3.0
160.5
2.3
163.0
1.6
166.6
2.2
172.2
3.4
177.1
2.8
179.9
1.6
184.0
2.3
188.9
2.7
195.3
3.4
201.6
3.2
153.7
3.2
157.7
2.6
161.1
2.2
164.6
2.2
168.4
2.3
173.6
3.1
176.8
1.8
180.5
2.1
186.6
3.3
191.2
2.5
195.7
2.4
152.8
2.9
156.8
2.6
160.4
2.3
163.9
2.2
169.6
3.5
176.4
4.0
180.3
2.2
184.8
2.5
189.5
2.5
195.7
3.3
203.2
3.8
131.7
–.2
132.9
.9
133.0
.1
131.3
–1.3
129.6
–1.3
127.3
–1.8
124.0
–2.6
120.9
–2.5
120.4
–.4
119.5
–.7
119.5
.0
143.0
2.8
144.3
0.9
141.6
–1.9
144.4
2.0
153.3
6.2
154.3
0.7
152.9
–.9
157.6
3.1
163.1
3.5
173.9
6.6
180.9
4.0
228.2
3.5
234.6
2.8
242.1
3.2
250.6
3.5
260.8
4.1
272.8
4.6
285.6
4.7
297.1
4.0
310.1
4.4
323.2
4.2
336.2
4.0
215.4
4.1
224.8
4.4
237.7
5.7
258.3
8.7
271.1
5.0
282.6
4.2
293.2
3.8
298.7
1.9
304.7
2.0
313.4
2.9
321.7
2.6
154.1
2.9
157.6
2.3
159.7
1.3
163.2
2.2
168.9
3.5
173.5
2.7
175.9
1.4
179.8
2.2
184.5
5.1
191.0
1.1
197.1
3.2
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 117
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
41. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Grouping
Finished goods....……………………………
Finished consumer goods.........................
Finished consumer foods........................
Annual average
2005
2006
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
2007
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.p Jan.p Feb.p Mar.p
155.7
160.4
155.7
160.4
166.0
156.7
159.1
164.5
154.4
160.7
166.5
154.8
161.2
167.2
154.2
161.8
168.0
156.1
161.7
168.3
156.4
162.3
168.8
158.3
160.3
165.9
159.2
158.9
163.8
158.4
159.8
164.5
157.9
160.5
165.5
160.1
160.1
164.9
161.1
162.0
167.2
164.3
164.2
170.3
166.5
excluding foods.....................................
Nondurable goods less food.................
Durable goods......................................
Capital equipment...................................
161.9
172.0
136.6
144.6
169.2
182.6
136.9
146.9
168.0
180.6
137.4
146.4
170.7
184.7
137.1
146.6
171.9
186.5
137.1
146.7
172.3
187.2
136.7
146.7
172.5
188.8
134.1
145.8
172.5
188.4
135.1
146.4
168.2
181.7
135.6
146.7
165.5
177.1
136.9
147.5
166.7
177.8
139.1
148.8
167.2
178.9
138.5
148.6
166.0
177.1
138.3
148.9
167.9
179.8
138.8
149.4
171.3
185.1
138.3
149.3
Intermediate materials,
supplies, and components........…………
154.0
164.0
161.2
163.1
164.9
166.1
166.6
167.4
165.4
162.9
163.3
164.1
163.3
164.7
166.8
146.0
146.0
163.2
158.3
129.9
155.9
146.2
175.0
180.5
134.5
152.7
144.4
173.3
170.5
133.1
153.9
143.7
173.1
175.4
133.8
156.3
144.4
176.2
182.4
134.0
157.3
145.7
178.1
183.4
134.4
158.2
147.5
177.7
186.4
135.0
158.6
146.8
178.1
186.7
135.7
158.4
148.1
176.3
186.9
136.0
158.1
147.7
175.1
187.3
136.0
157.4
148.1
173.8
185.3
136.2
157.1
147.9
172.9
185.0
136.2
157.3
150.3
174.0
183.1
136.5
158.5
153.7
175.6
185.5
136.4
159.2
156.1
177.1
187.5
135.8
for construction.........................................
Processed fuels and lubricants...................
Containers..................................................
Supplies......................................................
176.6
150.0
167.1
151.9
188.4
162.8
175.0
157.0
185.5
160.0
173.1
155.9
186.7
165.6
172.8
156.2
188.2
167.4
173.3
156.5
189.2
169.4
176.3
156.8
190.2
169.2
176.6
157.2
190.7
171.5
177.1
157.5
191.0
161.6
178.0
157.5
190.4
149.9
177.5
158.2
189.6
153.9
176.8
158.6
189.6
157.5
176.8
159.3
190.3
152.0
178.1
159.6
190.4
155.6
178.4
160.6
191.1
163.8
178.9
160.7
Crude materials for further
processing.......................…………………
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...........................
Crude nonfood materials............................
182.2
122.7
223.4
184.8
119.3
230.6
178.4
114.2
223.4
183.0
113.1
232.4
186.9
112.7
239.6
181.6
116.9
226.7
186.2
118.8
233.4
191.1
119.3
241.8
183.8
121.3
227.1
167.0
124.8
194.7
186.6
127.5
227.2
191.2
126.9
235.7
180.0
128.7
212.9
199.9
138.5
240.4
206.3
141.8
249.2
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding foods................
Finished energy goods...............................
Finished goods less energy........................
Finished consumer goods less energy.......
Finished goods less food and energy.........
155.5
132.6
155.9
160.8
156.4
161.0
145.9
157.9
162.7
158.7
160.1
143.1
157.2
161.8
158.5
161.9
149.6
157.2
161.9
158.5
162.7
151.9
157.3
161.9
158.7
163.0
153.1
157.7
162.4
158.6
162.8
155.4
156.9
161.8
157.5
163.1
155.0
157.8
162.7
158.0
160.3
144.3
158.2
163.3
158.3
158.8
136.8
158.6
163.5
159.1
160.0
137.9
159.4
164.0
160.3
160.3
139.1
159.9
164.9
160.3
159.6
135.6
160.4
165.5
160.6
161.0
139.1
161.7
167.1
161.2
163.2
147.1
162.3
168.0
161.2
and energy................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food
164.3
166.7
166.7
166.5
166.9
166.6
165.4
165.8
166.1
166.9
168.1
168.1
168.5
169.2
169.2
and energy..............................................
187.1
191.5
191.0
191.0
191.7
191.6
191.9
191.6
191.8
192.0
192.2
192.7
193.6
194.7
195.3
155.1
133.8
149.2
153.3
165.4
135.2
162.8
162.1
162.6
133.8
160.4
159.4
164.6
133.0
165.9
160.3
166.5
133.1
168.1
162.0
167.6
133.9
169.9
162.9
168.2
135.2
169.3
163.8
169.0
134.6
170.9
164.4
166.9
135.2
161.3
164.3
164.2
135.7
149.7
164.2
164.6
138.6
153.9
163.7
165.3
140.4
156.8
163.9
164.3
142.6
151.8
164.1
165.6
148.1
155.2
165.1
167.6
150.6
163.2
165.6
and energy................................................
154.6
163.8
161.0
162.0
163.7
164.7
165.6
166.2
166.1
166.0
165.3
165.4
165.5
166.2
166.6
Crude energy materials..............................
Crude materials less energy.......................
Crude nonfood materials less energy.........
p = preliminary
234.0
143.5
202.4
226.9
152.3
244.5
223.6
144.1
227.7
231.6
146.4
239.4
233.5
151.4
259.5
216.9
153.4
255.4
224.7
155.8
259.3
240.2
153.9
250.9
218.1
156.2
253.8
174.3
157.2
247.9
220.5
159.2
248.1
230.9
159.9
252.3
195.9
162.1
255.5
231.9
171.7
264.2
236.0
179.0
283.7
Finished consumer goods
Materials and components
for manufacturing......................................
Materials for food manufacturing..............
Materials for nondurable manufacturing...
Materials for durable manufacturing.........
Components for manufacturing................
Materials and components
Finished consumer goods less food
Intermediate materials less foods
and feeds..................................................
Intermediate foods and feeds.....................
Intermediate energy goods.........................
Intermediate goods less energy..................
Intermediate materials less foods
118
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups
[December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
NAICS
Industry
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov. Dec. p Jan.p
Feb.p Mar. p
211
212
213
Total mining industries (December 1984=100).............................
Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) .............................
Mining, except oil and gas……………………………………………
Mining support activities………………………………………………
202.0
247.1
140.0
167.2
210.6
257.1
146.1
172.7
215.4
259.3
154.8
174.3
204.2
241.7
150.3
176.6
211.3
252.6
154.0
174.1
220.4
270.1
151.8
175.6
204.8
242.1
152.9
173.2
176.1
191.7
150.8
174.0
205.5
244.5
149.3
177.1
212.2
256.2
150.7
175.3
188.2
217.7
149.1
172.4
204.5
244.4
152.3
169.0
207.8
249.2
153.1
169.9
311
312
313
315
316
321
322
323
324
Total manufacturing industries (December 1984=100)................
Food manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………………
Beverage and tobacco manufacturing...........................................
Textile mills....................................................................................
Apparel manufacturing………………………………...………………
Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100)
Wood products manufacturing………………………………………
Paper manufacturing.....................................................................
Printing and related support activities...........................................
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
155.0
145.2
106.6
106.0
100.3
145.9
110.1
110.5
105.2
222.8
157.2
144.1
106.5
106.1
100.4
146.4
110.2
110.6
105.3
249.2
158.5
144.7
106.6
106.8
100.5
146.6
110.9
111.7
105.4
260.0
159.5
146.4
106.9
106.6
100.4
146.5
109.6
112.9
105.5
267.6
159.4
147.4
106.2
106.8
100.4
146.6
108.7
113.3
105.6
267.4
159.8
147.5
105.5
107.0
100.6
146.8
107.4
113.7
105.8
268.3
156.8
147.9
105.9
106.9
100.6
147.0
107.5
114.1
105.9
227.1
155.9
147.6
105.9
107.1
100.9
147.3
105.9
114.3
106.3
213.0
156.4
149.0
106.5
107.3
100.8
147.4
105.8
114.1
106.3
211.8
156.9
149.8
106.9
106.8
100.8
147.6
106.0
114.3
106.3
216.6
156.4
151.6
107.5
107.0
101.4
148.6
106.6
114.7
106.3
203.2
157.8
154.3
108.9
107.3
101.1
148.0
106.6
114.6
105.9
211.9
160.1
156.1
109.3
107.5
101.5
149.2
107.1
114.2
106.0
237.3
325
326
(December 1984=100)………………………………….…………
Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………… 196.2
148.7
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
195.7
148.8
196.6
148.8
197.2
148.9
197.6
149.5
197.8
150.5
197.9
150.6
197.2
151.2
196.5
151.1
197.0
150.6
197.3
149.9
198.3
149.5
200.0
149.4
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100)………………
Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100)…
Machinery manufacturing………………………..……………………
Computer and electronic products manufacturing…………………
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing
Transportation equipment manufacturing……………………………
Furniture and related product manufacturing
166.4
153.0
107.8
96.5
112.8
103.4
161.5
171.4
153.6
108.0
96.7
114.1
103.4
161.6
178.4
154.3
108.3
96.6
116.0
103.4
162.3
182.3
155.4
108.6
96.5
117.6
103.1
162.5
186.7
156.4
108.9
96.5
117.8
101.1
162.9
186.9
157.3
109.1
96.5
119.2
101.9
163.0
188.1
157.7
109.4
96.6
119.5
102.2
163.1
189.1
158.3
109.9
96.4
119.7
103.2
163.5
186.3
158.5
110.1
96.3
119.4
105.1
163.6
186.5
159.0
110.2
96.2
119.2
104.8
163.6
183.6
160.0
111.0
96.3
119.2
105.0
164.5
185.8
160.5
111.7
96.3
119.1
105.2
165.6
188.3
160.7
111.8
94.9
118.7
104.9
165.1
339
Miscellaneous manufacturing………………………………………… 104.2
104.5
104.9
104.8
105.1
105.2
104.9
104.8
105.3
105.4
106.1
106.3
106.5
112.4
116.1
102.9
120.5
44.9
112.0
113.2
114.9
105.6
120.1
44.4
111.8
114.3
116.1
103.9
118.7
48.9
111.6
114.7
116.8
96.9
118.7
44.7
113.0
113.8
117.0
97.0
118.6
49.3
108.1
113.5
118.4
96.2
119.3
52.4
120.0
113.3
118.8
100.5
120.3
63.6
134.1
113.3
118.4
96.7
119.8
55.4
121.4
113.5
115.7
104.4
119.4
50.9
123.9
112.2
115.6
93.7
119.5
52.5
130.2
113.4
115.4
102.0
121.8
73.0
134.8
112.6
114.3
84.1
122.2
56.2
131.7
114.7
115.6
84.3
122.8
66.5
127.3
Air transportation (December 1992=100)…………………………… 182.5
Water transportation…………………………………………………… 111.0
Postal service (June 1989=100)……………………………………… 164.7
182.7
110.5
164.7
179.7
111.1
164.7
185.4
110.9
164.7
186.9
111.5
164.7
185.6
111.9
164.7
176.4
112.2
164.7
176.9
112.5
164.7
179.0
111.6
164.7
172.0
111.4
164.7
177.0
110.6
164.7
178.2
112.6
164.7
176.6
112.0
164.7
121.5
121.0
120.8
122.3
126.2
123.3
116.3
121.4
122.9
122.0
125.7
124.8
117.2
104.2
121.7
151.7
108.6
107.3
117.1
104.4
121.7
152.1
108.7
108.0
117.2
104.4
121.7
152.3
108.8
108.0
117.6
104.4
121.8
152.5
109.0
108.0
117.8
104.5
121.8
153.3
110.1
108.4
117.8
104.5
121.8
153.6
110.2
108.9
117.7
104.5
121.8
153.8
110.4
109.2
117.6
104.5
122.3
155.7
110.8
109.3
117.6
104.5
122.2
155.8
110.8
109.9
118.0
104.6
122.3
156.0
110.8
110.0
121.9
106.7
122.9
157.2
112.6
111.1
123.2
104.5
122.6
156.6
112.0
110.2
122.4
104.5
122.3
156.7
112.2
110.5
105.2
101.7
97.6
99.2
111.4
106.5
111.3
103.2
114.2
144.3
106.7
105.3
102.6
97.8
99.0
111.9
106.9
111.3
103.1
114.9
144.7
105.3
106.1
103.8
97.8
99.6
113.5
107.5
110.6
103.1
111.6
144.9
106.5
106.0
103.4
98.1
99.5
114.2
107.2
110.8
102.9
114.6
144.8
106.6
106.4
100.9
98.4
99.8
114.5
109.5
111.8
102.6
116.4
144.9
106.7
106.5
100.9
98.7
100.2
114.7
109.2
111.3
102.8
112.9
145.4
108.2
106.7
102.7
99.0
100.2
114.6
110.4
110.7
102.9
113.5
146.3
108.9
106.9
106.8
99.3
100.1
115.8
108.9
110.7
102.7
117.5
146.3
107.7
107.2
105.2
99.2
100.0
115.9
107.1
110.7
102.6
117.9
146.7
108.0
107.0
103.8
99.7
99.9
116.1
108.0
110.7
102.9
121.4
146.9
110.1
107.5
102.7
99.3
100.1
117.8
105.7
110.5
103.1
119.7
151.7
110.3
107.9
103.1
99.5
100.2
118.8
107.2
110.7
103.7
116.6
150.5
109.2
108.5
102.8
99.4
100.2
119.2
106.3
110.8
102.9
115.5
152.7
110.5
(December 1996=100)……………………………………………… 132.8
54181
Advertising agencies…………………………………………………… 103.6
5613
Employment services (December 1996=100)……………………… 118.8
56151
Travel agencies………………………………………………………… 98.4
56172
Janitorial services……………………………………………………… 102.6
5621
Waste collection………………………………………………………… 104.0
721
Accommodation (December 1996=100)…………………………… 134.9
p = preliminary.
