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Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119-3766 Phone: Fax: (415) 975-4350 (415) 975-4371 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 123, Number 5 May 2000 Spending patterns: Older Americans 3 Expenditures of older consumers do not differ significantly from those of younger consumers Geoffrey D. Paulin Families on public assistance 29 As the number of assistance programs families receive increases, so does the budget share they allocate toward basic necessities Lucilla Tan Purchasers of meals away from home 36 Demographics are most important in determining the probability of eating out; family type is less important Geoffrey D. Paulin Report Korean Occupational Outlook Handbook: first edition 46 Jin-Wook Seok Departments Labor month in review International report Précis Book reviews Publications received Current labor statistics 2 46 48 49 49 53 Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I. Baker, Bonita L. Boles, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith, Mary K. Rieg • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Ernestine Patterson Leary • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowm an, Edith W. Peters • Contributors: Julie Hatch https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Month in Review The M ay Review From their very beginning before the turn of the 20th century, Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer expenditure surveys have been primarily regarded as a source of weighting schemes for price or cost indexes of one sort or another. One of the first such surveys ac tually conceived of consumer spending as a cost of production. The data collected in these surveys have, however, always provided use ful insights into consumer behavior as well. This issue present three such analyses. Geoffrey D. Paulin investigates the in creasingly important role of older consum ers. Older Americans are projected to be come a larger share of the population, and the average real spending of older families has been growing at a much faster rate than that of families headed by a person younger than 65. Paulin’s regressions investigate the degree of homogeneity of older consumers’ spending patterns and the degree to which those patterns may be changing over time. Lucilla Tan reports on the demographic characteristics and expenditure patterns of families receiving public assistance. Almost 14 percent of noninstitutional civilian house holds receive at least one of the following: supplementary security income (SSI), welfare, medicaid, food stamps, a housing subsidy, or public housing. Not unexpectedly, basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter ac count for a significantly larger share of the assisted households’ expenditures. Geoffrey D. Paulin returns to analyze consumers’ spending on eating out—“food away from home” in the Bureau’s more prosaic wording. Just slightly fewer than three-quarters of “consumer units” (our fanciful phrase for families) reported eat ing out at restaurants, carryouts, fast-food stores, or other eating establishments dur ing the average week. Household spend ing on meals away from the house was about $1,477 over the course of a year, nearly a third of total spending on food. Lost-time injuries A total of slightly more than 1.7 million injuries and illnesses that required recu 2 Monthly Labor Review May 2000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis peration away from work beyond the day of the incident were reported in selected private industry workplaces during 1998. The total number of these cases has de clined in each year since 1992. Men accounted for 2 out of 3 of the 1.7 million cases in 1998, a proportion some what higher than their share (59 percent) of the hours worked by all private wage and salary workers. Workers aged 24 and under accounted for 15 percent of the cases and 14 percent of the total hours worked by all private wage and salary workers. Workers aged 25 to 44 accounted for 56 percent of the cases and 55 percent of the hours worked. Workers aged 45 and older accounted for 27 percent of the cases and 30 percent of the hours worked. For more information, see “Lost-worktime Injuries and Illnesses: Characteristics and Result ing Time Away from Work, 1998,” news release u s d l 00-115. College degrees in industry In 1998,39 percent of workers in the services industry held at least a bachelor’s degree, the highest percentage of all the industries. Close behind the services industry were finance, in surance, and real estate and government (pub lic administration)— in both of these indus tries, 37 percent of workers had attained a bachelor’s degree or higher. The percentage of workers with at least a bachelor’s degree was below 15 percent in three industries. In wholesale and retail trade, 14 percent of workers were college graduates and in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 13 percent were. In construction, just 10 percent of workers held a bachelor’s degree or higher. Find out more about characteristics of indus tries in Career Guide to Industries, 2000-2001 Edition, b l s Bulletin 2523. Workplace homicide There were 709 job-related hom icides in 1998, a 34-p ercen t decline from 1994. During the 7-year history of the Census of Fatal O ccupational Injuries, the highest num ber of job-related ho m icid es— 1,080— occurred in 1994. The number of work-related homicides has declined in each year since then. The biggest 1-year decline in hom i cides— a decrease of 18 percent— took place between 1997 and 1998. While many may assume that most work-related homicides are crimes of pas sion or anger, committed by disgruntled coworkers, spouses, or acquaintances, this is not the case. Of the 428 homicide cases in 1998 where the victim-perpetrator as sociation could be identified, fully twothirds involved robbery. Coworkers and former coworkers accounted for 15 per cent of identifiable cases of workplace ho micide, acquaintances for 7 percent, and relatives for 4 percent. Thus, these three categories taken together accounted for barely a quarter of the total. For further informatin, see “W ork-related H om i cides: The Facts,” by Eric F. Sygnatur and Guy A. Toscano, Compensation and Working Conditions, Spring 2000. Pay premiums up the ranks The wage differentials betw een adja cent levels of the supervisory hierar chy provide an interesting insight: The differential increases as the level of supervision goes up. First-line super visors, on average, earn 13 percent more than team leaders. Second-line m anagers earn 59 percent m ore than first-line, and third-line managers earn 73 percent more than second-line. The small differential between team leaders and first-line supervisors is best explained by looking at their occupa tions. Team leaders are often found in professional occupations, which tend to be higher paying. On the other hand, there are a large num ber of first-line supervisors in service occupations, which tend to be lower paying. See James Smith, “Supervisory Duties and the N a tional Compensation Survey,” Compen sation and Working Conditions, Spring 2000. □ Expenditures of Older Am ericans; 3P! Expenditure patterns of older Americans, 1984-97 Older consumers, who are expected to account for an increasing share of expenditures, do not differ significantly from younger consumers in their spending patterns; the underlying tastes and preferences o f subgroups of older consumers did not change significantly over the study period G e offre y D. Paulin Geoffrey D. Paulin is an economist in the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics. All opinions expressed herein are the author's, and do not constitute policy of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ne of the major demographic changes af fecting the United States today is the in creasing average age of the population. This trend is expected to continue for the next several years, especially as the large segment of the population known as the baby-boomers con tinues to mature. The oldest members of this group (born in 1945) will reach the nominal retirement age (65 years) in 2010. As this happens, consumer spending patterns are likely to change in a num ber of ways. But what kinds of changes are in the offing, and how large might they be? Have there already been changes that might help us prepare for the future? Although previous studies offer some insight by recognizing and examining the importance of ex penditures by older consumers, many of those studies concentrate on spending patterns at just one or two points in time. This article includes ele ments from earlier studies, but takes the analysis further: first, expenditure trends are analyzed for different age groups within the older population; second, experiments are designed to test whether tastes and preferences differ over time for older consumers. Data for the analysis are provided by Consumer Expenditure Surveys from 1984 to 1997. O M ethods an d procedures Previous studies. Beth Harrison1compared con sumer units (hereafter, families)2 in which the ref erence person was between the ages of 65 and 74 with those in which the reference person was 75 or older.3 Despite the brevity of her analysis, Harrison described an important finding: persons 65 years and older are not homogeneous. She found that the older group had fewer earners than the younger group (0.2, compared with 0.6), was less likely to own its home (2 out of 3 families 75 and older, compared with 3 out of 4 aged 65 to 74), and had a slightly smaller family size (1.5 mem bers, compared with 1.9 members.) She also found that those 75 or older spent less for most goods and services than those 65 to 74. A later study by Thomas Moehrle examined ex penditure patterns by families with reference per sons aged 62 to 74.4 Moehrle classified families into three income categories (less than $15,000, $15,000 to $29,999, and $30,000 or more), which he then further divided into two groups each: working and non working. Working families were those whose reference person received earnings from fullor part-time employment during the 12 months prior to the interview. All other families he classified as nonworking, even if members other than the refer ence person had worked. Those whose reference person was involuntarily unemployed or working without pay were excluded from the sample. Moehrle found that, regardless of income class, workers had higher expenditures for most goods and services than nonworkers. Pamela B. Hitschler presented comparisons Monthly Labor Review May 2000 3 Expenditures of Older Americans both within age groups across time and across age groups at a point in time.5 One expenditure component that yielded in teresting outcomes in the comparisons was health care: chart 1 of her article showed that, regardless of age (65 to 74 years or 75 and older), the proportion of the health care budget allocated to insurance was substantially larger in 1990 than in 1980. Correspondingly, the proportion allocated to medical services declined noticeably for each group over time. The same chart revealed that, regardless of year, the younger group (aged 65 to 74) allocated a larger share of total health care dollars to health insurance, although the gap was less in 1990 (48 percent, compared with 45 percent for the 75-or-older group) than in 1980 (37 percent, compared with 26 percent). More recently, M ohamed Abdel-Ghany and Deanna L. Sharpe used Tobit analysis to examine levels of expenditures for those same two age groups.6 Tobit analysis allowed them to make estimates about how tastes and preferences differed between the groups when characteristics such as income, fam ily size, and region of residence were held constant. AbdelGhany and Sharpe found differences between the two groups in every expenditure category they examined. Similarly, Rose M. Rubin and Michael L. Nieswiadomy7com bined results of several studies, some also using Tobit, into a book describing characteristics and expenditure patterns of older consumers. One of their more interesting extensions to the earlier analyses was that they attempted to measure the effects of change on the lives of older consumers, first by comparing regression results for pre- and postretirement fami lies8and then by examining changes in tastes and preferences over time.9 Their final chapter, entitled “Trends and the Fu ture,” briefly discusses how the increasing number of older people may affect households, businesses, and government policies in the future. The current article incorporates themes from all of these studies and yet is different from them in many ways. Starting with the similarities, all use data from the Interview compo nent of the Consumer Expenditure Surveys. Further, with the exception of M oehrle’s investigation, all use data for families whose reference person is either between the ages of 65 and 74 or 75 and older. Like them, the current study uses similar methods (for example, Tobit regressions) to examine expendi ture patterns, and many of the same expenditures (such as food, housing, and health care) are considered. However, there are differences. For instance, the AbdelGhany and Sharpe models are expanded to include variables such as whether the reference person is working. (Moehrle used this variable as well.) Also, the Tobit regressions are used here not to compare 65- through 74-year-olds with those aged 75 and older, but to compare whether tastes and prefer ences for each group are changing across time. Although Rubin and Nieswiadomy have also done this to some extent, the models employed in this article include more independent 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 variables. In addition, models are designed to show specifi cally which expenditure-characteristic relationships have changed significantly over time, as opposed to the Chow test used by Rubin and Nieswiadomy, which can only tell whether, in general, there has been some kind of change over time. And most important, while, of necessity, the regressions use only the Interview survey, data from the integrated survey results (described below) are used as well. Because these data are available on a consistent basis from 1984 onward, the analy sis shows trends, so that the reader can observe how changes in patterns have occurred over time. The final set of data is from 1997, because that is the most recent year for which data were available at the time the study was carried out. The data. There are two components to the Consumer E x penditure Surveys: the Diary and the Interview. Each is de signed to collect different types of expenditures with m axi mum efficiency. Families participating in the Diary survey receive a booklet in which to record all their expenditures during the 1st week of a 2-week survey period. The booklet is retrieved at the end of the 1st week and replaced with a fresh booklet. W hen the second booklet is retrieved at the end of the 2nd week, partici pation in the survey is completed. The Diary survey is de signed to collect expenditures for frequently purchased items (for example, groceries) and small-cost items (for instance, laundry detergent). The Interview survey is a panel survey designed to collect information on family expenditures over five consecutive quar ters. During each interview, the respondent is asked to recall expenditures for the last 3 months for most items in the sur vey. The first interview is used for bounding purposes— that is, to make sure that the expenditures reported took place in the time frame in question. (For example, a family that just purchased a refrigerator the week before the first interview should report the purchase during the first interview. If, dur ing the second interview, the respondent for that same family also reports the purchase of a refrigerator, the interviewer can make sure that the respondent is not referring to the same refrigerator reported in the first interview.) The Interview sur vey is designed primarily to collect information on recurring (for instance, rent or insurance) and “big-ticket” (for example, automobiles or major appliances) expenditures, because out lays for such items tend to be remembered for long periods. Also used to collect data on travel expenditures not collected in the Diary survey, the Interview survey covers up to 95 percent of all expenditures.10 The data from each survey are subsequently integrated using various statistically based techniques to find out which source provides the most reliable information for a given ex penditure item. The simplest case is that in which an expendi ture item is collected in one survey, but not the other. For example, in the Diary survey, extremely detailed information on food purchased at the grocery store is collected, with the respondent asked to write down each specific item purchased and the associated expenditure (for example, $5 for chuck roast). However, in the Interview survey, only a global ques tion concerning the average weekly expenditure for groceries during the last 3 months is asked.11 Therefore, the Diary is the source used to obtain estimates even for aggregated food expenditures (such as for beef, or even the more aggregated category of meat, poultry, fish, and eggs). However, some items, including certain articles of apparel, are collected in both surveys. In these cases, data from each survey are com pared, and the source that appears to be better based on the aforementioned statistical analysis is used.12 The integrated data yield the best overall picture of expenditure patterns for comparing trends in spending. Unfortunately, because the surveys are separate entities, it is not possible to “integrate” them in any way to perform regression analysis. For this reason, the Interview survey is chosen, because o f its comprehensive nature. Although many detailed items for specific goods are collected in the Diary, only the Interview provides an estimate of total expenditures for all families. Hence, it is from the Interview survey results that data are extracted for regression analysis. Analysis of spending patterns Trends. As noted earlier, previous studies have analyzed differences in expenditure patterns across age groups, but within a certain period, or have statically compared two peri ods and looked at the change that has taken place between them. However, either of those types of analyses misses some of the interesting variation in expenditure patterns that oc curs between periods. For example, comparing two periods that are separated by a long stretch of time might lead to the conclusion that not much had changed, because expenditures for a particular item were identical in each period, on average. Yet, between the periods, expenditures may have soared and retreated back to original levels, or they may have modulated around a baseline to which they have coincidentally returned in the second period. Although in the ending period, expendi tures were similar to those of the starting period, what hap pens in the middle is lost without trend analysis. Because the integrated data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys are available in a consistent format from 1984 onward, separate trends can be followed for those aged 64 to 75 and those aged 75 and older. The first trend to note is the increasing proportion of the population that is accounted for by older families. The per centage of all families whose reference person is 65 or older rose from 19.8 percent in 1984 to 20.8 percent in 1997. Al though the increase may not seem large, keep in mind that the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis numbers are percentages of the population as a whole. Given the growth of the U.S. population, the rise in the percentage of those older than 65 represents an increase of approximately 4.1 million families over the 1984-97 period, or an average increase of more than 313,000 families per year. This magni tude of growth is due mainly to an increase in numbers of the most senior members of the group: although 65- to 74-yearold families account for about 12 percent of the population in both 1984 and 1997, those aged 75 and older increased from less than 8 percent to more than 9 percent of the population during that time. Or, to put it another way, concomitantly with the growth of the total U.S. population during the period, the number of families whose reference person was younger than 65 increased about 16 percent from 1984 to 1997, while the number of those aged 65 and older grew nearly 23 percent. O f the latter, those aged 65 to 74 increased their numbers by 13 percent, while those aged 75 and older grew by 38 percent. Table 1 shows that, while younger families have had rela tively stable expenditure levels in real (that is, adjusted for inflation) dollars from 1984 to 1997, real expenditures (in 1997 dollars) by older consumers have risen substantially— 14 per cent for those aged 65 to 74 and 18 percent for those aged 75 and older. As a result, spending by older consumers has risen from 12.6 percent to 14.6 percent of all consumer spending. (See chart 1.) Put another way, those 65 and older once ac counted for 1 in every 8 consumer dollars spent; now they account for more than 1 in every 7 consumer dollars spent.13 O f course, this rise in aggregate consumer spending share may reflect the phenomenal growth rate in the stock market during the period in question, given that older consumers are more likely than younger consumers to live on proceeds from selling assets or on dividends and other income that assets produce. But what are the ramifications for less aggregated expendi tures? Surely, if older consumers have different tastes, prefer ences, or physical needs than younger consumers, they are expected to have differences in expenditure patterns. To test this idea, trends for several major expenditure categories, in cluding food at home, housing (shelter and utilities),14 ap parel, transportation, and recreation (including entertainment, food away from home, and reading) are displayed in real (that is, inflation-adjusted) terms. (See chart 2.) In each of these cases, indeed, older consumers purchase different amounts than younger consumers, but in most cases, the trend of ex penditures is similar for older and younger consumers. One interesting exception is recreation: although all age groups exhibited a real decrease in these expenditures during the 1990-91 recession, in 1997, recreation expenditures of younger consumers were down slightly (about 1 percent) from their 1991 value, whereas they had risen substantially for older consumers by 1997— 19 percent for those aged 65 to 74 and 28 percent for those at least 75 years old. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 6 Expenditures of Older Americans Table 1. Selected characteristics of families, by age group, 1984-97 1994 1995 1996 1997 P ercen t change 1984-97 80,709 12,038 9,463 81,330 11,933 9,860 82,659 11,742 9,811 83,640 12,109 9,827 15.6 12.5 38.3 Income before taxes:' Under age 65 $25,770 $27,493 $28,036 $30,273 $31,351 $34,447 $35,293 $37,633 $37,465 $38,699 $39,801 $40,878 $42,076 $44,135 65 to 7 4 ....... 15,720 18,191 17,874 18,598 20,704 22,051 21,501 22,723 23,182 24,468 24,934 25,553 25,824 27,492 75 and o ld e r. 11,712 12,306 12,461 12,912 13,707 16,285 15,435 16,247 18,051 17,192 19,616 18,006 18,379 19,425 71.3 74.9 65.9 Average annual expenditures: Under age 65 $23,953 $25,406 $26,113 $26,616 $28,142 $30,190 $30,955 $32,274 $32,423 $33,325 $34,186 $34,949 $36,342 $37,545 15,842 17,938 17,506 18,888 20,120 21,152 20,901 65 to 7 4 ....... 22,564 22,862 23,706 25,059 25,277 27,739 27,792 75 and o ld e r. 11,122 13,012 12,198 12,230 13,339 15,919 15,450 15,782 17,794 18,350 19,280 18,572 19,603 20,279 56.7 75.4 82.3 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (1982-84 = 100), annual average.......... 160.5 54.5 Income before taxes:1 Under age 65 $39,808 $41,010 $41,056 $42,771 $42,535 $44,587 $43,340 $44,347 $42,859 $42,984 $43,104 $43,051 $43,042 $44,135 65 to 7 4 ....... 24,284 27,134 26,175 26,276 28,090 28,542 26,403 26,777 26,520 27,177 27,003 26,911 26,417 27,492 75 and o ld e r. 18,092 18,356 18,248 18,243 18,597 21,079 18,954 19,146 20,650 19,096 21,244 18,963 18,801 19,425 10.9 13.2 7.4 Average annual expenditures:1 Under age 65 $37,001 $37,896 $38,240 $37,605 $38,181 $39,076 $38,013 $38,032 $37,091 $37,015 $37,023 $36,807 $37,176 $37,545 65 to 7 4 ....... 24,472 26,757 25,636 26,686 27,297 27,378 25,666 26,590 26,154 26,331 27,139 26,620 28,375 27,792 75 and older . 17,181 19,409 17,863 17,279 18,097 20,605 18,973 18,598 20,356 20,382 20,880 19,559 20,053 20,279 1.5 13.6 18.0 Item 1984 Number of households (thousands): Underage 65 72,357 65 to 7 4 ....... 10,761 75 and o ld e r. 7,105 1985 1986 1987 72,919 11,302 7,343 74,727 10,832 8,485 74,378 11,578 8,194 1988 75,259 11,319 8,284 1989 1990 75,496 76,889 11,848 11,318 8,474 8,761 1991 77,216 11,935 8,767 1992 78,256 11,959 9,804 1993 78,189 11,934 9,926 N om inal values 103.9 107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0 130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2 152.4 156.9 R eal values (1997 dollars) 'Complete income reporters only. An analysis of shares is also useful in this case. Aggregate shares, or the percentage of total consumer spending on a particular category for which each age group accounts, are especially enlightening, because they provide insight into which sectors are changing with the population. Older con sumers are indeed accounting for larger shares of most of the major expenditures. (Only the share for food at home remained relatively stable for all age groups.) This trend is largely at tributable to changes in aggregate expenditure shares for those who are 75 and older. For example, in 1984, that group accounted for 5 percent of spending on shelter and utilities, a share that steadily increased to nearly 7 percent in 1993. Al though it has since declined to about 6 percent, the overall aggregate share for shelter and utilities for those aged 65 and older rose from about 14 percent to 15 percent from 1984 to 1997. Similarly, the older group accounted for 2.6 percent of total spending on apparel in 1984, but the share rose to 4.0 percent 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 in 1997. The rise means that consumers who are at least 65 years old have increased their share of spending on apparel from 1 in every 10 dollars to 1 in every 8 dollars. For those aged 75 and older, the change in transportation shares are identical to the change in apparel shares from 19841997. (That is, they rise from 2.6 percent to 4.0 percent over the period.) However, the aggregate expenditure share for those aged 65 to 74 has been fairly stable, ranging from a low of 7.8 percent in 1987 to a high of 9.3 percent in 1988, but usually staying between 8 percent and 9 percent. Therefore, the aggregate share for the combined older groups increased from 10.9 percent to 12.3 percent of total consumer spending on transportation. Aggregate shares for recreation increased for all older con sumers. For those aged 65 to 74, the aggregate share increased from 7.6 percent to 8.7 percent from 1984 to 1997. Again, the increase was even greater for those aged 75 and older, rising from 2.9 percent to 4.5 percent. Altogether, this group’s share Chart 1. Share of total expenditure accounted for by older consumers Percent Percent rose from 10.6 percent of total recreation spending to 13.2 percent. However, the question again arises: Are these changes observed because of underlying changes in the demography of the population or because of changing tastes within differ ent age groups? To answer this question, it is useful to ana lyze budget shares; that is, we seek to answer the question: What proportion of total expenditures does the average con sumer unit in a given age group allocate to a given category of expenditures? For food at home, all age groups experienced a decrease of about 1 percent to 2 percent in the size of their budget share. (For those younger than 65, the share dropped from 15 percent to 14 percent; for those 65 and older, the share started at about 11 percent and dropped to 9 percent or 10 percent, depending on which subgroup one is considering.) Similarly, changes in shares for apparel, shelter and utilities, transportation, and recreation were minimal. Hence, because the budget shares did not change much over time, it is pos sible to attribute changes in aggregate shares to demographic changes, rather than changes in taste, within the age groups. One category of spending merits special attention: health care. This category is important for several reasons. First, health care expenditures are expected to be positively corre lated with age for adults. Second, much work examining vari ous aspects of health care with data from the Consumer Ex https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis penditure Survey has been completed. As noted earlier, works by H itschler, A bdel-G hany and Sharpe, and Rubin and Nieswiadomy examined health care for older consumers at least to some degree. Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe compared ex penditures of those aged 65 to 74 years and those 75 years and older), while both Hitschler, on the one hand, and Rubin and Nieswiadomy, on the other, examined expenditures for each of these age groups at fixed times— 1980 and 1990, for example. Gregory Acs and John Sabelhaus examined trends in health care expenditures from 1980 to 1992, although their focus was on nonelderly households “because most of them have private insurance, while elderly households generally receive insurance through medicare coverage.”15 Health care expenditures16 have risen substantially for all groups since 1984. In real terms, those younger than 65 spent about 9 percent more in 1997 than they did in 1984. However, those older than 75 spent more than 20 percent more, and those aged 65 to 74 spent in excess of 26 percent more. As shown in chart 3, older consumers routinely account for a much larger share of aggregate consumer spending on health care than their share of the population. For example, in 1997, those 65 years and older, making up only a bit more than one-fifth o f the total population, accounted for nearly one-third of total health care expenditures. But how are health care dollars allocated? Have there been Monthly Labor Review May 2000 7 Expenditures of Older Americans C h a rt 2. Expenditures of older consumers for selected services, 1997 dollars Food at home Expenditure Expenditure 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Shelter and utilities Expenditure Expenditure $ 10,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 May 2000 C h a rt 2. Continued-Expenditures of older consumers for selected services, 1997 dollars Expenditure Transportation Expenditure Recreation any changes in the way older consumers spend their health care budgets? Shares analysis provides some insight. To start with, health expenditure shares are most volatile for those aged 75 and older. (See chart 4.) For the years 1984 to 1997, as a share of total expenditures, they ranged from a low of 12.7 percent in 1985 to ahigh of 16.7 percent in 1988. By contrast, for those between the ages of 65 and 74, the share of total expenditures allocated to health care stayed between 8.9 percent (in 1987) and 11.0 per cent (in 1993). For those younger than 65, the range was narrow est, from 3.8 percent (from 1985 to 1987) to 4.5 percent (in 1993). All groups, however, experienced changes in how their health care dollars were spent: a larger share of the health care budget went to health insurance in 1997 than in 1984, regardless of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Expenditure Expenditure group considered. (See chart 5.) Although those aged 65 and older consistently allocated a larger share of their health care budget to insurance than those younger than 65, the trend was similar for each group. Those younger than 65 allocated less than one-third of their health care budget (32.8 percent) to health insurance in 1984, compared with nearly half (45.2 percent) in 1997. Those aged 65 to 74 increased their share from 44 percent in 1984 to 53.3 percent in 1997, and the share rose even more for those aged 75 and older, going from 37.9 percent in 1984to53.4 percent in 1997. The increased share for health insurance may explain the con comitant decrease in shares for medical services. (See chart 5.) Again, the two older age groups experienced similar changes in Monthly Labor Review May 2000 9 Expenditures of Older Americans [ g jQ J j Share of aggregate health care expenditures and total population for consumers 65 and older, 1984-97 Percent Percent 40 i------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ , 40 35 _____ .................. ___ - 30 25 20 20 15 15 ...... A g g re g a te health ca re e x p e n d itu re s 10 — 10 P o pu latio n - 5 __ I______ I______ i______ I______ i______ i______ i___ __ i______ i___ __ 1______ 1______ 1___ ___1______ 1__ 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Id ils lilJ Health care as a share of total expenditures of elderly, 1984-97 Percent 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 May 2000 C h a rt 5. Selected health services as percent of total expenditures for health care, 1984-97 Percent Percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Health insurance Drugs Percent Percent Medical services Medical supplies Monthly Labor Review May 2000 11 Expenditures of Older Americans shares, decreasing from about one-third of the health care bud get for each in 1984 to slightly more than one-fifth of health care spending (21.9 percent) for those aged 65 to 74 in 1997 and about one-sixth of total health care spending (17.0 percent) for those aged 75 and older. It is interesting to note that for both older groups, the shares are less than those for the group under 65 years old. Health insurance is the only health care expendi ture component for which this phenomenon obtains over the entire period examined. Expenditures for drugs (see chart 5) appear to be trending upward slightly as a share of the health care budget, at least for those aged 65 and older, albeit the shares are more volatile for the 75-and-older group. However, for those younger than 65, the shares are fairly stable, ranging from 14.1 percent of health care expenditures (in 1995) to 16.4 percent (in 1988). Spending on medical supplies is both the smallest and the most volatile expenditure in the health care group, but it ap pears to be trending downward for older consumers and up ward for younger consumers. (See chart 5.) Regression analysis Thus far, expenditures and expenditure shares have been ana lyzed in a general way. However, the results have only demon strated what patterns may be found in the data, not how or why they occur. For example, if the demographic composition of the age groups has changed in any way (for instance, if average family size or level of income has gone up or down), then those changes may account for changing expenditure patterns. Or if the demographic composition has remained stable, but spending patterns have changed for specific mem bers of any or all of the age groups (such as urban consum ers), then those patterns could account for changes in total spending for particular goods and services. Regression analy sis allows these issues to be explored. Several types o f analysis are used in this article. First, food at home is analyzed using ordinary least squares. Second, the category of shelter and utilities undergoes two types of analy sis: first, a probit model is used to test whether a change in the probability of owning or renting has taken place; and second, the owning and renting groups are separated, and an ordinary least squares regression is run on shelter and utilities for each group. The third set of regressions uses the Tobit method to analyze apparel and services, transportation, recreation and related expenditures, and health care. The large number of families reporting no expenditure for each of these items ne cessitates the use of Tobit to make certain that the results are not biased toward zero. Although the results in the previous section are taken from the integrated survey results, the data for the regressions come only from the Interview survey. The reason is that when data are published, it is easy enough to produce the inte 12 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 grated results by taking means where appropriate from Inter view and Diary survey sources and summing those means together to form an estimate of the average expenditure for a particular item. However, because the samples for the Inter view and Diary surveys are independent, there is no way to combine data for individual families. The Interview survey has a longer recall period (3 months) than the Diary survey (data are collected on a daily basis for a total of 2 weeks) and therefore is less subject to lack of data on infrequently pur chased items. As noted earlier, the Interview survey collects up to 95 percent of total expenditures through a combination of detailed questions and global estimates, including data on travel expenditures not collected in the Diary survey. Also, the Interview survey collects information on reimbursements for health care expenditures. For all these reasons, the Inter view survey is chosen as the source for analysis. Variables used. In most cases, the dependent variable for each regression is the amount of the expenditure for one of the major categories already described: food at home, shelter and utilities, apparel and services, transportation, recreation and related expenditures, or health care. The one exception is the probit regression for shelter and utilities. The dependent variable there is a binary variable describing whether the fam ily owns or rents its home; the predicted outcome is the prob ability of owning the home. The regressions are run sepa rately for each of the two older groups. The regressions have several independent variables in com mon as well. (Many of these are also used by Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe, but some changes are made in the current study.) The common variables include total expenditures (as a proxy for permanent income17), type of family (single male; husband and wife only; all other families), educational attainment of the reference person (high school graduate; attended college), ethnic origin of the reference person (Hispanic; black), num ber of earners (one; two; three or more), region of residence (Northeast; Midwest; West), and whether the household is located in a rural area. Other than the variable for total expen ditures, these are all binary variables. M ost of them are straightforward and are included to control for differences in tastes and preferences among the many types of families in the age groups under study. However, other variables are also included that may require further explanation. The simplest of these additional variables is a series de scribing housing tenure (own home with a mortgage; rent ing). The literature has shown that expenditures can differ by housing te n u re .18 (O f course, the v ariables signifying homeownership and renter status are excluded from the probit model for predicting housing tenure, given the nature of the dependent variable; also, in the ordinary least squares regres sion for shelter and utilities expenditures, the samples are al ready divided into homeowners and renters, so it only makes sense to include m ortgage status in the ow ner group and to om it the renter variable entirely.) A nother additional variable controls for the size o f the household when three or m ore m em bers are present. W hy control only for this circum stance? By definition, single-m em ber households include only one person; similarly, fam ilies consisting of a husband and w ife only include two m em bers. The effects of the size and type o f fam ily are therefore encapsulated in one variable, at least for these situations. O ther fam ilies can consist o f two m em bers (such as a grandparent and grandchild) or m ore. For these cases, the effects o f family size and type can be (and are) disentangled. Finally, a se ries o f interaction term s is included to test w hether there are changes from 1984 to 1997 in the relationship of the selected expenditures to any o f the independent variables, including perm anent income. Model-specific variables. In a few cases, certain variables are of obvious use in predicting a particular type of expendi ture, but may not be so important in predicting other expendi tures. For example, expenditures on transportation clearly are expected to vary with the number of vehicles owned, but it is not clear whether expenditures for apparel and services do so. Similarly, variables accounting for the number of rooms (including bedrooms), bathrooms, and half bathrooms are included in each of the housing regressions (excluding the probit model, because it is the characteristics of the family, and not the dwelling, that are o f interest in that case). Finally, in the model for health care expenditures, variables are in cluded to describe whether or not the family received a reim bursement for any component of health care spending (medi cal services, prescription drugs, or medical supplies). Reim bursements are treated as negative expenditures for the quar ter in which they are received; therefore, they lower total health care expenditures for that quarter. Because the Con sumer Expenditure Survey does not collect information on whether reimbursements are expected in the future, it is not possible to include a variable to minimize the effect of poten tially large expenditures for health care that will eventually be reimbursed. Finally, in the ordinary least squares models for shelter and utilities, variables for the number of earners are omitted. The reason is that only in 1997 were there any observations for renters who are at least 75 years old and who have more than one earner. Therefore, the regression would not be able to be run properly, given that it tests for changes over time in the relationship between expenditures and number of earners. Because these variables were not statistically significant (at least not at the 95-percent confidence level) for renters be tween the ages of 65 and 74 or for owners in either age group, the variables were dropped from the ordinary least squares models in order to keep them consistent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Price changes. Some caution is needed in the interpretation of these results. Before the regressions are computed, all 1984 expenditures (including the dependent variables and perma nent income) are adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all goods and services. This is done to convert the nomi nal 1984 values into “real” 1997 values. However, not all changes in prices are adjusted. For example, suppose that the price of a specific good drops from 1984 to 1997, and there fore, families purchased more of it during the period. Then the nominal value of the expenditure in 1997 may be higher than, lower than, or the same as it was in 1984, depending on how much the price dropped and how much the quantity purchased increased. However, if the nominal value of the expenditure for the good in 1984 is divided by its price in 1984 and the result is multiplied by the good’s price in 1997, then the nomi nal expenditure in 1997 will be greater than the “real” (that is, price-adjusted) value for 1984 (because the adjustment holds prices constant and the quantity purchased increased). The drawback of this method is that information on the price of the good may not be readily available. However, if a CPI value is available for that specific good, then the 1984 expenditure can be divided by the 1984 CPI for the good and multiplied by its 1997 counterpart. The resulting percent change in the adjusted 1984 expenditure and the observed 1997 expenditure would be the same as calculated by this method or the method of using prices directly. In either case, the 1984 nominal expendi ture would be converted to a real 1997 expenditure for the selected good. However, the CPI for all goods and services did not drop from 1984 to 1997; instead, the combined prices of all goods and services rose over that period. Therefore, adjusting the expenditure by the change in the overall CPI will not have the same effect as adjusting by the specific good’s index! (If a good doubles in price and the quantity purchased falls by less than 50 percent, the nominal expenditure still rises, even though less is purchased.) Then what is the rea son for adjusting specific expenditures by the overall price change? First, no indexes are readily available for some of the goods and services that are examined. (The category of recre ation and related expenditures is one example.) Second, ad justing by the overall CPI still has the advantage of at least controlling for general price changes. For suppose that, in real terms (that is, adjusting by the overall CPI), the expendi ture for a specific item has doubled. Then it can be said with certainty that the average family of interest is allocating twice the purchasing power to the good or service in question that it did in the earlier period. Again, we do not know whether price or quantity changes in the later period account for this increase, but we do know that, in real terms, the expenditure makes up a larger share of the budget in 1997 than it did in 1984. These results should be kept in mind when one is interpret ing such factors as the marginal propensity to consume ( m pc ) Monthly Labor Review May 2000 13 Expenditures of Older Americans and the (permanent) income elasticity of the selected expendi tures. The conventional interpretation of the m pc is that it represents the fraction of each additional dollar that would be allocated toward the purchase of the good in question, as suming that the family under study received an additional dollar from some source. Implicit in this statement is that in creased expenditures are a result o f increased quantities pur chased. However, in the present case, all that can be said for sure is that if the MPC is found to increase over time, then a larger share of the dollar is being spent on the good or ser vice, but again, it is not clear whether this is because prices increased or whether it is because quantities increased. Simi larly, income elasticity is usually interpreted to mean the per cent increase (or decrease) in the quantity purchased, given a 1-percent increase in income. However, in the present circum stances, it is interpreted as the percent increase in expendi ture (in constant 1997 dollars) for the good in question, given a 1-percent increase in income. Sample issues. Before the regressions are run, families whose total health care expenditures are negative (due to re imbursements) are dropped from the sample. This is done for two reasons. First, if included in the health care model, they would obviously cause a problem when the regression model was computed, because a few expenditures would be nega tive, several would be zero, and most would be positive. It is not clear how the Tobit model would be specified in such a case. However, as noted earlier, it is at least possible to con trol for situations in which a reimbursement is received for some component of health care, but is not enough to make the entire health care expenditure negative. Therefore, to keep the sample as consistent as possible for the regressions, those families with negative health care expenditures are dropped from it. Second, in some cases, the reimbursement is so large that total expenditures are actually negative. Because total expenditures are used as a proxy for permanent income in these models, eliminating negative health care expenditures ensures that total expenditures will not be negative. Similarly, a small percentage of families have no value re ported for the number of rooms. Because this situation affects only the housing models, these families are omitted just from that sample. For 1984, the models include 2,341 observations for the 65to 74-year-old group and 1,609 for the 75-and-older group. In 1997, there were 2,436 observations for the 65- to 74-year-old group and 2,076 for the 75-and-older group. The models are specified to show how relationships between expenditures and characteristics changed over the period for each group. Within each age group, the data for both years are combined, yielding a total of 4,777 observations for the models that in clude the 65- to 74-year-old group and 3,685 for those that include the 75-and-older group. (For the housing regressions, 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 the sample is 4,710 for the first age group and 3,652 for the second age group.) The control group. In analyzing the results of the regres sion techniques, a control group to which families with differ ing characteristics can be compared was defined. Conven tionally, the control group is designed to represent a “typical” sample point. For example, regardless of the year or age group, the majority of older families studied have no earner present. Therefore, one of the characteristics of the “typical” family is that it has no earners. In some cases, some judgment must be used to decide what represents the “typical” family. For ex ample, regardless of the year, single persons constitute the majority of families who are in the second age group. (See table 2.) However, for the first age group, married couples (with no other members present) are the more typical arrange ment, accounting for 3 out of 7 households, regardless o f the year. Nevertheless, earlier it was shown how family type and family size interrelate. Using singles as the control group, then, provides a logical base on which to build— a married couple is not only a different family type, but it includes exactly one more person than a single family, so the differ ence in expenditures due to adding an extra person to the family is subsumed in the coefficient for married couples. Furthermore, because most of the singles are female, by speci fying single females as members of the control group, differ ences in tastes for single men and women can be measured by including a variable to indicate whether the family is com posed of a single male. Accordingly, the control group for each regression is made up of families whose reference person is a single female who is (1) not a high school graduate, (2) neither Hispanic nor black, (3) not an earner, (4) a homeowner with no mortgage (except in the regression for shelter and utilities for renters), and (5) living in an urban area in the South. For the purposes of estimating factors such as income elasticity, families are assumed to have average characteristics for their age group where continuous variables (such as total expenditures or number of rooms) are concerned. The control group applies to each age group and each year. Although such a household may not exist, coefficients for other characteristics are shown so that estimates of expenditures or other factors can be com puted for whatever group is examined. A few words on Tobit. Tobit regression is used when there are a substantial number of nonexpenditures reported (as in this study). In other words, if a family did not purchase an item, then the expenditure on that item is recorded as zero dollars.19As pointed out in Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe, includ ing these zeros without some sort of adjustment would yield biased results. In such cases, Tobit is useful because it is a two-stage regression procedure. The first stage predicts the S e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s t o a c c o m p a n y r e g r e s s io n re s u lts 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e group 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e grou p C haracteristic 1997 1984 1997 2,341 1,804 1,765 39 537 515 22 2,436 1,952 1,897 55 484 461 23 1,609 1,096 1,059 37 513 495 18 2,076 1,571 1,507 64 505 493 12 100.0 99.6 100.0 99.6 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.8 99.8 100.0 84.5 91.4 92.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 78.7 93.7 94.7 97.8 99.8 100.0 70.0 72.1 84.5 96.2 100.0 100.0 67.3 80.6 91.5 98.8 7.9 26.9 42.3 22.9 14.4 9.2 27.2 41.9 21.7 14.7 9.6 47.3 27.7 15.5 5.9 10.6 44.3 30.6 14.5 5.3 48.2 28.8 23.0 31.9 32.8 35.3 63.0 16.8 20.3 39.4 31.4 29.2 Ethnic origin: Hispanic........................................................................................ B lack............................................................................................. White or o th e r............................................................................... 3.3 6.0 90.7 5.5 9.7 84.8 2.2 5.8 92.0 3.2 5.3 91.5 Number of earners: Zero............................................................................................... O n e ............................................................................................... Two................................................................................................ Three or m ore................................................................................ 58.6 28.5 10.3 3.0 58.0 28.9 10.4 2.3 84.2 13.0 2.1 .7 83.0 14.0 2.6 .4 Mortgage status: Has mortgage................................................................................ No mortgage (owners o n ly)......................................................... 17.9 59.2 19.2 61.0 4.4 63.7 8.9 66.8 Region of residence: Northeast...................................................................................... Midwest......................................................................................... South............................................................................................. W est.............................................................................................. 25.2 25.8 28.8 20.1 22.0 28.3 31.4 18.3 26.3 28.7 28.2 16.8 18.4 27.6 33.1 20.9 Living in rural areas........................................................................ 14.8 11.9 15.1 10.9 Receiving reimbursement for health care....................................... 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.0 Average number reported: Rooms........................................................................................... Homeowners................................................................................ Renters........................................................................................ 5.4 5.9 3.9 5.7 6.1 4.1 5.0 5.5 3.9 5.3 5.8 3.8 Bathrooms....................................................................................... Homeowners.................................................................................. Renters......................................................................................... Half bathrooms................................................................................ Homeowners.................................................................................. Renters......................................................................................... Vehicles........................................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.0 .2 .3 (’) 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.1 .3 .4 .1 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.0 .2 .2 .1 .8 1.3 1.4 1.1 .2 .3 .1 1.2 1984 Sample s iz e ........................................................................................ Homeowners...................................................................................... Reporting number of rooms............................................................ Missing rooms, bathrooms, or half baths....................................... Renters............................................................................................. Reporting number of rooms............................................................ Missing rooms, bathrooms, or half baths....................................... Percent reporting expenditures: Total (quarterly)................................................................................. Food at hom e.................................................................................... Shelter and utilities: Homeowners (room reporters o n ly)................................................ Renters (room reporters on ly)........................................................ Apparel and services........................................................................ Transportation................................................................................... Recreation and related item s........................................................... Health care........................................................................................ Characteristics (p ercen t) Family composition: Single m a n ...................................................................................... Single woman.................................................................................. Husband and wife on ly................................................................... Other fa m ily.................................................................................... Three or more members................................................................... Reference person: Educational attainment: Less than high school.................................................................. High school graduate................................................................... Attended college.......................................................................... 1 Less than 0.05. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 15 Expenditures of Older Americans probability of purchase of a given item (using a probit tech nique), and the second stage predicts how much is spent on the item, assuming that it is in fact purchased. However, Tobit coefficients cannot be interpreted in the same way as ordi nary least squares coefficients, because a change in one of the independent variables (say, an increase in permanent in come) may influence the outcome not only by increasing the amount o f the purchase, but also by influencing the probabil ity of making the purchase in the first place.20 The proper adjustments are made in each case before calculating m pcs and income elasticities for results from Tobit regressions. In using regression results to estimate income elasticities, it is necessary to have a value both for expenditures for the good or service under study and for total expenditures (per manent income). The data from the Interview survey are avail able in a quarterly format. For regression purposes, each quar ter is treated independently, although the same family may appear more than once in the sample. Because of the quarterly Table 3. availability, expenditures in table 3 are quarterly averages for the year in which the consumer unit participated in the inter view.21 For purposes of evaluation, the control group is as sumed to have average quarterly expenditures at both the aggregate (that is, total expenditures) and the component (for example, food at home) level. In the Tobit regressions, though, expenditures for specific goods and services (apparel and services, transportation, recreation and related items, and health care) are nor quarterly averages, but are predicted quar terly expenditures for a member of the reference group. Again, this is because Tobit results require special adjustments be fore interpretation, and it is necessary to use predicted expen ditures to obtain elasticity estimates. Food at home. At least for those 65 to 74 years old, relation ships between characteristics and expenditures appear to have been remarkably stable over time. Although several characteristics have statistically significant parameter esti- Results derived from regression analyses, by age group 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e g ro u p M o d e l a n d c a te g o ry 1984 1997 1984 1997 Total expenditures (quarterly)..................................... $6,016 $ 6,513 $3,962 $4,922 Food at home: Expenditure............................................................. Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... $813 '.030 .222 $782 ’ .020 .167 $568 ’ .020 .140 $615 ’.016 .128 $ 1,358 $ 1,561 $ 1,150 $ 1,275 '.072 .319 ’ .059 .246 ’ .047 .162 ’ .065 .251 $ 1,241 $ 1,572 $ 1,221 $ 1,588 '.094 .456 .081 .336 ’ .119 .386 ’ .189 .586 $270 ’ .023 .512 $222 .018 .528 $119 ’.007 .233 $107 ’.012 .552 $ 1,710 $ 1,511 ’ .321 1.129 ’ .240 1.034 $438 ’ .035 .317 $587 ’ .093 .780 Recreation and related items: Expenditure (predicted)........................................... Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... $556 ’ .066 .714 $606 ’ .057 .613 $393 ’ .031 .313 $561 ’ .059 .518 Health care: Expenditure (predicted)........................................... Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... $612 ’ .028 .275 $708 ’ .042 .386 $700 ’ .053 .300 $708 ’.020 .139 Shelter and utilities, owners: Expenditure............................................................. Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... Shelter and utilities, renters: Expenditure............................................................. Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... Tobit results Apparel and services: Expenditure (predicted)........................................... Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... Transportation: Expenditure (predicted)........................................... Marginal propensity to consume.............................. Income elasticity..................................................... 'Indicates that the coefficient for the marginal propensity to consume is statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level. For 1984, this means that the marginal propensity to consume is significantly different from 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 zero. For 1997, this means that the marginal propensity to consume is signifi cantly different than it was in 1984. mates, none of these variables has a statistically significant parameter estimate when interacted with the binary variable which indicates that the data are from 1997 (table 4). In other words, some characteristics, such as type of family and re gion of residence (at least, the Northeast) appear to have a bearing on food-at-home expenditures for the 65- to 74-yearold group, but these relationships do not appear (at the 95percent confidence level) to have changed over time. For those 75 and older, however, a few changes are noted. First, families with multiple members appear to have spent less for food at home in 1997 than they did in 1984, as did families in the Midwest. Families with more than one earner, however, ap peared to have spent m ore, as the coefficients for both two-earner and multiple-earner families are statistically sig nificant for 1997 (but not for 1984). The intercept also increased in 1997 for the 75-and-older group (but not for the 65- to 74year-olds), indicating that expenditures were higher for the control group in 1997. For both age groups, though, the m pc decreased, as shown in table 3. This is consistent with the increase in expenditures for food away from home for both groups. Note that although total expenditures for the older group increased by a larger proportion (24 percent) than food expenditures (8 percent), a fact that, all other things being equal, would increase the in come elasticity of food expenditures, the decrease in the m p c was enough to offset these changes and to cause the elastic ity to fall, if slightly. Shelter and utilities. Regardless of the year, the majority of control group members are predicted to be homeowners. In fact, the predicted values are remarkably similar for each age group, regardless of the year, despite the higher predicted probability of ownership for each group in 1997. In 1984, for example, the predicted probability of ownership for 65- to 74year-olds is 58 percent, compared with 56 percent for the 75or-older group. In 1997, the probability increases to 72 per cent for the former and 76 percent for the latter.22 In neither age group is the intercept (indicating a “base” probability for 1984) statistically significant, although for each of them, the coefficient for 1997 is positive and statistically significant at the 99-percent confidence level. The income parameter is sta tistically significant (again at the 99-percent level) for the 65to 74-year-old group in 1984, but there is no significant change in the relationship between their probability of owning and permanent income for 1997. For the 75-and-older group, the income effect is not statistically significant in 1984,23 and there is no evidence of a change in the relationship by 1997. House holds consisting of a husband and wife only are more likely to own than are single females in either year, regardless of the age group. Similarly, families with three or more members are more likely to own, regardless of the year.24 Probability of ownership increases with education for the younger age https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis group, but not for the older. However, the probability of own ership is lower for Hispanics in each age group and for blacks in the older group, but not for blacks in the younger group. Probability of ownership also decreases significantly for Northeastemers in 1997, although it is higher for rural families in each year. (See table 5.) Expenditure patterns for owners show different changes by age group in each year. For example, for 65- to 74-year-olds in 1997, both the intercept and the income coefficient decrease significantly. (See table 6.) However, for those 75 and older in 1997, both coefficients increase, although the change in the intercept is not statistically significant. Note that for the latter group, these changes, coupled with the aforementioned in crease in total expenditures (24 percent) and a smaller increase in shelter and utilities expenditures (11 percent), contribute to a substantial increase in income elasticity for owners in the group. However, for the younger group, estimated income elasticity is substantially lower for 1997 than for 1984. Again, the opposite of the older group holds for the younger group: a smaller m p c in 1997 is accompanied by an increase in total expenditure (8 percent) that is smaller than the percent in crease in expenditures for shelter and utilities (15 percent), all of which act to make the elasticity for the group smaller in 1997 than 1984. For renters in both age groups, expenditure patterns are remarkably stable. For both age groups, expenditures appear to have increased in 1997 for those who attended college. (See table 7.) Other than this, the only statistically significant variables for the 65- to 74-year-old group in 1997 are family size (multiple members) and regional variables; expenditures for this group appear to have risen for residents of the M id west and West. For those 75 and older, the intercept is signifi cantly larger in 1997, as is the m p c . Also, the coefficient for number of bathrooms is statistically significant (and nega tive) for 1997. Both age groups are fairly homogeneous, with few other parameter estimates being statistically significant, regardless of the year. For the younger age group, only coef ficients for family type (husband and wife only; other fami lies), rural residence, and number of rooms are statistically significant. The rural coefficient is negative, but the others are positive. For the older group, living in a rural area is also associated with lower expenditures, while the numbers of bathrooms and half bathrooms appear to increase expendi tures for housing for this group. Although these expenditures are similar for each age group in each year, m p c s and elasticities are quite different for each group of renters and, in fact, change differently over time. (See table 3.) For the younger age group, the m p c for 1997 does not differ from that for 1984 in any statistically signifi cant way. For the older group, however, the m p c increases substantially from 1984 to 1997. Despite a similar increase for both groups in expenditures for shelter and utilities (27 per- Monthly Labor Review May 2000 17 Expenditures of Older Americans Table 4. Regression results, food-at-home model 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p Variable n o r H0: p a ra m e te r = 0 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group Param eter estim ate S tandard error Intercept......................................... Interaction, 1997 ......................... 403.101 -11.200 30.357 42.766 13.278 -.262 0.000 .793 338.513 94.069 Total expenditures........................... Interaction, 1997 ......................... .030 -.010 .002 .003 15.164 -3.822 .000 .000 Family composition: Single man................................... Interaction, 1997..................... -5.935 -19.373 37.995 52.031 -.156 -.372 Husband and wife o n ly ............... Interaction, 1997..................... 285.910 31.346 25.357 35.033 Other family................................. Interaction, 1997..................... 250.735 3.104 At least three members.............. Interaction: 1997..................... P aram eter estim ate Standard error 7 for H0: p a ra m e te r = 0 Prob > I T\ 24.321 31.917 13.918 2.947 0.000 .020 -.004 .002 .002 10.765 -1.970 .000 .049 .876 .710 -8.501 -28.626 31.038 40.560 -.274 -.706 .784 .480 11.276 .895 .000 .371 298.351 -43.760 22.419 29.579 13.308 -1.479 .000 .139 38.796 55.841 6.463 .056 .000 .956 256.624 -23.902 33.671 44.958 7.622 -.532 .000 .595 399.208 -95.512 43.666 62.111 9.142 -1.538 .000 .124 336.898 -262.075 51.675 68.098 6.520 -3.849 .000 .000 Education of the reference person: High school graduate.................. Interaction, 1997..................... -36.895 28.102 22.863 33.007 -1.614 .851 .107 .395 29.567 -75.452 24.503 30.809 1.207 -2.449 .228 .014 Attended college.......................... Interaction, 1997..................... -25.177 48.397 25.857 35.719 -.974 1.355 .330 .176 21.562 41.324 23.381 30.475 .922 1.356 .357 .175 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic....................................... Interaction, 1997..................... -56.893 40.836 54.281 68.774 -1.048 .594 .295 .553 7.585 42.735 61.002 75.506 .124 .566 .901 .571 Black........................................... Interaction, 1997..................... -80.881 41.855 41.479 52.705 -1.950 .794 .051 .427 -29.130 -18.202 38.519 52.035 -.756 -.350 .450 .727 Number of earners: One earner.................................. Interaction, 1997..................... -7.551 -37.725 23.043 32.305 -.328 -1.168 .743 .243 14.929 70.552 29.006 38.168 .515 1.848 .607 .065 Two earners................................. Interaction, 1997..................... -43.355 -12.542 36.701 50.238 -1.181 -.250 .238 .803 -137.214 291.068 71.780 89.199 -1.912 3.263 .056 .001 Three or more earners................ Interaction, 1997..................... 127.267 180.006 64.893 95.493 1.961 1.885 .050 .060 -164.309 1150.001 111.276 165.953 -1.477 6.930 .140 .000 Housing tenure: Own home, no mortgage............. Interaction, 1997..................... 78.162 -9.083 26.139 36.161 2.990 -.251 .003 .802 1.755 50.831 44.296 52.364 .040 .971 .968 .332 Renter.......................................... Interaction, 1997..................... 12.231 4.793 24.658 35.605 .496 .135 .620 .893 -30.740 -24.359 20.080 27.756 -1.531 -.878 .126 .380 Region of residence: Northeast..................................... Interaction, 1997..................... Midwest....................................... Interaction, 1997..................... 67.467 10.329 -49.656 37.644 26.394 37.171 25.821 35.447 2.556 .278 -1.923 1.062 .011 .781 .055 .288 40.298 -26.421 -11.106 -71.070 24.917 33.747 23.869 31.118 1.617 -.783 -.465 -2.284 .106 .434 .642 .022 W est............................................ Interaction, 1997..................... 13.328 45.233 28.120 39.414 .474 1.148 .636 .251 46.241 -28.196 28.297 35.704 1.634 -.790 .102 .430 Degree of urbanization: Rural............................................ Interaction, 1997..................... -42.120 24.677 27.580 40.150 -1.527 .615 .127 .539 -4.654 -20.702 25.766 36.031 -.181 -.575 .857 .566 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 Prob > 171 .003 Table 5. Regression results, probability-of-homeownership model 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e group Variable Intercept.................................................... Interaction, 1997 ..................................... Total expenditures...................................... Interaction, 1997 ..................................... Param eter estim ate - 0.064 S tandard error 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e grou p Pr > c h isquare P aram eter estim ate Standard error Pr > c h isquare .389 0.090 .129 0.477 .003 0.062 .521 0.090 .123 0.491 .000 4.42 X 10’5 X 10-6 1.00 X 10'5 1.30 X 10-5 1.00 X 10-4 6.0 5 X 10-’ 2.16 X 10-5 8 .65 X 1O'7 1.20 X 10-5 1.50 X 10-5 .076 .954 - 6.71 Family composition: Single man.............................................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.007 -.453 .108 .149 .946 .002 .354 -.180 .116 .154 .002 .242 Husband and wife o n ly ........................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .901 -.216 .081 .115 .000 .061 .942 -.077 .092 .125 .000 .539 Other family............................................ Interaction, 1997 .................................. .183 .083 .114 .170 .110 .628 .592 -.178 .131 .182 .000 .328 At least three members.......................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .689 -.370 .141 .203 .000 .068 .684 -.425 .268 .339 .011 .211 Education of the reference person: High school graduate.............................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. .191 .072 .075 .108 .011 .503 .144 -.191 .098 .125 .144 .127 Attended college..................................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .423 -.033 .090 .123 .000 .786 .062 -.053 .095 .125 .511 .671 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic.................................................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.562 .178 .167 .213 .001 .405 -.658 -.129 .223 .278 .003 .644 Black...................................................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.169 -236 .127 .160 .183 .141 -.513 .112 .147 .200 .001 .577 Number of earners: One earner............................................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. .067 -.171 .077 .109 .387 .118 -029 .344 .121 .168 .808 .041 Two earners............................................ Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.069 -.006 .130 .186 .597 .976 5.223 - 5.222 2 ,991.958 2 ,991.958 .999 .999 Three or more earners............................ Interaction, 1997 .................................. .651 .156 .348 .538 .062 .772 - 4.835 4 ,988.488 4 ,988.488 .999 .999 Region of residence: Northeast................................................ Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.094 -.281 .087 .123 .279 .023 -.251 -.292 .099 .135 .011 .031 M idwest.................................................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. .064 -.016 .086 .122 .456 .895 -.039 -.322 .096 .128 .688 .012 W est....................................................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. -.090 -.104 .094 .134 .341 .436 .035 -.294 .113 .146 .755 .044 Degree of urbanization: Rural....................................................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .229 .194 .091 .148 .012 .191 .302 -185 .108 .155 .005 .234 Housing characteristics: Number of room s.................................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .485 -.053 .031 .044 .000 .235 .407 .076 .030 .039 .000 .048 Number of bathrooms............................. Interaction, 1997 .................................. .276 .155 .114 .146 .015 .287 .400 -332 .138 .156 .004 .033 Number of half bathrooms..................... Interaction, 1997 .................................. .667 -.304 .122 .154 .000 .048 .500 -.383 .127 .163 .000 .019 Note: In this form of regression analysis, the standard error of the parameter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value "Pr> chi-square" then denotes the level of statistical signigicance of the para https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.914 meter estimate. A value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95-percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statistical significance at the 99-percent confidence level. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 19 Expenditures of Older Americans Table 6. Regression results, shelter and utilities (owners) model 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p V a ria b le P aram eter estim ate Standard error 0.000 .002 -54.221 170.217 141.541 186.836 -0.383 .911 0.702 .362 15.302 -2.049 .000 .041 .047 .018 .006 .007 8.123 2.533 .000 .011 110.479 150.469 -1.848 1.651 .065 .099 106.234 -104.129 115.604 147.639 .919 -.705 .358 .481 -151.095 71.138 63.646 86.680 -2.374 .821 .018 .412 35.217 -43.215 75.355 98.258 .467 -.440 .640 .660 Other family............................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... -155.225 156.767 100.808 140.102 -1.540 1.119 .124 .263 -33.587 -115.585 110.621 144.753 -.304 -.798 .761 .425 At least three members............................. Interaction, 1997.................................... 52.346 19.861 104.176 146.908 .502 .135 .615 .893 212.082 -145.753 146.765 198.120 1.445 -.736 .149 .462 Education of the reference person: High school graduate................................. Interaction, 1997.................................... 45.294 30.361 57.418 82.367 .789 .369 .430 .712 113.220 -74.051 85.050 106.894 1.331 -.693 .183 .489 Attended college........................................ Interaction, 1997.................................... 157.256 118.202 64.214 89.025 2.449 1.328 .014 .184 140.428 9.949 85.810 109.237 1.637 .091 .102 .927 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic..................................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... -43.272 108.419 151.289 188.687 -.286 .575 .775 .566 -287.103 426.797 263.950 320.775 -1.088 1.331 .277 .184 Black......................................................... Interaction, 1997 ...................................... 81.701 -129.656 115.029 144.343 .710 -.898 .478 .369 46.369 101.825 148.303 196.315 .313 .519 .755 .604 Region of residence: Northeast.................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 353.452 224.081 67.104 94.348 5.267 2.375 .000 .018 471.535 3.596 89.669 120.512 5.259 .030 .000 .976 M idwest..................................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... 198.275 -18.387 64.237 87.090 3.087 -.211 .002 .833 55.688 2.600 84.069 108.152 .662 .024 .508 .981 W est.......................................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... -54.289 234.287 69.890 97.208 -.777 2.410 .437 .016 43.155 205.410 98.091 121.986 .440 1.684 .660 .092 Degree of urbanization: Rural.......................................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... -216.271 53.357 68.750 96.946 -3.146 .550 .002 .582 -116.735 96.479 89.125 121.391 -1.310 .795 .190 .427 Housing characteristics: Number of room s....................................... Interaction, 1997.................................... -17.867 54.208 18.604 24.381 -.960 2.223 .337 .026 50.018 -25.294 23.878 31.329 2.095 -.807 .036 .420 Number of bathrooms................................ Interaction, 1997..................................... 294.281 -23.303 50.486 66.918 5.829 -.348 .000 .728 392.340 -146.041 69.656 87.581 5.633 -1.668 .000 .096 Number of half bathrooms......................... Interaction, 1997.................................... 126.971 22.952 47.143 62.252 2.693 .369 .007 .712 73.793 97.979 70.116 89.582 1.052 1.094 .293 .274 Home owned without mortgage................. Interaction, 1997.................................... 344.378 461.323 57.819 79.644 5.956 5.792 .000 .000 477.952 233.220 127.282 151.309 3.755 1.541 .000 .123 T f o r H 0: P ro b > IT! p a ra m e te r = 0 Param eter estim ate Standard error Intercept........................................................ Interaction, 1997 ....................................... 445.260 —464.748 108.100 152.016 4.119 -3.057 Total expenditures......................................... Interaction, 1997 ....................................... .072 -.013 .005 .006 Family composition: Single m an................................................. Interaction, 1997.................................... -204.194 248.420 Husband and wife o n ly .............................. Interaction, 1997.................................... 20 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 T f o r H 0: P ro b > i n p a ra m e te r = 0 Table 7. Regression results, shelter and utilities (renters) model 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e group 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e grou p Variable Param eter estim ate Standard error T f or H0: p a ra m e te r = 0 Prob > 17 T Intercept......................................... Interaction, 1997 ......................... 277.627 -243.468 146.632 197.823 1.893 -1.231 0.059 .219 Total expenditures........................... Interaction, 1997 ......................... .094 -.013 .012 .014 8.142 -.979 Family composition: Single m an................................... Interaction, 1997...................... 132.063 74.820 85.857 116.399 Husband and wife o n ly ............... Interaction, 1997..................... 218.094 160.525 Other family................................. Interaction, 1997..................... P aram eter estim ate Standard error Tfor H0: p a ra m e te r = 0 -280.046 883.601 217.740 270.361 -1.286 3.268 0.199 .001 .000 .328 .119 .070 .016 .020 7.554 3.488 .000 .001 1.538 .643 .124 .521 -50.840 134.124 141.541 188.141 -.359 .713 .720 .476 85.741 120.394 2.544 1.333 .011 .183 117.967 112.870 121.355 175.400 .972 .644 .331 .520 225.566 70.161 96.576 152.227 2.336 .461 .020 .645 72.811 41.933 152.779 223.120 .477 .188 .634 .851 At least three members.............. Interaction, 1997..................... -57.687 394.436 132.499 192.920 -.435 2.045 .663 .041 142.728 6.667 406.379 496.083 .351 .013 .726 .989 Education of the reference person: High school graduate.................. Interaction, 1997..................... 106.656 25.699 66.696 98.360 1.599 .261 .110 .794 212.486 -174.139 116.709 148.485 1.821 -1.173 .069 .241 Attended college.......................... Interaction, 1997..................... 92.972 256.266 86.613 117.398 1.073 2.183 .283 .029 189.409 530.867 106.645 149.955 1.776 3.540 .076 .000 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic....................................... Interaction, 1997..................... 227.877 -298.195 119.722 159.130 1.903 -1.874 .057 .061 -111.584 -58.818 211.851 268.346 -.527 -.219 .599 .827 Black........................................... Interaction, 1997....................... -160.968 -28.301 108.217 133.514 -1.487 -.212 .137 .832 -223.037 -152.416 159.441 212.867 -1.399 -.716 .162 .474 Region of residence: Northeast..................................... Interaction, 1997..................... 2.179 207.025 77.630 111.100 .028 1.863 .978 .063 94.570 -130.889 110.298 156.927 .857 -.834 .391 .404 M idwest....................................... Interaction, 1997...................... -23.460 260.096 78.132 116.720 -.300 2.228 .764 .026 43.468 -42.073 111.086 156.615 .391 -.269 .696 .788 W est............................................ Interaction, 1997..................... 143.015 247.338 83.572 120.923 1.711 2.045 .087 .041 92.550 -155.074 130.487 176.691 .709 -.878 .478 .380 Degree of urbanization Rural............................................ Interaction, 1997..................... -350.615 -83.821 91.482 149.703 -3.833 -.560 .000 .576 -323.272 -141.411 147.021 214.027 -2.199 -.661 .028 .509 Housing characteristics: Number of room s......................... Interaction, 1997..................... 69.507 48.391 24.192 35.358 2.873 1.369 .004 .171 49.805 -65.032 31.836 45.922 1.564 -1.416 .118 .157 Number of bathrooms................. Interaction, 1997..................... 195.026 49.573 112.982 144.066 1.726 .344 .085 .731 809.720 -599.729 185.694 208.867 4.361 -2.871 .000 .004 Number of half bathrooms.......... Interaction, 1997..................... 166.061 -160.828 136.634 173.546 1.215 -.927 .225 .354 490.383 -296.626 177.226 232.655 2.767 -1.275 .006 .203 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review P ro b > i n May 2000 21 Expenditures of Older Americans cent for the younger and 30 percent for the older), the elastici ties move in opposite directions. For the younger group, the elasticity falls by more than one-fourth its original value, from 0.456 to 0.336. However, for the older group, the elasticity increases by more than half, from 0.386 to 0.586. Apparel and services. The 65- to 74-year-old age group ex hibits remarkably stable and homogeneous expenditure pat terns for apparel and services. (See table 8.) Single men are predicted to spend less than single women for these items, and these expenditures also appear to increase with educa tion. (The coefficient for high school graduates is positive and statistically significant, and the coefficient for at least some college is larger than that for high school graduates and also statistically significant.) Otherwise, no coefficients are statistically significant for this expenditure for the younger age group, regardless of the year. On the other hand, the group 75 years and older exhibits more diversity in expenditures for apparel and services. Family type (husband and wife only; other families) and family size (multiple members) are statistically significant predictors of expenditures. In each case, the main coefficient for the group is positive, with the 1997 parameter estimate negative. However, the coefficients vary as to magnitude and statistical significance. For example, the coefficient for husband and wife only is statistically signifi cant, but the change for 1997 is not. The coefficients for mul tiple-member households exhibit a similar pattern, except that the 1997 coefficient is larger in absolute value than the main coefficient. It is not statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level, but is nearly so. (The p -value is 0.0545.) These expenditures are also predicted to increase with education and to be higher for the Northeast in 1997 than in 1984. Although neither the main coefficient nor the 1997 coefficient is statisti cally significant for two-earner households in the 75-and-older group, expenditures are predicted to be greater for one-earner and multiple-earner households than for those with no earner. (Both of the coefficients for one-earner families are positive and statistically significant. For multiple earners, the first is positive and statistically significant, while the second is negative and not statistically significant; it is also smaller in absolute value than the main coefficient.) For 65- to 74-year-olds, there is little change in m p c or elastic ity. (See table 3.) Although slightly lower in 1997, the m p c is not statistically significantly different that year from it was in 1984. However, for the 75-or-older group, there are notable changes: the m p c nearly doubles, from 0.007 to 0.012, and the elasticity more than doubles, from 0.233 to 0.552. The proportional re sponse in elasticity is greater than the proportional response in m p c because of a decrease in expenditures for apparel and ser vices for this group, despite increased total expenditures. Transportation. The predicted probability of incurring an 22 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 expenditure for transportation (derived from the first stage of the Tobit regression) is much different for the two age groups. For control group members in the younger age group, the predicted probability decreases from 73 percent to 69 percent from 1984 to 1997. For the older group, however, the probabil ity rises from 35 percent to 43 percent over the same period. However, regardless of the year, this expenditure category exhibits the largest gap in probability of incurring an expendi ture of all expenditure categories tested. In each age group, there are only a few characteristics with statistically significant coefficients (see table 9), but the second group has even fewer than the first. As expected, number of vehicles is a statistically significant predictor of expenditures for both groups. For the 65- to 74-year-old group, only the main coefficient is statistically significant; for the 75-and-older group, the vehicle coefficient for 1997 is also statistically significant. For both age groups, there are statistically significant changes in the m p c for transportation. (See table 3 .) Despite a substantial decrease in the m p c for the younger age group, transportation expenditures remain a luxury good, with an elasticity estimated to be greater than unity in both periods. For the older group, the m p c increases substantially— about 166 percent—from 1984to 1997. The income elasticity of trans portation for the 75-and-older group also more than doubles, rising about 146 percent. Nevertheless, transportation expen ditures remain a necessity, with elasticity less than unity in each year. Recreation and related items. Expenditures for recreation and related items are also mostly unaffected by changes in underlying tastes and preferences among the members of the group. For the 65- to 74-year-olds, for example, only a few characteristics have coefficients that distinguish them in a statistically significant way from the control group. (See table 10.) However, not one of these coefficients changes in a sta tistically significant way for the 1997 data. Only two charac teristics— other families and at least some college— exhibit statistically significant changes in 1997 for those 75 years and older. (West is significant at the 90-percent level.) Nevertheless, there is a significant change in the MPC for each group. (See table 3.) For the younger group, a slight, but statistically significant, decline in the m p c led to a slightly lower income elasticity in 1997. The m p c was almost completely re sponsible for this change in elasticity, as the increase in for recreation and related items (9 percent) was nearly the same as the increase in total expenditures (8 percent) for that age group. For the older group, however, the m p c nearly doubled, from 0.031 in 1984 to 0.059 in 1997. But in this case, the increase in elasticity (0.313 to 0.518), while substantial, was smaller in terms of percentages. This is again because expenditures for recre ation and related items rose nearly 43 percent for the group from 1984 to 1997, compared with 24 percent for total expenditures. Table 8. Regression results, apparel and services model 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p Variable Param eter estim ate Standard error Pr > c h isquare P aram eter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isquare Intercept........................................................ Interaction, 1997 ........................................ -46.8943 -76.8399 30.5691 43.4418 0.1250 .0769 -95.4134 -96.1941 25.2138 33.1158 0.0002 .0037 Total expenditures.......................................... Interaction, 1997 ........................................ .0350 -.0025 .0020 .0026 .0001 .3254 .0159 .0108 .0018 .0019 .0001 .0001 Family composition: Single m an.................................................. Interaction, 1997..................................... -106.3894 36.0780 38.9776 53.6042 .0063 .5009 —43.8973 -28.5791 32.6633 42.7659 .1790 .5040 Husband and wife only................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... -19.6102 12.5961 25.4021 35.3389 .4401 .7215 56.9469 -28.3039 22.9020 29.9428 .0129 .3445 Other family................................................ Interaction, 1997..................................... -42.1493 92.5978 39.2241 56.3834 .2826 .1005 48.7065 -103.9181 34.2793 46.1319 .1554 .0243 At least three members.............................. Interaction, 1997..................................... 46.3191 -82.3343 43.7829 62.3292 .2901 .1865 105.4164 -132.4358 52.0942 68.8734 .0430 .0545 Education of the reference person: High school graduate.................................. Interaction, 1997..................................... 58.6025 4.9306 22.9001 33.3886 .0105 .8826 45.3923 1.9453 24.9450 31.6564 .0688 .9510 Attended college......................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 145.2861 -27.0341 25.6761 35.7986 .0001 .4501 89.2610 21.4167 23.6212 30.9522 .0002 .4890 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic...................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 17.1525 -10.6444 54.2737 69.3377 .7520 .8780 -68.8128 84.6424 63.4958 78.5919 .2785 .2815 Black.......................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 28.4361 -18.1598 42.0365 53.7475 .4987 .7355 -46.3271 60.4512 40.3884 54.2782 .2514 .2654 Number of earners: One earner................................................. Interaction, 1997..................................... 15.6418 28.0304 23.1024 32.4654 .4984 .3879 62.3816 91.6086 29.1545 38.3732 .0324 .0170 Two earners................................................ Interaction, 1997..................................... 45.6717 47.4833 36.2725 49.8324 .2080 .3407 82.8707 -30.2634 71.4754 89.3942 .2463 .7350 Three or more earners................................ Interaction, 1997..................................... -67.3820 132.3488 64.5646 95.2680 .2967 .1648 199.3111 -59.3506 109.0852 163.0817 .0677 .7159 Housing tenure: Own home, no mortgage............................. Interaction, 1997..................................... 25.1384 -43.9434 26.0351 36.2234 .3343 .2251 124.6274 53.2468 44.3843 52.4404 .0050 .3099 Renter......................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... -19.1718 -20.8930 24.8275 36.1217 .4400 .5630 47.4319 -15.0471 20.5275 28.5130 .0209 .5977 Region of residence: Northeast.................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 13.2480 12.7164 26.4119 37.3989 .6160 .7338 -14.3250 82.3344 25.5111 34.5271 .5744 .0171 Midwest...................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 4.7143 17.9490 25.9368 35.7657 .8558 .6158 7.3365 -22.1002 24.3673 32.0543 .7634 .4905 W est........................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... 1.4211 -10.4979 28.0278 39.6253 .9596 .7911 40.5101 -3.6511 28.6060 36.2857 .1567 .9199 Degree of urbanization: Rural........................................................... Interaction, 1997..................................... -41.2109 -10.6170 27.8115 40.7337 .1384 .7944 -21.4374 36.4755 26.7158 37.5127 .4223 .3309 Normal scale parameter................................. 441.0108 5.0795 N ote : In this form of regression analysis, the standard error of the parameter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value "Pr> chi-square" then denotes the level of statistical significance of the parameter estimate. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.6817 335.8598 value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statistical significance at the 99-percent confidence level. Dash = data not applicable. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 23 Expenditures of Older Americans Table 9. Regression results, transportation model 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p Variable Param eter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isquare Param eter estim ate Standard error Pr > c h isquare Intercept................................................. Interaction, 1997 ................................. -1,282.6087 81.9515 152.2224 216.6190 0.0001 .7052 -1,117.5075 -283.9626 146.0113 189.7641 0.0001 .1346 Total expenditures................................... Interaction, 1997 ................................. 0.4383 -0.0895 .0100 .0130 .0001 .0001 .1013 .1159 .0101 .0109 .0001 .0001 Family composition: Single m an........................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 13.4755 -87.4840 190.4656 259.9384 .9436 .7365 11.2948 278.3308 182.0738 231.1425 .9505 .2285 Husband and wife o n ly ........................ Interaction, 1997.............................. -428.4149 195.2106 129.6026 179.4105 .0009 .2766 -99.8312 219.3074 134.0037 175.6071 .4563 .2117 Other family......................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -97.2483 -260.4390 192.6126 277.7466 .6136 .3484 -124.6617 247.6954 200.4178 260.9731 .5339 .3426 At least three members....................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -607.8549 897.9912 217.6716 306.0321 .0052 .0033 364.5536 -567.7013 289.7762 378.6689 .2084 .1338 Education of the reference person: High school graduate........................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -306.4993 435.4585 112.6678 162.6865 .0065 .0074 17.9175 143.4543 139.6478 174.5400 .8979 .4111 Attended college.................................. Interaction, 1997.............................. -896.9442 504.7721 126.8465 175.1627 .0001 .0040 119.0095 -275.1857 133.3479 172.1986 .3721 .1100 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic............................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 198.8331 212.3360 270.3460 342.1825 .4620 .5349 -261.4778 57.4418 391.6536 471.1235 .5044 .9030 Black................................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -133.1006 471.5515 213.0494 268.3086 .5321 .0788 -202.6169 340.3642 228.4373 306.8260 .3751 .2673 Number of earners: One earner.......................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -218.3645 54.3979 113.2240 158.1419 .0538 .7309 118.0555 -501.1135 163.3065 211.7987 .4697 .0180 Two earners......................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -26.1406 -207.0008 178.7965 244.8192 .8838 .3978 -1,084.3397 1,120.4351 398.8703 489.9219 .0066 .0222 Three or more earners......................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 300.9398 -1,583.0886 316.6610 468.8543 .3419 .0007 1,661.9822 -811.3906 613.4620 913.9191 .0067 .3746 Housing tenure: Own home, no mortgage..................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -168.9665 -30.9189 127.9080 176.6610 .1865 .8611 129.1995 -325.3182 244.0939 288.9685 .5966 .2603 Renter.................................................. Interaction, 1997.............................. -55.2726 -54.5289 124.6477 180.7669 .6575 .7629 63.9215 -88.7453 122.6355 165.5110 .6022 .5918 Region of residence: Northeast.............................................. Interaction, 1997.............................. -90.8173 -150.3166 129.7525 183.6971 .4840 .4132 -193.0416 -13.2903 143.1302 192.5711 .1774 .9450 M idwest............................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 20.9427 -125.0566 127.1265 173.9251 .8691 .4721 -207.9780 244.1025 136.9389 176.2924 .1288 .1662 W est.................................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. -64.0350 -347.9159 138.8221 193.8277 .6446 .0727 -128.4680 80.2238 161.2772 201.8468 .4257 .6910 Degree of urbanization: Rural.................................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 121.9668 95.7775 139.1696 200.3362 .3808 .6326 -318.3385 449.9963 149.7773 205.8721 .0336 .0288 Number of vehicles................................. Interaction, 1997 ................................. 256.4988 13.5857 42.3051 57.5517 .0001 .8134 1,083.8082 -477.5247 74.9669 87.5964 .0001 .0001 Normal scale parameter.......................... 2,185.7595 23.2308 In this form of regression analysis, the standard error of the parameter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value "Pr> chi-square" then denotes the level of statistical significance of the parameter estimate. A N ote : 24 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 1,859.9874 23.4656 value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statistical significance at the 99-percent confidence level. Dash = data not applicable. Table 10. Regression results, recreation and related expenditures model 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group 6 5 -to 7 4 -a g e group Variable Param eter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isquare Param eter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isquare Intercept........................................................... Interaction, 1997 ........................................... -309.1186 154.7560 64.1165 90.0096 0.0001 .0856 -178.4842 73.2151 66.4207 86.4337 0.0072 .3970 Total expenditures............................................. Interaction, 1997 ........................................... .1054 -.0202 .0042 .0054 .0001 .0002 .0586 .0322 .0048 .0059 .0001 .0001 Family composition: Single m an..................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 161.8007 -52.1522 80.8154 110.3649 .0453 .6365 -28.1746 60.3039 86.1891 111.0534 .7437 .5871 Husband and wife o n ly .................................. Interaction, 1997........................................ 111.4271 4.0221 53.3429 73.4480 .0367 .9563 129.0293 7.9356 60.6776 79.4907 .0335 .9205 Other family................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ -21.7646 36.2419 82.0935 117.4906 .7909 .7577 -27.4657 244.9133 91.7746 121.2806 .7647 .0434 At least three members................................. Interaction, 1997........................................ -70.3285 95.2692 91.9118 130.0852 .4442 .4639 6.6349 -204.2181 138.6312 182.5316 .9618 .2632 Education of the reference person: High school graduate..................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 106.8374 36.0755 47.7690 69.0138 .0253 .6012 123.0132 -98.7555 65.6114 82.5428 .0608 .2315 Attended college............................................ Interaction, 1997........................................ 267.7578 -22.6743 53.9204 74.4812 .0001 .7608 205.7596 -202.1044 62.5842 81.3903 .0010 .0130 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic......................................................... Interaction, 1997......................................... -116.2976 -63.0959 115.1589 145.7068 .3125 .6650 -257.0763 133.6666 175.1169 212.9558 .1421 .5302 Black............................................................. Interaction, 1997........................................ -150.1014 -46.7505 90.9292 114.1945 .0988 .6823 -355.1262 207.0746 114.9102 149.3673 .0020 .1656 Number of earners: One earner.................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 110.1382 -89.7239 48.2743 67.4906 .0225 .1837 83.1907 -98.6128 77.6281 101.7122 .2839 .3323 Two earners................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 43.4761 -120.2709 76.5726 104.5752 .5702 .2501 335.5846 -231.8322 190.2004 236.5666 .0777 .3271 Three or more earners................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 54.4818 -6.3494 135.5226 198.7433 .6877 .9745 214.3508 -370.9833 293.5319 437.5975 .4652 .3966 Housing tenure: Own home, no mortgage................................ Interaction, 1997........................................ -156.8092 89.1009 54.5108 75.2836 .0040 .2366 -25.8074 -68.2402 119.4710 140.6560 .8290 .6276 Renter............................................................ Interaction, 1997........................................ -89.3537 -93.1471 52.2947 75.2479 .0875 .2158 -134.0622 23.1008 55.1071 75.5141 .0150 .7597 Region of residence: Northeast....................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 96.5084 -71.7679 55.3989 77.9011 .0815 .3569 130.0649 -131.7696 67.4106 90.8023 .0537 .1467 Midwest......................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ 84.2802 11.3258 54.4455 74.3639 .1216 .8789 60.8805 -80.1066 64.9392 84.0724 .3485 .3407 W est.............................................................. Interaction, 1997........................................ 117.8678 3.6081 58.7516 82.3416 .0448 .9650 111.2569 -167.0395 76.5861 96.0528 .1463 .0820 Degree of urbanization: Rural............................................................... Interaction, 1997........................................ -190.1546 82.8174 58.9572 84.8887 .0013 .3293 -136.2073 -.9621 71.1919 98.3209 .0557 .9922 Normal scale parameter.................................... 935.0373 9.9151 914.3836 11.3657 N ote : In this form of regression analysis, the standard error of the parameter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value "Pr > chi-square" then denotes the level of statistical significance of the parameter estimate. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statistical significance at the 99-percent confidence level. Dash = data not applicable. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 25 Expenditures of Older Americans Table 11. Regression results, health care model 6 5 -to -7 4 a g e grou p Variable Param eter estim ate S tandard error 7 5 -a n d -o ld e r a g e group Pr > c h isquare Param eter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isquare 223.9060 6.9065 56.4559 79.4774 0.0001 .9308 253.0077 167.9463 64.7001 84.8354 0.0001 .0477 Total expenditures................................. Interaction, 1997 ............................... .0391 .0157 .0037 .0048 .0001 .0012 .0728 -.0461 .0048 .0059 .0001 .0001 Family composition: Single m an......................................... Interaction, 1997............................ 5.2462 253.3079 71.0663 97.1257 .9412 .0091 27.8410 -12.0099 82.8175 107.9800 .7367 .9114 Husband and wife o n ly ..................... Interaction, 1997............................ 250.9314 -36.0469 47.1470 65.0912 .0001 .5797 202.8538 186.7134 59.6988 78.6214 .0007 .0176 Other family....................................... Interaction, 1997.............................. 38.1252 62.1256 72.3052 103.8416 .5980 .5497 274.0149 -158.2754 89.5568 119.3435 .0022 .1848 At least three members.................... Interaction, 1997............................ 210.7535 -142.2198 81.2887 115.3714 .0095 .2177 -275.1400 569.6527 137.3050 180.7353 .0451 .0016 Education of the reference person: High school graduate......................... Interaction, 1997............................ 68.1504 -26.1641 42.4728 61.2895 .1086 .6695 -16.0053 66.2002 65.1708 81.8609 .8060 .4187 Attended college................................ Interaction, 1997............................ -3.4328 15.8264 48.1668 66.4007 .9432 .8116 -87.8219 179.1178 62.2246 80.9991 .1581 .0270 Ethnic origin of the reference person: Hispanic............................................. Interaction, 1997 ............................... -200.3379 114.6322 101.9027 128.8284 .0493 .3736 -301.0993 207.8834 166.3975 204.1893 .0704 .3086 Black................................................. Interaction, 1997............................ -179.8736 16.2115 77.6518 98.4504 .0205 .8692 -162.7816 -58.5201 102.7526 138.4871 .1131 .6726 Number of earners: One earner........................................ Interaction, 1997............................ -59.4657 42.4797 42.8323 60.0172 .1650 .4791 -10.6866 -104.4342 76.9638 101.2229 .8896 .3022 Two earners....................................... Interaction, 1997............................ -212.4772 134.7943 68.4218 93.3865 .0019 .1489 174.4789 -398.1259 190.2329 236.7401 .3590 .0926 Three or more earners...................... Interaction, 1997............................ -385.3804 215.4131 121.0232 177.6961 .0015 .2254 -115.1714 -279.6434 294.9261 443.0965 .6962 .5280 Housing tenure: Own home, no mortgage................... Interaction, 1997............................ -60.6884 -72.3782 48.5389 67.1084 .2112 .2808 -106.0491 86.9876 117.4977 138.8534 .3668 .5310 Renter................................................ Interaction, 1997............................ -82.8292 -52.6363 45.9818 66.3153 .0716 .4274 COhCOCO O CVJ OOCD evi CO 53.5538 73.8472 .1221 .5520 Region of residence: Northeast........................................... Interaction, 1997............................ .2106 -37.4756 49.0971 69.1071 .9966 .5876 -149.5733 143.5455 66.3453 89.6950 .0242 .1095 M idwest............................. ................ Interaction, 1997............................ .0354 -16.0351 48.0572 65.8620 .9994 .8076 38.2762 -20.1698 63.4343 82.6365 .5462 .8072 W est.................................................. Interaction, 1997............................ -29.7791 -23.0631 52.3204 73.2812 .5692 .7530 -83.2579 -25.9616 75.5497 95.0771 .2704 .7848 Degree of urbanization: Rural.................................................. Interaction, 1997............................ 55.8260 -16.0838 51.3555 74.5633 .2770 .8292 -37.4692 84.3778 68.7666 95.8634 .5858 .3788 Received reimbursement for health c a re ...................................... Interaction, 1997 ............................... 289.1046 302.8359 128.0072 204.7514 .0239 .1391 -229.1799 65.8207 186.7067 275.7782 .2196 .8114 Normal scale parameter........................ 836.2532 8.7168 N ote : In this form of regression analysis, the standard error of the param eter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value "Pr>chi-square" then denotes the level of statistical significance of the parameter estimate. A 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 7 7 Intercept............................................... Interaction, 1997 ............................... 920.0360 10.8666 value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statisti cal significance at the 99-percent confidence level. Dash = data not applicable. Health care. As noted earlier, the allocation of the health care budget has changed for both age groups. The literature shows— and results here confirm— that both age groups are spending more on insurance and less on services and other health care items. This apportionment is not surprising, be cause, unlike some expenditures, health care is designed to contain goods that may be substitutes. That is, the purpose of purchasing health insurance is to minimize expected expen ditures for other health care items. Therefore, at least in the regression analysis, it may be more appropriate to examine health care expenditures on the whole, rather than to look at individual components, to see what kinds of changes may have occurred overall. As with many other expenditures examined, only a few characteristics of members of the two age groups have any statistically significant explanatory effect. (See table 11.) For 65- to 74-year-olds, families consisting of a husband and wife only and fam ilies that have multiple members spend more on health care in general. Families whose reference person is black and those with multiple earners spend less on health care than does the control group. As expected, families with reimbursements also pay less for total health care. The only statistically significant coefficient for a 1997 variable is as sociated with single m en, who spent m ore for health care that year than they did in 1984. For the 75-and-older group, there are m ore significant coefficients, including those in dicating change over tim e. Fam ilies consisting of a hus band and wife only are predicted to spend more in 1984 than the control group, and in 1997 the difference in expendi tures increased. Families with multiple m em bers are pre dicted to spend less in 1984 than the control group, but the situation was reversed in 1997. A lthough fam ilies whose reference person attended college were not signifi cantly different from the control group in 1984, their coef ficient for 1997 is positive and statistically significant. Other coefficients, including coefficients for other families (positive), and region (Northeast is negative), are significant for 1984 and do not appear to change for 1997. At the same time, though, the mpcs and elasticities changed over time for each group. (See table 3.) For the younger group, the MPC increased from 0.028 in 1984 to 0.042 in 1997. How ever, it decreased from 0.053 to 0.020 for the older group. Simi larly, income elasticity increased for the younger group, from 0.275 to 0.386, and decreased for the older group, from 0.300 to 0.139. dem o graphics of the u .s. population are changing in many ways. One important change is the increasing average age of the population. Families whose reference person is at least 65 years old are accounting for a larger share of the popu lation. This trend is expected to continue, given the size of the baby-boom generation, which will be reaching that age soon. T he https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Concom itantly with these changes, expenditures for d if ferent items are expected to shift in the near future. It is im portant to analyze these trends, then, to anticipate what may lie ahead. The data used in this article show that older consumers account for an increasing share of total expenditures. This is to be expected, given that older persons are increasing as a percentage of the population. Trends in several expenditure items reveal an interesting pattern: although older consumers spend different amounts than younger consumers, the trends for the groups are generally similar. An examination of aggre gate expenditure shares also reveals changes in spending patterns for older consumers. But these changes may reflect only the change in the pro portion of the population made up of older consumers, or they may reflect underlying changes in the demographic composition of the older population. To test whether changes are due to either of these factors or to changing tastes and preferences for the older group, regression analysis was per formed. Depending on the percentage of the sample report ing given expenditures, ordinary least squares or Tobit re gressions are generally used, although one probit regression is also included. The regression results are remarkably simi lar, in that few of the independent variables have many statis tically significant coefficients, especially those that test for changes over time. The paucity of statistically significant coefficients for the characteristics suggests that older con sumers are homogeneous, at least within each age group; the paucity of statistically significant coefficients that test for changes in relationships when 1984 and 1997 are compared suggests that underlying tastes and preferences for the dif ferent members of the age groups also have not changed substantially. These findings must be interpreted carefully. Although it appears that differences in spending patterns are due more to changes in num bers o f older consum ers rather than changes in tastes or preferences of the two groups, it must be stressed that the consumers represented in the sample are not members of the baby-boom generation. It may well be that the baby-boomers will have different tastes and prefer ences when they are older consumers than those who cur rently are in the category. To understand how this could be, one need only consider that the youngest members of the older group in the sample under study were born between 1919 and 1932. Even the youngest of these consumers pre sumably has some memory of the Great Depression and cer tainly of World War II. Those who were born in 1945 or later have no such memories and undoubtedly were shaped in different ways by subsequent events. Accordingly, it will be important to continue to watch expenditure patterns in this group to see if there are discernible changes in patterns in the future. □ Monthly Labor Review May 2000 27 Expenditures of Older Americans N o tes 1 Beth Harrison, “Spending patterns o f older persons revealed in expenditure survey,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1986, pp. 15-17. 2 The basic unit o f comparison in the Consumer Expenditure Sur veys, a consumer unit, is defined as (1) members of a household related by blood, marriage, adoption, or som e other legal arrangement; (2) a single person living alone or sharing a household with others, but who is financially independent; or (3) two or more persons living together who share responsibility for at least two out o f three major types of e x p e n se s— fo o d , h o u sin g, and other ex p en se s. Students liv in g in university-sponsored housing are also included in the sample as sepa rate consumer units. For con v en ien ce, “consum er unit” is referred to as a “fam ily” throughout this article, even though a consumer unit can be a single person. 3 The reference person is the first person mentioned by the respon dent when asked to “Start with the name o f the person or one o f the persons who owns or rents this hom e.” 4 Thomas M oehrle, “Expenditure patterns o f the elderly: workers and nonworkers,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1990, pp. 34—41. 5 Pamela B. Hitschler, “Spending by older consumers; 1980 and 1990 compared.” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , May 1993, pp. 3 -1 3 . 6 M oham ed Abdel-G hany and Deanna L. Sharpe, “Consum ption Patterns Am ong the Young-Old and O ld-O ld,” J o u r n a l o f C o n s u m e r A f f a ir s , summer 1997 pp. 9 0 -1 1 2 . 7 Rose M. Rubin and Michael L. Nieswiadomy, E x p e n d itu r e s o f O ld e r A m e r ic a n s (Westport, CT, Praeger Press, 1997). 8 See Rubin and Nieswiadom y, E x p e n d itu r e s o f O ld e r A m e r ic a n s , chapter 4. 9 For exam ple, patterns in health care expenditures for 1980 and 1990 are compared in chapter 6 o f Rubin and Nieswiadomy. 10 A report describing the 1994-95 survey results says that the “In terview survey collects detailed data on an estimated 60 to 70 percent o f total household expenditures. Global estimates, that is, expense pat terns for a 3-month period, are obtained for food and other selected items, accounting for an additional 20 to 25 percent o f total expendi tures.” (See C o n s u m e r E x p e n d itu r e S u r v e y , 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 B u lletin 2492 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, December 1997), p. 256. 11 At least, this is true since 1988. Prior to that time, respondents were asked about their average m o n th ly expenditures for groceries. 12 D etails on the integration m ethodology are found in C o n s u m e r E x p e n d itu r e S u r v e y , 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 Bulletin 2492 (Bureau o f Labor Statis tics, Decem ber 1997), pp. 256-57. 13 To be precise, o f every $6.85 consumers spend, $1 comes from a family in which the reference person is at least 65 years old. 14 Shelter consists o f payments for owned and rented primary dwell ings, including utilities. U tilities are counted because some consumers have these payments included with shelter payments and cannot sepa rate them out. 15 Gregory Acs and John Sabelhaus, “Trends in out-of-pocket spend ing on health care, 1980-92,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1995, pp. 35 -4 5 ; quote from p. 37. 16 The Consumer Expenditure Survey collects information only on out-of-pocket health care expenditures. Although these include health insurance premium payments, any payments made by the insurance com 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 pany directly to the health care provider are not counted in these figures. 17 Using total expenditures as a proxy for permanent income is done for theoretical and empirical reasons. From theory, Milton Friedman’s “permanent income hypothesis” suggests that consumers make expen diture decisions based not only on their current incom e, but also on expectations o f future incom e. Em pirically, the alternative is to use reported incom e as a variable. H owever, respondents do not always report information on income, and even those who do may not provide a full accounting o f all income from all sources. Furthermore, expendi ture decisions may be based in part on changes in assets and liabilities, which are collected only on a limited basis in the Interview survey. In addition, other authors m entioned in this study use permanent incom e in som e form in their analyses. Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe use total expenditures directly, as is done herein. Rubin and Nieswiadom y use a regression to estimate permanent incom e. Specifically, they re gress total expenditures on characteristics such as current incom e and financial assets. They use the natural logarithm o f the predicted value for total expenditures as a proxy for permanent income. Because Rubin and Nieswiadom y’s method would reduce the sample for study to those fam ilies for which incom e and asset data are available, the approach used by Abdel-Ghany and Sharpe is preferred in this case. For more information on permanent incom e and the “permanent income hypothesis,” see Friedman, A T h e o r y o f th e C o n s u m p tio n F u n c tio n (Princeton, n j , Princeton University Press, 1957). 18 See, for exam ple, G eoffrey D. Paulin, “A Comparison o f Con sumer Expenditures by Housing Tenure,” J o u r n a l o f C o n s u m e r A ffa ir s , summer 1995, pp. 164-98. 19 See table 2 for the percentage o f the sample that reports specific expenditures. 20 For details, see John F. M cDonald and Robert A. M offitt, “The U ses o f Tobit Analysis,” R e v ie w o f E c o n o m ic s a n d S ta t is tic s , vol. 62, no. 2, 3 1 8 -2 1 . 21 It is possible, then, that some expenditures reported in 1984 actu ally occurred in 1983, and some reported in 1997 actually occurred in 1996. For example, a person interviewed in January would report ex penditures for the previous October, November, and December; a per son interviewed in February would report expenditures for November, December, and January; and so forth. 22 Probabilities are derived from results presented in table 4. In probit results, a positive coefficient indicates a higher probability o f an event, given the associated characteristic, and a negative coefficient indicates a low er probability o f an event occurring. Sim ilarly, the larger the m agnitude o f the co efficien t, the more (or less) lik ely is the event (depending on the sign o f the coefficient). Unfortunately, beyond this, probit parameter estim ates are not easily interpreted. They must be incorporated into a conventional regression equation (that is, a pre dicted value is obtained on the basis o f parameter estimates and charac teristics o f the family under study), the results o f which provide a value for the “cumulative density function,” or c d f . It is then usually neces sary to consult a standard table o f values for the c d f to find the prob ability o f an event occurring that is associated with the fu n ctio n ’s predicted value. For more details on the probit model, including an applied example, see William H. Greene, E c o n o m e tr ic A n a ly s is , 2nd ed. (New York, n y , Macmillan Publishing Co., 1993), chapter 21, esp. pp.635-41. 23 At least, not at the 95-percent confidence level; it is significant at the 90-percent level, however. 24 In each o f these cases, the parameter estimate for 1984 is statisti cally significant, with 1997 showing no significant difference. Public-Assisted Households Spending patterns of public-assisted families Families receiving public assistance are demographically heterogeneous, as are their spending patterns; the greater the number of assistance programs they receive, the more they allocate their budget share toward basic necessities Lucilla Tan Lucilla Tan is an economist in the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis amilies receiving public assistance differ from other families not only demographically, but also in the way they spend. Ex penditures on basic needs account for a larger share of the assisted fam ilies’ spending. Further more, when the assisted families are classified by the number of public assistance programs received (such as medicaid, food stamps, and subsidized housing), the data indicate that such families are not homogeneous— their demographics are dif ferent, as are their spending patterns. This article summarizes the demographic char acteristics and expenditure patterns of families re ceiving public assistance. The results are based on responses to the Interview survey component of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Ex penditure Survey, conducted in 1998.1 Federal, State, and local governments provide a variety of assistance programs to low-income fami lies. The Consumer Expenditure Survey collects data on out-of-pocket expenditures of persons by family, as well as their demographic characteristics— includ ing whether the family receives some types of pub lic assistance.2 For the purpose of this article, a fam ily is classified as an assisted family if it reported receiving at least one of the following six types of public assistance: supplementary security income (SSI), welfare, medicaid, food stamps, government housing subsidies, or public housing.3 F Types of assistance O f the 84.5 m illion noninstitutional civilian families in the United States, assisted families made up 14percent in 1998.4 Which single type of assistance was most frequently received? As the following tabulation shows, medicaid is, by far, the most widely used type of assistance. (These percentages add up to more than 100 per cent because some families receive more than one type of assistance.) Type of assistance Used by percentage o f assisted familes M e d i c a i d ............................................ 6 8 .4 F o o d s t a m p s ..................................... 4 0 .2 S u p p le m e n ta r y s e c u r it y i n c o m e ............................................... 3 1 .9 W e l f a r e ................................................ 2 1 .4 G o v e r n m e n t h o u s in g s u b s i d i e s ........................................... 1 8 .2 P u b l i c h o u s i n g ................................. 1 2 .0 A closer look at assisted families is made by disaggregating the assisted families based on the number of assistance programs received. O f the assisted families, 47 percent received one type of assistance; 25 percent, two types; 17 percent, three types; 10 percent, four types; and 1 perMonthly Labor Review May 2000 29 Public-Assisted Households cent, five types. (No family received all six types of assis tance because the housing assistance was either in the form of public housing or housing subsidies.) The dominant assis tance combination is the type of support mix that occurs most frequently for that group of assisted families. (See table 1.) Regardless of the number of types of assistance received, med icaid appears in every dominant assistance combination. In the case of families that receive only one type of assistance, 44 percent receive medicaid. For families with three types of assistance, both medicaid and food stamps were received by 58 percent o f the families, with either welfare or supplemen tary security income constituting the third type of assistance. For families with four types of assistance, housing assistance joins medicaid and food stamps for almost 60 percent of these families, with either welfare or supplementary security income as the fourth type of assistance. The number of families in the group receiving five types of assistance is too small to be representative, in this case, and is thus combined with the group of families receiving four types of assistance in the discussion that follows. D em ographic characteristics Compared with nonassisted families, assisted families on av erage are slightly larger in size (2.9 persons, compared with 2.4 persons for nonassisted families), have more children un der age 18 (1.1 persons, com pared with 0.6 persons for nonassisted families), but have the same number of persons age 65 and older (0.3 persons).5 (See table 2.) The reference person of assisted families is, on average, 47.9 years old, very close to the average age of 47.7 years for the reference person of nonassisted families.6 However, among as sisted families, the average age of the reference person for families receiving three or more types of assistance is 43.5, compared with persons age 49.4 for assisted families receiv ing less than three types o f assistance. Among the assisted families, those receiving more types of assistance tend to have more children under age 18 and fewer persons older than age 65. Assisted families have a lower average number of wage earners (1.0 persons) than nonassisted families (1.4 persons), and among assisted families, the average number of wage earn ers declines as the number of assistance programs received increases. Geographically, the highest concentration of assisted fami lies is in the South, regardless of the number of assistance pro grams received. The racial proportions for reference persons in assisted fam i lies are 70 percent white, 26 percent black, 2 percent Asian/ Pacific Islander, and 3 percent American Indian/ Aleut/Es kimo. Among assisted families, as the number of assistance programs increases, the proportion of white reference per sons declines, while the proportion of black reference per sons increases. Homeowners hip. About 68 percent of persons who do not receive assistance are homeowners, of whom almost two-thirds are paying off a mortgage. In comparison about 35 percent of persons who do receive assistance are homeowners, of whom about half are paying off a mortgage. Among assisted fam i lies, the proportion consisting of homeowners declines and the proportion consisting of renters increases as the number of assistance items received increases. Educational attainment. The Consumer Expenditure Survey also provides data on the maximum level of education attained by the fam ily’s reference person. O f the nonassisted families, about 28 percent have a bachelor’s degree or higher, about one-third have an associate’s degree, or attended college (but did not graduate or have not graduated), and about 36 percent attended high school, of whom more than three-quarters gradu ated. Of the assisted families, about 7 percent have a bachelor’s degree or higher, about one-fifth have an associate’s degree, or attended college (but did not or have not graduated), and about 54 percent have attended high school, of whom, slightly more than half graduated. 1 Most frequently used combinations of assistance programs, Consumer Expenditure Survey ,1998 N um ber of assistance program s re c e iv e d 1 Medicaid.......................................................... Supplemental Security Income....................... 44 16 2 Medicaid, supplementary income................... Medicaid, food stam ps.................................... 33 31 3 Medicaid, food stamps, welfare....................... Medicaid, food stamps, supplementary income.......................................................... 33 4 Race. O f all nonassisted families, about 88 percent of the ref erence persons are white, 8 percent are black, 3 percent Asian/ Pacific Islander, and 1 percent American Indian/Aleut/Eskimo. 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 Assistance pro g ra m c o m b in a tio n P e rc e n ta g e of assisted fam ilies with th e co m b in a tio n 5 Medicaid, food stamps, supplementary income, and housing assistance (housing subsidy or live in public housing)................. Medicaid, food stamps, welfare, and housing assistance (housing subsidy or live in public housing)........................................ Medicaid, food stamps, welfare, supplementary income, and housing assistance (housing 25 32 27 ^ 1 ■ Demographic characteristics of complete income reporting families, by assistance status and by number of assistance programs received, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1998 Assisted fam ilies b y n u m b er o f assistance program s Nonassisted families Assisted fam ilies 17,619 84,496,784 47.7 15,207 72,906,610 47.7 2,412 11,590,174 47.9 1,143 5,554,086 49.4 600 2,920,720 49.3 409 1,925,762 45.2 260 1,189,606 41.7 2.5 1.3 .7 .3 1.9 2.4 1.4 .6 .3 2.0 2.9 1.0 1.1 .3 1.2 2.9 1.2 1.0 .4 1.6 3.0 0.9 1.0 .3 1.2 2.7 0.6 1.2 .2 .7 3.1 0.4 1.7 .1 .6 Race (reference person): W hite................................................. B lack................................................. American Indian, Aleut, Eskimo........ Asian, Pacific Islander....................... 85.3 10.6 1.0 3.9 87.9 8.1 .8 3.2 69.5 26.0 1.9 2.6 74.9 21.7 1.3 2.1 69.3 25.5 3.6 1.7 64.5 31.2 1.4 3.0 53.4 39.0 1.4 6.3 Gender (reference person): M ale ................................... ................ Female............................................... 58.1 41.9 61.1 38.9 39.1 60.9 47.4 52.6 39.0 61.0 27.9 72.1 18.5 81.5 Housing status: Homeowner....................................... With mortgage................................. Without mortgage............................ Renter............................................... O ther................................................. 63.9 39.0 24.9 32.3 3.8 68.4 42.2 26.2 27.8 3.8 35.3 19.0 16.3 60.5 4.2 46.0 25.3 20.7 50.6 3.4 39.1 20.8 18.4 57.4 3.4 16.5 8.4 8.1 78.7 4.8 5.9 1.9 4.0 85.0 9.1 Family structure: Husband and wife o n ly ..................... Dual parent with children.................. Single parent with children ............... Single................................................ O ther................................................. 21.3 30.7 6.1 29.5 12.4 23.6 31.3 4.5 29.8 10.8 6.8 26.4 16.6 27.5 22.7 9.2 33.7 10.2 26.0 20.9 5.8 24.9 12.3 26.8 30.2 3.7 16.9 27.5 31.9 20.1 3.4 11.3 39.1 29.0 17.2 .4 7.0 10.0 28.3 .2 5.3 7.9 27.9 1.6 17.5 22.9 31.2 1.3 16.4 17.4 32.1 2.0 20.4 24.6 30.8 1.6 17.3 26.9 34.8 2.4 15.6 38.0 22.4 29.7 24.7 31.3 27.5 20.2 6.6 23.2 9.6 17.9 4.4 17.0 2.4 17.3 4.5 18.9 23.1 34.3 23.7 18.9 23.5 34.0 23.6 19.1 20.5 36.0 24.4 18.3 21.3 36.9 23.6 16.5 16.2 39.4 27.9 21.2 23.9 31.4 23.5 25.4 21.8 31.5 21.3 C ha rac teristic Number of families in the sam ple........ Family weight (U.S population)............ Age of reference person...................... All fam ilies 1 2 3 4 or 5 A verage n u m b er in fam ily Family size........................................ Number of earners............................ Children underage 1 8 ....................... Persons age 65 and older................. Vehicles............................................. Percent distribution Educational attainment (reference person): None.................................................. Elementary........................................ High school, nongraduate................. High school, graduate....................... Associate’s degree, or college without graduation.......................... Bachelor’s degree or higher.............. Region: Northeast........................................... Midwest.............................................. South.................................................. W est................................................... Family structure. Another distinction between nonassisted and assisted families is in composition. For instance, families con sisting of a husband and wife only make up 24 percent of nonassisted families, compared with 7 percent of assisted fami lies; and single parents with children make up 5 percent of nonassisted families, compared with 17 percent of assisted families. Among assisted families, the proportion of single parent families increases more than twofold when the number of assistance items received is four or more, compared with families that receive less than three types of assistance. Con https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis versely, the proportion of dual-parent families generally falls as the number of assistance items received increases, from 34 percent for families receiving one type of assistance to 11 per cent for families receiving four or more types of assistance. Single-parent families make up 6.1 percent of all families. Of these single-parent families, 38 percent receive assistance. Also, those families have more members and more children under age 18, compared with nonassisted single-parent fam i lies. (See chart 1.) None of the single-parent families has members aged 65 or older. About 83 percent of the reference Monthly Labor Review May 2000 31 Public-Assisted Households Chart 1 Demographic characteristics of single-parent families, by assistance status and number of assistance programs received, 1998 Number of persons Number of persons 4 4 3.5 Family size Number of earners Children under age 18 3.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 2 . . . - 2 - A 1.5 1.5 1 1 h 0.5 0.5 0 0 No 1 Yes Receive assistance? 2 3 4 or 5 Number of assistance programs received Chart 2 Expenditure shares on basic necessities by family assistance status and number of assistance programs received, 1998 Percentage of average total expenditures Percentage of average total expenditures 45 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 — 42 42 — M . 39 • Food * « ~ 39 • Housing 36 36 . .■ • a Clothing 33 33 ■- 30 30 I ■ • ■ 27 27 . « 24 : 24 21 - 18 15 . - 21 . • - * • - 18 15 - 12 • • ' • ■* 12 9 6 3 9 - ▲• - ■ ■ A • • • • - - A - • ' .................. A - 6 — 3 0 0 No Yes Receive assistance? 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 1 2 3 4 or 5 Number of assistance programs received persons of single-parent nonassisted families are women, 74 percent are white and 21 percent are black. In contrast, 96 percent of the reference persons of single-parent assisted fami lies are women, 52 percent are white, and 46 percent are black. The proportion of single parents who are high school gradu ates living in nonassisted families is 25 percent, compared with 27 percent for assisted families. However, while 28 per cent of the reference persons of single-parent nonassisted fami lies have at least a bachelor’s degree and 34 percent have attended some college or have an associate’s degree, the pro portions for single-parent assisted families are lower, at 5 per cent with some college and 19 percent with an associate’s degree. Expenditure allocations For assisted families, average total expenditures and income before taxes decline as the number of assistance programs received increases. One method to compare family expendi ture patterns is to calculate budget shares; the average ex penditures for a major expense category as a share of average total expenditures. (See table 3.) For both assisted and nonassisted families, the largest budget shares are allocated to housing, transportation, and food, respectively. These three expenditure categories together make up 63 percent of aver age total expenditures for nonassisted families, compared with 72 percent, for assisted families. Nonassisted families allo cate budget shares to education at 1.6 percent, and personal insurance and pensions at 12 percent, which are about two times greater than the allocated budget shares of assisted fami lies. On entertainment, the budget share for nonassisted fami lies is 5.1 percent, compared with 4.2 percent for assisted fami lies. Unlike food, housing, and clothing budget shares, the health budget share decreases as the number of assistance programs increases, from 5.1 percent for families with one type of assistance to 1.9 percent for families with four or more types of assistance. In contrast, the health budget share for nonassisted families is 5.2 percent. The lower out-of-pocket health expenditure by poorer families might be reflective of medicaid assistance, or these families are spending less on pre ventive care, or both. Basic needs. Food, housing, and clothing are basic living needs, and therefore are expected to take up a larger share of a poorer family’s expenditure budget. This is reflected in the data— the expenditure budget allocations for each of these expense cat egories is higher for assisted families than for nonassisted fam i lies, and in general, the budget allocations increase for assisted families as the number of assistance programs increases. (See chart 2.) Overall, for families with three or more types of assis tance programs, the average annual expenditure on food, hous ing, and clothing make up 70 percent of average total expendi tures, compared with 53 percent for families with one type of assistance, and 48 percent for nonassisted families. Food. For assisted families, the food budget share is 19 per cent, or an annual mean expenditure of $3,799 (±$80 standard error), compared with 14 percent, or an annual mean expendi ture of $5,085 (±$55 standard error) for nonassisted families. (See tables 3 and 4.) Within the class of assisted families, the food budget share is higher for poorer assisted families: 17 per cent for families with one type of assistance, compared with 26 percent for families with four or more types of assistance. Al though the food budget share increases with the number of assis tance programs received, the annual mean food expenditure per family member declines-ffom $1,423 for families receiving one type of assistance to $1,041 for families receiving four or five types of assistance.7 In contrast, nonassisted families spend an 1 Allocation of annual average total expenditure by assistance status and by number of assistance programs received, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1998 B udget item All fam ilies Nonassisted fam ilies Assisted fam ilies Assisted fam ilies b y n u m b er of assistance prog ram s re c e iv e d 1 2 3 4 or 5 Average total expenditure.............. $35,042 $37,420 $20,085 $24,599 $18,577 $13,968 $12,620 Income before taxes....................... 41,150 44,658 19,085 24,760 16,609 12,022 10,109 Budget shares (percent of average total expenditures): Food............................................. Housing........................................ Transportation............................... Clothing........................................ Health........................................... Education..................................... Entertainment............................... Personal insurance and pensions. All other expenditures.................. 14.0 30.9 19.0 3.9 5.2 1.6 5.0 11.6 8.9 13.6 30.7 19.0 3.9 5.2 1.6 5.1 12.0 9.0 18.9 34.3 18.9 4.4 4.6 .8 4.2 6.7 7.2 16.8 32.3 20.7 4.2 5.1 1.1 4.3 8.0 7.6 20.2 34.8 18.7 4.0 4.8 .5 3.8 6.5 6.7 23.5 41.6 11.5 5.2 3.2 .3 4.1 3.3 7.3 25.6 38.4 16.4 5.9 1.9 .7 4.2 1.8 5.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 33 Public-Assisted Households Expenditure on basic living needs, by assistance status and number of assistance programs received, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1998 Assisted fam ilies b y n u m b er of assistance program s re c e iv e d All fam ilies Basic living n e ed s Nonassisted fam ilies Assisted families 1 Food: Annual mean expenditure.................... Standard e rro r...................................... Housing: Annual mean expenditure.................... Standard e rro r...................................... Clothing: Annual mean expenditure.................... Standard e rro r...................................... 2 3 4 or 5 $4,909 49 $5,085 55 $3,799 80 $4,127 127 $3,751 130 $3,279 160 $3,226 206 10,844 148 11,471 157 6,897 202 7,945 290 6,457 266 5,807 244 4,846 324 1,377 29 1,456 31 879 43 1,032 62 747 69 724 127 744 72 annual average of $2,119 per family member on food. Housing. The housing budget share for assisted families is 34 percent, or an annual mean expenditure of $6,897 (±$202 stan dard error), compared with 30 percent, or an annual mean ex penditure of $ 11,471 (±$ 157 standard error) for nonassisted fami lies. Like the food budget share, the housing budget share for assisted families also increased with the number of assistance programs received, except for those families with at least four types of assistance; such families have a lower housing expendi ture share than do families with three types of assistance. This might be attributed to the larger proportion of families with four or more types of assistance receiving housing assistance than the group of families with three types of assistance. (See table 1.) Clothing. Both assisted and nonassisted fam ilies’ clothing budget share is about 4 percent. This translates to an annual mean expenditure of $879 (± $43 standard error) for assisted families and $1,456 (±$31 standard error) for nonassisted families. A look at families by size reveals that nonassisted families spend an annual mean of $602 per family m ember on clothing— two times more than do assisted families. Like the food budget share, the clothing budget share increases with the number of assistance programs received, but the annual mean clothing expenditure per family m ember declines. , assisted families are not a homogeneous group. Those receiving four or more types of assistance, on average, have the most number of members and children under 18, and are most likely headed by a female single parent who did not or has not graduated from high school, and who most likely live in rented quarters. In terms of spending, assisted families spend a larger share of their budget on basic necessities. As the number of assistance items increases, the average annual expenditure on basic living needs— food, housing, and clothing— takes up a larger share of average total expenditures. □ In s u m m a r y N o tes A cknowledgment: The author gratefully acknowledges comments from John Rogers, Geoffrey Paulin, and Steve Henderson, and programming guidance from Richard Dietz. penses; or 3) two or more persons living together who pool their income to make joint expenditure decisions. 2 For this article, a family refers to the term, c o n s u m e r u n it, which is Data presented in this study are for c o m p le te in c o m e r e p o r tin g c o n the unit o f analysis in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. s u m e r u n its interviewed from January through December 1998. Due to the 3month reference period of the quarterly Interview component o f the Consumer 3 Supplemental security income refers to assistance payments to lowExpenditure Survey, the data for this article include data for October 1997 income aged, blind or disabled persons; the requirements vary by State. through November 1998; this effectively constitutes 12 months of data due to Welfare assistance includes payments under various assistance programs, the rotating sample design of the survey. such as emergency assistance, general assistance, and Cuban Refugee A s 1 C o m p le te in c o m e r e p o r te r s are respondents who have provided values for major sources o f income, such as wages and salaries, self-employment income, and Social Security income. Even complete income reporters may not have provided a full accounting o f all income from all sources. In the current survey, across-the-board zero income reporting was designated as invalid, and the con sumer unit was categorized as an incomplete reporter. A c o n s u m e r u n it includes: 1) members o f a household related by blood, marriage, adoption or other legal arrangement; 2) a person living alone or sharing a household with others but who is responsible for at least two of the follow ing three major types o f expenses— food, housing, and other ex 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 sistance. The Consumer Expenditure Survey asks for the total value ex pended on food; the survey does not distinguish if any part o f that food expenditure was paid for with food stamps. 