Full text of Monthly Labor Review : May 1961, Vol. 84, No. 5
The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Monthly
Employment of June 1960 High School Graduates
The Alaska Railroad’s New Union Contract
Compact Cars in the Consumer Price Index
Negotiated Life and Accidental Death Insurance
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
J.
R obert
Commissioner
M yer s,
Deputy Commissioner
H erm an B . B yer,
Assistant Commissioner
W.
Assistant Commissioner
D u a n e E vans,
P eter H enle,
P aul
R.
Assistant Commissioner
K ersch baum ,
Assistant Commissioner
J oseph W. B loch, Acting Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
A rnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Regional Offices and Directors
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Use o f fu n d s fo r p r in tin g th is p u b lic a tio n a p p r o v e d b y th e D ire c to r o f th e B u rea u o f th e B u d g e t (N o v e m b e r 19, 1959),
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence
M ary
S.
R.
Editor-in-Chief
Executive Editor
K l e in ,
B edell,
CONTENTS
Special Articles
459
463
463
The Government and Bargaining on The Alaska Railroad
Special Labor Force Report
Employment of June 1960 High School Graduates
Summaries of Studies and Reports
471
479
485
487
489
493
500
510
513
516
Life and Accidental Death Insurance in Collectively Bargained Plans
Earnings in the Cotton Textile Industry, August 1960
Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in 1960
New Agreement for Review of Salaries of White-Collar Civil Servants in
Great Britain
Federal Classified Employees’ Salary Changes, 1958-60
Wage Chronology No. 13: Federal Classification Act Employees—Supplement
No. 3-1959-60
Wage Chronology No. 5: Chrysler Corp.—Supplement No. 3—1953-60
Legislative Recommendations of the New York Waterfront Commission
Union Wage Scales in Building Trades, I960
Union Wage Scales in Local City Trucking, 1960
Technical Note
519
Compact Cars in the Consumer Price Index
Departments
h i
524
530
532
538
545
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
May 1961 • Voi. 84 . No. 5
1960 estimates of
W ORK INJURIES
show that . . .
P e rce n t of total
15
20
25
Workers in four industries—
agriculture
construction
mining
transportation
— had only three-eighths of the
1,960,000 disabling injuries,
but they had almost three-fifths
of the 13,800 fatal injuries.
Q
All d isa b lin g
injuries
ü § Fatal
injuries
The article "Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in I960," on pp. 485-487 of this
issue, discusses these and other facets of the country's work injury record last year, when
the experience paralleled that in other recent years:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month
in Review
t h e United Auto Workers special bargaining
convention, attended by 2,500 delegates in Detroit
April 27-29, the emphasis was on job security.
The delegates approved a flexible approach for
this summer’s bargaining which they agreed
should cover: (1) payment of production workers
on a salary basis rather than according to an
hourly rate; (2) reduction of worktime with no
loss in weekly pay; (3) improvements in supple
mental unemployment benefits to permit partial
SUB payments for layoffs of less than a full week;
(4) assumption by the company of the full cost
of hospital-surgical-medical care (company pays
one-half now) ; (5) development of methods for
helping workers displaced by automation; (6)
pension improvements; (7) longer vacations and
more paid holidays; and (8) retention, with im
provements, of the cost-of-living and annual
improvement wage formula.
A number of the convention’s resolutions called
for Government action to meet “ the present
unemployment crisis” and create new jobs over
the next 10 years. They included creation of a
National Planning Agency to determine social and
economic needs and recommend legislative and
presidential action in these areas; amendment of
the Fair Labor Standards Act to make automatic
adjustment of the 40-hour week, based upon the
rate of unemployment; and establishment of a
fund (from the general revenues) to help displaced
workers through financing moving, retraining, and
other costs for those “ willing and able to find jobs
elsewhere.”
At
N e g o t ia t io n s in the rubber industry resulted in
a new 2-year contract for 20,000 workers at 11
plants of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. on
April 15, termination date of the old agreement
with the United Rubber Workers. The settle
ment extended supplemental unemployment in
surance benefits from 26 to 39 weeks and increased
the weekly maximum payment from $30 to $35.
It was also reported that other contract modifica
tions included provisions relating to job loss be
cause of automation. As had been customary in
negotiation of the master rubber contracts, wage
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rates were left for later bargaining, however, no
May 4, the parties agreed to the same wage in
crease as that provided in the Firestone settlement
on April 18.
The Rubber Workers contract with Firestone
Tire and Rubber Co., covering about 16,000
workers at eight plants, provided wage increases
of 7% cents an hour at industrial products plants
and 14% cents an hour at tire plants over the
period of the 2-year contract. In a joint state
ment with the company, the union noted that
costs in nontire plants might put the company in
a precarious competitive position, and that it has
a responsibility to protect the job security of all
the employees it represents. Aside from an eighth
paid holiday, other improvements were similar to
those in the Goodyear agreement.
Late in April, the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union signed a new 2-year agreement a
year before contract expiration with nearly 1,200
employers in the coat and suit industry in New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecti
cut. Wage increases averaging 14 cents an hour
for the 45,000 workers covered will become effec
tive on June 12, and higher payments to the
retirement fund and the health and vacation fund
start June 5. Negotiations had begun under a
wage reopener in the old contract but were broad
ened when the union sought to strengthen the
retirement fund which recently had to delay
pensions to some applicants in order to remain
actuarily sound.
The Amalgamated Clothing Workers announced
on May 13 an agreement with manufacturers of
shirts, pajamas, and other cotton garments. The
3-year contracts, covering 100,000 workers
throughout the country, raised employer pay
ments to the insurance and retirement funds
from 5.5 to 6 percent of weekly payrolls, effective
June 1. No wage increase was negotiated, but
the contracts may be reopened annually on wages
and fringe benefits.
|§j
In mid-April, the Teamsters signed an agree
ment with 500 southern New England trucking
companies which granted wage increases totaling
58 cents an hour over the next 6 years, plus
increased fringe benefits. The contract, covering
17,000 workers, also requires the New England
companies to grant any increases that may be
negotiated by Midwest companies whose con
tracts expire in early 1964.
On May 4, a settlement was announced in the
protracted contract dispute of the Canadian
m
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
IV
National Railways and the Canadian Pacific
Railway with unions representing 111,000 non
operating employees. Retroactive to the begin
ning of 1960, the 2-year contract provided a
14-cent-an-hour increase in three steps.
On A p r il 17, the U.S. Supreme Court nullified
four National Labor Relations Board doctrines
curbing union security arrangements which the
Board had found violated the Taft-Hartley Act on
the basis that they encouraged union membership.
The Court held that the NLRB had no authority
to (1) rule that hiring-hall agreements must in
clude prescribed clauses guaranteeing fair treat
ment to nonunion members to be legal (Mountain
Pacific), (2) order union dues refunded to workers
when it finds a hiring-hall arrangement to be illegal
(.Brown-Olds), (3) find that International Typo
graphical Union contracts are illegal because they
incorporate those of the union’s general laws
which are not in conflict with State or Federal
laws, and (4) rule that delegation of hiring author
ity to a foreman who is a union member is illegal
unless safeguards are spelled out in the contract.
The Court said that to be illegal, union activity
designed to encourage membership must be found
discriminatory; to find other encouragement illegal
goes beyond the intent of the Taft-Hartley Act.
On May 2, the Supreme Court ruled that the
Interstate Commerce Act did not prohibit the
newly merged Erie-Lackawanna Railroad Co.
from discharging employees for 4 years after the
merger, as long as they receive compensation
during that time. The majority found the law’s
requirement that the Interstate Commerce Com
mission shall make sure that mergers “will not
result in employees . . . being in a worse posi
tion with respect to their employment” for 4
years referred to amount of compensation and
not to job tenure.
T h e internal stresses of the AFL-CIO were more
than usually conspicuous during the month.
Industrial union leaders met in New York on
April 13 to discuss complaints about the Federa
tion and demand implementation of a decision of
the last regular AFL-CIO convention in 1959,
approving the principle of settling jurisdictional
disputes by final and binding arbitration. Rep
resentatives of the group, including presidents of
six AFL-CIO unions, later presented their views
to AFL-CIO President George Meany, who
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gave assurance that all complaints would be
investigated.
The Executive Council of the International
Transport Workers Federation suspended the
Seafarers’ International Union for the aid given
by its Canadian District to a wildcat strike by
some members of the British National Union of
Seamen last summer. The Seafarers, the Inter
national Longshoremen’s Association, the Mas
ters, Mates and Pilots, and the Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association thereupon withdrew from
the ITWF. Joseph Curran, National Maritime
Union president, protesting this action as harmful
to international maritime labor, indicated it might
mean the end of the International Maritime
Workers Union, established by the NMU and the
Seafarers in 1959 to organize “flags of conven
ience” ships controlled by United States interests.
At the end of April, the NMU began independent
picketing of the Panamanian-flag cargo ship
Dragon in New York harbor. The Dragon is
owned by an affiliate of the Reynolds Metals Co.
designed to create new jobs in areas of
chronic unemployment and to raise and extend
the coverage of the Federal minimum wage were
enacted the first week in May. Under the $451
million depressed-area program, urban and rural
areas may receive loans and grants for clearing
land, building plants, and providing equipment to
attract industry as well as for improving com
munity facilities such as water supply, sewer
connections, and railroad spurs. The law pro
vides $4.5 million a year to finance State and local
programs for retraining unemployed workers and
$10 million a year for States to make subsistence
payments for as long as 16 weeks to workers
undergoing such training.
An amendment to the Fair Labor Standards
Act raises the Federal minimum wage for workers
now covered to $1.15 an hour on September 3, and
to $1.25 on September 3, 1963. It extends the
protection of the law to about 3.6 million workers,
most of whom are in retail, service, and construc
tion industries. About 663,000 of these are
estimated to earn less than $1 an hour now. The
minimum for newly covered workers will be $1
during the first 3 years, $1.15 in the fourth year,
and $1.25 thereafter. Beginning September 3,
1963, most newly covered workers must be paid
overtime after 44 hours, 1 year later after 42 hours,
and in 1965, after 40 hours.