132.9
103.5
118.9
98.5
103.3
104.0
135.7
134.1
103.5
118.4
99.1
103.6
104.0
136.3
134.4
103.5
118.6
101.5
103.7
104.2
137.3
134.7
104.7
119.2
99.4
103.8
104.2
138.1
135.5
104.7
120.0
98.6
104.2
104.5
139.1
135.5
104.7
119.9
98.3
104.3
104.5
138.1
136.1
104.7
120.1
102.5
104.6
104.7
138.7
136.3
104.7
120.2
102.3
104.8
106.1
138.3
136.4
104.7
120.7
99.1
104.8
106.0
136.1
138.3
104.4
120.8
100.5
105.1
106.1
138.7
138.1
104.9
121.0
101.4
105.2
105.2
137.0
138.4
104.8
121.1
100.6
105.7
106.8
140.8
(December 1984=100)………….…………………………………
(December 1984=100)………………………………………………
Retail trade
441
442
443
446
447
454
Motor vehicle and parts dealers………………………………………
Furniture and home furnishings stores………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores……………………………………
Health and personal care stores………………………………………
Gasoline stations (June 2001=100)…………………………………
Nonstore retailers………………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing
481
483
491
Utilities
221
Utilities…………………………………………………………………… 123.5
Health care and social assistance
6211
6215
6216
622
6231
62321
Office of physicians (December 1996=100)…………………………
Medical and diagnostic laboratories…………………………………
Home health care services (December 1996=100)…………………
Hospitals (December 1992=100)……………………………………
Nursing care facilities…………………………………………………
Residential mental retardation facilities………………………………
Other services industries
511
515
517
5182
523
53112
5312
5313
5321
5411
541211
5413
Publishing industries, except Internet ………………………………
Broadcasting, except Internet…………………………………………
Telecommunications……………………………………………………
Data processing and related services………………………………
Security, commodity contracts, and like activity……………………
Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse)………
Offices of real estate agents and brokers……………………………
Real estate support activities…………………………………………
Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100)………
Legal services (December 1996=100)………………………………
Offices of certified public accountants………………………………
Architectural, engineering, and related services
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 119
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Index
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Finished goods
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
131.3
133.6
83.2
142.0
131.8
134.5
83.4
142.4
130.7
134.3
75.1
143.7
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
140.7
141.3
96.8
150.0
138.9
140.1
88.8
150.2
143.3
145.9
102.0
150.5
148.5
152.7
113.0
152.7
155.7
155.7
132.6
156.4
160.3
156.7
145.9
158.6
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Total...............................................................................
Foods............……………………………………….….…
Energy…...............................………………………….…
Other.................…………...………..........………….……
125.7
125.3
89.8
134.0
125.6
123.2
89.0
134.2
123.0
123.2
80.8
133.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
127.8
123.2
95.9
135.8
133.7
134.4
111.9
138.5
142.6
145.0
123.2
146.5
154.0
146.0
149.2
154.6
164.0
146.3
162.6
163.9
113.8
121.5
85.0
105.7
111.1
112.2
87.3
103.5
96.8
103.9
68.6
84.5
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121.0
106.1
122.3
101.5
108.1
99.5
102.0
101.0
135.3
113.5
147.2
116.9
159.0
127.0
174.6
149.2
182.2
122.7
234.0
176.7
185.4
119.3
228.5
210.0
Crude materials for further processing
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
Category
2006
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
2007
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
108.8
109.6
110.4
111.2
111.6
112.1
111.7
111.4
111.8
112.5
113.0
113.9
114.7
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
121.7
121.5
123.2
121.0
120.8
122.5
122.0
121.9
122.9
125.6
125.7
125.0
128.5
128.9
125.6
129.5
129.8
126.9
128.8
129.1
126.0
130.2
130.9
124.5
135.8
137.4
122.4
138.7
140.5
123.5
139.0
140.8
123.6
143.5
145.6
125.6
146.9
149.2
127.9
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 131.3
133.9
136.5
138.8
139.2
141.2
139.5
137.3
137.8
139.4
140.3
143.0
145.5
Agricultural industrial supplies and materials…........
116.8
117.2
116.4
117.3
116.6
118.8
118.1
117.8
120.2
123.9
127.2
126.8
127.5
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
173.5
187.0
194.9
196.3
199.0
207.2
191.1
177.5
180.5
183.5
173.8
182.1
188.7
Nonagricultural supplies and materials,
excluding fuel and building materials…………...…
Selected building materials…...............................…
128.5
108.5
129.8
108.6
132.0
109.0
134.7
109.8
134.9
109.8
136.0
110.1
136.3
110.0
135.5
110.5
135.5
110.5
136.8
111.5
139.1
111.8
141.3
112.2
143.5
112.7
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 98.2
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 104.4
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 92.7
98.4
104.5
92.7
98.4
104.6
92.7
98.4
104.8
92.7
98.5
104.8
92.7
98.3
104.9
92.4
98.5
105.1
92.6
98.7
105.9
92.7
98.8
106.0
92.6
98.8
106.2
92.6
99.1
105.9
92.7
99.2
105.9
92.7
99.1
106.0
92.7
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
104.4
104.6
104.7
104.9
105.1
105.1
105.2
105.3
105.3
105.5
105.7
105.8
105.9
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 102.3
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 102.4
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 101.3
102.6
102.7
101.4
103.2
103.0
102.2
103.5
103.3
102.4
103.7
103.6
102.5
103.9
103.7
102.9
104.0
103.8
103.1
103.9
103.6
103.0
103.9
103.7
102.9
104.0
104.0
102.8
104.8
105.0
103.5
104.8
105.1
103.3
104.8
104.9
103.4
Agricultural commodities……………...…………………
Nonagricultural commodities……………...……………
120.2
108.8
120.9
109.6
124.1
110.3
126.5
110.5
127.7
111.0
127.1
110.6
128.4
110.1
134.1
110.2
137.3
110.7
138.1
111.2
142.0
111.9
145.0
112.5
120
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
120.7
108.0
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2006
Category
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2007
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
112.7
115.1
117.2
117.3
118.2
118.8
116.2
113.3
113.8
115.1
113.7
114.1
115.9
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
117.0
125.4
98.3
116.2
124.6
97.6
118.1
127.1
98.1
118.0
126.8
98.5
118.1
126.5
99.4
120.6
129.9
99.8
120.9
130.4
99.8
121.1
130.9
99.2
121.6
132.2
98.1
122.6
133.7
97.9
124.5
135.5
99.8
124.8
135.4
101.1
124.7
135.1
101.3
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 160.4
170.1
178.2
178.1
180.9
182.8
172.2
160.4
162.2
166.6
160.4
162.0
169.9
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
Petroleum and petroleum products…………...……
201.5
207.2
221.1
230.7
233.9
245.4
230.2
242.6
237.6
251.3
240.9
253.7
216.3
225.9
192.3
202.5
195.5
199.2
204.3
207.1
190.1
193.5
194.0
196.8
209.8
213.9
Paper and paper base stocks…...............................
107.7
109.3
110.4
111.3
111.9
112.9
113.1
113.0
113.2
112.8
111.4
111.4
111.5
Materials associated with nondurable
supplies and materials…...............................………
Selected building materials…...............................…
Unfinished metals associated with durable goods…
Nonmetals associated with durable goods…...........
119.3
118.0
161.1
100.8
119.0
118.1
165.4
101.0
119.5
120.0
180.2
101.0
120.6
117.2
193.2
101.1
121.7
116.8
184.2
101.2
121.4
115.2
188.7
101.5
121.8
115.8
194.4
101.3
122.1
112.1
192.4
101.5
123.0
110.8
193.7
101.6
123.0
110.6
195.9
101.7
123.5
111.5
197.9
101.9
123.8
111.0
197.7
102.0
124.0
111.4
202.8
101.8
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 91.1
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........
100.1
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 88.0
91.0
100.3
87.8
91.0
100.9
87.7
91.2
102.1
87.8
91.3
102.2
87.9
91.3
102.1
87.9
91.3
102.7
87.8
91.3
102.6
87.8
91.4
102.9
87.8
91.5
103.0
87.9
91.5
104.2
87.8
91.2
104.1
87.4
91.1
104.2
87.2
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
103.5
103.6
103.7
103.9
104.1
104.1
104.1
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.3
104.4
104.4
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………...
99.6
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 102.8
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 96.3
Nonmanufactured consumer goods…………...……… 98.2
99.5
102.6
96.4
98.4
99.7
102.5
96.9
98.4
99.8
102.6
97.0
98.6
100.3
103.0
97.5
99.7
100.4
103.0
97.7
100.1
100.5
103.0
97.8
100.5
100.6
102.9
98.0
101.8
100.7
103.1
98.1
101.7
101.0
103.4
98.2
101.8
101.2
104.2
98.0
102.1
101.2
104.0
98.1
102.1
101.3
104.1
98.3
102.2
46. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[2000 = 100, unless indicated otherwise]
Category
2005
Mar.
June
2006
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2007
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Air freight (inbound)……………......................................
Air freight (outbound)……………...………………………
126.3
103.8
125.6
107.2
127.5
112.4
124.6
112.0
124.6
113.5
129.2
117.2
128.9
116.9
127.1
113.8
126.6
112.3
Inbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)…………
Outbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100))….....
Ocean liner freight (inbound)…………...………..........…
114.5
105.0
121.3
116.1
120.5
128.5
118.3
120.1
127.9
108.5
110.8
126.8
110.5
110.6
125.4
121.0
128.7
114.9
123.9
126.4
114.2
118.5
119.3
114.0
119.5
119.3
112.6
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 121
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
[1992 = 100]
2004
Item
I
II
2005
III
IV
I
II
2006
III
IV
I
II
2007
III
IV
I
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
131.4
154.4
118.5
117.5
122.9
119.5
132.8
155.7
118.4
117.3
126.1
120.6
133.0
157.5
119.0
118.5
125.6
121.1
133.5
160.0
119.9
119.9
125.9
122.1
134.6
161.7
120.5
120.1
127.9
123.0
134.8
161.8
119.4
120.0
129.9
123.7
136.2
164.7
119.9
120.9
131.2
124.7
136.1
165.7
119.7
121.8
132.4
125.7
137.4
170.8
122.8
124.4
130.2
126.6
137.7
170.2
120.8
123.6
134.2
127.5
137.6
170.5
120.2
123.9
134.6
127.9
138.1
174.8
123.8
126.6
130.9
128.2
138.3
175.9
123.4
127.2
133.1
129.4
130.6
153.5
117.8
117.5
123.6
119.8
132.1
154.8
117.6
117.2
126.7
120.7
132.2
156.5
118.3
118.4
126.6
121.4
132.3
158.6
118.8
119.9
127.0
122.5
133.6
160.5
119.6
120.1
129.4
123.5
134.1
160.8
118.7
119.9
131.8
124.3
135.4
163.5
119.1
120.8
133.2
125.3
135.2
164.5
118.8
121.7
134.4
126.4
136.3
169.6
121.9
124.4
132.2
127.3
136.7
169.0
120.0
123.6
136.5
128.3
136.6
169.2
119.2
123.9
136.7
128.6
137.3
173.8
123.1
126.6
132.5
128.8
137.6
175.0
122.8
127.1
134.4
129.8
137.4
151.8
116.5
110.1
110.5
109.2
131.3
115.1
112.0
138.2
153.2
116.4
110.5
110.8
109.7
139.7
117.7
113.1
139.7
154.9
117.1
110.6
110.9
109.8
143.1
118.7
113.5
139.8
157.0
117.6
111.7
112.3
110.2
143.6
119.1
114.6
141.2
158.7
118.3
112.2
112.4
111.5
150.2
121.9
115.6
142.1
159.1
117.4
111.9
111.9
111.9
161.4
125.2
116.4
142.2
161.8
117.9
114.1
113.8
114.9
152.9
125.1
117.6
142.3
162.8
117.6
114.1
114.4
113.3
163.7
126.8
118.5
145.9
167.4
120.3
113.8
114.7
111.1
177.3
128.8
119.4
144.3
167.1
118.6
115.2
115.8
113.7
172.1
129.3
120.3
145.7
167.5
118.0
114.2
114.9
112.1
184.4
131.4
120.4
146.2
171.0
121.1
115.8
117.0
112.5
171.1
128.2
120.7
146.4
173.0
121.4
116.7
118.2
112.7
174.0
129.1
121.8
161.7
157.4
120.9
97.4
163.0
159.7
121.4
98.0
164.1
163.0
123.2
99.3
166.3
165.3
123.9
99.4
168.7
166.2
123.9
98.5
171.2
167.8
123.9
98.0
172.6
170.7
124.4
98.9
173.9
170.9
123.4
98.2
175.7
176.4
126.8
100.4
177.3
173.9
123.5
98.1
179.9
173.9
122.5
96.7
180.7
178.8
126.6
98.9
181.8
181.8
127.6
100.0
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
122
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Item
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons......……………..............