4 In comparison, data from the 1993 panel o f the Survey o f Income and Program Participation (sipp), which covers the period October 1992 to D e cember 1995, showed that in each month o f 1994, about 15.2 percent o f the U.S. civilian population, on average, participated in one or more o f the follow ing assistance programs: Aid to families with dependent children (afdc), general assistance (ga), food stamps, Supplemental security income (ssi), medicaid, and housing assistance. See D y n a m ic s o f E c o n o m ic W ell- B e in g : P r o g r a m P a r tic ip a tio n , W h o G e ts A s s is ta n c e ? , C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , P 7 0 -6 9 (U.S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f the Cen sus, Household Economic Studies, August 1999). 6 A reference person is the first member mentioned by the respondent when asked to “start with the name o f the person or one o f the persons who owns or rents the home.” It is with respect to this person that the relation- ship o f the other consumer unit members is determined. 7 The annual mean expenditure per fam ily member group o f an e x pense category is calculated as the annual mean expenditure for the expense category (See table 4.) divided by the average fam ily size. (See table 2.) Where are you publishing your research? The Monthly Labor Review will consider for publication studies of the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensa tion, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic devel opments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. We prefer (but do not require) submission in the form of an electronic file in Microsoft Word, either on a diskette or as an attachment to e-mail. Please use sepa rate files for the text o f the article; the tables; and charts. We also accept hard copies of manuscripts. Potential articles should be mailed to: Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212, or by e-mail to mlr@bls.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 35 Meals Away From Home Let’s d o lunch: expenditures on m eals a w a y from h o m e Lunch is the most frequently purchased meal away from home: income, age, and ethnicity are among the most important predictors of the probability o f eating out; however, regardless of meal purchased, family type is a less important predictor G e offre y D. Paulin Geoffrey Paulin is an economist in the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics. All opinions expressed herein are the author's, and do not constitute policy of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. he restaurant business is clearly one of the most important industries in the United States today, regardless of the economic measure used. For example, in 1995, nearly onethird (31) percent of all employees in retail trade worked for eating places (restaurants, lunchrooms, cafeterias, and refreshment places).1 More re cently, in 1997, retail sales from eating places amounted to $222.0 billion, or nearly 9 percent of total retail trade ($2,566.2 billion). The figure is all the more impressive when compared with total nondurable goods sales ($1,508 billion). More than $1 in every $7 spent on nondurable goods in 1997 went to eating places.2 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Ex penditure Survey,3 more than 71 percent of all “consumer units” (or families)4 reported buying meals at restaurants, carryouts, and other eating establishments during an average week in 1997.5 The average annual expenditure was about $1,477 per family,6 or nearly 31 percent ($4,801) of total expenditures for food.7 Changes in family income, number of earners, age of reference person, and other demographic factors will undoubtedly influence future spend ing for meals away from home.8 To understand and anticipate the effects o f these potential changes, it is important to analyze not only the types o f consumers who are purchasing these meals away from home, but also the types of meals they are purchasing. This article examines ex- T 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 penditures for meals away from home for sev eral demographic groups using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. In addition to family characteristics, this survey collects data on four categories of meals purchased from res taurants, carry-outs, and other eating establish ments (henceforth referred to as “meals away from home,” or “eating out”). These categories are: breakfast and brunch; lunch; dinner; and snacks and nonalcoholic beverages. Preliminary analysis Although breakfast is often called “the most important meal of the day,” this does not appear to be true in terms of expenditures for meals away from home. The follow ing tabulation shows expenditures and percent of families re porting meals away from home (data are from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1997): P ercen t A verage w e ek ly of fa m ilie s ex p en d itu re T o t a l m e a ls a t r e s ta u r a n ts , . . ............................................ . r .......................................... . c a r r y - o u t s , a n d o t h e r .......... B r e a k f a s t a n d b r u n c h ........... L u n c h D in n e 71.4 28.2 60.7 55.1 $28.41 2.22 9.65 14.2 45.6 2.30 S n a c k s a n d n o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ................................. . On the one hand, the data show average weekly expendi tures for breakfast and brunch away from home ($2.22) are even smaller than those reported for snacks and nonalcoholic beverages away from home ($2.30).9 Breakfast and brunch expenditures also occur far less frequently. Only 28 percent of all families report expenditures for breakfast and brunch away from home each week, compared with 46 percent that report expenditures for snacks and nonalcoholic beverages away from home. However, based on the differences in aver age expenditure and the percent of families reporting, it would appear the average expenditure for breakfast and brunch, when it does occur, is much larger than the average for snacks and nonalcoholic beverages. Although expenditures for dinner ($14.24) are larger on average than expenditures for lunch ($9.65), more families report expenditures for lunch (61 per cent) than for dinner (55 percent). On the other hand, the overall percentage provides only limited information. Table 1 clearly shows that expenditures for eating out are related to a fam ily’s demographic character istics. Not surprisingly, of those groups examined, the fami lies most likely to purchase meals away from home are those in the highest income quintile. More than 8 in 10 of these families report expenditures for meals away from home. The second most likely purchasers are families with multiple earn ers. Nearly 8 in 10 of all families with two or more earners report such an expenditure. Both high-income families and multiple-earner families purchase the lunch meal most fre quently. There is a relationship between number of earners and income (ranging from 0.7 earner per family in the lowest quintile to 2.1 earners per family in the highest quintile).10 Both of these effects influence the probability of purchasing lunch away from home. The higher income makes the pur chase more affordable. This may also be the result of the earn ers going out to lunch during the workday, rather than bring ing food from home to the workplace. Both high-income and multiple-earner families are also more likely to purchase din ner away from home than are any of the other groups. This may be for convenience: if several members of the family work, then there is less likely to be someone available to prepare food at home. Similarly, single earners are more likely to eat out than are single noneamers, but this may also be due to an income effect, given that single earners presumably have higher incomes than single nonearners. (A noneamer is a person who draws an income from interest, dividends, or other nonlabor, nonretirement sources.) It should also be noted that families consisting of a husband, wife, and their own children only, have patterns that are very similar to the multiple-earner fami lies.11 This is not surprising, considering that the average family of this type has 2.1 earners and is also near the top end of the fourth income quintile. Again, this makes it difficult to say whether their higher probability of eating out is an income effect, an earner effect, or another type of effect. For example, convenience may be a factor if there are several meals to pre https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pare. Also, there is more likelihood of scheduling conflicts as the family gets larger, and perhaps one or more of the mem bers occasionally chooses to “grab a bite somewhere,” rather than waiting to eat with the rest of the family. The frequency of purchasing meals away from home also appears to be related to age. While 3 of 4 families in which the reference person is under age 65 report an expenditure for eating out, fewer than 2 of 3 families with a reference person 65 to 74 years old report such an expenditure, and approxi mately half of those with a reference person at least 75 years old report such an expenditure.12 Lunch is the most frequently reported meal away from home for each age group, followed by dinner. For the group aged 65 to 74, there is a much smaller difference (about 2 percent) in frequency of reporting these meals than for the other groups. Reports of breakfast and brunch occur less frequently than reports of snacks and nonal coholic beverages for all age groups, but especially for the under-65 age group. Only 30 percent of those under age 65 report expenditures for breakfast and brunch away from home, compared with 50 percent reporting snacks and nonalcoholic beverages. Meals away from home account for a substantial share of total food expenditures, regardless of the demographic group examined. For the groups studied in this report, the share ranges from 23 percent (for families with two or more persons, but no earners) to 41 percent (for a single-person who is an earner). As might be expected, snacks and nonalcoholic beverages con stitute the category of meals away from home that accounts for the smallest share of total food expenditures, ranging from about 1 to 4 percent for each group examined. Perhaps more surprising is that the category of breakfast and brunch away from home amounts to a similar share of total food expendi tures, ranging from 2 to 3 percent of total food expenditures. Dinner away from home accounts for the largest share of total food expenditures for each group examined, ranging from 12 to 21 percent of total food expenditures. The share of total food expenditure allocated to meals away from home rises with income. On average, the first quintile allocates fewer than 1 in 4 food dollars to meals away from home, while the fifth quintile allocates more than 1 in 3 food dollars to meals away from home. The share declines by age group, with the group under 65 allocating 31 percent of its food dollars to meals away from home, compared with 26 per cent for the 75-and-older age group. It is also interesting to note that single persons allocate a larger share of total food expenditures to meals away from home (37 percent) than any other family type. By contrast, single parents and “other” hus band and wife families13 each allocate about 26 percent of their total food dollars to meals away from home. Also, the relationship of shares to number of earners warrants mention. For most cases, the share increases with number of earners. For example, single earners allocate 41 percent of their food dollars to meals away from home, compared with 26 percent Monthly Labor Review May 2000 37 Meals Away From Home Table 1. Average weekly expenditures, percent reporting, and shares of total food expenditures for meals away from home, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1997 [Standard error of mean in parentheses] A v e ra g e w e e k ly e x p e n d itu re C ha rac teristic Total fo od All consumer units M eals B re ak aw ay fast Lunch Dinner from and h o m e brunch $92.33 $28.41 (-50) $2.22 $9.65 $14.24 (-30) (.10) (-18) S hare of total fo o d e x p e n d itu re (p e rc e n t) P ercen t reporting Snacks and no na lc o holic b e v e r ag e s M eal aw ay from hom e B re ak fast Lunch Dinner and brunch Snacks and no na lc o holic b e v e r ag e s M eals aw ay from hom e B re ak fast Lunch Dinner and brunch S nacks and nona lc o holic b e v e r ag e s $2.30 (-06) 71.4 28.2 60.7 55.1 45.6 30.8 2.4 10.5 15.4 2.5 54.7 17.1 43.0 40.0 31.5 24.1 1.7 7.5 12.7 2.2 66.0 25.2 53.6 46.8 39.5 25.7 2.2 9.2 12.0 2.2 78.8 30.6 66.4 59.3 51.5 29.6 2.6 10.3 14.1 2.6 85.4 34.9 74.5 68.2 59.1 34.0 2.8 11.3 17.0 2.9 87.7 37.3 80.1 73.9 62.0 34.3 2.2 11.8 17.4 2.8 Incom e qu intile2 F irst................... 51.64 Second ............. 71.72 0.87 3.86 (.11) (-24) 1.58 6.62 (.35) (.18) 2.25 8.96 (.22) (-42) 3.08 12.39 (-26) (.50) 3.41 17.96 (.20) (-52) 6.57 (.53) 8.60 (-61) 12.22 (.65) 18.52 (-81) 26.51 (.87) 1.12 (.10) 1.61 (-13) 2.27 (-17) 3.16 (.18) 4.24 (.19) .94 (.17) 1.77 (.17) 3.65 (.33) 7.14 (.31) 5.91 (.65) 11.29 (-56) .44 (.05) 2.04 (.17) 49.1 15.7 36.8 31.2 19.9 26.3 2.3 8.8 14.2 1.1 71.2 25.9 59.2 55.3 44.1 41.0 3.3 13.2 20.8 3.8 18.80 (1-62) 97.70 25.88 (1.11) 111.70 36.00 (.88) 140.75 41.71 (1-91) 1.81 (-39) 2.14 (-16) 2.61 (-14) 3.35 (.31) 5.91 (-43) 8.36 (.37) 12.39 (.38) 15.48 (.74) 10.24 (1.01) 13.32 (.72) 17.94 (-54) 19.43 (1.18) 085 (.12) 2.05 (.14) 3.06 (.11) 3.45 (.33) 57.3 20.3 46.0 42.2 28.9 23.0 2.2 7.2 12.6 1.0 69.7 27.3 58.6 53.9 44.4 26.5 2.2 8.6 13.6 2.1 79.6 32.3 69.3 62.8 54.5 32.2 2.3 11.1 16.1 2.7 79.4 37.6 71.8 63.3 57.3 29.6 2.4 11.0 13.8 2.5 98.90 30.95 (.55) 78.20 22.64 (1.43) 53.58 13.87 (1.11) 2.32 (.09) 2.38 (-33) 1.21 (-23) 10.56 (.22) 6.83 (-43) 5.35 (-44) 15.37 (.32) 12.41 (.92) 6.87 (.73) 2.70 (-08) 1.02 (.08) .44 (.06) 75.0 30.2 64.5 58.9 50.5 31.3 2.3 10.7 15.5 2.7 61.6 25.0 49.9 47.3 32.9 29.0 3.0 8.7 15.9 1.3 52.6 15.1 41.3 32.3 19.7 25.9 2.3 10.0 12.8 0.8 49.59 18.19 (.68) 1.47 (.13) 5.89 (.26) 9.36 (.42) 1.47 (.11) 63.3 22.2 51.2 46.7 35.4 36.7 3.0 11.9 18.9 3.0 101.26 31.35 (1.09) 2.56 (-20) 9.90 (.32) 16.89 (-80) 2.02 (.12) 74.2 28.5 61.9 58.1 45.1 31.0 2.5 9.8 16.7 2.0 127.58 37.24 (1.10) 2.76 (.17) 13.38 (.47) 17.69 (-64) 3.41 (.15) 79.1 33.3 70.1 62.7 55.7 29.2 2.2 10.5 13.9 2.7 135.21 2.73 12.79 (-49) (1.13) 1.88 7.13 (-38) (-67) 16.75 (1-52) 9.45 (1.02) 3.26 (-45) 1.62 (-31) 72.7 30.7 64.2 58.2 52.9 26.3 2.0 9.5 12.4 2.4 69.1 28.0 58.2 50.6 44.7 26.2 2.4 9.1 12.1 2.1 Third................. 86.73 Fourth............... 109.23 F ifth ................... 151.93 12.43 (.82) 18.41 (.91) 25.70 (1.07) 37.14 (1.10) 52.11 (1.24) N um ber of earners Single consumers No earner......... One earner....... Households of two or more persons No earner......... One earner....... Two earners...... Three or more earners........... 41.64 10.95 (.96) 54.18 22.23 (.87) $81.57 A ge of reference person Under653........... 65 to 7 4 .............. 75 and o ld e r....... Fam ily type Single person..... Husband and wife only................... Husband and wife with children..... Other husband and wife consumer units .. Single parent...... 35.53 (2.54) 77.98 20.43 (1-74) 1 Average weekly expenditure is derived by dividing average annual ex penditure (from integrated results) by 52 (for weeks per year). 2 Complete reporters only. 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 3 Percent reporting is calculated from data results. (Multiply percent report ing for all consumer units (cus) by number of cus, then do same for over 65 age group, subtract total over 65 reports, then divide by total cus under 65.) N ote : Dash indicates data are not available. for single nonearners. Similarly, the percentage for families consisting of two or more persons increases from 23 percent for those with no earner to 32 percent for those with two earn ers. However, the share drops slightly— to 30 percent— for those with three or more earners. As noted earlier, the percent reporting meals away from home is nearly identical among multiple-earner families. It may be that those families with three or more earners are slightly more likely to eat at less expensive restaurants than are those with two earners. Regression results Thus far, the analysis has been limited to averages and fre quency of reporting for selected groups. However, as noted, many characteristics, such as earners, income, and family size may be correlated to some extent; therefore, it is difficult to identify which characteristic is actually related to the prob ability o f purchasing meals away from home. To address this issue, logistic regression analysis (logit) is used. This tech nique allows the analyst to ascertain how a change in charac teristics is expected to affect the probability of purchasing meals away from home, ceteris paribus. The results of this tech nique are presented in table 2 (all meals away from home) and table 3, pages 42-43 (specific meals away from hom e).14 A few methodological issues must be addressed before de scribing the regression results. For example, although most of the previous data are obtained from the results of the inte grated Consumer Expenditure Survey, the regressions are ob tained from the Diary survey only. Unlike the previous re sults, the data used in the regressions are not weighted to re flect the population. W hen using Diary survey data in logistic regression, weighting often results in little change in param eter estimates, but a large reduction in standard errors, result ing in an increase in the statistical significance of parameter estimates.15 Nevertheless, there are many advantages to performing the logistic regressions. Not only can the relationships of spe cific demographics and probabilities of purchase be measured, ceteris paribus, but also several relationships can be tested at the same time. This allows for a much more informative analy sis o f the data than is possible by comparing averages for several groups. Furthermore, in some cases, more detail can be found in the logit results than is available using the publi cations format. For example, the data tables only describe expenditure patterns for single persons. However, with logit, one can analyze whether single men have different probabili ties of purchasing certain meals away from home than do single women. To perform the analysis, it is useful to describe a “con trol g roup” for which the probability o f purchase can be calculated, and against w hich other groups can be com pared. In this case, the control group consists o f single m en who are: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • earning incomes in the middle-income quintile; • working primarily in positions for which a wage or salary is paid; • under 65 years old; • neither black nor Hispanic; • high school graduates but who did not attend college; and • homeowners with mortgages, residing in an urban area in the South. According to table 2, such a person is quite likely to pur chase at least one meal away from home each week, given that the probability of purchase is predicted to be nearly 80 per cent for this group. However, a person who has otherwise similar characteristics, but earns a lower income, has a much lower probability of purchase— 71 percent for members of the second-income quintile and 66 percent for the first-income quintile. Apparently, though, w hether the single m an is currently earning an incom e has less o f an effect than a change in incom e class. For a single-m ale nonearner in the m iddleincom e quintile, the predicted probability of purchasing meals away from hom e drops from 80 percent (for the con trol group) to about 73 percent; in com parison, for a single male earner in the second quintile, the predicted probabil ity of purchase is less than 71 percent. However, this re sult should be interpreted with caution. A lthough both the “incom e” and “earner” effects are statistically significant, this only indicates that the probability of purchase for single m en in the second quintile differs significantly from the probability for those in the middle quintile. Simultaneously, it indicates that the probability for single-m ale nonearners differs significantly from the probability for single-m ale earners. But it does not necessarily indicate that the prob ability for single-m ale earners in the second quintile is sig nificantly different from single nonearners in the third quintile. However, the earner effect does appear to be less im portant than the incom e effect. N ote that the probabil ity of purchase for single nonearners includes the param eter estim ate for “not w orking (other than retired).” This coefficient is negative, thereby lowering the predicted prob ability for nonearners, but it is not statistically significant. Because the incom e effect is statistically significant, and the predicted probability is low er for the second quintile even when the negative (but not statistically significant) “not working (other than retired)” coefficient is included, it seems reasonable to assum e that the incom e effect dom i nates the earner effect. As predicted from the prelim inary results, age also plays a role in the probability of purchasing m eals away from hom e. Single m en aged 65 to 74 are about 6 percent less likely to purchase such m eals than are single m en under 65; single m en aged 75 and older are about 9 percent less likely to purchase m eals away from home. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 39 Meals Away From Home Table 2. Results of logistic regression, all meals away from home, Diary Component, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1997 M e als a w a y from h o m e V ariab le P aram e ter S tandard error es tim ate Pr > Probability c h i(p e rc e n t) square Intercept (control group):........... 1.3634 0.1063 0.0001 79.6 Income quintile: 1st quintile................................. 2nd quintile................................ 4th quintile................................. 5th quintile................................. Incomplete reporters................ -.7215 -.4731 .2114 .3234 -.9315 .0814 .0776 .0887 .0946 .0712 .0001 .0001 .0171 .0006 .0001 65.5 70.9 82.8 84.4 60.6 Number of earners: No earners1............................... Two earners1 ............................. Three or more earners1............ -.3848 .2886 .3354 .0980 .0691 .1139 .0001 .0001 .0032 72.5 82.7 79.7 Age of reference person: 65 to 7 4 ..................................... 75 and older.............................. -.3130 -.4890 .0803 .0908 .0001 .0001 74.1 70.6 Family type: Single wom an........................... Husband/wife only.................... Husband/wife with own children1 Other husband/wife1................. Single parent1............................ Other families1........................... -.3079 -.0898 -.2346 -.2664 -.1781 -.2565 .0807 .0879 .1192 .1745 .1362 .1430 .0001 .3070 .0492 .1269 .1909 .0728 74.2 78.1 77.2 76.6 78.2 76.8 Additional adults:2 One a d u lt.................................. Two adults................................. Three or more adults................ -.0938 -.1800 .3387 .1058 .1514 .2513 .3749 .2342 .1777 73.8 72.1 81.3 Number of children:12 One child................................... Two children.............................. Three or more children............. .0907 .1919 .0687 .0923 .0988 .1212 .3256 .0521 .5710 77.2 78.9 76.8 Ethnic origin of reference person: Black......................................... Hispanic.................................... -.3909 -.3282 .0739 .0811 .0001 .0001 72.6 73.8 Education of reference person: Did not graduate high school.... Attended college....................... College graduate....................... -.3528 .2243 .2923 .0650 .0581 .0626 .0001 .0001 .0001 73.3 83.0 84.0 Occupation category: Self-employed........................... Retired1..................................... Not working (other than retired)1 -.0271 .0608 -.0069 .0984 .1065 .0972 .7829 .5682 .9433 79.2 73.9 72.5 Housing tenure: Owner, no mortgage................ Renter....................................... .2872 -.0242 .0647 .0567 .0001 .6689 83.9 79.2 Region of residence: Northeast.................................. Midwest..................................... W est.......................................... .0527 .3368 -.1698 .0624 .0609 .0599 .3988 .0001 .0046 80.5 84.6 76.7 Degree urbanization: R ural......................................... -.2362 .0714 .0009 75.5 ' For explanation of how probability of purchase is calculated, see appendix. 2 Probabilities calculated for husband and wife with own children only. Add ing one adult in this case means that the child is 18 or older. N ote : For an explanation of “Pr > chi-square,” see footnote 14. 40 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 Ethnicity is an important predictor of probability of purchase, with coefficients for black and Hispanic reference persons being negative and statistically significant. For each group, the prob ability of purchase is less than 74 percent, compared with nearly 80 percent for white and other reference persons. Education also plays a statistically significant role, with the probability of purchasing meals away from home increasing from 73 percent for those who did not graduate high school to 84 percent for college graduates. In addition, the difference in predicted probability of purchase for owners with mortgages (79.2 percent) and renters (79.6 percent) is not statistically sig nificant, but owners with no mortgage have a higher predicted probability of purchase (83.9 percent). This may be because, ceteris paribus, owners with no mortgage presumably have lower housing payments than owners with mortgages or rent ers, and, therefore, they have more income to allocate to meals away from home. Region of residence also plays a role, with Westerners be ing least likely and Midwesterners being most likely to pur chase meals away from home. Northeasterners are about as likely as Southerners to make these purchases. Similarly, de gree of urbanization plays a role, with rural families less likely to purchase meals away from home. Restaurants may be fewer in number and less accessible in rural areas than urban areas. Occupational status, however, plays little role in predicting the probability of purchasing meals away from home. None of the coefficients is statistically significant for occupation class. Similarly, family type does not appear to play a strong role in predicting purchases of meals away from home. Although single women are about 5 percent less likely to make these purchases, families consisting of a husband and wife only are quite similar to single men in their probability of purchase. And although the coefficient for a family consisting only of a husband and wife with their own children only is statistically significant, such families of three (two parents and one child under 18) are only slightly less likely (2 percent) than single men to purchase food away from home. But what about specific meals? There may be different patterns by family type or other characteristics when type of meal away from home is examined. Indeed, dinner appears to be the meal away from home for which the probability of pur chase varies most with family type. For families other than those composed of single men, predicted probabilities o f pur chase range from about 24 percent (single woman) to 30 per cent (husband and wife only; or single parent with one child) for breakfast and brunch; from 62 percent (single woman) to 68 percent (single parent with one child) for lunch; and 46 percent (single woman) to 50 percent (husband and wife with one child) for snacks and beverages. However, the predicted probability of purchasing dinner away from home ranges from 53 percent (single woman) to 61 percent (husband and wife only). Single men have an even higher probability of pur chasing dinner away from home (64 percent) and are much more likely to purchase breakfast away from home (34 per cent) than the other groups. Ethnicity plays a major role in the probability of purchase of each of the meals. More than 1 in every 3 nonblack, nonHispanic single men is predicted to purchase breakfast away from home, compared with more than 1 in 4 black and His panic single men. Similarly, the control group is much more likely to purchase lunch away from home (68 percent) than similar persons who are black (59 percent) or Hispanic (64 percent). Furthermore, while more than 5 of 8 control group members are predicted to purchase dinner away from home, only a little more than half of black or Hispanic single men are predicted to purchase dinner away from home. Members of the control group are also almost 10 percent more likely to purchase snacks and nonalcoholic beverages away from home (47.0 percent) than are blacks or Hispanics (37.5 percent). Region o f residence makes little difference in the prob ability o f purchasing breakfast, with 1 in 3 single men pre dicted to purchase breakfast away from home, regardless of region. Similarly, the predicted probability o f purchasing snacks and nonalcoholic beverages ranges only from 47 per cent (South) to 52 percent (Midwest). However, M idwest erners have the highest predicted probabilities of purchase for both lunch (72 percent) and dinner (67 percent). West erners have the lowest predicted probabilities of purchase for lunch (64 percent) and dinner (61 percent). The relationship of education to probability of purchase is also interesting. Although the parameter estimates are statis tically significant in each case except for breakfast and brunch for college graduates, the predicted probability for the con trol group (high school graduate) is much closer to those with higher education than those who did not graduate high school, regardless of the meal examined. Fewer than 3 in 10 single men who did not graduate high school are predicted to pur chase breakfast and brunch away from home, compared with more than 1 in 3 for those who at least graduated high school. Similarly, 6 in 10 nongraduates are predicted to purchase lunch away from home, compared with between 68 and 73 percent of those who at least graduated high school. Only 56 percent of nongraduates are predicted to purchase dinner away from home, compared with 64 percent of high school graduates, 68 percent of those who attended college, and 71 percent of col lege graduates. W ell under h a lf (about 3 in 7) o f the nongraduates are predicted to purchase snacks and nonalco holic beverages away from home, compared with 47 percent to 52 percent of those who at least graduated high school. Rural consumers are about 3 to 5 percent less likely than their urban counterparts to purchase specific meals away from home. This again may be due to a relative lack of restaurants of all kinds in rural areas, rather than to a lack of restaurants specializing in of one type of meal or another. a g e , a n d e t h n ic it y appear to be the most important factors in predicting probability of purchase of meals away from home, regardless of the type of meal. Surprisingly, fam ily type appears to be of less importance, at least in probabil ity of purchase. However, the share of total food expendi tures allocated to meals away from home falls as family size increases. (Singles allocate about 37 percent of their food dollars to meals away from home, compared with 31 percent for husband/wife only families, and 29 percent for husband/ wife and children families.) It is difficult to say whether this is due to a larger food-at-home budget in general, or whether larger families choose meals from less expensive restaurants (for example, “fast food,” as opposed to “full service”) when they do purchase meals away from home. The category of breakfast and brunch is the least frequently purchased meal away from home, while lunch and dinner away from home are each of similar importance in the food budget. However, one should not be too quick to assume this means that Americans are skipping breakfast more frequently than other meals. They may be consuming something at home (or even taking a piece of fruit or a roll to work with them), or it may be that they are reporting “breakfast” foods under “snacks and nonalcoholic beverages.” For example, would a morning doughnut or bagel and a cup of coffee be defined as breakfast or as a snack and nonalcoholic beverage? These and other issues warrant further investigation. I ncome, N otes_________________________________________ 1 Data are from the S ta tis tic a l A b s tr a c t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s : 1 9 9 8 , 118th ed. (U.S. Bureau o f the Census, 1998), table 1276, “Retail Trade— Estab lishments, Employees, and Payroll: 1990 and 1995”; see also table 1279, “Retail Trade— Sales, by Kind o f Business: 1980 to 1997” for a definition of eating and drinking places. penditures for their second (and final) survey week. In the Interview survey, participants are visited once every 3 months for five consecutive quarters, at which time they are asked to recall expenditures during the reference period for various items. When published, results from both surveys are integrated into a single tabular format. The data for meals at restaurants, carryouts, and others are selected from the Diary survey. 2 Table 1279, “Retail Trade— Sales, by Kind o f Business: 1980 to 1997.” 3 The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the most detailed source of con sumer expenditures collected by the U.S. Government. The survey results are taken from two components: the Diary survey and the Interview survey. Participants in the Diary survey receive an instrument in which to record their expenditures for 1 week. At the end o f that week, the original instru ment is replaced by a new instrument, in which the participants record ex- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 A consumer unit is the standard unit o f comparison in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. In general, a consumer unit is defined as members o f a family related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangement; a single person living alone or sharing a household with others but who is financially independent; or two or more persons living together who share responsibility for at least 2 out o f 3 major types of expenses— food, housing, and other expenses. Students living in university-sponsored housing are con- Monthly Labor Review May 2000 41 Meals Away From Home Table 3. Results of logistic regression, specific meals away from home, Diary Component, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1997 Breakfast a n d brunch Lunch V ariab le P aram e ter es tim ate S tandard error Intercept (control group):.................... -0.6645 0.1007 0.0001 Income quintile: 1st quintile........................................ 2nd quintile....................................... 4th quintile........................................ 5th quintile........................................ Incomplete reporters........................ -.4455 -.0587 .0707 .1407 -.2639 .0884 .0771 .0741 .0762 .0699 Number of earners: No earners1 ...................................... Two earners1..................................... Three or more earners1 ................... -.1711 .1556 .3815 Age of reference person: 65 to 7 4 ............................................ 75 and o ld e r..................................... Pr > c h isquare Probability (p e rc e n t) P aram e ter estim ate S tandard error 34.0 0.7551 0.0963 0.0001 68.0 .0001 .4467 .3401 .0650 .0002 24.8 32.7 35.6 37.2 28.3 -.5767 -.3239 .1855 .3604 -.6695 .0758 .0709 .0755 .0804 .0648 .0001 .0001 .0140 .0001 .0001 54.4 60.6 71.9 75.3 52.1 .1074 .0667 .1024 .1110 .0196 .0002 31.3 32.9 40.7 -.3481 .2376 .3608 .0937 .0633 .1037 .0002 .0002 .0005 59.4 70.8 70.0 .0628 -.4004 .0857 .1101 .4638 .0003 35.4 25.6 -.1911 -.3632 .0767 .0886 .0127 .0001 63.7 59.7 Family type: Single female.................................... Husband/wife o n ly............................ Husband/wife own children1............. Other husband/wife1 ......................... Single parent1................................... Other families1 .................................. -.4749 -.2057 -.2492 -.2877 -.1707 -.3078 .0879 .0887 .1147 .1652 .1356 .1372 .0001 .0204 .0298 .0815 .2082 .0249 24.2 29.5 27.9 27.1 29.5 26.7 -.2500 -.1083 -.1947 -.2075 -.1382 -.1749 .0763 .0818 .1100 .1613 .1273 .1326 .0011 .1857 .0769 .1983 .2774 .1871 62.4 65.6 67.0 66.7 68.2 67.4 Additional adults:2 One adult.......................................... Two adults......................................... Three or more adults........................ .1578 -.1890 .2907 .0964 .1428 .2113 .1016 .1858 .1689 32.0 24.9 34.9 -.0724 -.1475 .3502 .0971 .1396 .2273 .4557 .2905 .1234 62.0 60.2 71.3 Number of children12 One child.......................................... Two children...................................... Three or more children.................... -.0372 .0967 .0882 .0865 .0901 .1131 .6675 .2829 .4354 27.9 30.6 30.5 .1463 .2846 .1486 .0850 .0905 .1119 .0851 .0017 .1844 67.0 70.0 67.0 Ethnic origin of reference person: Black................................................ Hispanic........................................... -.3616 -.2851 .0824 .0867 .0001 .0010 26.4 27.9 -.4096 -.1934 .0710 .0776 .0001 .0127 58.6 63.7 Education of the reference person: Did not graduate high school........... Attended college............................... College graduate.............................. -.1892 .1199 .0543 .0736 .0560 .0583 .0102 .0322 .3518 29.9 36.7 35.2 -.3521 .1744 .2481 .0631 .0533 .0567 .0001 .0011 .0001 59.9 71.7 73.2 Occupation category: Self-employed.................................. Retired1 ............................................ Not working (other than retired)1...... -.0131 -.0919 .0494 .0903 .1125 .1007 .8850 .4139 .6235 33.7 28.3 31.3 -.0826 -.0055 -.0280 .0884 .1004 .0917 .3505 .9562 .7596 66.2 59.9 59.4 Housing tenure: Owner, no mortgage......................... Renter.............................................. .0237 -.0402 .0631 .0550 .7073 .4655 34.5 33.1 .2110 -.0375 .0597 .0522 .0004 .4723 72.4 67.2 Region of residence: Northeast.......................................... Midwest............................................. W est................................................. 0205 0665 -.0304 .0615 .0573 .0591 .7390 .2456 .6073 34.4 35.5 33.3 -.0256 .1767 -.1656 .0580 .0553 .0558 .6587 .0014 .0030 67.5 71.7 64.3 Degree urbanization: Rural................................................. -.1585 .0728 .0295 30.5 -.2426 .0666 .0003 62.5 Pr > c h isquare Probability (p e rc e n t) NOTE: For an explanation of “ Pr > chi-square," see footnote 14 at the end of the article. In addition, notes for this table appear on the following page. 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 Table 3. Continued—Results of logistic regression, specific meals away from home, Diary Component, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1997 Dinner S n a c k s /n o n a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s V a ria b le P aram e ter estim ate Standard error Pr > c h isquare Intercept (control group):.................... 0.5539 0.0942 0.0001 63.5 Income quintile: 1st quintile........................................ 2nd quintile....................................... 4th quintile........................................ 5th quintile........................................ Incomplete reporters........................ -.3994 -.3005 .1771 .3311 -.5652 .0753 .0698 .0718 .0758 .0636 .0001 .0001 .0136 .0001 .0001 Number of earners: No earners'...................................... Two earners'..................................... Three or more earners' ................... -.3291 .1299 .1899 .0936 .0618 .0994 Age of reference person: 65 to 7 4 ............................................ 75 and o ld e r..................................... -.1565 -.5652 Family type: Single female.................................... Husband/wife o n ly............................ Husband/wife own children’ ............. Other husband/wife1......................... Single parent'................................... Other fam ilies'.................................. Probability (p e rc e n t) P aram e ter estim ate S tandard error Pr > c h isq uare -0.1216 0.0942 0.1967 47.0 53.9 56.3 67.5 70.8 49.7 -.4246 -.2387 .0969 .1004 -.7648 .0770 .0706 .0700 .0728 .0648 .0001 .0007 .1664 .1678 .0001 36.7 41.1 49.4 49.5 29.2 .0004 .0356 .0561 56.4 64.0 64.2 -.5109 .2462 .3201 .0968 .0616 .0976 .0001 .0001 .0010 38.3 55.6 57.3 .0764 .0903 .0405 .0001 59.8 49.7 -.4442 -.9066 .0794 .0991 .0001 .0001 36.2 26.3 -.4334 -.1093 -.1649 -.0998 -.2664 -.2352 .0764 .0811 .1076 .1570 .1250 .1294 .0001 .1774 .1254 .5251 .0331 .0692 53.0 60.9 58.8 60.4 56.4 57.1 -.0297 .1008 .0198 .0052 -.0802 -.1022 .0791 .0830 .1076 .1558 .1253 .1294 .7077 .2246 .8537 .9736 .5220 .4298 46.2 49.5 50.2 49.9 47.8 47.2 Additional adults:2 One adult.......................................... Two adults......................................... Three or more adults........................ .0060 -.1369 .2329 .0936 .1347 .2117 .9486 .3095 .2711 59.7 56.3 65.1 .0766 .1725 .0282 .0921 .1328 .2059 .4053 .1940 .8909 49.4 51.8 48.2 Number of children12 One child.......................................... Two children...................................... Three or more children.................... -.0320 .0767 -.0610 .0824 .0870 .1083 .6976 .3779 .5736 58.8 61.4 58.1 .1118 .2573 .1470 .0812 .0854 .1068 .1685 .0026 .1687 50.2 53.9 51.1 B lack................................................ Hispanic........................................... -.5092 -.3865 .0710 .0765 .0001 .0001 51.1 54.2 -.3878 -.3878 .0729 .0778 .0001 .0001 37.5 37.5 Education of the reference person: Did not graduate high school........... Attended college............................... College graduate.............................. -.2962 1901 .3439 .0634 .0519 .0550 .0001 .0003 .0001 56.4 67.8 71.0 -.1893 .1065 .1838 .0659 .0523 .0546 .0041 .0418 .0008 42.3 49.6 51.6 Occupation category: Self-employed.................................. Retired' ............................................ Not working (other than retired)'....... -.0072 .0050 0321 .0864 .0997 .0909 .9339 .9598 .7237 63.3 55.7 56.4 -.0580 .1876 .1554 .0853 .1019 .0920 .4961 .0656 .0910 45.5 39.1 38.3 Housing tenure: Owner, no mortgage......................... Renter.............................................. .1346 -.0497 .0584 .0510 .0212 .3307 66.6 62.3 .1067 .0541 .0590 .0510 .0705 .2889 49.6 48.3 Region of residence: Northeast......................................... Midwest............................................ W est................................................. .0086 .1597 -.1294 .0569 .0537 .0547 .8793 .0030 .0180 63.7 67.1 60.5 .1396 .2089 .0385 .0572 .0536 .0548 .0147 .0001 .4822 50.4 52.2 47.9 Degree urbanization: Rural................................................. -.1501 .0655 .0220 60.0 -.0950 .0663 .1521 44.6 P robabi (p e rc e i 'For explanation of how probability of purchase is calculated, see appendix. Probabilities calculated for husband and wife with own children only. Adding one adult in this case means that the child is 18 or older. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 43 Meals Away From Home sidered to be separate consumer units. In this article, the term “family(ies)” will be considered “consumer unit(s).” 5 Data are from the Diary component of the Consumer Expenditure Survey. 6 The 95-percent confidence interval for this figure extends from about $1,426 to about $1,528, or $1,477 ± $51. 7 Data are from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, integrated results. (This includes expenditures from both the Diary and Interview components o f the survey; therefore, no confidence interval estimate is available.) . 8 The reference person is the first person mentioned when the respondent is asked to “Start with the name o f the person or one o f the persons who owns or rents this home.” 9 Note that the difference between these values is not statistically signifi cant. The absolute value o f the t-statistic comparing these two means is 0.69. At the 95-percent confidence level, the mean for breakfast and brunch away from home is approximately $2.22 ± $0.20; the mean for snacks and nonal coholic beverages away from home is approximately $2.30 ± $0.12. 10 The figure 0.7 o f an earner reflects the fact that more families in this income quintile have no earner than have at least one earner. A ppen dix : 11 The phrase “husband, wife, and their own children only” specifically means that the husband, the wife, and their own child or children are the only people in this family, that is, there are no other members, such as uncles, aunts, grandchildren, and so forth; it is frequently termed the “nuclear family.” 12 For more information on spending by older age groups, see Geoffrey D. Paulin, “Expenditure patterns of older Americans, 1984-97,” pp. 3-28, this issue. 13 “Other” husband and wife families consist o f a husband, wife, and at least one person who is not their child. This other person may be an elderly parent or other relative, a grandchild, or some other person in the family who is not financially independent o f the husband and wife. 14 In logit, the standard error of the parameter estimate is drawn from a chi-square distribution. The value “Pr > chi-square” then denotes the level of statistical significance of the parameter estimate. A value less than or equal to 0.05 indicates statistical significance at the 95-percent confidence level; a value less than or equal to 0.01 indicates statistical significance at the 99percent confidence level. 15 For further discussion, see Geoffrey D. Paulin, “The changing food-athome budget: 1980 and 1992 compared,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1998, pp. 3-32, especially p. 16. The logistic regression technique L o g is tic reg ressio n . L o g is t ic r e g r e s s io n , o r lo g it , is o f t e n u s e d t o s ib le f o r a s in g le m a n t o b e a n e a r n e r o r n o n e a m e r . I f a n o n e a m e r, p r e d ic t t h e p r o b a b il it y t h a t a n e v e n t w i l l o c c u r , b a s e d o n a s e r ie s o f t h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e j u s t o u t lin e d is a p p lie d — t h a t is , t h e c o e f f ic i e n t o b s e r v e d v a r ia b le s . f o r n o n e a m e r ( - 0 . 3 8 4 8 ) is a d d e d t o t h e in t e r c e p t c o e f f ic i e n t ( 1 . 3 6 3 4 ) I n t h is c a s e , th e p r o b a b ilit y o f in c u r r in g a n e x p e n d it u r e f o r m e a ls a w a y f r o m h o m e , g iv e n a s e r ie s o f d e m o g r a p h ic b e f o r e t h e e q u a t io n is r e c a lc u la t e d . H o w e v e r , n o te th a t th e c o n tr o l g r o u p c o n s is t s o f s in g le m e n e a r n in g a w a g e o r s a la r y . T h e r e f o r e , i f c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , is e x a m in e d . O n e o f t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f l o g i t is t h a t t h e c o e f f ic ie n t s a r e e a s ily t h e s in g le m a n is a n o n e a m e r , i t is im p o s s ib le f o r h i m t o b e e a r n in g a c o n v e r t e d in t o p r o b a b ilit ie s w i t h o u t h a v in g t o r e s o r t t o s p e c ia l ta b le s w a g e o r s a la r y . T h e r e fo r e , h e m u s t e ith e r b e r e t ir e d o r n o t w o r k in g o r o th e r m e a n s o f c a lc u la tio n . fo r a n o th e r re a s o n . T h e f o r m u l a f o r s u c h a p r o b a b i l i t y is B e c a u s e h is a g e is d e f in e d a s u n d e r 6 5 f o r c o n t r o l g r o u p s ta tu s , i t is a s s u m e d t h a t h e is n o t w o r k in g f o r a r e a s o n P = e x p (a + b X )/[ 1 + e x p ( a + b X ) ] o t h e r t h a n r e t ir e m e n t . T h e r e fo r e , a n e x t r a c o e f f ic ie n t f o r o c c u p a tio n w h e re c a t e g o r y ( - 0 . 0 0 6 9 ) is in c lu d e d b e fo r e t h e c a lc u la t io n is m a d e . N o t e P is t h e p r o b a b il it y o f o b s e r v in g a p o s it iv e o u t c o m e ( t h a t is , a p u rc h a s e ) th a t th e p r o b a b ilit y , th e n , f o r “ n o e a r n e r ” a n d “ n o t w o r k in g a is a p a r a m e t e r e s t im a te p r e s u m a b ly . b is a v e c t o r o f p a r a m e t e r e s tim a te s X (o th e r t h a n r e t ir e d ) ” is t h e s a m e , b e c a u s e t h e n o n w o r k e r is a ls o a n o n e a m e r , S im i la r l y , i t is im p o s s ib le f o r a s in g le m a n t o b e a m u l t i p le e a r n e r . is a v e c t o r o f c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . T h e r e fo r e , t h e t w o - e a m e r c o n s u m e r u n it s a r e a s s u m e d t o c o n s is t o f a h u s b a n d a n d w ife I n th e s im p le s t e x a m p le in t h is s tu d y , s u p p o s e o n e w a n ts t o c a lc u la te t h e p r o b a b il it y o f p u r c h a s in g m e a ls a w a y f r o m h o m e fo r th e c o n t r o l g r o u p d e s c r ib e d i n t h e p a p e r ( t h a t is , s in g le m e n i n t h e m id d le in c o m e g r o u p , a n d s o f o r t h ) . B e c a u s e a l l t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s o n ly , a n d th e t h r e e - o r - m o r e - e a m e r c o n s u m e r u n it s c o n s is t o f a h u s b a n d , w if e , a n d o n e a d u lt c h i ld ( t h a t is , t h e c h i l d is a t le a s t 1 8 y e a r s o l d ) . T h e a p p r o p r ia t e c o e f f ic i e n t s a r e t h u s in c o r p o r a te d in to th e e q u a tio n w h e n c a lc u la tin g th e p r o b a b ilit y o f p u rc h a s e f o r th e s e g r o u p s . in t h is c a s e a r e b in a r y , t h e o n ly c o e f f ic ie n t o f c o n c e r n is t h a t f o r t h e in te r c e p t. I n o t h e r w o r d s , u s in g t h e r e s u lt s in t a b le 2 , P = e x p ( 1 .3 6 3 4 ) /[l + e x p (1 .3 6 3 4 )] = 0 .7 9 6 3 . P r o b a b ilitie s f o r d ifferen t f a m ily ty p e s . A s w i t h n u m b e r o f e a r n e r s , d if f e r e n t f a m il y t y p e s c a n h a v e d if f e r e n t n u m b e r s o f a d u lt s a n d c h i l d re n . H o w e v e r , s u p p o s e o n e w a n t e d t o k n o w th e p r e d ic t e d p r o b a b ilit y f o r s in g le w o m e n in s t e a d o f s in g le m e n . T h e p r e d ic t e d p r o b a b i l i t y is P = e x p ( 1 .3 6 3 4 - 0 .3 0 7 9 ) /[l + e x p ( 1 .3 6 3 4 - 0 .3 0 7 9 )] = 0 .7 4 1 8 . U s in g th e D ia r y d a ta in th is c a s e c a n b e q u it e t r ic k y . a n d “ c h ild r e n ” in d iff e r e n t w a y s . ous. th e e q u a tio n a s a p p r o p r ia te . T h e f i r s t c a t e g o r iz a t io n is o b v i B u t th e s e c o n d r e fe r s s p e c if ic a lly to c h ild r e n o f th e r e fe r e n c e p e rs o n . T h e c o e f f ic ie n t f o r s in g le w o m e n ( - 0 . 3 0 7 9 ) is s im p ly a d d e d in t o T h is is b e c a u s e th e s u r v e y r e s u lt s d e f in e “ p e r s o n s u n d e r 1 8 y e a r s o f a g e ” T h e s e “ c h ild r e n ” c o u ld b e w e ll o v e r th e a g e o f 1 8 , b u t i f th e y a re liv in g w it h t h e ir p a r e n ts , th e y a re s t ill c la s s ifie d a s “ c h il d re n .” S im ila r ly , c o n s id e r a p e r s o n u n d e r th e age o f 18 w h o is b e in g r a is e d b y a g r a n d p a r e n t , a u n t o r u n c le , o r s o m e o t h e r r e la t iv e . P r o b a b ilitie s f o r n u m b ers o f e a rn e rs. I n s o m e c a s e s , th e s it u a tio n is n o t s o s t r a ig h t f o r w a r d a s i t f ir s t a p p e a r s . 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 F o r e x a m p le , i t is p o s - T h e “ c h ild ” m a y b e c o u n te d a s a p e rs o n u n d e r 1 8 , b u t n o t n e c e s s a r ily a s a “ c h ild ” o f th e re fe re n c e p e rs o n . O r s u p p o s e th a t a v e ry y o u n g c o u p le ( f o r e x a m p le , o n e p e r s o n is 1 7 y e a r s o l d a n d t h e o t h e r a m p le , g r a n d p a r e n t s r a is in g th e g r a n d c h ild ) . is 1 8 y e a r s o l d ) g e ts m a r r ie d , a n d li v e s w i t h r e la t iv e s . I f t h e c o u p le s o n w ith q u a lif ie s a s a s e p a r a te c o n s u m e r u n it , t h e r e is o n e p e r s o n u n d e r 1 8 c a lc u la t e d a s s u m in g t h e r e is a m a r r ie d c o u p le ( t w o a d u lt s ) a n d o n e h u s b a n d /w ife and o w n c h ild r e n F o r e a s e o f c o m p a r i o n ly , th e p r o b a b ilit y is in th a t u n it , e v e n th o u g h th e r e a re n o “ c h ild r e n . ” o t h e r p e r s o n w h o is u n d e r 1 8 ( a c h ild ) . T o s o lv e th e s e c o n u n d r u m s , th e f o ll o w i n g d e f in it io n s a p p ly : y o u n g m a r r ie d c o u p le c o u ld b e t e m p o r a r ily r a is in g a n ie c e o r n e p h e w , ( A g a in , n o te th a t a v e r y H u s b a n d a n d w ife w ith o w n c h ild ren on ly. u s in g th e e x a m p le a b o v e . I n e a c h c a s e , t h e h u s b a n d a n d w i f e a n d th e n th e r e w o u ld b e t w o p e rs o n s u n d e r 1 8 in th e c o n s u m e r u n it , T h e p a re n ts a re tre a te d a s “ a d u lt s ” ( r e g a r d le s s o f a g e ) a n d i t is a s s u m e d ( u n le s s o t h e r w is e a re tr e a t e d a s a d u lt s r e g a r d le s s o f t h e ir a c t u a l a g e .) s p e c if ie d ) t h a t t h e r e is o n e c h i ld , w h o is u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 8 . A d d in g o n e “ a d u lt ” m e a n s t h a t t h e c h i ld is 1 8 o r o v e r . H o w e v e r , th e re S in g le p a r e n t fa m ilie s . T h e s e a re a s s u m e d to c o n s is t o f o n e p a r a re s t ill th r e e p e rs o n s p r e s e n t in th e c o n s u m e r u n it f o r th e s e f a m i e n t ( a d u lt ) a n d o n e c h i ld ( p e r s o n u n d e r 1 8 ) . T h e p a r e n t is c o u n t e d lie s . a s a n a d u lt r e g a r d le s s o f a c tu a l a g e . ( L ik e w is e , i f t w o a d d it io n a l a d u lt s a r e p r e s e n t, t h e r e a r e t w o c h ild r e n o v e r 1 8 , a n d t w o p a r e n ts .) T o o b t a in t h e e s t im a te d p r o b a b ilit y f o r a f a m ily w it h o n e c h ild , th e c o e ff ic ie n ts f o r th e in te r c e p t O th e r f a m ilie s . ( 1 .3 6 3 4 ) , f a m ily ty p e ( - 0 . 2 3 4 6 ) , a n d o n e c h ild ( 0 .0 9 0 7 ) a re a d d e d o f o n e a d u lt a n d o n e c h ild ( p e r s o n u n d e r 1 8 ) f o r e a s e o f c o m p a r is o n b e fo r e e x p o n e n t ia tin g . a n d o n e c h ild I f t h e f a m il y c o n s is t s o f a h u s b a n d , w if e , w h o is a t le a s t 1 8 y e a r s o ld , t h e c o e f f ic i e n t f o r o n e w ith F o r c o n s is t e n c y , t h is f a m il y is a s s u m e d t o c o n s is t th e o th e r g ro u p s . A n e x a m p le is a g r a n d p a r e n t a n d g r a n d c h ild . c h i ld is r e p la c e d b y t h e c o e f f ic i e n t f o r o n e a d d e d a d u lt ( - 0 . 0 9 3 8 ) . To c a lc u la te o th e r f a m ily ty p e s. S in g le p e r s o n s ( e v e n i f th e y a re O th e r h u sb a n d a n d w ife fa m ilie s . T h e o n l y k n o w n f a c t o r o f t h i s c o lle g e c o m p o s it io n is t h a t t h e r e is a m a r r ie d c o u p le p r e s e n t . p e r s o n s , a n d a n y o n e w h o is a t le a s t 1 8 y e a r s o l d a r e c o n s id e r e d t o T h e r e c o u ld s tu d e n ts u n d e r th e a g e o f 1 8 ) , s in g le p a r e n ts , a ll m a r r ie d a ls o b e a t le a s t o n e o t h e r a d u lt ( s u c h a s a n e ld e r ly r e la t iv e o r s ib lin g b e a d u lt s . w h o c a t e g o r ie s ju s t d e s c r ib e d is c o n s id e r e d t o b e a c h i ld in t h is s tu d y . is n e w to to w n ) , o r th e r e c o u ld b e c h ild r e n p r e s e n t ( f o r e x - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A n y o n e u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 8 w h o is n o t in c lu d e d in t h e Monthly Labor Review May 2000 45 International Report Korean Occupational Outlook Handbook: first edition tion, Training and Other Qualifications; Employment; Earnings; Job Outlook; and Related Information Sources. Nature o f the Job includes a brief his Jin-Wook Seok he crisis of the Korean economy increased the unemployment rate sharply in the country. Conse quently, the governm ent gave m uch greater attention and resources to em ployment policy. The Korean Occupa tional Outlook Handbook is a result of one of the employment policy programs. The project took a year to complete, of which 2 months were used for the transla tion and study of the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics Occupational Outlook Handbook of the United States, the Occupational Handbook of Japan, and the Job Futures of Canada. Seven researchers and a spe cialist prepared the Korean Occupational Outlook Handbook, but many other re searchers, specialists, and academics were consulted and contributed their expertise. The first edition of the Korean Occu T pational Outlook Handbook (Korean Handbook) was issued in July 1999. It is published by the Central Employment Information Management Office, Minis try of Labor, Republic of Korea. This re port briefly summarizes the contents of the first Korean Handbook, explains the projection methodology, and discusses plans for future editions. The contents The first Korean Occupational Outlook Handbook took much of its template from the BLS Occupational Outlook Hand book of the United States and the Occu pational Handbook of Japan. The con tents of the Korean Handbook are com posed of individual occupational state ments, each with seven sections: Nature of the Job; Working Conditions; EducaJin-Wook Seok is a researcher in the Central E m ploym ent Inform ation M anagem ent O f fice, Ministry o f Labor, Republic o f Korea. 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 tory or overall explanation about the job and the process of the work and the workers’ duties or responsibilities. Working Conditions outlines workplace circum stances, including w eekly or m onthly w orking hours, job-related stress, and other environmental condi tions. Education, Training, and Other Quali fications covers educational require ments and related academic majors, vo cational training, certificates, licenses, and examinations for entry and advance ment, and the advancement procedures. Employment describes the number of persons in the occupation, the propor tion of female workers in the profession, the geographic distribution of workers, and counts of workers who have certifi cates and academic degrees. Earnings covers the monetary earnings and other benefits of workers in the occupation. Job Outlook outlines trends of employ ment in the job during the next 5 years (including, if possible, yearly employ ment plans during the next 5 years), and the factors which positively and nega tively affect the rate of employment of the occupation. Related Information Sources lists con tacts for obtaining additional informa tion on the occupation. Projection methodology The employment projections in the Ko rean Handbook describe factors that af fect labor market demand positively or negatively. In addition, the job outlook during the next 5 years is described in one of three degrees: employment will in crease, decrease, or remain the same. The employment projection process concen trates mainly on interviewing representa tives, specialists, and researchers in the occupation who can predict the outlook in their fields. Through interviews, re searchers draw out the positive factors and negative factors which affect the rate of employment of the occupation. If the positive factors have greater strength than negative ones, for instance, they anticipate the employment will increase during the next 5 years. If both factors have nearly the same strength, they will describe that the employment rate in the occupation will not change during the next 5 years. The occupational employment data for regression analysis is only available for the nine major occupational groups; there fore, formal statistical projections could not be used at the much more specific level of detail required for the Korean Hand book. The labor ministry researchers con sulted the statistical estimates produced for the nine major groups by other gov ernment agencies, but the results did not significantly affect the qualitative judg ments that that were produced by the in terviews. A sample statement Subway operators are one of 214 occu pations in the Korean Handbook ; its “Job Outlook” statement follows: “During the next five years the employ ment of subway operators will increase overall, but the job opportunities will be different among six major cities. In Seoul, though there will be some lines opening up partly, the number of job openings will be few, and the replacement openings will also be very few because many work ers were recently employed. Therefore, during the next five years, there will be no large-scale recruitment as in 1996 or 1997. In Inchon, there was recruiting for the opening of the subway in 1999, so job openings can not be expected dur- ing the next five years. “However, in four other major cities, a number of job openings are expected because the construction of the subways will be finished within five years. The first opening of a subway in Daejon (in the year 2001) and in Kwangju (in the year 2001), and the second openings in Pusan (in the year 2000), in Daegu (in the year 2002), in Daejon (in the year 2003) and in Kwangju (in the year 2004) will create between 100 and 200job open ings in the given year for each city. “The recent competition rate for entry was approximately 1 out of 6 in Seoul and 1 out of 4 in other cities, and the stiff com petition is expected to continue during the next five years.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Plans for future editions The first Korean Handbook has consider able importance for employment policy pro grams in Korea. Nevertheless, the many changes planned for future editions can be summarized in three main categories: • In developing the employment pro jection methodology fitted for Korean labor market environments, the re searchers believe that qualitative analysis and judgm ent will be better and more useful in occupational pro jection than numerical estimation. To develop and prove the effectiveness and usefulness of qualitative projec tion methodology, the researchers will consider social-scientific m ethods such as the Delphi survey. • Constructing an employment data base— perhaps an industry-occupa tion matrix-will be a major advance ment. Although it will take many years before there is sufficient data for sta tistical regression analysis, the numeri cal information is important in its own right and is needed for employment projections and its evaluation process. • The Korean Standard Occupational C lassification was revised, in late 1999. Studying or a new occupa tional classification system will al low the research ers to estab lish m ore specific rules to classify the occupations for future editions of the Korean Handbook. □ Monthly Labor Review May 2000 47 Precis Uncertainty and labor contracts Theoretical analyses of the duration of la bor contracts identify two factors that de termine contract length: the cost of ne gotiation and uncertainty. Negotiation costs have a positive relationship with du ration— the more costly the negotiation, the longer the parties want the agreement to last. “The effect of uncertainty in the eco nomic environment on contract length, on the other hand, depends on the type of un certainty involved, with nominal uncer tainty predicted to be associated with con tracts of shorter duration and real shocks associated with longer contracts,” writes Kevin J. Murphy in the March issue of L a b o u r E c o n o m ic s . Murphy goes on to estimate a generalized-probit, simultaneous equation model using data derived from contacts in the Bureau of Labor Statistics collective bar gaining agreement file. His dependent vari ables are contract length, indexation, and rate of wage change specified in the con tract. In his analysis of the results pertain ing to contract duration, Murphy notes that of these endogenous variables, wage change has a small but statistically sig nificant negative impact on contract dura tion and on that of the exogenous vari ables not related to uncertainty; regional and industry-specific standards have the strongest influence. M urphy then examines the impact of four uncertainty variables: a measure of nominal uncertainty based on the mean square errors of a regression of the in flation rate at the time the contract is signed, a m easure of real uncertainty based on the mean square errors o f a regression of the unemployment rate, a measure of the uncertainty of the local labor market, and a measure of the un certainty surrounding the ratio of con sumer prices (which m atter to workers) and producer prices (which m atter to firms). O f these variables, all but the mea sure o f local area uncertainty had sig nificant coefficients of the expected sign. 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 (The local uncertainty coefficient was not significant and perverse.) These results, Murphy concludes, provide empirical support for the hypotheses that uncertainty about real shocks to the aggre gate economy leads to contracts of longer duration, the degree of uncertainty about rela tive price shocks is inversely related to con tract duration, and that greater nominal un certainty reduces contract duration. Tales of total factor productivity Have you ever read a biography of an eco nomic concept? Charles R. Hulten of the University of Maryland has written one about total factor productivity. In National Bureau of Economic Research Working Pa per No. 7471, “Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography,” Hulten discusses the origins of the concept of total factor pro ductivity and takes us through the decades of its development. Simply put, total factor productivity, or t f p , relates output to the inputs used in its production. (The more familiar measure of productivity, labor productivity, compares output with only one input, the labor of workers.) t f p is measured as a “residual,” using index number techniques. There has been much controversy over the years about how to measure t f p and about how important it is. A number of leading econo mists have played important roles in the evolution of TFP, among them Nobel Prize winner Robert M. Solow, Dale W. Jorgensen, and the late Zvi Griliches. Hulten discusses their roles in the development of t f p and those of others, including himself, over the course of this 75-page biography. Hulten mentions that the 1980s were the “high-water mark” for the measurement of the t f p residual. This was when the Bu reau of Labor Statistics first published its measures of productivity that take into ac count more than one factor; bls uses the term “multifactor productivity” rather than “total factor productivity” for these mea sures to acknowledge that there might be relevant factors of production that one is not currently measuring or even able to measure. In wrapping up his biography of TFP, Hulten writes: “The residual is still, after more than forty years, the work horse of empirical growth analysis. For all its flaws, real and imagined, many researchers have used it to gain valuable insights into the process of economic growth. Thousands of pages of research have been published, and the residual has become a closely watched government statistic.” Changes in job satisfaction Job satisfaction can be viewed as a mea sure that reflects how workers react as individuals to all of the characteristics of their jobs. However, economists have not often dealt with this kind of subjective measure. In a recent NBER Working Paper No. 7332, “The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction,” econom ist D aniel Hamermesh of the University of Texas examines how the distribution of subjec tive job satisfaction—particularly men’s— has changed over the years in the United States and Germany. Hamermesh’s source of data for the United States is the bls National Longi tudinal Survey program. Specifically, he analyzed data from the 1978 National Lon gitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLSYM ) and the 1988 National Longitudinal Sur vey of Youth (NLSY). The question asked in the surveys was: “How do you feel about your job?” There were four pos sible responses: 1) like it very much, 2) like it fairly well, 3) dislike it somewhat, and 4) dislike it very much. Hamermesh found that the distribution of work satisfaction of young men in the United States widened and that this widening was correlated with changes in wage inequality. The job satisfac tion of workers at upper earnings lev els rose compared with workers at lower levels. In a separate analysis o f data on male workers in Germany, Hamermesh observed similar results. □ Book Reviews Labor’s struggles RAVENSWOOD: The Steelworkers’ Victory and the Revival o f American Labor. By Tom Juravich and Kate Bronfenbrenner. New York, Cornell U n iv e rsity P ress, 1999, 245 pp. $29.95. The labor m arket in the late 1990s can only be described as “tight.” To attract new qualified em ployees, com panies are fo rced to com pete against each other. Bonuses, stock options, and at tractive benefit plans are common in centives. So, is Tom Juravich and Kate Bronfenbrenner’s book, Ravenswood, worthwhile? Essentially they chronicle the story o f a small, dying West Vir ginia tow n that was revitalized by a Kaiser Alum inum plant in the 1950s, and then alm ost destroyed by it in the early 1990s. Perhaps if the above pic ture o f the labor m arket as being a worker's paradise was completely accu rate, then the Ravenswood saga would be simply an interesting chapter in the his tory of the American labor movement. However, downsizing, corporate m erg ers, and intense global com petition are as com m on now as they were 10 years ago. W hile some segments of labor are benefiting greatly from to d ay ’s high tech job m arket, others, like those in the m anufacturing sector, are still on the defensive. Ravenswood is an account o f the U n ite d S te e lw o rk e rs o f A m e ric a ’s strike against the Ravenswood Alum i num C om pany in the early 1990s. Juravich and Bronfenbrenner integrate interviews from the locked-out work ers, members o f the Ravenswood local community, and others who played a pivotal role in the union’s struggle in order to describe the Ravenswood ex perience. The vivid accounts given by those involved in the 20-month labor dispute reveal the importance of exam ining the Ravenswood case. W hile the clash between the Steelworkers and the Ravenswood Aluminum Company was https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis not the largest strike or the longest in American history, it is a clear example of how the nature of a strike evolved into a m ultistage, m ultinational as sault. No longer were workers merely relying on the local press to cover their picket lines. Instead union strategists m obilized laborers from across the glo b e, organized an en d -consum er campaign and fostered union solidar ity. Juravich and Bronfenbrenner, while extensively trained in labor relations, wrote Ravenswood to appeal to a larger audience. The average reader will be able to understand and appreciate the strikers’ accounts of the struggle against the com pany and the corresponding analysis by the authors. Ravenswood, however, did contain enough detail so that a reader versed in union rhetoric would find it appealing also. Although the book is w ritten clearly w ith a unionist slant, the authors managed to write a gritty portrayal of the extremes each side was willing to go to and what each side accomplished or lost as a re sult o f the strike. The stage for battle was set in the first chapter with a stark rendition of the inhum ane working conditions of R av en sw ood’s pot room during the summer of 1990. By the end of that summer, four people had died and the u n io n ’s outcries about deteriorating w o rk in g c o n d itio n s, a c c o rd in g to Juravich and Bronfenbrenner, fell on the deaf ears of the management. The clash between union officials and man agement was exacerbated when the ex isting union contact expired. The con flict continued when management de clared the negotiations to be at an im passe. W hen union employees went to work on November 1, they were locked out o f a fortified plant and antagonized by permanent replacement workers. The union’s fight would not be an easy one for several reasons. Prior to the Ravenswood lockout, unions across the country in different industries were forced to make large concessions to man- agement. In addition, one of the new owners had a personal vendetta against the union. To complicate matters, Marc Rich, an influential member of the alu minum industry, was also involved. The confrontational tone established in the first few chapters is continued through out Ravenswood. A lth o u g h the steelw o rk ers u lti mately went back to work, they did not achieve all their goals. Juravich and Bronfenbrenner do a com m endable job o f exam ining the union’s struggle in terms of its impact on the small West Virginian town and on the labor movement in general. Julie Hatch Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics Publications received Economic and social statistics C h a y , K e n n e th Y . a n d M ic h a e l G re e n s to n e , T he I m p a c t o f A ir P o llu tio n o n In fa n t M o r ta lity : E v id e n c e f r o m G e o g r a p h ic V a ria tio n in P o llu tio n S h o ck s In d u c e d B y A R e c e s s io n . C a m b r i d g e , M A , N a t io n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 ,7 2 p p ., ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 4 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . H a m m e r m e s h , D a n i e l S . , T h e C h a n g in g D is tr ib u tio n o f J o b S a tisfa c tio n . C a m b r id g e , n o m ic m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u R e s e a rc h , In c . 