L aw s
The Government
and Bargaining on
The Alaska Railroad
E dwin M. F itch*
On F ebruary 20, 1961, the Secretary of the In
terior approved a basic labor agreement covering
the train and engine service employees of The
Alaska Railroad which expanded the framework of
bargaining relationships with trade unions on the
Railroad. The agreement was reached in the fall
of 1960 in Anchorage, Alaska, by officials of The
Alaska Railroad, which is Government owned, and
representatives of the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen and the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen and Enginemen. Its provisions deal with
a wide range of collective bargaining principles and
procedures extending from union recognition and
the obligation to bargain to what amounts to com
pulsory arbitration of disputes over wage rates
and related wage rules.
The arbitration provisions go beyond the re
quirements placed on private railroads and their
employees by the Railway Labor Act. Under the
permissive labor relations policies of the Depart
ment of the Interior, the Railroad has agreed to
arbitrate wage disputes and to be bound by the
arbitration award, subject to the approval of the
Secretary of the Interior, who would disapprove
the award only if he found it definitely contrary to
the public interest. Under the Railway Labor
Act, applicable to private railroads but not to The
Alaska Railroad, disputes over the making or
amending of agreements may be arbitrated, but
only by the mutual consent of the parties. Failing
arbitration, major disputes over wages or changes
in working rules may be referred to an emergency
board, which can only recommend settlement
terms.
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Train and engine service employees on The
Alaska Railroad have settled disputes over the in
terpretation of agreements through an ad hoc ad
justment board procedure for several years. The
new labor agreement also adds disputes over the
application of railroad operating rules to those pre
viously referred to adjustment boards. These
operating rules are issued unilaterally by manage
ment and cover a wide range of subjects such as
use of timetables and watches, signaling, flagging
rules, train orders, and safety rules. But an em
ployee who is disciplined or discharged because of
alleged violation of these rules may now, after he
has exhausted the prescribed appeals procedure,
secure an adjustment board ruling on whether the
penalty is justified. Although such disputes pre
viously were subject to investigation and hearing,
the Railroad had not been willing to submit them
for decision by an adjustment board.
Background of the Agreement
The agreement of 1961 is but the last in a series
of labor agreements between The Alaska Railroad
and the unions involved, which began in 1920,1 3
years before the completion of The Alaska Rail
road. It is probable that no other agency of the
Federal Government has so long a history of mak
ing and maintaining written labor agreements; in
fact, few agencies have such agreements. The
Alaska Railroad, on the other hand, has consist
ently sought to adapt, within the framework of
Federal law applicable to annual leave, workmen’s
compensation, and other fringe benefits, the per
sonnel rules and practices of private railroads, in
cluding organized relationships with trade unions
which are representative of its employees.
After many years of dealing with trade unions,
The Alaska Railroad drew up a formal labor policy
statement in 1947.2 An attempt to secure em
ployee assent to this policy failed; a bitter wage
dispute was in process at the time. The dispute
was occasioned by the application, through rulings
of the Comptroller General, of the 1945 Federal
Pay Act. The Railroad was thus confronted with
‘ Assistant to the General Manager, The Alaska Railroad.
1 Rules and Rates of Pay for Locomotive Engineers, Conductors, Firemen
and Brakemen, Alaska Railroad Agreement of April 1, 1920.
2 Labor Policy Statement of The Alaska Railroad, Anchorage, Alaska,
approved June 3, 1947, by the Secretary of the Interior.
459
460
the possibility of double wage increases, one ar
rived at by negotiation and the other dictated by
Federal statute. The adoption of a formal labor
policy after the dispute had extended over many
months represented an attempt to pave the way
for reliance upon collective bargaining insofar as
wage increases were concerned. In the somewhat
heated atmosphere of the time, agreement was im
possible, and the Railroad issued the labor policy
statement unilaterally. Railroad officials adhered
to all of its provisions except those on the media
tion and arbitration of disputes, which required
union assent.
The 1947 policy was worked out and written by
the late Otto S. Beyer, who had had long experi
ence in railroad labor problems, including member
ship in the National Mediation Board and service
as Director of Personnel Relations for the Federal
Coordinator of Transportation and for the Office
of Defense Transportation. After World War II,
Mr. Beyer became a consultant to the Department
of the Interior and was sent to Alaska to recom
mend improvements in labor policy. He formu
lated The Alaska Railroad’s labor policy and also
prepared a similar policy for the Department of
the Interior as a whole, which was adopted in
1948.3 The Departmental policy applied only to
ungraded employees, whose wages are determined,
not by act of Congress, but by administrative
decision, and excluded those under the Classifi
cation Act.
A new labor policy was issued in January 1959,4
which accorded representation rights to classified
employees if they so desire, and established a right
of conference between representatives of employees
and management on problems of mutual interest.
The sections on collective bargaining, written
agreements, and the settlement of disputes covered
only the ungraded employees to whom the 1948
Departmental policy applied. Once these em
ployees had established their rights to trade union
representation, the several agencies of the Depart
ment were required to negotiate a basic labor
agreement with the unions. These basic agree
ments were to cover broad principles and pro
cedures for the conduct of union-management
relations and could not be effective without ap
proval by the Secretary. Agreements covering
wages and working rules were designated “ Sup
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
plementary Labor Agreements.” Once signed by
the head of the Departmental Agency, they be
come effective without Secretarial approval.
The basic labor agreement, approved in Febru
ary 1961 by the Secretary of the Interior for The
Alaska Railroad, was negotiated under the require
ments of the Department’s 1959 labor policy as
outlined. Its provisions on union representation
and collective bargaining follow much the same
pattern as was prescribed in The Alaska Railroad’s
1947 policy statement. The principles governing
grievance procedure and labor-management coop
eration also follow previously adopted practices.
The sections covering wage policy and the settle
ment of disputes are, as previously indicated,
without precedent.
Wage Policy
For a decade, The Alaska Railroad and its
unions have negotiated wage rates on a pattern of
Northern Pacific Railway wage rates by occupa
tion plus a differential to fairly reflect the higher
price level of the Railbelt5 in Alaska. At each
negotiation, however, the parties were free to
argue for the adoption of different wage principles.
The new basic agreement translates this cus
tomary policy into a relatively permanent require
ment, subject to alteration only through a
renegotiation of the basic agreement itself. This
represents a somewhat more formidable process
than negotiating a change in supplementary
agreements. A major reason for adopting North
ern Pacific wages plus a cost-of-living differential
stems from the recent addition of Anchorage and
Fairbanks to the cities surveyed in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics consumer price program. Com
parative price levels in these cities and Seattle,
Wash., are scheduled for first publication this
summer. This will remove the previous uncer
tainty in Alaska Railroad negotiations relating to
cost-of-living differentials, since the parties to the
basic agreement have agreed to be bound by the
s Policy Memorandum Covering General Labor Relations Policy for
Ungraded Employees of the Department of the Interior, approved by the
Secretary, January 16,1948.
* Labor Relations Policies, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
D .C ., January 1959.
4 The area served by The Alaska Railroad, extending from Seward and
Whittier on the Kenai Peninsula, through Anchorage and Palmer, to Fair
banks in north central Alaska.
THE GOVERNMENT AND BARGAINING ON THE ALASKA RAILROAD
consumer price differentials between Seattle and
the Alaskan cities as determined by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
Under the formula agreed upon, changes in the
cost-of-living differential will not be made each
time the consumer price differential changes, but
will be made when wage adjustments on the
Northern Pacific are added to Alaska Railroad
wage rates, as provided by the agreement. As a
result, Alaska Railroad train and engine service
pay rates will always equal prevailing Northern
Pacific rates plus a percentage of these rates equal
to the consumer price differentials between Seattle
and Anchorage and Fairbanks. A combination
of the Anchorage and Fairbanks differentials,
weighted by the number of employees in each
area, will be used. At present, operating em
ployees’ pay rates on The Alaska Railroad exceed
comparable Northern Pacific rates by 37 percent.
Adjustment Board Procedure
As previously mentioned, the basic agreement
provides an adjustment board procedure for the
settlement of disputes over the interpretation of
labor agreements or the Railroad’s operating rules.
Such grievances must first be handled according
to the appeals procedures in effect, including a final
appeal to the General Manager of the Railroad.
If not then settled, they are referred to an ad hoc
board of adjustment composed of one representa
tive selected by the Railroad, one selected by the
union, and a third by agreement between the
parties (or, failing agreement, the neutral member
will be selected by the parties from a list of neutrals
obtained from the National Mediation Board).
A new step—akin to mediation but without a
mediator—has been added in an attempt to
minimize the number of cases actually heard by
an adjustment board. For 30 days after the
General Manager’s final decision in a given dis
pute, the union agrees not to request submission
of the case to an adjustment board, but may ask
that it be submitted to a factfinding board
composed of three representatives of the Railroad
and three of the union. This board will decide
whether the case should be submitted to an adjust
ment board. If the parties fail to agree, the case
is automatically subject to adjustment board
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
461
procedure. On cases submitted to a board of
adjustment, hearings will be held and an award
made which will be final and binding unless dis
approved by the Secretary of the Interior within
30 days after submission to his office.
Arbitration of Wage Rates or Wage Rules
The agreement to arbitrate wage and wage-rule
disputes does not provide for an intermediate
appeals procedure. If, in any given wage nego
tiation, the parties are unable to agree, the dis
pute must be submitted to a board of arbitration.
As in the case of an adjustment board, each
party selects its representative. But the neutral
member must be picked from a list of available
neutrals selected from lists maintained by the
National Mediation Board.
Prior to arbitration of a given dispute, the
basic agreement requires the making of an arbitra
tion agreement which must cover the matters
customarily included in such agreements in the
private railroad industry. There must be a clear
and specific statement of the question to be
arbitrated. A written record of the arbitration
hearing must be maintained. The agreement
must contain time limits for the appointment of
the arbitration board, the holding of hearings,
and the making of a final decision. Like an
adjustment board decision, an arbitration award
becomes final and binding unless disapproved by
the Secretary of the Interior within 30 days of
the receipt of the award in his office.
Each party compensates its own board member.
The Railroad pays the fee of the neutral, but his
expenses are shared equally by the Railroad and
the union party to the dispute.
The wage policy provisions of the basic labor
agreement which have been described are so
automatic that it is unlikely any dispute as to
wage rates will be referred to arbitration. Wage
rules, often as important as the rates themselves,
are another matter, however. Future disputes
as to these will certainly be referred to an arbitra
tion board if they are not resolved through
negotiation.