87.2
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 105.6
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
93.9
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.8
87.4
104.4
93.7
79.2
90.0
104.5
95.3
82.8
91.7
104.7
96.2
87.2
94.3
103.3
97.4
91.5
97.2
102.2
98.7
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.8
96.1
100.2
100.5
107.1
95.0
101.9
102.0
111.2
95.9
104.6
105.2
114.7
98.0
107.3
109.9
117.1
99.1
109.2
114.1
119.1
99.9
110.4
118.4
86.3
72.8
81.8
82.6
88.8
75.8
84.5
83.8
90.6
79.2
86.9
86.1
94.2
83.3
90.7
87.6
96.4
88.5
93.9
91.2
99.0
94.2
97.5
95.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
104.5
100.3
106.9
97.2
107.4
100.2
112.7
96.9
109.7
100.6
116.0
98.4
112.2
102.4
117.1
100.2
115.1
104.5
118.1
102.8
118.6
107.3
119.2
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........……………………… 87.7
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 106.5
94.5
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.7
88.2
105.5
94.5
79.3
90.5
105.3
95.8
82.8
92.0
105.1
96.4
87.2
94.5
103.7
97.7
91.5
97.3
102.4
98.8
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
96.1
100.1
100.5
107.1
94.9
101.9
102.1
111.0
95.7
104.4
105.2
114.4
97.7
107.1
109.9
116.8
99.1
109.1
114.1
118.7
99.8
110.2
118.4
85.7
72.1
81.2
82.4
88.2
75.2
83.9
83.6
90.2
78.7
86.5
86.0
93.9
82.9
90.4
87.5
96.2
88.2
93.7
91.1
99.0
94.0
97.5
95.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.7
104.6
100.4
106.9
97.2
107.6
100.2
112.8
97.1
110.0
100.7
116.1
98.6
112.4
102.5
117.0
100.4
115.1
104.6
117.9
103.0
118.7
107.5
119.0
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons...…………………………
Output per unit of capital services………………………
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
Output…...............................………………………….……
76.1
96.6
89.0
76.4
79.4
98.2
90.6
80.4
82.4
97.6
91.0
83.1
86.9
100.2
93.6
89.2
91.7
100.5
95.8
93.8
95.8
100.3
96.5
97.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.5
93.6
98.7
94.9
108.6
92.5
102.4
94.3
115.3
93.5
105.3
95.2
117.9
95.9
109.2
96.9
123.4
99.6
113.0
100.3
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Hours of all persons.....................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Energy……………….……….........................................
Nonenergy materials....................................................
Purchased business services.......................................
Combined units of all factor inputs…………...………...
100.3
79.0
110.4
74.8
84.7
85.8
101.2
81.8
113.7
78.8
88.9
88.7
100.8
85.2
110.3
86.0
88.5
91.3
102.6
89.0
108.2
92.9
92.1
95.3
102.3
93.4
105.4
97.7
95.0
98.0
101.6
97.1
105.5
102.6
100.0
100.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.5
101.4
90.6
93.3
100.7
96.2
86.8
101.9
89.3
88.3
98.2
92.1
82.6
101.8
84.4
87.7
99.1
90.5
82.2
101.1
81.1
85.5
95.2
88.7
81.3
100.7
78.5
86.3
96.5
88.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons.......................……………
Private nonfarm business
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons......…………………………
Manufacturing [1996 = 100]
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 123
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
[1992 = 100]
Item
1961
1971
1981
1991
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
50.6
14.4
63.1
28.5
25.3
27.3
69.0
25.1
80.9
36.3
34.1
35.5
80.8
59.3
89.6
73.5
69.1
71.8
95.9
95.1
97.5
99.1
96.7
98.2
109.5
119.9
105.2
109.5
110.0
109.7
112.8
125.8
108.0
111.5
109.4
110.7
116.1
134.7
112.0
116.0
107.2
112.7
119.1
140.4
113.5
117.9
110.0
114.9
123.9
145.3
115.7
117.3
114.1
116.1
128.7
151.2
117.7
117.5
118.3
117.8
132.6
156.9
119.0
118.3
125.1
120.8
135.4
163.5
119.9
120.7
130.4
124.3
137.7
171.6
121.9
124.6
132.5
127.5
53.5
15.0
65.3
28.0
24.8
26.8
70.7
25.2
81.4
35.7
33.8
35.0
81.7
59.7
90.2
73.1
67.7
71.1
96.1
95.0
97.4
98.9
96.8
98.1
109.4
119.6
104.9
109.3
111.0
109.9
112.5
125.2
107.5
111.3
110.9
111.1
115.7
134.2
111.6
116.0
108.7
113.3
118.6
139.5
112.8
117.7
111.6
115.4
123.5
144.6
115.1
117.1
116.0
116.7
128.0
150.4
117.1
117.5
119.6
118.3
131.8
155.9
118.2
118.3
126.0
121.1
134.6
162.3
119.1
120.6
132.2
124.9
136.7
170.4
121.0
124.6
134.5
128.2
57.9
16.7
73.0
27.5
28.8
23.8
50.3
30.9
29.5
72.7
27.3
88.1
36.5
37.6
33.6
50.5
38.1
37.8
82.9
62.4
94.3
74.8
75.3
73.5
81.0
75.5
75.4
97.4
95.5
97.9
99.3
98.0
102.7
93.2
100.2
98.7
113.7
118.3
103.8
102.9
104.1
99.5
137.0
109.5
105.9
117.9
124.1
106.6
104.0
105.3
100.4
129.1
108.0
106.2
122.4
133.0
110.6
107.4
108.6
104.2
108.7
105.4
107.5
124.7
138.6
112.1
111.6
111.2
112.6
82.2
104.5
108.9
129.7
143.6
114.3
110.7
110.7
110.8
98.0
107.4
109.6
134.6
149.5
116.3
111.0
111.0
111.1
109.9
110.7
110.9
138.8
154.2
116.9
110.7
111.1
109.7
139.5
117.7
113.3
142.0
160.6
117.8
113.1
113.1
112.9
157.1
124.7
117.0
145.5
168.3
119.5
114.7
115.6
112.3
176.2
129.4
120.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
96.3
95.6
98.0
99.2
98.5
98.7
127.9
118.8
104.2
92.9
102.7
99.5
133.5
123.4
106.0
92.4
103.0
99.5
139.4
134.7
112.0
96.7
103.7
101.4
141.5
137.9
111.5
97.4
102.2
100.6
151.5
147.9
117.7
97.6
100.4
99.5
160.9
158.3
123.2
98.4
102.3
101.0
163.8
161.4
122.3
98.5
110.5
106.6
171.6
168.9
123.9
98.4
–
–
178.4
175.7
124.8
98.5
–
–
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Dash indicates data not available.
124
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987-2005
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
21
211
212
2121
2122
2123
Mining ...................................................................
Oil and gas extraction ...........................................
Mining, except oil and gas ....................................
Coal mining ...........................................................
Metal ore mining ...................................................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying ..........
85.5
80.1
69.8
58.4
71.2
88.5
85.1
75.7
79.3
68.1
79.9
92.3
101.7
95.3
94.0
88.2
98.5
97.3
101.3
98.1
96.0
94.9
95.3
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
101.2
104.5
106.5
109.3
101.3
111.4
107.9
105.8
110.3
112.3
101.2
111.0
119.4
106.3
115.8
122.0
96.2
109.1
121.6
109.0
114.6
131.9
99.3
113.6
123.8
111.0
112.4
139.0
103.6
116.0
130.1
113.6
113.2
142.8
108.1
106.7
111.7
115.7
112.8
136.1
114.2
95.9
107.9
113.5
107.6
130.2
116.8
2211
2212
Power generation and supply ...............................
Natural gas distribution .........................................
65.6
67.8
71.1
71.4
88.5
89.0
95.2
96.0
100.0
100.0
103.7
99.0
103.5
102.7
107.0
113.2
106.4
110.1
102.9
115.4
105.1
114.1
107.5
118.3
114.2
123.5
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
Animal food ...........................................................
Grain and oilseed milling .......................................
Sugar and confectionery products ....................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty …..
Dairy products .......................................................
83.6
81.1
87.6
92.4
82.7
91.5
88.6
89.5
87.6
91.1
93.8
98.7
93.2
98.3
97.6
86.1
90.0
97.8
98.8
97.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.0
107.5
103.5
107.1
100.0
110.9
116.1
106.5
109.5
93.6
109.7
113.1
109.9
111.8
95.9
131.4
119.5
108.6
121.4
97.1
142.7
122.4
108.0
126.9
105.0
165.8
123.9
112.5
123.0
110.5
149.5
130.3
118.2
126.2
107.4
166.0
137.7
131.3
132.1
109.5
3116
3117
3118
3119
3121
Animal slaughtering and processing …................
Seafood product preparation and packaging
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing ......................
Other food products ..............................................
Beverages .............................................................
97.4
123.1
100.9
97.5
77.1
94.3
119.7
94.5
92.5
87.6
99.0
110.3
100.7
104.1
103.2
94.2
118.0
97.3
105.1
102.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
120.2
103.8
107.8
99.0
101.2
131.6
108.6
111.4
90.7
102.6
140.5
108.3
112.6
90.8
103.7
153.0
109.9
106.2
92.7
107.3
169.8
108.9
111.9
99.4
106.6
173.2
109.3
118.8
108.3
108.0
162.2
113.8
119.3
114.1
117.4
186.2
115.4
115.4
119.4
3122
3131
3132
3133
3141
Tobacco and tobacco products ............................
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills .................................
Fabric mills ............................................................
Textile and fabric finishing mills ............................
Textile furnishings mills .........................................
71.9
66.5
68.0
91.3
91.2
79.1
74.4
75.3
82.0
88.0
97.3
91.9
95.5
84.3
92.3
98.4
98.9
98.1
85.0
93.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
102.1
104.2
101.2
99.3
91.0
103.9
110.0
102.2
99.1
95.9
101.3
110.1
104.4
104.5
98.2
109.1
110.3
108.5
103.1
67.0
133.3
125.4
119.8
105.5
78.7
148.8
137.2
125.1
114.4
82.4
154.1
138.6
127.7
122.3
93.1
150.4
150.5
139.9
135.1
3149
3151
3152
3159
3161
Other textile product mills .....................................
Apparel knitting mills .............................................
Cut and sew apparel .............................................
Accessories and other apparel ............................
Leather and hide tanning and finishing ................
92.2
76.2
69.8
97.8
79.8
91.4
86.2
70.1
101.3
64.6
95.9
109.3
85.2
112.1
79.7
97.2
122.1
90.6
112.6
91.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
96.1
102.3
109.0
100.0
107.6
101.4
114.6
99.2
104.8
108.9
108.9
119.8
98.3
115.1
103.1
105.6
119.5
105.2
114.9
105.1
112.0
103.9
76.1
83.2
104.2
105.9
117.2
78.8
80.8
120.4
96.8
108.4
70.9
82.2
127.9
119.8
113.1
81.7
90.7
3162
3169
3211
3212
3219
Footwear ...............................................................
Other leather products ..........................................
Sawmills and wood preservation .........................
Plywood and engineered wood products ............
Other wood products .............................................
76.7
99.4
77.6
99.7
103.0
78.1
102.9
79.4
102.8
105.3
96.5
74.4
90.4
101.4
99.8
103.7
80.3
95.9
101.0
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
113.2
100.3
105.1
101.0
117.3
105.8
104.7
98.7
104.5
122.3
113.4
105.4
98.8
103.0
130.7
109.1
108.8
105.2
104.7
102.7
95.0
114.4
110.3
113.9
104.8
101.0
121.3
107.0
113.9
100.7
135.8
118.2
102.9
119.6
107.6
155.0
127.9
110.3
125.8
3221
3222
3231
3241
3251
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ......................
Converted paper products ....................................
Printing and related support activities .................
Petroleum and coal products ................................
Basic chemicals ....................................................
81.7
89.0
97.6
71.1
94.6
84.0
90.1
97.5
75.4
93.4
98.4
97.2
98.9
89.9
91.3
95.4
97.7
99.9
93.5
89.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.5
100.6
102.2
102.7
111.1
100.1
102.8
107.1
115.7
116.3
101.1
104.6
113.5
117.5
119.9
100.5
105.3
112.1
108.8
133.1
105.6
110.2
118.0
123.8
141.4
109.5
111.1
119.2
136.0
148.0
112.9
114.5
123.4
154.4
148.9
115.3
119.7
123.8
163.1
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers .........................
Agricultural chemicals ...........................................
Pharmaceuticals and medicines ...........................
Paints, coatings, and adhesives ...........................
Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries ..........
77.4
80.4
87.3
89.3
84.4
76.4
85.8
91.3
87.1
84.8
95.4
89.9
95.9
92.3
96.1
93.1
91.7
100.0
99.1
97.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.0
98.8
93.8
100.1
98.0
109.8
87.4
95.7
100.3
93.0
109.8
92.1
95.6
100.8
102.8
106.2
90.0
99.5
105.6
106.0
123.1
99.2
97.4
108.9
124.1
122.2
108.4
101.5
115.2
118.2
121.9
117.4
104.1
119.1
135.3
127.8
134.1
107.8
123.5
152.6
3259
3261
3262
3271
3272
Other chemical products and preparations ........
Plastics products ...................................................
Rubber products…………………………………..
Clay products and refractories…………………..
Glass and glass products………………………..
75.4
83.1
75.5
86.9
82.3
77.8
85.2
83.5
89.4
79.1
93.5
94.5
92.9
97.4
87.5
94.0
96.6
94.2
102.4
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
104.2
99.4
101.2
101.4
109.3
109.9
100.2
102.7
106.7
119.7
112.3
101.7
102.9
108.2
110.4
114.6
102.3
98.4
102.8
120.8
123.8
107.1
99.7
107.4
123.0
129.5
111.0
103.5
115.2
121.3
131.9
114.4
109.2
113.9
123.5
135.6
119.3
116.5
122.7
3273
3274
3279
3311
3312
Cement and concrete products…………………..
Lime and gypsum products……………………....
Other nonmetallic mineral products………………
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production……
Steel products from purchased steel…………….
93.6
88.2
83.0
64.8
79.7
96.6
85.4
79.5
70.2
84.4
99.7
90.0
91.4
90.0
100.6
102.0
93.7
96.0
94.1
100.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.1
114.9
99.0
101.3
100.6
105.9
104.4
95.6
104.8
93.8
101.6
98.5
96.6
106.0
96.4
98.0
101.8
98.6
104.4
97.9
102.4
99.0
106.9
125.1
96.8
108.3
107.1
113.6
130.4
93.9
102.8
104.2
110.6
164.9
88.6
105.5
116.9
118.3
160.5
90.4
3313
3314
3315
3321
3322
Alumina and aluminum production……………….
Other nonferrous metal production……………….
Foundries………………………………………….
Forging and stamping…………………………….
Cutlery and hand tools…………………………….