1 9 9 9 , o f E c o 3 4 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 3 3 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . H e c k m a n , J a m e s L . , C a u sa l P a ra m e te rs a n d P o lic y A n a ly sis in E c o n o m ic s: A T w en tie th C en tu ry R e tr o sp e c tiv e . C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 5 4 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 3 3 3 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . I s r a e l C e n t r a l B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f S ta tis tic s, S eptem ber, O c to b e r, N o v e m b e r a n d D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 9 . J e r u s a le m , I s r a e l, C e n t r a l B u r e a u o f S ta t is tic s , 158, 156, 156 and 1 3 6 p p ., r e s p e c tiv e ly . Monthly Labor Review May 2000 49 Book Reviews K n o w le s , J o h n , N ic o la P e r s ic o , a n d P e tr a T o d d , R a c ia l B i a s in M o t o r V e h ic le p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n C a m b r id g e , d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . n o m ic S e a rc h e s: T h eo ry a n d E v id e n c e . C a m b r id g e , , m a N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic A s h e n f e lte r , O r le y , C o lm H a rm o n , a n d p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d H e s s e l O o s t e r b e e k , A R e v ie w o f E s ti m a te s o f th e S ch o o lin g !E a rn in g s R e la tio n sh ip , w ith Tests f o r P u b lic a tio n B ias. S ta te s . C a m b r id g e , R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 ,4 6 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 4 9 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 fo r n o m ic Economic growth and development B e w l e y , T r u m a n F . , W h y W ages D o n ’t F a ll D u r in g a R e c e s s io n . C a m b r i d g e , M A , H a r v a r d U n iv e r s ity P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 5 2 7 p p . $5 5. I c h i n o , A n d r e a a n d G i o v a n n i M a g g i , W ork N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o , m a R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 2 4 p p . R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 4 2 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 1 5 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . b r id g e , m a , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 1 3 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 6 8 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . K r u g m a n , P a u l , The R etu rn o f D e p re ss io n E c o n o m ic s. N e w Y o r k , W . W . N o r t o n & C o ., In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 1 7 6 p p . $ 2 3 .9 5 . P a q u e , K a r l - H e i n z , S tru c tu ra l U n e m p lo y $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . C o a t e s , M a r y L o u , C a n a d ia n L a b o u r L a w a n d In d u stria l R e la tio n s: B a c k to th e F u tu re ! A n I n t e r v i e w w i t h H a r r y A r t h u r s . U n it e d 1 9 9 9 , 11 p p . S ta te s . C e n te r, P re s s , ir c B o u n d , J o h n a n d S a r a h T u r n e r , G o in g to W ar ____ S tra te g ic H u m an R e so u rc e s M a n a g e a n d G o in g to C o lle g e : D id W orld W ar II a n d th e G .I . B ill In crea se E d u c a tio n A t ta in m en t f o r R etu rn in g V eteran s? C a m m en t: C h a lle n g e s a n d O p p o rtu n itie s, A n I n t e r v i e w w i th D r. D a v i d S. W e is s . b r id g e , I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s n o m ic m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u R e s e a rc h , In c ., o f E c o 1 9 9 9 , 51 p p . K in g s t o n , O n t a r io , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s it y C e n te r, P re s s , ir c 1999, 13 pp . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 5 2 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s D o y l e , S e a n C . , T he G r ie v a n c e P ro c ed u re : The H e a r t o f th e C o lle c tiv e A g reem en t. S ta te s . K in g s t o n , O n t a r io , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s it y , P . , E d u c a tio n = S u c c e s s: E m p o w erin g H is p a n ic Youth a n d A d u lts. P r i n c e t o n , n j , E d u c a t i o n a l T e s t C a m e v a le , A n t h o n y I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s C e n te r, P re s s , ir c 1999, 15 pp . K le in e r , M o r r is in g S e r v ic e , 1 9 9 9 , 1 0 5 p p . J o v a n o v i c , B o y a n , G r o w th T h eo ry. C a m p p . K in g s t o n , O n ta r io , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s ity , U n it e d n o m ic 1 9 9 9 , 6 4 ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 3 7 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C a m b r id g e , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 5 7 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e , , $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e E n v iro n m e n t a n d I n d iv id u a l B a c k g ro u n d : E x p la in in g R e g io n a l S h irk in g D iffe r e n tia ls In a L a r g e I ta lia n F irm . m a m a R e s e a rc h , In c ., M ., J o n a th a n S . L e o n a rd , a n d A d a m M . P i l a r s k i , D o In d u s tr ia l R e H a n u s h e k , E r ic A . a n d J u lie A . S o m e rs , S ch oolin g, In equ ality, a n d th e Im p a c t o f G o vern m en t. C a m b r i d g e , M A , N a t i o n a l la tio n s A ffe c t P la n t P e r fo rm a n c e : The C a se o f C o m m e rc ia l A ir c r a ft M a n u fa c tu rin g. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a t i o n a l B u r e a u B u re a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 9 9 ,4 0 p p . o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 3 4 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 5 0 .) $ 1 0 ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 1 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . U n it e d L a z e a r , E d w a r d P . , E d u c a tio n a l P ro d u c tio n . C a m b r id g e , n o m ic m a N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o , R e s e a rc h , In c ., 19 9 9 , 48 p p . S ta te s . A l a n B . , F r o m B i s m a r k to M a a s tr ic h t: T h e M a r c h to E u r o p e a n U n io n a n d th e L a b o r C o m p a c t. C a m K ru e g e r, m en t a n d R e a l W age R ig id ity in G erm an y. ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 3 4 9 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s b r id g e , K e il, G e r m a n y , U n iv e r s ity o f K ie l, K ie l $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e n o m ic I n s t it u t e o f W o r ld E c o n o m ic s , 1 9 9 9 ,3 8 7 U n it e d ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 5 6 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s S ta te s . pp. , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o 2 0 0 0 , 28 p p . $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e W o l k i n s o n , B e n j a m i n W . , A r a b E m p lo y m en t In Is ra e l: T he Q u e s t f o r E q u a l E m p lo y m en t O p p o rtu n ity. W e s t p o r t , C T , G r e e n w o o d P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 1 9 7 p p . $ 6 5 . Education A c e m o g lu , D a r o n a n d J o s h u a A n g r is t , H ow L a rg e A re th e S o c ia l R e tu rn s to E d u c a tio n ? E v id e n c e fr o m C o m p u lso ry S c h o o l ing L a w s. C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , In c . , 1 9 9 9 , 43 m a R e s e a rc h , In c ., p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 4 4 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . d e n c e o n C la ssr o o m C o m p u ters a n d P u p i l L ea rn in g . C a m b r i d g e , m a , N a t i o n a l o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 3 2 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 2 4 .) $ 1 0 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 S ta te s . Industrial relations K u m a r P ra d e e p , G re g o r M u rra y , a n d A l e x a n d e r , M a r k , T ran sform in g Your W ork S y l v a i n S c h e t a g n e , W o rk p la c e C h a n g e p l a c e : A M o d e l f o r I m p l e m e n t in g C h a n g e a n d L a b o u r-M a n a g e m e n t C o o p era tio n . K i n g s t o n , O n t a r i o , Q u e e n ’ s U n i in C a n a d a : U n io n P e r c e p tio n s o f I m p a c ts , R e s p o n s e s a n d S u p p o rt S y stem s. v e r s ity , I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C e n te r , I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s ir c P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 2 3 p p . K in g s to n , O n ta r io , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s ity , C e n te r, ir c P re s s , 1999, 13 pp . A p p e l b a u m , E i l e e n a n d o t h e r s , M a n u fa ctu r ____ A d a p tin g to C h a n g e: U n io n P r io r i ing A d v a n ta g e : W hy H ig h -P e rfo rm a n ce W o r k S y s t e m s P a y O ff. I t h a c a , N Y , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s it y , I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C o r n e ll U n iv e r s ity P re s s , 2 0 0 0 , 2 5 9 p p . C e n te r, t ie s in th e 1 9 9 0 s . K i n g s t o n , O n t a r i o , ir c P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 1 3 pp. $ 4 5 ,c lo th ; $ 1 9 .9 5 , p a p e r. L i n d e r , M a r c , W ars o f A ttritio n : Vietnam , the A p p l e b a u m , H e r b e r t , C o n stru ctio n W orkers, A n g r i s t , J o s h u a a n d V i c t o r L a v y , N e w E v i B u re a u U n it e d u sa . W e s tp o rt, c t , G re e n w o o d P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 2 1 2 p p . $ 5 9 .9 5 . B u sin ess R ou n dtable, a n d th e D e c lin e o f C on stru ction U nions. I o w a C i t y , F a n p i h u a P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 4 3 4 p p . $ 1 5 , p a p e r. N e u m a rk , Do P a u l o z z a , L y d i a , R e la tio n s h ip s b y O b je c “H ig h P erfo rm a n c e ” W ork P ra c tic e s Im p r o v e E s ta b lis h m e n t-L e v e l O u tc o m e s ? tiv e s: T he E x p e rien ce a t P e tro -C a n a d a . C a p p e lli, P e te r a n d D a v id K in g s to n , O n t a r io , Q u e e n ’s U n iv e r s ity , I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s C e n te r, IR C P re s s , 1 9 9 9 ,1 9 p p . A . , M e r g e r s & A c q u is i tio n s: O r g a n iza tio n a l C u ltu re & H R Is su es. K i n g s t o n , O n t a r i o , Q u e e n ’ s U n i tro v ersy : The E c o n o m ic M yth o f S m all B usiness. A r m o n k , n y , m .e . S h a r p e , I n c . , r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , In c . , 1 9 9 9 , 1999, 161 pp. c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g P ik u la , D e b o r a h v e r s ity , I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s C e n te r , IR C P re s s , 1 9 9 9 , 1 5 p p . R a z a , M . A l i , A . J a n e ll A n d e r s o n , a n d H a r r y G l y n n C u s t r e d , J r . T he U p s a n d D o w n s H o u t , M i c h a e l a n d H a r v e y S . R o s e n , Self- E m p lo y m en t, F a m ily B a ck g ro u n d , a n d R a c e. C a m b r i d g e , M A , N a t i o n a l B u r e a u 3 7 p p . 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W a s h i n g t o n , h i, m a , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o R e s e a rc h , In c ., 2 0 0 0 , 5 0 p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 4 9 1 .) $ 1 0 p e r c o p y , p lu s 3 3 . S to c k N o . 8 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 0 8 9 4 - 3 . $ 6 .5 0 . F o r s a le b y th e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u D . and D a n T . R osenb au m , M a k in g S in g le M o th e r s W ork: R e c e n t Tax a n d W elfare P o lic y a n d Its E ffects. to n — N o r th C h a r le s to n , S C , N a tio n a l C o m p e n sa tio n Su rvey, S e p te m b e r 199 8 . c a 1 3 0 p p . $ 3 9 .9 5 . A v a ila b le P u b lic a tio n s C e n te r , W a ld o r f , 1 9 9 9 , $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . fo r E m p lo y 321 p p . $ 4 0 , c lo th ; $ 2 2 , p a p e r. _____ W e lfa re , T h e E a r n e d I n c o m e Tax C red it, a n d th e L a b o r S u p p ly o f S in g le M o th e rs. C a m b r i d g e , M A , N a t i o n a l B u 1 9 9 9 ,5 1 p p . B u lle t in 3 0 9 5 - 3 7 . S to c k N o . G r o g g e r , J e f f a n d C h a r le s M ic h a lo p o u lo s , 8 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 0 8 9 8 - 6 . $ 6 . F o r s a le b y t h e S u W elfare D y n a m ic s U n d er Term L im its. 65 p e r in t e n d e n t C a m b r id g e , c o p y , p lu s $ 1 0 f o r p o s ta g e a n d h a n d lin g o f D o c u m e n ts , 3 7 1 9 5 4 , P itts b u r g h , p a , PO . B o x 1 5 2 5 0 -7 9 5 4 . 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 n o m ic M A , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E c o R e s e a rc h , In c ., 1 9 9 9 , 58 p p . r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , In c . , 1 9 9 9 , p p . ( W o r k in g P a p e r 7 3 6 3 .) $ 1 0 p e r o u ts id e th e U n it e d S ta te s . C urrent Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics 54 C om parative indicators Labor com pensation and collective bargaining data— continued 26. 1 . L a b o r m a r k e t i n d i c a t o r s ..................................................................... 64 P a r t ic ip a n t s in b e n e fits p la n s , s m a ll f ir m s a n d g o v e r n m e n t .................................................................................. 2 7 . W o r k s to p p a g e s in v o lv in g 2 . A n n u a l a n d q u a r t e r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a t i o n , p r i c e s , a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y .............................. 84 85 65 3 . A lt e r n a t iv e m e a s u re s o f w a g e s a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n c h a n g e s .................................................................... 1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e .............. 65 Price d ata 2 8 . C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x : U .S . c it y a v e r a g e , b y e x p e n d it u r e Labor force d ata 4 . E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e p o p u la tio n , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 66 5 . S e le c te d e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to r s , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 67 6 . S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a to r s , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 7. 68 D u r a t io n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 68 8 . U n e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s b y re a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t, s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 9. 69 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s b y s e x a n d a g e , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 69 1 0 . U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s b y S ta te s , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 70 1 1 . E m p lo y m e n t o f w o r k e r s b y S ta te s , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 70 1 2 . E m p lo y m e n t o f w o r k e r s b y in d u s tr y , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 86 89 90 91 92 92 93 94 95 96 96 71 1 3 . A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s b y in d u s tr y , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... category and commodity and service groups............... 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items....................................................... 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups.......................................................... 31. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing............... 32. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups............................................................ 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.................................................. 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................... 35. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................... 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................ 37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category............... 38. U.S.international price indexes for selected categories of services.................................................... 73 1 4 . A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s b y in d u s t r y , Productivity d ata 3 9 . In d e x e s o f p r o d u c t iv it y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 73 1 5 . A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s b y i n d u s t r y .......................................... 7 4 1 6 . A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s b y i n d u s t r y ......................................... 75 1 7 . D i f f u s i o n in d e x e s o f e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e , a n d u n i t c o s t s , d a t a s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d .............................. 97 4 0 . A n n u a l i n d e x e s o f m u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................. 98 4 1 . A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p r o d u c t iv i t y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , u n i t c o s t s , a n d p r i c e s ...................................................................... s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ......................................................................... 76 18. A n n u a l d a t a : E m p l o y m e n t s t a t u s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n .......... 76 19. A n n u a l d a t a : E m p l o y m e n t l e v e l s b y i n d u s t r y ....................... 77 99 4 2 . A n n u a l in d e x e s o f o u t p u t p e r h o u r f o r s e le c t e d i n d u s t r i e s ................................................................................................ 1 0 0 2 0 . A n n u a l d a ta : A v e r a g e h o u r s a n d e a r n i n g s l e v e l s b y i n d u s t r y ................................................. 77 International comparisons d ata 4 3 . U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s in n in e c o u n t r ie s , Labor com pensation and collective bargaining d ata d a t a s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ................................................................ 102 4 4 . A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e c iv ilia n w o r k i n g - a g e p o p u l a t i o n , 1 0 c o u n t r i e s .................................... 1 0 3 4 5 . A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p r o d u c t iv i t y a n d r e la t e d m e a s u r e s , 2 1 . E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , c o m p e n s a t io n , 1 2 c o u n t r i e s .......................................................................................... b y o c c u p a t i o n a n d i n d u s t r y g r o u p .......................................... 2 2 . E m p l o y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s , b y o c c u p a t i o n a n d i n d u s t r y g r o u p .......................................... 23. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , b e n e fits , p r iv a t e in d u s tr y 24. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , p r iv a te n o n fa r m w o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t i o n a n d i n d u s t r y g r o u p ...................... 2 5 . P a r t ic ip a n t s in b e n e f it p la n s , m e d iu m https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 80 Injury and illness d ata 81 4 6 . A n n u a l d a ta : O c c u p a tio n a l in ju r y a n d illn e s s 82 4 7 . F a ta l o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r ie s b y e v e n t o r i n c i d e n c e r a t e s .................................................................................... w o rk e rs , b y b a r g a i n i n g s t a t u s , r e g i o n , a n d a r e a s i z e .......................... a n d l a r g e f i r m s ....... 104 78 83 105 e x p o s u r e ................................................................................................. 1 0 7 Monthly Labor Review May 2000 53 Notes on Current Labor Statistics T h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e R e v ie w p r e s e n t s t h e p r i n in d e x n u m b e r o f 1 5 0 , w h e r e 1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 , th e c ip a l s t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s c o lle c t e d h o u r ly r a te e x p re s s e d in la te d b y th e s e r ie s o n B u re a u a n d c a lc u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s : la b o r f o r c e ; e m p lo y m e n t; u n e m p lo y m e n t ; la b o r c o m p e n s a t io n ; c o n s u m e r , ($ 3 /1 5 0 x r e s u lt in g 100 = 1 9 8 2 d o lla r s is $ 2 $ 2 ). T h e $ 2 (o r a n y o th e r v a lu e s ) a r e d e s c r ib e d a s “ r e a l, ” a n d illn e s s s t a t is t ic s . I n t h e n o te s t h a t f o ll o w , Sources of information tio n a l In ju rie s a n d Illn e s s e s in th e U n ite d S ta tes, b y In du stry, a b l s a n n u a l b u l l e t i n . F i n a l l y , t h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w c a r r ie s a n a ly t ic a l a r t ic le s o n a n n u a l a n d lo n g e r a re g iv e n ; n o te s D a ta t h a t s u p p le m e n t th e ta b le s in t h is s e c o n th e d a ta a re s e t f o r t h ; a n d s o u rc e s o f a d d i t io n a re p u b lis h e d b y th e B u r e a u in a v a r ie ty t io n a l in f o r m a t io n a r e c it e d . o f s o u rc e s . D e fin it io n s o f e a c h s e r ie s a n d n o te s o n th e d a ta a r e c o n ta in e d in la te r s e c t io n s o f th e s e N o te s d e s c r ib in g e a c h s e t o f General notes 1979. D e ta ile d d a ta o n th e o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r y a n d i l ln e s s s e r ie s a r e p u b l i s h e d i n O ccu pa th e d a ta in e a c h g r o u p o f ta b le s a re b r ie f ly d e s c r ib e d ; k e y d e f in it io n s tin “ c o n s ta n t , ” o r “ 1 9 8 2 ” d o lla r s . p r o d u c e r , a n d in te r n a t io n a l p r ic e s ; p r o d u c t iv it y ; in t e r n a t io n a l c o m p a r is o n s ; a n d in ju r y d a t a , s e e I n te rn a tio n a l C o m p a riso n s o f U n em p lo ym en t, B L S B u l l e t io n a l c o m p a r is o n s te rm d e v e lo p m e n t s in la b o r f o r c e , e m p lo y m e n t, a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t ; e m p lo y e e co m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c t iv e b a r g a in in g ; p r ic e s ; p r o d u c t iv it y ; in te r n a t io n a l c o m p a r is o n s ; a n d in ju r y a n d illn e s s d a ta . d a ta . F o r d e ta ile d d e s c r ip t io n s o f e a c h d a ta s e r ie s , s e e b l s H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s, B u l Symbols T h e f o ll o w i n g n o te s a p p ly t o s e v e r a l ta b le s le tin 2 4 9 0 . in t h is s e c t io n : M a jo r P ro g ra m s o f th e B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s, R e p o r t 9 1 9 . N e w s r e l e a s e s p r o v i d e n .e .c . = a n d q u a r t e r ly d a ta a r e a d ju s t e d t o e lim in a t e t h e la te s t s t a t is t ic a l in f o r m a t io n p u b lis h e d b y n .e .s . = n o t e ls e w h e r e s p e c if ie d . th e e ffe c t o n th e d a ta o f s u c h fa c to r s a s c li t h e B u r e a u ; t h e m a jo r r e c u r r in g r e le a s e s a r e p = p r e lim in a r y . T o in c r e a s e th e t im e m a t ic c o n d itio n s , in d u s tr y p r o d u c t io n s c h e d p u b lis h e d a c c o r d in g t o t h e s c h e d u le a p p e a r lin e s s o f s o m e s e r ie s , p r e lim i n a r y u le s , o p e n in g a n d c lo s in g o f s c h o o ls , h o li i n g o n t h e b a c k c o v e r o f t h is is s u e . f ig u r e s a r e is s u e d b a s e d o n r e p r e Seasonal adjustment. C e r ta in m o n th ly d a y b u y in g p e r io d s , a n d v a c a tio n p r a c tic e s , U s e r s a ls o m a y w is h t o c o n s u lt n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d , s e n ta tiv e b u t in c o m p le te r e tu r n s , M o r e in fo r m a t io n a b o u t la b o r fo r c e , e m w h ic h m ig h t p r e v e n t s h o r t- te r m e v a lu a t io n p lo y m e n t, a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t d a ta a n d th e o f th e c o n ta in in g r e v is e d . G e n e r a lly , t h is r e v is io n h o u s e h o ld a n d e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y s u n d e r r e f le c ts o f la te r d a ta t h a t h a v e b e e n a d ju s t e d a r e id e n t if ie d a s ly i n g th e d a ta a r e a v a ila b le in th e B u r e a u ’s d a ta , b u t a ls o m a y r e f le c t o t h e r a d “ s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d . ” m o n t h l y p u b l i c a t i o n , E m p lo ym en t a n d E a rn ju s tm e n ts . s t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s . T a b le s ( A ll o th e r d a ta a re n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d . ) S e a s o n a l e f f e c t s a r e e s in gs. H i s t o r i c a l u n a d j u s t e d a n d s e a s o n a l l y t im a t e d a d ju s t e d d a ta f r o m W h e n o n n e w th e b a s is o f p a s t e x p e r ie n c e . s e a s o n a l fa c to rs e a c h y e a r , r e v is io n s m a y a re c o m p u te d S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta a p p e a r in ta b le s 1 - 1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 3 9 , a n d 4 3 . S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d = th e a v a ila b ilit y th e h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y a re a v a ila b le o n th e I n t e r n e t : a f f e c t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta f o r s e v e r a l p r e c e d in g y e a r s . r Comparative Indicators h t t p : // s t a t s . b ls . g o v /c p s h o m e .h t m H is t o r ic a lly c o m p a r a b le u n a d ju s t e d a n d s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta f r o m th e e s t a b lis h m e n t ( T a b le s 1 - 3 ) s u r v e y a ls o a r e a v a ila b le o n th e I n t e r n e t : la b o r f o r c e d a ta in ta b le s 1 a n d 4 - 9 w e r e r e h t t p : // s t a t s . b ls . g o v /c e s h o m e .h t m v is e d i n t h e F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 0 is s u e o f t h e R e A d d it io n a l in fo r m a t io n o n la b o r fo r c e d a ta o v e r v ie w v ie w . S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s u r f o r a re a s b e lo w th e n a tio n a l le v e l a re p r o t is t ic a l s e r ie s . C o n s e q u e n t ly , a lt h o u g h m a n y v e y d a ta s h o w n in ta b le s v id e d in th e a n n u a l r e p o r t , G e o g ra p h ic o f th e in c lu d e d s e r ie s a r e a v a ila b le m o n th ly , 1, 1 2 -1 4 a n d 1 6 - 1 7 w e r e r e v i s e d i n t h e J u l y 1 9 9 9 R e v ie w a n d r e f le c t th e e x p e r ie n c e t h r o u g h M a r c h A 1999. b r i e f e x p la n a t io n o f th e s e a s o n a l a d ju s t m e n t m e t h o d o lo g y a p p e a rs in “ N o te s o n th e d a ta .” P ro file o f E m p lo y m en t a n d U n em ploym en t. F o r a c o m p r e h e n s iv e d is c u s s io n o f th e E m p lo y m en t C o s t In d ex es a n d L ev els, 1 9 7 5 - 9 5 , B L S B u l E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , s e e le tin R e v is io n s in th e p r o d u c t iv it y d a ta in t a b le BLS C o m p a r a tiv e 2 4 6 6 . T h e m o s t re c e n t d a ta fr o m in d ic a to r s ta b le s p r o v id e a n d c o m p a r is o n o f m a jo r b l s an s ta a ll m e a s u r e s in th e s e c o m p a r a t iv e ta b le s a r e p r e s e n te d q u a r t e r ly a n d a n n u a lly . Labor market indicators p lo y m e n t m e a s u re s fr o m in c lu d e e m tw o m a jo r s u rv e y s th e a n d in fo r m a t io n o n r a te s o f c h a n g e in c o m E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u r v e y a p p e a r in th e f o l p e n s a tio n p r o v id e d b y th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t 4 5 a r e u s u a lly in tr o d u c e d in th e S e p te m b e r lo w in g B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s b u lle tin s : In d e x is s u e . S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d in d e x e s a n d p e r p a tio n r a te , th e e m p lo y m e n t- to - p o p u la tio n o u s C o n s u m e r a n d P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x s e E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d L a rg e F irm s; E m p lo y e e B en efits in S m all P r iv a te E sta b lis h m e n ts; a n d E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S ta te a n d L o c a l G o vern m en ts. r ie s . H o w e v e r , s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d in d e x e s M o r e d e ta ile d d a ta o n c o n s u m e r a n d p r o c e n t ch a n g e s fro m m o n th -to -m o n th an d q u a r te r - to - q u a r te r a re p u b lis h e d f o r n u m e r a re n o t p u b lis h e d f o r th e U .S . a v e r a g e A ll - d u c e r p r ic e s Ite m s p e r i o d i c a l s , The c p i. O n ly s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d p e r c e n t c h a n g e s a r e a v a ila b le f o r t h is s e r ie s . Adjustments for price changes. S om e a re p u b lis h e d in (E C l) p r o g r a m . T h e la b o r fo r c e p a r tic i r a tio , a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s f o r m a jo r d e m o g r a p h ic g ro u p s th e C u rre n t P o p u la tio n ( “ h o u s e h o ld ” ) S u r v e y ba sed o n a re p re s e n te d , w h ile m e a s u re s o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d th e m o n th ly a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s b y m a jo r in d u s tr y s e c D e t a il e d R e p o r t a n d P ro d u c e r P r ic e In d ex es. F o r a n o v e r v i e w o f t o r a re g iv e n u s in g n o n fa r m p a y r o ll d a ta . T h e th e 1 9 9 8 r e v is io n o f th e m a j o r s e c t o r a n d b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s , is c h o c p i C P I, s e e th e D e c e m E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ( c o m p e n s a t io n ) , b y d a ta — s u c h a s t h e “ r e a l” e a r n in g s s h o w n in b e r 1 9 9 6 i s s u e o f t h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e view . s e n fro m ta b le A d d it io n a l d a ta o n in te r n a t io n a l p r ic e s w a g e m e a s u r e s b e c a u s e i t p r o v id e s a c o m 14— a r e a d ju s t e d t o e lim in a t e t h e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s in p r ic e . T h e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a re m a d e b y d iv id in g ap p e a r in m o n t h ly n e w s r e le a s e s . a v a r ie ty o f p r e h e n s iv e b l s c o m p e n s a t io n a n d m e a s u r e o f e m p lo y e r c o s ts f o r c u r r e n t - d o lla r v a lu e s L is t in g s o f in d u s t r ie s f o r w h ic h p r o d u c b y th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x o r th e a p p r o t i v i t y in d e x e s a r e a v a ila b le m a y b e f o u n d o n i t is n o t a f f e c t e d b y e m p lo y m e n t s h if t s a m o n g p r ia t e c o m p o n e n t o f th e in d e x , t h e n m u l t i th e In te rn e t: o c c u p a tio n s a n d in d u s t r ie s . p l y in g b y 1 0 0 . F o r e x a m p le , g iv e n a c u r r e n t h o u r ly w a g e r a te o f $ 3 a n d a c u r r e n t p r ic e 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 h t t p ://s ta ts .b ls .g o v /ip r h o m e .h tm F o r a d d it io n a l in fo r m a t io n on in te r n a h ir in g la b o r , n o t ju s t o u tla y s f o r w a g e s , a n d D a t a o n changes in compensation, prices, and productivity a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 2 . M e a s u re s o f ra te s o f c h a n g e o f c o m p e n s a c e d in g 4 w e e k s . P e r s o n s w h o d id n o t lo o k f o r t io n a n d w a g e s fr o m w o r k b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e o n la y o f f a r e a ls o In d e x p ro g ra m ia n n o n f a r m th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t a r e p r o v id e d f o r a ll c i v i l w o r k e r s ( e x c lu d in g F e d e ra l a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s ) a n d f o r a ll p r iv a te n o n fa rm ployment rate r e p r e s e n t s p r o d u c e r p r ic e s b y s ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ; th e n u m b e r u n e m D a ta b e g in n in g p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv i lia n la b o r f o r c e . civilian labor force T h e w o r k e r s . M e a s u r e s o f c h a n g e s in c o n s u m e r p r ic e s f o r a ll u r b a n c o n s u m e r s ; Revisions in the household survey The unem c o u n te d a m o n g th e u n e m p lo y e d . e m p lo y e d o r u n e m p lo y e d c o n s is t s o f a ll p e rs o n s in o v e r a ll e x p o r t a n d im p o r t p r ic e in d e x e s a r e a s e m p lo y e d g iv e n . M e a s u r e s o f p r o d u c t iv ity ( o u tp u t p e r in c lu d e s h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ) a re p r o v id e d f o r m a jo r p e r s o n s w h o w a n t a n d a r e a v a ila b le f o r a jo b fo r m a t io n th o s e n o t c la s s if ie d o r u n e m p lo y e d . T h is d is c o u r a g e d a p p e a rs in a n d w h o h a v e lo o k e d f o r w o r k s o m e tim e in Alternative measures of wage and com pensation rates of change, w h i c h r e f l e c t t h e t h e p a s t 1 2 m o n th s ( o r s in c e t h e e n d o f t h e ir tio n a l h o u s e h o ld la s t jo b i f t h e y h e ld o n e w i t h in th e p a s t 1 2 D iv is io n o v e r a ll t r e n d in la b o r c o s ts , a r e s u m m a r iz e d m o n th s ), b u t a re 6 9 1 -6 3 7 8 . in ta b le 3 . D iffe r e n c e s in c o n c e p ts a n d s c o p e , be ca u se a v a ila b le o r th e r e a r e n o n e f o r w h ic h t h e y c o n tr ib u te to th e v a r ia t io n in c h a n g e s a m o n g civilian noninstitu tional population c o m p r i s e s a l l p e r s o n s 16 th e in d iv id u a l m e a s u re s . b e lie v e th e re lo o k in g , r e la t e d t o t h e s p e c if ic p u r p o s e s o f t h e s e r ie s , w o u ld th e y a re n o F in d a ta a r e c o n ta in e d in la t e r s e c t io n s o f th e s e p r o p o r t io n o f th e c iv ilia n n o te s d e s c r ib in g e a c h s e t o f d a ta . p o p u la t io n t h a t is in th e n o n in s t it u t io n a l m e n t a s a p e rc e n t o f th e Employment and Unemployment Data is th e la b o r fo r c e . T h e employment-population ratio is e m p lo y c iv ilia n n o n in t h is h o u r s s e c t io n , a n d in d a t a t h is tim e to t im e , a n d e s p e c ia lly a fte r a d e c e n n ia l c e n s u s , a d ju s t m e n t s a r e m a d e in th e C u r r e n t P o p u la t io n S u rv e y c o r r e c t f o r e s t im a tin g s e c t io n a re o b th e C u r r e n t P o p u la t io n S u r v e y , e rro rs f ig u r e s d u r in g to th e in t e r c e n s a l y e a r s . T h e s e a d ju s t m e n t s a f f e c t th e c o m p a r a b ilit y o f h is to r ic a l d a ta . A de s c r ip t io n o f th e s e a d ju s t m e n t s a n d t h e ir e f m o n th ly b y th e B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s f o r th e f e c t o n th e v a r io u s d a ta s e r ie s a p p e a r s in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . T h e s a m p le c o n E x p la n a to r y s is t s o f a b o u t 5 0 , 0 0 0 h o u s e h o ld s s e le c t e d t o E a rn in g s. U.S. p o p u la t io n 16 y e a r s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d N o te s s e a s o n a lly r o t a t in g o f th e n a tio n a l la b o r fo r c e d a ta h a v e b e e n s e a s o n s a m e f o r a n y 2 c o n s e c u tiv e a l ly a d ju s t e d w i t h a p r o c e d u r e c a lle d X - l l b a s is , s o t h a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s m o n th s . a r im a Definitions Employed persons i n c lu d e ( 1 ) a ll th o s e w h o f o r p a y a n y t im e d u r in g th e w e e k a d ju s t e d . S in c e w h ic h J a n u a ry w a s d e v e lo p e d r e c o r d s r e p o r te d m o n th ly o n a v o lu n t a r y b a s is t o t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s a n d it s c o o p e r a t in g S ta te a g e n c ie s b y a b o u t 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 e s t a b lis h m e n ts r e p r e s e n t in g a l l i n e x c e p t a g r ic u ltu r e . I n d u s tr ie s a re m e n t; m o s t la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts a r e t h e r e f o r e in t h e s a m p le . ( A n e s t a b lis h m e n t is n o t n e c e s s a r ily a f ir m ; i t m a y b e a b r a n c h p la n t , fo r e x a m p le , o r w a r e h o u s e .) la r c iv ilia n o f th e fro m p a y r o ll a re o u ts id e th e s u rv e y becau se th e y e s t a b lis h m e n t r e c o r d s . T h is lis h m e n t s u r v e y s . 1980, Definitions a t S t a t is t ic s establishment i s A n p r o d u c e s g o o d s o r s e r v ic e s ( s u c h a s a f a c t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f th e p r o c e d u r e a p p e a rs t o r y o r s t o r e ) a t a s in g le lo c a t io n a n d is e n in th e X - ll a r im a used b y b l s . A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d , b y E s t e l a B e e D a g u m 1 9 8 3 ). N o . ( S ta tis tic s 1 2 -5 6 4 E , J a n u a ry a n e c o n o m ic u n it w h ic h g a g e d in o n e ty p e o f e c o n o m ic a c t iv ity . Employed persons a r e r e c e iv e d p a y ( in c lu d in g ( 2 ) th o s e A t th e b e g in n in g o f e a c h c a le n d a r y e a r , h is t o r ic a l s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta u s u a lly s o n s h o ld in g la r jo b s b e c a u s e o f illn e s s , v a c a tio n , in d u s a re r e v is e d , a n d p r o je c t e d s e a s o n a l a d ju s t p e r c e n t o f a ll p e rs o n s in t r ia l d is p u te , o r s im ila r r e a s o n s . A p e rs o n m e n t fa c to r s a re c a lc u la te d f o r u s e d u r in g n re c o u n te d in w o r k in g a t m o r e t h a n o n e j o b is c o u n t e d o n ly th e J a n u a r y - J u n e p e r io d . T h e h is to r ic a l s e a re p o rts th e m . a t w h ic h h e o r sh e w o rk e d th e Unemployed persons s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta u s u a lly a r e r e v is e d f o r c lu d in g th e a n d s ic k 1 2 th d a y o f th e m o n th . P e r m o r e th a n o n e jo b (a b o u t 5 th e la b o r fo r c e ) e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t w h ic h Production workers in m a n u fa c tu r in g o n ly th e m o s t r e c e n t 5 y e a rs . I n J u ly , n e w in c lu d e w o r k in g s u p e r v is o r s a n d n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia t e d w i t h p r o a re th o s e w h o d id s e a s o n a l a d ju s t m e n t f a c t o r s , w h ic h in c o r p o n o t w o r k d u r in g th e s u r v e y w e e k , b u t w e r e r a te t h e e x p e r ie n c e t h r o u g h J u n e , a r e p r o d u c tio n a v a ila b le f o r w o r k e x c e p t f o r te m p o r a r y i l l d u c e d f o r th e J u ly - D e c e m b e r p e r io d , b u t n o tio n e d n e s s a n d h a d lo o k e d f o r jo b s w i t h in th e p r e - r e v is io n s a re m a d e in th e h is t o r ic a l d a ta . w o rk e rs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a ll p e rs o n s w h o h o lid a y p a y ) f o r a n y p a r t o f th e p a y r o ll p e r io d in w h o w e r e t e m p o r a r ily a b s e n t f r o m t h e ir r e g u g re a te s t n u m b e r o f h o u rs . la r g e ly a c c o u n ts f o r th e d iff e r e n c e in e m p lo y m e n t de w h o w o r k e d u n p a id f o r 1 5 h o u r s o r m o r e in and scop e a re e x c lu d e d 11 m e th o d p r e v io u s ly C a n a d a , C a t a lo g u e e n te r p r is e S e lf- e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s a n d o th e rs n o t o n a r e g u C a n a d a a s a n e x te n s io n o f th e s ta n d a r d X - w h ic h in c lu d e s th e 1 2 th d a y o f th e m o n th o r th e jo b d a t a p a y r o ll f ig u r e s b e tw e e n th e h o u s e h o ld a n d e s ta b L a b o r f o r c e d a ta in ta b le s 1 a n d 4 - 9 a re o f age a n d o ld e r . H o u s e h o ld s a re in te r v ie w e d o n a in fro m I n m o s t in d u s t r ie s , th e s a m p lin g p r o b a b il i o f p e r s o n a l in te r v ie w s c o n d u c te d a f a m ily - o p e r a t e d e a r n in g s a re c o m p ile d t ie s a r e b a s e d o n t h e s iz e o f t h e e s t a b lis h F ro m Description of the series w o rk e d (2 0 2 ) d a r d In d u s tr ia l C la s s ific a tio n (SIC) M a n u a l. Household survey data is t h e S t a t is t ic s : c l a s s i f i e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e 1 9 8 7 S ta n ( T a b le s 1 ; 4 - 2 0 ) s a m p le , m p l o y m e n t d u s tr ie s s t it u t io n a l p o p u la t io n . Notes on the data re p re s e n t th e o f L a b o r F o rc e Description of the series E a p ro g ra m n a d a ta , c o n ta c t th e o f p e n a l o r m e n ta l in s t it u t io n s , s a n it a r iu m s , civilian labor force participation r a t e t a in e d f r o m o n in f o r m a t io n s u rv e y Establishment survey data o r h o m e s f o r th e a g e d , in fir m , o r n e e d y . T h e m p l o y m e n t a d d it io n a l q u a lify . T h e D e f in it io n s o f e a c h s e r ie s a n d n o te s o n th e E o r jo b s y e a r s o f a g e a n d o l d e r w h o a r e n o t in m a t e s Notes on the data th e F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 0 as s e c to rs . n o t c u r r e n t ly o f re i s s u e o f E m p lo y m en t a n d E a rn in g s. g ro u p w o r k e r s , d e fin e d a re n o t s t r ic t ly v is e d p o p u la t io n c o n tr o ls . A d d it io n a l in c iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p u la tio n . P e rs o n s not in the labor force a r e 2 0 0 0 y e a rs b e c a u s e o f th e in tr o d u c t io n th e o v e r a ll p r ic e s b y s ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ; a n d in c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a ta f o r 1 9 9 9 a n d e a r lie r o p e r a t io n s . T h o s e in ta b le s in 1 1 -1 6 m a n u fa c tu r in g Monthly Labor Review w o rk e rs in c lu d e m e n p r o d u c t io n a n d m in in g ; May 2000 55 Current Labor Statistics c o n s tr u c tio n w o rk e rs in c o n s tr u c tio n ; a n d n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s in th e f o llo w in g d u s tr ie s : tr a n s p o r t a t io n in te r v a ls ( a ls o k n o w n a s th e 4 - v e r s u s 5 - w e e k in e ffe c t), th e re b y p r o v id in g im p r o v e d m ea a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s ; s u re m e n t o f o v e r-th e -m o n th c h a n g e s a n d u n w h o le s a le a n d r e t a il tr a d e ; f in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , d e r ly in g e c o n o m ic tr e n d s . R e v is io n s o f d a ta , a n d r e a l e s ta te ; a n d s e r v ic e s . T h e s e g r o u p s a c u s u a lly f o r th e m o s t r e c e n t 5 - y e a r p e r io d , a r e c o u n t f o r a b o u t f o u r - f if t h s o f th e to ta l e m p lo y m a d e o n c e a y e a r c o in c id e n t w it h th e b e n c h m e n t o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls . m a r k r e v is io n s . Earnings a re th e p a y m e n ts p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o rk e rs r e c e iv e I n t h e e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y , e s tim a te s f o r d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d , in c lu d in g p r e m iu m th e m o s t re c e n t 2 m o n th s a re b a s e d o n in pa y c o m p le t e r e t u r n s a n d a r e p u b lis h e d a s p r e Review ). f o r o v e r tim e o r la te - s h if t w o r k b u t e x c lu d lim in a r y in th e ta b le s ( 1 2 - 1 7 in th e in g o t h e r s p e c ia l W h e n a ll r e t u r n s h a v e b e e n r e c e iv e d , th e e s a re tim a t e s a r e r e v is e d a n d p u b lis h e d a s “ f in a l” ir r e g u la r b o n u s e s a n d R eal earnings p a y m e n ts . e a r n in g s a d ju s t e d t o r e f le c t t h e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in ( p r io r to c o n s u m e r p r ic e s . T h e d e f la t o r f o r t h is s e r ie s t h ir d m o n th o f th e ir a p p e a ra n c e . T h u s , D e is d e r iv e d f r o m c e m b e r d a ta a r e p u b lis h e d a s p r e lim in a r y in fo r U rb a n W o rk e rs th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l F o r th e re p re s e n t th e a v e ra g e b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n s ) in th e o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 3 9 2 (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 5 5 9 o n d a ta in 10) (ta b le or 1 1 ). (ta b le Compensation and Wage Data ( T a b le s 1 - 3 ; 2 1 - 2 7 ) C o m p e n s a t io n a n d b y th e B u re a u fr o m w a g e d a t a a re g a th e re d b u s in e s s e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , la b o r u n io n s , c o lle c t iv e b a r g a in in g a g re e m e n ts o n f ile w it h th e B u re a u , a n d s e c o n d a ry s o u rc e s . J a n u a ry a n d F e b r u a r y a n d a s f in a l in M a r c h . (C P i-W ). Hours an y F th is s e r ie s , c a ll s a m e re a s o n s , q u a r t e r ly m e n t d a ta ( ta b le w e e k ly e s t a b lis h 1 ) a re p r e lim in a r y Employment Cost Index fo r th e Description of the series h o u rs o f p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k f ir s t 2 m o n th s o f p u b lic a t io n a n d f in a l in th e e rs f o r w h ic h p a y w a s re c e iv e d , a n d a re d if t h ir d fe re n t p u b lis h e d a s p r e lim in a r y in J a n u a r y a n d F e b T h e r u a r y a n d a s fin a l in M a r c h . t e r ly m e a s u re o f th e r a te o f c h a n g e in c o m fro m s ta n d a rd o r s c h e d u le d h o u rs . Overtime hours r e p r e s e n t th e p o r tio n o f a v e ra g e w e e k ly w as h o u rs w h ic h in A excess o f r e g u la r h o u rs a n d f o r w h ic h o v e r t im e p r e m i u m s w e r e p a id . T h e Diffusion Index re p re s e n ts th e p e r m o n th . T h u s , fo u r th - q u a r te r d a ta a re c o m p r e h e n s iv e d is c u s s io n o f t h e d i f f e r p lo y e e b a s k e t o f la b o r — s im ila r in o f th e in d u s t r ie s w i t h u n c h a n g e d e m p lo y m e n t ; e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a te s F o r fro m Monthly La D e c e m b e r 19 69 , p p . 9 -2 0 . a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n o n e s ta b 5 0 p e r c e n t in d ic a te s a n e q u a l b a la n c e b e tw e e n lis h m e n t s u r v e y d a ta , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f in d u s t r ie s w i t h in c r e a s in g a n d d e c r e a s in g e m M o n th ly p lo y m e n t. I n lin e w it h B u r e a u p r a c tic e , d a ta (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 5 5 5 . In d u s try Description of the series e m p lo y m e n t b a s e d o n 3 5 6 in 1 3 9 in d u s t r ie s . T h e s e in d e x e s a r e u s e f u l f o r D a ta p r e s e n te d in m e a s u r in g t h e d is p e r s io n o f e c o n o m ic g a in s fro m o r lo s s e s a n d a r e a ls o e c o n o m ic in d ic a t o r s . t ic s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s — to m e a s u r e c h a n g e o v e r tim e t h is s e c t io n a r e o b ta in e d th e L o c a l A r e a U n e m p lo y m e n t S t a t is (L A U S ) p r o g r a m , w h ic h is c o n d u c te d in S t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s o n ju s te d to c o m p r e h e n s iv e c o u n ts o f e m p lo y m e n t ( c a lle d “ b e n c h m a r k s ” ) . T h e la te s t a d is s u e o f th e R eview . th e r e le a s e o f C o in c id e n t w it h a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s . T h e to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n c o s ts a n d w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s s e r ie s a r e w h ic h c o n s is t s o f p r iv a t e in d u s t r y a n d S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s c o m b in e d . F e d e r a l w o r k e r s a re e x c lu d e d . T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x p r o b a b ilit y d a ta f r o m A p r il 1 9 9 8 fo rw a rd w i t h th e p u b lic a t io n o f J a n u a r y 2 0 0 0 d a ta . a r im a b l s u s e s th e m e t h o d o lo g y t o s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y d a ta . T h is p r o c e a n d s u b - S ta te a re a s a re a k e y in d ic a to r o f lo a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id 1 ,0 0 0 S ta te t h e b a s is in g 6 , 0 0 0 o c c u p a tio n a l o b s e r v a t io n s s e le c te d f o r d e te r m in in g th e e lig ib ilit y o f a n a re a f o r to r e p r e s e n t t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in e a c h s e c to r. s h ip A c t . S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d u n e m p lo y m e n t w e ll- s p e c if ie d ra te s a re p re s e n te d 1 0 . In s o fa r as le c te d e a c h q u a r t e r f o r th e p a y p e r io d in c lu d p o s s ib le , d ie c o n c e p ts a n d d e f in it io n s u n d e r in g th e 1 2 th d a y o f M a r c h , J u n e , S e p te m b e r , ly in g th e s e d a ta a re th o s e u s e d in th e n a tio n a l a n d D e c e m b e r. in ta b le e s t im a te s o b ta in e d f r o m th e a v e r a g e , e a c h r e p o r t in g Notes on the data u n it p r o v id e s o c c u p a tio n s . D a ta B e g in n in g CPS. w ith June 1986 a re c o l d a ta , f ix e d e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts f r o m th e 1 9 8 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la t io n e a ch c a lc u la te th e a re use d c iv ilia n q u a rte r to a n d p r iv a te in d e x e s D a ta r e f e r t o S ta te o f r e s id e n c e . M o n t h ly d a ta a n d th e f o r a ll S ta te s a n d th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia a re m e n ts . ( P r io r to J u n e 1 9 8 6 , th e e m p lo y m e n t d e r iv e d w e ig h ts a re f r o m u s in g e s t a b lis h e d b y r e v is e d to n e w s ta n d a r d iz e d b l s . p o p u la t io n c o n tr o ls , u s u a lly w it h p u b lic a t io n s u s , c o n tr o ls f o r th e e f f e c t o f v a r y in g s u r v e y b e n c h m a rk e d to a n n u a l a v e ra g e May 2000 p ro c e d u re s O n c e a y e a r , e s tim a te s a r e d u r e , d e v e lo p e d b y th e B u r e a u o f th e C e n 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis e s t a b lis h m e n ts p r o v id i n g a b o u t 2 3 ,0 0 0 o c c u p a tio n a l o b s e r v a t io n s a n d and season R e v is io n s in S ta te d a ta ( ta b le 1 1 ) o c c u r r e d fa rm w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t io n in f o r m a t io n o n f iv e a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n in f u t u r e b e n c h m a r k s . X -1 2 la b o r f o r c e , O n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta f r o m J a n u a r y 1 9 9 5 f o r w a r d B e g in n in g in J u n e 1 9 9 6 , th e o f th e b e n e fits u n d e r F e d e r a l e c o n o m ic a s s is ta n c e s e a s o n a l fa c to r s a n d r e fin e m e n t in th e s e a s o n a l a d ju s t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s . U n a d ju s t e d e s t im a te s p r o g r a m s s u c h a s th e J o b T r a in in g P a r tn e r th e a d ju s t e d d a ta w e r e r e v is e d t o r e f le c t u p d a te d w o rk e rs e x c lu d in g p r o p r ie to r s , th e s e lf- e m p lo y e d , e m p lo y m e n t , a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t f o r S ta te s c a l e c o n o m ic c o n d itio n s , a n d f o r m 1998 b e n c h m a r k a d ju s t m e n t , h is t o r ic a l s e a s o n a lly t o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n s a m p le c o n s is t s o f a b o u t 4 , 4 0 0 p r iv a t e n o n M o n th ly E s ta b lis h m e n t s u r v e y d a ta a re a n n u a lly a d 1999 e m p lo y e r c o s ts o f e m p lo y in g a ls o a v a ila b le f o r S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s . 1 9 9 9 d a ta , p u b lis h e d in th e J u ly in la b o r . c o o p e r a t io n w i t h S ta te e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r it y Notes on the data b e n c h m a rk s , w a s m a d e w ith th e w o r k e r s a n d f o r th e c iv ilia n n o n fa r m e c o n o m y , d u s tr ie s , a n d a m a n u f a c t u r in g in d e x b a s e d o n M a y m a rk e t c o n c e p t to c o s t s , o n w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s , a n d o n b e n e f i t Unemployment data by State 1 7 p r o v id e s a n in d e x o n p r i M a rc h a f ix e d c o s ts a r e a v a ila b le f o r p r iv a t e n o n f a r m 1 2 -m o n th s p a n a r e u n a d ju s t e d . D a t a a r e c e n te r e d w i t h in in c o r p o r a te d b e n e fits . I t u s e s C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ’s f ix e d m a r k e t b a s k e t E m p lo y m e n t S ta tis tic s : f o r th e 1 -, 3 -, a n d 6 - m o n th s p a n s a re s e a s o n ju s tm e n t, w h ic h in c lu d e s d a ta o n e m p lo y m e n t a p p e a rs in G lo r ia R G r e e n , bor Review, v a te n o n fa rm an d “ C o m p a r in g r is in g o v e r th e in d ic a te d p e r io d , p lu s o n e - h a lf th e s p a n . T a b le p e r h o u r w o rk e d w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t s o f e m h o u s e h o ld a n d p a y r o ll s u r v e y s ,” a d ju s t e d , w h ile th o s e f o r t h e p e n s a tio n a q u a r e n c e s b e tw e e n h o u s e h o ld a n d e s t a b lis h m e n t c e n t o f in d u s t r ie s in w h ic h e m p lo y m e n t w a s a lly Employment Cost Index ( E C l ) i s o f J a n u a r y e s tim a te s , a n d CPS le v e ls . in d e x la tio n . ) T h e s e d e r iv e fo r S ta te lo c a l g o v e r n th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u f ix e d a ll o f th e and w e ig h ts , a ls o in d u s t r y u s e d to a n d o c c u p a tio n s e r ie s in d e x e s , e n s u r e t h a t c h a n g e s in th e s e in d e x e s r e f le c t o n ly c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a - c o m e ta x e s u n t il w ith d r a w a l. in d u s d a ta a re p re s e n te d a s a p e rc e n ta g e o f e m p lo y tr ie s o r o c c u p a tio n s w i t h d if f e r e n t le v e ls o f e e s w h o p a r tic ip a te in a c e r ta in b e n e fit, o r a s w a g e s a n d c o m p e n s a t io n . F o r t h e b a r g a in a n a v e r a g e b e n e fit p r o v is io n ( f o r e x a m p le , th e c h o o s e a m o n g s e v e r a l b e n e fits , s u c h a s lif e in g t io n , n o t e m p lo y m e n t s h ifts am o n g Flexible benefit plans a llo w e m p lo y e e s t o a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s p r o v id e d to in s u r a n c e , m e d ic a l c a r e , a n d v a c a t i o n d a y s , m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s e r ie s , h o w e v e r , e m p lo y e m p lo y e e s p e r y e a r ) . S e le c t e d d a ta f r o m a n d a m o n g s e v e r a l le v e ls o f c o v e r a g e w i t h in a m e n t d a ta b y in d u s t r y a n d o c c u p a tio n a re n o t s u r v e y a r e p r e s e n te d in ta b le 2 5 f o r m e d iu m a v a ila b le f r o m th e c e n s u s . In s te a d , th e 1 9 8 0 a n d la r g e p r iv a t e e s t a b lis h m e n ts a n d in t a b le e m p lo y m e n t w e ig h ts a re r e a llo c a te d w it h in 2 6 f o r s m a ll p r iv a t e e s t a b lis h m e n ts a n d S ta te th e s e s e r ie s e a c h q u a r t e r b a s e d o n th e c u r a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t. s ta tu s , r e g io n , a n d m e t r o p o lita n / n o n - r e n t s a m p le . T h e r e f o r e , th e s e in d e x e s a r e n o t T h e s u rv e y c o v e r s p a id th e le a v e b e n e f it s g iv e n b e n e fit. Notes on the data S u r v e y s o f e m p lo y e e s in m e d iu m a n d la r g e s t r ic t ly c o m p a r a b le t o th o s e f o r th e a g g r e s u c h a s h o lid a y s a n d v a c a tio n s , a n d p e r s o n a l, e s t a b lis h m e n ts c o n d u c te d o v e r t h e 1 9 7 9 - 8 6 g a te , in d u s t r y , a n d o c c u p a t io n s e r ie s . f u n e r a l, ju r y d u ty , m ilit a r y , f a m ily , a n d s ic k p e r io d le a v e ; s h o r t - t e r m e m p lo y e d a t le a s t 5 0 , 1 0 0 , o r 2 5 0 w o r k e r s , a n d v is io n Total compensation c o s ts in c lu d e w ages, s a la r ie s , a n d t h e e m p lo y e r ’s c o s ts f o r e m p lo y e e b e n e fits . c o n s is t o f e a r n in g s in c lu d e d in s u r a n c e ; m e d ic a l, d e n ta l, d e p e n d in g o n in d u s t r ie s w e re th e e s ta b lis h m e n ts in d u s tr y th a t ( m o s t s e r v ic e e x c lu d e d ) . T h e s u rv e y d e fin e d c o n tr ib u t io n p la n s ; f le x ib le b e n e fits c o n d u c te d in p la n s ; r e im b u r s e m e n t a c c o u n ts ; a n d u n p a id lo c a l f a m i l y le a v e . e m p lo y e e s . T h e s u r v e y s c o n d u c te d in 1 9 8 8 A ls o , d a ta Wages and salaries d is c a re p la n s ; d e fin e d b e n e fit a n d a b ility , a n d lif e Definitions d is a b ilit y , lo n g - te r m a re ta b u la te d o n th e in c i a n d 1 9 8 7 c o v e r e d o n ly S ta te a n d g o v e rn m e n ts 1 9 8 9 w ith in c lu d e d 5 0 o r m e d iu m m o re a n d la r g e as e s t a b lis h m e n ts w i t h 1 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e in b e fo r e p a y r o ll d e d u c tio n s , in c lu d in g p r o d u c s e v e r a n c e p a y , c h ild - c a r e a s s is ta n c e , w e ll p r iv a t e in d u s t r ie s . A l l s u r v e y s c o n d u c te d o v e r t io n n e s s p r o g r a m s , a n d e m p lo y e e th e 1 9 7 9 - 8 9 p e r io d e x c lu d e d e s t a b lis h m e n ts b o n u s e s , in c e n t iv e e a r n in g s , c o m m is s io n s , a n d c o s t - o f - li v in g a d ju s t m e n t s . Benefits f o r p a id in c lu d e th e c o s t to d e n ce o f s e v e r a l o th e r b e n e fits , s u c h a s s is ta n c e in A la s k a a n d H a w a ii, a s w e ll a s p a r t- t im e p ro g ra m s . e m p lo y e r s le a v e , s u p p le m e n ta l p a y e m p lo y e e s . ( in c lu d in g n o n p r o d u c tio n b o n u s e s ) , in s u r a n c e , r e t ir e B e g in n in g in Definitions lo c a l m e n t a n d s a v in g s p la n s , a n d le g a lly r e q u ir e d b e n e fits ( s u c h a s S o c ia l S e c u r it y , w o r k e r s ’ Employer-provided benefits e s ta b lis h m e n ts a re b e n e fits c o m p e n s a tio n , a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e ) . t h a t a r e f in a n c e d e ith e r w h o ll y o r p a r t ly b y E x c lu d e d f r o m w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s a n d e m th e e m p lo y e r . T h e y m a y b e s p o n s o r e d b y a p lo y e e b e n e fits a r e s u c h it e m s a s p a y m e n t - in - u n io n o r o t h e r t h ir d p a r t y , a s lo n g a s t h e r e is k in d , fr e e r o o m s o m e e m p lo y e r f in a n c in g . H o w e v e r , s o m e a n d b o a r d , a n d t ip s . b e n e fits th a t a re f u lly p a id f o r b y th e e m Notes on the data p lo y e e a ls o a r e in c lu d e d . F o r e x a m p le , lo n g T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x f o r c h a n g e s in in s u r a n c e p a id e n t i r e ly b y t h e e m p lo y e e a r e w ages and in c lu d e d b e c a u s e th e g u a r a n te e o f in s u r a b il s a la r ie s in te rm th e p r iv a te n o n fa rm e c o n o m y w a s p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in 1975. C h a n g e s in t o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n c o s t— w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s a n d b e n e fits p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in c o m b in e d — w e r e 1 9 8 0 . T h e s e r ie s o f c a r e in s u r a n c e a n d p o s tr e tir e m e n t li f e it y a n d a v a ila b ilit y a t g r o u p p r e m iu m Participants a r e w o rk e rs w h o a re c o v e re d b y a b e n e fit, w h e th e r o r n o t th e y u s e th a t b e n e fit c h a n g e s in w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s a n d f o r t o t a l I f th e c o m p e n s a t io n in th e S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n e m p lo y e r s a n d r e q u ir e s e m p lo y e e s t o c o m p le t e m e n t s e c to r a n d a m in im u m le n g t h o f s e r v ic e f o r e lig ib ilit y , th e e c o n o m y in th e ( e x c lu d in g c iv ilia n n o n fa rm F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s ) b e n e fit p la n is f in a n c e d w h o lly s m a ll c o n d u c te d p r iv a te in e ve n and la r g e e s t a b lis h m e n ts w e r e c o n d u c te d in o d d n u m b e re d s u rv e y y e a rs . T h e in c lu d e s s m a ll e s ta b lis h m e n t a ll p r iv a te n o n fa rm e s t a b lis h m e n ts w i t h f e w e r t h a n 1 0 0 w o r k e r s , w h ile th e S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s u r v e y in c lu d e s a l l g o v e r n m e n t s , r e g a r d le s s o f t h e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s . A l l th r e e s u r v e y s in c lu d e f u ll - a n d p a r t- t im e w o r k e r s , a n d w o r k e r s in a ll 5 0 S ta te s a n d th e D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia . o n th e E m p lo y e e B e n e f it s S u r v e y , c o n ta c t th e O f F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n f ic e o f C o m p e n s a t io n L e v e ls a n d T r e n d s o n th e In te rn e t: b y w o r k e r s a r e c o n s id e r e d p a r tic ip a n t s w h e t h e r o r a n d w e re n u m b e r e d y e a r s , a n d s u r v e y s o f m e d iu m ra te s a r e c o n s id e r e d a b e n e fit. 1 9 9 0 , s u rv e y s o f S ta te a n d g o v e rn m e n ts http ://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm Work stoppages 1 9 8 1 . H is to r i n o t t h e y h a v e m e t t h e r e q u ir e m e n t. I f w o r k e r s c a l in d e x e s ( J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) a r e a v a ila b le o n a r e r e q u ir e d t o c o n tr ib u t e t o w a r d s th e c o s t o f th e In te rn e t: a p la n , t h e y a r e c o n s id e r e d p a r t ic ip a n t s o n ly D a ta o n w o r k s to p p a g e s m e a s u re th e n u m i f th e y e le c t th e p la n a n d a g re e to m a k e th e b e r a n d d u r a t io n o f m a jo r s t r ik e s o r lo c k o u t s w e r e p u b lis h e d b e g in n in g in h t t p : / / s ta ts .b is . g o v / e c t h o m e . h t m F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n o n th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x , c o n ta c t th e O ff ic e o f C o m p e n s a tio n L e v e ls a n d T r e n d s : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -6 1 9 9 . E m p lo y e e s u rv e y s e le c te d o f th e d a ta a re o b ta in e d f r o m B e n e fits in c id e n c e b e n e fits S u rv e y , a n a n n u a l a n d p r o v is io n s p r o v id e d b y T h e s u r v e y c o lle c t s d a ta f r o m Defined benefit pension plans u s e p re d e d u r in g o f e m p lo y e r s . a s a m p le o f th e m o n th ( o r y e a r), th e n u m b e r o f t e r m in e d f o r m u la s t o c a lc u la te a r e t ir e m e n t w o r k e r s in v o lv e d , a n d th e a m o u n t o f w o r k b e n e fit ( i f a n y ) , a n d o b lig a t e th e e m p lo y e r to t im e lo s t b e c a u s e o f s to p p a g e . T h e s e d a ta a re p r o v id e th o s e b e n e fits . B e n e f it s a r e g e n e r a lly p r e s e n te d in ta b le 2 7 . Defined contribution plans Description of the series th e ( in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ) o c c u r r in g r e q u ir e d c o n tr ib u t io n s . D a ta a re la r g e ly f r o m b a s e d o n s a la r y , y e a r s o f s e r v ic e , o r b o th . Employee Benefits Survey Employee benefits Description of the series g e n e r a lly lis h e d s o u rc e s an d a v a r ie ty o f p u b c o v e r o n ly m e n ts d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y c o n tr ib u tio n s to a p la n , b u t n o t th e f o r m u la d o f o r d e te r m in in g e v e n tu a l b e n e fits . In s te a d , e f f e c t o f s to p p a g e s o n o t h e r e s t a b lis h m e n ts in d iv id u a l a c c o u n ts a re s e t u p w h o s e e m p lo y e e s a r e id le o w in g t o m a t e r ia l p a n ts , a n d b e n e fits f o r p a r tic i a re b a s e d o n n o t m e a s u re th e in d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y a m o u n ts s h o r ta g e s o r la c k o f s e r v ic e . a ty p e o f Definitions c r e d ite d to th e s e a c c o u n ts . Tax-deferred savings plans a r e d e fin e d c o n tr ib u t io n p la n th a t a llo w p a r a p p r o x im a te ly 9 ,0 0 0 p r iv a te s e c to r a n d S ta te t ic ip a n t s t o c o n tr ib u t e a p o r t io n o f t h e ir s a la r y Number of stoppages: a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t e s t a b lis h m e n ts . T h e t o a n e m p lo y e r - s p o n s o r e d p la n a n d d e fe r in - s t r ik e s a n d lo c k o u t s in v o lv in g https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis e s t a b lis h s p e c if y th e le v e l o f e m p lo y e r a n d e m p lo y e e Monthly Labor Review T h e n u m b e r o f 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k - May 2000 57 Current Labor Statistics e r s o r m o r e a n d la s tin g a f u l l s h if t o r lo n g e r . W orkers involved: T h e n u m b e r o f p lo y e d , r e t ir e e s , a n d o t h e r s n o t in th e la b o r m a t e r ia l c o m p o s it io n . T h e fo rc e . p ro d u c t s tru c tu re o f a c c o rd a n c e th e w o r k e r s d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d in th e s to p p a g e . Number of days idle: T h e is b a s e d o n p r ic e s o f f o o d , c lo t h c p i w ith in d u s t r y an d o r g a n iz e s d a ta p p i S ta n d a rd in In d u s tr ia l T h e a g g re g a te in g , s h e lt e r , f u e l, d r u g s , t r a n s p o r t a t io n f a r e s , C la s s if ic a tio n n u m b e r o f w o r k d a y s lo s t b y w o r k e r s in v o lv e d d o c to r s ’ a n d d e n t is t s ’ fe e s , a n d o t h e r g o o d s t e n s io n o f t h e S ic d e v e lo p e d b y t h e U . S . B u in th e s to p p a g e s . a n d s e r v ic e s t h a t p e o p le b u y f o r d a y - to - d a y re a u o f th e C e n s u s . Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: A g g r e g a t e w o r k d a y s l o s t a s a liv in g . T h e p e r c e n t o f th e a g g re g a te n u m b e r o f s ta n d a rd tw e e n w o r k d a y s in c h a n g e s w i ll b e m e a s u re d . A l l ta x e s d ir e c t ly a c t io n in a s s o c ia t e d w i t h t h e p u r c h a s e a n d u s e o f it e m s d u c tio n o r c e n tr a l m a r k e tin g p o in t . P r ic e a r e in c lu d e d in th e in d e x . d a ta a r e g e n e r a lly c o lle c t e d m o n th ly , p r i D a ta c o lle c te d f r o m m a r ily b y m a il q u e s t io n n a ir e . M o s t p r ic e s th e p e r io d m u lt ip lie d b y to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in t h e p e r io d . it e m s Notes on the data T h is in 1981 th a t c o v e re d o r a d d it io n a l q u a lity k e p t e s s e n t ia lly m a jo r r e v is io n s o f th e s e u n ch a n g e d so th a t o n ly be p r ic e m o re th a n 2 3 ,0 0 0 re T o th e e x t e n t p o s s ib le , p r ic e s u s e d in c a lc u la tin g P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x e s a p p ly to th e f ir s t s ig n if ic a n t c o m m e r c ia l tr a n s th e U n ite d S ta te s fr o m th e p r o a re o b ta in e d d ir e c t ly f r o m th e o n e in 8 7 u r b a n a re a s a c ro s s th e c o u n tr y a re u s e d p a n ie s o n a v o l u n t a r y a n d c o n f i d e n t ia l b a s t r ik e s in t o d e v e lo p th e “ U . S . c it y a v e r a g e .” S e p a r a te s is . P r ic e s e s t im a te s f o r 1 4 m a jo r u r b a n c e n te r s a r e p r e T u e s d a y o f th e w e e k c o n ta in in g s e n te d in ta b le 2 9 . T h e a re a s lis te d a re a s in d a y o f th e m o n th . v o lv in g s ix w o r k e r s o r m o r e . F and a n d th e p r o d u c t c o d e e x t a il e s t a b lis h m e n ts a n d 5 , 8 0 0 h o u s in g u n it s s e r ie s is n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h t e r m in a te d a re q u a n tity (S IC ) in f o r m a t io n o n w o rk g e n e r a lly p r o d u c in g c o m a re re p o rte d f o r th e th e 1 3 th s to p p a g e s d a ta , c o n ta c t th e O ff ic e o f C o m d ic a te d in fo o tn o te p e n s a tio n in d e x e s m e a s u r e o n ly th e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in v a r io u s p r ic e s f o r e a c h a r e a s in c e t h e b a s e p e r io d , a n d to g e th e r w ith do r e p r e s e n tin g t h e ir im p o r t a n c e in t h e t o t a l n e t a n d W o r k in g C o n d itio n s : (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 2 8 2 , o r th e In te rn e t: http ://sta ts.bls.gov/cbahome.htm 1 to th e ta b le . T h e a re a n o t in d ic a te d iffe r e n c e s in th e le v e l o f p r ic e s a m o n g c it ie s . ( T a b le s 2 ; 2 8 - 3 8 ) In d a t a o f L a b o r m a ry a re g a th e re d S t a t is t ic s m a rk e ts in fro m th e b y th e B u re a u r e ta il a n d U n it e d p r i S ta te s . P r ic e in d e x e s a r e g iv e n in r e la t io n t o a b a s e p e r io d — 1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 f o r m a n y P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x e s , 1 9 8 2 -8 4 s u m e r P r ic e n o te d ), a n d ha ve been a v e ra g e d im p lic it q u a n tity w e ig h ts s e llin g v a lu e o f a ll c o m m o d it ie s a s o f 1 9 8 7 . Notes on the data r ic e c o m m o d it ie s T h e d e ta ile d d a ta a r e a g g r e g a te d t o Price Data P S in c e J a n u a r y 1 9 9 2 , p r ic e c h a n g e s f o r th e = 10 0 In d e x e s 19 90 = fo r m a n y ( u n le s s C o n o t h e r w is e 1 0 0 f o r I n t e r n a t io n a l P r ic e In d e x e s . J a n u a ry w a y in 1 9 8 3 , th e w h ic h in d e x e s f o r s ta g e - o f - p r o c e s s in g B u re a u c h a n g e d th e h o m e o w n e r s h ip CPi-u. m e a u re d fo r th e c o s ts a re A r e n t a l e q u iv a le n c e m e t h o d r e p la c e d t h e a s s e t- p r ic e a p p r o a c h t o h o m e o w n e r s h ip c o s ts f o r t h a t s e r ie s . I n in th e 1 9 8 5 , th e s a m e c h a n g e w a s m a d e c p i-w . c h a n g e w a s to T h e c e n tra l p u rp o s e o f th e s e p a r a te s h e lt e r c o s ts f r o m th e in v e s tm e n t c o m p o n e n t o f h o m e - o w n e r s h ip s o t h a t th e in d e x w o u ld r e f le c t o n ly th e c o s t o f s h e lt e r s e r v ic e s p r o v id e d b y o w n e r o c c u p ie d h o m e s . A n u p d a te d Consumer Price Indexes w c p i-u and c p i- w e r e in tr o d u c e d w it h r e le a s e o f th e J a n u a r y 1 9 8 7 a n d J a n u a r y 1 9 9 8 d a ta . Description of the series c o m m o d ity g r o u p in g s , d u r a b ilit y - o f- p r o d u c t g r o u p in g s , a n d a n u m b e r o f s p e c ia l c o m p o s it e g r o u p s . A l l P r o d u c e r P r ic e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n F o r a d d it io n a l o n c o n d a ta o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n a re o n p ro d u c e r p r ic e s , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n d u s t r ia l P r ic e s In d e x e s : a n d P r ic e o f In (2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 -7 7 0 5 . International Price Indexes Description of the series T h e in f o r m a t io n In d e x 4 m o n th s a fte r o r ig in a l p u b lic a t io n . F J a n u a ry o b ta in g r o u p in g s , International Price Program p r o d u c e s m o n th ly a n d q u a r t e r ly e x p o rt a n d im p o r t s u m e r p r ic e s , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f C o n p r ic e in d e x e s f o r n o n m ilit a r y g o o d s tr a d e d s u r e o f th e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in th e p r ic e s p a id s u m e r P r ic e s b e tw e e n th e U n it e d S ta te s a n d th e r e s t o f th e b y u r b a n c o n s u m e rs f o r a f ix e d m a r k e t b a s 6 9 1 -7 0 0 0 . T h e Consumer Price Index (C P I) k e t o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s . T h e c p i is a m e a an d P r ic e In d e x e s : (2 0 2 ) w o r ld . T h e is c a lc u la te d m o n t h ly f o r t w o p o p u la t io n g r o u p s , o n e Producer Price Indexes e m p lo y m e n t o f w a g e e a rn e rs and in d e x p r o v id e s d e n t s ” is d e f in e d a s in t h e n a t io n a l in c o m e Description of the series a c c o u n ts ; i t in c lu d e s c le r ic a l c o r p o r a t io n s , b u s i n e s s e s , a n d in d iv id u a ls , b u t d o e s n o t r e q u ir e w o r k e r s , a n d th e o t h e r c o n s is t in g o f a ll u r Producer Price Indexes b a n h o u s e h o ld s . T h e w a g e e a r n e r in d e x e r a g e c h a n g e s in p r ic e s r e c e iv e d b y d o m e s in d iv id u a ls w > is a c o n t in u a t io n o f t h e h is t o r ic in d e x t h a t t ic im p o r t p r ic e w a s in t r o d u c e d w e ll o v e r a h a lf - c e n t u r y a g o o f p r o c e s s in g . T h e s a m p le u s e d f o r c a lc u p r ic e c h a n g e f o r g o o d s p u r c h a s e d f r o m f o r u s e in la t in g th e s e in d e x e s c u r r e n t ly c o n ta in s a b o u t c o u n t r ie s b y U .S . r e s id e n ts . w a g e n e g o tia tio n s . A s n e w w e r e d e v e lo p e d f o r th e (C P i- uses a b y U .S . r e s id e n ts to f o r e ig n b u y e r s . ( “ R e s i c o n s is t in g o n ly o f u r b a n h o u s e h o ld s w h o s e p r im a r y s o u r c e o f in c o m e is d e r iv e d f r o m t h e e x p o r t p r ic e m e a s u re o f p r ic e c h a n g e f o r a ll p r o d u c ts s o ld (P P i) m e a s u re a v p r o d u c e r s o f c o m m o d it ie s in a ll s ta g e s th e o r g a n iz a t io n s t o b e U . S . o w n e d n o r th e to h a v e U .S . c itiz e n s h ip .) T h e in d e x p r o v id e s a m e a s u re o f o th e r in r e c e n t y e a rs , 3 ,2 0 0 c o m m o d it ie s a n d a b o u t 8 0 ,0 0 0 q u o th e n e e d f o r a b ro a d e r a n d m o re re p re s e n ta t a t io n s p e r m o n th , s e le c te d t o r e p r e s e n t th e a n d e x p o r t in d e x e s in c lu d e s r a w t iv e m o v e m e n t o f p r ic e s o f a ll c o m m o d it ie s p r o a g r ic u ltu r a l p r o d u c ts , s e m ifin is h e d m a n u f a c c p i in d e x b e c a m e a p p a r e n t. T h e c o n s u m e r in d e x a ll- u r b a n m a t e r ia ls , 1978, d u c e d in th e m a n u fa c tu r in g ; a g r ic u ltu r e , f o r tu r e s , a n d f in is h e d m a n u fa c tu r e s , in c lu d in g is r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f t h e 1 9 9 3 - 9 5 b u y in g h a b e s tr y , a n d fis h in g ; m in in g ; a n d g a s a n d e le c b o th c a p ita l a n d c o n s u m e r g o o d s . P r ic e d a ta it s o f a b o u t 8 7 p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s t it u t io n a l t r ic it y a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s s e c to rs . T h e s ta g e - f o r th e s e p o p u la t io n o f th e U n it e d S ta te s a t th a t tim e , o f - p r o c e s s in g m a il q u e s t io n n a ir e . I n c o m p a r e d w it h 3 2 p e r c e n t re p r e s e n te d in th e p ro d u c ts C P I-W . (C P I-U ), in tr o d u c e d in T h e p r o d u c t u n iv e r s e f o r b o t h th e im p o r t I n a d d it io n to w a g e e a rn e rs a n d c le r i c a l w o rk e rs , th e C P i-u c o v e r s p r o fe s s io n a l, b y s tru c tu re o f c la s s o f b u y e r a n d d e g r e e o f b y n e a r ly a l l c a s e s , th e th e e x p o rte r c a s e s , p r ic e s d ia te g o o d s , a n d c r u d e m a te r ia ls ) . T h e t r a a r e o b ta in e d f r o m n iz e s p r o d u c ts b y s im ila r it y May 2000 a re c o lle c t e d p r im a r ily o r im p o r te r , a lth o u g h in a f e w e m p lo y e d , s h o r t- te r m 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ite m s d a ta a re c o lle c te d d ir e c t ly f r o m d itio n a l c o m m o d it y u n e m - o r g a n iz e s f a b r i c a t io n ( t h a t is , f in i s h e d g o o d s , in t e r m e m a n a g e r ia l, a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s , th e s e lfw o rk e rs , th e PPI s tru c tu re o f o th e r s o u rc e s . o rg a T o t h e e x t e n t p o s s ib le , t h e d a ta g a th e r e d o f en d use o r r e fe r to p r ic e s a t d ie U .S . b o r d e r f o r e x p o r ts PPI a n d a t e ith e r th e fo r e ig n b o rd e r o r th e U .S . a n c e , a n d fr e ig h t ) a t th e U .S . p o r t o f im p o r ta b o r d e r f o r im p o r t s . F o r n e a r ly a ll p r o d u c ts , th e t io n , w h ic h a ls o in c lu d e s t h e o t h e r c o s ts a s Unit labor costs a re th e la b o r c o m p e n s a t io n c o s ts e x p e n d e d in th e p r o d u c t io n o f p r ic e s r e f e r t o tr a n s a c tio n s c o m p le t e d d u r in g s o c ia te d w it h b r in g in g th e p r o d u c t to th e U .S . a u n it o f o u tp u t a n d a re d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g th e f ir s t w e e k o f th e m o n th . S u rv e y re s p o n b o r d e r . I t d o e s n o t, h o w e v e r , in c lu d e d u t y c o m p e n s a t io n d e n ts a r e a s k e d t o in d ic a te a ll d is c o u n ts , a l c h a rg e s . F o r a g iv e n p r o d u c t, o n ly o n e p r ic e payments lo w a n c e s , a n d r e b a te s a p p lic a b le t o th e r e b a s is s e r ie s is u s e d in t h e c o n s t r u c t io n o f a n in t e r e s t , a n d in d ir e c t ta x e s p e r u n it o f o u t p o r te d p r ic e s , s o t h a t th e p r ic e u s e d in th e c a l in d e x . p u t. T h e y a re c o m p u te d b y s u b tr a c tin g c o m c u la t io n o f t h e in d e x e s is t h e a c t u a l p r ic e f o r w h ic h th e p r o d u c t w a s b o u g h t o r s o ld . In a d d itio n F o r a d d it io n a l o n in te r in f o r m a t io n n a tio n a l p r ic e s , c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n t o g e n e r a l in d e x e s o f p r ic e s im p o r t s . T h e s e c a t e g o r ie s a r e Unit nonlabor costs t e r n a t io n a l P r ic e s : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 7 1 5 5 . E n d - u s e C la s s ific a tio n (S iT C ), d i g it le v e l o f d e ta il f o r th e a n d th e fo u r H a r m o n iz e d S y s te m . A g g r e g a t e im p o r t in d e x e s b y c o u n t r y o r r e g io n o f o r ig in a r e a ls o a v a ila b le . b l s p u b lis h e s in d e x e s f o r s e le c te d c a t e g o c o n ta in a ll th e c e p t u n it p r o fits . Productivity Data Unit profits w ith ( T a b le s 2 ; 3 9 - 4 2 ) in v e n to r y in c lu d e v a lu a t io n c o rp o ra te p r o fits a n d c a p it a l c o n s u m p tio n a d ju s tm e n ts p e r u n it o f o u tp u t . Hours of all persons Business sector and major sectors a re th e to ta l h o u rs a t w o r k o f p a y r o ll w o r k e r s , s e lf- e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s , a n d u n p a id f a m il y w o r k e r s . Labor inputs a r e Description of the series h o u rs o f a ll p e rs o n s a d ju s te d f o r th e e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in th e e d u r ie s o f in t e r n a t io n a lly tr a d e d s e r v ic e s , c a lc u T h e p r o d u c t iv ity m e a s u re s r e la te r e a l o u tp u t la t e d o n a n in t e r n a t io n a l b a s is a n d o n a b a l- t o r e a l in p u t . A s s u c h , t h e y e n c o m p a s s a f a m a n c e - o f - p a y m e n t s b a s is . il y o f m e a s u re s w h ic h in c lu d e s in g le - fa c to r Notes on the data c u r r e n t - d o lla r c o m p o n e n ts o f u n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts e x d e fin e d a c c o r d in g t o th e f iv e - d ig i t le v e l o f d e ta il f o r th e B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is p r o f it s , d e p r e c ia t io n , v a lu e o f o u tp u t a n d d iv id in g b y o u tp u t. p u b lis h e d f o r d e t a ile d p r o d u c t c a t e g o r ie s o f and Unit nonlabor o u tp u t. p e n s a tio n o f a ll p e r s o n s f r o m o f In f o r U . S . e x p o r t s a n d im p o r t s , in d e x e s a r e a ls o e x p o rts b y in c lu d e c a t io n a n d e x p e r ie n c e o f t h e la b o r f o r c e . Capital services a r e fro m th e f lo w o f s e r v ic e s th e c a p ita l s to c k u s e d in p r o d u c t io n . I t in p u t m e a s u re s , s u c h a s o u tp u t p e r h o u r , o u t is d e v e lo p e d f r o m p u t p e r u n it o f la b o r in p u t, o r o u tp u t p e r u n it o f p h y s ic a l a s s e ts — e q u ip m e n t, s tr u c t u r e s , m e a s u re s o f th e n e t s to c k o f c a p ita l in p u t, a s w e ll a s m e a s u re s o f m u l la n d , a n d a re t if a c t o r p r o d u c t iv ity ( o u tp u t p e r u n it o f c o m p r ic e s f o r e a c h t y p e o f a s s e t. w e ig h t e d in d e x e s o f d i e L a s p e y r e s t y p e . P r ic e b in e d la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t s ) . T h e B u r e a u r e la tiv e s in d e x e s s h o w Combined units of labor and capital inputs a r e d e r i v e d b y c o m b i n i n g c h a n g e s i n T h e e x p o rt a n d a re im p o r t p r ic e a s s ig n e d in d e x e s e q u a l im p o r t a n c e th e c h a n g e in o u tp u t r e la t iv e in v e n to r ie s — w e ig h te d b y re n ta l w it h in e a c h h a r m o n iz e d g r o u p a n d a re th e n t o c h a n g e s in th e v a r io u s in p u t s . T h e m e a la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t w it h a g g r e g a te d t o th e h ig h e r le v e l. T h e v a lu e s a s s u r e s c o v e r t h e b u s in e s s , n o n f a r m re p re s e n t e a c h c o m p o n e n t’s s h a re o f to ta l s ig n e d t o e a c h w e ig h t c a t e g o r y a r e b a s e d o n m a n u fa c tu r in g , a n d n o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a te c o s t. C o m b in e d u n it s o f la b o r , c a p it a l, e n e r g y , tr a d e v a lu e fig u r e s c o m p ile d b y th e B u r e a u s e c to rs . m a t e r ia ls , a n d p u r c h a s e d b u s in e s s s e r v ic e s a r e o f th e C e n s u s . T h e t r a d e w e ig h ts c u r r e n t ly u s e d t o c o m p u t e b o t h in d e x e s r e la t e t o 1 9 9 0 . B e c a u s e a p r ic e in d e x d e p e n d s o n th e s a m e ite m s b e in g p r ic e d f r o m C o r r e s p o n d in g b u s in e s s , in d e x e s o f h o u r ly s im ila r ly co m f ic a t io n s o r te r m s o f tr a n s a c tio n h a v e b e e n c h a n g e s in w e ig h ts th a t r e p r e s e n t e a c h in p u t ’ s s h a r e o f t o t a l c o s t s . T h e in d e x e s f o r p a y m e n ts , a n d p r ic e s a r e a ls o p r o v id e d . e a c h in p u t a n d f o r c o m b in e d u n it s a r e b a s e d p e r io d t o p e r io d , i t is n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o g n iz e w h e n a p r o d u c t ’s s p e c i d e r iv e d b y c o m b in in g e a c h in p u t w i t h p e n s a tio n , u n it la b o r c o s ts , u n it n o n la b o r w e ig h ts w h ic h o n c h a n g in g w e ig h ts w h ic h a r e a v e r a g e s o f th e Definitions s h a re s in th e c u r r e n t a n d p r e c e d in g y e a r ( th e m o d if ie d . F o r t h is r e a s o n , th e B u r e a u ’s q u e s Output per hour of all persons ( l a T o m q u is t in d e x - n u m b e r f o r m u la ) . b o r p ro t io n n a ir e r e q u e s ts d e ta ile d d e s c r ip t io n s o f th e d u c t i v it y ) is t h e q u a n t it y o f g o o d s a n d s e r p h y s ic a l a n d f u n c t io n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e v ic e s p r o d u c e d p e r h o u r o f la b o r in p u t . p r o d u c t s b e in g p r ic e d , a s w e ll a s in f o r m a t io n put per unit of capital services ( c a p o n th e n u m b e r o f u n it s b o u g h t o r s o ld , d is d u c t i v it y ) is t h e q u a n t it y o f g o o d s a n d s e r c o u n t s , c r e d it t e r m s , p a c k a g in g , c la s s o f b u y e r v ic e s p r o d u c e d p e r u n it o f c a p it a l s e r v ic e s o r s e lle r , a n d s o f o r t h . W h e n th e r e a r e c h a n g e s in p u t . in e ith e r th e s p e c if ic a t io n s o r t e r m s o f tr a n s t it y o f g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s p r o d u c e d p e r c o m g e n e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , n o n p r o f it in s t it u t io n s , a c t io n o f a p r o d u c t , th e d o lla r v a lu e o f e a c h b in e d in p u t s . F o r p r iv a t e b u s in e s s a n d p r i p a id e m p lo y e e s o f p r iv a t e h o u s e h o ld s , a n d t h e c h a n g e is d e le t e d f r o m v a te n o n fa rm r e n ta l v a lu e th e to ta l p r ic e c h a n g e Multifactor productivity i s a n d c a p it a l u n it s . is d e te r m in e d , a li n k in g is th e q u a n b u s in e s s , in p u t s in c lu d e la b o r t o o b ta in th e “ p u r e ” c h a n g e . O n c e t h is v a lu e p ro c e d u re Out Notes on the data it a l p r o F o r m a n u fa c tu r in g , in B u s in e s s s e c to r o u t p u t is a n a n n u a lly - w e ig h t e d in d e x c o n s tr u c te d b y e x c lu d in g f r o m r e a l g ro s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t (gdp) t h e f o l l o w i n g o u t p u t s : o f o w n e r - o c c u p ie d d w e llin g s . N o n f a r m b u s in e s s a ls o e x c lu d e s f a r m in g . P r i e m p u ts in c lu d e la b o r , c a p it a l, e n e r g y , n o n - e n v a t e b u s in e s s a n d p r iv a t e n o n f a r m p lo y e d w h ic h a llo w s f o r th e c o n tin u e d r e p r ic e r g y m a t e r ia ls , a n d p u r c h a s e d b u s in e s s s e r f u r t h e r e x c lu d e g o v e r n m e n t e n te r p r is e s . T h e in g o f th e ite m . v ic e s . m e a s u r e s a r e s u p p lie d b y t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t F o r t h e e x p o r t p r ic e in d e x e s , t h e p r e f e r r e d Compensation per hour i s to ta l c o m p e n b u s in e s s o f C o m m e r c e ’s B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly p r i c in g is f.a .s . ( f r e e a lo n g s id e s h ip ) U . S . p o r t s a t io n d iv id e d b y h o u r s a t w o r k . T o t a l c o m s is . A n n u a l e s t im a t e s o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r a l o f e x p o r t a t io n . W h e n re p o rt e x p o rt p e n s a tio n e q u a ls t h e w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s o f o u tp u t a re p ro d u c e d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r p r ic e s f .o .b . ( fr e e o n b o a r d ) , p r o d u c t io n p o in t e m p lo y e e s p lu s e m p lo y e r s ’ c o n t r ib u t io n s f o r S t a t is t ic s . Q u a r t e r ly m a n u f a c t u r in g o u t p u t in in fo r m a t io n is c o lle c t e d w h ic h e n a b le s t h e s o c ia l in s u r a n c e a n d p r iv a t e b e n e f it p la n s , d e x e s fr o m th e F e d e ra l R e s e rv e B o a r d a re a d B u r e a u t o c a lc u la te a s h ip m e n t c o s t t o th e p o r t p lu s a n e s t im a te o f th e s e p a y m e n t s f o r th e ju s te d t o th e s e a n n u a l o u tp u t m e a s u r e s b y th e o f e x p o r t a t io n . A n a t t e m p t is m a d e t o c o lle c t s e lf- e m p lo y e d ( e x c e p t f o r n o n f in a n c ia l c o r b l s t w o p r ic e s f o r im p o r t s . T h e f ir s t is t h e im p o r t p o r a tio n s d a ta o f th e B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is a n d p r ic e f .o .b . a t th e f o r e ig n p o r t o f e x p o r t a t io n , p lo y e d ) . w h ic h is c o n s is t e n t w i t h t h e b a s is f o r v a lu a c o m p e n s a t io n t io n o f im p o r t s in th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts . T h e c h a n g e in th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x f o r A l l s e c o n d is t h e im p o r t p r ic e c . i. f . ( c o s t s , in s u r U rb a n C o n s u m e rs . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis f ir m s in w h ic h th e re a re n o s e lf- e m Real compensation per hour p e r h o u r d e fla te d b y is th e . C o m p e n s a t io n d a ta a r e d e v e lo p e d f r o m t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . H o u r s d a ta a r e d e v e lo p e d f r o m d a ta o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s . T h e p r o d u c t iv i t y a n d a s s o c ia te d c o s t m e a - Monthly Labor Review May 2000 59 Current Labor Statistics s u r e s in ta b le s 3 9 - 4 2 d e s c r ib e t h e r e la t io n in d e x e s r e f e r to th e o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll I n th e U .S . la b o r fo r c e s u r v e y , p e rs o n s o n s h ip b e tw e e n o u tp u t in r e a l te r m s a n d th e la e m p lo y e e s . F o r s o m e t r a n s p o r t a t io n in d u s la y o f f w h o a re a w a it in g r e c a ll to t h e ir jo b s b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u ts t r ie s , o n ly in d e x e s o f o u t p u t p e r e m p lo y e e a r e c la s s if ie d a s u n e m p lo y e d . E u r o p e a n a n d a re p re p a re d . F o r s o m e tra d e J a p a n e s e la y o f f p r a c tic e s a re q u ite d iff e r e n t in v o lv e d in it s p r o d u c tio n . T h e y s h o w th e c h a n g e s fr o m to p e r io d in p e r io d th e a m o u n t o f g o o d s a n d s e r in d u s t r ie s , in d e x e s v ic e s p r o d u c e d p e r u n it o f in p u t . a ll p e rs o n s A lt h o u g h th e s e m e a s u re s r e la te o u tp u t to and s e r v ic e o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f ( in c lu d in g s e lf- e m p lo y e d ) a re F O R A D D IT IO N A L IN F O R M A T IO N O n t h is S e s u r e t h e c o n t r ib u t io n s o f la b o r , c a p it a l, o r a n y r ie s , c o n ta c t t h e D i v is io n o f I n d u s t r y P r o d u c o th e r s p e c ific t iv it y S tu d ie s : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 1 8 . f a c t o r o f p r o d u c t io n . R a th e r , n a tu r e fro m th o s e in th e U n it e d S ta te s ; th e r e fo r e , s t r ic t a p p lic a t io n o f th e U .S . d e f i n itio n h a s n o t b e e n m a d e o n th is p o in t . F o r c o n s tru c te d . h o u r s a n d c a p it a l s e r v ic e s , t h e y d o n o t m e a in M onthly L a b o r R e f u r t h e r in fo r m a t io n , s e e view , D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 1 , p p . 8 -1 1 . T h e fig u r e s f o r o n e o r m o r e r e c e n t y e a r s t h e y r e f le c t t h e j o i n t e f f e c t o f m a n y in f lu e n c e s , f o r F r a n c e , G e r m a n y , I t a ly , th e N e th e r la n d s , in c lu d in g c h a n g e s in te c h n o lo g y ; s h ifts in th e a n d th e U n it e d K in g d o m c o m p o s it io n o f t h e la b o r f o r c e ; c a p it a l in v e s t in g a d ju s t m e n t f a c t o r s b a s e d o n la b o r f o r c e International Comparisons m e n t; le v e l o f o u tp u t ; c h a n g e s in th e u t iliz a t io n o f c a p a c it y , e n e r g y , m a t e r ia l, a n d r e s e a r c h ( T a b le s 4 3 - 4 5 ) th e s e c o u n t r ie s , t h e r e fo r e , a r e s u b je c t t o r e t io n ; m a n a g e r ia l s k ill; a n d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s a n d O n t h is IN F O R M A T IO N v is io n w h e n e v e r d a ta f r o m Labor force and unemployment e ffo rts o f th e w o r k fo rc e . A D D IT IO N A L s u r v e y s f o r e a r lie r y e a r s a n d a r e c o n s id e r e d p r e lim in a r y . T h e r e c e n t- y e a r m e a s u re s f o r a n d d e v e lo p m e n t ; th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f p r o d u c FOR a r e c a lc u la te d u s T h e r e a r e b r e a k s in th e d a ta s e r ie s f o r th e U n it e d p r o d u c t iv it y s e r ie s , c o n ta c t th e D i v is io n o f Description of the series P r o d u c t iv it y R e s e a rc h : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 0 6 . m o r e c u r r e n t la b o r f o r c e s u r v e y s b e c o m e a v a ila b le . S ta te s (1 9 9 0 , 1994, 19 97 , 1 9 9 8 ), F ra n c e (1 9 9 2 ) , I ta ly ( 1 9 9 1 ,1 9 9 3 ) , th e N e th e r la n d s ( 1 9 8 8 ) , a n d S w e d e n ( 1 9 8 7 ) . Industry productivity measures T a b le s 4 3 a n d 4 4 p r e s e n t c o m p a r a t iv e m e a s F o r th e U n it e d S ta te s , th e b r e a k in s e r ie s u r e s o f th e la b o r f o r c e , e m p lo y m e n t , a n d u n r e f le c t s a m a jo r r e d e s ig n o f t h e la b o r f o r c e e m p lo y m e n t— Description of the series T h e in d u s t r y p r o d u c t iv it y d a ta s u p p le m e n t b l s t h e m e a s u r e s f o r t h e b u s in e s s e c o n o m y a n d m a jo r s e c to r s w it h a n n u a l m e a s u r e s o f la b o r p r o d u c t iv ity f o r s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s a t th e in d u s t r y a n d d a ta C la s s if ic a tio n m e a s u re s s o u rc e s s y s te m . T h e d if f e r in m e th o d o lo g y fro m p r o d u c t iv ity th e m e a s u re s f o r th e m a jo r s e c to rs b e c a u s e th e in d u s t r y m e a s u r e s a r e d e v e lo p e d in d e p e n d e n t ly o f th e N a tio n a l In c o m e a n d P r o d u c t A c c o u n ts fra m e w o rk use d f o r th e m a jo r s e c to r m e a s u re s . U .S . c o n t r a lia , J a p a n , a n d s e v e r a l E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s . p o p u la t io n e s t im a te s b a s e d o n t h e 1 9 9 0 c e n T h e u n e m p l o y m e n t s t a t is t ic s ( a n d , t o a le s s e r s u s , a d ju s t e d f o r t h e e s t im a te d u n d e r c o u n t, a ls o w e r e in c o r p o r a t e d . I n 1 9 9 6 , p r e v io u s ly o t h e r in d u s t r ia l c o u n t r ie s p u b lis h e d d a ta f o r th e 1 9 9 0 - 9 3 p e r io d w e r e to a re n o t, in m o st U .S . u n e m p lo y m e n t r e v is e d to s t a t is t ic s . T h e r e fo r e , t h e B u r e a u a d ju s t s t h e p o p u la t io n f ig u r e s f o r s e le c te d c o u n t r ie s , w h e r e n e c e s d e rc o u n t. r e f le c t th e 19 90 c e n s u s -b a s e d c o n tr o ls , a d ju s te d In f o r th e u n 1 9 9 7 , r e v is e d p o p u la t io n c o n s a ry , f o r a ll k n o w n m a jo r d e fin it io n a l d if f e r t r o ls w e r e in tr o d u c e d in t o th e h o u s e h o ld s u r e n c e s . A lt h o u g h p r e c is e c o m p a r a b ilit y m a y v e y . T h e r e fo r e , th e n o t b e a c h ie v e d , th e s e a d ju s t e d f ig u r e s p r o c o n p a r a b le w it h p r io r y e a r s . v id e a b e t t e r b a s is f o r in t e r n a t io n a l c o m p a r i c o m p o s it e e s t im a tio n p r o c e d u r e s a n d m in o r s o n s th a n th e fig u r e s r e g u la r ly p u b lis h e d b y r e v is io n s in p o p u la t io n c o n tr o ls w e r e in t r o e a c h c o u n try . d u c e d in to th e h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y . T h e r e fo r e , d a ta a re n o t s t r ic t ly In 1998, n e w th e d a ta a r e n o t s t r ic t ly c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a ta d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g a n in f o r 1 9 9 7 a n d e a r lie r y e a r s . S e e th e N o te s s e c in p u t . F o r m o s t in d u s t r ie s , output i n d e x e s t io n la unemployment, F o r th e p r in c ip a l U .S . d e fin it io n s o f th e bor force, employment, d e x o f in d u s t r y o u t p u t b y a n in d e x o f la b o r a re s e e th e N o te s and s e c t io n o n E m p lo y m e n t a n d d e r iv e d f r o m d a ta o n th e v a lu e o f in d u s t r y o u t U n e m p lo y m e n t D a ta : H o u s e h o ld p u t a d ju s te d f o r p r ic e c h a n g e . F o r th e r e m a in d a ta . s u rv e y E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t R eview . F o r F ra n c e , th e 1 9 9 2 b r e a k r e fle c ts th e s u b s t it u t io n o f s t a n d a r d iz e d E u r o p e a n U n io n S t a t is t ic a l O f f ic e fo r th e ( e u r o s t a t ) u n e m p lo y m e n t u n e m p lo y m e n t d a ta e s t i m a te d a c c o r d in g t o th e I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r d a ta o n th e p h y s ic a l q u a n tity o f p r o d u c t io n . labor input s e r i e s on D a ta o f t h is s ta tis tic s in g in d u s t r ie s , o u t p u t in d e x e s a r e d e r iv e d f r o m T he 1 9 9 4 . R e v is e d e x t e n t, e m p lo y m e n t s t a t is t ic s ) p u b lis h e d b y Definitions Definitions Output per hour i s s u r v e y q u e s t io n n a ir e a n d c o lle c t io n m e t h o d o lo g y in tr o d u c e d in J a n u a ry c a s e s , c o m p a r a b le th r e e - a n d f o u r - d ig i t le v e ls o f t h e S t a n d a r d In d u s tr ia l a p p r o x im a t in g c e p ts — f o r th e U n it e d S ta te s , C a n a d a , A u s O ff ic e Notes on the data c o n s is t o f t h e h o u r s (il o ) d e f in it io n a n d p u b lis h e d in th e O r g a n iz a t io n f o r E c o n o m ic C o o p e r a t io n a n d o f a ll e m p lo y e e s ( p r o d u c t io n a n d n o n p r o d u c T h e a d ju s t e d s t a t is t ic s h a v e b e e n a d a p te d t o D e v e lo p m e n t t io n w o r k e r s ) , t h e h o u r s o f a l l p e r s o n s ( p a id th e a g e a t w h ic h c o m p u ls o r y s c h o o lin g e n d s q u a r te r ly u p d a te . T h is c h a n g e w a s m a d e b e e m p lo y e e s , p a r tn e r s , p r o p r ie to r s , a n d u n p a id in e a c h c o u n tr y , r a th e r th a n to th e U .S . s ta n c a u s e th e f a m il y w o r k e r s ) , o r t h e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s , d a r d o f 1 6 y e a r s o f a g e a n d o ld e r . T h e r e fo r e , th a n th e d e p e n d in g u p o n t h e in d u s t r y . t h e a d ju s t e d s t a t is t ic s r e la t e t o t h e p o p u la e u r o s t a t tio n a g e d d e fin it io n s th a n th e y w e r e in p r io r y e a rs . T h e a n d th e U n it e d Notes on the data T h e in d u s t r y 1 6 a n d o ld e r in F ra n c e , S w e d e n , m e a s u re s a re c o m p ile d fro m K in g d o m ; (o e c d e u r o s t a t OECD ) a n n u a l y e a rb o o k a n d d a ta a re m o r e u p - to - d a te f ig u r e s . A ls o , s in c e 1 9 9 2 , t h e d e f in it io n s a r e c lo s e r t o th e U . S . 1 5 a n d o ld e r in im p a c t o f th is r e v is io n w a s to lo w e r th e u n C a n a d a , A u s t r a lia , J a p a n , G e r m a n y , I t a ly e m p lo y m e n t r a te b y 0 .1 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t in fro m 1992 and 1 9 9 3 o n w a r d , a n d th e N e th e r la n d s ; a n d 1 9 9 3 , b y 0 .4 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in d a ta p r o d u c e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta 1 4 a n d o ld e r in I t a ly p r io r to 1 9 9 3 . T h e in s ti t is tic s , th e D e p a r tm e n ts o f C o m m e r c e , I n t e t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n r io r , a n d A g r ic u lt u r e , th e F e d e r a l R e s e rv e n o m in a to r o f th e B o a r d , r e g u la to r y r a te s a n d e m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io s f o r T h e J a p a n a n d G e r m a n y ; i t is e x c lu d e d f o r t h e m e n t ra te b y a p p r o x im a te ly 0 .3 p e rc e n ta g e U n it e d S ta te s a n d t h e o t h e r c o u n t r ie s . p o in t , f r o m a g e n c ie s , t r a d e a s s o c ia t io n s , a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s . F o r m o s t in d u s t r ie s , th e p r o d u c t iv ity 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 is in c lu d e d la b o r fo r c e in th e 1 9 9 4 , a n d 0 .5 p e rc e n ta g e p o in t in de p a r tic ip a tio n F o r I ta ly , th e 1995. 1 9 9 1 b r e a k r e fle c ts a r e v i s io n in th e m e t h o d o f w e ig h t in g s a m p le d a ta . im p a c t w a s t o in c r e a s e t h e u n e m p l o y 6 .6 to 6 .9 p e r c e n t in 1991. in 1 9 8 7 a n d b y 1 .8 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t s in 1 9 9 4 , y e a r s 1 9 7 0 t h r o u g h 1 9 9 7 . O u t p u t s e r ie s f o r w a s r e v is e d a n d th e d e fin it io n o f u n e m p lo y w h e n u n e m p lo y m e n t w a s h ig h e r . I n th e m e n t w a s c h a n g e d to in c lu d e o n ly th o s e w h o t h e a d ju s t e d u n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e h a d r is e n f ix e d p r ic e w e ig h ts , b u t t h e w e ig h ts a r e u p w e r e a c t iv e ly lo o k in g f o r a jo b w it h in th e 3 0 fro m d a te d p e r io d ic a lly ( f o r e x a m p le , e v e r y 5 o r d a y s p r e c e d in g to in c lu d e s tu d e n ts . I n O c to b e r 1 9 9 2 , th e s u r v e y m e t h o d o lo g y th e s u rv e y an d w h o w e re a v a ila b le f o r w o r k . I n a d d itio n , th e lo w e r a g e li m it f o r th e la b o r f o r c e w a s r a is e d f r o m to 1 5 y e a rs . ( P r io r to th e s e c h a n g e s , b l s 14 ad ju s t e d I t a l y ’s p u b lis h e d u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te d o w n w a rd p lo y e d b y e x c lu d in g th o s e a c tiv e ly fro m p e rs o n s so u g h t w o rk in th e w h o u n e m h a d n o t th e p a s t 3 0 d a y s .) 1998, 6 .5 t o 8 . 4 p e r c e n t d u e t o th e a d ju s t m e n t T h e 19 87 an d 1993 a d ju s t m e n t f o r s tu d e n ts b l s s e e k in g w o r k lo w e r e d S w e d e n ’ s 1 9 8 7 u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te f r o m in f o r m a t io n o n t h is s e o f th e 1991 p o p u la t io n census r e s u lt s . T h e im p a c t o f th e s e c h a n g e s w a s t o r a is e I t a l y ’s a d ju s t e d u n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e b y a p p r o x im a te ly 8 .3 to 9 .5 1 .2 p e r c e n ta g e p o in ts , f r o m p e r c e n t in T h e s e c h a n g e s d id fo u rth -q u a rte r T o p r e s e r v e th e c o m p a r a b ilit y o f th e U .S . BLS u s e s g ro s s p r o d u c t o r ig in a t in g in m a n u fa c p a r a tiv e m e a s u re s . T h e g r o s s p r o d u c t o r ig i n a t in g s e r ie s d if f e r s f r o m S ta t is t ic s : ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 5 6 5 4 . o u tp u t s e r ie s t h a t b l s th e m a n u fa c tu r in g p u b lis h e s in it s n e w s r e le a s e s o n q u a r t e r ly m e a s u r e s o f U . S . p r o Manufacturing productivity and labor costs d u c tiv it y Description of the series a “ s e c t o r a l o u t p u t ” b a s is , r a t h e r t h a n a v a lu e - T a b le 45 p r e s e n ts c o m p a r a tiv e a n d c o s ts ( a n d t h a t u n d e r lie s in d e x e s o f th e m e a s u re s t h a t a p p e a r in ta b le s 3 9 a n d 4 1 in t h is s e c t io n ) . T h e q u a r t e r ly m e a s u r e s a r e o n a d d e d b a s is . 1992. n o t a f f e c t e m p lo y m e n t e m p lo y m e a s u re s w it h th o s e f o r o th e r e c o n o m ie s , r ie s , c o n t a c t t h e D i v is io n o f F o r e ig n L a b o r T h e b r e a k in th e s e r ie s a ls o r e f le c ts th e in c o r p o r a t io n a ls o tu r in g f o r th e U n it e d S ta te s f o r th e s e c o m 2 .3 to 2 .2 p e rc e n t. f o r a d d it io n a l e c o n o m ie s 1 0 y e a rs ). n e t e ffe c t o f th e c h a n g e s a n d th e o th e r fo r e ig n S e c t o r a l o u t p u t is g r o s s o u tp u t le s s in t r a s e c t o r t r a n s a c t i o n s . Total labor hours r e f e r s 1 9 9 3 . E s t im a t e s b y m a n u fa c tu r in g la b o r p r o d u c t iv ity ( o u tp u t p e r th e I ta lia n S ta tis tic a l O f f ic e in d ic a te th a t e m h o u r ) , o u tp u t , t o t a l h o u r s , c o m p e n s a t io n p e r in a l l c o u n t r ie s . T h e m e a s u r e s a r e d e v e lo p e d p lo y m e n t d e c lin e d h o u r , a n d u n it la b o r c o s ts f o r th e U n it e d f r o m s t a t is t ic s o f m a n u f a c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t E u ro p e a n a n d a v e r a g e h o u r s . T h e s e r ie s u s e d f o r F r a n c e s ig n if ic a n t ly , e x c e p t in b y a b o u t 3 p e r c e n t in to h o u rs w o rk e d 1 9 9 3 , r a th e r th a n th e n e a r ly 4 p e r c e n t in d i S ta te s , C a n a d a , J a p a n , a n d n in e c a te d b y th e d a ta s h o w n in ta b le 4 4 . T h is d i f c o u n t r ie s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e t r e n d c o m p a r i (fro m f e r e n c e is a t t r ib u t a b le m a in ly t o t h e in c o r p o s o n s — t h a t is , s e r ie s t h a t m e a s u r e c h a n g e s a r e o f f ic ia l s e r ie s p u b lis h e d w i t h t h e n a t io n a l 1 9 7 0 fo rw a rd ), N o rw a y , a n d S w e d e n r a t io n o f th e 1 9 9 1 p o p u la t io n b e n c h m a r k s in o v e r t im e — r a t h e r t h a n le v e l c o m p a r is o n s . a c c o u n ts . W h e r e o f f ic ia l t o t a l h o u r s s e r ie s a r e th e 1 9 9 3 d a ta . D a ta f o r e a r lie r y e a r s h a v e n o t T h e r e a r e g r e a te r t e c h n ic a l p r o b le m s in c o m n o t a v a ila b le , th e m e a s u r e s a r e d e v e lo p e d b y b e e n a d ju s t e d t o in c o r p o r a t e t h e p a r in g 1991 cen F o r t h e N e th e r la n d s , a n e w s u r v e y q u e s t io n n a ir e th e le v e ls o f m a n u fa c tu r in g o u tp u t w as in tr o d u c e d in 1992 th a t a l b l s fro m BLS u s in g e m p lo y m e n t f ig u r e s p u b lis h e d w it h th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts , o r o th e r c o m p r e h e n a m o n g c o u n t r ie s . s u s r e s u lt s . c o n s tr u c ts th e c o m p a r a t iv e in d e x e s th r e e b a s ic a g g r e g a te m e a s u r e s — o u t s iv e e m p lo y m e n t s e r ie s , a n d e s tim a te s a n n u a l h o u rs w o rk e d . F o r G e rm a n y , BLS o f uses g u id e p u t, to ta l la b o r h o u r s , a n d to ta l c o m p e n s a e s t im a te s o f a v e r a g e h o u r s w o r k e d d e v e lo p e d h a s r e v is e d t h e D u t c h s e r ie s t io n . T h e h o u r s a n d c o m p e n s a t io n m e a s u r e s b y a r e s e a r c h in s titu te c o n n e c te d to th e M in b a c k to 1 9 8 8 b a s e d o n th e 1 9 9 2 c h a n g e s . T h e r e f e r t o a l l e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s ( w a g e a n d s a l is t r y o f L a b o r f o r u s e w it h th e n a tio n a l a c 1 9 8 8 r e v is e d u n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e is 7 . 6 p e r a r y e a rn e rs p lu s s e lf- e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s a n d c o u n ts e m p lo y m e n t f ig u r e s . F o r th e o t h e r c e n t; th e p r e v io u s e s t im a te f o r th e s a m e y e a r u n p a id f a m il y w o r k e r s ) in th e U n it e d S ta te s , c o u n t r ie s , w a s 9 .3 p e rc e n t. C a n a d a , J a p a n , F ra n c e , G e rm a n y , N o rw a y , o f a v e ra g e h o u rs . lo w e d f o r a c lo s e r a p p lic a t io n lin e s . EURO STAT o f il o T h e r e h a v e b e e n t w o b r e a k s in s e r ie s in th e S w e d is h la b o r f o r c e s u r v e y , in 1987 and 1 9 9 3 . A d ju s tm e n ts h a v e b e e n m a d e f o r th e a n d S w e d e n , a n d t o a l l e m p lo y e e s ( w a g e a n d s a la r y e a r n e r s ) in th e o t h e r c o u n t r ie s . b l s c o n s tr u c ts it s o w n e s t im a te s D e n m a r k h a s n o t p u b lis h e d e s t im a te s o f a v e ra g e h o u rs f o r 1 9 9 4 -9 7 ; th e re fo re , th e b l s m e a s u re o f la b o r in p u t f o r D e n m a r k e n d s in Definitions 1993. g a r d in g c u r r e n t a v a ila b ilit y w e r e a d d e d a n d Output, in g e n e r a l, r e f e r s t o v a lu e a d d e d in a ll p a y m e n ts in c a s h o r in - k in d m a d e d ir e c t ly th e p e r io d o f a c t iv e w o r k s e e k in g w a s r e d u c e d m a n u fa c tu r in g f r o m th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts o f t o e m p lo y e e s p lu s e m p lo y e r e x p e n d it u r e s f o r fro m 6 0 d a y s to 4 w e e k s . T h e s e c h a n g e s lo w e a c h c o u n t r y . H o w e v e r , th e o u tp u t s e r ie s f o r le g a lly r e q u ir e d in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m s a n d c o n e re d S w e d e n ’s 1 9 8 7 u n e m p lo y m e n t ra te b y J a p a n p r i o r t o 1 9 7 0 is a n in d e x o f in d u s t r ia l tr a c t u a l a n d p r iv a t e b e n e fit p la n s . T h e m e a 0 .4 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t, f r o m p r o d u c t io n , a n d th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts m e a s u re s a re fr o m s u re s f o r th e U n it e d K in g d o m c o u n tr y , e x c e p t th o s e f o r B e lg iu m , w h ic h a re 1993 b re a k b a c k to 1 9 8 7 . In 1987, a ne w Total compensation (labor cost) i n c l u d e s q u e s t io n n a ir e w a s in t r o d u c e d . Q u e s t io n s r e In 2 .3 to 1 .9 p e rc e n t. 1 9 9 3 , th e m e a s u r e m e n t p e r io d f o r th e la b o r fo rc e s u rv e y w a s c h a n g e d to re p re s e n t a ll 5 2 w e e k s o f th e y e a r ra th e r th a n o n e w e e k a r e e s s e n t ia lly th e n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts o f e a c h u s in g s ta tis tic s o n e m p lo y id e n t ic a l t o t h e ir in d e x e s o f in d u s t r ia l p r o d e v e lo p e d b y d u c tio n . m e n t, a v e ra g e h o u r s , a n d h o u r ly c o m p e n s a b l s 1 9 7 7 - 9 7 o u tp u t d a ta f o r th e U n ite d tio n . F o r C a n a d a , F ra n c e , a n d S w e d e n , c o m la t io n t o t a ls w a s in tr o d u c e d . T h e im p a c t w a s S ta te s a re th e g ro s s p r o d u c t o r ig in a tin g ( v a lu e p e n s a tio n is in c r e a s e d t o a c c o u n t f o r o t h e r s ig to r a is e th e u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te b y a p p r o x i a d d e d ) m e a s u re s p re p a re d b y th e B u re a u o f n if ic a n t ta x e s o n p a y r o ll o r e m p lo y m e n t . F o r m a te ly 0 .5 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t , f r o m 7 .6 to 8 .1 E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is o f th e U .S . D e p a r tm e n t th e U n it e d K in g d o m , c o m p e n s a tio n is r e d u c e d p e r c e n t. S t a t is t ic s S w e d e n r e v is e d it s la b o r o f C o m m e r c e . C o m p a r a b le m a n u fa c tu r in g b e tw e e n fo rc e o u tp u t d a ta c u r r e n t ly a r e n o t a v a ila b le p r io r p lo y m e n t- r e la te d to 1 9 7 7 . w o r k e r s a r e in c lu d e d in th e a ll- e m p lo y e d - p e r e a c h m o n t h a n d a n e w a d ju s t m e n t f o r p o p u s u r v e y d a ta f o r a c c o u n t th e b r e a k in 1 9 8 7 - 9 2 to ta k e in to 1 9 9 3 . T h e a d ju s t m e n t T he 1967 and 1 9 9 1 to a c c o u n t fo r e m s u b s id ie s . S e lf - e m p lo y e d r a is e d th e S w e d is h u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te b y 0 .2 U . S . g r o s s p r o d u c t o r i g in a t in g is a c h a in - s o n s m e a s u r e s b y a s s u m in g t h a t t h e ir h o u r ly p e r c e n ta g e p o in t in 1 9 8 7 a n d g r a d u a lly r o s e t y p e a n n u a l- w e ig h t e d s e r ie s . ( F o r m o r e in c o m p e n s a t io n is e q u a l t o t h e a v e r a g e f o r w a g e to 0 .5 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t in fo r m a t io n o n th e U .S . m e a s u re , s e e R o b e r t a n d s a la r y e m p lo y e e s . th e B e g in n in g w ith S w e d is h d a ta to 1987, 1992. b l s c la s s ify h a s a d ju s t e d s tu d e n ts w h o E . Y u s k a v a g e , “ I m p r o v e d E s t im a t e s o f G r o s s P ro d u c t b y In d u s try , 1 9 5 9 -9 4 ,” Survey o f Notes on the data a ls o s o u g h t w o r k a s u n e m p lo y e d . T h e im p a c t Current Business, A o f t h is c h a n g e w a s t o in c r e a s e t h e a d ju s t e d T h e is b a s e d I n g e n e r a l, t h e m e a s u r e s r e la t e t o t o t a l m a n u u n e m p lo y m e n t r a te b y 0 .1 p e r c e n ta g e p o in t u p o n o n e s e t o f f ix e d p r ic e w e ig h ts f o r th e fa c tu r in g a s d e fin e d b y th e In te r n a tio n a l S ta n - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis u g u s t 1 9 9 6 , p p . 1 3 3 -5 5 .) J a p a n e s e v a lu e added s e r ie s Monthly Labor Review May 2000 61 Current Labor Statistics Occupational illness i s d a r d In d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a tio n . H o w e v e r , th e m e a s u re s f o r F ra n c e ( f o r a ll y e a rs ) a n d Ita ly d itio n ( b e g in n in g 1 9 7 0 ) r e f e r to m in in g a n d m a n u fro m f a c t u r in g le s s e n e r g y - r e la t e d p r o d u c t s , a n d th e m e a s u re s f o r D e n m a r k in c lu d e a n a b n o rm a l c o n ( 2 , 0 0 0 h o u r s p e r e m p lo y e e ) . F u ll d e ta il o n t h e a n o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r y , c a u s e d b y e x p o a v a ila b le m e a s u r e s is p r e s e n t e d in t h e a n n u a l s u r e t o f a c t o r s a s s o c ia te d w i t h e m p lo y m e n t . I t m in in g in c lu d e s a c u te a n d c h r o n ic illn e s s e s o r d is e a s e a n d e x c lu d e m a n u f a c t u r in g h a n d ic r a f t s f r o m w h ic h m a y b e c a u s e d b y in h a la t io n , a b s o r p 1 9 6 0 to t io n , in g e s t io n , o r d ir e c t c o n ta c t. 1966. T h e m e a s u re s fo r re c e n t y e a rs m a y b a s e d o n c u r r e n t in d ic a to r s o f m a n u f a c t u r c a s e s th a t in v o lv e d a y s a w a y f r o m in g o u tp u t ( s u c h a s in d u s t r ia l p r o d u c t io n in d a y s o f r e s tr ic te d w o r k a c t iv ity , o r b o th . d e x e s ) , e m p lo y m e n t , a v e r a g e Lost workdays h o u rs , a n d in c lu d e w o rk , o r w o r k d a y s ( c o n s e c u t iv e o r n o t) o n w h ic h th e a n d o t h e r s t a t is t ic s u s e d f o r th e e m p lo y e e w a s e ith e r a w a y f r o m m e a s u r e s b e c o m e a v a ila b le . F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n w o rk o r at w o r k in s o m e r e s t r ic t e d c a p a c ity , o r b o th , b e o n t h is s e C o m p a r a b le d a ta f o r m o r e th a n 4 0 S ta te s c a u s e o f a n o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r y o r illn e s s , b l s M in in g a n d r a ilr o a d d a ta a re f u r n is h e d to b y th e M in e S a fe ty a n d H e a lt h A d m in is b l s tr a t io n a n d th e F e d e r a l R a ilr o a d A d m in is t r a t io n . D a ta f r o m th e s e o r g a n iz a t io n s a r e in c lu d e d S t a t is t ic s . lo s t w o r k d a y s w e r e d is c o n t in u e d b e g in n in g p u b lis h e d a n n u a lly . ( T a b le s 4 6 - 4 7 ) s u ltin g in d a y s a w a y f r o m w o r k . In c lu d e d a re o n s e t o f illn e s s o r a n y d a y s o n w h ic h t h e e m s o m e m a jo r c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e in ju r e d a n d p lo y e e w o u ld n o t h a v e w o r k e d , s u c h a s a F e d i l l w o r k e r s , s u c h a s o c c u p a tio n , a g e , g e n d e r, e r a l h o lid a y , e v e n t h o u g h a b le t o w o r k . r a c e , a n d le n g t h o f s e r v ic e , a s w e ll a s t h e c ir a s th e c u m s ta n c e s o f t h e ir in ju r ie s a n d illn e s s e s ( n a a n d / o r illn e s s e s o r lo s t tu r e o f th e d is a b lin g c o n d it io n , p a r t o f b o d y a re c o m p u te d a ffe c te d , e v e n t a n d e x p o s u re , a n d th e s o u rc e w o r k d a y s p e r 1 0 0 f u ll- tim e w o rk e rs . d ir e c t ly p r o d u c in g t h e c o n d it io n ) . I n g e n e r a l, th e s e d a ta a re a v a ila b le n a tio n w id e f o r d e t a ile d in d u s t r ie s a n d f o r in d iv i d u a l S ta te s a t T h e d e fin it io n s o f o c c u p a tio n a l in ju r ie s a n d m o r e a g g r e g a t e d in d u s t r y le v e ls . R ecordkeeping G uidelines f o r O ccupational Injuries and Illnesses ( U . S . p a tio n a l in ju r ie s D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta O ff ic e t is tic s , S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 6 ). W o r k in g C o n d itio n s a t ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 8 0 , o r Description of the series F illn e s s e s a r e f r o m T h e S u r v e y o f O c c u p a tio n a l I n ju r ie s a n d I l l n e s s e s c o lle c t s d a ta f r o m e m p lo y e r s a b o u t t h e ir w o r k e r s ’ jo b - r e la t e d n o n f a t a l in ju r ie s a n d i l l E s t im a t e s a r e m a d e f o r in d u s t r ie s a n d e m n e s s e s . T h e in f o r m a t io n t h a t e m p lo y e r s p r o v id e a n d n o n fa ta l c a s e s w ith o u t lo s t w o r k d a y s . 1 9 7 0 . S e lf- e m p lo y e d in d iv id u a ls , fa r m s w i t h T h e s e d a ta a ls o a r e s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly f o r i n j u f e w e r t h a n 1 1 e m p lo y e e s , e m p lo y e r s r e g u la te d r ie s . I lln e s s d a ta a r e a v a ila b le f o r s e v e n c a t e g o b y o t h e r F e d e r a l s a f e t y a n d h e a lt h la w s , a n d th e s u rv e y . T h e s u r v e y is a F e d e r a l- S t a te c o o p e r a w ith s t r a t if ie d r a n d o m a n in d e p e n d e n t s a m p le p a r tic ip a tin g S ta te . A s a m p le w i t h a N e y m a n a l lo c a t io n is s e le c t e d t o r e p r e s e n t a l l p r iv a t e b y S ta n d a rd on o ccu o f O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty , H e a lt h and http ://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries d u s t d is e a s e s o f t h e lu n g s , r e s p ir a t o r y c o n d i T h e t io n s d u e t o t o x ic a g e n ts , p o is o n in g ( s y s t e m ic c o m p ile s a c o m p le t e r o s t e r o f f a t a l jo b - r e la te d in ju r ie s , in c lu d in g d e ta ile d d a ta a b o u t c a l a g e n ts ( o t h e r t h a n t o x ic m a t e r ia ls ) , d is o r th e d e r s a s s o c ia t e d w i t h r e p e a t e d t r a u m a , a n d a l l e v e n ts . T h e o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l illn e s s e s . che cks Definitions fa t a lly in ju r e d w o rk e rs p ro g ra m f a t a lity in fo r m a t io n s o u r c e s , in c lu d in g an d c o lle c ts th e a n d fro m fa ta l c ro s s m u ltip le d e a th c e r t if ic a te s , S ta te w o r k - r e la te d illn e s s c a s e s w h ic h a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n s a t io n r e p o r t s , a r e r e c o g n iz e d , d ia g n o s e d , a n d r e p o r t e d d u r O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A d m in is t r a ber o f ne w I n d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a tio n a n d s iz e o f e m p lo y m e n t . C e n s u s o f F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l I n ju r ie s e ffe c ts o f t o x ic a g e n ts ), d is o r d e r s d u e t o p h y s i T h e s u r v e y c o n tin u e s to m e a s u re th e n u m in d u s t r ie s in th e S ta te . T h e s u r v e y is s t r a t i fie d in f o r m a t io n a n d illn e s s e s , c o n t a c t t h e r ie s : o c c u p a t io n a l s k in d is e a s e s o r d is o r d e r s , F e d e r a l, S t a t e , a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s fo r e a ch a d d it io n a l lo s t w o r k d a y c a s e s , d a y s a w a y f r o m w o r k c a s e s , th e O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth A c t o f p ro g ra m o r a c c e s s th e In t e r n e t a t: p l o y m e n t s iz e c la s s e s f o r t o t a l r e c o r d a b le c a s e s , is b a s e d o n r e c o r d s t h a t t h e y m a in t a in u n d e r s e le c te d b e g a n p u b lis h a c t iv it y d o e s n o t in c lu d e th e d a y o f in ju r y o r Notes on the data t iv e b l s S ta te d a ta in g d e ta ils o n s e r io u s , n o n f a t a l in c id e n t s r e n u m b e r o f in ju r ie s a re e x c lu d e d f r o m b o th th e n a tio n a l a n d w o r k o r d a y s o f r e s t r ic t e d w o r k Incidence rates Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in W ith th e 1 9 9 2 s u rv e y , 1 9 9 3 s u rv e y . T h e n u m b e r o f d a y s a w a y fro m Occupational Injury and Illness Data O f d it io n to p r iv a t e in d u s t r y d a ta . m e a s u r e s o f th e n u m b e r a n d in c id e n c e r a te o f th e b l s tio n s . M a n y o f th e s e S ta te s p u b lis h d a ta o n r ie s , c o n t a c t t h e D i v is io n o f F o r e ig n L a b o r w ith th e f ic e o f S a fe ty , H e a lt h a n d W o r k in g C o n d i S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e s in a d th e n u m b e r o f h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n u n t i l n a tio n a l a c c o u n ts lo n g - t e r m Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. b u lle tin , a n d t e r r it o r ie s a r e a v a ila b le f r o m Lost workday injuries and illnesses a r e be p lo y e e h o u r s r e p r e s e n t 1 0 0 e m p lo y e e y e a r s o r d is o r d e r , o th e r th a n o n e r e s u ltin g in g t h e y e a r . S o m e c o n d it io n s , f o r e x a m p le , t io n a n d M in e S a fe ty a n d H e a lt h A d m in is lo n g - t e r m la t e n t illn e s s e s c a u s e d b y e x p o s u r e t r a t io n to c a r c in o g e n s , o f t e n a r e d i f f ic u lt t o r e la te t o t o p s y r e p o r ts , m e d ia a c c o u n ts , S ta te m o t o r r e c o r d s , m e d ic a l e x a m in e r a n d a u th e w o r k p la c e a n d a r e n o t a d e q u a te ly r e c o g v e h ic le f a t a lit y r e c o r d s , a n d f o llo w - u p q u e s U n d e r th e O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lth n iz e d a n d r e p o r te d . T h e s e lo n g - t e r m la te n t i l l t io n n a ir e s t o e m p lo y e r s . A c t , e m p lo y e r s m a in t a in r e c o r d s o f n o n f a t a l n e s s e s a re b e lie v e d t o b e u n d e rs ta te d in th e w o r k - r e la te d s u r v e y ’s illn e s s m e a s u r e . I n c o n tr a s t, t h e o v e r w o r k e r s , th e s e lf- e m p lo y e d , f a m ily w h e lm in g m a jo r it y o f th e r e p o r te d n e w ill b e r s , a n d F e d e r a l, S ta te , a n d lo c a l g o v e r n c o n s c io u s n e s s , r e s t r ic t io n o f w o r k o r m o t io n , n e s s e s a r e t h o s e w h ic h a r e e a s ie r t o d ir e c t ly m e n t w o rk e rs a re c o v e re d b y th e p ro g ra m . tr a n s fe r to a n o th e r jo b , o r m e d ic a l tr e a tm e n t r e la t e t o w o r k p la c e a c t iv i t y ( f o r e x a m p le , c o n T o be o th e r th a n f ir s t a id . ta c t d e r m a t it is a n d c a r p a l tu n n e l s y n d r o m e ) . d e c e d e n t m u s t h a v e b e e n e m p lo y e d ( t h a t in ju r ie s a n d illn e s s e s t h a t in v o l v e o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g : lo s s o f Occupational injury i s a n y in ju r y s u c h a s In a d d it io n in c lu d e d to p r iv a te in th e w a g e a n d s a la r y fa ta lity m e m c e n s u s , th e o f is w o r k in g f o r p a y , c o m p e n s a t io n , o r p r o f i t ) a c u t , f r a c t u r e , s p r a in , o r a m p u t a t io n t h a t r e in c id e n c e r a te s , d e f in e d a s t h e n u m b e r o f in a t th e t im e o f th e e v e n t, e n g a g e d in a le g a l s u lts f r o m a w o r k - r e la t e d e v e n t o r a s in g le , in ju r ie s a n d illn e s s e s p e r 1 0 0 e q u iv a le n t f u l l w o r k a c t iv it y , o r p r e s e n t a t th e s ite o f th e s ta n ta n e o u s e x p o s u r e in th e w o r k e n v ir o n m e n t. t im e w o r k e r s . F o r t h is p u r p o s e , 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 e m - in c id e n t a s a r e q u ir e m e n t o f h is o r h e r jo b . 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M o s t o f t h e e s tim a te s a r e in t h e f o r m May 2000 Definition r e la te d illn e s s e s , w h ic h ca n be le a s e t h a t is a v a ila b le a b o u t 8 m o n t h s a f t e r d iff ic u lt th e e n d o f th e re fe re n c e y e a r. T h e C e n s u s o f t o id e n t if y d u e t o lo n g la te n c y p e r io d s . A fatal work injury i s te n t io n a l w o u n d o r d a m a g e t o th e b o d y r e s u lt in g in d e a th f r o m F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l I n ju r ie s w a s in it ia t e d in a n y in t e n t io n a l o r u n in Notes on the data 1992 a s a j o i n t F e d e r a l- S t a te S ta te s a c u te e x p o s u re to e n e rg y , s u c h a s h e a t o r e le c t r ic it y , o r k in e t ic e n e r g y T w e n ty - e ig h t d a ta e le m e n ts fro m a re c o lle c t e d , is s u e s u m m a ry e ffo rt. M o s t in fo r m a t io n a t th e t im e o f t h e n a t io n a l n e w s r e le a s e . o n th e th e a b s e n c e o f s u c h e s c o d e d , a n d ta b u la te d in th e f a t a lit y p r o g r a m , s e n tia ls a s h e a t o r o x y g e n c a u s e d b y a s p e c if ic in c lu d in g in fo r m a t io n a b o u t th e f a t a lly in C e n s u s o f F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l In ju r ie s c o n e v e n t o r in c id e n t o r s e r ie s o f e v e n ts w i t h in a ju r e d w o r k e r , th e f a t a l in c id e n t , a n d th e m a ta c t th e s in g le w o r k d a y o r s h if t . F a t a litie s t h a t o c c u r c h in e r y W o r k in g C o n d itio n s a t ( 2 0 2 ) 6 9 1 - 6 1 7 5 , o r a c ra s h , o r fro m o r e q u ip m e n t in v o lv e d . S u m m a r y w o rk w o r k e r d e m o g r a p h ic d a ta a n d e v e n t c h a r a c a re e x c lu d e d f r o m th e c e n s u s , a s w e ll a s w o r k - t e r is t ic s a re in c lu d e d in a n a tio n a l n e w s r e - d u r in g a p e r s o n ’s c o m m u te to o r f r o m F o r a d d it io n a l b l s O ffic e in f o r m a t io n o f S a fe ty , H e a lt h , a n d th e In te r n e t a t: http ://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet The Bureau of Labor Statistics World Wide Web site on the Internet contains a range of data on consumer and producer prices, employment and unemployment, occupational com pensation, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, and productivity. The homepage can be accessed using any Web browser: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis http://stats.bls.gov Also, some data can be accessed through anonymous ftp or Gopher at stats.bls.gov Monthly Labor Review May 2000 63 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1998 Selected indicators 1998 1999 1 II 1999 IV III I II 2000 III IV I Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey):' Labor force participation rate..................................................... Employment-population ratio..................................................... Unemployment rate.................................................................. Men........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years....................................................................... 25 years and over................................................................. Women.................................................................................. 16 to 24 years....................................................................... 67.1 64.1 4.5 4.4 11.1 3.2 4.6 9.8 3.6 67.1 64.3 4.2 4.1 10.3 3.0 4.3 9.5 3.3 67.2 64.0 4.7 4.6 11.4 67.0 64.1 4.4 4.3 10.7 3.3 4.8 10.0 3.8 3.1 4.6 9.7 3.6 67.0 64.0 67.1 64.1 67.1 64.2 67.0 64.2 4.4 4.3 10.6 67.2 64.3 4.3 4.2 10.4 4.5 4.5 11.5 3.2 4.5 9.9 3.5 4.3 4.2 10.4 3.1 4.6 9.4 3.6 3.0 4.4 9.8 3.4 3.0 4.4 9.2 3.4 67.5 64.7 4.2 4.1 10.0 67.0 64.3 4.1 4.0 10.4 3.0 4.4 9.5 3.3 2.9 4.2 9.4 3.1 2.9 4.2 9.6 3.2 4.1 4.0 9.7 Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:' Total.......................................................................................... Goods-producing.................................................................. Manufacturing................................................................... Service-producing................................................................. 125,826 106,007 25,347 128,615 108,455 25,240 124,771 105,094 25,363 125,462 105,707 25,393 18,772 100,480 18,432 103,375 18,876 99,409 18,851 100,070 126,113 106,260 25,306 18,719 100,807 126,865 106,920 25,319 18,645 101,545 127,640 107,596 25,310 18,542 102,331 128,246 108,153 25,222 128,936 108,743 25,194 18,433 103,024 18,398 103,743 129,606 109,333 25,246 18,359 104,360 130,435 110,008 25,421 18,366 105,014 Average hours: 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.7 42.0 4.8 34.6 41.7 4.6 34.6 41.7 4.5 34.6 41.7 4.5 34.6 41.6 4.5 34.4 41.7 4.5 34.5 41.8 4.7 34.5 41.7 4.6 34.5 41.7 4.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 .8 .9 .8 .9 1.2 1.1 .6 .6 .4 .4 1.0 1.1 1.1 .9 .9 .9 - 2.8 3.4 .7 .8 .7 .5 .8 .7 .9 1.0 - 3.4 3.4 1.0 .6 .8 .3 1.3 1.5 .6 .6 .3 .5 1.3 .4 .9 1.5 .8 1.0 - State and local government workers....................................... 3.8 3.0 Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union........................................................................................ Nonunion................................................................................... 3.0 3.5 2.7 3.6 .4 1.0 1.0 .8 1.1 1.1 .5 .6 .4 .5 .7 1.2 .9 .9 .7 1.0 Private sector......................................................................... Manufacturing....................................................................... Overtime............................................................................ Employment Cost Index2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers).... Private industry workers.......................................................... Goods-producing 3 Service-producing 3............................................................ 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. Note : Dash indicates data not available. 64 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 - - 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 1997 1999 1998 1999 1998 II I IV IV III II 1 IV III Compensation data1,2 Employment Cost Index—compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm.................................................................. Private nonfarm.............................................................. Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 0.8 .9 0.8 .9 0.8 .9 1.2 1.1 0.6 .6 0.4 .4 1.0 1.1 1.1 .9 0.9 .9 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.5 .9 1.0 .9 1.1 .7 .9 1.3 1.3 .7 .6 .5 .5 1.0 1.2 1.1 .9 .8 .9 1.6 2.7 .1 .6 .5 .4 .2 .7 .7 1.0 .2 .0 .0 .0 -3.3 -16.7 3.0 3.9 .3 3.9 15.7 -.5 -.8 .5 -.8 -.6 -.8 -1.0 .0 -1.4 -8.8 .5 .8 -.5 .2 -1.8 -.1 .0 -.4 .4 .2 .9 1.2 1.8 -.4 1.5 2.2 -.4 -.5 -5.6 -1.6 -2.5 .0 .0 -.1 -.2 -.1 1.9 9.4 1.9 10.2 .2 -.1 1.2 .2 -3.2 Business sector.................................................................... Nonfarm business sector..................................................... 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.0 1.2 1.2 4.6 4.4 .6 .9 3.4 3.1 4.3 4.1 3.0 2.7 .8 .6 4.7 5.0 6.1 6.4 Nonfinancial coraorations4................................................... 4.0 - 2.8 3.7 3.9 5.9 3.2 4.2 3.3 4.1 - Private nonfarm.............................................................. Price data1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items..... Producer Price Index: Finished goods.................................................................... Finished consumer goods................................................ Capital equipment............................................................. Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............. Crude materials.................................................................... Productivity data3 Output per hour of all persons: 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. cent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly per 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Four quarters ending— Quarterly average III 1 IV II 1999 1998 1999 1998 Components IV III IV III 1 II IV III Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector........................................................ Employment Cost Index—compensation: Civilian nonfarm 2 Union........................................................................................ Nonunion................................................................................. State and local governments..................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm 2 Union....................................................................................... Nonunion................................................................................. State and local governments..................................................... 6.1 6.2 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.2 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.7 3.3 3.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 1.0 1.1 .7 1.2 .4 1.1 .9 .9 .9 1.5 .9 .9 .7 1.0 1.0 3.7 3.8 2.7 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.5 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.7 3.6 3.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 .7 .6 .5 .7 .7 .5 .5 .4 .5 .4 1.0 1.2 .8 1.2 .4 1.1 .9 .7 .9 1.9 .8 .9 .6 .9 .9 4.0 4.3 3.2 4.4 3.0 3.7 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.6 3.6 3.6 ' Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 65 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Labor Force Data Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 1998 1999 2000 1999 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 207,036 138,804 67.0 132,976 207,236 139,086 67.1 133,054 207,427 139,013 67.0 133,190 207,632 139,332 67.1 133,398 207,828 139,336 67.0 133,399 208,038 139,372 67.0 133,530 208,265 139,475 67.0 133,650 208,483 139,697 67.0 133,940 208,666 139,834 67.0 134,098 208,832 140,108 67.1 134,420 208,782 140,910 67.5 135,221 208,907 141,165 67.6 135,362 209,053 140,867 67.4 135,159 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 64.2 5,828 4.2 68,232 64.2 6,032 4.3 68,150 64.2 5,823 4.2 68,414 64.2 5,934 4.3 68,300 64.2 5,937 4.3 68,492 64.2 5,842 4.2 68,666 64.2 5,825 4.2 68,790 64.2 5,757 4.1 68,786 64.3 5,736 4.1 68,832 64.4 5,688 4.1 68,724 64.8 5,689 4.0 67,872 64.8 5,804 4.1 67,742 64.7 5,708 4.1 68,187 90,790 69,715 76.8 67,135 91,555 70,194 76.7 67,761 91,215 69,934 76.7 67,628 91,302 69,992 76.7 67,562 91,368 69,978 76.6 67,470 91,487 70,116 76.6 67,645 91,561 70,167 76.6 67,703 91,692 70,240 76.6 67,768 91,793 70,328 76.6 67,943 91,896 70,339 76.5 67,898 91,986 70,388 76.5 68,037 92,052 70,529 76.6 68,197 92,057 70,917 77.0 68,585 92,092 71,120 77.2 68,691 92,145 70,822 76.9 68,480 73.9 2,350 74.0 2,244 74.1 2,239 74.0 2,305 73.8 2,224 73.9 2,246 73.9 2,256 73.9 2,237 74.0 2,189 73.9 2,206 74.0 2,262 74.1 2,227 74.5 2,303 74.6 2,309 74.3 2,232 64,785 2,580 3.7 65,517 2,433 3.5 65,389 2,306 3.3 65,257 2,430 3.5 65,246 2,508 3.6 65,399 2,471 3.5 65,447 2,464 3.5 65,531 2,472 3.5 65,754 2,385 3.4 65,692 2,441 3.5 65,775 2,351 3.3 65,970 2,332 3.3 66,282 2,332 3.3 66,382 2,429 3.4 66,249 2,342 3.3 98,786 59,702 60.4 57,278 100,158 60,840 60.7 58,555 99,833 60,554 60.7 58,216 99,923 60,765 60.8 58,336 100,008 60,708 60.7 58,483 100,131 60,988 60.9 58,647 100,203 60,852 60.7 58,477 100,285 60,904 60.7 58,648 100,385 60,860 60.6 58,630 100,458 60,955 60.7 58,800 100,573 61,052 60.7 58,838 100,666 61,154 60.7 58,958 100,579 61,576 61.2 59,280 100,666 61,575 61.2 59,398 100,713 61,671 61.2 59,422 58.0 768 58.5 803 58.3 821 58.4 803 58.5 820 58.6 851 58.4 798 58.5 780 58.4 778 58.5 800 58 5 768 58.6 791 58.9 826 59.0 871 59.0 894 56,510 2,424 4.1 57,752 2,285 3.8 57,395 2,338 3.9 57,533 2,429 4.0 57,663 2,225 3.7 57,796 2,341 3.8 57,679 2,375 3.9 57,868 2,256 3.7 57,852 2,230 3.7 58,000 2,155 3.5 58,070 2,214 3.6 58,167 2,196 3.6 58,454 2,297 3.7 58,526 2,178 3.5 58,528 2,249 3.6 15,644 8,256 52.8 7,051 16,040 8,333 52.0 7,172 15,988 8,316 52.0 7,132 16,011 8,329 52.0 7,156 16,051 8,327 51.9 7,237 16,014 8,228 51.4 7,106 16,065 8,317 51.8 7,219 16,061 8,228 51.2 7,114 16,086 8,287 51.5 7,077 16,129 8,403 52.1 7,242 16,107 8,394 52.1 7,223 16,114 8,425 52.3 7,265 16,147 8,416 52.1 7,356 16,149 8,470 52.4 7,273 16,196 8,374 51.7 7,257 45.1 261 44.7 234 44.6 230 44.7 233 45.1 246 44.4 233 44.9 224 44.3 217 44.0 212 44.9 232 44.8 280 45.1 261 45.6 242 45.0 228 44.8 233 6,790 1,205 14.6 6,938 1,162 13.9 6,902 1,184 14.2 6,923 1,173 14.1 6,991 1,090 13.1 6,873 1,122 13.6 6,995 1,098 13.2 6,897 1,114 13.5 6,865 1,210 14.6 7,010 1,161 13.8 6,943 1,171 14.0 7,004 1,160 13.8 7,114 1,060 12.6 7,046 1,197 14.1 7,024 1,117 13.3 population1....................... 171,478 Civilian labor force............ 115,415 Participation rate....... 67.3 Employed..................... 110,931 Employment-pop64.7 ulation ratio2........... Unemployed................. 4,484 Unemployment rate.... 3.9 Black 173,085 116,509 67.3 112,235 172,597 116,237 67.3 112,030 172,730 116,344 67.4 111,886 172,859 116,193 67.2 111,898 172,999 116,518 67.4 112,115 173,133 116,492 67.3 112,193 173,275 116,619 67.3 112,308 173,432 116,495 67.2 112,303 173,585 116,654 67.2 112,548 173,709 116,703 67.2 112,611 173,821 117,008 67.3 112,951 173,812 117,716 67.7 113,704 173,886 117,821 67.8 113,634 173,983 117,832 67.7 113,630 64.8 4,273 3.7 64.9 4,207 3.6 64.8 4,458 3.8 64.7 4,295 3.7 64.8 4,403 3.8 64.8 4,299 3.7 64.8 4,311 3.7 64.8 4,192 3.6 64.8 4,106 3.5 64.8 4,092 3.5 65.0 4,057 3.5 65.4 4,011 3.4 65.3 4,187 3.6 65.3 4,202 3.6 24,373 15,982 65.6 14,556 24,855 16,365 65.8 15,056 24,729 16,231 65.6 14,925 24,765 16,288 65.8 15,011 24,798 16,290 65.7 15,053 24,833 16,308 65.7 15,069 24,867 16,366 65.8 14,962 24,904 16,321 65.5 15,047 24,946 16,474 66.0 15,114 24,985 16,489 66.0 15,124 25,019 16,508 66.0 15,187 25,051 16,513 65.9 15,204 25,047 16,622 66.4 15,254 25,076 16,785 66.9 15,471 25,105 16,572 66.0 15,356 59.7 1,426 8.9 60.6 1,309 8.0 60.4 1,306 8.0 60.6 1,277 7.8 60.7 1,237 7.6 60.7 1,239 7.6 60.2 1,404 8.6 60.4 1,274 7.8 60.6 1,360 8.3 60.5 1,365 8.3 60.7 1,321 8.0 60.7 1,309 7.9 60.9 1,368 8.2 61.7 1,314 7.8 61.2 1,216 7.3 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional 205,220 Civilian labor force........... 137,673 Participation rate....... 67.1 Employed..................... 131,463 Employment-pop64.1 ulation ratio2........... Unemployed................ 6,210 Unemployment rate... 4.5 Not in the labor force...... 67,547 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... Civilian labor force........... Participation rate........ Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries............... Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... Civilian labor force........... Participation rate....... Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Agriculture................. Nonagricultural industries................ Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... White Civilian noninstitutional Civilian noninstitutional population1....................... Civilian labor force............ Participation rate........ Employed..................... Employment-population ratio2........... Unemployed................. Unemployment rate.... See footnotes at end of table. 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 21,070 21,650 21,414 21,483 21,548 21,618 21,684 21,752 21,820 21,881 21,947 22,108 22,166 14,665 67.7 13,720 14,542 67.9 13,673 14,535 67.7 13,541 14,555 67.5 13,574 14,624 67.6 13,655 14,617 67.4 13,696 14,710 67.6 13,759 14,766 67.7 13,795 14,809 67.7 13,879 14,887 67.8 13,979 22,008 14,984 68.1 14,095 22,047 14,317 67.9 13,291 15,251 69.2 14,395 15,249 69.0 14,382 15,313 69.1 14,355 63.1 1,026 7.2 63.4 945 6.4 63.8 869 6.0 63.0 994 6.8 63.0 981 6.7 63.2 969 6.6 63.2 921 6.3 63.3 951 6.5 63.2 971 6.6 63.4 930 6.3 63.7 908 6.1 64.0 889 5.9 65 3 856 5.6 65 1 868 5.7 64 8 958 6.3 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional Civilian labor force............. Participation rate........ Employed...................... Employment-popUnemployed.................. Unemployment rate.... The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Note : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because 5. white ancl black population groups. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Selected categories Annual average 1999 2000 1998 1999 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Characteristic Employed, 16 years and over.. Men.................................... Women.............................. 131,463 70,693 60,771 133,488 71,446 62,042 132,976 71,269 61,707 133,054 71,208 61,846 133,190 71,207 61,983 133,398 71,330 62,068 133,399 71,437 61,962 133,530 71,436 62,094 133,650 71,630 62,020 133,940 71,623 62,317 134,098 71,732 62,366 134,420 71,927 62,493 135,221 72,358 62,863 135,362 72,473 62,889 135,159 72,313 62,846 Married men, spouse present............................. 42,923 43,254 43,164 43,210 42,997 43,279 43,350 43,368 43,367 43,206 43,273 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 Married women, spouse present............................. 32,872 33,450 33,167 33,284 33,442 33,758 33,387 33,504 33,275 33,521 33,635 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 Women who maintain families............................. 7,904 8,229 8,142 8,081 8,081 8,028 8,272 8,335 8,312 8,398 8,526 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082 2,000 1,341 38 1,944 1,297 40 1,905 1,358 39 1,930 1,399 33 1,930 1,330 36 1,923 1,341 39 1,939 1,292 45 1,908 1,266 46 1,930 1,198 40 1,936 1,267 42 2,049 1,216 41 2,018 1,211 36 2,024 1,320 38 2,025 1,344 51 2,043 1,292 42 119,019 18,383 100,637 962 99,674 8,962 103 121,323 18,903 102,420 933 101,487 8,790 95 120,939 18 778 102,161 926 101,235 8,730 127 120,925 18 778 102,147 935 101,212 8,801 65 121,311 18 771 102,540 914 101,626 8,726 61 121,006 121,188 121,150 121,583 121,654 121,965 122,426 122,823 123,166 101,999 983 101,016 8,840 88 102,156 944 101,212 8,820 77 102,036 873 101,163 9,000 93 102,503 1,035 101,468 8,791 100 102,837 939 101,898 8,833 101 103,063 944 102,119 8,686 108 103,467 948 102,519 8,662 98 103,810 952 102,858 8,802 92 103,772 1,016 102,756 8,793 74 123,169 19 590 103,571 998 102,573 8,704 107 3,665 3,357 3,509 3,403 3,399 3,377 3,316 3,279 3,283 3,179 3,274 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124 2,095 1,968 2,018 1,937 1,950 2,048 1,974 1,904 1,922 1,928 1,930 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820 Class of worker Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.... Self-employed workers....... Unpaid family workers......... Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.... Private industries............... Private households....... Other............................ Self-employed workers...... Unpaid family workers....... Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons............................ Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work............................. Part time for noneconomic reasons.................. ........ Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons............................ Slack work or business conditions..................... Could only find part-time work............................. Part time for noneconomic reasons........................... 1,258 1,079 1,181 1,117 1,116 1,045 1,050 1,057 1,073 993 1,032 1,025 1,012 1,023 953 18,530 18,758 18,622 18,752 18,692 18,716 18,983 19,230 18,801 18,799 18,651 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 3,501 3,189 3,325 3,225 3,229 3,209 3,142 3,127 3,112 2,983 3,105 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 1,997 1,861 1,927 1,845 1,845 1,902 1,850 1,813 1,806 1,807 1,815 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,228 1,056 1,128 1,087 1,089 1,031 1,034 1,041 1,063 964 1,013 1,018 966 1,005 922 17,954 18,197 18,031 18,159 18,138 18,106 18,466 18,652 18,249 18,273 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 18,083 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review May 2000 67 Current Labor Statistics: 6. Labor Force Data Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] 1999 Annual average 2000 Selected categories 1998 1999 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Characteristic Total, all workers........................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... Men, 20 years and over........................ Women, 20 years and over................... 4.5 14.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 13.9 3.5 3.8 4.2 14.2 3.3 3.9 4.3 14.1 3.5 4.0 4.2 13.1 3.6 3.7 4.3 13.6 3.5 3.8 4.3 13.2 3.5 3.9 4.2 13.5 3.5 3.7 4.2 14.6 3.4 3.7 4.1 13.8 3.5 3.5 4.1 14.0 3.3 3.6 4.1 13.8 3.3 3.6 4.0 12.6 3.3 3.7 4.1 14.1 3.4 3.5 4.1 13.3 3.3 3.6 White, total............................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.............. Men, 16 to 19 years...................... Women, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 20 years and over................... Women, 20 years and over.............. 3.9 12.6 14.1 10.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 12.0 12.6 11.3 3.0 3.3 3.6 12.0 12.8 11.2 2.9 3.3 3.8 12.1 12.6 11.6 3.0 3.6 3.7 11.4 12.2 10.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 11.4 11.7 11.1 3.1 3.3 3.7 11.7 12.3 11.0 3.2 3.2 3.6 12.3 12.7 11.9 2.9 3.2 3.5 11.8 11.9 11.7 2.9 3.1 3.5 12.0 12.8 11.2 2.8 3.1 3.5 12.2 13.3 10.9 2.8 3.0 3.4 10.8 12.4 9.1 2.8 3.1 3.6 12.5 14.4 10.4 2.9 3.1 3.6 11.7 11.3 12.1 2.9 3.2 Black, total............................................ 