The rarity of labor relations on an organized
basis in the Federal Government lends importance
to such agreements as this. Here there is little
462
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
room for negotiation on many matters covered by
labor agreements in private industry (leave,
holidays, pay, pension rights, etc.), since they are
fixed by Federal law. Furthermore, Federal law
and regulation is always paramount. This still
leaves a variety of subjects which are appropriate
for collective bargaining. The Alaska Railroad
has demonstrated by its long history of union
relationships that some collective bargaining
practices of private industry are adaptable to
the Federal Government. This does not, of
course, mean that The Alaska Railroad has sur
mounted all the problems of employee relations
any more than is true of private employers. But
the basic labor agreement represents the latest
and perhaps the most important step taken by
the Railroad and its unions in establishing a
collective bargaining framework.
A s there are many practical men on the Yukon who have declared their
intention of remaining in the valley until they can ride to the coast in a Pull
man, it may be pardonable for one who knows less than they of the difficulties
involved to refer to the subject of a possible railway. There is a very strong
impression here, born more of hope, perhaps, than of positive information,
that steps will soon be taken to construct a railroad from the head of Lynn
Canal, by way of Chilkat Pass and the Dalton trail, to Fort Selkirk. Some
heavy grading would be required from Pyramid Harbor to the summit of
Chilkat Pass, a distance of seventy-five miles. From Chilkat Pass to the
Yukon, by the proposed route, is about 325 miles, and those who have passed
over the trail state that but few expensive cuts would be necessary, as the
country for the most part is made up of low rolling hills and prairies, and very
little bridging would be required. The greatest advantage which a road
striking the Yukon at Fort Selkirk would have over one entering the country
by the Taku route, or from the Stikeen to the head of Lake Teslin, would be
that it would avoid the rapids in the Lewes River. It would solve the prob
lem of transportation for the upper river section as far north as Forty Mile,
as lightdraft steamers could ply between the terminus of the road and Forty
Mile for five months in the year, making two round trips a week.
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— The Alaskan Gold Fields and the Opportunities They Offer for Capital and Labor
(Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Labor, No. 16, May 1898, pp. 414-415).
Special Labor Force Report
E ditor ’s N ote .— The
article which follows is one of a series of reports on special
labor force subjects formerly covered in Series P-50 of the Bureau of the
Census Current Population Reports. A similar article covering data for
1959 was published in the Monthly Labor Review in May 1960. Reprints
of this article, together with additional detailed tables, are available on request
to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices (listed on the inside front cover
of this issue).
Employment of June 1960
High School Graduates
S ophia Cooper*
T he growing nu m ber of young persons in the
population has elicited much concern about the
capacity of colleges to absorb the rising numbers
who want to continue their education. Equally
important are the expanding size of the group
that will be entering the labor market each year
upon completing high school and the problems
they face in finding jobs. As a result of popula
tion growth, there will be increases also in the
number of new workers who have dropped out
of school each year without finishing high school.
The health of an economy is dependent in
the long run on the proper development and use
of this most important source of manpower, both
those who bring a background of college education
to their work and the large group who do not go
beyond high school. This implies encouraging
and making it possible for youth to obtain as
much education as their capabilities permit. But
the proper use of this element of economic growth
also means that the young workers, whether they
have more or less than a high school education,
need to have the opportunities to put their training
to work.
This article analyzes the results of the second
nationwide survey of the employment of recent
high school graduates and school dropouts.1 Four
months after graduation, almost half of the class
of June 1960 were enrolled in college and most
of the others were in the labor force. In a job
market affected by some economic slowdown, 85
percent of the 1960 graduates who entered the
labor force were working in October 1960 and
the other 15 percent were actively looking for
employment.
The employed women graduates were con
centrated in clerical and sales occupations, and
about one-third of the men became semiskilled
workers. This pattern of “entry jobs” was
essentially the same as that of the 1959 class, but
there was some indication that more young men
this year were obliged to take the kinds of jobs
which usually pay lower wages than was the
case in 1959.
The men and women who quit school in 1960
before finishing high school managed to find jobs
about as readily as the 1960 high school gradu
ates. But the economic cost of not having a
diploma and the training that it represents were
clear in other ways—in the lower skill of the jobs
they could get compared with the graduates as
well as the smaller proportion of jobs providing
a full week’s work.
•Of the D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
i The survey was made in October 1960 as a supplement to the regular
m onthly labor force survey, conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The survey of June 1959 high school
graduates, made in October 1959, has been summarized in the M ay 1960 issue
of the Monthly Labor Review (pp. 500-506) which, together with detailed
tables and an explanatory note, was published as Special Labor Force Re
port No. 5.
463
5 9 1 4 9 8 — 61
2
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464
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T a ble 1.
C ollege E n r o llm ent a n d L abo r F orce
S t a t u s o f J u n e 1960 H i g h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s i n
t h e C iv il ia n N o n in s t it u t io n a l P o p u l a t io n , O c t o b e r
school work. About 1 out of every 4 who entered
college was either working or looking for work.
1960
[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
C olleg e e n r o llm e n t
sta tu s , sex, color, and
m arital status of
women
Civilian noninstitu Civilian labor force
tional population
N ot in
labor
force
N um
N um Percent of
Percent
ber
population
ber
B oth Sexes
T o ta l......................
1 ,6 7 9
1 0 0 .0
881
5 2 .5
798
W hite.................................
Nonw hite...........................
1 ,5 6 5
114
9 3 .2
6 .8
820
61
5 2 .4
5 3 .5
745
53
Enrolled in college...........
Full tim e....................
Part tim e....................
N ot enrolled in college...
In special schools___
758
725
33
921
170
4 5 .1
4 3 .2
2 .0
5 4 .9
1 0 .1
175
146
29
706
69
2 3 .1
2 0 .1
7 6 .7
4 0 .6
583
579
4
215
101
Total....... ................
756
1 0 0 .0
420
5 5 .6
336
Enrolled in college_____
N ot enrolled in college__
408
348
5 4 .0
4 6 .0
112
308
2 7 .4
8 8 .5
296
40
Total........................
923
1 0 0 .0
461
4 9 .9
462
Enrolled in college_____
N ot enrolled in college—
Single........................
Married and other
marital sta tu s2___
350
573
473
3 7 .9
6 2 .1
5 1 .2
63
398
359
1 8 .0
6 9 .5
7 5 .9
287
175
114
100
1 0 .8
39
3 9 .0
61
0)
M ale
F emale
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
* Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
High School Graduates, June 1960
The graduating class of June 1960 numbered
1.7 million2—over 200,000 more than the year
before. The group included about 750,000 young
men and 925,000 women. (See table 1.) Because
nonwhites have persistently had a higher rate of
dropouts in the primary and secondary school
years, they represented a smaller share—7 per
cent—of the graduates than of the population of
the usual graduation ages.
Three-quarters of a million June graduates—
nearly 1 out of every 2—were attending college in
October I960.3 More than half (54 percent) of
the men were enrolled, compared with 38 percent
of the women. These proportions were the same
as in 1959, but with the larger size of the graduat
ing class, the number who chose to further their
education was almost 100,000 greater. About 5
percent of the college enrollees were nonwhite.
The high cost of a college education compels
many students to do some kind of work for pay
even at the beginning of their first year of college,
when they are trying to adjust to the demands of
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1960 Graduates Not Enrolled in College. More
than 900,000 June graduates did not enter college,
and most of them were in the labor force. Close
to 90 percent of the 350,000 male graduates were
working or looking for jobs.4 Of the young men
not in the labor force, more than half were taking
training in special schools, presumably to acquire
more skill to offer potential employers.
Within 4 months after high school graduation,
17 percent of the 570,000 girls who did not go on to
college were married, and only 40 percent of this
group were in the labor force. Those who were
full-time homemakers accounted for more than a
third of the women who were not in the labor
force, nor in college.
About 125,000 women were enrolled in special
schools offering nursing, secretarial, or other
training. Among the single women who were not
improving their job prospects by further work in
special schools, about 90 percent were in the labor
force—as high a proportion in the labor force as
among the men graduates.
The labor market situation in which the June
1960 high school graduates were competing for
jobs was not greatly different from that encoun
tered by the class of 1959 when they finished school.
In October 1959, the steel strike had slowed
activity considerably; in October 1960, employ
ment was declining in several sectors of the
economy. Fifteen percent of the 1960 high school
graduates who were in the labor force were unem
ployed and there was no difference in the rate of
unemployment between the men and women
(table 2). The unemployment rate was not
2 Data presented in this report relate to persons 16 to 24 years of age in the
civilian noninstitutional population living within the United States in the
calendar week ending October 15, 1960. All members of the Armed Forces
and inmates of institutions are excluded. Estimates of June graduates shown
here may differ slightly from projections made by the Office of Education for
the school year 1959-60 because of these exclusions, the age limitation, and
other minor differences in measurement. See High School Graduates (in
School Life, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, May
1959, p. 4).
s The proportion entering college (45 percent) compares with the Office of
Education estimate of 53 percent for 1958 (latest available) based on first-time
college enrollments as a percent of the estimated number of high school
graduates for the school year 1957-58. The difference can be attributed to
differences in measurement; for example, first-time enrollments relate to
the entire school year and include some students graduating in an earlier
class whose college entrance wTas postponed.
* Hereafter the term “ high school graduates” w ill be used to mean those
who were not enrolled in college.
465
EMPLOYMENT OF JUNE 1960 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES
significantly different from the rate of joblessness
a year earlier among those who had finished high
school in June 1959.
The kinds of jobs the graduates found were
largely those which required little training. As in
1959, the greatest opportunities for the young
women were in the clerical field, which absorbed
about 200,000, or 61 percent of all the 1960 girl
graduates who found employment (table 3).
Saleswork provided jobs for more than 10 percent
of the young women, and about 10 percent more
were in service type jobs including private house
hold work.
The young men who had just graduated from
high school found that more jobs were available
for new labor market entrants in the semiskilled
and unskilled manual occupations than in other
kinds of work. The largest group of employed
men graduates (close to one-third) found jobs as
semiskilled operatives in factories or other indus
tries. Eighteen percent had unskilled laboring
jobs, and 15 percent were working in farm jobs.
Only a small number were employed as craftsmen.