90.5
96.8
81.4
85.4
86.3
90.7
96.3
86.5
89.0
85.4
95.9
102.7
93.1
93.9
97.2
95.4
105.9
96.0
97.4
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.5
111.3
101.2
103.5
99.9
103.5
108.4
104.5
110.9
108.0
96.6
102.3
103.6
121.1
105.9
96.2
99.5
107.4
120.7
110.3
124.5
107.6
116.7
125.0
113.4
126.8
120.5
116.3
133.1
113.2
137.3
122.9
123.9
142.0
107.6
153.8
122.2
128.0
146.7
116.4
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
Architectural and structural metals……………….
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers …………
Hardware…………………………………………..
Spring and wire products…………………………
Machine shops and threaded products………….
88.7
86.0
88.7
82.2
76.9
87.9
90.1
84.8
85.2
79.2
93.3
97.3
97.2
99.0
98.3
93.9
100.7
102.2
102.4
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.0
100.5
110.6
99.6
102.0
96.5
105.2
111.4
104.2
100.7
94.2
114.3
112.6
108.2
101.7
94.4
113.5
111.9
108.8
106.0
98.9
115.5
125.7
114.8
108.8
101.6
125.4
135.3
115.7
105.4
93.6
126.0
133.8
114.6
108.1
94.0
132.5
146.3
115.3
Mining
Utilities
Manufacturing
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 125
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987-2005
[1997=100]
NAICS
1987
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
3328
3329
3331
3332
3333
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals….
Other fabricated metal products…………………….
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
Industrial machinery……………………………………
Commercial and service industry machinery…….
75.5
91.0
74.6
75.1
86.9
81.3
86.5
83.3
81.6
95.6
102.2
96.3
95.4
97.1
103.6
101.7
98.2
95.7
98.5
107.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.9
103.3
95.1
105.9
101.0
99.6
94.3
105.8
109.8
105.5
99.9
100.3
130.0
100.9
107.3
96.7
100.3
105.8
94.3
116.1
106.5
103.7
117.6
97.6
118.3
111.6
116.1
117.0
104.4
125.3
111.2
125.4
126.5
106.4
136.0
112.6
130.8
121.9
113.4
3334
3335
3336
3339
3341
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
Metalworking machinery………………………………
Turbine and power transmission equipment…….
Other general purpose machinery……………………
Computer and peripheral equipment……………….
84.0
85.1
80.2
83.5
11.0
90.6
86.5
85.9
86.8
14.7
96.4
99.2
91.3
94.0
49.9
97.2
97.5
98.0
94.9
72.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.2
99.1
105.0
103.7
140.4
110.2
100.3
110.8
106.0
195.8
107.9
106.1
114.9
113.7
234.9
110.8
103.3
126.9
110.5
252.0
118.6
112.7
130.7
117.9
297.4
130.0
115.2
143.0
128.1
373.8
132.8
117.1
126.4
127.1
416.6
137.7
126.6
131.1
137.2
576.5
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
Communications equipment…………………………
Audio and video equipment……………………………
Semiconductors and electronic components……
Electronic instruments…………………………………
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction
39.8
61.7
17.0
70.2
85.7
48.4
77.0
21.9
78.5
83.7
74.4
141.6
63.8
97.9
105.0
84.5
106.1
83.1
97.6
103.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.1
105.4
125.8
102.3
106.4
135.4
119.6
173.9
106.7
108.9
164.1
126.3
232.4
116.7
105.8
152.9
128.4
230.4
119.3
99.8
128.2
150.1
263.7
118.1
110.4
143.1
171.0
324.2
125.3
126.1
148.4
239.3
361.1
145.4
142.6
144.4
239.2
386.6
139.8
143.6
3351
3352
3353
3359
3361
Electric lighting equipment……………………………
Household appliances…………………………………
Electrical equipment……………………………………
Other electrical equipment and components……
Motor vehicles…………………………………………
91.1
73.3
68.7
78.8
75.4
88.2
76.5
73.6
76.1
85.6
91.9
91.7
98.0
92.0
88.5
95.8
91.8
100.4
96.3
91.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.4
105.2
100.2
105.8
113.4
102.7
104.0
98.7
114.7
122.6
102.0
117.2
99.4
119.7
109.7
106.7
124.6
101.0
113.1
110.0
112.4
132.3
101.8
114.0
126.0
111.2
146.7
103.4
116.2
140.7
122.9
159.6
110.8
115.6
142.1
133.8
165.1
116.7
121.7
147.0
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers……………………
Motor vehicle parts……………………………………
Aerospace products and parts………………………
Railroad rolling stock……………………………………
Ship and boat building…………………………………
85.0
78.7
87.2
55.6
95.5
75.9
76.0
89.1
77.6
99.6
97.4
92.3
95.7
81.8
93.1
98.5
93.0
99.4
80.8
93.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.9
105.0
119.1
103.3
99.3
103.1
110.0
120.8
116.5
112.0
98.8
112.3
103.4
118.5
121.9
88.7
114.8
115.7
126.1
121.5
105.4
130.5
118.6
146.1
131.0
109.8
137.0
119.0
139.8
133.9
110.7
138.0
113.0
131.5
138.7
114.2
144.4
125.8
121.0
133.2
3369
3371
3372
3379
3391
3399
Other transportation equipment………………………
Household and institutional furniture………………
Office furniture and fixtures……………………………
Other furniture-related products…………………….
Medical equipment and supplies……………………
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
73.7
85.2
85.8
86.3
76.3
85.4
62.9
88.2
82.2
88.9
82.9
90.5
94.1
97.2
84.9
94.8
96.6
95.9
101.5
99.8
86.3
97.6
100.5
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.5
102.2
100.0
106.9
108.7
102.1
113.8
103.1
98.2
102.0
110.4
105.0
132.4
101.9
100.2
99.5
114.6
113.6
140.2
105.5
98.0
105.0
119.3
111.8
150.9
111.8
115.9
110.2
127.3
118.0
163.0
114.7
125.1
110.0
137.0
124.7
168.3
113.6
131.1
121.3
137.5
128.6
182.8
121.3
136.7
123.3
148.2
139.0
42
423
4231
4232
4233
Wholesale trade………………………………………… 73.2
Durable goods…………………………………………
62.3
Motor vehicles and parts……………………………… 74.5
Furniture and furnishings……………………………… 80.5
Lumber and construction supplies…………………. 109.1
79.8
67.5
78.6
90.1
108.4
94.0
90.1
94.6
102.7
101.6
97.1
94.7
96.1
103.2
103.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.4
106.9
106.4
99.9
105.4
110.9
118.9
120.4
102.3
109.3
116.2
124.6
116.6
112.4
107.6
118.0
128.3
119.9
110.5
116.4
123.8
139.7
133.4
116.0
123.9
127.9
145.5
137.8
123.9
133.2
134.7
159.8
144.0
129.8
138.9
135.5
164.8
153.0
127.2
131.5
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
Commercial equipment…………………………………
Metals and minerals……………………………………
Electric goods……………………………………………
Hardware and plumbing………………………………
Machinery and supplies………………………………
28.0
101.7
42.8
82.2
74.1
34.2
103.1
50.3
88.0
81.5
74.5
105.2
83.8
99.2
90.0
88.1
102.3
89.2
99.2
94.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
124.8
100.9
105.9
101.8
104.3
160.3
94.0
127.4
104.3
102.9
179.0
93.9
152.7
103.7
105.5
213.4
94.4
147.4
100.5
102.8
261.0
96.3
159.4
102.6
100.3
288.1
97.8
165.9
104.0
103.1
332.2
108.9
194.7
107.7
111.9
359.1
105.0
201.8
105.9
118.2
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
Miscellaneous durable goods ……………………….
Nondurable goods………………………………………
Paper and paper products……………………………
Druggists' goods………………………………………
Apparel and piece goods………………………………
89.8
91.0
85.6
70.7
86.3
90.5
98.9
81.0
80.6
99.3
99.5
98.5
95.4
94.8
90.6
101.0
99.2
95.0
99.5
97.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
99.1
98.4
94.2
103.6
113.7
100.8
100.1
93.1
105.1
114.7
105.1
100.9
85.9
108.8
116.8
105.1
104.6
84.9
115.2
124.6
105.8
116.6
89.8
122.8
119.5
110.7
119.7
100.5
125.9
134.8
113.5
131.1
106.4
130.8
135.7
114.2
144.9
112.0
144.1
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
Grocery and related products…………………………
Farm product raw materials……………………………
Chemicals………………………………………………
Petroleum………………………………………………
Alcoholic beverages……………………………………
87.9
81.6
90.4
83.8
99.3
96.2
79.4
101.1
109.3
110.0
103.9
87.4
98.7
100.6
101.5
100.4
89.2
98.7
106.9
101.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
94.3
97.1
88.5
106.5
101.0
101.6
93.3
102.9
105.6
102.4
105.1
87.9
138.1
108.4
101.8
102.1
85.3
140.6
106.4
98.6
98.1
89.1
153.6
106.8
104.3
98.2
91.9
155.9
107.9
103.2
109.1
90.1
167.0
103.0
101.5
100.5
88.1
152.8
108.9
4249
425
Miscellaneous nondurable goods…………………..
Electronic markets and agents and brokers…….
111.2
64.3
109.0
74.3
99.8
95.4
101.2
100.4
100.0
100.0
105.4
103.3
106.8
110.9
115.0
119.3
111.9
117.8
106.1
117.8
109.1
111.8
119.7
107.4
126.7
98.1
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
Retail trade………………………………………………
Motor vehicle and parts dealers…………………….
Automobile dealers ……………………………………
Other motor vehicle dealers………………………….
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores …………
79.1
78.3
79.2
70.6
71.8
81.4
82.7
84.1
69.7
79.0
94.0
95.5
95.8
88.3
95.2
97.6
98.5
98.3
98.1
97.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.7
106.4
106.5
109.6
105.1
112.7
115.1
116.3
114.8
107.6
116.1
114.3
113.7
115.3
108.4
120.1
116.0
115.5
124.6
101.3
125.6
119.9
117.2
133.6
107.7
131.6
124.3
119.5
133.8
115.1
138.0
127.4
124.7
142.8
110.3
142.7
128.0
123.4
150.5
118.6
442
4421
4422
443
444
Furniture and home furnishings stores…………….
Furniture stores…………………………………………
Home furnishings stores………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores……………………
Building material and garden supply stores……
75.1
77.3
71.3
38.0
75.8
79.0
84.8
71.0
47.7
79.5
93.7
93.6
93.3
87.8
91.9
97.3
96.0
98.7
93.5
96.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.1
104.3
104.1
122.6
107.4
110.8
107.5
115.2
150.6
113.8
115.9
112.0
121.0
173.7
113.3
122.4
119.7
126.1
196.7
116.8
129.3
125.2
134.9
233.5
120.8
134.6
128.8
142.6
292.7
127.1
147.0
139.4
157.1
334.7
134.6
149.4
138.4
163.8
365.1
135.1
126
Industry
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
50. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987—2005
[1997=100]
NAICS
1987
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
4441
4442
445
4451
4452
Building material and supplies dealers…………...
77.6
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
66.9
Food and beverage stores…………………………… 110.9
Grocery stores ………………………………………… 111.1
Specialty food stores ………………………………… 138.5
Industry
81.6
69.0
107.5
106.9
127.2
93.4
83.9
102.3
102.7
102.9
97.1
93.8
101.0
100.9
101.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.3
102.3
100.0
99.6
100.5
115.3
105.5
101.9
102.5
96.4
115.1
103.1
101.1
101.1
98.5
116.7
118.4
103.9
103.3
108.2
121.3
118.3
104.8
104.8
105.3
127.5
125.7
107.2
106.7
112.2
134.0
140.2
113.1
112.3
121.1
134.6
139.4
119.1
117.3
137.4
4453
446
447
448
4481
Beer, wine and liquor stores…………………………
Health and personal care stores……………………
Gasoline stations………………………………………
Clothing and clothing accessories stores………....
Clothing stores…………………………………………
94.7
84.0
83.9
66.3
67.1
98.7
91.0
84.2
69.8
70.0
95.4
91.4
99.4
92.7
91.7
101.7
96.3
99.5
99.5
98.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.9
104.0
106.7
106.3
108.7
100.3
107.1
110.7
114.0
114.2
107.0
112.2
107.7
123.5
125.0
108.3
116.2
112.9
126.4
130.3
111.4
122.9
125.1
131.3
136.0
118.4
129.5
119.9
138.9
141.8
129.9
134.0
122.3
139.2
141.0
147.6
132.8
129.5
147.5
153.7
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
Shoe stores……………………………………………
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores…...
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores
Book, periodical, and music stores………………...
65.3
64.5
74.4
70.5
84.3
70.8
68.1
82.1
79.5
87.9
96.4
94.1
95.0
94.7
95.4
103.7
98.8
95.9
95.1
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.2
108.7
107.9
111.6
100.9
104.9
122.5
114.0
119.3
104.0
110.0
130.5
121.1
127.8
108.7
111.5
123.9
127.1
132.4
116.9
125.2
118.7
127.5
132.7
117.8
132.5
132.9
131.3
136.7
121.8
124.9
144.5
151.1
160.1
134.8
129.4
137.2
164.2
172.8
149.3
452
4521
4529
453
4531
General merchandise stores…………………………
Department stores……………………………………
Other general merchandise stores…………………
Miscellaneous store retailers…………………………
Florists…………………………………………………
73.5
87.2
54.8
65.1
77.6
75.1
83.9
61.2
69.5
73.3
92.0
94.6
87.2
88.8
82.4
96.7
98.5
93.8
94.8
92.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.3
100.4
114.7
108.9
102.3
113.4
104.5
131.0
111.3
116.2
120.2
106.2
147.3
114.1
115.2
124.8
103.8
164.7
112.6
102.7
129.1
102.0
179.3
119.1
113.8
136.9
106.8
188.8
126.1
108.9
140.7
109.0
192.9
131.2
103.0
146.1
109.6
203.5
142.0
127.5
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores……...
Used merchandise stores……………………………
Other miscellaneous store retailers………………...
Nonstore retailers ……………………………………
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses…….
Vending machine operators…………………………
Direct selling establishments………………………
61.4
64.5
68.3
50.7
39.4
95.5
70.8
66.4
70.4
75.0
54.7
43.4
95.1
74.1
91.7
85.9
88.9
79.8
72.5
86.4
93.2
93.3
94.8
97.0
91.4
85.5
94.6
101.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.5
119.1
105.3
114.3
120.2
106.3
101.9
119.2
113.4
103.0
128.9
142.6
105.4
104.2
127.3
116.5
104.4
152.2
160.2
111.1
122.5
132.3
121.9
96.9
163.6
179.6
95.7
127.9
141.5
142.0
94.4
182.1
212.7
91.2
135.0
153.9
149.7
99.9
195.5
243.6
102.3
127.0
173.0
155.7
97.2
216.1
272.8
110.4
131.8
182.6
168.1
104.3
222.3
284.2
112.7
128.7
481
482111
48412
48421
491
492
Air transportation……………………………………… 81.1
Line-haul railroads……………………………………
58.9
General freight trucking, long-distance…………….