8.9 27.6 30.1 25.3 7.4 7.9 8.0 27.9 30.9 25.1 6.7 6.8 8.0 30.0 32.4 27.6 6.0 7.1 7.8 27.8 32.0 23.8 6.3 6.9 7.6 25.2 27.9 22.5 6.6 6.5 7.6 24.8 28.8 21.2 6.4 6.7 8.6 26.9 30.7 23.4 7.2 7.7 7.8 28.1 29.6 26.7 6.3 6.9 8.3 30.8 30.3 31.4 7.1 6.7 8.3 30.8 35.3 26.1 7.7 6.1 8.0 28.4 31.0 25.9 7.0 6.6 7.9 25.3 27.5 23.0 7.0 6.7 8.2 23.9 24.0 23.8 7.4 7.2 7.8 24.3 22.3 26.6 7.1 6.5 7.3 25.1 21.3 28.9 6.4 6.1 Hispanic origin, total.......................... 7.2 6.4 6.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3 Married men, spouse present............ Married women, spouse present....... 2.4 2.9 7.2 4.3 5.3 2.2 2.7 6.4 4.1 5.0 2.1 2.7 6.6 4.0 5.0 2.3 2.9 7.1 4.2 5.0 2.3 2.6 6.0 4.0 5.2 2.2 2.7 6.5 4.0 5.3 2.3 2.8 6.4 4.1 4.9 2.3 2.7 6.3 4.1 4.6 2.2 2.6 6.4 4.0 5.0 2.2 2.5 6.0 4.0 4.7 2.1 2.5 6.0 3.9 4.9 2.2 2.5 6.2 3.9 4.9 2.0 2.6 6.2 3.9 4.6 2.1 2.6 6.1 3.9 4.9 2.0 2.7 6.8 3.8 5.1 4.6 3.2 7.5 3.9 3.4 4.7 3.4 5.5 2.5 4.5 2.3 8.3 4.3 5.7 7.0 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 5.2 2.3 4.1 2.2 8.9 4.3 5.5 7.0 3.5 3.1 4.2 2.9 5.4 2.0 4.2 2.1 9.4 4.4 8.4 7.3 3.4 3.2 3.9 2.9 5.4 3.2 4.1 2.4 9.5 4.3 5.9 7.2 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.2 5.3 2.2 4.0 2.5 10.1 4.4 4.8 7.3 3.7 3.5 4.0 2.9 5.3 2.4 4.2 2.3 9.3 4.4 6.0 6.9 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.4 5.2 2.4 4.4 2.2 9.0 4.2 4.2 7.6 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.0 4.8 2.4 4.0 2.1 9.6 4.3 6.7 6.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 2.8 5.2 2.3 4.1 2.0 5.7 4.2 5.0 6.7 3.7 3.5 4.0 3.1 4.9 2.3 4.0 2.1 7.7 4.2 4.6 5.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.3 5.3 2.3 3.9 2.0 8.3 4.1 4.1 6.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.0 5.2 2.1 3.8 2.1 7.1 4.2 2.6 6.4 3.2 2.8 3.9 3.7 5.1 2.5 4.2 2.1 5.0 4.2 4.0 7.5 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.2 5.3 2.9 3.7 2.2 6.5 4.3 2.5 6.9 3.9 3.0 5.2 3.1 5.4 2.4 4.0 1.7 5.6 7.1 4.0 6.7 3.5 6.3 3.5 6.8 3.6 6.8 3.6 6.8 3.8 6.8 3.6 7.0 3.5 6.8 3.5 6.6 3.3 6.5 3.3 6.0 3.5 6.6 3.5 6.0 3.5 6.9 3.4 3.0 1.8 2.8 1.8 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.0 2.8 1.8 2.6 2.0 3.0 1.8 3.1 1.6 2.7 1.7 2.7 1.7 2.7 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.9 1.6 2.7 1.6 Men, 16 to 19 years....................... Women, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 20 years and over................... Women, 20 years and over.............. Full-time workers................................ Part-time workers............................... Industry Nonagricultural wage and salary Mining................................................... Construction.......................................... Manufacturing....................................... Nondurable goods............................. Transportation and public utilities........ Wholesale and retail trade................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.... Services................................................ Agricultural wage and salary workers...... Educational attainment1 Less than a high school diploma.............. High school graduates, no college............ Some college, less than a bachelor's degree..................................................... College graduates.................................... 1 Data refer to persons 25 years and over. 7. D u r a tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t , m o n th ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d [Numbers in thousands] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 1998 1999 2000 1999 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 5 to 14 weeks................................ 15 weeks and over......................... 15 to 26 weeks........................... 27 weeks and over...................... 2,622 1,950 1,637 763 875 2,568 1,832 1,480 755 725 2,521 1,884 1,467 752 715 2,741 1,868 1,474 794 680 2,502 1,832 1,519 784 735 2,540 1,775 1,634 806 828 2,640 1,778 1,511 779 732 2,599 1,798 1,463 747 716 2,582 1,805 1,412 708 704 2,545 1,811 1,434 719 715 2,601 1,760 1,401 725 676 2,620 1,694 1,388 693 695 2,447 1,754 1,372 667 705 2,603 1,864 1,277 673 604 2,824 1,719 1,295 657 637 Mean duration, in weeks................ Median duration, in weeks............. 14.5 6.7 13.4 6.4 13.6 6.8 13.2 6.1 13.4 6.6 14.3 6.3 13.5 5.8 13.2 6.4 13.0 5.9 13.2 6.3 13.0 6.2 12.9 5.9 13.2 5.7 12.5 6.1 12.8 6.0 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Job losers1...................................... On temporary layoff...................... Not on temporary layoff............... Job leavers...................................... Reentrants...................................... New entrants................................... 1998 1999 2,822 866 1,957 734 2,132 520 2,622 848 1,774 783 2,005 469 2000 1999 Annual average Mar. Apr. May 2,646 833 1,813 774 2,007 446 2,695 843 1,852 810 2,039 473 2,678 837 1,841 781 2,034 440 June 2,670 876 1,794 831 2,038 359 Aug. July 2,629 893 1,736 793 1,942 481 2,670 847 1,823 768 2,003 459 Sept. 2,573 869 1,704 758 1,967 504 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 2,518 802 1,716 778 1,958 511 2,493 851 1,642 821 1,935 485 2,401 795 1,606 825 2,036 453 2,477 739 1,739 776 2,043 393 Feb. Mar. 2,616 838 1,778 759 1,975 387 2,541 781 1,759 824 1,979 434 Percent of unemployed Job losers1...................................... Not on temporary layoff............... Job leavers..................................... New entrants................................... 45.5 44.6 45.1 45.3 45.3 45.0 44.3 43.7 43.5 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0 14.4 30.2 13.3 34.1 8.0 45.1 14.2 30.9 13.2 34.2 7.6 44.8 13.9 31.5 11.8 34.3 8.4 14.0 30.8 13.5 33.9 7.9 14.1 31.0 13.2 34.3 7.4 14.9 30.4 14.1 34.6 6.1 14.4 30.9 13.0 33.9 7.8 15.3 29.7 13.6 33.2 8.2 15.0 29.4 13.1 33.9 8.7 13.9 29.8 13.5 34.0 8.9 14.8 28.6 14.3 33.7 8.5 13.9 28.1 14.4 35.6 7.9 13.0 30.6 13.6 35.9 6.9 14.6 31.0 13.2 34.4 6.7 13.5 30.5 14.3 34.3 7.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 .5 1.5 .4 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .4 .6 1.4 .4 .6 1.4 .3 .6 1.5 .3 .6 1.4 .3 .5 1.4 .3 .6 1.4 .3 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Percent of civilian labor force New entrants................................. 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] Sex and age 1998 1999 2000 1999 Annual average Mar. Apr. May June July Feb. Mar. 4.0 9.3 12.6 14.0 11.4 7.4 3.0 3.1 2.8 4.1 10.0 14.1 15.9 12.8 7.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.1 9.7 13.3 15.3 12.1 7.6 3.0 3.0 2.7 Total, 16 years and over................. 16 to 24 years.............................. 16 to 19 years.......................... 16 to 17 years........................ 18 to 19 years....................... 20 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 54 years....................... 55 years and over................. 4.5 10.4 14.6 17.2 12.8 7.9 3.4 3.5 2.7 4.2 9.9 13.9 16.3 12.4 7.5 3.1 3.2 2.8 4.2 10.0 14.2 16.6 12.7 7.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 4.3 10.0 14.1 16.6 12.4 7.5 3.3 3.3 2.9 4.2 9.6 13.1 16.1 11.2 7.5 3.2 3.2 2.7 4.3 9.8 13.6 16.3 11.8 7.6 3.2 3.3 3.0 4.3 9.7 13.2 15.4 11.7 7.6 3.2 3.3 2.9 4.2 9.6 13.5 15.9 12.1 7.3 3.2 3.2 2.7 4.2 10.0 14.6 16.1 13.8 7.2 3.1 3.2 2.6 4.1 10.0 13.9 15.9 12.4 7.7 3.0 3.1 2.7 4.1 10.0 14.0 16.5 12.3 7.7 3.0 3.1 2.6 4.1 9.8 13.8 16.5 12.1 7.4 3.0 3.0 2.7 Men, 16 years and over................ 4.4 11.1 16.2 19.1 14.1 8.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 4.1 10.3 14.7 17.0 13.1 7.7 3.0 3.0 2.8 4.0 10.1 15.0 17.3 13.5 7.2 2.8 2.9 2.6 4.1 10.5 14.8 18.3 12.6 7.9 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.2 10.2 13.9 17.6 11.5 8.0 3.1 3.1 2.8 4.1 10.5 14.3 16.8 12.7 8.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.1 10.2 13.8 16.1 12.2 8.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.1 9.9 13.9 16.2 12.6 7.6 3.1 3.1 2.9 4.0 9.9 14.6 16.6 13.2 7.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.1 10.4 14.2 15.5 13.2 8.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 4.0 10.2 14.9 16.9 13.6 7.5 2.8 2.9 2.6 4.0 10.6 15.2 17.7 13.5 7.8 2.8 2.9 2.5 3.9 9.7 14.0 14.3 13.7 7.2 2.8 2.9 2.5 4.1 10.3 15.5 17.3 13.9 7.3 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.8 9.2 12.4 15.1 10.5 7.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 4.6 9.8 12.9 15.1 11.5 7.8 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.3 9.5 13.2 15.5 11.6 7.2 3.3 3.4 2.8 4.5 9.9 13.4 15.9 11.7 7.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 4.6 9.5 13.4 14.8 12.1 7.1 3.6 3.7 3.1 4.2 8.9 12.2 14.5 10.9 6.9 3.3 3.4 2.6 4.4 9.1 13.0 15.7 10.9 6.8 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.4 9.1 12.6 14.7 11.2 7.1 3.5 3.6 2.9 4.3 9.3 13.2 15.6 11.6 7.0 3.3 3.4 2.4 4.3 10.0 14.7 15.6 14.5 7.2 3.2 3.4 2.1 4.2 9.6 13.4 16.3 11.4 7.2 3.1 3.2 2.5 4.2 9.8 13.0 16.1 10.8 7.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 4.1 8.9 12.2 15.1 10.5 7.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 4.2 8.9 11.1 13.7 8.9 7.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 4.1 9.6 12.6 14.3 11.6 7.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 4.3 10.2 14.4 15.4 13.7 7.7 3.2 3.3 2.7 55 years and over............... Women, 16 years and over........... 16 to 24 years............................ 25 years and over..................... 55 years and over............... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 69 Current Labor Statistics: 10. Labor Force Data Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted S ta te Feb. Jan. Feb. 1999 2000 2000p S ta te =eb. Jan. Feb. 999 2000 2000p Alabama.................................................... Alaska....................................................... Arizona...................................................... Arkansas................................................... California.................................................. 4.6 6.7 4.4 4.8 5.5 4.9 5.9 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.6 5.8 4.0 4.7 4.6 3.5 5.5 2.9 4.3 3.1 2.3 4.9 2.4 4.1 2.6 2.6 4.8 2.6 3.7 2.6 Colorado................................................... Connecticut............................................... Delaware................................................... District of Columbia................................... Florida....................................................... 3.0 3.3 3.6 6.9 4.0 2.6 2.2 3.1 6.0 3.7 2.8 2.4 3.5 5.5 3.7 4.5 5.7 5.3 3.1 3.7 3.9 5.3 4.9 3.2 3.2 4.1 5.4 4.7 3.4 3.2 Georgia..................................................... Hawaii....................................................... Idaho........................................................ Illinois........................................................ Indiana...................................................... 4.2 6.1 5.5 4.2 3.1 3.6 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.0 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.3 3.2 4.2 3.8 6.0 4.5 4.3 4.0 2.8 4.7 4.0 3.8 4.3 2.9 4.9 4.1 3.8 Iowa.......................................................... Kansas...................................................... Kentucky.................................................. Louisiana.................................................. Maine........................................................ 2.7 3.0 4.7 5.7 4.2 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.7 3.5 2.2 3.3 4.1 4.8 3.4 Utah........ 4.4 3.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 4.3 2.4 3.5 4.3 2.8 4.1 2.3 3.4 4.4 3.0 Maryland.................................................. Massachusetts.......................................... Michigan.................................................... Minnesota................................................. Mississippi................................................ 3.8 3.1 4.0 2.9 4.9 3.1 3.0 3.2 2.5 5.1 3.0 3.1 2.7 26 5.6 Wyoming................................................... 3.3 2.7 5.0 6.4 3.2 5.1 2.7 2.6 4.5 5.6 2.8 4.1 2.8 2.7 4.7 5.6 2.8 4.1 p = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] State Feb. 1999 Jan. 2000 Feb. 2000p State Feb. Feb. 1999 Jan. 2000 2,709.9 378.1 886.7 963.3 600.1 2,752.9 385.7 894.8 1,007.9 612.8 2,738.5 387.1 892.9 1,008.5 612.0 3,902.5 732.0 8,556.6 3,906.2 327.8 3,900.9 736 5 8,566.6 3,901.9 325.9 2000p Alabama................. Alaska.................... Arizona................... Arkansas................ California................ 1,912.4 275.5 2,125.0 1,135.5 13,827.4 1,941.7 280.1 2,214.7 1,158.2 14,211.5 1,945.2 278.6 2,222.5 1,162.6 14,251.7 Colorado................ Connecticut............ Delaware................ District of Columbia. Florida.................... 2,107.1 1,662.5 408.0 614.9 6,779.4 2,171.4 1,685.3 415.8 620.7 7,032.2 2,177.2 1,686.2 419.2 620.5 7,057.1 New York..................................... North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. 3,841.8 724.6 8,394.4 3,850.7 321.6 Georgia.................. Hawaii.................... Idaho....................... Illinois..................... Indiana................... 3,827.4 528.8 531.3 5,937.3 2,945.2 3,971.5 535.9 546.2 5,948.2 2,986.3 3,969.1 536.8 550.7 5,980.2 2,984.9 Ohio............................................ Oklahoma................................... Oregon........................................ Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island............................... 5,526.3 1,456.1 1,562.6 5,558.7 461.0 5,585.6 1,472.2 1,586.1 5,625.2 466.1 5,592.8 1,480.4 1,592.4 5,607.8 468.4 Iowa........................ Kansas................... Kentucky................ Louisiana................ Maine...................... 1,462.7 1,323.8 1,781.0 1,899.9 581.0 1,477.3 1,340.0 1,822.5 1,899.2 593.1 1,481.0 1,340.1 1,824.1 1,904.4 597.8 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee.................................. Texas.......................................... Utah............................................ 1,818.7 369.2 2,663.2 9,098.2 1,038.5 1,854.3 378.3 2,693.5 9,279.1 1,060.4 1,861.2 378.3 2,698.1 9,306.4 1,065.6 Maryland................ . Massachusetts....... Michigan................. Minnesota............... Mississippi.............. 2,366.5 3,208.0 4,509.3 2,586.7 1,145.1 2,427.5 3,270.6 4,547.6 2,637.6 1,159.4 2,428.9 3,275.1 4,550.7 2,645.5 1,161.8 Virginia........................................ Washington................................. West Virginia............................... Wisconsin.................................... Wyoming..................................... 288.8 3,383.8 2,630.2 724.0 2,759.0 231.0 294.5 3,451.6 2,668.3 729.1 2,796.5 236.1 294.6 3,448.9 2,676.1 729.5 2,805.4 236.8 Missouri...................................... Montana....................................... Nebraska..................................... New Hampshire.......................... New Jersey................................. p = preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 In d u s tr y 1998 125,826 PRIVATE SECTO R.................... 106 007 TO TAL.................................... GOODS-PRODUCING................ M in in g .......................................... Oil and gas extraction............. Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels......................... 25,347 590 50 339 2000 1999 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. F e b .p M a r.p 128,615 10R 455 127,813 107 726 128,134 10R 035 128,162 10R 0R5 128,443 128,816 128,945 129,048 129,332 129,589 129,898 130,292 130,299 130,715 25,240 535 49 293 25,285 550 50 305 25 288 538 49 294 25 199 531 49 287 25 180 526 48 285 25 247 528 48 285 25 148 524 47 285 25 1Rfi 527 48 287 25 19fl 528 48 289 527 49 288 529 530 532 536 291 292 296 301 109 fi 814 1,445 108 108 108 108 108 1,450 1,454 1,474 1,478 1,488 PRR 109 109 108 109 5,985 1,372 6,273 1,434 6 232 1,429 6 277 1,428 109 6 239 1,427 109 6 258 1,430 110 fi 270 1,432 109 fi 24fi 1,426 109 fi 298 1,440 Special trades contractors....... 838 3,744 862 3,978 864 3,939 874 3,975 854 3,958 857 3,971 857 3,981 R52 3,968 R57 3,996 4,008 4,049 4,061 4,130 4,126 4,188 Manufacturing......................... Production workers............ 18,772 12,930 18,432 12,662 18,503 12,714 18,473 12,696 18,429 12,662 18,396 12,623 18,449 12,691 18,378 12,622 18,366 12,617 18,356 12,608 18,361 12,613 18,361 12,613 18,376 12,627 18,364 12,614 18,359 12,606 Durable goods....................... Production workers............ 11,170 7,643 10,985 7,511 11,014 7,527 10,993 7,519 10,971 7,504 10,960 7,487 11,015 7,549 10,975 7,513 10,959 7,496 10,952 7,489 10,954 7,487 10,960 7,485 10,973 7,505 10,973 7,508 10,978 7,505 Lumber and wood products.... Furniture and fixtures............ Stone, clay, and glass products............................. Primary metal industries........ Fabricated metal products...... Industrial machinery and equipment.......................... Computer and office equipment........................ Electronic and other electrical equipment.......................... Electronic components and accessories...................... Transportation equipment...... Motor vehicles and equipment......................... 813 530 826 540 827 535 824 536 824 537 824 538 826 546 826 543 827 544 829 546 829 544 828 543 827 543 831 545 829 546 563 712 1,501 569 690 1,489 569 693 1,490 570 691 1,489 569 689 1,487 568 687 1,485 571 692 1,493 568 688 1,484 569 685 1,486 568 685 1,487 571 686 1,489 574 687 1,489 577 686 1,491 574 687 1,493 576 688 1,496 2,203 2,129 2,139 2,132 2,129 2,128 2,131 2,122 2,117 2,116 2,118 2,120 2,115 2,116 2,110 379 360 360 361 362 364 360 359 358 358 358 359 357 356 354 1,704 1,661 1,659 1,658 1,658 1,657 1,667 1,662 1,662 1,665 1,661 1,664 1,671 1,679 1,677 660 1,884 639 1,855 636 1,873 635 1,864 635 1,853 637 1,849 639 1,863 641 1,859 640 1,848 643 1,838 643 1,834 645 1,831 647 1,841 652 1,828 653 1,835 990 524 1,000 490 992 511 996 503 996 498 998 491 1,014 488 1,012 483 1,006 476 1,001 471 1,000 467 1,001 464 1,010 463 1,014 447 1,010 460 868 839 844 842 839 837 840 836 833 830 833 833 830 830 832 General building contractors.... Heavy construction, except Instruments and related products............................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................ Nondurable goods................. Production workers............ 393 387 385 387 386 387 386 387 388 388 389 391 392 390 389 7,602 5,287 7,446 5,151 7,489 5,187 7,480 5,177 7,458 5,158 7,436 5,136 7,434 5,142 7,403 5,109 7,407 5,121 7,404 5,119 7,407 5,126 7,401 5,128 7,403 5,122 7,391 5,106 7,381 5,101 1,686 41 598 1,685 39 562 1,693 39 571 1,689 38 567 1,688 38 563 1,680 39 560 1,681 39 559 1,666 36 557 1,679 38 553 1,680 38 551 1,686 39 553 1,686 38 551 1,689 38 549 1,678 38 550 1,677 35 550 763 675 1,565 1,043 140 684 659 1,553 1,035 137 702 662 1,557 1,037 139 698 662 1,555 1,038 139 691 661 1,551 1,036 138 686 659 1,552 1,033 137 679 659 1,554 1,032 138 672 658 1,553 1,030 136 669 657 1,552 1,033 137 666 655 1,552 1,033 136 663 655 1,549 1,033 136 662 655 1,547 1,030 135 657 654 1,550 1,034 136 656 653 1,551 1,035 136 655 651 1,552 1,033 136 1,009 83 1,019 74 1,014 75 1,019 75 1,018 74 1,016 74 1,021 72 1,022 73 1,017 72 1,021 72 1,022 71 1,026 71 1,025 71 1,024 70 1,022 70 SERVICE-PRODUCING.............. 100,480 Transportation and public utilities................................ 6,600 4,276 231 Local and interurban passenger transit................. 468 Trucking and warehousing..... 1,745 Water transportation.............. 180 Transportation by air.............. 1,183 Pipelines, except natural gas... 14 Transportation services........ 455 Communications and public utilities................................. 2,324 Communications.................... 1,469 Electric, gas, and sanitary services............................. 855 Wholesale trade....................... 6,831 103,375 102,528 102,846 102,963 103,263 103,569 103,797 103,862 104,134 104,332 104,615 104,882 104,916 105,244 6,792 4,425 230 6,732 4,378 235 6,750 4,397 234 6,758 4 402 233 6,781 4 423 233 6,799 4 43R 230 6,813 4 445 226 6,831 4 455 227 6,841 6,862 6,897 6,902 6,892 6,919 227 226 227 226 225 225 482 1,813 181 1,237 13 469 476 1,796 177 1,218 14 462 483 1,800 180 1,220 14 466 480 1,802 180 1,226 13 468 483 1,810 181 1,234 13 469 483 1,817 182 1,240 13 473 488 1,817 182 1,246 13 473 486 1,825 182 1,250 13 472 486 1,828 182 1,251 13 471 487 1,839 180 1,257 13 472 487 1,845 182 1,273 13 474 491 1,849 181 1,277 13 470 490 1,840 183 1,271 13 471 492 1,851 182 1,281 13 473 2,366 1,522 2,354 1,506 2,353 1,508 2,356 1,513 2,358 1,513 2,361 1,519 2,368 1,525 2,376 1,533 2,383 1,541 2,388 1,546 2,396 1,553 2,395 1,552 2,399 1,560 2,402 1,565 Food and kindred products..... Tobacco products.................. Textile mill products............... Apparel and other textile products............................. Paper and allied products...... Printing and publishing.......... Chemicals and allied products. Petroleum and coal products... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................. Leather and leather products.. Retail trade.............................. Building materials and garden supplies............................... General merchandise stores.... Department stores................. 845 848 845 843 845 842 843 843 842 842 843 843 839 837 7,004 6,947 6,965 6,977 6,993 7,012 7,031 7,041 7,064 7,070 7,088 7,108 7,119 7,136 22,296 22,787 22,611 22,724 22,748 22,796 22,903 22,888 22,862 22,891 22,902 22,973 23,018 22,996 22,999 948 2,730 2,426 987 2,775 2,472 982 2,794 2,489 982 2,799 2,499 979 2,784 2,486 982 2,782 2,482 986 2,778 2,476 988 2,774 2,468 992 2,762 2,460 1,001 2,756 2,455 1,004 2,753 2,450 1,007 2,793 2,479 1,012 2,798 2,477 1,018 2,773 2,467 1,031 2,757 2,449 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 71 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] 2000 1999 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s tr y 1998 Food stores............................. Automotive dealers and service stations..................... New and used car dealers...... Apparel and accessory stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores................................... Eating and drinking places....... Miscellaneous retail establishments..................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............................. Finance................................... Depository institutions........... Commercial banks............... Savings institutions.............. Nondepository institutions...... Security and commodity brokers................................ Holding and other investment offices................................. Insurance................................ Insurance carriers.................. Insurance agents, brokers, and service.......................... Real estate.............................. Services ' ................................ Hotels and other lodging places Personal services.................... Business services.................... Services to buildings.............. Personnel supply services...... Help supply services............ Computer and data processing services............. Auto repair services and parking........................... Miscellaneous repair services... Motion pictures........................ Amusement and recreation Health services........................ Offices and clinics of medical doctors................................ Nursing and personal care facilities............................... Hospitals............................... Home health care services..... Legal services......................... Educational services............... Social services........................ Child day care services......... Residential care..................... Museums and botanical and zoological gardens............... Membership organizations....... Engineering and management 1999 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. F e b .p M a r .p 3,482 3,483 3,490 3,492 3,487 3,479 3,478 3,484 3,478 3,481 3,480 3,482 3,481 3,480 3,479 2,341 1,048 1,143 2,406 1,081 1,180 2,392 1,069 1,167 2,399 1,074 1,163 2,400 1,077 1,172 2,403 1,080 1,178 2,407 1,085 1,192 2,409 1,089 1,191 2,415 1,091 1,189 2,420 1,092 1,200 2,424 1,096 1,198 2,432 1,097 1,177 2,445 1,100 1,178 2,439 1,103 1,191 2,452 1,108 1,187 1,026 7,760 1,085 7,904 1,070 7,785 1,081 7,863 1,084 7,880 1,091 7,911 1,090 7,989 1,094 7,960 1,097 7,932 1,099 7,925 1,095 7,943 1,102 7,986 1,102 7,987 1,106 7,973 1,112 7,958 2,867 2,968 2,931 2,945 2,962 2,970 2,983 2,988 2,997 3,009 3,005 2,994 3,015 3,016 3,023 7,407 3,593 2,042 1,468 258 658 7,632 3,706 2,047 1,465 256 714 7,595 3,690 2,051 1,469 258 712 7,611 3,697 2,050 1,467 257 716 7,621 3,706 2,047 1,465 256 720 7,636 3,709 2,045 1,463 256 721 7,647 3,715 2,044 1,462 256 721 7,650 3,716 2,046 1,464 255 719 7,653 3,715 2,047 1,466 255 713 7,668 3,719 2,047 1,464 254 711 7,675 3,723 2,044 1,460 254 711 7,685 3,727 2,040 1,458 252 713 7,685 3,726 2,040 1,458 251 708 7,696 3,728 2,039 1,457 250 706 7,685 3,721 2,037 1,458 247 695 645 679 664 668 672 676 682 685 686 691 697 702 705 711 718 248 2,344 1,598 266 2,402 1,635 263 2,392 1,632 263 2,395 1,631 267 2,399 1,635 267 2,402 1,638 268 2,404 1,635 266 2,407 1,636 269 2,410 1,637 270 2,414 1,641 271 2,411 1,636 272 2,416 1,639 273 2,406 1,632 272 2,412 1,636 271 2,408 1,632 746 1,471 767 1,525 760 1,513 764 1,519 764 1,516 764 1,525 769 1,528 771 1,527 773 1,528 773 1,535 775 1,541 777 1,542 774 1,553 776 1,556 776 1,556 37,526 706 1,776 1,195 8,584 950 3,230 2,872 39,000 759 1,799 1,206 9,123 988 3,405 3,017 38,556 747 1,789 1,200 8,963 973 3,343 2,967 38,697 755 1,791 1,204 9,010 978 3,350 2,975 38,782 751 1,786 1,189 9,047 979 3,366 2,986 38,952 757 1,797 1,200 9,088 984 3,387 3,000 39,055 760 1,807 1,207 9,148 992 3,422 3,025 39,205 757 1,813 1,207 9,186 998 3,418 3,024 39,257 763 1,811 1,210 9,204 1,000 3,440 3,032 39,433 766 1,806 1,210 9,303 1,003 3,490 3,099 39,554 774 1,812 1,214 9,336 1,003 3,501 3,097 39,657 765 1,807 1,225 9,392 1,000 3,513 3,108 39,804 788 1,800 1,231 9,416 999 3,505 3,100 39,826 783 1,805 1,228 9,423 1,005 3,516 3,109 39,976 801 1,820 1,234 9,471 1,013 3,535 3,122 1,599 1,781 1,734 1,749 1,765 1,781 1,794 1,806 1,814 1,823 1,829 1,842 1,852 1,859 1,867 1,144 382 573 1,185 397 600 1,176 393 580 1,178 396 587 1,182 398 604 1,184 395 611 1,185 395 609 1,185 396 608 1,190 398 608 1,196 400 612 1,197 400 613 1,198 405 609 1,202 403 616 1,205 406 610 1,199 408 612 1,601 1,696 1,660 1,668 1,675 1,695 1,694 1,712 1,713 1,730 1,734 1,725 1,759 1,759 1,760 9,846 9,973 9,932 9,951 9,954 9,964 9,975 9,993 9,999 10,009 10,026 10,038 10,057 10,060 10,072 1,803 1,865 1,850 1,856 1,860 1,864 1,868 1,874 1,876 1,880 1,885 1,886 1,895 1,899 1,908 1,762 3,926 672 973 2,177 2,644 605 747 1,755 3,970 655 1,002 2,270 2,782 632 781 1,754 3,963 653 995 2,243 2,744 627 769 1,753 3,966 656 998 2,254 2,755 628 772 1,755 3,966 653 999 2,265 2,760 629 775 1,755 3,969 653 1,002 2,272 2,778 633 777 1,754 3,968 655 1,000 2,278 2,763 632 781 1,755 3,973 658 1,004 2,288 2,799 631 785 1,756 3,977 657 1,007 2,289 2,803 631 788 1,756 3,978 658 1,009 2,288 2,817 634 792 1,756 3,978 658 1,012 2,298 2,840 646 796 1,759 3,985 659 1,015 2,304 2,850 650 801 1,760 3,992 658 1,017 2,297 2,872 657 803 1,761 3,989 656 1,014 2,300 2,875 655 807 1,763 3,991 652 1,015 2,321 2,890 661 809 93 2,361 94 2,402 95 2,392 94 2,392 93 2,394 94 2,409 94 2,403 95 2,409 94 2,408 95 2,409 96 2,411 95 2,418 96 2,420 95 2,419 97 2,419 3,185 3,420 3,354 3,370 3,391 3,411 3,441 3,458 3,464 3,487 3,496 3,515 3,532 3,546 3,560 905 944 933 939 940 942 948 948 948 954 959 964 973 977 978 Engineering and architectural Management and public relations............................. 1,034 1,158 1,123 1,133 1,143 1,153 1,165 1,178 1,180 1,193 1,196 1,213 1,220 1,219 1,226 19 819 2,686 20 160 2,669 20 087 2,710 20 099 2,688 20,077 2,666 20 105 2,664 20,153 2,656 20,210 2,651 20,218 2,654 20,237 2,643 20,269 2,648 20,315 2,645 20,365 2,665 20,387 2,703 20,529 2,809 1,819 4,612 1,916 2,695 12,521 7,082 5,440 1,796 4,695 1,953 2,743 12,796 7,265 5,531 1,831 4,680 1,948 2,732 12,697 7,200 5,497 1,809 4,688 1,955 2,733 12,723 7,206 5,517 1,788 4,677 1,941 2,736 12,734 7,225 5,509 1,789 4,675 1,934 2,741 12,766 7,239 5,527 1,779 4,682 1,947 2,735 12,815 7,268 5,547 1,779 4,706 1,965 2,741 12,853 7,308 5,545 1,785 4,717 1,965 2,752 12,847 7,295 5,552 1,780 4,722 1,960 2,762 12,872 7,305 5,567 1,780 4,729 1,967 2,762 12,892 7,318 5,574 1,780 4,730 1,969 2,761 12,940 7,351 5,589 1,799 4,727 1,967 2,760 12,973 7,365 5,608 1,837 4,726 1,963 2,763 12,958 7,349 5,609 1,944 4,728 1,966 2,762 12,992 7,362 5,630 Federal, except Postal State....................................... Other State government......... Local...................................... Other local government......... 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. p = preliminary. Note : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Monthly Labor Review 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted 2000 1999 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s tr y 1999 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR.............................. 34.6 M a r. 34.5 A p r. 34.5 M ay 34.4 June 34.4 J u ly 34.5 34.5 Aug. S e p t. 34.5 34.4 Nov. Dec. 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.5 41.1 41.3 40.9 41.1 41.4 41.1 O c t. Jan. F e b .p M a r .p GOODS-PRODUCING.............................. 41.0 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.1 MINING.................................................. 43.9 43.8 42.9 43.8 44.1 44.0 45.1 44.2 44.3 44.1 44.2 44.2 44.9 44.6 44.5 MANUFACTURING................................ Overtime hours................................ 41.7 4.6 41.7 4.6 41.5 4.5 41.6 4.3 41.7 4.6 41.7 4.7 41.9 4.7 41.8 4.7 41.8 4.7 41.8 4.7 41.7 4.6 41.6 4.6 41.7 4.7 41.8 4.8 41.6 4.6 Durable goods..................................... Overtime hours................................ Lumber and wood products............... Furniture and fixtures........................ Stone, clay, and glass products......... Primary metal industries.................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products........................................ Fabricated metal products................. 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.6 43.5 44.2 42.2 4.8 41.2 40.3 43.4 44.2 42.0 4.6 41.2 40.3 42.9 43.9 42.1 4.3 41.2 40.4 43.1 44.0 42.2 4.7 41.2 40.4 43.4 44.3 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.4 43.4 44.3 42.5 4.9 41.1 40.6 43.6 44.5 42.4 4.9 41.3 40.3 43.6 44.4 42.4 4.9 41.1 40.4 43.6 44.4 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.2 43.4 44.3 42.2 4.7 41.1 39.9 43.9 44.3 42.1 4.8 40.9 40.0 43.3 44.4 42.3 4.8 41.1 40.2 43.6 44.5 42.4 4.9 41.0 40.4 43.5 44.5 42.3 4.8 40.8 40.4 43.2 44.2 44.6 42.3 44.8 42.2 43.9 42.1 44.5 41.8 44.8 42.1 45.2 42.1 45.2 42.3 45.1 42.4 45.0 42.3 45.0 42.1 45.3 42.1 45.5 41.9 45.1 42.3 45.5 42.5 44.6 42.4 Industrial machinery and equipment.... Electronic and other electrical 42.8 42.2 41.9 41.9 42.1 42.0 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.2 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.4 41.4 43.4 43.5 41.3 39.9 41.4 43.8 45.0 41.5 39.9 41.0 43.7 44.7 41.2 39.8 41.1 44.0 45.1 41.6 39.6 41.5 43.5 44.4 41.6 40.2 41.5 44.2 45.4 41.5 40.0 41.7 44.4 46.0 41.7 40.1 41.7 44.0 45.2 41.6 40.1 41.6 44.0 45.2 41.6 40.0 41.6 43.9 45.3 41.5 39.8 41.4 43.5 44.7 41.5 39.6 41.2 43.3 44.4 41.6 39.9 41.4 43.7 45.1 41.2 39.4 41.6 44.0 45.1 41.2 39.6 41.8 43.7 44.7 40.9 39.5 40.9 4.3 41.7 41.0 37.3 43.4 40.9 4.4 41.8 40.9 37.4 43.5 40.8 4.4 41.7 40.4 37.4 43.7 40.9 4.2 41.9 41.0 37.5 43.6 41.0 4.4 41.8 41.0 37.8 43.5 41.0 4.5 41.8 40.6 37.7 43.5 41.1 4.5 42.0 41.3 37.5 43.5 40.9 4.4 41.6 40.9 37.3 43.7 40.9 4.4 41.7 40.8 37.5 43.5 41.0 4.5 42.0 41.3 37.5 43.5 41.0 4.4 41.9 41.2 37.3 43.5 40.9 4.5 41.6 41.2 37.4 43.2 40.9 4.4 41.6 40.9 37.6 43.3 41.0 4.5 41.5 41.8 37.8 43.5 40.7 4.3 41.3 41.5 37.7 43.2 38.3 43.2 38.2 43.0 37.9 42.8 38.1 43.0 38.3 43.0 38.3 43.0 38.4 43.1 38.3 43.3 38.3 43.2 38.4 43.1 38.3 43.1 38.2 43.1 38.3 43.0 38.2 42.7 38.1 42.4 Leather and leather products............. 41.7 37.6 41.7 37.7 41.8 37.7 41.5 38.1 41.9 38.4 41.8 37.9 41.7 37.9 41.6 38.2 41.7 37.2 41.5 37.5 41.5 37.6 41.3 36.8 41.7 37.5 41.6 38.1 41.3 37.8 SERVICE-PRODUCING........................... 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES............................. 39.5 38.7 39.1 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.7 38.9 38.6 38.5 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.3 Transportation equipment.................. Motor vehicles and equipment......... Instruments and related products....... Miscellaneous manufacturing............ Apparel and other textile products...... Printing and publishing...................... Rubber and miscellaneous WHOLESALE TRADE............................ 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.5 RETAIL TRADE...................................... 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.0 28.8 28.9 28.9 29.1 29.2 29.0 29.1 p = preliminary. Note: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted 2000 1999 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s tr y 1999 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. F e b .p M a r .p $ 13.24 $13.11 $13.14 $13.18 $13.24 $13.28 $13.29 $13.35 $13.39 $13.40 $13.44 $13.49 $13.55 $13.60 14.34 14.82 14.61 14.67 14.75 14.85 14.90 14.90 14.93 14.97 14.99 15.03 15.10 15.18 15.23 Construction..................................... Manufacturing.................................. Excluding overtime........................ 16.90 16.59 13.49 12.79 17.04 17.13 13.91 13.18 17.00 16.92 13.71 13.00 16.87 16.97 13.79 13.09 17.05 17.08 13.85 13.13 16.96 17.16 13.95 13.20 17.23 17.18 14.02 13.26 17.12 17.15 14.03 13.28 17.09 17.21 14.04 13.29 17.09 17.27 14.07 13.33 16.93 17.31 14.06 13.32 17.01 17.42 14.09 13.35 17.01 17.44 14.15 13.42 17.06 17.55 14.21 13.44 17.19 17.61 14.24 13.50 Service-producing.............................. 12.27 12.74 12.63 12.65 12.68 12.73 12.77 12.79 12.85 12.89 12.90 12.95 12.98 13.04 13.09 Transportation and public utilities...... Wholesale trade............................... Finance, insurance, and real estate... Services.......................................... 15.31 14.06 8.73 14.06 12.85 15.67 14.59 9.08 14.61 13.38 15.53 14.42 8.98 14.51 13.27 15.60 14.44 9.03 14.58 13.28 15.65 14.48 9.04 14.60 13.33 15.65 14.56 9.06 14.62 13.38 15.70 14.61 9.10 14.68 13.42 15.70 14.63 9.13 14.63 13.44 15.76 14.74 9.15 14.70 13.49 15.76 14.80 9.18 14.72 13.55 15.81 14.81 9.20 14.73 13.55 15.94 14.88 9.26 14.75 13.60 15.87 14.99 9.26 14.88 13.64 16.02 14.95 9.31 14.84 13.70 16.07 15.01 9.34 14.92 13.75 PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant (1982) dollars)............................................... 7.75 7.86 7.86 7.83 7.85 7.89 7.88 7.87 7.86 7.87 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.88 - 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars).. $ 12.78 - Data not available. p = preliminary. Note : See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 73 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 In d u s try 1998 1999 M a r. A p r. $12.78 $13.24 $13.12 MINING.................................................. 16.90 17.04 CONSTRUCTION..................................... 16.59 MANUFACTURING.................................. PRIVATE SECTOR.................................. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. F e b .p M a r .p $13.16 $13.19 $13.14 $13.15 $13.20 $13.38 $13.41 $13.43 $13.47 $13.58 $13.59 $13.62 17.01 16.93 17.00 16.93 17.12 17.01 17.10 17.00 16.95 17.13 17.24 17.15 17.22 17.13 16.79 16.85 17.02 17.08 17.22 17.26 17.41 17.49 17.37 17.42 17.34 17.37 17.47 13.49 13.91 13.73 13.80 13.85 13.91 13.92 13.95 14.11 14.04 14.08 14.21 14.19 14.19 14.24 13 98 14 PO 11 31 11 42 11.14 13.87 15.75 11 55 11 59 11.16 13.94 15.91 11 52 11.24 14.00 16.03 11 53 13.70 15.53 14 27 11.37 11.14 13.75 15.62 11 45 10.90 13.60 15.49 14 40 11.46 11.23 13.90 15.85 11.28 13.97 15.99 11.33 14.12 16.20 11.33 14.02 16.02 11.35 14.07 16.14 11.46 14.00 16.19 11.46 13.98 16.22 11.50 13.99 16.29 11.57 14.05 16.42 18.43 13.06 18.87 13.46 18.56 13.33 18.59 13.36 18.79 13.45 19.05 13.46 19.12 13.45 18.99 13.50 19.05 13.61 18.96 13.50 19.18 13.57 19.16 13.70 19.23 13.69 19.39 13.65 19.80 13.69 14.47 15.01 14.81 14.85 14.95 14.99 15.07 15.13 15.23 15.18 15.21 15.36 15.39 15.39 15.38 13.09 17.53 17.86 13.81 10.89 13.45 18.10 18.48 14.17 11.33 13.27 17.66 17.98 13.97 11.19 13.31 17.88 18.31 14.07 11.25 13.38 17.98 18.40 14.10 11 25 13.40 18.20 18.68 14.13 11 30 13.49 17.94 18.23 14.25 11 32 13.51 18.23 18.61 14.28 11 34 13.62 18.56 19.04 14.30 11 46 13.58 18.47 18.93 14.36 11 47 13.59 18.46 18.87 14.34 13.70 18.78 19.29 14.40 13.74 18.64 19.07 14.38 13.71 18.65 19.11 14.41 13.77 18.76 19.21 14.49 13.17 13.09 12.07 19.99 13.11 12 11 13.18 08 20 99 10.72 8.83 15.83 13.22 12 15 21 15 10.71 8.83 16.05 15.98 13.35 12 19 16 6 6 10.78 9.01 16.27 13.38 26 20 63 10.69 8.81 15.91 13.15 12.16 20 79 10.76 8.89 15.98 1 1 .1 0 Furniture and fixtures......................... Stone, clay, and glass products......... Primary metal Industries.................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................................... Fabricated metal products................. Industrial machinery and equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................................ Transportation equipment.................. Motor vehicles and equipment......... Instruments and related products...... Nondurable goods................................ 1 1 .1 0 12.76 11.80 18.55 10.39 8.52 15.51 19.07 10.71 15.97 13.03 11.93 19.33 10.62 8.78 15.78 13.45 17.12 20.92 13.83 17.47 21.46 13.73 17.18 21.59 13.73 17.27 21.49 13.74 17.39 21.05 13.73 17.35 21.14 13.80 17.49 21.35 13.82 17.51 21.29 13.97 17.78 21.62 11.87 9.32 12.31 9.69 1 2 .2 0 12.23 9.59 1 2 .2 1 9.55 9.59 12.25 9.57 12.35 9.61 12.32 9.77 PUBLIC UTILITIES............................... 15 31 15 67 15 51 15 57 15 55 15 56 15 6 6 WHOLESALE TRADE.............................. 14.06 14.59 14.34 14.48 14.53 14.44 14.55 RETAIL TRADE....................................... 8.73 9.08 9.00 9.03 9.03 9.02 AND REAL ESTATE............................. 14.06 14.61 14.53 14.61 14.72 SERVICES................................................ 12.85 13.38 13.33 13.32 13.34 Textile mill products........................... Apparel and other textile products..... Paper and allied products.................. Printing and publishing...................... Chemicals and allied products........... Petroleum and coal products............. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................... Leather and leather products............. 1 2 .1 0 8 .8 6 1 0 .6 8 11 6 3 13.27 13.33 12 10 12 20 13.41 12 29 13.39 12 24 12 12 3 3 17 77 10.72 8.99 16.12 17 96 10.80 8.98 16.12 10.84 9.03 16.15 10.84 9.02 16.05 10.84 9.01 16.03 1 0 .8 6 13.97 17.72 14.11 17.79 21.83 14.10 17.81 2 1 .6 8 14.01 17.75 21.83 2 1 .6 8 14.13 17.80 22.03 14.19 17.78 22.30 12.46 9.86 12.37 9.83 12.41 9.84 12.51 9.92 12.55 9.99 12.53 9.87 12.52 9.96 14.65 14.73 14.78 14.82 14.91 15.06 14.96 14.94 9.02 9.04 9.18 9.20 9.21 9.25 9.33 9.34 9.36 14.50 14.53 14.61 14.63 14.68 14.73 14.75 14.97 14.91 14.94 13.23 13.20 13.25 13.48 13.54 13.60 13.69 13.81 13.81 13.83 12 8 .8 8 13.42 9.05 16.08 TRANSPORTATION AND FINANCE, INSURANCE, p = preliminary. Note: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1998 PRIVATE SECTOR Current dollars.......................... $442.19 Seasonally adjusted............. Constant (1982) dollars.......... 268.32 2000 1999 In d u s tr y 1999 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. F e b .p M a r .p $456.78 271.25 $448.70 452.30 269.33 $451.39 452.02 268.84 $456.37 453.39 271.65 $454.64 456.78 270.62 $456.31 458.16 270.81 $463.32 458.51 274.15 $458.93 459.24 269.96 $463.99 461.96 272.45 $463.34 462.30 271.91 $466.06 463.68 273.51 $467.15 466.75 273.51 $464.78 467.48 270.69 $465.80 469.20 268.94 MINING........................................ 741.91 746.35 717.82 733.07 751.40 748.31 765.26 756.95 759.24 758.20 757.67 760.57 763.73 756.32 752.51 CONSTRUCTION......................... 643.69 668.07 632.98 650.41 668.89 679.78 687.08 690.40 672.03 699.60 686.12 674.15 664.12 672.22 676.09 MANUFACTURING Current dollars......................... Constant (1982) dollars........... 562.53 341.34 580.05 344.45 568.42 341.19 574.08 341.92 577.55 343.78 581.44 346.10 573.50 340.36 583.11 345.04 588.39 346.11 589.68 346.26 594.18 348.70 603.93 354.42 590.30 345.61 588.89 342.98 590.96 341.20 Durable goods.......................... 591.35 607.68 596.40 602.19 606.58 610.56 598.21 612.08 615.92 618.38 622.57 634.86 621.18 620.13 622.24 Lumber and wood products..... Furniture and fixtures.............. Stone, clay, and glass products.............................. Primary metal industries......... Blast furnaces and basic steel products..................... Fabricated metal products....... Industrial machinery and equipment........................... Electronic and other electrical equipment........................... Transportation equipment....... Motor vehicles and equipment......................... Instruments and related products.............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing... 456.21 442.54 472.15 452.57 461.45 444.00 468.44 447.83 472.79 443.37 476.32 449.75 473.47 451.85 480.80 459.10 472.40 457.73 479.83 458.87 479.83 458.54 480.32 471.01 474.56 459.55 469.04 457.70 470.26 463.96 591.60 684.66 603.26 700.57 578.14 681.77 594.00 688.84 607.51 699.30 611.97 706.40 613.20 698.91 616.08 705.16 621.28 717.66 616.88 709.69 620.49 721.46 606.20 733.41 592.75 723.41 593.18 723.28 595.72 724.12 821.98 552.44 845.38 568.01 814.78 557.19 829.11 562.46 843.67 566.25 861.06 569.36 854.66 558.18 852.65 571.05 855.35 568.90 851.30 572.40 868.85 579.44 881.36 591.84 871.12 579.09 878.37 576.03 881.10 576.35 619.32 633.42 623.50 626.67 630.89 631.08 628.42 635.46 635.09 642.11 646.43 663.55 654.08 652.54 653.65 541.93 760.80 556.83 792.78 541.42 775.27 547.04 790.30 551.26 789.32 556.10 802.62 551.74 757.07 562.02 796.65 562.51 816.64 567.64 814.53 572.14 814.09 580.88 843.22 571.58 814.57 567.59 818.74 572.83 821.69 776.91 831.60 810.90 834.94 831.68 848.07 780.24 831.87 866.32 857.53 852.92 891.20 856.24 859.95 864.45 570.35 434.51 588.06 452.07 578.36 447.60 583.91 448.88 583.74 451.13 586.40 450.87 584.25 444.88 591.19 453.60 587.73 454.96 594.50 461.09 600.85 459.49 612.00 467.43 595.33 451.21 595.13 455.46 594.09 457.38 Nondurable goods.................... 521.88 538.65 529.02 532.76 536.20 539.15 538.05 540.38 547.35 548.05 551.86 557.86 544.97 543.23 543.51 Food and kindred products...... Tobacco products................... Textile mill products................ Apparel and other textile products.............................. Paper and allied products....... 492.06 710.47 425.99 505.78 764.71 438.04 490.32 736.47 427.99 497.28 767.62 436.81 503.78 821.07 437.22 505.86 833.68 441.16 507.87 854.46 434.83 506.15 841.70 440.59 513.20 753.31 438.75 513.04 753.45 444.88 518.50 775.87 449.28 521.10 794.27 453.11 505.51 670.96 443.36 501.03 680.68 447.69 501.83 717.50 449.60 317.80 673.13 331.36 694.70 328.37 684.85 332.01 690.19 333.02 688.90 338.71 695.13 326.71 690.15 333.00 693.53 331.57 712.63 338.92 706.06 337.65 707.67 343.14 713.83 335.54 696.57 338.78 689.29 341.19 689.83 Printing and publishing............ Chemicals and allied products.. Petroleum and coal products.... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................... Leather and leather products.... 515.14 739.58 912.11 528.31 751.21 924.93 520.37 735.30 943.48 523.11 737.43 917.62 522.12 744.29 896.73 520.37 746.05 909.02 525.78 746.82 924.46 530.69 754.68 906.95 539.24 769.87 931.82 539.24 763.73 936.58 543.59 770.35 938.69 548.88 779.20 940.87 534.39 764.05 938.74 535.53 756.50 962.71 540.64 753.87 976.74 494.98 350.43 513.33 365.31 509.96 359.08 511.21 363.46 511.60 367.30 513.28 367.49 506.35 359.41 510.05 377.12 517.09 367.78 514.59 370.59 519.98 373.92 529.17 371.01 519.57 368.63 518.74 370.13 517.08 374.50 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES.................... 604.75 606.43 601.79 601.00 603.34 606.84 609.17 617.40 607.53 605.18 607.82 612.10 609.29 613.49 609.52 WHOLESALE TRADE.................. 539.90 560.26 547.79 554.58 560.86 554.50 558.72 566.96 564.16 570.51 569.09 574.04 579.81 571.47 570.71 RETAIL TRADE........................... 253.17 263.32 257.40 259.16 262.77 265.19 268.80 270.30 264.38 264.96 264.33 271.03 265.91 266.19 267.70 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE.................. 511.78 528.88 523.08 524.50 535.81 520.55 525.99 539.11 526.68 529.95 530.28 533.95 549.40 536.76 537.84 SERVICES................................... 418.91 436.19 431.89 431.57 436.22 431.30 432.96 439.90 435.40 442.76 444.72 446.29 451.59 450.21 449.48 p= preliminary. NCJ1E: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 75 Current Labor Statistics: 17. Labor Force Data Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] T im e s p a n a n d y e a r Jan. M a r. Feb. A p r. June M ay J u ly Aug. S e p t. Nov O c t. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries Over 1-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2000........................................................ 56.2 63.8 5 4 .4 57.7 61.0 57.9 58.3 52.5 61.9 58.8 52.1 57.9 62.8 60.5 58.8 - 67.7 64.5 59.6 67.3 63.9 51.5 56.3 57.9 57.0 60.7 58.0 57.6 50.0 - - - 62.6 61.4 56.3 61.7 58.7 56.2 61.4 60.0 56.2 58.8 5 5 .9 Over 3-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2000........................................................ 63.8 63.6 6 6 .7 66.2 60.7 59.7 55.9 60.7 Over 6-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 67.4 70.6 61.1 68.3 66.9 58.8 65.6 65.9 57.3 67.0 62.4 59.0 65.6 62.6 55.2 64.9 61.1 57.4 66.3 58.0 Over 12-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 69.0 70.4 60.1 67.3 68.3 57.3 68.3 67.1 57.0 69.7 64.0 57.6 69.5 62.1 58.7 70.1 61.7 59.0 54 .6 - - - - - 59.4 54.6 55.1 65.4 52.9 57.2 63.6 59.1 57.9 62.1 58.6 57.7 - - - - -| 66.2 58.4 59.0 67.3 57.6 57.4 69.9 57.6 59.6 59.0 61.0 55.8 - - - 70.8 71.2 60.4 60.5 60.8 - -| 5 6 .9 68.4 59.8 61.5 69.7 60.0 61.0 71.3 60.8 59.7 71.3 60.8 61.4 71.9 58.0 62.2 70.1 61.8 58.8 70.4 63.8 57.9 70.5 59.8 61.0 69.7 59.0 69.8 59.3 71.3 58.6 - - - Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries Over 1-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2000........................................................ 50.0 58.6 40.3 51.1 52.9 51.8 42.4 47.8 53.6 50.4 39.6 47.5 56.1 50.4 44.6 - Over 3-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 2000........................................................ 51.8 59.4 37.4 48.6 51.4 57.9 31.7 49.3 57.6 51.8 37.1 Over 6-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 54.7 59.7 33.1 Over 12-month span: 1997........................................................ 1998........................................................ 1999........................................................ 54.7 54.0 32.7 36.3 53.2 46.8 45.3 51.1 40.3 57.2 55.4 45.3 38.5 53.6 42.1 42.8 62.2 36.3 48.9 61.2 39.9 50.7 55.4 45.0 49.3 - - - - - - - - 56.8 44.2 30.2 54.3 41.7 33.8 51.8 34.9 43.9 53.6 37.4 43.2 55.4 37.1 44.6 59.7 38.1 38.5 68.3 34.2 46.4 65.8 35.6 50.0 64.4 35.3 50.4 - - - - - - - - - - 54.0 49.3 29.1 51.4 48.2 28.1 54.3 36.7 36.0 52.5 36.7 30.9 52.2 36.7 34.5 55.4 28.4 36.3 61.2 31.3 44.6 61.5 33.5 45.7 64.7 35.3 41.4 66.2 32.7 47.1 65.1 28.1 48.2 52.5 49.3 25.9 54.0 46.0 28.4 54.0 40.6 29.5 55.4 35.6 29.9 56.8 33.8 31.7 57.2 30.9 34.9 57.9 32.0 33.5 58.3 26.6 38.8 56.5 26.6 55.4 25.5 57.2 26.3 - - - - Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of Industries with employment Increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and 18. 52.2 4 0 .6 decreasing employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Civilian noninstitutional population.......... Employment status 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 205,220 207,753 Civilian labor force................................ 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 203,133 136,297 137,673 139,368 Labor force participation rate............. 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 Employed......................................... 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 Employment-population ratio......... 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 Agriculture.................................... 3,269 3,247 3,115 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 3,378 3,281 Nonagricultural industries........... 114,499 115,245 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 Unemployed.................................... 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 Unemployment rate........................ 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 Not in the labor force............................. 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry T o ta l e m p lo y m e n t..................................................... 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 108 ,249 108,601 110,713 114,163 117,191 119 ,608 122 ,690 1 25 ,826 1 2 8 ,615 P riv a te s e c to r.......................................................... 8 9 ,847 8 9 ,956 9 1 ,872 9 5 ,036 9 7 ,8 8 5 100 ,189 103 ,133 1 06 ,007 1 0 8 ,455 G o o d s -p ro d u c in g .............................................. 2 3 ,7 4 5 23,231 2 3 ,352 2 3 ,9 0 8 2 4 ,2 6 5 2 4 ,4 9 3 2 4 ,9 6 2 2 5 ,3 4 7 2 5 ,2 4 0 M in in g ................................................................. 689 635 610 601 581 580 596 590 535 C o n s tru c tio n .................................................... 4 ,650 4 ,492 4 ,6 6 8 4 ,9 8 6 5,160 5 ,418 5,691 5 ,985 6 ,2 7 3 M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................. 18,406 18,104 18,075 18,321 18,524 18,495 18,675 18,772 18,432 S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g ............................................ 8 4 ,5 0 4 85,370 87,361 9 0 ,256 9 2 ,925 9 5 ,1 1 5 9 7 ,7 2 7 100 ,480 1 0 3 ,375 5 ,755 5 ,718 5,811 5 ,9 8 4 6 ,132 6 ,253 6 ,408 6 ,600 6,7 9 2 6,081 5 ,997 5,981 6 ,162 6 ,378 6,482 6 ,648 6,831 7 ,0 0 4 19,284 19,356 19,773 2 0 ,5 0 7 2 1 ,1 8 7 2 1 ,5 9 7 2 1 ,9 6 6 2 2 ,2 9 6 2 2 ,7 8 7 T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p ublic utilities.......... R e ta il tr a d e ...................................................... F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re al e s ta te .... L o c a l............................................................... 6,646 6,602 6,757 6 ,896 6 ,806 6,911 7 ,109 7 ,4 0 7 7 ,632 2 8 ,336 2 9 ,052 3 0 ,1 9 7 3 1 ,5 7 9 3 3 ,117 3 4 ,4 5 4 3 6 ,040 3 7 ,5 2 6 3 9 ,0 0 0 18,402 18,645 18,841 19,128 19,305 19,419 19,557 19,819 20,161 2 ,966 2,9 6 9 2 ,9 1 5 2 ,870 2 ,822 2 ,757 2 ,6 9 9 2 ,6 8 6 2 ,6 6 9 4 ,3 5 5 4 ,4 0 8 4 ,488 4 ,5 7 6 4 ,635 4 ,6 0 6 4 ,582 4 ,6 1 2 4 ,6 9 5 11,081 11,267 11,438 11,682 11,849 12,056 12,276 12,521 1 2 ,796 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 P riv a te sector: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Average weekly hours.............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 34.3 34 .4 34.5 34.7 34.5 3 4 .4 34 .6 34 .6 34 .5 10.32 10.57 10.83 11.12 11.43 11.82 12.28 12.78 13 .2 4 3 5 3 .98 363.61 3 7 3 .6 4 3 8 5 .86 3 9 4 .3 4 406.61 4 2 4 .8 9 4 4 2 .1 9 4 5 6 .7 8 M ining: Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... 4 4 .4 43 .9 44 .3 4 4 .8 4 4 .7 45 .3 4 5 .4 43 .9 4 3 .8 14.19 14.54 14.60 14.88 15.30 15.62 16.15 16.90 17.04 6 3 0 .0 4 638.31 6 4 6 .78 6 6 6 .62 683.91 7 0 7 .5 9 733.21 741.91 7 4 6 .3 5 C o n s tru c tio n : Average weekly hours........................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 38.1 38.0 3 8 .5 38.9 3 8 .9 39.0 39.0 38 .8 39.0 14.00 14.15 14.38 14.73 15.09 15.47 16.04 16.59 17.13 5 3 3 .40 5 3 7 .70 5 5 3 .63 5 7 3 .00 587 .00 6 0 3 .3 3 6 2 5 .5 6 6 4 3 .6 9 6 6 8 .0 7 M an u fa c tu rin g : Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... 4 0 .7 41 .0 4 1 .4 42 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 42 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 11.18 11.46 11.74 12.07 12.37 12.77 13.17 13.49 13.91 4 5 5 .0 3 4 6 9 .86 4 8 6 .0 4 5 0 6 .9 4 5 1 4 .5 9 5 3 1 .2 3 5 5 3 .1 4 5 6 2 .53 5 8 0 .0 5 T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic utilities: Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 38.1 38.3 39.3 3 9 .7 39 .4 39.6 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 8 .7 13.20 13.43 13.55 13.78 14.13 14.45 14.92 15.31 15.67 502 .92 5 1 4 .37 532 .52 547 .07 5 5 6 .72 5 7 2 .22 5 9 2 .32 6 0 4 .7 5 6 0 6 .4 3 W h o le s a le trade: Average weekly hours........................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... 38.1 38.2 38.2 38 .4 38.3 38 .3 38 .4 3 8 .4 38 .4 11.15 11.39 11.74 12.06 12.43 12.87 13.45 14.06 14.59 4 2 4 .8 2 4 3 5 .1 0 4 4 8 .4 7 4 6 3 .10 4 7 6 .0 7 4 9 2 .9 2 5 1 6 .48 5 3 9 .90 5 6 0 .2 6 28 .6 28.8 28 .8 2 8 .9 2 8 .8 28 .8 2 8 .9 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 6.9 4 7.12 7.29 7.49 7 .6 9 7.9 9 8.3 3 8.7 3 9.0 8 198.48 2 0 5 .0 6 2 0 9 .9 5 2 1 6 .4 6 2 2 1 .4 7 230.11 2 4 0 .7 4 2 5 3 .1 7 2 6 3 .3 2 R e tail trade: Average weekly hours........................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real estate: Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 35.7 35.8 35 .8 35 .8 3 5 .9 35.9 36.1 3 6 .4 36 .2 10.39 10.82 11.35 11.83 12.32 12.80 13.34 14.06 14.61 370 .92 3 8 7 .36 4 0 6 .3 3 423.51 4 4 2 .2 9 4 5 9 .5 2 4 8 1 .5 7 5 1 1 .7 8 5 2 8 .8 8 S e rv ices : Average weekly hours........................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................... 3 2 .4 32.5 32.5 32.5 32 .4 3 2 .4 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 10.23 10.54 10.78 11.04 11.39 11.79 12.28 12.85 13.38 3 3 1 .4 5 3 4 2 .55 3 5 0 .35 358 .80 3 6 9 .0 4 3 8 2 .00 4 0 0 .3 3 418.91 4 3 6 .1 9 Monthly Labor Review May 2000 77 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 21. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1997 1998 1999 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s Dec. M a r. June S e p t. Dec. M a r. June S e p t. Dec. 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended Dec. 1999 Civilian workers2........................ 135.2 136.3 137.4 139.0 139.8 140.4 141.8 143.3 144.6 0.9 3.4 136 5 136.7 137.3 136.9 132.4 135.6 137 7 137.5 139.1 138.0 133 2 136.9 188 7 138.3 139.7 139 3 134 3 137.9 140 fi 140.0 141.7 140 4 135 3 139.4 141.0 141.8 141 3 13fi 1 140.0 141.3 143.5 142.2 145.4 143.9 147.3 145.3 148.6 1.0 .9 3.0 4.8 3.4 141.3 142.4 143.1 144.8 1.2 3.4 134.1 135.3 135 5 137.6 137.9 136.7 137.0 135.1 135.1 135.1 136.4 136 8 138.3 138.0 137.1 137 5 136.4 136.2 136.3 137.2 137 7 139.0 138.5 138.2 137 7 137.4 137.3 137.2 138.2 137.9 138.9 139.0 139.9 140.0 140.9 141.2 142.1 142.5 143.6 .9 1.1 3.3 3.4 140.8 139.1 139.4 140 ? 141.7 139.1 140.2 142.3 140.5 141.3 143.2 141.4 142.2 145.1 142.7 143.4 146.5 144.3 145.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 3.4 3.7 3.4 138.9 139.0 139.9 139.9 140.8 140.5 141.5 141.9 142.4 143.4 144.4 144.7 1.4 .9 3.2 3.4 Excluding sales occupations....................................... 135.1 135.2 136.3 136.4 137.5 137.5 139.0 138.8 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.9 143.3 143.2 144.6 144.5 .9 .9 3.4 3.7 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations...................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers...................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.......... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 136.7 137.4 137.8 137.4 133.5 137.0 132.3 131.9 133.0 128.9 135.8 138.1 138.8 138.8 139.4 135.3 138.2 133.1 132.9 133.6 129.3 137.0 139.4 139.9 140.1 140.0 137.3 139.6 134.3 134.4 134.7 129.9 137.6 141.1 141.3 141.6 141.9 140.4 140.6 135.2 135.4 135.7 130.7 138.5 142.0 141.9 142.6 141.8 142.6 141.4 135.9 136.1 136.8 130.7 139.2 142.4 143.0 142.9 143.7 139.6 142.6 136.9 137.2 137.3 131.6 141.0 144.1 144.5 144.1 145.8 142.6 143.7 138.2 138.4 138.4 133.6 142.3 145.6 146.0 145.2 147.7 144.1 145.0 139.4 139.6 139.9 134.4 143.2 146.9 147.3 146.7 149.1 145.3 146.2 140.5 140.6 141.4 135.2 144.4 .9 .9 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 1.1 .6 .8 3.5 3.8 2.9 5.1 1.9 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.7 Service occupations..................................................... 134.1 135.3 136.0 137.3 138.0 139.5 140.6 141.0 142.6 1.1 3.3 Production and nonsupervisory occupations4............... 134.2 135.3 136.6 138.0 139.0 139.3 140.8 141.9 143.1 .8 2.9 135.1 134 5 137.7 136.3 133 5 130.6 136.4 138.2 136.5 135.0 136.5 135.9 136.2 135 6 138 8 137.4 134 fi 132.7 137.2 139.1 137.3 135.9 137.4 136.7 137.1 136 5 139 7 138 3 137.8 138.9 139.9 141.1 142.5 1.0 3.4 138 8 140 4 Construction.............................................................. Manufacturing........................................................ White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Durables.................................................................. Nondurables.............................................................. 134.1 133.6 136.2 135.0 132.8 129.7 135.3 136.7 135.3 134.3 135.7 134.5 133.4 138.2 140.1 138.3 136.8 138.5 137.6 134.3 138.9 140.5 138.7 137.7 139.2 138.2 135.6 139.9 141.8 140.1 138.5 139.9 139.6 136.9 140.9 143.0 141.3 139.4 141.0 140.4 137.9 142.1 144.3 142.5 140.5 142.3 141.5 138.7 143.6 145.8 143.8 142.1 144.0 142.8 .6 1.1 1.0 .9 1.1 1.2 .9 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 Service-producing......................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. Blue-collar occupations............................................ Service occupations................................................. Transportation and public utilities................................ Transportation.......................................................... Public utilities........................................................... Communications.................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services........................ Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Wholesale trade....................................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Retail trade............................................................... General merchandise stores.................................. Food stores............................................................ 135.3 136.1 136.6 138.1 130.9 133.9 134.2 133.4 135.1 134.0 136.4 132.9 134.0 135.1 135.4 131.7 130.0 129.4 136.7 137.4 138.0 139.5 132.1 135.0 135.8 134.0 137.9 136.6 139.6 134.7 135.5 137.7 137.0 133.1 131.2 131.3 137.8 138.5 139.3 140.6 133.2 135.8 137.1 134.9 139.7 139.2 140.3 135.8 136.3 138.6 138.2 134.4 133.0 132.9 139.6 140.0 141.2 142.2 134.3 137.0 138.5 136.7 140.7 140.5 141.0 137.6 138.1 140.8 140.0 135.9 133.2 133.7 140.5 140.6 142.2 142.8 134.8 137.8 139.3 137.3 141.9 141.7 142.1 138.2 138.8 142.8 141.2 135.6 134.0 132.7 140.9 141.7 142.3 143.8 136.2 139.3 139.7 136.8 143.4 143.3 143.4 138.9 139.9 142.7 142.4 136.8 135.0 134.3 142.8 143.3 144.3 145.5 137.8 140.5 140.9 138.1 144.6 144.9 144.2 141.1 141.9 144.6 144.0 139.1 135.6 135.7 144.1 144.6 145.8 147.0 139.1 140.8 141.8 138.7 145.7 146.1 145.1 142.2 142.8 146.3 145.8 140.0 137.2 137.0 145.3 145.9 147.0 148.3 139.8 142.4 142.3 139.5 146.1 146.0 146.1 143.5 144.3 148.5 147.4 140.7 138.3 138.1 .8 .9 .8 .9 .5 1.1 .4 .6 .3 -.1 .7 .9 1.1 1.5 1.1 .5 .8 .8 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.3 2.2 1.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.2 4.1 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical.............................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial...................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.......................................................... Manufacturing.............................................................. Services...................................................................... Health services.......................................................... Hospitals.................................................................. Public administration3.................................................... Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... Private industry workers................................................. Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. White-collar occupations.......................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................. See footnotes at end of table. 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 21. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1997 Percent change 1999 1998 Series Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 12 3 months ended months ended Dec. 1999 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................... 134.5 136.7 138.4 141.0 142.5 141.5 145.8 147.6 148.3 0.5 4.1 Excluding sales occupations..................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance...................................................................... Services.......................................................................... 137.6 140.6 134.8 138.5 138.6 138.1 136.5 142.6 143.7 140.2 143.3 137.4 139.3 139.5 138.2 136.7 143.4 144.3 141.3 145.3 138.9 140.3 140.7 138.7 138.2 143.9 144.8 143.2 148.4 141.9 141.8 143.5 139.0 139.1 147.0 147.8 143.3 146.7 141.7 142.7 145.9 139.0 139.9 147.7 148.5 145.6 148.8 141.7 143.5 147.5 140.5 141.2 148.3 149.2 148.8 155.4 144.0 144.6 148.7 141.4 142.1 148.7 149.6 151.0 159.3 144.5 146.1 150.7 142.6 143.0 152.2 152.6 151.6 159.8 145.8 147.6 151.9 144.2 144.6 153.0 153.3 .4 .3 .9 1.0 .8 1.1 1.1 .5 .5 5.8 8.9 2.9 3.4 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.2 Health services............................................................. Hospitals.................................................................... Educational services.................................................... Colleges and universities........................................... Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... 134.7 136.0 137.2 138.9 139.7 140.3 142.0 143.4 144.5 .8 3.4 White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................ Service occupations..................................................... 136.5 137.9 130.1 133.8 137.9 139.3 131.0 134.9 139.2 140.5 132.4 135.7 141.1 142.0 133.4 136.9 142.0 142.7 134.0 137.7 142.3 143.7 135.2 139.2 144.1 145.3 136.8 140.4 145.6 146.8 138.0 140.7 146.9 148.1 138.7 142.3 .9 .9 .5 1.1 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 S ta te a n d local g o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs .......................................... 135.7 136.5 136.9 139.0 139.8 140.5 141.0 143.1 144.6 1.0 3.4 135.5 135.1 136.4 136.1 134.2 136.1 135.6 137.5 136.9 135.0 136.2 135.6 137.9 137.2 135.2 138.4 137.7 140.4 139.5 136.8 139.3 138.5 141.6 140.3 137.8 139.8 138.8 142.6 141.4 138.8 140.2 139.3 142.8 141.3 139.5 142.6 142.0 144.5 143.0 140.9 144.0 143.2 146.1 145.0 142.5 1.0 .8 1.1 1.4 1.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 Services............................................................................ 136.0 136.5 136.6 139.0 139.7 140.0 140.5 143.2 144.5 .9 3.4 Services excluding schools5........................................... Health services............................................................. Hospitals.................................................................... Educational services.................................................... Schools...................................................................... Elementary and secondary..................................... Colleges and universities........................................ 135.3 136.1 136.2 138.7 138.8 139.6 140.3 142.6 143.8 .8 3.6 137.2 137.6 135.9 136.2 135.8 137.2 137.9 138.4 136.3 136.6 136.1 137.9 140.3 140.7 138.8 139.1 138.8 140.4 140.7 141.2 139.6 139.9 139.3 141.5 141.2 141.7 139.9 140.2 139.6 141.7 142.0 142.7 140.3 140.6 140.0 142.1 144.2 144.8 143.1 143.5 142.9 144.8 145.8 146.3 144.4 144.7 144.1 146.5 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .8 1.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 Public administration3....................................................... 135.1 136.4 138.0 138.4 136.5 136.7 136.2 138.1 137.4 138.9 139.9 140.8 141.5 142.4 144.4 1.4 3.2 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers........................................................... Professional specialty and technical................................ Executive, administrative, and managerial...................... Administrative support, including clerical........................ Workers, by industry division: 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 6 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 79 Current Labor Statistics: 22. Compensation & Industrial Relations Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 1997 1999 1998 P e rc e n t c h a n g e S e r ie s Dec. M a r. June S e p t. Dec. M a r. June S e p t. Dec. 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended D ec. 1999 Civilian workers1................................................................ 132.8 134.0 135.0 136.8 137.7 138.4 139.8 141.3 142.5 0.8 3.5 White-collar workers........................................................ Professional specialty and technical.............................. Executive, adminitrative, and managerial....................... Administrative support, Including clerical........................ Blue-collar workers.......................................................... Service occupations........................................................ 134.3 135.0 135.6 133.7 129.3 132.6 135.6 135.8 137.4 135.0 130.4 133.7 136.7 136.6 138.3 136.2 131.4 134.5 138.8 138.5 140.5 137.5 132.6 136.1 139.7 139.4 140.3 138.6 133.3 137.0 140.1 140.1 141.6 140.0 134.5 138.3 141.6 141.0 143.8 140.9 135.8 139.4 143.3 142.6 145.9 142.3 137.0 140.1 144.6 144.0 147.2 143.5 137.9 141.7 .9 1.0 .9 .8 .7 1.1 3.5 3.3 4.9 3.5 3.5 3.4 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing............................................................. Manufacturing............................................................... Service-producing............................................................ Services........................................................................ Health services............................................................ Hospitals................................................................... Educational services.................................................... 130.6 132.2 133.6 136.0 135.4 133.6 135.9 132.0 133.7 134.8 136.9 136.2 134.2 136.3 133.3 134.6 135.7 137.6 136.5 135.1 136.5 134.4 136.0 137.8 139.6 137.6 136.4 139.1 135.2 136.8 138.7 140.5 137.6 137.1 140.0 136.3 137.9 139.2 141.5 138.8 138.1 140.2 137.4 139.0 140.7 142.3 139.7 138.8 140.6 138.6 140.2 142.3 144.1 140.9 140.1 143.7 139.7 141.5 143.5 145.5 142.5 141.6 144.7 .8 .9 .8 1.0 1.1 1.1 .7 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.4 Public administration 2.................................................... Nonmanufacturing........................................................... 131.4 132.8 132.7 134.0 133.2 135.1 134.8 137.0 135.9 137.8 136.9 138.4 137.8 139.9 139.5 141.5 141.5 142.6 1.4 .8 4.1 3.5 Private industry workers.................................................. 132.3 132.4 133.7 133.7 134.9 134.8 136.6 136.3 137.4 136.9 138.1 138.2 139.7 139.6 141.0 140.8 142.2 142.0 .9 .9 3.5 3.7 White-collar workers...................................................... Excluding sales occupations...................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations......... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations....................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers....................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors........... Transportation and material moving occupations.......... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... 134.2 134.8 134.8 135.8 131.4 133.9 129.1 128.7 130.6 125.1 131.8 135.7 136.3 135.9 137.8 133.1 135.3 130.2 129.8 131.6 125.9 133.2 137.0 137.5 137.1 138.7 135.2 136.7 131.3 131.2 132.7 126.4 133.7 139.0 139.1 138.7 140.9 138.8 137.9 132.4 132.3 133.8 127.6 135.1 139.9 139.7 139.7 140.5 141.3 138.9 133.2 133.0 134.9 127.8 135.8 140.3 141.0 140.7 141.9 137.3 140.4 134.3 134.3 135.7 129.1 137.3 142.1 142.5 141.8 144.3 140.5 141.4 135.6 135.6 136.7 131.0 138.3 143.5 143.9 142.6 146.4 142.1 142.7 136.8 136.7 138.3 131.9 139.4 144.8 145.2 144.1 147.6 143.3 143.8 137.7 137.5 139.5 132.7 140.4 .9 .9 1.1 .8 .8 .8 .7 .6 .9 .6 .7 3.5 3.9 3.1 5.1 1.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 Service occupations...................................................... 131.1 132.1 133.0 134.4 135.3 136.7 137.8 138.0 139.6 1.2 3.2 Production and nonsupervisory occupations3............... 131.2 132.3 133.6 135.2 136.4 136.8 138.2 139.3 140.4 .8 2.9 130.6 130.0 132.9 131.6 129.2 124.9 132.2 133.6 132.2 131.2 131.9 132.6 132.0 131.3 135.0 133.3 130.1 126.0 133.7 135.6 133.8 132.3 133.4 134.2 133.2 132.5 136.3 134.6 131.3 128.1 134.6 136.8 135.0 133.1 134.5 134.9 134.3 133.6 137.4 135.7 132.3 128.5 136.0 138.3 136.3 134.3 135.9 136.0 135.2 134.4 138.2 136.4 133.3 129.3 136.8 139.0 137.1 135.3 136.9 136.8 136.3 135.5 139.4 137.8 134.3 130.7 137.9 140.1 138.3 136.3 137.9 138.0 137.3 136.6 140.5 138.8 135.4 131.9 139.0 141.4 139.6 137.2 139.1 138.7 138.5 137.8 141.7 140.1 136.6 133.0 140.2 142.7 140.8 138.4 140.4 139.7 139.7 138.9 143.0 141.3 137.6 133.6 141.5 144.0 142.0 139.7 141.8 140.9 .9 .8 .9 .9 .7 .5 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .9 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.0 133.1 133.9 134.3 135.9 128.9 131.0 131.3 129.5 133.5 134.0 132.9 131.6 133.2 133.6 135.0 130.6 128.4 127.0 134.4 135.2 135.7 137.3 130.2 132.1 132.1 130.1 134.5 134.4 134.7 133.3 134.7 136.2 136.5 131.9 129.4 129.0 135.6 136.2 137.0 138.4 131.1 133.0 132.8 130.4 135.7 135.8 135.6 134.6 135.6 137.1 137.8 133.3 131.5 130.5 137.6 137.9 139.2 140.2 132.4 134.2 134.3 132.4 136.5 136.7 136.3 136.6 137.6 139.3 139.6 135.2 132.2 131.7 138.4 138.5 140.1 140.7 132.9 135.2 135.1 132.9 137.8 138.0 137.4 137.0 138.2 141.3 140.8 134.8 133.0 130.5 138.9 139.8 140.3 142.0 134.4 136.7 135.4 132.3 139.2 139.4 138.9 137.7 139.5 140.7 141.9 136.2 133.7 131.8 140.8 141.4 142.3 143.7 135.9 137.8 136.8 133.7 140.6 141.1 140.0 139.6 141.1 142.3 143.0 138.3 134.3 132.8 142.1 142.6 143.8 145.1 137.0 138.0 137.5 134.4 141.5 141.9 140.9 140.7 141.8 144.3 144.8 138.9 135.6 133.9 143.3 143.8 145.0 146.4 137.8 139.6 137.9 134.9 141.8 142.2 141.3 142.0 143.3 146.5 146.4 139.6 136.7 134.9 .8 .8 .8 .9 .6 1.2 .3 .4 .2 .2 .3 .9 1.1 1.5 1.1 .5 .8 .7 3.5 3.8 3.5 4.1 3.7 3.3 2.1 1.5 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.6 2.8 3.4 Workers, by occupational group: Excluding sales occupations........................................ Workers, by occupational group: Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing........................................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Construction............ i ................................................. Manufacturing............................................................. Excluding sales occupations................................... Durables..................................................................... Nondurables............................................................... Service-producing.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Transportation and public utilities................................ Transportation.......................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services......................... Wholesale and retail trade........................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Wholesale trade....................................................... Retail trade............................................................... Food stores............................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 22. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]__________________________________________________________________________________ 1997 1999 1998 Percent change Series Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 3 12 months months ended ended Dec. 1999 Health services............................................................. Hospitals..................................................................... Educational services.................................................... Colleges and universities........................................... 130.6 133.6 138.3 130.2 136.2 137.3 135.4 133.2 138.4 138.7 132.6 135.9 140.9 133.1 137.2 137.6 136.2 133.6 139.1 139.1 134.8 137.5 143.2 134.8 138.3 139.2 136.5 134.7 139.6 139.7 138.1 139.7 147.0 138.7 140.0 141.8 137.5 135.8 142.8 142.8 139.8 139.6 144.4 138.5 140.8 144.1 137.4 136.5 143.5 143.6 137.2 141.0 146.1 137.4 142.2 145.4 138.7 137.6 143.9 144.1 142.4 144.8 154.5 139.8 143.2 146.3 139.6 138.3 144.2 144.4 144.5 147.5 159.2 140.2 144.5 148.5 140.6 139.3 147.5 147.2 145.2 148.0 159.6 141.5 146.0 149.8 142.2 140.9 148.2 147.9 0.5 .3 .3 .9 1.0 .9 1.1 1.1 .5 .5 3.9 6.0 10.5 2.2 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.0 Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... White-collar workers..................................................... Excluding sales occupations.................................... Blue-collar occupations................................................ Service occupations..................................................... 