In general, graduates in 1959 and 1960 found
very similar types of “ entrance” jobs. Where
there were differences, they suggest that the more
desirable jobs were harder to find this year. For
example, fewer of the 1960 male graduates were
engaged in clerical and sales jobs this year, and a
greater number were employed as laborers in
nonfarm industries or as service workers. While
there was a greater proportion in farm work than
in 1959, this may have reflected only an increased
need for farm labor because of weather and crop
conditions in October 1960 which could temporarily
keep on the farm some young men whose inten
tions were to seek nonagricultural work.
For the young women, the only significant
differences in the jobs of this year’s graduates as
compared with a year ago could be interpreted
as encouraging ones. There was a somewhat
greater number in the professional-technical occu
pation group and fewer in service occupations
this year than last. The increase in the former
group was in the medical and health field, prob
ably student nurses or technicians, and the drop
in service-type occupations covered both domestic
workers and other kinds of service work such as
waitresses and personal services.
Job Progress of June 1959 Graduates
Information from the October 1960 survey of
recent high school graduates made it possible to
T a b l e 2. E m ploym ent S t a t u s of J u n e 1960 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled in C ollege a n d
S chool D r o po u ts , 16 to 24 Y e a r s of A g e , by S e x , C olor , a n d M a r it a l S t a t u s , O ctober 1960
of
1960
[Numbers in thousands]
Civilian labor force
Civilian noninstitutional
population
Graduation status, sex, color, and
marital status of women
Unemployed
Number
Percent
Number
Percent of
population
Employed
N ot in labor
force
Percent of
civilian labor
force
Number
J une 1960 H igh School Graduates
921
100.0
706
76.7
599
107
15.2
215
W hite
________ ________- ................ Non white
________________________
848
73
92.1
7.9
653
53
77.0
568
31
85
22
13.0
195
20
37.8
62.2
51.4
10.9
308
398
359
39
88.5
69.5
75.9
39.0
262
337
308
29
46
61
51
10
14.9
15.3
14.2
Married and other marital status 2—
348
673
473
100
40
175
114
61
T otal......................................................
<9
<9
(9
1960 School D ropouts
344
100.0
214
62.2
175
39
18.2
130
79.4
20.6
163
51
59.7
133
42
30
9
18.4
_____________________
273
71
(9
110
20
- __________ - __________
'Pofne.le
_________ __ ___________
fljngle
- ___________________
Married and other marital sta tu s2—
165
179
110
69
48.0
52.0
32.0
20.1
126
88
71
17
76.4
49.2
64.5
102
73
60
13
24
15
11
4
19.0
(9
(9
(9
39
91
39
52
Total......................................................
N on white
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
s Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
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<9
(9
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
466
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T a ble 3. M ajor O c cupation G r o u p of E mployed
J u n e 1960 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled
in C ollege a n d of 1960 S chool D ro po uts 16 to 24
Y ea r s of A ge , b y S e x , O ctober 1960
[Percent distribution]
Major occupation group
June 1960 high
school graduates
Both Male
sexes
Employed:
Number (thousands)___ 599
262
Percent................................ 100.0 100.0
Professional, technical, and kin
dred workers________ _______ 5.2
Managers, officials, and proprie
tors, except farm_____________
.5
Clerical and kindred workers___ 38.9
Sales workers_________________
8.4
Craftsmen, foremen, and kin
dred workers............................. .
3.5
Operatives and kindred workers. 17.4
Private household workers......... . 2.8
Service workers, except private
household___________________ 6.4
Farmers, farm managers, labor
ers, and foremen____________
8.9
Laborers, except farm and m ine. 8.0
Fe
male
1960 school
dropouts
Both
sexes
Male
337
175
102
100.0 100.0 100.0
7.2
1.7
1.9
60.9
11.0
1.1
10.9
5.2
4.8
2.9
.6
6.3
5.1
2.3
23.0
8.0
8.4
4.8
10.9
15.3
17.9
3.9
.3
23.0
13.8
2.7
1.1
10.7
5.0
7.3
31.7
Fe
male
73
0)
2.9
28.8 ............
7.7
27.9
23.1 ............
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
follow developments in the work situation of the
class of 1959. In October 1959, shortly after
completing high school, 14 percent of the young
men and women who were in the labor force were
looking for jobs. A year later, the unemployment
rate for the women had improved slightly, but
there was no significant change for men (table 4).
About 600,000 of the 1959 graduates were em
ployed in both October 1959 and in October 1960.
For the group as a whole, some evidence of the
benefits of the year of work experience acquired
by these young men and women can be detected
in a modest amount of upward shifting toward
jobs requiring more skill; although the occupa
tional groupings have to be kept quite broad
because the numbers are small and are subject,
therefore, to fairly large sampling error.
Probably the most noteworthy development was
one which affected only a small number. Six
percent of the 1959 class held jobs in professional
and technical occupations in 1960 compared
with a little over 1 percent a year earlier. The
increase was largely among young women em
ployed in medical and health occupations, prob
ably student nurses and technicians. The in
crease for men was probably not in occupations
requiring highly skilled knowledge, but was
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more likely to be subprofessional or technical
jobs in which they were being trained.
Another significant increase occurred in the
service occupations. Whether this indicates an
improvement in the job situation or not depends
on the kinds of service jobs and whether the addi
tional workers shifted from jobs requiring less skill
or paying lower wages. Since these data provide
only net changes over the year, the specific
pattern of individual shifts cannot be known.
However, declines in the importance of a few
major occupations indicate the possible direction
of the gross shifts.
Some of the 1959 graduates moving into service
jobs probably came from farm jobs, where there
was a noticeable decline over the year. The
additional young women in service occupations
may have included some who a year earlier had
been employed as semiskilled factory operatives—•
a group in which employment of women graduates
diminished over the year. Another occupation
group where employment of 1959 graduates
diminished over the year was that of salesworkers,
both men and women. Since sales jobs are often
part time and casual, the decline here does not
necessarily imply a downward shifting.
Employment of 1959 graduates in the craftsmen
group of occupations showed no significant
change between 1959 and 1960. This is not
surprising since many of the crafts require an
extensive period of apprenticeship during which
time the worker is classified as semiskilled.
Moreover, the October 1960 employment situation
was deteriorating in construction and manu
facturing, where a large proportion of craftsmen
work, and would therefore not be conducive to
the advancement of younger men with little
seniority into more skilled jobs.
School Dropouts
In this year’s study, information was again
obtained on young persons who were no longer in
school and had not completed high school. To
supplement information on their ages and to
obtain a more complete picture of how long
they had been in the labor force, data were col
lected for the first time on the year in which they
had last attended school.
467
EMPLOYMENT OF JUNE 1960 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES
The survey confirms the fact, known from other
studies, that age 16 is the most common age at
which youngsters quit school5 and additionally
that a sizable group does not attend school after
they are 14 or 15 years of age. About threefourths of a million youngsters 16 and 17 years
old in October 1960 were not in school and had
not completed high school. Of this group, only
200,000 had attended school in 1960; 270,000 had
dropped out in 1959, 190,000 in 1958 (at no more
than 14 or 15 years of age) and 80,000 in 1957 or
earlier (table 5). Approximately the same number
of men as women had quit school at these various
stages. About 35 percent of the 16- and 17year-old women who dropped out in 1959 or 1960
were married as were about 55 percent of those
who left school in 1958 or earlier.
The 16- and 17-year-olds who dropped out of
school between January and mid-October 1960
accounted for 58 percent of all young persons who
quit during this period. Another 37 percent were
18 and 19 years of age.
Altogether, over 340,000 left school in this
period and about 540,000 in the 12 months of
1959. Of the 350,000 who quit in 1960, there were
equal numbers of boys and girls.
8 School and Early Employment Experience of Youth: A Report on Seven
Communities, 1952-57 (BLS Bull. 1277, 1960).
T able
4.
Labor Force Status. Almost 40 percent of the girls
who quit school in 1960 were married by October
1960, and most of them were not in the labor
force. For the young men and the single women
who quit school during 1960, the proportions in the
work force were lower than for the 1960 high
school graduates. About three-fourths of the
young men dropouts were in the work force, com
pared with almost nine-tenths of the graduates;
about two-thirds of the unmarried women drop
outs compared with three-fourths of the graduates.
Those graduates who were not already working or
looking for jobs were, to a greater extent than
dropouts, using their time in getting some form of
additional training in special schools. Almost half
the graduates who were not in the labor force, but
only 8 percent of the dropouts were reported as
enrolled in these schools.
The unemployment rate for young workers who
left school in 1960 was 18 percent. This was
not significantly higher than that of 1960 high
school graduates. However, the combined group
of those who dropped out in 1959 and 1960 had a
much higher unemployment rate in October 1960
than was true for the graduates of 1959 and 1960.
In this grouping, 22 percent of the dropouts
were looking for work, compared with 13 percent
of the high school graduates. As shown in the
E m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s o f 1959 H i g h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s N o t E n r o l l e d i n C o l l e g e , b y M a j o r O c c u p a t i o n
G r o u p a n d S e x , O c t o b e r 1960 a n d O c t o b e r 1959
[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
October 1959
October 19601
Employment status and major occupation group of employed
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
Civilian noninstitutional population____________________________________
852
296
556
790
304
486
Labor force: Number............................................—..............................................................
Percent_______________________________________________________
Em ployed___________________________________ ____ ______________________
Unemployed: Percent of labor force______________________________________
679
79.7
600
11.6
291
98.3
250
14.1
388
69.8
350
9.8
634
80.2
549
13.5
279
91.7
239
14.3
355
73.0
310
12.8
All occupation groups (percent)....................................- ............................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers.....................................................................
6.0
.8
43.8
3.6
5.0
17.6
3.2
10.9
3.3
5.8
4.0
1.2
18.3
3.2
11.2
33.1
7.4
.6
61.9
4.0
.6
6.5
5.4
12.8
.9
1.3
2.7
0.3
41.5
7.9
4.2
20.6
3.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
16.4
7.1
9.7
34.5
60.9
8.5
4.9
9.7
15.0
8.5
4.8
.7
Occupation Group of E mployed
Clerical and kindred workers------------------------ ---------------------------------- ------------Sales workers------ --------- ----------------------------------------- ------------ ...........- ....................
Operatives and kindred workers--------- ------------------------------------------------- --------Service workers, except private household.............................—------------ ----------------Farmers, farm managers, laborers, and foremen------- ---------------------------------- . . .