85.7
Used household and office goods moving……..
106.7
U.S. Postal service……………………………………
90.9
Couriers and messengers…………………………… 148.3
77.5
69.8
89.2
112.6
94.2
138.5
95.3
92.0
95.8
101.4
97.7
101.5
98.8
98.4
95.3
97.7
96.7
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.6
102.1
99.4
91.0
101.6
112.6
98.2
105.5
99.1
96.1
102.8
117.6
98.1
114.3
101.9
94.8
105.5
121.9
91.9
121.9
103.2
84.0
106.3
123.4
102.1
131.9
107.0
81.6
106.4
131.1
112.7
142.0
110.7
86.2
107.8
134.1
126.0
146.4
110.7
88.7
110.0
126.9
135.7
138.5
112.6
88.5
111.2
124.7
5111
5112
51213
515
5151
5152
5171
5172
5175
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers……
105.0
Software publishers…………………………………… 10.2
Motion picture and video exhibition………………..
90.7
Broadcasting, except internet……………………….
99.5
Radio and television broadcasting………………...
98.1
Cable and other subscription programming……
105.6
Wired telecommunications carriers…………………
56.9
Wireless telecommunications carriers……………
75.6
Cable and other program distribution…………….
105.2
95.5
28.5
109.2
98.2
97.7
100.3
66.0
70.4
100.0
91.9
73.4
99.4
102.5
104.8
92.8
87.6
90.0
92.6
91.6
88.5
98.9
101.3
103.4
93.0
96.5
101.7
92.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.9
134.8
99.8
100.8
91.5
136.2
107.7
110.5
97.1
104.1
129.2
101.8
102.9
92.6
139.1
116.7
145.2
95.8
107.7
119.2
106.5
103.6
92.1
141.2
122.7
152.8
91.6
105.8
117.4
101.6
99.2
89.6
128.1
116.7
191.9
87.7
104.7
122.1
99.8
104.0
95.1
129.8
124.1
217.9
95.0
109.6
138.1
100.6
107.9
94.6
145.9
130.5
242.5
101.2
106.7
160.7
103.8
112.5
96.6
158.6
133.9
292.0
113.7
108.4
171.0
102.7
117.6
101.5
162.4
140.2
392.4
110.4
52211
Commercial banking…………………………………
72.8
80.7
95.6
100.0
100.0
97.0
99.8
102.7
99.6
102.1
103.7
108.5
108.4
92.7
60.4
77.0
90.8
68.6
97.1
100.7
88.8
119.5
109.0
96.8
102.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
115.2
113.2
112.2
120.6
129.4
112.3
121.1
134.9
111.1
113.7
133.3
114.6
113.5
130.3
121.2
115.1
148.5
118.3
135.7
154.5
110.5
145.5
155.6
Transportation and warehousing
Information
Finance and Insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
532111
53212
53223
Passenger car rental …………………………………
Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing…………...
Video tape and disc rental……………………………
541213
Tax preparation services…………………….......
82.9
76.2
90.6
96.2
100.0
107.6
105.8
100.9
94.4
111.4
110.0
100.0
106.9
54131
Architectural services………………….................
90.0
93.8
106.5
110.2
100.0
111.4
106.8
107.6
111.0
107.6
112.6
118.3
123.9
54133
54181
541921
Engineering services…………………………….
Advertising agencies…………………………………
Photography studios, portrait……………………….
90.2
95.9
98.1
99.4
107.9
95.9
94.4
102.5
107.3
98.3
103.4
100.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
89.2
124.8
98.0
97.9
109.8
102.0
107.5
108.9
100.1
106.9
102.2
100.5
113.1
97.6
100.5
120.8
104.2
107.8
133.0
93.2
114.2
131.2
93.6
56131
56151
56172
Employment placement agencies…..………………
Travel agencies………………………………………
Janitorial services………………………………………
–
89.3
75.1
–
94.6
94.3
86.6
93.0
90.4
90.2
100.1
96.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.8
111.4
95.3
93.2
115.5
98.6
89.8
119.4
101.0
99.6
115.2
102.1
116.8
127.6
105.6
115.4
147.3
118.8
119.8
167.4
116.6
117.9
188.2
122.0
6215
621511
621512
Medical and diagnostic laboratories………………
Medical laboratories……………………………………
Diagnostic imaging centers……………………………
–
–
–
–
–
–
90.9
91.3
90.0
94.5
94.7
94.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
118.8
117.2
121.4
124.7
121.4
129.7
131.9
127.4
139.9
135.3
127.7
148.3
137.6
123.1
163.3
140.8
128.6
160.0
140.8
130.7
153.5
138.8
127.1
154.8
71311
71395
Amusement and theme parks………………………
Bowling centers………………………………………
112.0
106.0
112.5
94.0
96.3
92.1
94.6
100.6
100.0
100.0
110.5
89.9
105.2
89.4
106.0
93.4
93.0
94.3
106.5
96.4
113.2
102.4
101.4
107.9
110.0
106.1
Professional and technical services
Administrative and waste services
Health care and social assistance
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 127
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987-2005
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
7211
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
Traveler accommodations…………………………… 85.2
Food services and drinking places ………………..
96.0
Full-service restaurants ……………………………… 92.1
Limited-service eating places………………………… 96.5
Special food services…………………………………
89.9
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages
136.7
82.1
102.4
99.4
103.6
99.8
123.3
97.7
100.3
96.2
104.1
100.8
104.6
99.6
99.1
96.1
102.0
98.3
102.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.9
101.2
100.6
99.7
105.5
100.9
100.8
100.4
105.2
98.8
111.7
103.5
103.0
102.0
115.0
100.6
107.6
103.8
103.6
102.5
115.3
97.6
112.0
104.4
104.4
102.7
114.9
102.9
114.3
106.3
104.2
105.4
117.6
118.6
120.8
107.1
104.9
106.9
118.8
112.6
115.8
108.8
107.5
106.8
122.8
119.7
8111
81211
81221
8123
81292
Automotive repair and maintenance………………..
Hair, nail and skin care services ……………………
Funeral homes and funeral services…………………
Drycleaning and laundry services ……………………
Photofinishing …………………………………………
89.9
82.1
98.4
94.8
107.7
103.2
93.4
102.4
99.2
108.0
99.8
96.4
98.6
100.9
106.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
108.6
106.8
100.1
69.3
106.1
108.6
103.3
105.0
76.3
109.4
108.2
94.8
107.6
73.8
108.9
114.6
91.8
110.9
81.2
103.7
110.4
94.6
112.5
100.5
104.1
119.7
95.7
103.8
100.5
112.0
125.0
92.9
110.6
102.0
112.5
130.4
93.2
120.8
113.2
Accommodation and Food Services
Other Services
85.9
83.5
103.7
97.1
95.8
NOTE: Dash indicates data are not available.
51. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, nine countries, seasonally adjusted
[Percent]
2005
Country
2005
2006
I
II
IV
I
II
III
IV
United States………
5.1
4.6
5.3
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.5
Canada………………
6.0
5.5
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.4
Australia………………
5.1
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
Japan…………………
4.5
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
France………………
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.0
9.8
9.6
9.3
Germany……………
11.2
10.3
11.4
11.4
11.2
10.9
10.9
10.5
10.0
9.6
Italy……………………
7.8
6.9
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.3
7.0
6.8
6.6
Sweden………………
7.7
7.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom……
4.8
5.5
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.5
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Italy are calculated by
applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and
therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of
unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures.
There are breaks in series for Germany (2005) and Sweden (2005).
For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report
Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 19602006 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 19, 2007), available on the
Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further
qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also
available at this site.
128
2006
III
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
For monthly unemployment rates, as well as the quarterly and annual
rates published in this table, see the report Unemployment rates in
nine countries, civilian labor force basis, approximating U.S. concepts,
seasonally adjusted, 1995-2007, (Bureau of Labor Statistics),
available on the Internet at
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/flsjec.txt.
Data may differ between the two reports mentioned, because the
former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is updated
monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data.
52. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and country
Civilian labor force
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
136,297
14,863
9,204
67,200
25,116
39,415
22,753
7,612
4,418
28,401
137,673
15,115
9,339
67,240
25,434
39,752
23,004
7,744
4,402
28,474
139,368
15,389
9,414
67,090
25,791
39,375
23,176
7,881
4,430
28,777
142,583
15,632
9,590
66,990
26,099
39,302
23,361
8,011
4,489
28,952
143,734
15,891
9,752
66,860
26,393
39,459
23,524
8,098
4,530
29,085
144,863
16,367
9,907
66,240
26,645
39,413
23,728
8,186
4,544
29,335
146,510
16,729
10,092
66,010
26,904
39,276
24,020
8,255
4,567
29,557
147,401
16,956
10,244
65,770
26,954
39,711
24,084
8,279
4,576
29,775
149,320
17,114
10,524
65,850
27,071
40,760
24,179
8,291
4,693
30,087
151,428
17,351
10,714
65,956
24,362
8,353
4,745
30,525
66.8
64.6
64.6
63.0
55.7
57.1
47.3
60.2
64.0
62.4
67.1
64.9
64.3
63.2
55.6
57.3
47.3
61.1
63.3
62.5
67.1
65.3
64.3
62.8
56.0
57.7
47.7
61.8
62.8
62.5
67.1
65.7
64.0
62.4
56.4
56.9
47.9
62.5
62.8
62.8
67.1
65.8
64.4
62.0
56.6
56.7
48.1
63.1
63.8
62.9
66.8
65.9
64.4
61.6
56.8
56.7
48.3
63.3
63.7
62.7
66.6
66.7
64.4
60.8
56.9
56.4
48.5
63.5
64.0
62.9
66.2
67.3
64.6
60.3
57.0
56.0
49.1
63.7
64.0
63.0
66.0
67.3
64.7
60.0
56.7
56.4
49.1
63.6
63.7
63.0
66.0
67.0
65.4
60.0
56.6
57.6
48.7
63.4
64.9
63.1
66.2
67.4
65.7
60.0
48.8
63.7
65.0
63.5
United States……………………………………………… 126,708
Canada……………………………………………………
13,309
Australia……………………………………………………
8,364
Japan………………………………………………………
64,200
France……………………………………………………
22,036
Germany…………………………………………………
35,637
Italy………………………………………………………… 20,124
Netherlands………………………………………………
6,966
Sweden……………………………………………………
4,019
United Kingdom…………………………………………
25,941
129,558
13,607
8,444
64,900
22,176
35,508
20,169
7,189
3,973
26,413
131,463
13,946
8,618
64,450
22,597
36,059
20,370
7,408
4,034
26,686
133,488
14,314
8,762
63,920
23,080
36,042
20,617
7,605
4,117
27,051
136,891
14,676
8,989
63,790
23,714
36,236
20,973
7,781
4,229
27,368
136,933
14,866
9,091
63,460
24,167
36,350
21,359
7,875
4,303
27,599
136,485
15,221
9,271
62,650
24,311
36,018
21,666
7,925
4,310
27,812
137,736
15,579
9,481
62,510
24,337
35,615
21,972
7,895
4,303
28,073
139,252
15,864
9,677
62,640
24,330
35,604
22,124
7,847
4,276
28,358
141,730
16,087
9,987
62,910
24,392
36,185
22,290
7,860
4,333
28,628
144,427
16,393
10,190
63,206
22,701
7,979
4,413
28,859
63.2
59.0
59.3
60.9
49.1
52.0
42.0
56.2
57.7
57.3
63.8
59.5
59.0
61.0
49.1
51.6
41.9
57.7
56.9
58.2
64.1
60.3
59.3
60.2
49.7
52.3
42.2
59.1
57.6
58.5
64.3
61.2
59.6
59.4
50.4
52.1
42.6
60.3
58.4
59.1
64.4
61.9
60.3
59.0
51.4
52.2
43.2
61.3
60.1
59.4
63.7
61.9
60.1
58.4
52.0
52.2
43.8
61.5
60.5
59.5
62.7
62.4
60.3
57.5
51.9
51.5
44.3
61.5
60.7
59.6
62.3
63.0
60.7
57.1
51.6
50.8
44.9
62.8
60.3
59.8
62.3
63.4
61.2
57.1
51.2
50.6
45.1
60.3
59.5
60.0
62.7
63.4
62.1
57.3
51.0
51.2
44.9
60.1
59.9
60.0
63.1
63.6
62.5
57.5
45.5
60.8
60.4
60.0
7,236
1,295
751
2,250
2,946
3,505
2,555
489
440
2,298
6,739
1,256
759
2,300
2,940
3,907
2,584
423
445
1,987
6,210
1,162
721
2,790
2,837
3,693
2,634
337
368
1,788
5,880
1,075
652
3,170
2,711
3,333
2,559
277
313
1,726
5,692
956
602
3,200
2,385
3,065
2,388
231
260
1,584
6,801
1,026
661
3,400
2,226
3,110
2,164
223
227
1,486
8,378
1,146
636
3,590
2,334
3,396
2,062
261
234
1,524
8,774
1,150
611
3,500
2,567
3,661
2,048
360
264
1,484
8,149
1,092
567
3,130
2,624
4,107
1,960
422
300
1,417
7,591
1,027
537
2,940
2,679
4,575
1,889
432
361
1,459
7,001
958
524
2,750
1,662
374
332
1,666
5.4
8.9
8.2
3.4
11.8
9.0
11.3
6.6
9.9
8.1
4.9
8.4
8.3
3.4
11.7
9.9
11.4
5.6
10.1
7.0
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
11.2
9.3
11.5
4.4
8.4
6.3
4.2
7.0
6.9
4.7
10.5
8.5
11.0
3.5
7.1
6.0
4.0
6.1
6.3
4.8
9.1
7.8
10.2
2.9
5.8
5.5
4.7
6.5
6.8
5.1
8.4
7.9
9.2
2.8
5.0
5.1
5.8
7.0
6.4
5.4
8.8
8.6
8.7
3.2
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.9
6.1
5.3
9.5
9.3
8.5
4.4
5.8
5.0
5.5
6.4
5.5
4.8
9.7
10.3
8.1
5.1
6.6
4.8
5.1
6.0
5.1
4.5
9.9
11.2
7.8
5.2
7.7
4.8
4.6
5.5
4.9
4.2
9.2
10.3
6.8
4.5
7.0
5.5
United States……………………………………………… 133,943
Canada……………………………………………………
14,604
Australia……………………………………………………
9,115
Japan………………………………………………………
66,450
France……………………………………………………
24,982
Germany…………………………………………………
39,142
Italy………………………………………………………… 22,679
Netherlands………………………………………………
7,455
Sweden……………………………………………………
4,459
United Kingdom…………………………………………
28,239
Participation rate1
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Employed
Employment-population ratio2
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Unemployed
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
Unemployment rate
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………
Germany…………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………
1
Labor force as a percent of the working-age population.