132.1 134.1 135.5 127.1 130.9 133.4 135.5 136.9 128.2 132.0 134.7 136.8 138.1 129.5 132.9 136.5 138.9 139.8 130.5 134.1 137.4 139.8 140.3 131.1 135.1 137.9 140.1 141.6 132.4 136.5 139.7 142.0 143.2 134.0 137.7 141.0 143.5 144.6 135.1 137.9 142.1 144.7 145.9 135.8 139.5 .8 .8 .9 .5 1.2 3.4 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.3 State and local government workers............................... 134.4 135.1 135.4 137.6 138.5 139.0 139.6 142.2 143.5 .9 3.6 White-collar workers........................................................... Professional specialty and technical................................ Executive, administrative, and managerial....................... Administrative support, including clerical......................... Blue-collar workers............................................................ 134.5 135.1 134.1 132.3 132.3 135.0 135.5 135.1 133.0 133.1 135.2 135.6 135.6 133.3 133.5 137.6 137.9 138.0 135.4 135.1 138.5 138.7 139.3 136.5 136.0 138.9 138.9 140.1 137.4 136.9 139.3 139.4 140.5 137.5 137.6 142.1 142.5 142.7 139.6 139.4 143.4 143.6 144.3 141.7 140.7 .9 .8 1.1 1.5 .9 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.5 Workers, by industry division: Services............................................................................ 135.3 135.7 135.9 138.4 139.2 139.5 139.9 142.9 144.0 .8 3.4 Schools...................................................................... Elementary and secondary..................................... Colleges and universities........................................ 134.4 135.3 135.2 135.3 135.5 135.7 134.6 135.4 136.3 136.3 135.7 135.8 136.0 135.2 135.5 136.5 136.5 135.8 136.0 136.1 135.5 137.8 138.7 138.6 138.4 138.5 138.7 137.7 138.2 139.2 139.1 139.3 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.0 139.7 139.7 139.5 139.6 139.5 139.6 139.6 140.4 140.6 139.8 140.0 139.9 139.8 142.1 142.8 142.8 142.9 143.1 143.1 142.6 143.2 144.2 144.1 144.0 144.2 144.1 144.4 .8 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .7 1.3 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 Public administration2........................................................ 131.4 132.7 133.2 134.8 135.9 136.9 137.8 139.5 141.5 1.4 4.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate............................... Excluding sales occupations..................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance...................................................................... Services.......................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: Services excluding schools 4........................................... Health services............................................................. Hospitals.................................................................... 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 23. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Employment Cost Index, benefits, privcte industry workers by occupciion aid industry group [June 1989 = 100]__________________________________________________________________________________ 1997 1998 Percent change 1999 Series Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. 1999 141 8 142.6 143.7 144.5 145.2 145.8 147.3 148.6 150.2 1.1 3.4 143.4 139.0 144.7 139.1 145.6 140.4 146.6 141.0 147.4 141.6 147.9 142.2 149.4 143.6 151.0 144.8 152.5 146.2 1.0 1.0 3.5 3.2 141.5 141.4 141.7 141.5 141.5 142.7 141.7 142.7 142.5 143.8 142.4 143.9 143.0 144.9 142.6 145.0 143.2 145.7 142.7 145.8 144.3 146.1 143.6 146.3 145.2 147.9 144.5 148.0 146.3 149.4 145.7 149.4 148.2 150.7 147.8 150.7 1.3 .9 1.4 .9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 Workers, by occupational group: Workers, by industry division: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 81 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] 1997 1998 1999 Percent change Series Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 3 12 months months ended ended Dec. 1999 COMPENSATION W o rk e rs , by b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1 Union....................................................................................... Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... Nonmanufacturing.............................................................. 133.5 132.5 134.5 133.3 133.2 134.0 132.7 135.3 133.6 133.9 135.3 134.3 136.2 134.6 135.3 136.8 135.6 138.0 136.0 136.9 137.5 136.5 138.5 136.9 137.4 138.0 136.8 139.2 137.0 138.1 139.0 138.2 139.7 138.1 139.2 140.2 139.2 141.0 139.1 140.3 141.2 140.8 141.4 141.0 140.8 0.7 1.1 .3 1.4 .4 2.7 3.2 2.1 3.0 2.5 Nonunion................................................................................. Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... Nonmanufacturing.............................................................. 135.3 134.7 135.3 135.9 134.9 136.7 135.9 136.7 137.2 136.3 137.8 136.9 138.0 138.0 137.5 139.3 137.7 139.7 138.9 139.1 140.1 138.3 140.6 139.4 140.0 140.8 139.7 141.1 140.7 140.6 142.5 140.5 143.0 141.7 142.4 143.8 141.8 144.4 143.0 143.8 145.2 143.1 145.7 144.4 145.1 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 .9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 135.0 134.6 136.9 133.4 136.0 135.5 138.3 135.2 137.0 136.4 139.6 136.6 138.7 137.6 140.9 138.5 139.5 138.1 141.4 140.0 140.5 139.1 141.7 140.3 141.5 140.7 143.6 142.1 143.2 141.8 145.0 143.3 144.3 143.0 146.3 144.7 .8 .8 .9 1.0 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 135.1 135.3 136.4 135.9 137.5 137.1 139.1 138.2 139.8 139.4 140.4 140.5 142.0 141.8 143.3 143.1 144.7 143.6 1.0 .3 3.5 3.0 Union....................................................................................... Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... 128.9 127.1 131.2 128.6 129.1 129.6 127.9 131.8 129.6 129.6 130.7 129.4 132.2 130.4 130.8 132.4 131.0 134.1 132.2 132.4 133.1 131.7 134.8 133.0 133.1 133.6 132.3 135.4 133.6 133.7 134.7 133.8 135.8 134.7 134.6 135.7 134.9 136.8 135.8 135.6 136.5 136.1 137.2 137.5 135.9 .6 .9 .3 1.3 .2 2.6 3.3 1.8 3.4 2.1 Nonunion................................................................................. Goods-producing................................................................. Service-producing............................................................... Manufacturing...................................................................... Nonmanufacturing............................................................... 133.0 132.0 133.2 133.5 132.6 134.5 133.6 134.6 135.1 134.0 135.7 134.7 135.9 136.2 135.3 137.4 135.7 137.9 137.3 137.1 138.3 136.5 138.8 138.2 138.0 139.0 137.8 139.3 139.4 138.6 140.7 138.8 141.3 140.5 140.5 142.0 140.0 142.6 141.7 141.8 143.3 141.1 143.9 142.9 143.0 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 131.6 133.0 133.0 131.2 132.6 134.0 134.7 132.9 133.8 134.9 136.0 134.5 135.4 136.5 137.5 136.7 136.4 136.7 138.0 138.4 137.1 137.9 138.9 138.2 138.2 139.4 141.0 140.2 139.9 140.2 142.4 141.3 140.9 141.5 143.6 142.6 .7 .9 8 9 3.3 3.5 4.1 3.0 132.3 132.0 133.8 132.5 135.1 133.4 136.9 134.7 137.7 136.0 138.3 137.1 139.9 138.4 141.2 139.8 142.5 140.2 .9 .3 3.5 3.1 W o rk e rs , b y re g io n 1 Northeast................................................................................ South...................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)........................................... West....................................................................................... W o rk e rs , b y a re a s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas.................................................................. Other areas............................................................................ WAGES AND SALARIES W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1 W o rk e rs , b y re g io n 1 Northeast................................................................................ South...................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)........................................... West....................................................................................... W o rk e rs , b y area s iz e 1 Metropolitan areas................................................................. Other areas............................................................................ 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. 82 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w 25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 Item 1982 1980 1984 1988 1986 1989 1991 1993 1997 1995 Scope of survey (in 000's)....................................... Number of employees (in 000’s): With medical care................................................. With life insurance................................................ With defined benefit plan...................................... 21,352 21,043 21,013 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,711 20,498 17,936 20,412 20,201 17,676 20,383 20,172 17,231 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,546 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time...................................................... Average minutes per day..................................... Paid rest time........................................................ Average minutes per day..................................... 10 75 - 9 25 76 25 9 26 73 26 99 10.1 20 100 99 10.0 24 3.8 99 99 9.8 23 3.6 99 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 8 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 80 3.3 89 9.1 22 3.3 96 81 3.7 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 62 - 67 - 67 - 70 - 56 - _ - 65 60 53 - 58 _ 68 37 18 - 67 37 26 - 69 33 16 - 84 93 97 97 97 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 58 _ 62 _ 46 62 8 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 26 46 27 51 36 $11.93 58 $35.93 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 Participants in life insurance plans........................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance............................................................ 96 96 96 96 92 94 94 91 87 87 69 72 74 Retiree protection available................................... Participants in long-term disability - 64 64 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 40 43 47 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 54 51 51 49 46 43 45 44 53 55 Average days per occurrence.............................. Paid holidays......................................................... Average days per year........................................ Paid personal leave............................................... Average days per year........................................ Paid vacations....................................................... Paid sick leave 1.................................................... Unpaid maternity leave......................................... Unpaid paternity leave........................................... Unpaid family leave.............................................. Insurance plans Participants in medical care plans............................ Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care................................................ Extended care facilities........................................ Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage...................................................... Average monthly contribution............................. Average monthly contribution............................. Participants in sickness and accident Participants in short-term disability plans ' ............... Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension plans......... Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................ Early retirement available..................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years................ Terminal earnings formula................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security............... Participants in defined contribution plans................. Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements....................................................... 84 82 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 58 97 52 45 63 97 47 54 56 64 98 35 57 62 59 98 26 55 62 62 97 22 64 63 55 98 7 56 54 52 95 6 61 48 52 96 4 58 51 52 95 10 56 49 - - - 60 45 48 48 49 55 57 - - - 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 2 5 5 9 12 23 10 36 12 52 12 38 5 13 32 7 55 98 53 45 84 Other benefits Employees eligible for: _ _ _ Premium conversion plans..................................... 1 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. No te : Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 83 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 26. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992,1994, and 1996 S m a ll p r iv a te e s ta b lis h m e n ts Ite m 1992 1990 1994 S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n ts 1987 1996 1990 1992 1994 Scope of survey (in 000's)...................................... 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 12,972 12,466 12,907 Number of employees (in 000's): With medical care................................................ With life insurance............................................... With defined benefit plan..................................... 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 11,192 11,194 11,708 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunch time..................................................... Average minutes per day.................................... Paid rest time....................................................... Average minutes per day.................................... Paid funeral leave................................................. Average days per occurrence............................. Paid holidays........................................................ 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 50 3.1 82 51 3.0 80 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 62 3.7 73 Average days per year1...................................... Paid personal leave.............................................. Average days per year....................................... Paid vacations...................................................... 9.5 11 2.8 88 9.2 12 2.6 88 7.5 13 2.6 88 7.6 14 3.0 86 10.9 38 2.7 72 13.6 39 2.9 67 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 14.2 38 2.9 67 11.5 38 3.0 66 47 53 50 50 97 95 95 94 17 8 18 7 _ 47 _ 48 57 30 51 33 59 44 _ 93 Unpaid leave........................................................ Unpaid paternity leave.......................................... Unpaid family leave.............................................. Insurance plans Participants in medical care plans........................... Percent of participants with coverage tor: Home health care............................................... Extended care facilities....................................... Physical exam.................................................... 69 71 66 64 93 93 90 87 79 83 26 80 84 28 - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 Percent of participants with employee contribution required for: Self coverage...................................................... Average monthly contribution............................ Family coverage................................................ Average monthly contribution............................ 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 47 $36.51 73 $150.54 52 $40.97 76 $159.63 52 $42.63 75 35 $15.74 71 38 $25.53 65 43 $28.97 72 47 $30.20 71 $181.53 $71.89 $117.59 $139.23 $149.70 64 64 61 62 85 88 89 87 78 1 19 76 1 25 79 2 20 77 1 13 67 1 55 67 1 45 74 64 2 46 Participants in life insurance plans.......................... Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance........................................................... Retiree protection available.................................. Participants in long-term disability insurance plans................................................... Participants in sickness and accident insurance plans.................................................... 46 19 23 20 22 31 27 28 30 6 26 26 14 21 22 21 Participants in short-term disability plans2............... - - - _ 29 - - - - Retirement plans Participants in defined benefit pension plans.......... 20 22 15 15 93 90 87 91 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement prior to age 65........................ Early retirement available.................................... Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years.............. Terminal earnings formula................................... Benefit coordinated with Social Security.............. 54 95 7 58 49 50 95 4 54 46 - 47 92 89 88 16 100 8 92 89 10 100 10 92 87 13 99 49 31 17 Participants in defined contribution plans................. Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings arrangements...................................................... Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans.......................................... Reimbursement accounts3................................... Premium conversion plans .................................. - - - - 53 44 92 90 33 100 18 33 34 38 9 9 9 9 24 23 28 28 45 45 24 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 8 14 19 12 5 31 50 64 _ _ _ 7 _ _ _ _ 1 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays tor 1994 are not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all Insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as 84 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - May 2000 sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability benefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts Included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. Note : Dash indicates data not available. 27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more 1999 1998 A n n u a l t o ta ls M e a s u re 1997 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period........................... 1998 Nov. O c t. J a n .p Dec. F e b .p M a r .p A p r .p M ayp J u n e 15 J u ly p A u g .p S e p t.p O c t.p 0 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 6 6 6 3 5 0 2 .0 4.4 8.0 9.6 2.2 1.7 10.3 12.4 22.0 21.6 16.3 11.0 15.4 19.1 34.5 .0 10.1 104.1 101.2 256.8 314.8 309.4 266.4 118.8 176.2 67.1 29 34 34 34 5 7 3 7 3 1 2 6 5 5 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).... 339 In effect during period (in thousands). 351 387 387 8.0 10.6 7.1 13.7 3.8 10.4 1.4 9.2 Days idle: Number (in thousands)..................... 4,497 5,116 148.7 160.3 171.0 129.0 4.1 .01 .01 .00 .01 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .00 .02 .01 .01 .01 Percent of estimated working time1.... 1 Agricultural and government employees are Included In the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of Idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found In " 'Total economy' measures of strike idleness,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1968, pp. 54-56. p= preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 85 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 28. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1 99 9 S e rie s 1998 1 99 9 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 2000 Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v. D ec. J an . Feb. M a r. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS All items.......................................................... All items (1967-100)...................................... 163.0 488.3 166.6 499.0 165.0 494.4 166.2 497.8 166.2 497.7 166.2 497.9 166.7 499.2 167.1 500.7 167.9 502.9 168.2 503.9 168.3 504.1 168.3 504.1 168.7 505.5 169.7 508.4 171.1 512.5 Food and beverages....................................... 161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 163.7 163.3 163.4 183.5 146.8 163.9 163.4 163.5 184.8 146.7 164.2 163.7 163.9 185.1 146.7 164.1 163.6 163.7 185.7 147.2 164.2 163.8 163.7 186.3 147.3 164.7 164.2 164.1 184.9 148.5 165.1 164.6 164.5 185.2 149.2 165.5 165.1 165.1 185.2 149.2 165.7 165.2 165.1 184.8 150.5 165.9 165.4 165.4 185.9 149.8 166.6 166.1 166.3 185.6 150.2 166.8 166.3 166.3 186.0 151.3 167.1 166.5 166.4 186.1 152.4 150.8 198.2 159.6 203.1 161.5 199.9 156.1 203.3 156.2 207.2 156.1 203.2 155.7 202.0 156.5 202.1 158.7 202.6 164.1 202.2 164.6 201.2 162.1 204.5 160.4 208.4 160.9 203.0 159.1 201.7 133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 134.5 152.9 151.0 149.4 168.1 134.3 153.6 151.7 149.0 169.2 134.2 153.4 153.0 147.2 168.7 134.3 153.6 152.4 147.5 169.2 134.3 153.7 152.4 148.1 169.3 134.5 154.2 152.7 148.6 169.9 134.2 153.9 153.5 148.5 169.2 134.6 153.7 153.3 149.0 168.7 133.9 153.0 152.1 145.3 169.0 134.7 153.3 152.3 145.1 169.4 137.1 154.3 154.8 147.0 169.8 138.4 154.4 154.4 138.5 155.1 154.6 170.5 171.6 102.6 104.9 105.6 105.0 104.9 104.2 105.7 104.3 106.4 164.5 164.6 165.1 167.6 103.7 168.4 104.0 168.8 160.4 182.1 163.9 187.3 162.8 186.3 163.0 186.6 104.3 169.3 163.0 186.5 105.5 169.9 164.7 188.0 105.8 170.2 165.0 188.3 106.8 170.5 165.0 188.5 166.5 106.9 171.2 164.9 188.6 167.2 105.2 169.7 165.8 106.4 170.7 165.2 188.3 166.8 101.6 165.7 164.6 104.4 169.5 164.1 187.2 104.3 166.2 103.9 165.1 104.8 165.6 105.3 161.1 104.9 164.2 106.9 171.8 164.8 188.6 107.5 172.4 165.8 189.8 107.9 173.0 166.9 190.7 107.0 167.9 107.9 173.5 167.6 191.8 172.1 109.0 187.8 177.5 112.3 192.9 176.0 114.5 191.5 176.4 114.6 191.9 176.7 111.8 192.2 177.1 113.8 192.6 177.5 117.1 193.0 177.9 117.1 193.4 178.4 113.8 193.9 178.8 113.1 194.2 179.8 108.5 194.9 180.3 105.8 195.2 180.8 111.3 195.7 181.2 115.1 196.1 181.7 120.9 196.4 Food............................................................. Food at home.............................................. Cereals and bakery products....................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs...................... Dairy and related products1......................... Fruits and vegetables................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials................................................. Other foods at home................................... Sugar and sweets..................................... Fats and oils............................................ Other foods.............................................. Other miscellaneous foods1,2.................. Food away from home1.................................. Other food away from home1,2.................... Alcoholic beverages....................................... Housing.......................................................... Shelter........................................................ Rent of primary residence............................ Lodging away from home2........................... Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Fuels and utilities....................................... Fuels....................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels............................. Gas (piped) and electricity....................... Household furnishings and operations........... Apparel.......................................................... Men's and boys' apparel.............................. Women's and girls' apparel.......................... 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 126.6 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 126.7 100.2 125.9 110.5 86.2 117.9 126.7 100.3 125.7 110.2 87.7 117.5 127.2 100.5 126.5 111.0 87.7 118.4 126.7 102.2 130.2 115.1 87.3 123.0 126.8 102.1 131.1 116.0 87.5 124.0 126.8 102.2 131.4 116.2 89.2 124.1 126.8 102.3 132.7 117.6 93.9 125.3 127.0 102.2 130.3 115.0 97.6 122.0 126.6 102.1 130.0 114.6 100.7 121.4 126.4 102.2 129.6 114.1 106.3 120.3 126.4 102.4 129.9 114.3 114.4 119.8 127.0 102.4 132.9 117.6 147.2 120.6 127.2 102.6 131.8 116.3 130.1 120.7 127.9 133.0 131.8 126.0 131.3 131.1 123.3 132.7 131.4 126.3 135.2 133.5 128.7 134.2 133.8 127.3 130.9 131.4 122.6 127.3 128.3 116.1 127.5 127.1 117.9 131.8 130.5 125.4 134.6 134.0 128.4 133.6 133.2 126.6 130.1 131.5 121.8 126.8 129.2 116.0 129.2 130.0 120.0 132.5 131.5 125.9 Infants' and toddlers' apparel1...................... Footwear................................................... Transportation................................................. Private transportation.................................... 126.1 128.0 141.6 137.9 129.0 125.7 144.4 140.5 125.6 126.4 140.6 136.4 128.2 129.2 144.3 140.1 127.6 127.4 144.2 140.2 126.8 125.4 143.4 139.7 127.4 125.2 144.7 140.6 128.3 123.8 145.7 141.9 129.9 124.7 146.5 142.9 132.4 126.1 147.3 143.3 132.6 126.4 147.6 143.6 133.0 123.7 148.3 144.4 133.3 121.6 148.3 144.4 133.1 122.1 149.7 145.6 133.9 124.7 153.4 149.2 New and used motor vehicles2..................... New vehicles............................................ 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3 242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5 101.1 101.1 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7 99.6 143.4 147.4 86.3 85.8 100.1 170.6 198.8 99.7 143.3 148.3 100.9 100.4 100.3 170.9 201.4 99.7 142.9 149.6 101.4 100.8 100.2 171.3 198.4 99.8 142.0 152.3 102.5 101.9 100.0 172.1 200.8 99.7 141.4 153.8 107.8 107.2 100.1 172.1 197.1 100.1 141.6 155.7 110.3 109.7 100.6 172.8 194.7 100.5 142.3 156.4 110.0 109.4 100.5 173.2 201.5 100.9 143.1 156.1 109.3 108.7 101.2 173.6 202.2 101.1 143.6 155.0 112.2 111.5 100.8 173.8 201.2 100.8 143.3 153.9 112.6 111.9 100.8 174.6 199.5 100.3 143.0 153.0 118.1 117.3 100.9 175.2 204.2 100.4 143.3 153.0 131.7 130.9 101.4 175.7 209.8 250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5 102.1 100.7 248.3 227.7 253.1 227.4 296.6 249.1 229.3 253.5 228.2 296.3 251.1 231.7 255.5 229.8 299.3 102.2 251.9 232.5 256.2 230.1 301.3 252.3 233.1 256.6 230.4 302.1 252.8 233.2 257.1 230.9 302.9 253.3 233.7 257.7 231.4 303.9 254.2 234.6 258.5 231.7 306.3 255.5 235.2 260.1 233.1 308.4 257.0 235.5 262.0 234.9 310.5 258.1 236.3 263.2 236.1 311.5 101.8 101.2 249.5 229.4 254.0 228.6 297.0 102.2 99.7 142.5 150.9 99.2 98.6 100.1 171.7 192.6 250.2 230.5 254.6 229.3 297.6 102.2 100.9 101.2 101.7 100.1 101.9 100.1 102.2 102.0 100.1 102.9 100.9 102.3 100.5 102.7 102.5 100.8 101.9 101.8 100.1 102.1 102.3 100.6 100.4 102.2 102.0 107.5 264.5 109.4 267.0 109.6 269.0 109.3 255.7 109.3 256.0 110.2 273.9 110.6 278.3 110.6 276.9 309.9 95.6 315.3 95.3 315.9 95.3 316.3 95.9 316.3 95.9 317.3 96.0 318.0 94.7 318.3 94.3 95.4 Used cars and trucks1................................ Motor fuel................................................. Gasoline (all types).................................... Motor vehicle parts and equipment............... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair.......... Public transportation...................................... Medical care.................................................... Medical care commodities.............................. Medical care services.................................... Professional services................................... Hospital and related services....................... 100.3 101.2 100.8 102.0 101.0 100.7 102.1 250.8 294.2 98.7 107.0 261.7 105.4 261.4 105.5 261.2 308.4 96.0 303.5 96.6 98.5 100.7 95.5 100.1 other than telephone services1,4............. Personal computers and peripheral 39.9 30.5 equipment1,2.................................... Other goods and services................................. Tobacco and smoking products...................... 78.2 237.7 274.8 Personal care1.............................................. 156.7 Personal care products1.............................. Personal care services1.............................. 148.3 166.0 Recreation2............................... Video and audio1,2....................................... Education and communication2........................ Education2............................................. Educational books and supplies.................. Tuition, other school fees, and child care..... Communication1,2.................................. Information and information processing1,2.... Telephone services1,2............................. Information and information processing 86 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100.9 100.4 102.2 100.7 100.3 105.7 262.1 303.8 96.3 105.6 261.6 304.1 95.7 304.4 95.5 106.0 262.3 305.4 95.5 96.1 95.8 95.2 99.6 94.9 99.5 95.0 99.8 94.7 100.0 94.9 99.7 94.7 100.2 99.6 99.8 95.3 100.6 100.7 95.5 100.9 94.1 99.4 93.6 98.9 32.4 32.1 30.9 29.8 30.0 29.8 29.3 28.7 28.2 28.2 28.0 27.6 27.2 53.5 258.3 355.8 57.6 253.3 335.9 56.8 256.1 349.9 55.7 255.8 345.5 54.5 255.9 343.2 52.9 258.3 356.0 50.9 257.6 350.1 49.7 262.6 373.8 48.2 263.2 373.3 47.0 263.0 369.8 47.2 263.0 369.1 46.4 264.7 375.1 45.1 266.7 383.0 44.2 268.0 387.3 161.1 151.8 171.4 160.0 150.8 169.9 160.2 160.7 150.9 171.0 161.1 150.9 170.3 152.6 170.9 161.1 152.0 171.4 161.4 152.3 171.9 161.8 153.0 172.1 162.4 153.4 172.9 162.8 153.3 173.9 162.9 152.5 174.3 163.4 152.8 174.9 163.8 152.6 175.6 164.3 153.5 176.2 May 2000 28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category ana commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1 99 9 2000 S e rie s 1 99 8 Miscellaneous personal services................. 1 99 9 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v. D ec. Jan. Feb . M a r. 234.7 243.0 241.1 241.4 242.1 242.4 242.9 243.9 244.6 245.6 246.0 246.6 247.6 248.9 249.4 141.9 161.1 130.5 132.6 133.0 144.4 164.6 132.5 137.5 131.3 142.6 163.7 130.2 133.2 132.7 144.6 163.9 133.2 138.6 135.2 144.5 164.2 132.8 138.2 134.2 143.9 164.1 131.9 136.6 130.9 143.9 164.2 131.9 136.7 127.3 144.5 164.7 132.5 138.0 127.5 145.8 165.1 134.3 141.0 131.8 146.4 165.5 134.9 141.9 134.6 146.2 165.7 134.6 141.3 133.6 146.1 165.9 134.4 140.9 130.1 146.2 166.6 134.0 140.5 126.8 147.4 166.8 135.7 143.9 129.2 149 2 167.1 138.4 148.5 132.5 137.4 127.6 146.0 126.0 138.5 126.0 145.7 126.1 145.6 125.8 144.8 125.7 146.8 125.6 148.8 125.4 151.2 125.7 151.2 125.9 150.7 126.0 152.1 125.9 153.1 125.7 157.2 125.3 162.7 125.6 Commodity and service group: Commodities less food and beverages........... Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel.................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel............................................ Durables..................................................... Services........................................................ 184.2 188.8 187.6 187.8 187.9 188.6 189.5 189.9 190.1 190.2 190.5 190.5 191.4 192.2 193.1 Rent of shelter3............................................ Transporatation services............................... Other services............................................. Special indexes: 189.6 187.9 216.9 195.0 190.7 223.1 193.9 190.7 221.3 194.3 191.0 221.7 194.2 190.4 221.9 194.9 189.3 222.2 195.7 191.0 222.6 196.1 190.2 223.9 196.1 189.9 224.5 196.3 191.9 225.1 196.3 192.7 226.0 196.3 192.8 226.5 197.6 193.0 227.4 198.5 193.7 227.4 199.7 195.0 227.8 All items less shelter..................................... All items less medical care............................ Commodities less food................................. Nondurables less food................................. Nondurables less food and apparel............... Nondurables................................................ 163.4 157.2 158.6 132.0 134.6 139.2 146.9 167.0 160.2 162.0 134.0 139.4 147.5 151.2 165.3 158.5 160.5 131.7 135.3 140.5 148.5 166.7 159.9 161.6 134.6 140.4 147.0 151.4 166.6 159.9 161.6 134.3 140.1 147.0 151.4 166.7 159.7 161.6 133.4 138.6 146.3 150.5 167.2 160.1 162.0 133.4 138.7 148.2 150.6 167.7 160.6 162.5 134.0 139.9 150.0 151.5 168.5 161.6 163.2 135.8 142.8 152.3 153.2 168 8 162.0 163.6 136.3 143.7 152.3 154.0 168 8 162.1 163.6 136.1 143.1 151.9 153.7 168 8 162.1 163.6 135.9 142.8 153.2 153.6 169 2 162.3 164.0 135.6 142.4 154.2 153.7 170 3 163.3 164.9 137.2 145.7 158.0 155.6 171 9 164.8 166.3 139.9 150.1 163.0 158.1 Services less rent of shelter3........................ Services less medical care services............... Energy........................................................ All items less energy.................................... All items less food and energy.................... Commodities less food and energy............ Energy commodities............................... Services less energy................................ 191.8 178.4 102.9 170.9 173.4 143.2 92.1 190.6 195.8 182.7 106.6 174.4 177.0 144.1 100.0 195.7 194.2 181.5 98.4 173.7 176.2 143.9 86.4 194.7 194.5 181.8 105.0 174.2 176.8 144.9 99.9 195.0 194.7 181.8 105.6 174.1 176.6 144.5 100.3 195.0 195.6 182.6 106.8 174.0 176.6 143.7 98.3 195.3 196.5 183.4 108.7 174.3 176.9 143.2 101.3 196.1 196.9 183.8 111.3 174.5 177.1 143.0 106.3 196.5 197.3 183.9 113.2 175.1 177.7 144.6 109.1 196.6 197.4 184.1 111.6 175.7 178.3 145.3 109.1 197.2 197.9 184.3 111.2 175.8 178.4 145.0 108.7 197.5 198.0 184.3 112.2 175.7 178.2 144.2 111.8 197.7 198.6 185.1 112.5 176.2 178.7 143.6 112.8 198.7 199.2 185.8 116.7 176.8 179.4 144.2 120.6 199.5 199.9 186.7 122.2 177.7 180.4 145.3 131.7 200.5 159.7 475.6 160.4 160.0 160.0 180.9 147.0 163.2 486.2 161.4 480.9 162.7 484.7 162.8 484.9 162.8 485.0 163.8 487.8 164.7 490.5 165.0 491.5 165.1 491.7 166.4 495.6 167.8 499.7 162.9 162.6 162.3 183.2 146.4 163.0 162.6 162.2 184.5 146.3 163.3 162.9 162.6 184.8 146.1 163.3 162.8 162.5 185.5 146.9 163.9 163.5 162.9 184.8 148.2 164.3 163.9 163.5 185.0 148.9 164.7 164.4 164.0 185.0 148.8 164.9 164.5 164.0 184.5 150.1 165.1 491.8 165.2 164.7 164.2 185.7 149.4 165.5 492.9 163.8 163.4 163.0 184.7 147.6 163.3 486.3 163.4 163.0 162.5 186.1 146.8 165.9 165.4 165.1 185.5 149.8 166.1 165.6 165.1 185.8 150.8 166.4 165.9 165.3 185.9 152.0 150.4 197.0 159.4 201.8 161.5 198.7 155.7 201.7 155.8 205.3 155.7 201.9 155.3 201.0 156.0 201.2 158.4 201.6 164.0 201.0 164.6 199.8 161.9 202.8 159.9 207.0 160.4 201.7 158.7 200.5 131.8 150.2 150.1 146.5 165.4 133.2 152.8 152.2 147.9 168.8 133.6 152.3 151.1 148.9 168.0 133.2 153.0 151.7 148.6 169.0 133.1 152.6 152.8 147.0 168.5 133.2 152.8 152.0 147.2 169.0 133.1 153.0 152.0 147.8 169.2 133.2 153.5 152.6 148.3 169.7 133.0 153.3 153.3 148.1 169.2 133.4 152.9 153.2 148.6 168.5 132.7 152.3 152.0 144.9 168.8 133.5 152.7 152.3 144.7 169.4 136.0 153.7 154.8 146.8 169.8 137.6 153.8 154.3 145.2 170.5 137.8 154.5 154.5 145.7 171.6 102.6 161.1 101.6 164.6 156.7 176.6 104.6 105.0 164.1 103.8 167.3 105.2 164.4 104.1 167.8 104.7 104.4 165.5 105.8 169.2 103.8 166.1 106.6 169.5 105.2 164.4 104.5 168.7 105.1 165.8 106.2 169.8 103.4 164.5 104.2 168.5 166.5 106.8 170.4 159.1 180.8 159.2 180.9 160.2 181.5 161.0 182.4 161.3 182.6 161.0 182.8 161.1 183.1 166.8 106.9 171.0 161.1 183.3 103.9 167.1 107.4 171.6 158.8 180.5 103.9 164.9 105.3 169.1 160.7 182.0 104.4 165.0 105.1 168.8 160.0 181.6 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items........................................................... All items (1967- 100)....................................... Food and beverages........................................ Food.............................................................. Food at home............................................... Cereals and bakery products....................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs...................... Dairy and related products1......................... Fruits and vegetables.................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials.................................................. Other foods at home.................................... Sugar and sweets...................................... Fats and oils............................................. Other foods............................................... Other miscellaneous foods1,2................... Food away from home1.................................. Other food away from home1,2.................... Alcoholic beverages....................................... Housing.......................................................... Shelter......................................................... Rent of primary residence............................ 106.2 106.7 161.8 184.1 167.6 107.8 172.2 162.7 184.8 167.9 107.8 172.8 163.2 185.6 Lodging away from home2........................... Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Tenants' and household insurance1,2............ Fuels and utilities........................................ Fuels........................................................ Fuel oil and other fuels............................. Gas (piped) and electricity........................ Household furnishings and operations.......... Apparel.......................................................... Men's and boys' apparel.............................. Women's and girls’ apparel.......................... 171.7 109.0 171.1 177.1 122.2 175.7 175.6 114.2 174.5 176.0 114.5 174.8 176.4 112.0 175.1 176.8 113.8 175.4 177.1 116.7 175.7 177.5 116.8 176.1 178.0 113.8 176.5 178.4 113.1 176.8 179.3 108.4 177.4 179.9 105.7 177.8 180.3 110.8 178.2 180.7 114.5 178.6 181.2 119.9 178.8 100.0 128.4 113.3 90.3 120.8 125.0 131.6 131.4 123.9 101.6 128.7 113.0 91.7 120.4 124.7 130.1 131.2 121.3 100.6 125.8 110.0 85.8 117.3 124.9 131.1 131.6 123.9 100.6 125.5 109.7 88.1 116.9 125.2 133.7 133.6 126.5 100.9 126.3 110.6 88.0 117.9 124.8 133.0 134.0 125.5 102.3 130.2 114.7 87.8 122.6 124.8 129.6 131.6 120.6 102.2 131.1 115.7 87.6 123.6 124.9 126.4 128.6 114.4 102.3 131.4 115.9 89.3 123.7 124.7 126.4 127.2 116.0 102.5 132.6 117.2 93.9 124.9 124.8 130.5 130.3 123.3 102.4 130.1 114.4 97.7 121.5 124.5 133.1 134.0 126.0 102.3 129.8 114.0 100.7 120.9 124.2 132.3 133.3 124.4 102.4 129.2 113.5 106.0 119.8 124.2 129.0 131.6 119.8 102.6 129.5 113.6 114.0 119.4 124.5 125.9 129.3 114.2 102.6 132.0 116.3 144.5 120.1 124.6 127.9 129.9 118.0 102.8 131.2 115.4 129.6 120.2 125.3 131.0 131.5 123.5 Infants' and toddlers' apparel1...................... Footwear.................................................... Transportation................................................. Private transportation.................................... 126.7 128.7 140.5 138.0 130.3 126.2 143.4 140.7 126.5 126.8 139.1 136.2 129.3 129.5 142.9 140.1 128.9 127.9 143.1 140.3 128.0 125.8 142.4 139.9 128.4 125.8 143.7 140.9 129.6 124.4 145.0 142.4 131.4 125.1 146.0 143.6 134.1 126.6 146.6 143.9 134.3 126.9 146.9 144.2 134.8 124.2 147.6 145.0 134.9 122.3 147.7 145.1 134.7 122.6 149.1 146.4 135.7 124.7 152.9 150.1 New and used motor vehicles2..................... 100.3 100.4 99.5 99.7 99.8 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.7 101.2 101.5 101.5 101.2 100.7 100.8 May 2000 87 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenaiture category ana commodity or service group [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 S e r ie s 1998 Used cars and trucks1................................. Gasoline (all types).................................... Public transportation...................................... Medical care..................................................... Medical care commodities............................... Medical care services..................................... Professional services................................... 1999 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. 144.6 144.0 144.5 144.5 144.0 143.6 143.2 142.6 142.8 143.5 144 3 144 7 144 5 144 2 144 fi 152.0 153.3 148.7 149.6 150.9 152.2 153.7 155.2 157.0 157.7 157.3 92.2 91.7 100.5 168.2 187.1 100.8 100.2 100.0 173.3 193.1 86.4 85.9 99.8 172.0 194.1 100.8 100.3 99.6 172.3 196.4 101.3 100.8 99.7 172.7 193.9 99.2 98.7 99.6 173.1 189.0 102.6 102.1 99.5 173.5 195.7 107.8 107.3 99.6 173.5 192.5 110 6 110.0 99.9 174.3 190.7 110.0 109.4 99.8 174.7 196.3 109 5 108.9 100 6 175.1 197.0 156.3 112 3 111.7 100 2 175 2 196.0 155.3 112 0 154.4 118 fi 154.4 132 0 112.3 100 3 117.9 100 fi 176 1 194.8 176 6 198.8 131.2 100 0 177 2 203.4 241.4 218.6 246.6 223.7 283.6 249.7 226.8 254.9 230.8 295.5 247.5 223.9 252.8 228.9 292.8 248.2 225.7 253.3 229.7 292.3 248.7 225.7 253.8 230.2 293.0 249.4 226.6 254.5 231.0 293.6 250.3 227.8 255.3 231.4 295.3 251.0 228.4 256.0 231.7 297.3 251.4 229.0 256.4 232.0 298 2 251.9 229.1 257.0 232.5 298 9 252.5 229.5 257.6 233.1 299 8 253.2 230.2 258.4 233.4 302 1 254.5 230.7 259.9 234.8 304 1 256.2 231.0 261.9 236.7 306 4 257.3 231.8 263.1 238.0 307 fi 100.9 101.3 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.0 101.1 101.0 101.2 101.4 100.5 101.0 100.8 100.6 100.5 100.4 100.7 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.8 100.2 101.6 100.4 102.0 101.1 100.4 101.5 101.0 100.9 100.7 100.7 100.8 101.5 102.1 102.3 102.5 102.5 103.0 102.5 102.2 Education2.................................................... Educational books and supplies.................. 102.1 253.1 107.2 264.1 105.6 264.0 105.7 263.9 105.9 264.3 106.0 264.8 106.3 265.0 107.7 267.2 109.5 269.9 109.7 271.8 109.4 256.5 109.4 256.9 110.5 276.6 110.9 281.3 111.0 280.0 Tuition, other school fees, and child care..... 288.5 99.1 302.8 96.9 298.0 97.4 298.3 97.0 298.7 96.5 299.2 96.4 300.2 96.3 304.1 96.5 309.5 96.2 310.0 96.3 310.4 96.9 310.4 97.0 311.7 97.1 312.7 95.7 312.8 95.3 100.6 Information and information processing1,2.... 99.0 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.2 96.0 96.0 96.1 95.8 95.9 96.6 96.6 96.7 95.3 94.8 Telephone services1,2.............................. Information and information processing 100.7 100.2 100.4 100.0 99.8 99.9 99.7 99.9 99.7 100.0 100.8 100.9 101.1 99.6 99.1 other than telephone services1,4............. Personal computers and peripheral 41.2 31.6 33.5 33.0 31.8 30.8 31.1 30.8 30.3 29.9 29.3 29.3 28.9 28.6 28.2 Other goods and services.................................. Tobacco and smoking products...................... 77.9 236.1 274.8 53.1 261.9 356.2 56.9 255.6 336.0 55.9 259.5 350.5 55.1 258.8 345.9 54.0 258.7 343.5 52.5 262.0 356.6 50.6 260.7 350.6 49.4 267.3 374.4 48.1 267.9 374.0 46.9 267.4 370.4 46.9 267.3 369.7 45.7 269.3 375.7 44.5 271.7 383.6 43.6 273.3 387.8 156.8 161.3 160.3 160.4 160.8 161.3 161.3 161.6 161.9 162.6 163.0 163.1 163.5 163.9 164.3 Personal care products1............................... 149.3 152.5 151.6 151.7 151.6 153.3 152.7 153.1 153.7 154.1 154.0 153.1 153.4 153.2 154.1 Personal care services1............................... Miscellaneous personal services.................. Commodity and service group: 166.3 234.0 171.7 243.1 170.2 241.4 170.6 241.7 171.4 242.3 171.2 242.6 171.8 243.2 172.2 243.8 172.4 244.5 173.2 245.5 174.4 245.9 174.7 246.7 175.3 247.6 176.1 248.9 176.6 249.4 Commodities.................................................... Food and beverages...................................... Commodities less food and beverages............ Nondurables less food and beverages........... Apparel..................................................... Nonourabies less tood, beverages, 141.8 160.4 130.6 132.1 131.6 144.7 163.8 133.2 138.1 130.1 142.5 162.9 130.3 133.1 131.1 144.7 163.0 133.6 139.1 133.7 144.6 163.3 133.4 138.8 133.0 144.0 163.3 132.5 137.0 129.6 144.2 163.4 132.7 137.5 126.4 144.8 163.9 133.4 138.8 126.4 146.3 164.3 135.4 142.1 130.5 146.8 164.7 165.9 142.9 133.1 146.6 164.9 135.6 142.2 132.3 146.6 165.2 135.4 142.0 129.0 146.6 165.9 135.1 141.7 125.9 147.8 166.1 136.8 145.1 127.9 149.8 166.4 139.6 150.2 131.0 and apparel.............................................. Durables...................................................... 137.0 127.3 147.2 126.0 138.7 125.7 146.7 125.8 146.6 125.6 145.7 125.6 148.1 125.7 150.2 125.7 153.2 126.1 153.1 126.3 152.5 126.4 153.9 126.3 155.0 126.0 159.3 125.6 165.7 125.8 Services........................................................... 181.0 185.3 184.0 184.2 184.4 185.2 185.9 186.3 186.6 186.7 187.1 187.2 187.9 188.5 189.2 Rent of shelter3............................................. Transportation services............................... Other services............................................... Special indexes: 170.1 185.4 213.7 174.9 187.9 219.6 173.8 187.8 217.8 174.1 187.9 218.1 174.2 187.5 218.4 174.7 186.7 218.8 175.3 188.0 219.2 175.6 187.4 220.3 175.8 187.3 220.9 176.1 189.0 221.6 176.3 189.8 222.3 176.5 189.9 222.9 177.3 190.2 223.8 178.0 190.8 223.7 178.7 191.8 224.0 All items less food......................................... All items less shelter...................................... All items less medical care............................. Commodities less food.................................. Nondurables less food.................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................ Nondurables.................................................. 159.5 163.1 161.1 162.6 162.6 162.7 163.2 163.7 164.7 165.0 165.1 165.1 165.4 166.4 168.0 155.0 155.8 132.0 134.1 138.7 146.5 158.1 159.2 134.6 140.0 148.4 151.3 156.1 157.5 131.8 135.1 140.5 148.3 157.7 158.8 135.0 140.8 147.9 151.4 157.7 158.8 134.8 140.6 147.9 151.4 157.6 158.8 133.9 138.9 147.0 150.5 158.0 159.2 134.2 139.4 149.3 150.8 158.6 159.7 134.8 140.7 151.2 151.7 159.7 160.7 136.7 143.8 154.0 153.6 160.1 161.0 137.2 144.6 153.8 154.3 160.1 161.1 137.0 144.0 153.4 154.0 160.1 161.1 136.8 143.8 154.7 154.0 160.3 161.4 136.5 143.6 155.8 154.2 161.3 162.3 138.2 146.8 159.8 156.0 162.8 163.6 141.0 151.7 165.7 158.8 Services less rent of shelter3......................... Services less medical care services............... Energy.......................................................... All items less energy..................................... All items less food and energy...................... Commodities less food and energy............. Energy commodities................................ Services less energy.................................. 170.7 175.4 102.1 167.6 169.6 142.7 92.3 187.7 174.1 172.6 178.2 97.5 170.2 172.2 143.7 86.6 191.5 172.7 178.4 104.5 170.7 172.9 144.8 100.2 191.8 173.0 178.6 105.2 170.7 172.8 144.5 100.6 191.9 174.0 179.4 106.2 170.6 172.7 143.8 98.6 192.2 174.7 180.1 108.4 170.9 172.9 143.5 101.8 192.8 175.0 180.4 111.1 171.1 173.1 143.3 106.8 193.2 175.5 180.7 113.1 171.8 173.9 145.0 109.7 193.4 175.4 180.8 111.4 172.4 174.5 145.7 109.4 194.0 175.8 181.1 111.0 172.6 174.7 145.4 109.1 194.4 175.9 181.2 112.1 172.5 174.5 144.6 112.1 194.7 176.4 181.9 112.5 172.8 174.8 144.1 113.1 195.5 176.9 182.4 116.7 173.3 175.3 144.6 120.4 196.2 177.4 179.5 106.1 171.1 173.1 144.3 100.3 192.6 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. 88 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base. - Data not available. Note : Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. May 2000 183.1 122.9 174.1 176.2 145.6 132.0 196.9 29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]_______________________________________________ sched* u le 1 U r b a n W a g e E a rn e r s A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s P r ic in g A rea 2000 1999 M a r. Feb. Nov. Jan. Dec. M a r. Feb. 2000 1999 M a r. Feb. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. U.S. city average....................................................... M 164.5 165.0 168.3 168.3 168.7 169.7 171.1 161.1 161.4 165.1 165.1 165.5 166.4 167.8 Region and area size2 Northeast urban.............................................................. M 171.6 171.9 175.5 175.5 176.1 177.4 178.3 168.3 168.5 172.6 172.6 173.0 174.3 175.1 172.4 172.8 103.2 179.2 168.1 168.3 172.7 172.4 105.8 164.8 107.2 165.8 167.0 102.6 156.5 102.8 156.9 105.0 160.9 105.2 160.7 172.8 105.5 161.2 174.1 174.9 106.8 163.4 Size A—More than 1,500,000....................................... M 161.8 161.0 162.4 176.3 105.4 164.4 178.3 106.7 160.5 176.5 105.1 164.6 176.9 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................................... M M M 165.6 165.5 166.1 167.2 168.3 157.2 157.5 161.0 161.1 161.6 162.7 163.8 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)................. M 102.6 103.0 105.6 105.3 105.5 106.0 106.8 102.2 102.6 105.5 105.3 105.5 106.1 106.9 M 155.6 155.7 159.3 158.9 159.0 157.6 157.3 157.6 158.3 160.0 160.0 158.9 160.6 159.7 163.5 162.9 164.0 163.5 158.4 161.8 165.9 158.0 156.4 105.3 105.9 106.9 102.6 105.0 105.1 163.0 161.8 105.7 164.6 163.4 106.7 M 160.9 181.5 105.1 164.1 160.6 104.9 162.2 161.2 103.3 156.9 102.8 162.0 160.9 103.0 163.6 163.0 105.2 161.5 166.4 153.4 M M M 159.8 164.7 164.1 153.4 South urban................................................................... 163.5 164.4 166.8 161.0 167.3 168.2 162.7 103.8 104.1 105.5 105.7 174.9 107.1 161.9 103.6 162.3 104.0 169.1 168.7 M 173.3 106.2 165.8 167.4 167.1 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s................................... 171.0 172.3 105.7 173.4 171.6 170.5 171.7 164.6 166.4 Size A—More than 1,500,000-..................................... 166.9 167.8 161.5 163.2 165.0 M M 165.1 171.9 M M M 149.0 103.0 160.7 149.6 103.3 161.1 152.5 105.3 164.2 152.5 105.3 163.7 153.0 105.5 164.3 154.0 106.1 164.9 155.2 106.9 166.7 147.4 102.6 159.4 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI............. ................... Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................... M M 166.4 164.6 167.0 166.0 169.3 167,1 169.2 167.3 170.1 187.9 171.3 169.2 172.0 170.6 New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA.. M 1 176.1 175.5 178.8 178.6 179.2 180.4 181.4 174.8 179.2 Cleveland-Akron, OH............................... ......... ....... . 1 - 163.8 Dallas-Ft Worth, TX........................................................ 1 1 - 161.2 166.4 160.1 - 103,2 105,0 2 2 2 161.9 161.2 - - Size A—More than 1,500,000...................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000...................................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000s............................... Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)............ . West urban.......... ......................................................... 103.0 170.4 106.3 162.1 167.6 165.8 165.1 166.7 166.3 105.3 105.5 105.5 105.9 106.8 147.7 102.9 159.8 151.2 105.0 163.5 151.2 105.2 163.1 151.6 105.3 163.5 152.5 105.9 164.1 153.6 106.8 165.9 160.6 158.1 161.1 158.3 163.7 160.6 163.7 160.9 164.5 161.2 165.6 162.4 166.4 163.9 174.3 - 174.6 175.8 176.6 178.6 - 181.1 - - 159.2 - 162.9 106.9 166.2 165.7 Size classes: A5 D................................................................................ Selected local areas3 Washinqton-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7....................... Atlanta, GA....................... .......................... Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, Ml........................................... . 146.6 2 2 2 161.4 - - Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD..,. San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA............................ 168.6 169.4 - - Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton. WA.................................... 2 170.6 Miami-Ft, Lauderdale, FL....................... ................... . 1 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as Indicated; M—Every month. 1—January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 - 100 base. 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau, It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 - 100 base. 6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the c p i D eta ile d R eport : Anchorage, AK; Cindnnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN; Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO; Honolulu, HI; Kansas City, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 174.6 _ 182.7 170.6 _ 170.8 180.2 172.3 177.8 - 166.8 - 152.9 - 164.4 160.4 - 163.1 - 155.8 156.1 159.8 - 156.8 160.3 - 105.3 - 107.0 - 102.8 104.9 - 105.3 167.0 165.6 - 187.4 - 159.1 - - - 164.9 - « 152.1 - - 162.0 150.5 - 150.3 164.6 160.4 149.2 - 165.9 174.7 176.5 - 158.8 - - 162.7 - 167.8 165.7 176.0 - 166.0 - 172.8 170.9 _ - 163.5 174.5 172.5 - - - 164.8 172.9 174.5 174.4 167.2 _ 155.8 145.0 170.1 - - 171.5 - MO-KS; Milwaukee-Radne, Wl; Minneapolls-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Portland-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. Indexes on a November 1996 ■ 100 base. - Data not available. 1 NOTE; Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local Index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subjed to substantially more sampling and Other measurement error, As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national Index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use In their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any spedflc date. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 89 Current Labor Statistics: 30. Price Data Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [ 1982-84 = 100]_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1991 Series 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Ail items: 136.2 4.2 140.3 3.0 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 136.8 3.6 138.7 1.4 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 148.9 2.8 153.7 3.2 157.7 2.6 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 133.6 4.0 137.5 2.9 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148.5 2.6 152.8 2.9 156.8 2.6 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 128.7 3.7 131.9 2.5 133.7 1.4 133.4 -.2 132.0 -1.0 131.7 -.2 132.9 .9 133.0 .1 131.3 -1.3 123.8 2.7 126.5 2.2 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 143.0 2.8 144.3 0.9 141.6 -1.9 144.4 2.0 177.0 8.7 190.1 7.4 201.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 220.5 4.5 228.2 3.5 234.6 2.8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 171.6 7.9 183.3 6.8 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 134.3 4.1 138.2 2.9 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 Food and beverages: Housing: Percent change....................................................... Apparel: Transportation: Medical care: Other goods and services: Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Monthly Labor Review 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 31. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] A n n u a l a v e ra g e 1999 2000 G ro u p in g 1998 1999p M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. 130.7 128.9 134.3 133.1 132.1 135.1 131.1 129.4 134.7 131.9 130.4 133.4 132.4 131.2 134.5 132.7 131.7 135.1 132.9 132.1 134.6 133.7 133.2 135.9 134.7 134.6 136.7 135.1 134.5 135.8 134.9 134.3 135.4 135.0 134.4 135.7 134.7 134.0 135.0 136.0 135.6 135.9 137.0 137.0 135.9 126.4 122.2 132.9 137.6 130.6 127.9 133.0 137.6 127.0 122.9 133.1 137.7 129.0 125.7 133.1 137.8 129.6 126.6 132.8 137.6 130.0 127.5 132.3 137.2 130.8 128.9 131.7 137.0 131.9 130.4 131.6 136.9 133.5 132.8 131.2 136.7 133.7 131.5 134.9 138.5 133.6 131.6 134.6 138.3 133.7 131.8 134.6 138.3 133.3 131.3 134.2 138.4 135.4 134.3 134.0 138.4 137.3 137.0 134.0 138.5 s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n ts ......................... 123.0 123.2 120.7 121.6 122.2 123.0 123.9 124.6 125.3 125.0 125.2 125.6 125.9 126.8 127.9 Materials and components for manufacturing.................................. Materials for food manufacturing........... Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials for durable manufacturing....... Components for manufacturing.............. 126.1 123.2 126.7 128.0 125.9 124.5 120.9 124.8 125.1 125.7 123.4 121.4 122.6 123.2 125.7 123.2 118.1 122.7 123.2 125.7 123.8 119.6 123.3 124.3 125.6 124.1 120.0 123.8 124.8 125.7 124.6 119.0 124.8 126.1 125.6 125.0 121.1 125.5 126.2 125.6 125.4 122.0 126.5 126.2 125.7 125.9 122.2 127.7 126.5 125.7 125.9 120.9 127.8 126.7 125.7 126.1 118.5 128.4 127.4 125.7 126.5 117.9 129.0 128.4 125.8 126.8 117.8 129.6 129.4 125.7 127.4 118.1 131.3 129.5 125.7 146.8 81.1 140.8 134.8 148.9 84.9 142.5 134.2 147.8 76.2 138.5 133.7 148.0 80.6 140.4 133.8 148.5 82.5 141.6 133.7 149.5 84.9 142.2 133.9 150.5 87.6 142.1 133.9 150.4 90.0 143.6 134.2 149.6 92.5 145.7 134.4 149.1 89.3 146.3 134.8 149.4 90.2 146.5 135.0 149.7 91.7 146.5 135.2 150.4 91.7 147.2 135.2 150.8 94.9 147.3 135.5 151.3 98.1 148.3 136.0 96.8 103.9 88.4 98.2 98.8 94.3 89.0 98.8 79.1 91.1 95.4 84.8 97.4 99.6 92.3 97.4 99.5 92.5 97.9 96.2 95.5 103.1 100.1 101.5 107.3 100.1 108.3 104.0 98.8 103.8 109.2 99.5 111.9 103.9 96.8 105.0 106.3 96.4 109.2 111.2 97.6 116.5 113.3 101.3 117.5 Finished goods, excluding foods.............. Finished energy goods............................ Finished goods less energy..................... Finished consumer goods less energy..... Finished goods less food and energy....... 129.5 75.1 141.1 142.5 143.7 132.3 78.9 143.0 145.2 146.1 129.9 71.2 142.7 144.7 145.8 131.3 75.9 142.3 144.2 145.8 131.6 77.5 142.5 144.6 145.6 131.8 78.6 142.6 144.8 145.5 132.3 80.7 142.3 144.5 145.3 133.0 83.5 142.5 144.9 145.2 134.0 85.8 143.1 145.8 145.7 134.7 83.5 144.2 146.6 147.5 134.7 83.6 144.0 146.3 147.4 134.7 83.8 144.0 146.5 147.4 134.5 83.8 143.6 145.8 147.0 135.9 87.4 144.2 146.6 147.5 137.2 92.0 144.3 146.7 147.6 Finished consumer goods less food and energy........................................... 147.7 151.7 151.2 151.2 151.0 151.0 150.9 150.7 151.7 153.6 153.4 153.4 152.8 153.6 153.6 Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy......................................... 159.1 166.3 165.3 165.2 165.2 165.7 165.9 165.7 167.9 168.1 168.2 168.1 167.2 169.0 169.0 and feeds............................................. Intermediate foods and feeds................... Intermediate energy goods...................... Intermediate goods less energy............... 123.4 116.2 80.8 132.4 123.9 111.1 84.6 131.7 121.2 111.0 76.0 130.6 122.3 109.0 80.3 130.7 122.9 109.8 82.2 131.1 123.7 110.2 84.6 131.5 124.7 109.1 87.2 131.9 125.4 110.9 89.6 132.3 126.0 111.8 92.1 132.5 125.7 112.4 89.0 132.9 126.0 111.6 89.9 133.0 126.5 110.0 91.4 133.1 126.9 109.5 91.4 133.5 127.7 110.3 94.5 133.8 128.8 110.8 97.8 134.4 Intermediate materials less foods and energy........................................... 133.5 133.1 131.9 132.1 132.5 132.9 133.4 133.7 133.9 134.2 134.4 134.6 135.1 135.4 136.0 Crude energy materials........................... Crude materials less energy.................... Crude nonfood materials less energy....... 68.6 113.6 142.1 78.4 108.0 135.3 60.5 106.6 129.9 68.1 103.9 129.1 77.1 107.6 131.4 77.1 107.7 132.2 80.4 105.8 134.2 87.3 109.4 136.8 95.4 110.0 139.1 88.7 109.8 141.7 98.9 110.5 142.6 89.0 109.3 145.5 92.9 110.4 150.6 102.2 111.4 151.0 103.4 114.1 151.1 F in is h e d g o o d s ................................................... Finished consumer goods...................... Finished consumer foods..................... Finshed consumer goods excluding foods................................. Durable goods................................... Capital equipment............................... In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls , Materials and components for construction..................................... Processed fuels and lubricants................ Containers.............................................. Supplies................................................. C r u d e m a te ria ls fo r fu r th e r p r o c e s s in g ......................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs........................ Crude nonfood materials......................... S p e c ia l g ro u p in g s : Intermediate materials less foods https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 91 Current Labor Statistics; 32. Price Data Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] 1998 10 12 13 14 1999p 2000 1999 Annual overage Industry SIC Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov. Oct. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Total mining industries................................. 70.8 78.0 63.4 68.9 76.5 76.3 78.7 84.7 91.5 87.7 95.1 87.5 90.0 97.3 100.1 Metal mining............................................... Coal mining (12/85 - 100)........................... Oil and gas extraction (12/85 = 100)............. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels................................ 73.2 89.5 68.3 70.5 87.2 78.5 68.3 89.3 58.6 69.8 89.9 65.7 69.7 87.8 76.3 67.3 88.2 76.2 68.8 86.9 79.6 69.3 86.9 87.6 70.4 85.9 96.9 76.3 86.0 91.2 73.4 86.1 101.6 72.6 85.1 91.6 73.7 85.9 94.7 75.5 84.6 104.5 73.6 85.8 108.6 132.2 133.9 133.6 133.8 133.8 134.2 134.2 134.2 134.3 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.7 135.0 135.2 126.2 126.3 243.1 118.6 128.3 126.3 325.7 116.3 126.3 125.6 315.8 117.0 127.4 124.3 316.0 116.4 127.7 125.3 316.1 116.4 127.8 126.0 316.2 116.3 128.3 125.9 316.1 115.9 129.0 126.8 316.5 116.0 129.7 127.5 344.5 115.9 130.2 127.5 344.4 116.1 130.3 127.1 344.5 115.9 130.6 126.7 345.0 116.1 130.8 126.6 329.5 116.0 132.0 127.3 348.6 116.3 133.0 127.5 347.3 116.0 124.8 125.3 125.2 125.3 125.3 125.1 125.1 125.5 125.6 125.6 125.4 125.6 125.2 125.3 125.3 157.0 139.7 136.2 161.8 141.2 136.4 160.1 140.6 133.3 160.2 140.7 134.2 161.9 140.9 134.8 165.2 141.1 135.8 168.5 141.3 136.3 166.9 141.6 137.3 163.1 141.8 138.7 160.0 142.0 139.9 159.6 142.0 140.2 160.9 142.2 140.3 161.8 142.3 141.0 161.9 142.4 141.5 162.0 142.8 143.5 _ Total manufacturing industries..................... Food and kindred products.......................... Tobacco manufactures................................ Textile mill products..................................... Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials...... Lumber and wood products, 24 except furniture.......................................... Furniture and fixtures................................... 25 Paper and allied products............................ 26 20 21 22 23 27 Printing, publishing, and allied industries...... 174.0 177.5 177.0 177.1 177.2 177.2 177.4 177.7 178.1 178.6 179.1 179.2 180.3 180.6 181.2 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Chemicals and allied products...................... Petroleum refining and related products....... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products....................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products..... 148.7 66.3 122.1 137.1 129.3 120.9 149.5 76.8 122.2 136.5 132.6 115.7 147.5 59.9 121.3 136.1 131.7 114.8 147.7 73.7 121.7 136.1 132.1 114.7 148.2 75.4 121.6 136.0 132.5 114.9 149.0 74.2 121.9 136.5 132.7 115.0 149.9 79.6 122.1 136.7 132.7 115.4 150.0 85.3 122.5 136.7 133.1 115.7 151.0 90.2 122.8 136.9 133.2 116.4 152.8 87.0 122.9 137.0 133.6 117.1 153.0 89.5 123.3 137.0 133.7 117.1 152.5 92.8 123.3 137.3 133.6 117.2 153.1 94.2 123.9 137.3 134.2 118.1 154.1 103.7 123.7 137.5 134.5 119.1 154.8 112.2 124.0 137.5 134.7 119.8 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation transportation equipment.......................... 35 36 Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies........................... 37 38 Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks........................ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 39 industries (12/85 = 100)............................ Service industries: 42 43 44 45 46 33. Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 - 100).................. U.S. Postal Service (06/89 - 100)................. Water transportation (12/92 = 100)............... Transportation by air (12/92 = 100)............... Pipelines, except natural oas (12/92 - 100).... 128.7 129.1 128.7 128.9 128.9 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.2 129.4 129.6 129.6 129.8 130.1 130.4 1:7.7 117.3 117.4 117.5 117.5 117.5 117.3 117.2 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.2 117.2 117.3 117.4 110.4 133.6 109.6 134.4 109.8 134.4 109.7 134.5 109.7 134.1 109.5 133.6 109.5 133.0 109.5 132.9 109.2 132.6 109.1 136.7 109.1 136.2 109.4 136.0 108.9 136.1 108.8 135.9 108.5 136.1 126.0 125.7 126.4 126.4 125.9 125.3 125.1 125.0 124.9 125.2 125.3 125.4 125.7 126.0 125.9 129.7 130.3 130.4 130.4 130.5 130.5 130.5 130.1 130.0 130.4 130.2 130.6 130.9 131.0 130.9 111.6 132.3 105.6 124.5 99.2 114.7 135.3 113.3 130.8 98.4 114.1 135.4 105.8 128.9 98.2 114.2 135.4 106.0 129.6 98.4 114.3 135.4 114.4 130.0 98.5 114.6 135.2 116.8 130.9 98.6 114.8 135.2 117.4 131.4 98.2 115.1 135.2 117.2 131.7 98.2 115.8 135.2 117.3 131.8 98.3 115.5 135.2 116.7 133.1 98.3 115.5 135.2 116.7 133.4 98.2 115.8 135.2 117.2 133.7 98.4 116.5 135.2 116.1 135.4 102.1 116.8 135.2 117.5 136.8 101.9 118.1 135.2 117.2 138.4 101.9 Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] In d e x 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999p F in is h e d g o o d s 121.7 124.1 78.1 131.1 123.2 123.3 77.8 134.2 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.1 135.1 78.9 146.1 114.4 115.3 85.1 121.4 114.7 113.9 84.3 122.0 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.9 84.6 133.1 101.2 105.5 80.4 97.5 100.4 105.1 78.8 94.2 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 101.8 106.5 72.1 97.0 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.8 78.4 91.1 In t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c u n ip u n e iiis C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r fu r t h e r p r o c e s s in g Other........................................................................... 92 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 34. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] S IT C 1999 Industry R ev. 3 0 01 04 05 2 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 Mar. F o o d a n d liv e a n im a ls ..................................................................... Meat and meat preparations......................................... Cereals and cereal preparations................................... Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry.......... Hides, skins, and furskins, raw..................................... Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits...................................... Cork and wood............................................................. Textile fibers and their waste........................................ Crude fertilizers and crude minerals............................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............................... Apr. May June July 2000 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 87.8 90.0 75.8 94.9 88.2 88.9 76.7 94.8 89.2 89.9 76.2 97.6 89.2 91.5 75.9 98.5 87.4 94.2 70.9 99.8 87.6 97.3 73.3 97.8 86.6 97.5 72.7 94.3 86.4 97.4 69.5 96.6 86.3 97.7 70.1 94.3 85.6 100.9 68.5 91.2 86.3 100.1 71.0 90.9 86.8 97.7 74.1 89.0 86.9 97.5 74.4 88.6 74 0 81.5 78.3 81.5 62.0 69.7 93.6 69.8 74 1 78.9 80.4 81.8 61.9 69.8 93.5 68.6 74 6 79.0 79.5 81.7 62.9 70.1 93.5 70.6 74 9 79.0 79.2 82.0 66.0 68.6 93.5 70.7 74 7 80.3 72.8 82.9 71.5 65.2 93.6 72.3 78 5 83.4 80.1 83.0 73 5 65.1 93.0 73.0 77 7 86.5 85.0 82.8 75 2 64.4 93.3 73.5 78 1 88.6 82.3 83.5 77.1 64.5 93.1 75.1 77 8 87.8 78.1 83.8 78 7 63.4 93.8 77.3 78 9 90.5 79.6 85.0 80 9 62 5 94.1 78.4 80 0 91.1 80.5 86.4 84 3 61.2 94.3 80.0 8? ? 89.5 84.8 86.5 88 3 65 7 94.0 80.7 88 9 87.7 86.0 87.2 90 0 68 7 93.5 80.8 99.6 98.3 103.3 100.7 98.4 105.3 102.0 98.3 107.6 109.0 98.2 119.8 113.8 98.3 126.4 115.3 97.6 128.6 119.5 97.6 131.3 121.4 97.6 133.4 126.6 97.5 140.1 129.4 96.1 143.5 138.5 96.1 159.6 152.2 96.1 179.5 3 32 33 M in e r a l fu e ls , lu b r ic a n ts , a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ................ Coal, coke, and briquettes........................................... Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 93.1 99.3 90.9 4 A n im a l a n d v e g e ta b le o ils , fa ts , a n d w a x e s ....................... 82.6 82.8 81.9 76.6 76.8 77.1 78.8 81.9 79.0 78.0 75.8 74.3 69.4 5 54 55 57 58 59 C h e m ic a ls a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts , n .e .s ................................. 90.5 100.4 101.5 84.4 96.4 100.4 90.4 100.6 101.4 85.5 96.1 99.9 90.7 100.6 101.8 86.6 96.3 99.5 91.2 100.6 101.9 88.4 97.2 99.6 91.6 100.3 101.9 89.7 97.4 99.4 91.8 99.9 101.8 90.6 97.4 99.3 92.3 99.8 102.1 92.1 97.6 99.2 93.3 99.8 102.3 94.4 97.9 98.9 93.3 99.8 103.5 94.9 97.8 98.8 93.6 100.3 103.4 95.0 98.0 99.1 93.8 100.2 103.4 94.8 97.8 99.2 94.0 100.3 103.3 94.6 98.7 99.2 94.3 100.3 103.0 95.3 100.3 99.0 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products........................ Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations........ Plastics in primary forms (12/92 = 100)........................ Plastics in nonprimary forms (12/92 - 100).................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s........................ 6 M a n u fa c tu r e d g o o d s c la s s ifie d c h ie fly b y m a te ria ls ..... 96.4 96.5 96.6 96.8 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.8 98.0 98.3 98.3 99.0 99.6 62 64 106.8 105.9 105.9 105.5 105.6 105.8 106.9 108.2 108.2 108.5 104.7 103.7 103.6 66 68 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s......................................... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard.......................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s...................... Nonferrous metals........................................................ 80.9 106.5 84.0 81.9 106.6 84.3 82.9 106.3 84.7 83.4 106.3 85.0 84.4 106.3 85.3 85.4 106.3 87.0 86.3 106.1 88.0 87.2 106.0 90.2 87.6 106.0 90.7 87.2 105.8 92.3 87.6 105.8 93.4 87.8 106.0 98.8 88.3 106.3 101.9 7 M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t...................................... 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 87 Power generating machinery and equipment............... General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts..................................................... Computer equipment and office machines.................... Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment....................... Electrical machinery and equipment............................. Road vehicles............................................................... 97.9 98.0 97.8 97.6 97.3 97.3 97.2 97.4 97.5 97.2 97.4 97.4 97.5 109.4 105.7 109.6 105.9 109.5 105.9 109.6 106.1 110.1 105 8 110.1 105 8 110.1 105 9 110.2 106 0 111.0 106.1 111.0 104.7 111.8 106.2 111.8 106.3 111.8 106.2 107.2 73.0 107.3 72.7 107.2 72.2 107.3 71.6 107.5 71.0 107.5 71.0 107.6 70.2 107.7 70.5 107.7 70.4 107.9 70.2 107.5 70.1 107.6 69.8 108.0 69.8 97.5 89.3 102.2 97.3 89.6 102.2 97.1 89.0 102.3 96.9 88.6 102.5 97.0 87.7 102.4 96.9 87.5 102.3 96.9 87.6 102.4 96.6 87.4 103.1 96.6 87.3 103.1 96.7 86.7 103.1 96.4 86.3 103.5 96.7 86.5 103.6 96.6 86.3 104.0 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.2 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.5 105.6 105.3 105.2 105.4 105.7 P r o fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tro llin g in s t r u m e n t s a n d a p p a r a tu s ....................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review May 2000 93 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] SITC 2000 1999 Industry Rev. 3 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 0 Food and live animals................................................... 93.2 94.5 94.9 93.3 92.6 92.0 91.5 91.0 92.4 94.7 93.7 93.5 93.4 Meat and meat preparations........................................ Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other aquatic invertebrates................................................. Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry......... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof...................................................................... 94.0 94.5 93.7 94.5 94.3 96.7 99.4 98.4 97.7 98.4 97.8 98.2 99.1 103.3 101.7 106.0 104.9 106.0 108.1 104.3 103.2 104.2 103.5 103.8 102.6 103.1 101.6 105.0 96.5 107.5 97.2 106.8 103.6 106.8 102.0 107.9 102.1 109.2 102.3 71.0 69.5 68.4 69.4 64.3 63.2 61.4 62.0 66.0 70.6 67.2 64.7 60.9 1 Beverages and tobacco............................................... . 110.4 110.6 110.4 110.4 110.6 111.2 112.2 111.5 111.5 112.0 111.2 113.1 115.9 Beverages.................................................................. 106.9 107.2 107.2 107.2 107.6 107.7 109.1 108.5 108.5 108.7 107.9 110.1 113.4 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels........................ 86.3 86.1 88.5 90.3 93.1 92.7 91.7 90.8 90.3 92.2 93.6 95.0 93.4 Cork and wood........................................................... Pulp and waste paper.................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap.............................. Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s................ 113.2 57.6 89.9 109.4 113.6 57.3 89.5 108.6 118.3 58.1 90.9 107.8 122.3 60.6 91.9 101.7 131.9 61.4 91.9 102.8 128.9 61.1 93.8 105.0 121.7 66.0 94.3 111.1 116.7 63.9 98.4 112.1 114.9 66.8 98.0 106.5 118.7 68.2 99.0 111.9 117.7 70.5 101.4 121.1 117.0 72.0 105.7 127.6 116.0 72.4 103.2 112.0 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products........... Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials... 33 34 Gas, natural and manufactured................................... 73.2 70.2 97.4 86.3 84.9 99.3 93.1 91.1 112.1 92.7 91.3 106.5 105.3 103.8 123.1 117.1 115.9 134.1 126.5 125.7 142.2 128.0 127.4 141.1 134.7 132.6 161.5 141.2 141.4 150.2 145.4 146.3 147.8 165.5 167.6 162.1 166.9 167.9 173.2 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s......................... 52 Inorganic chemicals.................................................... Dying, tanning, and coloring materials......................... 53 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products........................ Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations........ 55 57 Plastics in primary forms (12/92 - 100)........................ Plastics in nonprimary forms (12/92 = 100).................. 58 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s........................ 59 90.8 88.6 94.3 96.7 93.5 92.0 73.1 97.9 90.6 86.9 92.6 96.1 93.1 92.5 73.5 98.5 90.6 86.8 91.7 95.6 92.7 93.4 74.0 98.0 90.6 86.7 91.9 96.2 92.4 93.6 75.6 97.4 90.6 86.4 90.6 96.2 91.7 93.7 75.8 98.0 90.4 86.2 90.5 96.3 91.8 93.1 76.1 98.1 91.3 86.6 90.2 97.0 92.3 93.8 77.9 98.1 91.8 87.2 90.6 97.4 91.8 93.8 78.9 98.6 92.1 87.7 91.4 97.8 92.3 93.9 79.4 98.4 92.0 88.0 89.7 97.3 90.2 94.0 79.7 99.5 92.2 88.3 88.9 98.2 89.6 93.7 79.3 99.9 92.7 89.0 89.3 98.3 89.6 93.0 79.1 101.6 92.8 88.9 88.2 97.5 89.0 94.5 80.4 100.6 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.... 