Ib a b o rp rs, p.YU.p.pt fa r m arid minp. ___ ____________ ___________ .._______________
1 A small number of persons who graduated in January 1959 were included in
the data for October 1960 but not in data for October 1959. In addition,
changes may have occurred in the number in the age group, in the Armed
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8.4
6.8
13.9
9.9
Forces, or enrolled in college.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
468
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
following distribution by duration of unemploy
ment, the unemployed dropouts were more likely
to have longer periods of unemployment than were
the unemployed graduates of the past 2 years.
High school Nongraduates,
graduates of
last attended
1959 and 1960 in 1959 or 1960
(Percent)
Total unemployed_____ ----Less than 5 weeks__________ ----5 to 14 weeks______________ ----15 weeks or more__________ ----15 to 26 weeks_________ ----27 weeks or more______ -----
(Percent)
100.0
48. 9
21.8
29. 3
23. 9
5. 3
100.
41.
26.
32.
17.
15.
0
1
4
6
1
5
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of percentages may not equal 100.
Almost half the unemployed graduates of 1959
or 1960 reported that they had been looking for
work for less than 5 weeks, compared with 41
percent of recent school dropouts. More than a
half year of unemployment was reported by 5
percent of the graduates and 16 percent of the
dropouts.
O ccupation. Women who do not complete their
high school education before going to work are
much less likely to be hired for office jobs than are
graduates. Six out of 10 employed women grad
uates of June 1960 were holding jobs as clerical
workers, but only 2 out of 10 women who quit
school in 1960 or 1959 were in clerical jobs.6
These dropouts were much more likely to be fac
tory hands (2 out of 10), housemaids, waitresses,
or other kinds of service workers (more than 3 out
of 10).
The occupational difference between finishing
and quitting high school is not as sharply reflected
for employed men as it is for women. Almost
equal proportions (about 30 percent) of recent
dropouts and 1960 graduates held jobs as semiT a b l e 5.
in
Y
S c h o o l D r o p o u t s 16 a n d 17 Y e a r s o p A g e
t h e C iv il ia n N o n in s t it u t io n a l P o p u l a t io n ,
ea r Last A tt en d e d S chool a n d S e x , O ctober
by
1960
[Numbers In thousands]
Year last attended
school
Both sexes
Male
Female
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All y e a r s ...
739
100.0
367
100.0
372
100.0
1960..........................
1959..........................
1958.............- .........
Prior to 1958..........
199
271
192
77
26.9
36.7
26.0
10.4
100
123
99
45
27.2
33.5
27.0
12.3
99
148
93
32
26.6
39.8
25.0
8.6
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
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skilled operatives. However, many of the young
men who quit school are making, in effect, a choice
between doing heavy labor on farms and industry
(51 percent for 1960 dropouts, compared with 33
percent for 1960 graduates) or office, technical,
and sales work (10 percent versus 20 percent).
The craftsmen occupations, in which only a few
recent dropouts or graduates were employed, also
showed a preference for young graduates over
school leavers—7 percent of employed 1960 grad
uates, compared with 3 percent of dropouts.
The contrast in farm employment between 1960
dropouts and graduates—23 percent compared
with 9 percent—directs attention to the fact that
young persons in rural areas leave school to a
greater extent than do those in urban areas.
Moreover, these figures on employment in farm
occupations undoubtedly understate the real dif
ference in dropout rates since some rural youths
had probably migrated to work in urban areas by
October 1960. Another important aspect of the
rural dropout problem is indicated by the con
centration of young nonwhite school leavers in
farm work—about 45 percent of those who
quit school between 1958 and 1960. In other
words, of approximately 800,000 dropouts in 195860 who were employed in October 1960, about
180,000 were in farm jobs—a far greater propor
tion than the overall importance of agricultural
employment in the economy—and almost 100,000
of the farm workers were nonwhite boys and girls.
School leavers as well as high school graduates
move up somewhat on the occupational scale as
they become better trained workers. There are
some obvious differences in the process of upgrad
ing of white and nonwhite male dropouts (chart 1).
In October 1960, white males 16 to 24 years old
who had quit school before completing high school
showed some upward shifting in broad levels of
skill which was related to the number of years
since they last attended school. But the improve
ment was confined to what may be termed nonfarm
manual occupations. About two-thirds of the
white men who left school between 1958 and 1960
were employed as craftsmen, operatives, and la
borers; the proportion was the same for those who
left before 1958. Within these manual occupa6
The number of employed female dropouts in 1960 is too small for further
meaningful classification by occupation because of sampling variability.
Therefore, the dropouts for the two periods were combined.
EMPLOYMENT OF JUNE 1960 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES
tions, however, men with more years of experience
were more likely than recent school leavers to be
semiskilled operatives or skilled craftsmen, and
fewer were working as nonfarm laborers. There
was no significant difference in the proportion who
qualified for office or sales jobs, and surprisingly,
no significant decline in the proportion who were
in farm work.
The pattern for nonwhite men was different in
several respects. The big change that came with
years in the work force was a shift out of farm
work. Almost half the dropouts of more recent
years were in farm occupations, compared with
one-fifth of the men who left school before 1958.
469
More than 50 percent of the pre-1958 dropouts
were working in nonfarm manual jobs but only 30
percent of the more recent dropouts. Much of the
increase was in unskilled laboring jobs, indicating
that a large proportion of those who had farm jobs
had been absorbed into unskilled laboring jobs in
nonagricultural industries. But it is encouraging
to note that 10 percent of the men who had been
out of school since before 1958 were able to qualify
for craftsmen jobs, compared with less than 5 per
cent of the 1958-60 dropouts, and that more than
20 percent were operatives, compared with less
than 15 percent of the more recent labor market
entrants.
Chart 1. M a jo r O ccupation Groups of Employed M a le School Dropouts, 16 to 24 Years of A g e ,
by Color and Y ear Last A tte n d e d School, O cto b e r 1960
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470
Chart 2. Full-Time Work and Involuntary Part-Time
W ork1 Among Recent High School Graduates and
Dropouts, 16 to 24 Years of A ge, in Nonagricultural Industries, October 1960
1 Full-time workers worked 35 or more hours a week; part-time workers,
from 1 to 34 hours a week.
Hours of Work, 1959 and 1960
The job market in October 1960 provided June
graduates with about the same opportunities for
full-time work as were available a year earlier to
the 1959 graduates. More than 80 percent of each
of these graduate groups who were at work in nonagricultural industries were employed full time (at
least 35 hours a week) in the fall of the year in
which they graduated (chart 2). Some indication
of a less favorable work situation in October 1960
could be found in a slightly reduced proportion
who worked 41 hours or more—in line with de
clining overtime work in the economy over the
year. Furthermore, there was an increase over the
year in the proportion who were employed part
time for economic reasons, such as inability to
find full-time work or cutbacks in hours resulting
from slack work.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
In October 1960, school dropouts experienced
greater difficulty than did graduates in finding
regular full-time work. Only two-thirds of the
1960 school dropouts, compared with more than
four-fifths of the 1960 graduates who were working
in nonfarm jobs, had full-time hours. Part of the
total difference in part-time work was attributable
to noneconomic reasons, but most of it resulted
from economic factors. Eight percent of the June
1960 graduates, compared with 19 percent of the
dropouts, indicated they could not find full-time
jobs or had short workweeks because of business
conditions.
With the addition of a year of labor market ex
perience, a larger proportion of both the high
school graduates and the dropouts succeeded in
finding full-time jobs. Among the men high school
graduates of 1959 who were at work in nonagricultural industries, 90 percent were working full time
in October 1960, compared with 84 percent in 1959.
There was a substantial reduction over the year
(from 11 percent to 3 percent) in the group usually
working part time—both those who reported they
could not find full-time jobs and those who usually
worked part time for personal or other voluntary
reasons.
Among the young workers who had dropped out
of school, there was also evidence of a significant
increase over the year in full-time employment.
Employment data for both years are not available
for the 1959 dropouts but a comparison of their
1960 employment with that of the 1960 dropouts
suggests the pattern of improvement. Only twothirds of the more recent dropouts were employed
full time, compared with four-fifths of those who
had quit school in 1959. Even a year after leaving
school, the 1959 dropouts were only then approach
ing as favorable a position as youngsters who had
just finished high school.
The differences discussed in this study—the
kinds of occupations, the duration of unemploy
ment, the hours of work—add to a compelling
rationale for continuing in school until the chrono
logical maturity and training build up the ad
vantage of the individual in the competition for
jobs.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Life and Accidental Death Insurance
in Collectively Bargained Plans
L if e i n s u r a n c e provided in collectively bar
gained health and insurance programs invariably
covers death from any cause at any time, on the
job or off. On the other hand, some accidental
death and dismemberment insurance plans limit
benefits to off-the-job accidents, presumably
because protection for on-the-job accidents is
provided by workmen’s compensation. Death
benefits separately provided by a pension plan
are rarely, if ever, offset against life insurance
payments when a worker is covered by both.1
Life insurance and accidental death and dis
memberment benefits are almost always provided
through group term insurance policies purchased
from commercial insurance carriers. In addition to,
or occasionally in lieu of, group term insurance,
some plans have group insurance policies with
paid-up or cash surrender values. Unlike other
health and insurance benefits, life insurance
coverage is always continued for at least 30 days
after cessation of active employment,2 and during
this period, the worker may convert his coverage
i
Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Death Benefits and Survivor
Options (a forthcoming BLS bulletin).
3
This provision reflects the influence of the N ew York State insurance law
which requires insurance companies doing business in that State to include
a 30-day conversion period in all their group term insurance contracts, re
gardless of the State in which they are written.
s For additional data on selection of plans studied, eligibility requirements,
financing methods, types and amounts of benefits, and the permanent and
total disability provisions of life insurance policies, see Health and Insurance
Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Life Insurance and AccidentalDeath and
Dismemberment Benefits, Early Summer 1960 (forthcoming BLS Bull. 1296).
* The same sample of plans was used for studies of accident and sickness
benefits (BLS Bull. 1250, 1959), hospital benefits (BLS Bull. 1274, I960),
surgical and medical benefits(BLS Bull.1280,1960), and major medical benefits
(BLS Bull. 1293, to be published), summarized in the Review issues of June
1959 (pp. 646-652), February 1960 (pp. 150-160), June 1960 (pp. 598-604),
July 1960 (pp. 710-717), and April 1961 (pp. 371-379).