2
Employment as a percent of the working-age population.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. There are breaks in series for the United States
(1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004), Australia (2001), Germany (1999, 2005), and
Sweden (2005). For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report
Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2006
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 19, 2007), available on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual
data, see the full report, also available at this site. Data in this report may not be
consistent with data in Unemployment rates in nine countries, civilian labor force basis,
approximating U.S. concepts, seasonally adjusted, 1995-2007, (Bureau of Labor
Statistics), because the former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is
updated monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 129
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons
53. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies
[1992 = 100]
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
68.4
74.2
69.3
63.6
–
49.1
65.4
82.3
60.5
77.2
75.3
69.1
78.5
67.3
73.1
57.3
93.5
93.4
91.6
94.4
82.7
89.8
96.8
98.5
92.7
99.0
97.3
98.7
98.3
93.1
94.6
90.1
96.3
95.3
96.6
99.0
92.7
96.8
99.1
99.7
96.4
98.3
96.5
99.0
98.7
96.3
95.5
94.3
102.7
105.8
105.9
101.7
108.3
101.3
102.5
100.3
101.2
101.0
102.8
102.0
99.9
101.8
107.3
104.1
108.1
110.8
104.8
103.3
118.1
105.2
107.9
112.7
109.4
108.5
107.6
113.1
99.9
104.9
118.2
106.7
112.1
112.4
105.7
111.0
129.7
112.9
112.7
112.7
116.0
110.2
111.1
117.3
98.7
108.6
125.1
105.0
116.8
109.7
112.6
116.1
142.6
121.5
114.3
109.0
116.7
113.3
112.5
120.5
101.6
107.2
130.2
104.0
121.7
114.2
114.7
120.7
160.8
126.5
121.5
117.7
125.8
119.9
113.3
121.2
101.8
108.3
142.0
105.4
130.2
119.6
117.8
120.4
179.3
132.7
122.9
117.1
132.6
120.4
112.5
124.5
99.2
110.2
150.7
106.9
136.7
124.5
119.2
124.9
199.4
140.9
121.5
119.0
138.7
123.4
112.5
129.3
102.7
112.1
164.1
112.4
147.7
131.9
126.7
131.7
216.4
148.4
125.7
123.2
148.2
132.0
116.0
138.5
105.9
113.2
176.8
119.4
149.2
129.0
130.9
128.9
214.8
155.1
126.9
123.4
150.7
135.4
116.2
139.2
108.9
115.8
172.6
123.4
165.0
131.7
135.2
133.1
235.8
166.7
131.1
124.2
157.4
136.7
114.2
143.4
111.9
116.3
190.7
126.8
175.5
130.7
140.5
142.3
252.2
171.7
134.5
129.3
164.2
141.6
111.3
146.4
121.6
118.8
204.5
132.3
187.8
130.8
139.7
150.4
281.2
179.9
141.0
138.8
170.0
146.6
112.4
153.7
128.8
120.6
227.9
139.7
194.0
135.6
142.4
154.1
305.1
192.7
144.9
141.6
176.7
154.8
112.5
160.0
132.4
121.5
241.9
143.3
Output
United States…………………..…… 73.6
Canada……………………………… 85.0
Australia……………………………… 89.6
Japan………………………………… 60.8
Korea………………………………… 28.6
Taiwan……………………………… 45.4
Belgium……………………………… 78.2
Denmark…………………………… 92.3
France……………………………… 80.0
Germany…………………………… 85.3
Italy…………………………………… 81.0
Netherlands………………………… 76.9
Norway……………………………… 105.7
Spain……………………………….. 78.6
Sweden……………………………… 90.7
United Kingdom…………………… 87.3
98.2
106.0
104.1
97.1
88.1
91.0
101.0
101.7
97.7
99.1
100.5
99.0
101.7
98.4
110.1
105.3
96.8
99.0
100.9
102.0
96.0
96.4
100.7
100.3
99.2
102.4
100.2
99.8
99.4
100.3
104.1
100.1
104.2
105.9
103.6
96.3
105.1
100.9
97.0
97.0
95.9
92.0
97.6
97.7
102.0
96.1
101.9
101.4
112.2
114.1
108.9
94.9
117.1
106.9
101.4
107.5
100.6
94.9
104.1
104.5
104.7
97.8
117.5
106.2
117.3
119.6
108.7
98.9
130.8
112.7
104.2
112.7
106.2
94.0
109.1
108.2
105.2
101.5
132.5
107.9
121.6
119.6
111.6
103.0
139.2
118.7
104.6
107.5
106.3
92.0
107.8
109.8
109.4
104.0
137.1
108.6
129.0
127.7
114.7
106.1
146.0
125.5
109.5
116.3
113.3
96.1
109.6
111.3
114.1
110.7
147.6
110.6
137.7
134.0
117.9
99.2
134.5
129.5
111.3
117.2
119.0
97.2
109.9
115.1
113.3
117.4
159.5
111.3
143.7
145.0
117.6
99.9
163.7
139.0
111.2
118.2
123.1
98.2
109.6
119.4
113.2
124.1
173.9
112.3
152.7
159.4
122.5
105.1
191.5
149.2
115.7
122.5
128.7
104.8
112.9
127.4
112.6
129.6
189.7
115.0
144.2
152.7
122.4
99.3
195.7
138.1
115.7
122.5
130.0
106.6
111.8
127.2
111.8
133.7
185.6
113.5
148.2
154.2
127.7
97.5
210.5
148.3
114.8
119.0
129.9
104.4
110.4
127.2
111.2
133.5
196.4
110.5
149.9
152.9
130.0
102.7
222.2
155.9
113.4
115.7
132.3
105.2
107.8
125.8
114.9
134.7
203.6
110.7
159.6
155.9
129.9
107.5
246.8
170.6
117.9
119.6
134.5
108.8
108.6
127.8
121.4
135.2
224.4
113.0
163.0
157.0
129.9
108.7
264.1
181.7
117.3
121.6
136.5
112.3
106.4
128.1
124.4
135.6
233.5
111.7
Total hours
United States……………………… 107.5
Canada……………………………… 114.6
Australia……………………………… 129.3
Japan………………………………… 95.5
Korea………………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 92.4
Belgium……………………………… 119.7
Denmark…………………………… 112.1
France……………………………… 132.3
Germany…………………………… 110.5
Italy…………………………………… 107.6
Netherlands………………………… 111.2
Norway……………………………… 134.7
Spain……………………………….. 116.7
Sweden……………………………… 124.0
United Kingdom…………………… 152.3
105.0
113.5
113.6
102.9
106.4
101.4
104.3
103.3
105.5
100.1
103.3
100.3
103.4
105.7
116.4
116.9
100.5
103.9
104.4
103.1
103.6
99.6
101.5
100.6
102.9
104.1
103.8
100.8
100.7
104.1
109.0
106.2
101.4
100.1
97.8
94.7
97.1
99.6
94.7
96.8
94.8
91.1
95.0
95.8
102.1
94.4
94.9
97.5
103.8
103.0
103.9
91.9
99.2
101.7
94.0
95.4
91.9
87.5
96.8
92.4
104.8
93.2
99.4
99.6
104.6
106.4
102.8
89.1
100.9
99.8
92.4
100.0
91.6
85.3
98.2
92.3
106.6
93.5
105.9
102.7
104.2
109.0
99.1
88.8
97.6
97.7
91.5
98.6
91.0
81.3
95.8
91.1
107.7
97.0
105.3
104.4
106.0
111.8
100.0
87.9
90.8
99.2
90.2
98.8
90.1
80.1
96.7
91.8
112.1
102.2
103.9
105.0
105.7
112.1
100.1
82.4
75.0
97.6
90.5
100.1
89.7
80.8
97.7
92.4
114.2
106.5
105.9
104.1
105.1
116.5
98.7
79.9
82.1
98.7
91.5
99.4
88.7
79.6
97.4
92.3
110.3
110.7
106.0
99.9
103.4
120.9
96.7
79.8
88.5
100.5
92.1
99.4
86.8
79.4
97.3
91.9
106.4
114.4
107.3
96.3
96.6
118.4
93.5
77.1
91.1
89.0
91.2
99.3
86.3
78.7
96.2
91.4
102.7
115.4
107.5
92.0
89.8
117.1
94.5
73.3
89.3
89.0
87.5
95.8
82.5
76.4
96.7
88.7
99.3
114.8
103.0
87.2
85.4
117.0
92.5
72.2
88.1
90.8
84.3
89.5
80.6
74.3
96.8
85.9
94.5
113.4
99.6
83.7
84.9
119.2
93.0
71.5
87.8
94.9
83.6
86.2
79.1
74.2
96.6
83.2
94.2
112.2
98.5
80.9
84.0
115.8
91.2
70.5
86.5
94.3
80.9
85.9
77.2
72.6
94.5
80.0
93.9
111.6
96.5
78.0
90.5
88.5
86.7
90.6
68.0
85.2
90.1
93.6
88.5
89.4
87.7
89.8
92.3
79.9
87.8
88.7
95.6
95.0
94.6
96.5
85.5
93.5
97.3
97.8
93.9
91.4
94.3
94.8
97.5
88.4
95.5
99.8
102.0
102.0
106.8
102.7
115.9
105.9
104.8
102.4
104.3
106.2
105.7
104.5
101.5
109.4
97.4
104.5
105.3
103.9
104.1
104.7
133.1
111.1
105.6
106.0
108.0
111.0
107.3
109.0
104.5
113.4
99.8
106.0
107.3
106.5
112.6
108.3
161.6
120.2
108.6
108.2
110.7
117.0
112.0
112.1
109.2
118.3
106.8
107.9
109.3
107.4
122.4
109.1
188.1
128.2
110.6
112.6
112.5
122.5
120.0
114.6
113.8
121.1
115.2
108.3
112.2
109.0
125.1
112.7
204.5
132.1
114.7
116.5
116.3
124.9
124.1
117.6
118.8
124.0
121.0
112.3
118.7
114.6
127.5
115.6
222.7
137.1
116.5
119.6
117.2
126.7
123.3
122.4
125.8
124.9
125.6
121.5
123.4
117.1
132.3
115.5
223.9
139.6
118.0
122.6
121.0
129.6
125.6
126.5
133.0
124.7
130.3
129.0
134.7
120.9
139.3
114.9
239.1
142.3
120.1
125.0
127.0
136.3
128.7
132.8
140.5
126.6
136.8
136.1
137.9
124.6
148.0
116.4
246.7
151.4
126.4
130.9
130.6
140.6
133.5
138.9
149.0
131.6
143.8
141.8
147.8
129.1
154.0
117.2
271.6
145.0
131.9
136.5
137.4
144.0
136.9
146.8
157.9
135.4
151.7
150.1
158.2
133.0
161.9
114.6
285.0
147.3
135.8
145.7
141.4
147.2
140.6
152.8
164.3
142.2
159.2
156.8
161.4
134.6
166.3
115.1
325.5
144.0
138.8
150.6
144.7
148.0
145.1
158.0
169.7
147.0
163.5
164.2
168.8
139.8
176.6
117.0
345.6
146.3
144.6
153.7
148.7
149.7
149.5
163.2
175.6
153.0
167.2
171.7
Output per hour
United States………………………
Canada………………………….……
Australia…………………….………
Japan…………………………………
Korea…………………………..……
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium…………………………...…
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany………………………...……
Italy……………………………...……
Netherlands…………………...……
Norway………………………………
Spain………………………………..
Sweden……………………………..
United Kingdom……………….……
Hourly compensation
(national currency basis)
United States………………………
Canada………………………………
Australia………………………………
Japan…………………………………
Korea…………………………………
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium………………………………
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany……………………………
Italy……………………………………
Netherlands…………………………
Norway………………………………
Spain………………………………..
Sweden………………………………
United Kingdom……………………
See notes at end of table.