62 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s......................................... 64 Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, 91.8 91.7 92.6 94.4 92.6 95.5 92.5 97.7 95.0 93.9 94.4 94.5 94.5 93.3 94.9 93.9 94.3 91.9 94.4 92.4 94.2 91.8 94.7 92.0 94.5 85.8 101.3 85.9 95.9 85.1 100.9 85.7 95.9 85.2 100.8 85.8 96.4 83.7 100.9 87.7 96.1 83.6 100.8 87.6 95.8 83.5 100.9 89.9 95.6 83.7 101.1 91.1 95.8 84.4 101.2 94.8 95.6 87.4 101.6 95.4 95.9 86.2 101.2 95.6 95.9 86.3 100.9 98.9 95.7 86.6 101.3 104.4 96.1 86.7 100.8 114.9 96.2 01 03 05 07 11 24 25 28 29 66 68 69 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s...................... Nonferrous metals....................................................... Manufactures of metals, n.e.s...................................... 7 Machinery and transport equipment............................ 72 74 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., 75 76 Computer equipment and office machines................... Telecommunications and sound recording and 77 78 92.0 90.9 90.6 90.6 90.3 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.9 89.8 89.7 89.8 89.7 89.6 98.3 98.1 97.8 97.6 97.3 97.2 97.6 97.8 98.2 97.8 97.7 98.1 97.5 98.4 64.4 97.9 63.7 97.7 63.6 97.6 63.1 97.3 62.0 97.3 61.8 97.4 61.6 97.3 61.4 97.3 61.4 97.0 61.7 97.1 61.6 96.7 61.4 97.0 61.0 88.4 83.8 101.9 87.9 83.5 102.0 87.8 83.3 102.3 87.6 82.7 102.3 87.3 81.9 102.4 87.0 82.1 102.4 87.1 82.5 102.2 86.0 82.6 102.4 85.9 82.2 102.4 85.6 82.1 102.3 85.2 82.4 102.4 85.0 82.1 102.6 84.9 82.0 102.6 85 Footwear......... .......................................................... 101.1 101.2 100.5 100.7 100.7 100.6 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.9 100.7 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods, n.e.s............................................ 91.8 91.4 91.4 91.3 91.2 91.1 91.4 92.2 92.5 92.5 92.2 91.7 91.8 - Data not available. 94 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 1999 Category Mar. Apr. May ALL COMMODITIES..................................................... 94.2 94.4 94.5 Foods, feeds, and beverages........................... ........ Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................ Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 87.3 85.9 103.5 8 8 .2 86.4 108.5 Industrial supplies and materials................................ 86.5 8 6 .8 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials.......... 79.9 Fuels and lubricants................................................ Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials.................... Selected building materials..................................... June July 2000 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 94.5 94.4 94.7 94.8 95.1 95.3 95.2 95.4 95.9 96.3 89.0 88.9 86.7 85.6 99.2 84.9 99.5 86.3 85.4 98.4 87.1 85.9 113.1 87.4 86.4 99.7 8 6 .0 114.2 87.6 86.7 98.2 87.1 8 6 .8 87.9 86.9 99.5 8 6 .0 8 6 .8 86.7 85.0 106.8 101.3 1 0 1 .6 87.2 87.5 88.3 89.0 89.5 90.4 91.1 91.7 92.1 93.5 95.1 79.6 79.5 78.4 76.2 76.3 76.6 77.5 76.6 76.7 75.2 76.9 77.7 92.4 97.8 98.4 99.8 106.1 110.5 1 1 1 .8 114.4 115.9 120.4 1 2 2 .6 131.4 143.8 85.5 87.3 85.3 87.5 85.7 87.5 8 6 .0 8 6 .6 8 8 .0 87.0 88.4 87.5 87.4 88.3 87.8 89.1 87.7 89.3 87.8 8 8 .6 89.6 89.2 90.3 89.5 91.0 90.0 Capital goods............................................................. Electric and electrical generating equipment.......... Nonelectrical machinery.......................................... 96.9 99.1 93.4 97.0 99.1 93.5 96.7 98.9 93.2 96.5 99.0 92.9 96.2 98.2 92.6 96.2 98.0 92.6 96.1 98.3 92.4 96.2 98.3 92.4 96.3 98.4 92.5 96.0 98.5 92.1 96.1 98.2 92.1 96.2 98.7 92.1 96.2 98.5 92.1 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines................... 103.0 102.9 103 0 103 2 103 2 103 ? 103 3 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.................... Nondurables, manufactured................................... Durables, manufactured.......................................... 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 101.9 1 0 2 .0 101.9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .2 102.5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 02.1 102.4 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .6 102.5 102.7 100.3 100.4 100.3 100.5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 100.7 1 0 0 .8 102.5 100.9 102.4 102.9 102.5 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 101.3 1 0 1 .0 Agricultural commodities............................................ Nonagricultural commodities...................................... 84.5 95.3 84.9 95.5 85.2 95.5 85.0 95.6 83.1 95.7 84.7 95.8 84.6 95.9 84.5 96.3 83.7 96.6 83.1 96.6 83.2 96.8 84.0 97.3 84.1 97.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly Labor Review May 2000 95 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100] 2000 1999 Category Mar. Apr. May June July Sept. Aug. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. ALL COMMODITIES..................................................... 90.9 91.9 92.5 92.4 93.3 94.3 95.2 95.4 96.2 96.8 97.2 99.1 99.4 Foods, feeds, and beverages..................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages................ Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products..... 93.0 88.7 104.4 94.0 89.1 106.5 94.8 90.3 106.5 93.7 89.3 105.2 92.8 105.4 92.5 87.7 105.0 92.3 87.6 104.9 91.6 8 8 .0 106.3 93.0 87.2 108.2 94.8 89.8 107.7 93.6 88.4 107.2 93.5 87.6 108.9 93.5 86.7 111.3 Industrial supplies and materials................................ 84.8 89.0 91.5 91.8 96.1 99.9 103.1 104.3 106.9 109.4 1 1 1 .1 118.5 1 2 0 .0 116.7 115.6 126.0 125.2 128.1 127.3 134.3 132.5 140.7 140.9 144.4 146.1 164.5 167.2 165.2 167.5 78.5 81.8 81.2 81.9 82.5 82.8 Fuels and lubricants................................................ Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials.......................................... Selected building materials..................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods.............. Nonelectrical machinery......................................... Consumer goods, excluding automotive................... Durables, manufactured......................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods........................ 38. 73.9 70.3 86.7 84.6 93.4 90.8 93.2 91.2 105.4 103.5 78.4 77.5 77.7 77.0 77.0 76.9 78.4 87.5 107.9 86.9 87.3 110.5 87.3 87.3 87.4 114.2 88.3 87.0 87.0 8 8 .2 87.4 108.3 86.7 87.3 87.7 86.7 86.9 118.9 89.0 86.7 87.7 113.4 89.7 87.3 83.7 92.8 80.7 83.3 92.5 80.2 83.0 92.3 79.9 82.6 91.5 79.5 81.9 91.1 78.7 81.9 91.2 78.7 101.4 101.5 1 0 1 .8 101.7 1 0 1 .8 97.5 100.4 94.4 98.0 97.4 98.0 97.7 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .8 94.8 99.0 94.4 98.9 97.6 100.5 94.5 98.8 1 2 0 .6 1 0 0 .2 94.3 98.3 86.1 88.3 8 8 .8 89.1 89.2 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .6 93.0 87.5 108.3 94.4 87.5 82.0 91.6 78.8 81.9 91.7 78.6 101.9 101.9 97.4 100.3 94.1 99.1 97.7 1 0 0 .8 94.2 99.9 97.4 87.2 100.3 8 8 .0 107.0 87.5 81.8 91.8 78.5 81.7 91.1 78.4 81.7 92.0 78.3 81.5 91.9 78.2 81.2 92.1 77.8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .2 97.5 100.5 94.1 97.6 100.7 94.2 98.8 97.5 97.5 100.4 94.0 101.5 97.5 100.5 93.9 102.5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 94.1 99.8 [1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Sept. 2000 1999 1998 June Dec. Mar. June Sept. Airfreight (inbound) (9/90 = 100)................................. Airfreight (outbound) (9/92 - 100)............................... . 83.4 96.0 81.8 95.8 87.4 95.2 8 8 .0 8 6 .2 92.7 92.8 87.9 92.7 Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)................................ Air passenger fares (foreign carriers)........................... Ocean liner freight (inbound)........................................ 107.8 102.4 103.2 107.3 104.0 105.0 103.1 101.1 104.5 98.9 104.2 1 0 2 .6 112.3 106.3 133.7 114.2 108.6 148.0 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 90.0 1 1 0 .6 94.8 87.4 U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services Category 89.6 1 1 0 .1 Dec. Mar. 90.7 91.7 88.9 91.7 106.8 107.3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .6 139.4 136.3 97.1 1 0 0 .2 93.6 1 0 0 .1 39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [ 1 9 9 2 = 1 0 0 ] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quarterly indexes Item 1997 1996 IV I 105.9 106.3 112.5 II 1998 III IV I II 1999 III IV I III II IV Business 1 1 1 .6 99.8 105.3 113.9 108.5 1 0 0 .1 105.9 114.5 109.1 107.1 113.2 100.4 105.7 115.9 109.5 108.1 114.6 107.8 114.1 1 0 1 .2 106.0 116.0 109.7 105.6 109.5 111.9 122.7 106.5 109.6 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .1 113.0 125.7 107.8 111.3 110.9 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .2 110.4 110.5 110.9 1 1 1 .2 109.5 118.8 103.9 108.5 114.1 110.5 110.4 111.5 1 1 2 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 105.1 109.3 113.1 110.7 105.9 109.4 112.7 123.3 106.6 109.8 113.1 112.4 124.7 106.9 1 1 2 .2 113.8 126.1 107.5 110.9 112.9 110.1 109.3 117.2 102.9 107.3 115.8 110.4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .0 111.4 1 1 1 .6 113.2 115.1 114.2 116.4 117.0 119.8 104.4 117.9 121.3 105.3 119.1 122.7 106.1 101.7 103.0 98.3 149.4 1 2 0 .1 1 0 2 .2 115.3 118.0 103.2 121.3 125.5 107.0 102.4 103.5 99.6 144.7 108.4 116.4 102.4 107.4 114.1 109.9 109.7 117.8 103.4 107.5 114.2 109.8 119.4 104.4 108.8 108.1 115.9 101.9 107.2 115.3 110.7 1 2 1 .2 112.7 124.2 107.3 1 1 0 .2 114.3 127.1 108.3 111.3 111.5 111.4 116.0 128.2 108.5 110.5 114.1 115.5 127.3 107.7 115.6 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 Nonfarm business 105.8 106.1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 106.9 112.9 99.5 105.0 114.4 108.4 99.8 105.7 115.0 109.1 1 00.1 1 0 0 .8 105.6 116.6 109.6 105.8 117.0 109.9 109.6 110.3 98.7 100.4 1 1 0 .1 110.7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .0 112.4 113.3 98.9 100.7 99.3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .6 99.9 153.9 113.0 104.8 99.8 155.6 113.4 105.3 99.9 156.2 113.6 105.4 100.3 100.7 99.2 161.1 114.3 105.4 98.6 155.3 112.4 105.3 101.9 98.0 153.7 111.5 105.2 102.3 98.2 150.1 105.2 102.4 98.0 152.6 111.3 105.5 102.9 99.2 145.3 110.4 105.5 120.9 113.6 100.3 94.0 122.7 117.0 102.7 95.3 123.9 118.6 103.7 95.7 126.3 115.5 101.5 94.6 128.2 121.4 105.4 94.7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .2 Nonfinancial corporations Total unit costs.............................................................. Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... 1 1 0 .8 124.2 106.5 1 0 2 .1 103.4 98.7 148.4 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .6 105.7 105.9 105.9 130.4 132.2 124.5 106.8 94.2 133.6 126.3 107.7 94.5 _ _ Manufacturing Unit labor costs.............................................................. 115.7 110.3 98.7 95.4 116.9 118.4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .6 99.5 95.7 99.9 95.1 1 2 2 .0 1 2 0 .6 105.1 95.5 1 2 2 .8 106.1 94.1 136.9 127.6 108.0 93.2 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 97 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1992= 100] 1960 Item 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.................................... Output per unit of capital services.............................. Multifactor productivity................................................ Output............................................................................ Inputs: Labor input................................................................... Capital services........................................................... Capital per hour of all persons...................................... 95.5 103.8 1 1 2 .1 114.1 117.1 116.5 101.4 1 0 2 .6 104.9 1 0 0 .2 102.7 96.5 99.0 94.1 98.3 98.7 98.1 1 0 2 .0 96.3 96.9 98.8 98.4 97.0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .2 103.7 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .1 100.5 107.1 1 0 0 .8 102.7 110.4 102.3 115.0 106.5 104.8 106.5 98.5 109.0 108.4 109.5 99.4 110.9 103.6 105.3 105.2 104.4 109.1 101.4 101.7 103.7 103.0 104.3 102.3 103.6 103.6 107.3 104.4 107.8 104.5 66.9 29.0 48.1 43.3 73.7 44.1 59.7 59.9 67.7 76.2 78.1 102.4 94.2 97.8 92.0 54.3 126.1 74.9 33.7 72.2 124.1 89.4 51.8 85.6 111.4 97.6 73.1 95.9 104.6 100.5 98.1 62.1 26.7 45.0 43.0 71.7 41.8 58.0 58.2 85.4 65.6 74.9 76.8 102.4 93.9 97.7 91.7 1 0 2 .6 96.3 99.0 93.8 98.2 98.6 98.1 42.1 125.6 72.9 38.7 54.5 116.3 84.2 56.8 70.4 101.5 87.3 75.7 90.7 103.5 100.4 97.1 93.0 101.3 99.8 97.5 95.1 97.3 98.6 95.5 1 0 2 .2 92.0 30.9 51.5 39.1 27.3 53.1 104.2 48.8 85.4 46.0 47.4 67.4 107.5 74.6 92.5 74.5 71.9 86.7 107.1 93.8 96.8 88.3 88.9 96.7 104.8 96.3 99.9 91.3 91.8 97.7 100.4 98.2 8 6 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 0 2 .6 83.8 107.3 95.3 72.6 97.8 105.2 99.6 98.6 70.1 117.1 86.5 51.6 1 0 0 .0 103.7 102.3 102.4 114.7 96.7 98.6 98.1 96.9 96.1 50.8 117.3 70.7 34.0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .0 100.7 102.3 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 101.9 100.7 102.7 107.0 1 1 0 .0 106.4 104.6 106.3 98.3 108.9 108.0 109.3 99.2 1 0 2 .6 99.4 1 1 2 .2 1 0 2 .6 103.1 1 2 0 .1 Private nonfarm business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.................................... Multifactor productivity................................................. Output............................................................................ Inputs: Labor input.................................................................. Capital services........................................................... Capital per hour of all persons...................................... 1 0 2 .6 99.8 98.8 1 0 0 .1 103.0 102.9 1 0 2 .2 102.9 99.3 1 2 0 .2 112.4 114.6 117.7 117.0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .8 109.4 106.8 108.4 113.8 113.8 107.0 110.7 118.0 - 104.0 106.6 109.5 101.4 103.7 110.3 107.0 105.4 - 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 105.0 106.6 1 1 2 .6 Manufacturing Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.................................... Multifactor productivity................................................ Output........................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons.................................................... Capital services........................................................... Energy......................................................................... Purchased business services...................................... Combined units of all factor inputs.............................. - Data not available. Monthly Labor Review 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 1 0 0 .1 93.1 91.9 96.9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .2 — - - - 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100] Item 1960 1970 1980 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 B u s in e s s 101.4 104.5 99.7 103.0 106.9 104.4 1 0 2 .2 105.2 106.7 99.1 104.4 109.8 106.4 1 1 0 .1 107.5 114.2 99.6 104.7 113.5 107.9 101.4 104.3 99.5 102.9 107.4 104.5 102.4 106.5 98.9 104.0 104.3 104.3 99.5 105.6 106.2 98.6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 99.6 112.5 102.7 101.3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 2 .6 100.5 100.9 137.5 109.8 103.7 105.3 105.6 109.4 107.9 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .2 100.5 100.3 102.9 101.9 98.6 107.2 103.9 94.5 90.6 96.4 95.9 94.6 95.4 95.9 94.9 97.4 99.0 97.4 98.4 1 0 0 .1 62.1 65.9 93.3 85.7 95.8 91.9 92.5 92.1 81.3 54.7 90.3 67.2 61.1 65.0 93.5 85.8 95.8 91.7 91.9 91.8 94.6 90.5 96.3 95.7 94.2 95.1 96.1 94.9 97.4 98.8 97.5 98.3 1 0 0 .1 23.7 79.7 34.9 31.7 33.7 28.9 29.7 26.8 53.2 33.2 30.9 66.3 25.3 85.1 37.4 38.2 35.4 47.1 38.3 38.2 76.9 56.6 93.6 72.5 73.7 69.4 72.6 70.2 72.5 93.8 87.0 97.2 93.6 92.7 95.9 99.0 96.6 94.1 94.9 91.4 97.2 97.1 96.4 99.0 95.5 98.1 97.0 96.9 95.5 98.0 99.8 98.6 102.9 94.0 100.7 99.3 42.1 14.9 65.4 35.3 26.7 30.1 54.4 23.7 79.7 43.6 29.4 34.9 70.4 55.6 91.8 78.9 79.9 79.5 90.7 93.0 90.8 96.6 97.6 99.6 98.8 95.1 95.6 98.0 100.4 98.9 99.5 48.0 13.6 59.9 28.4 25.5 27.3 23.5 79.0 35.6 32.0 34.3 51.2 14.3 62.8 27.9 24.9 26.8 6 6 .2 79.8 54.3 89.7 68 .1 102.4 99.9 102.3 102.9 102.5 114.0 126.3 108.1 106.2 115.1 109.5 110.5 120.3 105.1 108.8 112.7 110.3 105.2 109.8 99.3 104.4 113.8 107.8 107.2 113.8 100.7 106.1 115.9 109.7 1 1 0 .2 119.7 104.5 108.6 113.9 110.5 113.5 125.4 107.2 110.5 113.4 111.5 108.4 109.0 98.6 100.4 100.5 111.7 113.0 1 0 1 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .2 111.3 N o n fa rm b u s in e s s Output per hour of all persons....................................... 6 8 .0 1 0 2 .1 99.6 1 0 2 .1 103.4 1 0 2 .6 1 1 0 .8 106.5 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s 52.6 15.6 6 8 .6 Unit labor costs............................................................ 101.5 1 0 2 .1 99.5 100.3 130.5 107.6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .1 104.7 99.4 157.1 113.4 105.3 113.8 109.3 98.9 96.0 119.6 113.4 100.4 94.8 1 0 0 .1 151.5 1 1 2 .6 116.2 119.0 103.9 101.3 102.4 98.4 150.4 1 1 1 .0 105.3 M a n u fa c tu rin g Unit labor costs.............................................................. 8 6 .6 96.8 95.5 95.2 95.3 1 0 2 .2 102.7 1 0 1 .1 100.9 125.3 119.4 104.3 95.3 133.3 125.3 107.2 94.0 1 1 0 .2 104.7 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 99 Current Labor Statistics: 42. Productivity Data A n n u a l in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r fo r s e le c t e d 3 -d ig it sic industries [1987 = 100] In d u s tr y S IC 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Mining Copper ores....................................................... Sold and silver ores............................................ Bituminous coal and lignite mining....................... Crude petroleum and natural gas......................... Crushed and broken stone................................... 122 109.2 101.5 111.7 131 142 101.3 Meat products..................................................... Dairy products..................................................... Preserved fruits and vegetables........................... Grain mill products.............................................. Bakery products................................................. 201 100.1 202 203 204 205 108.4 97.0 101.3 96.8 Sugar and confectionery products........................ Fats and oils....................................................... Beverages.......................................................... Miscellaneous food and kindred products............ Cigarettes........................................................... 206 207 208 209 99.4 108.9 106.0 107.0 211 101.2 101.5 116.4 112.7 99.3 109.0 221 99.6 99.2 108.4 96.3 90.3 99.8 106.3 92.7 108.0 88.7 103.1 111.3 96.5 107.5 83.4 98.6 93.2 105.1 97.8 104.2 109.1 97.7 100.1 100.1 102 104 101.0 102.7 122.3 118.7 97.0 115.2 141.6 133.0 106.6 113.3 117.3 98.0 98.7 102.2 100.5 127.4 122.4 97.9 99.8 99.3 107.8 97.8 107.6 96.1 97.1 107.3 95.6 105.3 92.7 99.7 108.4 99.2 104.9 90.6 104.6 111.5 1 02.8 101.3 118.1 117.7 99.3 113.2 120.1 120.5 99.1 114.1 127.6 101.6 101.6 107.6 111.2 102.1 105.0 118.1 159.8 141.2 105.9 103.6 126.0 160.8 148.1 112.4 108.7 117.2 144.2 155.9 119.4 105.4 116.5 138.3 168.0 123.7 107.2 118.9 158.0 176.8 126.1 114.8 104.3 109.7 106.8 109.1 94.4 101.2 111.9 107.6 108.4 96.4 102.4 116.6 109.1 115.3 97.3 97.7 115.9 109.4 107.7 95.4 - 103.9 105.4 107.5 120.3 134.3 103.1 142.9 112.7 135.7 107.6 147.7 - 137.8 151.1 127.5 150.8 79.8 101.2 Manufacturing Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton........................... Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade..................... 222 Knitting mills....................................................... Textile finishing, except wool............................... 224 225 226 Carpets and rugs................................................ Yarn and thread mills.......................................... Miscellaneous textile goods................................. Men’s and boys' suits and coats........................... Men's and boys' furnishings................................. 227 228 229 231 232 Women's and misses' outerwear.......................... Women's and children's undergarments............... Hats, caps, and millinery..................................... Miscellaneous apparel and accessories............... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products............. 233 234 235 238 239 101.4 105.4 99.0 101.3 96.6 96.8 94.6 96.4 88.4 95.7 241 242 243 244 245 93.7 100.7 98.9 103.1 97.8 89.4 99.6 97.1 108.8 98.8 249 251 252 253 254 95.9 99.4 94.3 109.6 95.7 102.4 259 261 262 263 265 103.6 99.6 103.9 105.5 99.7 101.1 Books................................................................. Miscellaneous publishing..................................... 267 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 100.0 Manifold business forms..................................... Greeting cards.................................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding.............................. Printing trade services........................................ Industrial inorganic chemicals.............................. Plastics materials and synthetics......................... Drugs................................................................. Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods........................ Paints and allied products................................... 281 282 283 284 285 105.7 98.8 Industrial organic chemicals................................. Agricultural chemicals.......................................... Miscellaneous chemical products......................... Petroleum refining............................................... Asphalt paving and roofing materials................... Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products......... 286 287 289 291 295 299 Sawmills and planing mills................................... Millwork, plywood, and structural members.......... Wood buildings and mobile homes....................... Miscellaneous wood products.............................. Household furniture............................................. Public building and related furniture..................... Partitions and fixtures.......................................... Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures..................... Paperboard mills................................................ Paperboard containers and boxes........................ Miscellaneous converted paper products............. Newspapers....................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 100 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 102.1 101.6 96.9 97.9 99.1 96.7 98.7 100.1 95.6 99.9 110.2 109.2 93.9 102.1 104.1 102.1 89.2 90.6 99.9 86.3 99.8 98.0 111.2 103.1 130.9 111.6 117.8 131.7 111.4 128.1 79.3 122.1 116.2 99.6 114.1 79.9 110.3 126.2 112.9 119.5 78.6 120.1 134.3 81.2 134.0 145.2 118.9 138.6 78.5 89.2 111.4 104.6 90.2 108.4 96.1 119.6 106.5 89.0 109.1 97.1 126.6 110.4 97.4 108.4 93.3 130.7 118.5 97.7 111.7 95.8 137.4 123.7 92.5 123.4 146.6 125.4 96.5 134.0 104.3 113.6 91.1 91.8 100.7 109.4 117.4 93.6 91.3 107.5 1 21.8 124.5 87.2 94.0 108.5 127.4 138.0 77.7 105.5 107.8 135.5 161.3 84.3 116.8 109.2 144.2 171.6 80.9 121.3 106.3 86 .0 96.2 108.1 99.9 109.4 103.1 86 .0 8 6 .0 110.2 103.8 87.8 103.3 94.5 100.9 98.3 114.9 92.2 106.5 97.0 115.3 1 11.8 1 10.6 112.5 100.5 157.4 98.9 102.6 98.0 113.1 103.0 101.9 107.4 103.6 101.9 101.5 103.5 116.7 102.3 102.1 1 01.6 101.4 90.6 93.9 96.6 92.2 97.5 113.7 92.4 95.2 98.3 94.1 89.0 101.1 89.7 109.1 94.2 94.3 100.6 101.3 102.5 93.0 100.6 99.4 99.3 101.4 106.7 100.9 103.9 103.8 106.3 109.8 103.8 95.4 105.3 98.3 98.4 110.3 104.5 95.2 109.6 95.3 101.9 101.4 105.0 97.3 109.2 98.0 94.8 102.0 1 11.8 127.0 105.3 106.5 110.5 107.1 94.1 104.2 99.7 102.9 100.7 103.3 101.1 1 12.6 107.7 104.5 95.0 119.8 95.6 1 02.0 100.6 107.7 93.8 120.2 93.0 114.2 110.5 102.5 140.6 102.7 88 .6 101.9 97.0 100.1 103.2 161.0 107.4 1 01.0 126.6 142.5 104.7 128.9 99.5 137.3 103.3 104.4 105.2 103.6 122.5 102.4 108.4 107.9 105.5 81.5 92.9 97.7 105.8 108.0 79.4 89.6 103.5 104.5 110.8 89.1 92.7 96.1 108.0 94.5 96.7 103.6 106.5 82.0 89.0 105.4 1 00.6 112.0 106.9 91.1 91.4 98.7 115.3 109.6 109.6 107.5 99.6 104.4 102.9 105.4 111.9 102.0 108.7 108.8 111.2 94.5 99.9 100.0 101.8 92.2 104.3 107.1 111.3 100.4 101.5 108.0 104.2 128.3 99.2 101.4 103.4 105.4 85.8 89.5 1 00.8 95.9 102.0 1 00.0 104.7 105.3 104.3 95.8 99.9 96.1 106.6 94.1 90.6 100.0 120.1 1 10.2 114.9 108.4 79.9 82.4 103.0 97.5 111.0 125.0 105.5 116.7 105.7 105.7 123.8 104.9 96.3 92.7 106.1 97.0 115.4 116.9 101.1 173.3 101.2 111.1 - - - - 114.2 - 122.2 - 106.8 179.9 97.3 - - 131.9 119.0 119.5 105.1 113.6 132.7 111.9 118.7 106.5 113.4 79.0 88.5 101.5 94.8 114.6 77.1 90.9 100.5 93.4 - 107.2 76.9 92.5 108.7 116.7 108.7 74.5 91.8 115.0 126.7 - 109.2 128.7 108.9 118.6 118.0 110.4 125.1 112.9 121.4 124.2 _ 98.8 109.0 107.8 132.3 98.4 111.4 - 110.0 111.2 87.4 110.2 142.0 114.4 86.4 - - - - - - - 4 2 . C o n tin u e d — A n n u a l in d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r fo r s e le c t e d 3 - d ig it SIC industries [1987 = 100] In d u s tr y S IC Tires and inner tubes........................................... Hose and belting and gaskets and packing.......... Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c....................... Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c................. Footwear, except rubber..................................... 301 305 306 308 314 102.9 103.7 104.3 100.5 101.3 103.8 96.3 105.5 101.7 103.0 96.1 109.2 105.6 101.1 101.1 108.1 94.4 Luggage............................................................. Handbags and personal leather goods................. Flat glass........................................................... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown............... Products of purchased glass............................... 316 317 321 322 323 93.7 98.5 91.9 104.8 93.1 90.7 100.6 100.2 106.2 96.5 84.5 104.8 92.6 100.3 98.7 83.6 102.3 97.7 Cement, hydraulic............................................... Structural clay products...................................... Pottery and related products............................... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............... Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products......... 324 325 326 327 329 103.1 97.1 102.4 95.5 112.4 109.6 98.6 102.3 95.4 108.3 109.8 95.8 Blast furnace and basic steel products................. Iron and steel foundries...................................... Primary nonferrous metals................................... Nonferrous rolling and drawing............................ Nonferrous foundries (castings)........................... 331 332 333 335 336 104.0 107.8 95.5 102.6 108.0 105.4 106.1 93.6 105.1 109.6 106.1 102.3 92.7 104.0 107.8 104.5 110.9 90.9 103.6 Miscellaneous primary metal products................. Metal cans and shipping containers..................... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware......................... Plumbing and heating, except electric.................. Fabricated structural metal products.................... 339 341 342 343 344 106.6 106.5 97.8 103.7 100.4 105.0 108.5 101.7 101.5 96.9 113.7 117.6 97.3 109.1 122.9 96.8 114.5 127.8 102.6 102.0 100.0 98.4 103.9 1 02.0 98.8 Screw machine products, bolts, etc..................... Metal forgings and stampings.............................. Metal services, n.e.c............................................ Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c......................... Miscellaneous fabricated metal products............. 345 346 347 348 349 98.5 101.5 108.3 97.7 101.4 96.1 99.8 102.4 89.8 95.9 96.1 95.6 104.7 82.1 97.5 97.9 92.9 99.4 81.5 97.3 102.3 103.7 104.4 108.7 111.6 1 20.6 Engines and turbines........................................... Farm and garden machinery............................... Construction and related machinery.................... Metalworking machinery...................................... Special industry machinery.................................. 351 352 353 354 355 106.8 106.3 106.5 106.5 116.5 107.0 104.6 110.7 110.7 108.3 103.5 108.3 105.8 112.9 99.1 96.4 108.3 104.3 106.0 General industrial machinery............................... Refrigeration and service machinery.................... Industrial machinery, n.e.c................................... Electric distribution equipment............................. Electrical industrial apparatus.............................. 356 358 359 361 362 106.0 1 01.6 102.1 106.0 107.1 105.0 107.3 Household appliances........................................ Electric lighting and wiring equipment.................. Communications equipment................................ Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies...... Motor vehicles and equipment............................. 363 364 366 369 371 103.0 101.9 110.4 Aircraft and parts................................................ Ship and boat building and repairing.................... Railroad equipment............................................. Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts.......................... Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts................. 372 373 374 375 376 Search and navigation equipment....................... Measuring and controlling devices....................... Medical instruments and supplies........................ Ophthalmic goods............................................... Photographic equipment & supplies..................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.................... Musical instruments............................................ Toys and sporting goods..................................... Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies.................. Costume jewelry and notions.............................. Miscellaneous manufactures............................... 1988 1989 95.9 90.1 103.2 98.8 99.6 110.2 100.8 103.0 112.6 101.0 1990 101.1 107.5 1991 102.4 92.4 110.1 101.2 94.0 1992 131.1 104.6 90.7 92.3 92.7 108.9 101.5 89.5 97.8 97.7 108.7 106.2 97.6 112.9 105.9 115.1 111.5 99.5 102.5 104.3 119.9 105.8 100.3 104.6 104.5 125.6 113.0 108.4 101.5 106.3 117.1 107.2 133.5 142.4 113.0 105.4 111.2 102.0 95.8 103.6 100.1 84.6 103.3 113.9 109.2 118.6 108.2 107.4 113.6 102.0 - 120.7 117.1 90.5 81.8 99.6 115.7 106.1 108.5 83.9 104.2 121.9 124.5 - 124.3 109.3 104.5 107.8 127.9 119.5 119.4 107.5 111.3 142.7 112.7 153.6 115.7 111.1 1 11.0 112.1 99.1 117.8 1 22.6 - 134.5 140.9 109.2 109.1 107.7 152.2 144.2 111.3 109.2 105.8 149.6 155.2 117.9 118.6 106.7 _ - 107.2 108.5 123.0 83.6 103.0 109.7 109.3 127.7 87.6 106.4 110.4 113.7 127.5 87.4 108.6 - 122.3 125.0 117.7 109.9 122.7 134.7 136.9 136.6 123.8 114.7 134.7 - 8 6 .8 101.1 121.6 1 1 1 .6 122.1 103.9 - _ - - 109.0 112.7 138.8 143.0 150.4 110.0 132.5 106.7 110.7 127.3 131.8 134.5 115.0 105.7 145.4 101.3 104.2 123.4 107.8 149.0 108.2 105.3 131.4 113.4 164.8 110.5 107.1 127.3 113.7 169.6 114.1 104.1 126.7 117.4 189.6 123.0 104.1 1 12.2 115.1 106.2 151.0 130.9 120.9 109.5 103.8 152.5 125.1 117.5 107.8 97.9 150.0 120.3 118.7 112.6 100.5 146.3 123.3 127.3 129.1 124.0 126.9 157.8 126.9 132.1 133.8 126.1 160.6 132.7 149.5 146.4 130.9 167.2 129.5 141.8 150.4 140.4 188.9 129.0 - 96.7 95.6 114.2 99.5 88.7 109.7 130.2 129.0 106.2 100.2 103.2 78.9 - 103.2 107.0 99.6 103.3 100.5 99.4 113.5 92.6 104.8 98.2 97.6 135.3 94.6 110.5 98.8 103.7 141.1 93.8 115.7 108.1 96.3 146.9 99.8 109.8 381 382 384 385 386 104.8 103.1 104.4 105.8 101.3 107.2 123.3 113.0 112.7 106.1 116.3 121.2 118.9 112.9 118.4 125.1 107.8 110.2 391 393 394 395 396 399 100.1 104.5 102.8 99.3 97.1 108.1 118.7 105.3 107.9 95.8 96.9 109.7 117.3 106.7 109.9 96.7 96.0 104.9 111.7 102.0 102.9 96.1 106.0 113.3 93.8 104.8 108.6 1997 138.8 107.2 120.3 124.9 125.8 121.2 106.5 97.5 123.8 98.6 96.6 101.8 1996 114.8 132.3 105.8 99.9 120.9 90.6 102.4 112.6 104.8 1 01.8 104.9 116.9 119.6 116.8 105.6 111.3 132.3 104.0 100.9 100.7 109.0 106.5 106.8 102.8 112.1 108.0 98.2 108.5 8 8 .6 101.6 100.2 1995 124.1 102.7 119.2 120.4 113.0 101.6 104.7 1994 116.5 99.7 123.2 116.4 105.2 101.5 103.6 107.3 106.3 107.5 106.5 105.4 104.5 1993 107.8 97.8 115.3 114.1 104.2 102.7 147.9 108.4 109.3 122.1 119.9 123.3 144.5 116.4 1 10.8 109.6 104.8 108.6 118.4 122.2 112.0 115.8 107.8 86.9 113.6 135.4 143.7 108.2 114.4 142.1 145.1 154.1 1 2 0 .0 144.4 142.3 113.5 _ _ - _ - Transportation U.S. postal service'............................................. 431 99.9 99.7 104.0 103.7 104.5 107.1 106.6 106.5 104.7 108.3 Air transportation2 .............................................. 4512,13,22 (pts.) 99.5 95.8 92.9 92.5 96.9 100.2 105.7 108.6 111.1 112.1 481 483 484 491,3 (pt.) 492,3 (pt.) 106.2 103.1 111.6 113.3 104.9 92.5 119.8 106.1 87.5 113.4 94.0 127.7 108.3 88.3 115.2 95.3 135.5 106.7 85.1 142.2 110.1 148.1 109.6 84.3 135.0 107.5 159.4 105.9 81.6 146.5 116.0 160.2 101.3 84.1 150.5 119.9 May 2000 101 Comm unications and utilities Telephone communications................................ Radio and television broadcasting........................ Cable and other pay TV services......................... Electric utilities.................................................... Gas utilities......................................................... 102.0 104.9 105.5 106.2 99.7 107.7 103.5 110.1 94.8 1 2 0 .6 83.3 126.8 107.0 1 02.2 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 42. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit sic industries [1987 = 100] Industry SIC 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 W h o le s a le a n d retail tra d e Lumber and other building materials dealers......... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores.......................... Hardware stores..................................................... Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores.... Department stores.................................................. 521 523 525 526 531 1 0 1 .0 Variety stores.......................................................... Miscellaneous general merchandise stores........... Grocery stores........................................................ Meat and fish (seafood) markets............................ 533 539 541 542 546 101.9 New and used car dealers...................................... Auto and home supply stores................................. Gasoline service stations........................................ Men's and boys' wear stores.................................. Women's clothing stores........................................ 551 553 554 561 562 103.4 103.2 103.0 106.0 97.8 Family clothing stores............................................. Shoe stores............................................................. Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores........ Furniture and homefurnishings stores................... Household appliance stores................................... 565 566 569 571 572 1 0 2 .0 Radio, television, computer, and music stores...... Eating and drinking places..................................... Drug and proprietary stores................................... Liquor stores........................................................... Used merchandise stores....................................... 573 581 591 592 593 Miscellaneous shopping goods stores................... Nonstore retailers................................................... Fuel dealers........................................................... 594 596 598 599 100.7 105.6 95.6 105.9 104.2 Commercial banks.................................................. Hotels and motels................................................... Laundry, cleaning, and garment services............... Photographic studios, portrait................................. Beauty shops.......................................................... 602 701 721 722 723 1 0 2 .8 104.8 95.0 99.7 94.9 99.6 1 0 1 .8 108.8 102.5 105.7 107.1 1 1 1 .6 1 0 0 .2 Funeral services and crematories......................... Automotive repair shops......................................... Motion picture theaters........................................... 724 726 753 783 97.9 108.1 114.3 90.9 106.9 115.8 1 0 2 .8 108.6 106.7 99.2 1 0 0 .8 98.9 99.0 89.8 99.1 101.7 115.2 103.4 97.0 103.6 106.0 110.5 83.9 94.2 101.3 99.4 102.5 88.5 98.2 105.4 106.5 107.2 100.4 100.9 124.4 109.8 95.4 97.6 83.3 151.2 116.4 94.6 96.8 89.7 154.2 167.7 136.1 93.3 95.8 94.0 185.5 159.7 93.0 95.8 102.5 106.1 102.7 104.1 99.0 104.3 119.2 103.0 106.5 1 0 1 .6 205.8 164.0 91.9 95.5 91.2 232.6 165.1 90.2 8 8 .0 191.8 160.9 92.9 95.3 90.1 87.3 246.1 165.7 89.1 90.8 97.6 108.7 107.0 116.5 118.1 115.8 107.1 1 2 2 .8 108.2 113.9 117.2 126.3 133.6 107.3 109.7 116.5 139.1 134.1 1 2 1 .2 135.2 131.5 131.2 114.7 131.6 140.5 142.6 139.9 122.5 132.0 143.2 143.5 128.0 125.7 149.4 2 0 0 .0 220.4 93.7 113.8 107.8 1 2 1 .0 8 8 .8 1 0 2 .8 111.7 111.5 89.1 108.4 113.9 114.9 112.4 95.2 108.5 115.0 119.6 104.0 103.6 105.2 100.3 128.3 103.1 104.7 105.9 98.6 137.8 102.5 103.6 108.4 110.4 153.4 101.7 104.8 1 0 0 .1 178.8 98.9 104.5 98.1 1 0 2 .0 209.3 95.2 107.5 110.3 110.4 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .1 104.2 108.8 84.4 113.7 105.0 109.3 85.3 103.2 102.7 106.2 1 2 2 .1 1 2 1 .8 92.2 115.5 111.5 130.6 99.7 121.3 117.2 125.7 112.3 120.5 119.5 138.3 113.3 130.6 124.5 148.0 106.5 137.8 107.7 96.1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 118.9 106.2 98.9 105.9 95.7 122.3 109.6 104.0 117.4 99.8 127.6 107.8 98.3 97.7 99.6 105.5 129.3 103.5 130.9 109.7 108.7 126.4 106.3 134.1 107.9 108.1 135.4 108.9 1 1 2 .1 1 2 0 .8 103.2 103.3 98.2 104.0 109.8 117.7 103.8 112.3 106.5 114.6 99.7 119.5 101.4 127.6 97.1 114.1 100.4 153.4 101.3 115.8 102.7 96.3 98.6 98.5 104.5 106.1 118.6 114.6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .2 101.9 98.2 105.3 1 0 1 .1 92.0 103.1 1 1 1 .2 106.5 106.6 108.1 124.0 132.3 115.8 119.3 125.7 1 1 2 .2 104.9 107.2 95.2 100.9 103.5 1 1 0 .8 121.5 132.1 115.2 136.6 106.4 105.1 78.8 101.5 105.2 1 0 2 .6 104.9 93.7 88.4 94.7 117.9 124.6 114.2 116.6 117.0 126.8 110.7 117.1 113.4 1 12.1 107.6 100.9 113.3 115.6 116.8 105.2 109.6 99.5 102.5 1 2 1 .8 110.3 113.7 101.5 8 8 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 109.7 118.2 84.4 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .6 120.4 117.9 124.4 105.4 110.5 116.8 97.6 105.2 F in a n c e a n d s e rv ic e s 1 2 97.6 97.2 1 0 0 .1 95.1 Refers to output per full-time equivalent employee year on fiscal basis. Refers to output per employee. 99.1 99.2 92.8 94.8 96.6 96.8 94.1 89.5 98.7 116.0 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .1 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Country Annual average 1997 1997 1998 IV 1998 I II 1999 III IV I II III United States..................................... 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 Canada............................................... Australia............................................. Japan................................................. 9.2 8.3 8 .6 8.4 8.3 8 .0 8 .6 8 .0 8 1 8 .0 8 1 77 4.1 3.7 4.2 4.3 4.4 7.8 74 4.7 8 .0 3.4 8.9 8.3 3.5 74 4.8 7.6 72 4.8 11.1 France................................................ 12.4 11.7 12.3 1 2 .0 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.3 1 1 .2 Germany............................................ 9.9 9.4 1 0 .0 9.9 9.5 12.3 12.3 12.3 1 2 .2 12.3 8.4 6.3 9.1 8 .8 8 6 9.1 12.4 77 6 .6 6.4 6.3 9.0 12.3 74 6.3 9.0 Italy1 ................................................... Sweden.............................................. United Kingdom................................. 9.1 12.4 10.1 7.0 ’ Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. - Data not available. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 5 6.3 8 6.3 7n 9.1 71 6.1 5.9 12.1 data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see C o m p a ra tiv e C iv ilia n L a b o r F o rc e S tatistics, T e n C o u n t ie s , 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 9 8 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 22,1999). 1 0 0 .8 4 4 . A n n u a l d a ta : E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e w o r k in g - a g e p o p u la tio n , a p p r o x im a t in g U.S. c o n c e p ts , 10 c o u n trie s [Numbers in thousands]_______________________________________________________________________________________ E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n tr y Civilian labor force United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia.................................................................... Japan........................................................................ France...................................................................... Germany 2................................................................. Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden..................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ Participation rate3 United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia.................................................................... Japan........................................................................ Germany 2 ................................................................. Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden..................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ Employed United States'........................................................... 128,105 14,482 8,562 65,040 24,550 129,200 14,663 8,619 65,470 24,650 131,056 14,832 8,776 65,780 24,760 132,304 14,928 9,001 65,990 24,820 133,943 15,145 9,127 66,450 25,080 136,297 15,354 9,221 67,200 25,140 137,673 15,632 9,347 67,240 25,390 28,840 22,530 6,430 4,552 28,580 29,410 22,670 6,640 4,597 28,730 39,120 22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610 39,040 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410 39,130 22,760 7,090 4,443 28,310 39,210 22,640 7,190 4,418 28,280 39,050 22,700 7,270 4,460 28,480 39,180 22,820 7,370 4,459 28,620 39,450 22,850 7,530 4,418 28,760 39,430 23,000 7,720 4,402 28,870 66.5 67.5 64.0 62.2 56.1 66.5 67.3 64.6 62.6 56.0 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 55.8 66.3 65.5 63.6 63.3 55.6 6 6 .6 66 .6 6 6 .8 66.7 64.1 63.2 56.0 65.3 63.9 63.1 55.5 64.8 64.6 62.9 55.2 64.9 64.6 63.0 55.4 67.1 64.8 64.3 63.2 55.2 67.1 65.1 64.4 62.8 55.6 55.2 47.3 54.7 67.3 64.0 55.3 47.2 56.1 67.4 64.1 58.9 47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7 58.3 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1 58.0 48.1 58.5 64.5 62.8 57.6 47.5 59.0 63.7 62.5 57.2 47.5 59.3 64.1 62.7 57.4 47.7 59.8 64.0 62.7 57.6 47.7 60.7 63.4 62.8 57.6 47.8 62.0 63.1 62.7 Unemployment rate United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia................................................................... Japan....................................................................... Germany 2 ................................................................ Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden.................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ 1 Data 66 .2 118,492 12,842 7,637 63,620 21,990 120,259 13,015 7,680 63,810 21,740 123,060 13,292 7,921 63,860 21,710 124,900 13,506 8,235 63,890 21,890 126,708 13,676 8,344 64,200 21,950 129,558 13,941 8,429 64,900 2 2 ,1 0 0 117,718 12,916 7,676 62,920 22,140 2 2 ,0 1 0 131,463 14,326 8,597 64,450 22,410 27,950 21,080 6,230 4,513 26,740 36,910 21,360 6,350 4,447 26,090 36,420 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530 36,020 20,430 6,620 4,028 25,340 35,900 20,080 6,670 3,992 25,550 35,850 19,980 6,760 4,056 26,000 35,680 20,060 6,900 4,019 26,280 35,540 20,050 7,130 3,973 26,740 35,720 20,170 7,410 4,034 27,050 27,200 20,770 5,980 4,480 26,510 Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden.................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ 63.0 62.4 60.1 60.8 50.7 62.8 61.9 60.1 61.3 50.9 61.7 59.8 57.9 61.8 50.6 61.5 58.4 57.0 62.0 49.9 61.7 58.2 56.6 61.7 49.0 62.5 58.5 57.7 61.3 48.7 62.9 58.6 59.1 60.9 48.7 63.2 58.6 59.1 60.9 48.5 63.8 58.9 58.8 61.0 48.3 64.1 59.7 59.2 60.2 49.1 52.0 43.6 50.9 52.6 43.9 52.6 66 .2 66.1 59.3 59.6 55.5 44.5 53.2 64.9 58.0 54.4 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 53.4 43.1 54.7 58.5 56.2 52.8 42.1 54.7 57.6 56.5 52.5 41.8 55.1 58.3 57.2 52.2 41.9 55.9 57.6 57.6 51.9 41.8 57.5 57.0 58.3 52.2 41.9 59.5 57.8 58.8 8,628 1,492 814 1,360 2,350 9,613 1,640 925 1,420 2,560 8,940 1,649 939 1,660 2,910 7,996 1,541 856 1,920 3,050 6,739 1,414 791 2,300 3,120 6 ,2 1 0 2,920 7,236 1,469 783 2,250 3,130 2 ,2 1 0 2,620 1,680 390 255 2,880 3,110 2,330 470 415 2,970 3,320 2,560 520 426 2,730 3,200 2,720 510 404 2,480 3,500 2,760 470 440 2,340 3,910 2,800 400 445 3,710 2,840 310 368 1,820 6,528 1,065 508 1,420 2,320 7,047 1,164 585 1,340 1,640 1,760 450 72 2,070 1,460 1,590 410 84 1,990 5.3 7.5 2 ,2 1 0 1,580 400 144 2,520 5.6 6 .8 8.1 7.5 11.3 6.9 6.2 6.9 10.4 9.6 2.3 9.6 2.1 2.1 2 .2 10.9 2.5 9.1 9.6 10.4 11.8 5.7 7.8 7.0 5.0 7.0 1.8 6.7 7.3 5.6 5.6 7.9 1.6 5.6 6.9 5.9 3.1 7.2 6.9 8 .8 6.2 for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" in the notes to this section. 2 Data from 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. See Com parative Civilian Labor F o rc e Statistics, Ten Countries, 1 9 5 9 -1 9 9 8 , October 22, 1999, on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/flsdata.htm. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1998 126,346 14,408 8,490 64,280 24,490 Germany 2.................................................................. Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden.................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ Germany 2................................................................. 1997 125,840 14,329 8,444 63,050 24,300 118,793 13,165 7,859 61,710 Unemployed United States'........................................................... Canada..................................................................... Australia................................................................... Japan........................................................................ 1996 1995 123,869 14,151 8,228 61,920 24,170 117,342 13,086 7,720 60,500 21,850 Canada..................................................................... Australia.................................................................... Japan........................................................................ France...................................................................... Germany 2.................................................................. Italy.......................................................................... Netherlands.............................................................. Sweden.................................................................... United Kingdom........................................................ 1994 1993 1990 Canada..................................................................... Australia................................................................... Japan....................................................................... Employment-population ratio4 United States'........................................................... 1992 199 1 1989 10.8 10.1 3 4 11.2 10.2 6.6 9.3 10.5 6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 8.5 11.3 7.2 9.6 9.7 7,404 1,422 766 2 ,1 0 0 5.6 9.5 8.5 3.2 11.8 8.2 12.0 7.0 9.1 8.7 5.4 9.7 2 ,0 2 0 4.9 9.2 1,305 750 2,790 2,980 4.5 8.3 8 .6 8 .6 8 .0 3.4 12.5 3.4 12.4 4.1 11.7 8.9 9.9 12.3 5.3 9.4 12.3 4.0 8.4 6.3 12.1 6.4 9.9 8.2 10.1 7.0 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population, Employment as a percent of the working-age population. Note: See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series for the United States, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review May 2000 103 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 4 5 . A n n u a l in d e x e s o f m a n u fa c tu rin g p ro d u c tiv ity a n d r e la te d m easu re s, 12 coun tries [1992 = 100] Ite m a n d c o u n try 1 96 0 1 97 0 1 98 0 1987 1988 1 98 9 199 0 1991 1 99 3 1994 1 99 5 1 99 6 1997 1998 Output per hour United States.................................................. Canada.......................................................... Japan............................................................. Denmark......................................................... 40.7 14.0 18.0 29.9 21 .8 Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................ United Kingdom................................................ 29.2 19.6 19.3 36.7 27.6 31.2 59.2 38.0 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 36.8 38.1 57.8 52.8 44.7 71.9 75.3 63.9 65.4 90.3 66.7 77.2 64.1 69 2 76 7 74.0 56.2 60.5 38.8 57.6 77.3 85.4 59.9 78 2 91.3 88.7 85.3 78.4 77.4 103 6 91 8 87.2 94.4 91.3 81.2 88.9 90.6 81.8 88.1 85.1 91.7 93 3 90.1 79.5 98.0 91.1 84.8 92.0 94.1 87 4 91.5 86.7 93 8 92 1 90 8 82.4 97.1 92.4 89.5 96 9 99.6 91 9 94.6 89.4 97 1 94 6 93 8 104.5 109.3 84.6 93 3 104.0 100.8 97.8 95.3 95.4 96 8 99.1 93 5 99.0 92.5 98 6 96 6 95 0 88.4 98.3 95.1 99.4 99 1 99.6 96 9 101.9 95.2 114.9 108.9 109.3 117.3 107.3 115.8 120.2 102.9 107.9 105.6 111.2 109.3 115.1 110.3 113.4 127.1 113.6 95 0 92.2 106 7 104.1 106.8 104.7 103.3 103.8 104.8 102.5 106.6 96.3 98.7 98.8 101.4 103.5 105.1 96.0 112.2 119.6 118.8 121.6 128.8 128.0 100.6 106.7 110.0 134.2 133.0 103.9 104.3 97 2 94.0 98.1 96 9 102.7 101.7 99.0 109.3 115.1 119.0 121.7 127.3 99.1 99.6 102.8 91.8 96.4 93.5 102.2 93.7 107.2 92.5 106.7 95.8 110.4 100.7 112.5 105.5 105.4 100.1 101.5 106.2 107.8 108.3 109.3 109.7 107.1 119.9 104.8 111.9 100.9 104.3 103.7 105.9 100.4 103.8 101.4 103.6 106.6 93.7 93.6 104.0 109.1 92.0 92.0 103.7 102.6 105.5 115.4 91.5 89.5 105.6 119.0 86.2 102.1 102.5 100.5 102 5 104.5 100.6 108.3 106.2 101.8 122.1 110.0 121.8 127.0 111.7 120.5 Output United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan............................................................. Denmark.......................................................... Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................. United Kingdom................................................ 34.2 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 21.4 31.7 56.5 46.5 67.8 68.0 64.1 70.9 44.7 59.5 89 1 81.7 90.4 97.9 103.2 78.4 88 8 99.3 87 2 88.0 88.2 89.5 110 7 107 7 94.5 92 2 90.9 94.5 92 8 110.8 90.2 99.2 113.2 95.4 120.2 110 2 101.5 Total hours United States................................................... Canada............................................................ Japan............................................................. Belgium........................................................... Denmark.......................................................... France............................................................ Germany.......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden.......................................................... United Kingdom............................................... 92.1 84.1 76.3 170.7 136.5 142.1 142.3 109.0 164.7 154.0 168.3 217.4 104.4 102.1 102.3 174.7 129.0 148.7 136.3 121.2 156.4 154.3 154.7 202.1 107.5 113.5 93.8 119.7 103.8 113.0 96.6 106.6 120.0 133.1 110.5 122.4 111.9 135.0 124.0 155.3 109.6 106.6 99.9 103.6 97.6 118.6 119.5 118.9 99.8 101.5 107.2 105.5 99.3 108.9 98.9 114.3 121.4 123.2 80.9 75.3 77.9 79.7 80.1 78.6 76.0 66.7 87.8 78.5 67.3 64.8 84.2 77.8 79.2 81.1 82.9 81.6 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.7 67.7 85.9 85.5 93.4 101.1 100.0 100.8 102.3 104.7 105.8 99.3 109.7 99.7 107.1 119.0 122.3 102.0 101.5 102.1 95.6 94.7 94.8 95.1 91.3 93.6 96.4 - - 92.4 86.7 96.7 91.3 105.2 99.6 99.4 91.6 84.3 98.0 90.0 106.9 106.3 103.0 108.3 103.6 109.5 109.2 107.7 103.0 100.9 104.2 101.6 101.0 103.7 116.4 119.2 109.0 108.5 94.9 97.5 91.0 89.5 90.7 90.1 92.7 90.6 89.4 84.4 90.8 92.3 87.6 80.9 95.8 94.7 95.9 97.3 95.9 96.2 95.1 96.3 95.2 97.5 95.4 90.5 102.9 99.6 104.6 104.8 104.6 105.8 100.4 106.7 106.1 102.8 105.0 111.7 107.8 108.2 104.4 97.5 99.6 96.5 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.3 98.4 95.6 100.1 100.8 102.1 112.0 92.2 90.8 91.0 80.4 96.7 88.9 107.9 106.0 104.8 _ 89.5 78.6 97.4 88.8 111.1 105.0 105.4 86.2 91.3 _ 89.9 79.3 99.0 89.5 111.9 107.3 104.7 Compensation per hour United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan.............................................................. Belgium........................................................... Denmark.......................................................... France............................................................ Germany......................................................... Italy................................................................. Netherlands..................................................... Norway........................................................... Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom............................................... 14.9 10.4 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 20.2 6.3 55.8 47.7 58.6 52.5 49.6 40.8 53.6 28.2 64.4 39.0 37.4 33.2 25.5 30.9 30.1 15.4 19.5 27.8 30.0 43.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 12.7 53.0 20.4 20.5 14.1 77.6 63.3 91.7 80.3 55.0 61.2 69.4 44.0 93.1 50.8 50.6 59.1 85.7 82.5 96.0 89.7 88.4 96.2 86.3 78.3 95.8 84.1 74.7 81.5 34.7 15.3 27.0 20.3 23.0 17.1 24.9 25.8 17.8 23.0 19.2 77.6 65.4 51.3 88.3 58.9 76.7 59.6 63.3 82.4 63.9 69.6 77.8 85.7 75.2 84.2 77.2 77.9 84.7 74.9 74.4 83.1 77.5 68.5 75.7 8.1 1.6 23.8 17.8 16.5 13.7 13.3 10.3 20.7 4.7 11.8 10.8 86.9 82.5 84.2 85.9 87.7 86.0 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 72.9 105.9 107.5 103.7 101.5 98.0 104.3 - 101.1 106.5 - 107.7 117.7 112.8 110.6 109.2 106.2 107.4 110.7 102.8 110.9 112.0 _ 115.1 106.7 114.1 115.1 _ 109.4 123.7 120.9 113.9 113.6 113.4 108.2 112.4 126.6 125.9 117.5 119.1 118.3 94.3 95.8 95.8 97.6 92.3 95.1 107.5 109.6 91.5 111.4 90.4 104.7 94.3 96.2 95.0 94.6 95.3 91.1 103.9 112.8 120.0 110.8 115.0 115.9 _ 114.0 127.6 124.8 117.8 126.4 121.5 119.2 Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan.............................................................. Belgium........................................................... Denmark............................................. France..................................................... Germany.......................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands..................................................... Norway............................................................ Sweden........................................................... United Kingdom............................................... Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis United States................................................... Canada........................................................... Japan........................................................... Belgium.......................................................... Denmark...................................................... France................................................... Germany.......................................................... Italy............................................................ Netherlands..................................................... Norway.......................................................... Sweden............................................. United Kingdom................................................ 8.0 33.2 12.9 14.9 10.5 31.9 10.9 19.4 13.5 21.1 10.4 16.0 15.5 11.3 16.8 15.6 - Data not available. 104 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 88.1 89.5 89.2 94.0 88.7 88.2 88.1 93.4 86.5 79.9 93.5 90.4 79.0 82.2 93.6 87.9 84.9 91.1 92.2 84.7 84.6 93.1 93.9 95.0 93.0 93.6 96.8 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.3 91.6 85.9 83.9 92.4 77.0 79.0 82.9 76.9 75.6 83.1 89.5 91.0 86.3 72.3 72.6 77.7 73.0 76.2 75.5 82.9 76.4 78.5 93.1 97.2 83.1 89.5 91.3 94.1 87.3 93.8 88.9 95.0 90.8 92.5 86.1 75.0 82.9 100.0 100.4 98.1 97.5 105.0 90.9 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.8 97.6 89.8 95.7 96.6 98.2 100.8 97.2 104.1 102.3 100.1 102.2 105.3 104.4 101.8 100.9 91.8 100.2 100.8 91.1 118.8 95.1 93.2 95.5 99.4 81.8 96.3 88.3 68.6 85.2 97.7 94.5 104.9 97.9 93.0 96.8 103.6 102.1 94.8 102.9 87.0 99.7 97.7 83.6 130.1 94.2 88.3 92.4 99.8 78.1 91.6 90.7 65.7 86.4 94.3 95.2 100.1 96.4 93.4 94.0 105.9 103.2 92.3 107.1 86.8 102.5 94.3 83.8 135.1 105.2 100.7 99.8 115.5 78.0 101.2 105.0 70.8 91.6 94.3 84.9 111.7 101.4 96.1 98.4 111.6 87.5 95.4 107.1 78.5 92.5 111.1 89.9 116.9 88.5 108.7 94.3 83.9 99.5 84.9 87.0 82.6 93.5 80.3 81.0 102.5 67.5 100.8 94.5 99.2 95.4 94.7 94.9 89.4 100.4 109.8 88.7 121.4 89.0 113.8 94.5 80.8 92.3 83.8 85.5 80.2 89.1 77.9 78.6 99.9 65.2 106.8 46. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1United States In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 f u ll-t im e w o r k e r s 3 In d u s try a n d ty p e o f c a s e 2 1987 1988 1989 1 1990 1992 1991 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 8.1 7.4 3.4 - 7.1 3.3 - 6.7 3.1 - 9.7 4.3 - 8.7 3.9 - 8.4 4.1 - 7.9 3.9 - 5.4 3.2 - 5.9 3.7 - 4.9 2.9 - 9.5 4.4 - 4.0 8.4 3.9 PRIVATE SECTOR5 Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 8.3 3.8 69.9 8.6 8.6 8.8 4.0 76.1 4.0 78.7 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.5 3.8 - 8.4 3.8 - 10.9 5.6 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 10.8 11.6 11.2 10.0 5.9 112.2 5.4 108.3 5.4 126.9 5.0 - 4.7 - 6 .8 6.3 3.9 - 6.2 3.9 - 3.6 - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing5 Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 11.2 5.7 94.1 101.8 8.5 4.9 144.0 5.1 152.1 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 14.7 13.0 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 11.8 10.6 5.5 - 5.5 - 4.9 - 9.9 4.5 - 12.0 12.2 5.5 132.0 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 - 10.9 5.1 - 9.8 4.4 - 9.0 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 - 12.8 12.1 11.1 10.2 6 .0 5.4 165.8 5.1 - 5.0 - 9.9 4.8 - 9.0 4.3 - 8.7 4.3 - 13.8 12.8 12.5 5.8 - 11.1 10.4 4.8 - 10.0 5.0 - 4.7 - 9.1 4.1 - 10.3 4.8 - 9.7 4.7 - 11.3 5.1 - 10.7 5.0 13.2 11.4 5.7 Mining Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 8 .8 3.9 - Construction Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 14.6 14.3 6.8 6 .8 6.8 135.8 142.2 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 General building contractors: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 14.2 6.5 134.0 14.0 6.4 132.2 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 Heavy construction, except building: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 14.5 6.4 139.1 15.1 7.0 162.3 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 160.1 Special trades contractors: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... 15.0 7.1 135.7 14.7 7.0 141.1 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 168.3 11.9 5.3 95.5 13.1 5.7 107.4 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 12.2 11.6 10.6 5.3 - 5.5 - 5.3 - 4.9 - 12.5 5.4 96.8 14.2 5.9 14.1 14.2 111.1 116.5 123.3 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 - 13.5 5.7 - 11.6 6.0 13.6 5.7 122.9 12.8 6.0 5.6 - 5.1 - Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 18.9 9.6 176.5 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 - 15.7 7.7 - 14.9 7.0 - 14.2 189.1 - 13.5 6.5 - Furniture and fixtures: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 15.4 6.7 103.6 16.6 7.3 115.7 16.1 7.2 - 16.9 7.8 - 15.9 7.2 - 14.8 15.0 7.0 - 13.9 6.4 - 12.2 12.0 128.4 14.6 6.5 - 5.4 - 5.8 - Stone, day, and glass products: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays....................................................................... 14.9 7.1 135.8 16.0 7.5 141.0 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 13.6 11.8 5.7 - 6 .0 152.2 12.3 5.7 - 6.0 156.0 13.2 6.5 - 11.8 6.1 13.8 6.3 - 12.4 6 .8 Primary metal industries: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 17.0 7.4 145.8 19.4 18.7 19.0 8.1 8.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 - 16.8 7.2 - 16.5 7.2 - 15.0 8.2 Fabricated metal products: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 17.0 7.2 121.9 16.8 16.4 6.7 - 15.8 6.9 - 14.4 6.1 148.1 6.1 5.8 - 8 .8 8 .2 4.1 - Manufacturing Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Durable goods: Total cases............................................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................................. Lost workdays......................................................................... Lumber and wood products: 19.5 10.0 8 .8 6 .6 161.3 168.3 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 18.8 138.8 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 - 12.1 12.1 12.0 11.2 11.1 11.1 4.4 86 .8 4.7 88.9 3.3 64.6 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 17.7 17.7 6 .6 6.8 134.2 8 .0 6 .6 6 .8 - 6 .8 - 15.0 7.2 - 14.0 7.0 14.2 6.4 - 13.9 6.5 9.9 4.0 - 10.0 9.5 4.0 6 .8 - 6.2 - Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 11.3 4.4 72.7 Electronic and other eledrical equipment: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 7.2 3.1 55.9 Transportation equipment: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 13.5 5.7 105.7 Instruments and related products: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays...................................................................... 5.8 2.4 43.9 51.5 Miscellaneous manufaduring industries: Total cases.......................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................... Lost workdays....................................................................... 10.7 4.6 81.5 11.3 5.1 91.0 4.7 82.8 8 .0 6.1 2 .6 11.6 11.2 4.2 87.7 4.2 - 4.4 - 4.4 - 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 - 8.3 3.6 - 7.6 3.3 - 6 .8 6 .6 5.9 3.7 83.0 3.1 - 3.1 - 2 .8 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 - 19.6 7.8 - 18.6 7.9 - 16.3 7.0 - 15.4 14.6 6 .6 6 .6 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 - - 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6 .0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 - 5.3 2.4 - 5.1 2.3 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.0 1.9 - 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 9.9 4.5 - 9.1 4.3 - 9.5 4.4 - 8.9 4.2 - 3.9 4.8 11.1 5.1 97.6 8 6 .6 8 .6 4.6 - 4.1 - - 8.1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review May 2000 105 Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 46. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1United States In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o rk e rs 3 In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 1987 Nondurable goods: Total cases.......................................................................... 1988 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993“ 11.4 54 101.7 107.8 18.5 9.2 169.7 18.5 9.3 174.7 202.6 2.5 46.4 9.3 2.9 53.0 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 9.0 3.6 65.9 9.6 4.0 78.8 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 7.4 3.1 59.5 8.1 8.6 8.8 3.5 68.2 3.8 80.5 3.9 92.1 13.1 5.9 124.3 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.8 122.3 5.5 124.8 6.7 3.1 55.1 6.6 3.2 59.8 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 Chemicals and allied products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 7.0 3.1 58.8 7.0 3.3 59.0 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 Petroleum and coal products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... 7.3 3.1 65.9 7.0 3.2 68.4 6.6 6.6 6.2 5.9 3.3 2.9 2.8 5.2 2.5 68.1 3.1 77.3 68.2 71.2 - 15.9 7.6 130.8 16.3 16.2 8.0 142.9 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 8.1 12.4 5.8 114.5 11.4 5.6 128.2 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 8.4 4.9 108.1 8.9 5.1 118.6 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 7.7 3.4 56.1 7.8 3.5 60.9 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.4 3.7 64.0 7.6 3.8 69.2 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.8 3.3 52.9 7.9 3.4 57.6 8.1 8.1 3.4 60.0 2.0 2.0 .9 14.3 .9 17.2 5.5 2.7 45.8 5.4 2 .6 5.5 2.7 51.2 11.1 51 93.5 Food and kindred products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ 17.7 8.6 153.7 Tobacco products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Textile mill products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................ Lost workdays.................................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases....................................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays.................................................................... Printing and publishing: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................................... Leather and leather products: Total cases........................................................................ Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays........................................................... 8.6 12.8 11.6 5.5 11.7 Ft fi 116.9 20 .0 9.9 11.5 11.3 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 10.7 5.0 10.5 5.1 9.9 4.9 9.2 1997 4 1998 4 8.8 8.2 4.4 4.3 15.0 14.5 8.0 8.0 13.6 7.5 5.9 2.7 6.4 3.1 7.8 3.6 - 6.7 3.1 6.7 3.4 119.7 121.8 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 17.1 9.2 16.3 8.7 6.4 6.0 5.3 2.4 - 6.7 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 - 5.6 2.8 2.6 2.8 - - 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 - 4.1 - 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 - 8.9 3.9 - 3.6 - 7.4 3.3 - 7.0 3.1 2.6 11.2 11.0 5.0 122.7 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 9.6 4.5 - 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 7.1 3.7 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 3.0 - 6.0 5.7 2.7 5.4 2.8 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 2.8 2.8 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 2.1 - 5.5 2.7 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 3.9 2.2 1.8 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 11.2 10.6 9.8 4.5 52.0 10.1 64.2 13.9 6.5 8.2 8.2 2.8 - 153.3 - 14.0 6.7 - 12.1 12.1 12.0 5.4 128.5 5.5 - 5.3 - 11.4 4.8 - 10.7 4.5 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 - 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 - 8.7 5.1 - 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 _ 7.9 3.4 - 7.5 3.2 _ 2.9 _ 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 - 7.7 3.8 _ 7.5 3.6 - 7.7 3.3 • 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.4 63.2 3.3 - 7.9 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 .9 17.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 27.3 24.1 32.9 - - - 6.8 6.2 4.3 4.2 5.8 - Transportation and public utilities Total cases........................................................... Lost workday cases................................................................ Lost workdays.......................................................... 4.8 7.3 4.3 6.7 3.0 2.8 6.5 3.2 6.5 3.3 6.9 6.8 2.8 2.9 6.5 2.7 8.2 Wholesale and retail trade Total cases.............................................................. Lost workday cases................................................. Lost workdays....................................... Wholesale trade: Total cases............................................................... Lost workday cases............................................ Lost workdays........................................... Retail trade: Total cases.................................................... Lost workday cases....................................................... Lost workdays.......................................... 6.8 6.6 3.4 _ - 6.5 Finance, insurance, and real estate Total cases.............................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays.................................................... 2.4 .9 - 0.9 1.9 0.7 5.6 2.5 5.2 2.4 2.2 Services Total cases................................................... Lost workday cases............................................................. Lost workdays..................................................... 47.7 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the S tandard Industrial Class 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985-88, which were based on the S tandard Industrial Classification M a n u a l, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. ' ification M a n u a l, 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 106 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 2000 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.0 2.8 7.1 3.0 6.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 56.4 60.0 68.6 - - - - N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week 50 weeks per year). 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1993-98 Fatalities 1998 1993-97 19972 Average Number Event or exposure1 Percent Number 100 Total............................................................................................... 6 ,335 6 ,238 6 ,026 Transportation incidents..................................................................... 2,611 2 ,6 0 5 2 ,6 3 0 44 Highway incident.................................................................................. 1,334 1,393 1,431 24 Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment............................. 652 640 701 12 Moving in same direction.............................................................. 109 103 118 2 Moving in opposite directions, oncoming................................... Moving in intersection................................................................... 234 230 271 4 132 142 142 2 Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment.............................. 249 282 306 5 Noncollision incident......................................................................... 360 387 373 6 5 267 298 300 Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident............................. 388 377 384 6 Overturned......................................................................................... 214 216 216 4 315 261 223 4 Worker struck by a vehicle.................................................................. Water vehicle incident.......................................................................... 373 367 413 7 106 109 112 2 Railway.................................................................................................. 83 93 60 1 Assaults and violent acts.................................................................... 1,241 1,111 960 16 995 860 709 12 Shooting............................................................................................. Stabbing............................................................................................. 810 708 569 9 75 73 61 1 Other, including bombing................................................................ 110 79 79 1 Self-inflicted injuries............................................................................. 215 216 223 4 Contact with objects and e qu ipm ent.............................................. 1,005 1,035 941 16 Struck by object.................................................................................... 573 579 517 9 Struck by falling object..................................................................... Struck by flying object...................................................................... 369 384 317 5 65 54 58 1 Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects........................ 290 320 266 4 2 Caught in running equipment or machinery.................................. 153 189 129 Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials................................... 124 118 140 2 Falls........................................................................................................... 668 716 702 12 591 653 623 10 94 116 111 2 139 154 156 3 83 87 97 2 Fall from ladder.................................................................................. Fall on same level................................................................................ Contact with electric current................................................................ Contact with overhead power lines................................................ Contact with temperature extremes.................................................. Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances................ Oxygen deficiency................................................................................ Drowning, submersion..................................................................... O t h e r e v e n t s o r e x p o s u r e s 9............................................................................ 1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness 3 52 44 51 1 586 554 572 9 320 298 334 6 128 138 153 3 43 40 46 1 120 123 104 2 1 70 59 48 101 90 87 1 80 72 75 1 199 196 205 3 26 21 16 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." Classification Structures. 2 The BLS news release issued August 12, 1998, reported a total of 6,218 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1997. Since then, an additional 20 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1997 to 6,238. 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