The sample comprised 271 plans also studied in the Bureau’s 1955 report
(see footnote 5) and 29 replacements that were required because of a decrease
in plan coverage to fewer than 1,000 workers, company merger or shutdown,
or lack of sufficient current data.
All coverage data reported in this article relate to the number of active
workers (men and women) covered by the plans. No attempt was made to
determine the number of women workers, dependents, or retired workers
covered by the plans studied.
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to an individual policy without being required to
take a physical examination. A few plans pro
vide death or funeral benefits, self-insured by
the employer or by a fund to which he contributed.
(For this study, it was considered that these
plans provided life insurance benefits unless such
benefits were incidental to another major purpose,
e.g., provision of pension.)
Although employer-sponsored group life insur
ance coverage was initially limited to active
workers, many plans have been extended to cover
retired workers, and some include dependents of
active workers. With few exceptions, only the
active worker receives accidental death and
dismemberment benefits.
Scope of Study
This article was adapted from a Bureau of Labor
Statistics report on characteristics of life insurance
and accidental death and dismemberment benefits
provided by 300 collectively bargained health and
insurance plans in the early summer of I960.3
The selected plans, ranging in coverage from 1,000
to half a million workers, provided health and
insurance benefits to 4.9 million workers, about
40 percent of the estimated total number of workers
covered by health and insurance plans under
collective bargaining.4 Almost 3 out of 4 plans
(219), covering two-thirds of the workers, were in
manufacturing industries. Nearly a third of the
plans (95), covering more than 40 percent of the
the workers, were negotiated by multiemployer
groups.
In addition to the benefits provided under basic
insurance programs that covered all workers in
the bargaining unit, some plans made available
additional or supplementary life insurance and
accidental death and dismemberment benefits.
Workers wanting the added coverage had to pay
all or part of the cost of increased coverage. The
provisions described in this article, unless other
wise indicated, relate to total benefits available
to active and retired workers (i.e., basic insurance
471
472
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
benefits plus supplementary benefits where pro
vided) . Because of the inclusion of supplementary
coverage, the data presented, except where noted,
are not comparable with those shown in the
Bureau’s previous study.5
Prevalence of Coverage
Life insurance was provided active workers by
295 of the 300 plans (table 1). This benefit was
extended to retired workers 6 by almost 2 out of 3
of these plans (189), representing the same pro
portion of the workers in the sample. A much
larger proportion of single-employer plans (3 out
of 4) extended benefits to retired workers than
did multiemployer plans (3 out of 10). Only
nine plans, covering 5 percent of the workers in
the sample, insured dependents of active workers.
Accidental death and dismemberment benefits
were included in somewhat more than half of the
300 plans studied (162), covering somewhat less
than half of the workers. In contrast with the
extension of life insurance, less than 5 percent of
T a b l e 1.
B a s is o f D e t e r m in in g T o t a l A m o u n t of
L if e I n s u r a n c e f o r A c t iv e W o r k e r s , b y T y p e o f
B a r g a i n i n g U n i t , E a r l y S u m m e r I9 6 0 1
[Workers in thousands]
Type of ba "gaining unit
Total
Single
employer
Basis of determining amount
Plans
M ulti
employer
Work Plans Work Plans Work
ers
ers
ers
All plans studied______
300
4,933.2
205 2,806. 7
95 2,126. 5
Plans providing life insurance.
295
4,381.8
204 2,805. 7
91 1,576.1
Flat amount 2_ ..........................
Graduated amount_________
Earnings 8______________
Service..................................
Length of union membership. ________________
Service and earnings 4___
Other.....................................
Flat amount plus graduated
am ount5........ .........................
159
118
89
13
1,774. 9
2,466.2
1,956.1
200.8
81 575.0
107 2,104.0
87 1,929.2
9
30.1
78 1,199. 9
11
362.2
2
26.9
4
170.7
2
11
3
94.6
150.7
64.0
9
2
125.7
19.0
2
2
1
94 6
25.0
45.0
18
140.7
16
126.7
2
14.0
1 Based on a study of 300 health and insurance plans under collective
bargaining covering approximately 5 million workers. All coverage data
relate to the number of active workers (men and women) covered by the
plans. No attempt was made to determine the number of women workers,
dependents, or retired workers covered by the plans.
2 8 plans provided a flat amount of basic insurance and a flat amount of
supplementary insurance.
3 1 plan provided a flat amount for women workers; 6 plans provided basic
and supplementary insurance based on earnings.
4
3 plans provided basic insurance based on service and supplementary
insurance based on earnings; 2 plans provided basic insurance based on
service and supplementary insurance based on service and earnings; and 1
plan provided basic insurance based on service and earnings, and supple
mentary insurance based on earnings.
5 15 plans provided a flat amount of basic insurance and supplementary
insurance based on earnings; 1 plan provided a flat amount of basic insurance
and supplementary insurance based on service and earnings; and 2 plans
provided a flat amount plus an amount graduated according to union mem
bership.
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of St. Louis
I
these plans provided benefits for retired workers,
and no plan had such coverage for dependents.
Between 1955 and 1960, the proportion of plans
studied that provided life insurance benefits to
active workers and their dependents remained
about the same, but the proportion of plans
covering retired workers increased from 49 to 63
percent. There was little change in accidental
death and dismemberment benefit coverage of
both active and retired workers.
Supplementary life insurance coverage was
available to active workers under 36 of the 204
single-employer plans that provided basic cover
age; no multiemployer plans provided such addi
tional benefits. Only 15 of the 189 plans that
extended basic coverage to retired workers also
extended supplementary coverage to them; only
3 plans provided supplementary accidental death
and dismemberment benefits.
Financing of Benefits 7
The entire cost of life insurance for the worker
was paid by the employer under almost 3 out of 5
of the 295 plans; under the remaining 127 plans,
the employer and workers shared the cost.8
Under 145 plans, employers paid the entire cost
of retired workers’life insurance coverage. Consid
ering only the 189 plans that provided life insur
ance for both active and retired workers, one
finds that the employer financed the entire cost
of benefits under three-fourths of the plans for
retirees, as compared with less than half of the
plans for active workers. Thirty plans required
the retired worker to pay part of the cost and four
to pay the full cost of coverage. Ten plans ex5 Analysis of Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective Bargaining,
Late 1956 (BLS Bull. 1221, 1957).
6 The term “ retired worker” as used in this report does not necessarily
cover all pensioners. Workers retired before the extension of benefits to
pensioners are sometimes not covered, and retired workers who did not meet
prescribed eligibility requirements are excluded.
7 If the worker contributed to the cost of the health and insurance program
as a whole (with the employer paying the remaining cost), the benefit was
classified as jointly financed. If both basic and supplementary insurance were
available to the worker (active or retired), the benefit was classified according
to how the total amount of insurance coverage was financed; for example, if
the basic coverage was paid for solely by the employer and the supplementary
coverage by the active worker, the benefit was classified as “ employer and
worker” financed.
8 Four of these plans provided jointly financed basic and supplementary
insurance; 21 plans provided employer-financed basic insurance and jointly
financed supplementary insurance; 7 plans provided employer-financed basic
insurance and worker-financed supplementary insurance; and 4 plans pro
vided jointly financed basic insurance and worker-financed supplementary
insurance.
473
NEGOTIATED LIFE AND ACCIDENTAL DEATH INSURANCE PLANS
tended insurance that was paid for while the re
tired worker was actively employed.9 Depen
dents’ life insurance coverage was employerfinanced under eight of the nine plans providing
such coverage; it was jointly financed under the
remaining one.
Accidental and dismemberment benefits were
paid for by the employer under 7 out of 10 of the
162 plans with this benefit. Under the remaining
49 plans, the employer and worker shared the
cost.10 The cost of retired workers’ benefits was
paid solely by the employer under three plans
and was shared under four.
Eligibility Requirements 11
Life insurance and accidental death and dis
memberment benefits were usually effective after
the worker had completed a short period of em
ployment. Almost three out of four plans made
life insurance available by the end of 4 months of
employment, and within that same time period,
accidental death and dismemberment benefit pro
tection commenced under four out of five plans.
In plans providing both benefits, however, the
employment period required for coverage by each
benefit was, with six exceptions, the same.
One out of seven plans either reduced life
insurance benefits or denied them to workers hired
after they had reached an advanced age—most
frequently age 65. Twenty-eight plans reduced
the benefit and 13 plans denied them to such
workers. Six plans reduced accidental death and
dismemberment benefits for newly hired older
workers, and four plans had no benefits for them.
8 For plans which provided both basic and supplementary insurance
coverage for retired workers, the full cost of both types of coverage was paid
by the employer under six plans and by the retired worker under three; both
types of coverage were jointly financed under one plan, and under five plans
the employer paid the full cost of basic coverage while the retired worker paid
the full cost of supplementary coverage in one of the plans and contributed
to the cost of the additional coverage in the other four.
10 One of these plans provided em ployer-financed basic accidental death
and d ism em berm ent insurance and join tly financed supplem entary in
surance, and tw o plans provided join tly financed basic accidental death and
d ism em berm ent insurance and worker-financed supplem entary insurance.
ii Eligibility requirements, as discussed in this section, refer only to the
period of employment required of the worker before he is eligible to participate
in the plan. Under some plans, in addition to specifying an employment
requirement, a period of union membership was also required. This period
rarely exceeded the employment requirement.
is Twenty-four of the 36 plans with supplementary insurance provided a
fiat amount of basic insurance, and the remaining plans provided a basic
amount graduated according to earnings (6 plans), service (5 plans), or earn
ings and service (1 plan). Except for eight plans that provided a flat amount
of supplementary as well as basic insurance, the amount of supplementary
insurance available was based on earnings or, in three plans, earnings and
service.
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T a b l e 2. A m o unt of L if e I n su r a n c e P r ovided
A ctive W or k er s U n d e r P la n s P r o v id in g a F lat
A m ount of I n s u r a n c e ,1 b t M ethod of F in a n c in g ,
E arly S ummer I 9 6 0 2
[Workers in thousands]
Method of financing 3
Total
Employer
only
Amount
Plans
All plans providing a flat
amount of life insurance
$1 ,0 0 0 and under
$ 1 ,5 0 0 and under
$2 ,0 0 0 and under
$2 ,5 0 0 and under
$3 ,0 0 0 and under
$ 3 ,5 0 0 and under
$4 ,0 0 0 and under
$4 ,5 0 0 a n d u n d e r
$5 ,0 0 0 and under
$6 '0 0 0 and under
$7 0 0 0 a n d o v e r
$ 1 ,5 0 0 ................