130
55.9
47.9
–
58.6
–
29.6
52.5
44.5
37.1
53.6
30.6
60.5
39.0
28.0
37.3
35.8
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
53. Continued— Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Unit labor costs
(national currency basis)
United States……………………… 81.8
Canada……………………………… 64.6
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 92.1
Korea………………………………… 44.4
Taiwan……………………………… 60.3
Belgium……………………………… 80.3
Denmark…………………………… 54.1
France……………………………… 61.3
Germany…………………………… 69.4
Italy…………………………………… 40.7
Netherlands………………………… 87.6
Norway……………………………… 49.7
Spain……………………………….. 41.5
Sweden……………………………… 51.0
United Kingdom…………………… 62.4
96.8
94.8
94.7
95.9
82.1
94.9
93.0
95.0
95.5
90.3
90.2
91.1
93.9
85.8
92.9
98.5
99.2
99.7
97.9
97.4
92.2
96.5
98.1
98.1
97.4
93.0
97.6
95.7
98.8
91.8
100.0
105.9
99.3
96.5
100.8
101.0
107.0
104.6
102.3
102.2
103.1
105.2
102.9
102.4
101.6
107.4
90.8
100.4
97.4
93.8
99.4
101.4
112.7
105.6
97.9
94.1
98.7
102.4
99.8
96.4
104.6
108.1
84.4
99.4
95.7
94.7
106.5
97.6
124.6
106.5
96.4
96.0
95.4
106.2
100.8
95.6
110.7
108.9
85.3
102.7
93.6
97.9
108.7
94.0
131.9
105.5
96.8
103.3
96.4
108.2
106.6
95.1
112.0
112.9
88.5
104.1
92.2
95.5
109.0
93.4
127.1
104.5
94.5
98.9
92.4
104.2
109.5
97.1
116.7
114.5
85.2
106.5
91.2
95.9
108.3
96.1
124.2
103.4
94.8
102.1
88.3
105.2
109.6
98.3
126.8
113.4
83.3
113.6
90.3
94.0
111.0
92.5
112.3
99.1
97.2
103.0
87.3
105.1
111.7
97.8
129.5
111.2
79.4
114.8
91.2
91.7
109.9
87.3
110.5
95.9
95.6
101.4
85.7
103.3
110.9
95.9
132.7
111.8
77.4
114.0
92.4
96.6
113.1
90.3
114.8
97.6
99.6
106.1
86.7
103.8
114.9
99.8
136.8
113.6
83.3
115.0
89.6
98.0
113.8
88.0
115.2
87.0
100.6
109.9
87.3
105.3
119.8
102.4
141.0
116.4
79.5
118.4
90.2
101.8
115.2
80.5
113.0
85.8
101.0
112.7
86.1
104.0
126.3
104.3
135.1
119.7
77.9
118.6
85.9
102.9
119.1
76.5
115.8
80.1
98.4
108.5
85.1
100.9
129.2
102.8
131.7
122.0
71.7
117.6
87.0
103.1
124.1
75.9
113.3
75.9
99.8
108.5
84.1
96.7
132.9
102.0
132.6
125.9
69.1
119.8
Unit labor costs
(U.S. dollar basis)
United States……………………… 81.8
Canada……………………………… 66.7
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 51.5
Korea………………………………… 57.3
Taiwan……………………………… 42.1
Belgium……………………………… 88.3
Denmark…………………………… 57.9
France……………………………… 76.9
Germany…………………………… 59.6
Italy…………………………………… 58.5
Netherlands………………………… 77.5
Norway……………………………… 62.6
Spain……………………………….. 59.3
Sweden……………………………… 70.2
United Kingdom…………………… 82.2
96.8
98.1
100.7
83.9
90.7
88.7
89.5
92.7
92.8
87.3
92.7
87.9
93.3
86.2
91.3
99.5
99.2
105.2
103.7
91.8
98.2
90.8
92.3
92.5
91.3
87.5
96.9
90.0
94.5
90.5
96.3
106.0
99.3
90.4
93.2
115.3
104.2
99.6
95.1
95.1
96.3
99.3
80.6
96.9
88.9
86.3
67.8
85.3
97.4
83.0
98.9
125.8
109.6
100.4
94.2
89.4
94.2
98.6
76.3
93.2
92.1
82.6
63.7
86.2
95.7
83.4
107.2
131.7
126.5
101.1
105.2
103.5
101.3
115.8
76.2
104.8
108.6
89.5
69.6
91.8
93.6
86.7
115.7
109.6
128.6
96.7
100.4
107.6
99.7
112.3
85.2
99.2
107.7
91.3
76.9
92.0
92.2
83.3
110.3
97.8
105.3
91.3
84.8
90.4
83.8
93.8
79.2
87.4
102.3
80.0
64.9
98.8
91.2
78.1
92.6
93.0
69.6
77.5
83.9
92.0
79.3
93.4
77.7
87.2
104.3
77.7
61.1
106.6
90.3
76.5
97.4
103.1
74.0
77.2
82.5
89.0
75.0
89.4
75.7
83.2
103.1
72.9
55.9
105.1
91.2
74.6
86.9
102.6
76.7
77.2
70.3
75.6
63.8
76.2
65.1
70.7
93.6
63.5
49.1
97.8
92.4
75.4
79.5
94.2
69.7
72.6
71.1
76.9
62.6
74.2
65.5
71.3
94.5
62.6
46.9
93.7
89.6
75.4
84.2
89.1
72.3
63.4
75.8
84.2
66.6
79.5
72.1
77.3
109.8
67.7
47.6
100.7
90.2
87.8
102.2
88.1
74.4
62.7
91.1
103.4
78.7
94.0
91.0
94.3
118.6
83.4
56.2
109.7
85.9
95.5
119.2
89.7
79.3
60.4
97.5
109.4
85.5
100.2
102.2
102.1
121.4
93.3
56.9
122.0
87.0
102.8
128.7
87.4
86.8
59.4
99.0
109.3
84.5
96.1
105.3
101.3
128.0
96.4
53.9
123.5
NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1991 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1991 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 131
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
54. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, 1 United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers 3
Industry and type of case 2
1989
1
1990
1991
1992
1993
4
1994
4
1995
4
1996
4
1997
4
1998
4
1999
4
2000
4
2001
4
5
PRIVATE SECTOR
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
8.6
4.0
78.7
8.8
4.1
84.0
8.4
3.9
86.5
8.9
3.9
93.8
8.5
3.8
–
8.4
3.8
–
8.1
3.6
–
7.4
3.4
–
7.1
3.3
–
6.7
3.1
–
6.3
3.0
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.7
2.8
–
10.9
5.7
100.9
11.6
5.9
112.2
10.8
5.4
108.3
11.6
5.4
126.9
11.2
5.0
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.7
4.3
–
8.7
3.9
–
8.4
4.1
–
7.9
3.9
–
7.3
3.4
–
7.1
3.6
–
7.3
3.6
–
8.5
4.8
137.2
8.3
5.0
119.5
7.4
4.5
129.6
7.3
4.1
204.7
6.8
3.9
–
6.3
3.9
–
6.2
3.9
–
5.4
3.2
–
5.9
3.7
–
4.9
2.9
–
4.4
2.7
–
4.7
3.0
–
4.0
2.4
–
14.3
6.8
143.3
14.2
6.7
147.9
13.0
6.1
148.1
13.1
5.8
161.9
12.2
5.5
–
11.8
5.5
–
10.6
4.9
–
9.9
4.5
–
9.5
4.4
–
8.8
4.0
–
8.6
4.2
–
8.3
4.1
–
7.9
4.0
–
13.9
6.5
137.3
13.4
6.4
137.6
12.0
5.5
132.0
12.2
5.4
142.7
11.5
5.1
–
10.9
5.1
–
9.8
4.4
–
9.0
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.4
3.9
–
8.0
3.7
–
7.8
3.9
–
6.9
3.5
–
13.8
6.5
147.1
13.8
6.3
144.6
12.8
6.0
160.1
12.1
5.4
165.8
11.1
5.1
–
10.2
5.0
–
9.9
4.8
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.8
–
7.6
3.7
–
7.8
4.0
–
14.6
6.9
144.9
14.7
6.9
153.1
13.5
6.3
151.3
13.8
6.1
168.3
12.8
5.8
–
12.5
5.8
–
11.1
5.0
–
10.4
4.8
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.1
4.1
–
8.9
4.4
–
8.6
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
13.1
5.8
113.0
13.2
5.8
120.7
12.7
5.6
121.5
12.5
5.4
124.6
12.1
5.3
–
12.2
5.5
–
11.6
5.3
–
10.6
4.9
–
10.3
4.8
–
9.7
4.7
–
9.2
4.6
–
9.0
4.5
–
8.1
4.1
–
14.1
6.0
116.5
14.2
6.0
123.3
13.6
5.7
122.9
13.4
5.5
126.7
13.1
5.4
–
13.5
5.7
–
12.8
5.6
–
11.6
5.1
–
11.3
5.1
–
10.7
5.0
–
10.1
4.8
–
–
–
–
8.8
4.3
–
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.4
9.4
177.5
18.1
8.8
172.5
16.8
8.3
172.0
16.3
7.6
165.8
15.9
7.6
–
15.7
7.7
–
14.9
7.0
–
14.2
6.8
–
13.5
6.5
–
13.2
6.8
–
13.0
6.7
–
12.1
6.1
–
10.6
5.5
–
Furniture and fixtures:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
16.1
7.2
–
16.9
7.8
–
15.9
7.2
–
14.8
6.6
128.4
14.6
6.5
–
15.0
7.0
–
13.9
6.4
–
12.2
5.4
–
12.0
5.8
–
11.4
5.7
–
11.5
5.9
–
11.2
5.9
–
11.0
5.7
–
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
15.5
7.4
149.8
15.4
7.3
160.5
14.8
6.8
156.0
13.6
6.1
152.2
13.8
6.3
–
13.2
6.5
–
12.3
5.7
–
12.4
6.0
–
11.8
5.7
–
11.8
6.0
–
10.7
5.4
–
10.4
5.5
–
10.1
5.1
–
Primary metal industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.7
8.1
168.3
19.0
8.1
180.2
17.7
7.4
169.1
17.5
7.1
175.5
17.0
7.3
–
16.8
7.2
–
16.5
7.2
–
15.0
6.8
–
15.0
7.2
–
14.0
7.0
–
12.9
6.3
–
12.6
6.3
–
10.7
5.3
11.1
18.5
7.9
147.6
18.7
7.9
155.7
17.4
7.1
146.6
16.8
6.6
144.0
16.2
6.7
–
16.4
6.7
–
15.8
6.9
–
14.4
6.2
–
14.2
6.4
–
13.9
6.5
–
12.6
6.0
–
11.9
5.5
–
11.1
5.3
–
12.1
4.8
86.8
12.0
4.7
88.9
11.2
4.4
86.6
11.1
4.2
87.7
11.1
4.2
–
11.6
4.4
–
11.2
4.4
–
9.9
4.0
–
10.0
4.1
–
9.5
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.2
3.6
–
11.0
6.0
–
Electronic and other electrical equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
9.1
3.9
77.5
9.1
3.8
79.4
8.6
3.7
83.0
8.4
3.6
81.2
8.3
3.5
–
8.3
3.6
–
7.6
3.3
–
6.8
3.1
–
6.6
3.1
–
5.9
2.8
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.7
2.9
–
5.0
2.5
–
Transportation equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
17.7
6.8
138.6
17.8
6.9
153.7
18.3
7.0
166.1
18.7
7.1
186.6
18.5
7.1
–
19.6
7.8
–
18.6
7.9
–
16.3
7.0
–
15.4
6.6
–
14.6
6.6
–
13.7
6.4
–
13.7
6.3
–
12.6
6.0
–
Instruments and related products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
5.6
2.5
55.4
5.9
2.7
57.8
6.0
2.7
64.4
5.9
2.7
65.3
5.6
2.5
–
5.9
2.7
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.1
2.3
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.0
1.9
–
4.0
1.8
–
4.5
2.2
–
4.0
2.0
–
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
11.1
11.3
11.3
10.7
10.0
9.9
9.1
9.5
8.9
8.1
8.4
7.2
6.4
Lost workday cases..................................................
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.6
4.5
4.3
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.0
3.6
3.2
Lost workdays........………........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
97.6
113.1
104.0
108.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
5
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Mining
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Construction
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
General building contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Heavy construction, except building:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Special trades contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Manufacturing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Durable goods:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
Lumber and wood products:
Fabricated metal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
Industrial machinery and equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
132
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
54. Continued–Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, 1 United States
Industry and type of case2
Incidence rates per 100 workers 3
1989
1
1990
1991
1992
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4
Nondurable goods:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
11.6
5.5
107.8
11.7
5.6
116.9
11.5
5.5
119.7
11.3
5.3
121.8
10.7
5.0
–
10.5
5.1
–
9.9
4.9
–
9.2
4.6
–
8.8
4.4
–
8.2
4.3
7.8
4.2
–
7.8
4.2
–
6.8
3.8
–
Food and kindred products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
18.5
9.3
174.7
20.0
9.9
202.6
19.5
9.9
207.2
18.8
9.5
211.9
17.6
8.9
–
17.1
9.2
–
16.3
8.7
–
15.0
8.0
–
14.5
8.0
–
13.6
7.5
12.7
7.3
–
12.4
7.3
–
10.9
6.3
–
Tobacco products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.7
3.4
64.2
7.7
3.2
62.3
6.4
2.8
52.0
6.0
2.4
42.9
5.8
2.3
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.6
2.6
–
6.7
2.8
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.4
3.4
-
5.5
2.2
–
6.2
3.1
–
6.7
4.2
–
Textile mill products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
10.3
4.2
81.4
9.6
4.0
85.1
10.1
4.4
88.3
9.9
4.2
87.1
9.7
4.1
–
8.7
4.0
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.6
–
6.7
3.1
–
7.4
3.4
–
6.4
3.2
–
6.0
3.2
–
5.2
2.7
–
Apparel and other textile products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.6
3.8
80.5
8.8
3.9
92.1
9.2
4.2
99.9
9.5
4.0
104.6
9.0
3.8
–
8.9
3.9
–
8.2
3.6
–
7.4
3.3
–
7.0
3.1
–
6.2
2.6
-
5.8
2.8
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.0
2.4
–
Paper and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
12.7
5.8
132.9
12.1
5.5
124.8
11.2
5.0
122.7
11.0
5.0
125.9
9.9
4.6
–
9.6
4.5
–
8.5
4.2
–
7.9
3.8
–
7.3
3.7
–
7.1
3.7
–
7.0
3.7
–
6.5
3.4
–
6.0
3.2
–
Printing and publishing:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.9
3.3
63.8
6.9
3.3
69.8
6.7
3.2
74.5
7.3
3.2
74.8
6.9
3.1
–
6.7
3.0
–
6.4
3.0
–
6.0
2.8
–
5.7
2.7
–
5.4
2.8
–
5.0
2.6
–
5.1
2.6
–
4.6
2.4
–
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
7.0
3.2
63.4
6.5
3.1
61.6
6.4
3.1
62.4
6.0
2.8
64.2
5.9
2.7
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.5
2.7
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.2
2.1
–
4.4
2.3
–
4.2
2.2
–
4.0
2.1
–
Petroleum and coal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.6
3.3
68.1
6.6
3.1
77.3
6.2
2.9
68.2
5.9
2.8
71.2
5.2
2.5
–
4.7
2.3
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.6
2.5
–
4.3
2.2
–
3.9
1.8
–
4.1
1.8
–
3.7
1.9
–
2.9
1.4
–
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
16.2
8.0
147.2
16.2
7.8
151.3
15.1
7.2
150.9
14.5
6.8
153.3
13.9
6.5
–
14.0
6.7
–
12.9
6.5
–
12.3
6.3
–
11.9
5.8
–
11.2
5.8
–
10.1
5.5
–
10.7
5.8
–
8.7
4.8
–
Leather and leather products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
13.6
6.5
130.4
12.1
5.9
152.3
12.5
5.9
140.8
12.1
5.4
128.5
12.1
5.5
–
12.0
5.3
–
11.4
4.8
–
10.7
4.5
–
10.6
4.3
–
9.8
4.5
–
10.3
5.0
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.4
–
Transportation and public utilities
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
9.2
5.3
121.5
9.6
5.5
134.1
9.3
5.4
140.0
9.1
5.1
144.0
9.5
5.4
–
9.3
5.5
–
9.1
5.2
–
8.7
5.1
–
8.2
4.8
–
7.3
4.3
–
7.3
4.4
–
6.9
4.3
–
6.9
4.3
–
Wholesale and retail trade
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
8.0
3.6
63.5
7.9
3.5
65.6
7.6
3.4
72.0
8.4
3.5
80.1
8.1
3.4
–
7.9
3.4
–
7.5
3.2
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.7
3.0
–
6.5
2.8
–
6.1
2.7
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.6
2.5
–
Wholesale trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
7.7
4.0
71.9
7.4
3.7
71.5
7.2
3.7
79.2
7.6
3.6
82.4
7.8
3.7
–
7.7
3.8
–
7.5
3.6
–
6.6
3.4
–
6.5
3.2
–
6.5
3.3
–
6.3
3.3
–
5.8
3.1
–
5.3
2.8
–
Retail trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
8.1
3.4
60.0
8.1
3.4
63.2
7.7
3.3
69.1
8.7
3.4
79.2
8.2
3.3
–
7.9
3.3
–
7.5
3.0
–
6.9
2.8
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.5
2.7
–
6.1
2.5
–
5.9
2.5
–
5.7
2.4
–
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
2.0
.9
17.6
2.4
1.1
27.3
2.4
1.1
24.1
2.9
1.2
32.9
2.9
1.2
–
2.7
1.1
–
2.6
1.0
–
2.4
.9
–
2.2
.9
–
.7
.5
–
1.8
.8
–
1.9
.8
–
1.8
.7
–
Lost workday cases.........................................................