$ 2 ,0 0 0 ________
$ 2 ,5 0 0 ................
$ 3 ,0 0 0 ________
$ 3 ,5 0 0 ________
$ 4 ,0 0 0 ________
$ 4 ,5 0 0 ________
$5,000
$ 6 ,0 0 0 ________
$ 7 ,0 0 0 ________
Average flat am ou nt5-----------
Workers
159
1 ,7 7 4 .9
9
38
11
30
8
11
10
15
2
18
5
2
3 2 3 .1
4 4 6 .1
5 3 .9
2 1 5 .7
8 6 .9
1 0 0 .7
9 7 .2
1 4 7 .3
6 4 .8
1 7 8 .9
2 9 .3
3 1 .0
$ 2 ,4 3 1
Plans Workers
114 1 ,3 5 5 .1
9
33
10
19
6
8
7
7
3 2 3 .1
4 3 0 .6
5 2 .7
1 4 5 .2
8 2 .9
9 1 .8
8 4 .4
4 0 .7
14
1
9 7 .4
6 .3
$ 1 ,8 0 3
Employer and
worker
Plans Workers
45
4 1 9 .8
5
1
11
2
3
3
8
2
4
4
2
1 5 .5
1 .2
7 0 .5
4 .0
8 .9
1 2 .8
1 0 6 .6
6 4 .8
8 1 .5
2 3 .0
3 1 .0
$ 4 ,4 5 9
1 Includes all plans providing flat amounts of basic and supplementary
insurance.
2 See footnote 1, table 1; 295 plans provided a life insurance benefit for
active workers.
s If the worker contributed to the cost of the health and insurance program
as a whole (with the employer paying the remaining cost), the life insurance
benefit was classified as jointly financed. If both basic and supplementary
insurance were available to the worker, the benefit was classified according
to how the total amount of insurance coverage was financed; for exam
ple, if the basic coverage was paid for solely by the employer and the
supplementary coverage by the active worker, the benefit was classified as
"employer and worker” financed.
< Includes 5 plans providing a lesser amount for women workers.
« Amount provided by each plan weighted by number of workers covered.
Life Insurance for Active Workers
Over half of the 295 plans provided a uniform or flat
amount of life insurance (table 1). Under the
remaining 136 plans, the total amount of insurance
available depended on earnings, service, or other
criteria applicable to the individual worker. Over
a third of the 295 plans, covering almost half the
workers, considered earnings in determining the
amount of benefits.12 As in 1955, multiemployer
plans usually provided a flat amount of life insur
ance, and single-employer programs, a graduated
amount.
Amount oj Insurance. The total amount of life
insurance available under the 159 flat-benefit plans
ranged from $500 (8 plans) to $15,000 (1 plan).
Over half of these plans (55 percent), covering a
slightly larger proportion of the workers (59 per
cent) , provided less than $2,500 (table 2). Slightly
more than one out of four plans provided at least
$4,000. The average benefit, including supple-
474
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
ments, was $2,431; excluding supplements, the
average basic insurance amounted to $2,270, an
increase of 18 percent over the late 1955 average.13
Jointly financed flat benefits were, on the
average, more than twice those wholly financed
by the employer ($4,459 as compared with $1,803).
Over half the workers with insurance financed
entirely by the employer were covered for less
than $1,500.
The total amount of life insurance available to
workers earning $4,000 and $5,000 annually varied
greatly among the 104 plans that determined inT a ble 3. A m o unt op L if e I n su r a n c e P r o v id ed A ctive
W or k er s E a r n in g $4,000 a n d $5,000 Y ea r l y U n d e r
P la n s G r a d u a t in g th e A m o unt A ccording to
E a r n in g s A l o n e , 1 b y M ethod of F in a n c in g , E arly
S um m er 1960 2
[Workers in thousands]
T otal
M eth od of financing 3
E m p loyer
on ly
A m oun t
Plans
E m p loyer
and worker
W ork
ers
Plans W ork Plans W ork
ers
ers
A ll plans p roviding life insurance based on earnings
a lo n e 4_____________________
104
2,078. 2
1
3
1
2
4
28
12
13
14
2
12
10
1
1
1.9
37.4
1.5
31.3
21.0
534.2
532.6
244.1
304.4
20.4
227.2
111.2
4.4
6.6
35
576.0
69
1,502.2
3
37.4
1
3
12
7
10
12
2
10
7
1
1
13.3
12.1
250.9
462.5
229.6
214.6
20.4
191.7
58.7
4.4
6 .6
$4,000-a -Y e a r W o rk er
U nd er $2,000 _______________
$2r000 and under $2rfi00_ ___
$2,500 and under $3,000 - __
$3^000 and under $3^500- ------$3,500 and under $4,000. ----$4,000 and under $4,500.. ----$4,500 and under $5,000______
$5,000 and under $6,000. - .........
$6,000 and under $7,000_______
$7,000 and under $8,000
_ _
$8,000 and under $9,000. ----$9,000 and under $10,000. . . .
$10,000 and under $11,000 ___
$ 11,000
A verage graduated am ou nt *..
1
1.9
1
1
1
16
5
3
2
1.5
18.0
8.9
283.3
70.1
14.5
89.8
2
3
35.5
52.5
$5,062
$5,318
$5,416
$5,000-a -Y e a r W orker
U nder $2,000
$2,000 and under $2,500 _____
$2,500 and under $3,000 ____
$3,000 and under $3,500. ------$3f50n and under $4 000 ______
$4,000 and under ¿4,500. .........
$4,500 and under $5,000______
$5,000 and under $6.000
----$6,000 and under $7,000 -------$7,000 and under $8,000............
$8,000 and under $9,000. ------$9,000 and under $10,000 ___
$10,000 and under $li,000 ----$11,000 and under $12,000------$12,000 and under $13,000.
$14^000.............................................
Average graduated am ount {_.
I
1
2
2
1.9
30.2
3.8
31.3
4
15
22
14
11
6
2
13
5
5
1
142.8
326.1
599.0
290.7
215.9
78.0
11.4
254.9
49.8
35.8
6.6
$6,364
1
1.9
1
1
1.5
18.0
1
13
6
5
1
1
8.9
316.5
26.3
75.3
7.8
31.8
3
2
65.5
22.5
$5,790
1
1
1
30.2
2 .3
13.3
3
2
16
9
10
5
2
10
3
5
1
133.9
9.6
572.7
215.4
208.1
46.2
11.4
189.4
27.3
35.8
6.6
$6,584
1 Includes 15 plans providing a flat amount of basic insurance and a gradu ated amount of supplementary insurance based on earnings.
2 See footnote 1, table 1; 295 plans provided a life insurance benefit for active
workers.
3 See footnote 3, table 2.
4 Includes 5 plans providing a lesser amount for women workers.
{ See footnote 5. table 2.
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T a b l e 4. P l a n s E x t e n d in g L if e I n su r a n c e B e n e f it
to R e t ir e d W o r k e r s , by B a sis of D e t e r m in in g
T otal A m o unt of I n su r a n c e P ro v id ed A ctive
W o r k e r s , E arly S um m er 1960 1
[Workers in thousands]
Total
Basis of determining amount
for active workers
Amount extended to retired
workers
Same as for
active
workers
Plans Workers
Less than for
active
workers
Plans Work Plans Work
ers
ers
All plans extending life insur
ance to retired w o r k e rs___
Flat amount........... .............. .
Graduated amount _______
Earnings_______________
Service _____ _ _______
Length of union member
ship........ .......................
Rp.rvicfi and «armings
Other____ _____________
Flat amount plus graduated
amount________ _____ ____
Earnings_______________
Other___ ______________
189
3,154.0
14
523.3
2 175
2,630.7
76
99
79
8
970.1
2,077.4
1, 826.6
24.4
10
3
3
501.4
15.3
15.3
66
96
76
8
468.7
2,062.1
1, 811.3
24.4
2
9
1
94.6
121.8
10.0
2
9
1
94.6
121.8
10.0
14
13
1
106.5
101.9
4.6
13
12
1
99.9
95.3
4.6
1
1
6.6
6.6
1 See footnote 1, table 1; 295 plans provided a life insurance ben efit for a ctive
workers.
2 Includes plans th a t m aintained th e am ou nt a retired worker had before
retirem ent for a stip u lated period after retirem ent, after w hich it w as reduced;
plans th a t based th e am ou nt after retirem ent on years of service; and plans
th a t extended coverage to retired workers for a specified period on ly .
surance coverage according to earnings.14 Cover
age ranged from $1,500 to $11,000 for workers
earning $4,000 yearly and from $1,500 to $14,000
for those with annual earnings of $5,000 Over
95 percent of the $4,000-a-year workers and 75
percent of the $5,00Q-a-year workers were covered
by an amount equal to or greater than their annual
earnings rate (table 3). At least $6,000 was pro
vided workers earning $4,000 a year by almost
two out of five plans, representing a third of the
workers whose insurance was based on earnings.
For workers earning $5,000 a year, this amount
was available under more than half of the plans,
which covered about the same proportion of the
workers. About one out of six workers under
graduated plans was eligible for insurance equal
to at least twice his annual earnings rate. On the
average, the $4,000-a-year worker was insured for
$5,318, and the $5,000-a-year worker for $6,364.
13 Based on a comparison of the average amounts specified in 175 plans
that provided a flat amount of basic insurance coverage in the summer of
1960 with the amounts provided under 177 plans in late 1955 (shown in table
B-2, BLS Bull. 1221).
14 To show the amount of life insurance protection provided by graduated
plans, the benefits payable to workers at selected earnings levels—$4,000 and
$5,000 a year—have been computed. The amounts shown in this article for
these workers under graduated plans would not be applicable to workers at
other earnings levels.
475
NEGOTIATED LIFE AND ACCIDENTAL DEATH INSURANCE PLANS
reflect the fact that some of the plans increased
the benefit for workers in the lower and higher
earnings classifications without affecting the bene
fits of $4,000-a-year workers.