5.5
2.7
6.0
2.8
6.2
2.8
7.1
3.0
6.7
2.8
6.5
2.8
6.4
2.8
6.0
2.6
5.6
2.5
5.2
2.4
4.9
2.2
4.9
2.2
4.6
2.2
Lost workdays........………...............................................
51.2
56.4
60.0
68.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Services
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
1
-
-
Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Class-ification
Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the
years 1985–88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972
Edition, 1977 Supplement.
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays;
EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50
weeks per year).
2
Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and
illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address
fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries.
4
Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of
1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away
from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities.
5
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
3
The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where:
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007 133
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1996-2005
20053
1996-2000
(average)
2001-2005
(average)2
All events ...............................................................
6,094
5,704
5,734
100
Transportation incidents ................................................
Highway ........................................................................
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment .........
Moving in same direction ......................................
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming ..............
Moving in intersection ...........................................
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment on
side of road .............................................................
Noncollision ...............................................................
Jack-knifed or overturned--no collision .................
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) ........................
Noncollision accident ................................................
Overturned ............................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment ................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
roadway ..................................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
parking lot or non-road area ....................................
Water vehicle ................................................................
Aircraft ...........................................................................
2,608
1,408
685
117
247
151
2,451
1,394
686
151
254
137
2,493
1,437
718
175
265
134
43
25
13
3
5
2
264
372
298
378
321
212
376
310
335
274
335
277
175
369
345
318
273
340
281
182
391
6
6
5
6
5
3
7
129
136
140
2
171
105
263
166
82
206
176
88
149
3
2
3
Assaults and violent acts ...............................................
Homicides .....................................................................
Shooting ....................................................................
Suicide, self-inflicted injury ............................................
1,015
766
617
216
850
602
465
207
792
567
441
180
14
10
8
3
Contact with objects and equipment ............................
Struck by object ............................................................
Struck by falling object ..............................................
Struck by rolling, sliding objects on floor or ground
level .........................................................................
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects .......
Caught in running equipment or machinery ..............
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials ................
1,005
567
364
952
560
345
1,005
607
385
18
11
7
77
293
157
128
89
256
128
118
94
278
121
109
2
5
2
2
Falls ..................................................................................
Fall to lower level ..........................................................
Fall from ladder .........................................................
Fall from roof .............................................................
Fall to lower level, n.e.c. ...........................................
714
636
106
153
117
763
669
125
154
123
770
664
129
160
117
13
12
2
3
2
Exposure to harmful substances or environments .....
Contact with electric current ..........................................
Contact with overhead power lines ...........................
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances
Oxygen deficiency .........................................................
535
290
132
112
92
498
265
118
114
74
501
251
112
136
59
9
4
2
2
1
Fires and explosions ......................................................
Fires--unintended or uncontrolled .................................
Explosion ......................................................................
196
103
92
174
95
78
159
93
65
3
2
1
Event or exposure1
Number
Percent
1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual.
2 Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
3 The BLS news release of August 10, 2006, reported a total of 5,702 fatal work injuries for calendar year
2005. Since then, an additional 32 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality
count for 2005 to 5,734.
NOTE: Totals for all years are revised and final. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not
shown separately. Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. N.e.c. means
"not elsewhere classified."
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State, New York City,
District of Columbia, and Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
134
Monthly Labor Review • May 2007
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities to Automotive Service Technicians
and Mechanics, 2003 to 2005
by Sean M. Smith
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Originally Posted: May 23, 2007
Mechanics are more likely than the average worker to be injured or killed on the job, as evidenced by higher rates of fatalities
and injuries and illnesses. For both fatal and nonfatal injuries, contact with objects and equipment, such as parts and
materials and vehicles, represents a significant hazard. Many of the remaining nonfatal cases are due to overexertion and
sprains and strains; assaults and violent acts are a leading cause of workplace fatalities.
In 2005, there were 954,000 automotive service technicians and mechanics (henceforth to be referred to as "mechanics")
employed in the United States.1 Mechanics are responsible for keeping the Nation's more than 135 million automobiles in
running condition.2 As vehicle components have become more complex and computerized, the job of a mechanic has
increasingly become a high technology job.3 Mechanics have often specialized in a specific type of automotive repair,
becoming experts in engine, transmission, brake, front end, or air-conditioning repair. More than 290,000 mechanics are ASE
certified, a nationally recognized certification program that tests a mechanic's knowledge every 5 years.4
From 2003 to 2005, 147 mechanics were killed on the job.5 Their fatality rate was 5.3 per 100,000 employed in 2005, which
was higher than the rate of 4.0 per 100,000 employed for all occupations combined. (See table 1.) There were 15,680
nonfatal injuries and illnesses to mechanics involving days away from work in 2005, about the same as in 2004, following a
decline of 9.8 percent from 2003 to 2004. Among all occupations, mechanics ranked 14th in terms of the number of injuries
and illnesses involving days away from work in 2005, the same as in 2004. (Mechanics ranked 13th in 2003.) The median
number of days away from work for injured or ill mechanics in 2005 was 5 days, less than the median of 7 days for all
occupations.
Industry
Typically, mechanics worked in automotive repair and maintenance shops (34.9 percent) or for automobile dealers (33.9
percent); 8.8 percent worked for parts, accessories, and tire stores.6
In 2005, 47.0 percent of the mechanics who incurred a nonfatal injury or illness involving days away from work were
employed by automobile dealers, 17.8 percent worked for automotive repair and maintenance establishments, and 7.4
percent were employed by automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores. A small number were employed in goodsproducing industries such as manufacturing (4.2 percent) and construction (0.8 percent). Of the 147 fatal incidents that took
place from 2003 to 2005, 72.1 percent occurred in the automotive repair and maintenance industry, and 9.5 percent occurred
in automobile dealerships. All were employed in private industry.
Demographic Characteristics
All of the mechanics who were fatally injured over the 2003-05 period were men. Similarly, the vast majority (more than 95
percent) of mechanics who were nonfatally injured during the period were men. More than two-thirds (69.4 percent) of the
fatally injured mechanics were wage and salary workers, and nearly a third (30.6 percent) were self-employed.
Nearly 4 in 5 of the nonfatally injured mechanics in 2005 were non-Hispanic whites, 14.7 percent were Hispanics, and 4.0
percent were non-Hispanic blacks.7 Similar to the nonfatally injured mechanics, non-Hispanic whites made up 71.4 percent of
the fatalities in this occupation from 2003 to 2005. Hispanics accounted for 12.9 percent of fatalities--less than their share of
employment in this occupation (17.7 percent). Non-Hispanic blacks represented 7.3 percent of employment among
mechanics, but they suffered 12.2 percent of the fatalities.
Page 1
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Circumstances Of The Injuries, Illnesses, And Fatalities
Nonfatal injuries and illnesses. As can be seen in chart 1, most of the injuries and illnesses to mechanics in 2005 were due
to contact with object or equipment (44.5 percent) or to overexertion (21.6 percent). Contact with object includes being struck
by an object (22.0 percent of the total), struck against an object (11.3 percent), and caught in an object, equipment, or
material (5.6 percent).
For injuries and illnesses involving contact with object and equipment, 19.5 percent involved vehicles, 13.9 percent involved
hand tools, nonpowered, and 9.2 percent involved engine parts. (See table 2.) Injuries that were due to the worker being
struck by an object accounted for 22.0 percent of the injuries and illnesses to mechanics, but only 13.6 percent of injuries and
illnesses to all occupations. For overexertion injuries, 31.0 percent involved tires and wheels, and 23.6 percent involved
engine parts and accessories. More than half (59.3 percent) of the overexertion injuries were due to overexertion in lifting
objects.
The source of injury or illness is the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion that directly produced or inflicted the
disabling condition. The leading source of injury or illness to mechanics in 2005 was parts and materials (26.7 percent),
followed by vehicles (14.4 percent); the comparable rates for all occupations were 10.4 percent and 8.9 percent, respectively.
For injuries involving vehicles, 25.2 percent were due to transportation accidents, and 60.2 percent were due to contact with
objects and equipment, such as being struck against a stationary object (33.6 percent), caught in or compressed by
equipment or object (10.6 percent), and struck by an object (10.2 percent).
The nature of injury or illness names the principal physical characteristic of a disabling condition. The leading nature of injury
or illness to mechanics in 2005 was sprains and strains (32.6 percent), which was less than the comparable rate for all
occupations (40.8 percent). Sprains were followed by cuts, lacerations, and punctures (15.9 percent), which was higher than
the 9.6-percent rate for all occupations. Bruises and contusions accounted for 10.6 percent of the injuries to mechanics.
Injuries to the upper extremities accounted for 34.9 percent of injuries and illnesses to mechanics in 2005, followed by 29.0
percent to the trunk and 15.6 percent to lower extremities. Trunk injuries include injuries to the back, which accounted for
16.3 percent of all injuries to mechanics. Eye injuries accounted for 7.8 percent of injuries to mechanics, compared with just
2.8 percent among all occupations.
The days with the largest number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses to mechanics in 2005 were Thursday and Tuesday, with
3,250 and 3,160 cases respectively. The day with the fewest injuries was Sunday (680), followed by Saturday (1,110).
Fatalities. Assaults and violent acts accounted for 29.3 percent of the workplace fatalities among mechanics during the
2003-05 period, compared with 14.7 percent among all occupations. Of these, 44.2 percent were homicides and 55.8 percent
were self-inflicted wounds. (See chart 2.) Self-inflicted fatalities represented 16.3 percent of all fatalities to mechanics, but
only 3.5 percent of fatalities to all workers. Nearly half (45.8 percent) of the self-inflicted fatalities were by self-employed
mechanics, although only 16 percent of mechanics are self-employed. Gunshot wounds accounted for 19.7 percent of the
fatalities to mechanics, compared with 9.9 percent for all occupations.
The leading event or exposure for workplace fatalities during the 2003-05 period was contact with objects and equipment
(31.3 percent); the comparable figure for all occupations was 17.1 percent. The leading sources of fatalities were vehicles
(44.9 percent), bullets (19.0 percent), and parts and materials (10.2 percent). Among the 66 cases with vehicles as the
source of the fatality, 40.9 percent were transportation incidents and 34.8 percent were from being struck by falling objects,
such as a car falling off a lift, rack, or jack. Asphyxiations and suffocations accounted for 15.6 percent of the fatalities to
mechanics during the period.
Conclusion
Mechanics are more likely than the average worker to be injured or killed on the job, as evidenced by higher rates of fatalities
and injuries and illnesses. For both fatal and nonfatal injuries, contact with objects and equipment, such as parts and
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U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
materials and vehicles, represents a significant hazard. Many of the remaining nonfatal cases are due to overexertion and
sprains and strains. Assaults and violent acts are a leading cause of workplace fatalities.
Sean M. Smith
Economist, Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Telephone: (202) 691-6187; E-mail: Smith.Sean@bls.gov.
Notes
1 Employment data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS). Employment of automotive service technicians
and mechanics aged 16 years and older was 954,000 in 2005.
2 According to the Federal Highway Administration, there were 135,192,288 private and commercial automobile registrations in the United
States in 2005.
3 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 edition.
4 National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE).
5 Data on fatalities are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). Fatalities in this study are based on
revised counts for 2003 through 2005. Data on nonfatal injuries and illnesses are from the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII)
program, which collects data from a sample of business establishments in the United States. For more information on both the CFOI and SOII
programs, see "Chapter 9, Occupational safety and health statistics," in BLS Handbook of Methods, available on the Internet at http://
www.bls.gov/opub/hom/home.htm. The Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities (IIF) program uses the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification
System (OIICS) to define event or exposure, nature, part of body, and source. Occupation is defined using the Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system, and industry is defined using the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS).
6 Data for employment by industry are for 2005 and come from Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics program. These
data exclude self-employed workers.
7 Note that race was not reported in 17.7 percent of the nonfatal cases for this occupation in 2005. Also, persons identified as Hispanic, an
ethnic category, can be of any race.
Table 1. Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities to automotive service technicians and mechanics, 2003 to 2005
Year
Injuries and illnesses
Fatality count
Fatality rate
2003
17,240
57
6.4
2004
15,550
39
4.2
2005
15,680
51
5.3
Table 2. Nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work to automotive service technicians and
mechanics involving contact with objects and equipment by source of injury or illness, 2005
Source of injury or illness
Number
Percent of total
All
6,970
100.0
Vehicles
1,360
19.5
Parts and Materials
1,900
27.3
Engine parts and accessories
640
9.2
Tires, inner tubes, wheels
360
5.2
Vehicle and mobile equipment parts, n.e.c.
240
3.4
Other parts and materials
660
9.5
540
7.7
1,600
23.0
970
13.9
Machinery
Tools, instruments, and equipment
Handtools, nonpowered
Note: n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified
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U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Source of injury or illness
Number
Handtools, powered
Other sources
Chips, particles, splinters
Percent of total
370
5.3
1,570
22.5
830
11.9
Note: n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified
Data for Chart 1. Non-fatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work to automotive service technicians and
mechanics by event or exposure, 2005
Event or exposure
Number
All
15680
Overexertion
3390
Fall on same level
1160
Exposure to harmful substance
550
Transportation accidents
570
Other events or exposures
3040
Struck by object
3450
Struck against object
1770
Caught in object equipment, or material
880
Other contact with object
870
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Data for Chart 2. Fatal occupational injuries to automotive service technicians and mechanics by event or exposure,
2003-2005.
Event or exposure
All
Number
147
Contact with objects and equipment
46
Other events or exposures
8
Exposure to harmful substances or environments
8
Transportation incidents
27
Fires and explosions
15
Homicides
19
Self inflicted injuries
24
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