The minimum benefit provided for a $4,000-ayear worker under the 29 plans that graduated
benefits according to length of service ranged from
$250 to $8,000, with three out of four providing
$2,000 or less.16 The maximums ranged from
$1,000 to $13,000, but were usually under $5,000.
Minimum coverage was usually available as soon
as the worker completed the employment require
ments : 5 plans required less than 1 month, 3 plans,
required 1 or 2 months, 16 plans required 3 to 6
months inclusive, and 5 plans required a year.
Once acquiring minimum coverage, the worker’s
benefit was increased until he received the maxi
mum benefit provided under the plan (in from 1
to 35 years). Most frequently, 5 years or more
of service were required to reach the maximum.
Generally, both men and women received the
same amount of life insurance protection, but 10
plans provided less coverage for women workers
than for men. Most frequently, these plans pro
vided women workers half the amount given to
men. The life insurance benefit for women earn-
Two out of three graduated plans required the
worker to contribute to the cost of his total
coverage, as compared with only slightly more
than one out of four flat-benefit plans. Contrib
utory plans provided higher benefits, on the
average, than noncontributory plans, but the dif
ference was not as great among graduated plans
as among flat plans. For the $4,000-a-year worker,
for example, graduated contributory plans aver
aged $5,416 and noncontributory, $5,062—a dif
ference of 7 percent—as compared with a difference
of almost 150 percent between the average for con
tributory and noncontributory flat plans. For the
$5,000-a-year worker, jointly financed graduated
benefits averaged $6,584, and employer-financed
benefits, $5,790, a difference of about 14 percent.
The average basic benefit provided a $4,000-ayear worker under plans determining the basic
amount according to earnings rose slightly during
the last 5 years, from $4,954 in late 1955 to $4,990
in the summer of I960.15 These averages do not
is Based on a comparison of the average basic benefit of 89 plans in 1960
under which earnings were a factor in determining the basic coverage.
it Includes 12 plans where earnings were also a factor in determining the
amount of coverage and 4 plans that based the amount on length of union
membership, which for calculation purposes was assumed to equal length
of service.
T a b l e 5. A m o un ts
of
L if e I n su r a n c e P r o v id ed W or k er s at A ge 65 a n d 70 W ho R e t ir e d at A ge 65
$4,000 a n d $5,000 Y ea r ly B efo r e R e t ir e m e n t , E arly ¿sum mer 10b0
and
E arned
[Workers in thousands]
$5,000-a-year worker
$4,000-a-year worker
W orkers
P lans
P la n s providing a flat am ou nt or an am ou nt based on earnings alone----U n d er $500
____________________________________________
$500 and under $1 000
_______________ - __________
$1 000 and undp.r $1 fioo
______________________________ -- $1 500 and under $9 OOfi
- ___________ - ______________
Q0 Q Q,ud under $2 fion
_____________________________
___________________________
500 and under $3 ono
$3 000 and under $3 500
_______________________________
$3 500 and under $4 non
_ _________________________
$4 000 and undp.r $4 500
______________ ______ _________________
$ 4 500 and undpr $5 ooo
____ ______________________________
____________________ — —
$5 000 and und^r $6 ooo
$6 000 and under $7 000
___________________________
$7’,66o and under $8,666................................. - ......................- ....................... - .............
$8,000 and under $9,000--------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------$10,000 and under $11,000_______________________________________________
$11,000............ ................. ..................... - ........... - ...............................................................
W orkers
P lans
W orkers
P lans
2,898.6
3 165
2,890.1
168
2,898.6
3 165
1
1
21
7.5
478.6
782.5
90.3
118.9
48.3
8.9
62.7
18.0
1
21
4
2
1
1
7.5
501.3
814.0
217.3
182.6
50.9
15.4
17.3
69.6
26. 5
16.0
1.9
6.0
1
7
9
3
3
3
4
3
7.5
478.6
797.2
75.6
138.7
44.4
3.4
90.6
56.0
7.6
133.7
15.9
51.2
30.0
x
4 4
1
6.6
1
6.6
31
957.2
18
50
12
17
3
2
957.2
$2,019
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W orkers
P lans
A t age 70
168
31
1 See footnote 1, table 1; 189 plans extended a life insurance benefit to workers retiring at age 65, and 186 extended such a benefit when they reached age
70.
2 Immediately after retirement; excludes subsequent reductions.
A t age 6 5 2
A t age 70
A t age 65 2
A m ou n t of insurance
53
14
20
5
3
2
6
$1,429
18
47
15
14
4
2
5
2
3
10
4
4
2
3
1
68.3
17.1
131.9
19.2
48.5
7.5
1
1
31
4.4
6.6
957.2
$2,239
2 2 .2
49
14
19
8
3
2
1
2,890.1
7.5
RDI Q
OUI.
O
797. 8
2 0 2 .9
183.9
6 8 .2
1ICG
0. u
1 2 .4
3
8
2
2
i1Z.
o nu
1iyo. Q
o
m
y i. 7/
ft
O.
7 Q
y
i
31
6.6
957.2
i.
eA
T
$1,558
3 Excludes 3 plans with 8,500 workers which dropped benefit before worker
ached age 70; however, these plans are included in the average benefit.
4 The amounts provided under these plans were not computable, usually
¡cause the insurance after retirement was based on length of service.
« See footnote 5, table 2.
476
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T a b l e 6.
D is p o s it io n o f L if e I n s u r a n c e B e n e f it
U n d e r P e r m a n e n t a n d T o ta l D is a b il it y P r o v is io n s ,
E a r l y S u m m e r 1960 1
[Workers in thousands]
Method of settlem ent2
Workers
All plans with permanent and total disability provisions.
Full amount of insurance paid.............................................. .
In installments_________________________________
In lump sum .................................................................
In installments or lump sum (worker’s option)........
Portion of insurance paid in installments, balance main
tained___________________________________________
For duration of disability...................................
For specified period........ ................................................ .
Full amount of insurance maintained....... .............. .........*.
For duration of disability.............. ............................
For specified period.......................................................... .
For specified period; reduced amount for "duration
of disability__________________________________
Portion of insurance discontinued, balance maintained
for duration of disability.....................................
Full amount of insurance maintained or paid in install
ments (worker’s option)........ ................................
Other............ ....................................
4,194.6
71
55
5
11
1,061.8
796.8
68.3
196.7
6
4
2
189
121
37
172.1
158.6
13.5
2,555.1
1,294.1
484.4
31
776.6
2
21.8
2
5
344.2
39.6
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Under 26 plans, different methods of settlement were provided if disability
occurred before or after a specified age or with less than a specified amount of
service. In these cases, the lower age or service requirement was used to
classify the plan provision.
ing $4,000 a year was less than their annual
earnings rate under all but 2 of these 10 plans.
Although the amount of life insurance remained
unchanged under most plans regardless of the
worker’s age, 24 plans reduced benefits for active
workers at age 65 and 3 others at ages 66 and 68.
One plan discontinued benefits at age 65. Bene
fits were reduced by either of two methods which
were also commonly used in reducing benefits for
retired workers. About half the plans made a
single reduction at a specified age; the rest gradu
ally reduced the coverage to a minimum level that
was maintained during the remainder of the work
er’s employment.
Continuance of Coverage During Layoff.17 Almost
3 out of 5 plans (174) provided for the continua
tion of life insurance for laid-off workers. About
one out of five of these plans provided coverage
for more than 6 months. The financing of bene
fits for laid-off workers was the same as for active
workers under two-thirds of the 174 plans. The
remaining plans required workers to assume the
full cost of their benefits—in some plans imme
diately upon layoff, but in a larger proportion, from
1 to 6 months after layoff. Under 22 plans, for
example, coverage during layoff was paid for by
the employer for the first 6 months and for an
additional 18 months by the workers who elected
to continue coverage.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Benefits for Dependents of Active Workers. Nine
plans—two more than in late 1955—provided a
life insurance benefit for dependents of active
workers. Seven of these plans covered all de
pendents (spouse and dependent children). The
coverage for a dependent spouse was either $500
(seven plans) or $1,000 (two plans), while for
children it ranged from $100 to $500, depending
on their age.
Life Insurance for Retirees
Benefits vTere reduced upon retirement by all
but a few of the 189 plans that extended life
insurance coverage to retired workers. Only 14
plans provided all workers, throughout their entire
retirement period, with coverage equal to that
available to them immediately before retirement
(table 4). An additional 10 plans temporarily
continued the amount in effect immediately before
retirement, but after a designated period, usually
a year, they reduced the amount of coverage.
Benefits of about two-thirds of the 189 plans
(124) were reduced immediately upon retirement
to an amount which was maintained during the
entire retirement period. Benefits under 28 plans
were reduced at the time workers retired and
periodically thereafter until a specified minimum
level was reached.
Most frequently, plans that provided a gradu
ated amount of insurance to active workers made
provision for life insurance coverage for retired
workers. More than four-fifths of such plans
extended coverage to retired workers, as against
less than half of the flat-benefit plans.
Length of service was rarely a factor in deter
mining a worker’s coverage after retirement.
Fewer than 1 out of 5 plans (34) related the benefit
amount to the number of years the worker had
served before retirement.
The average amount of life insurance provided
retired workers previously earning $4,000 a year
was $2,019 at age 65 and $1,429 at age 70 (table
5). This 30-percent difference stemmed from very
sharp reductions made by 23 plans and discon
tinuance of benefits by 3 plans.18 For the same
This discussion excludes the 30-day conversion period mentioned earlier
in this article.
is These data relate to 137 plans that provided computable benefits at
ages 65 and 70.
477
NEGOTIATED LIFE AND ACCIDENTAL DEATH INSURANCE PLANS
plans also required that the worker must have
worked for or have been insured for a stipulated
period of time.
reason, while 1 out of 6 plans provided at least
$4,000 of life insurance for 65-year-old retirees,
only 1 out of 10 plans provided retirees at age 70
with at least this amount. Similar reductions
were made for retirees formerly earning $5,000
a year.
Basic life insurance coverage for the 65-year-old
retired worker who earned $4,000 averaged $1,742
in the summer of 1960 as against $1,684 in late
1955. No significant change in the average basic
amount available to 70-year-old retirees was
recorded.
Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance.
The accidental death and dismemberment bene
fits found in 162 plans were, with one exception,
provided in addition to life insurance benefits.
However, unlike life insurance, which covered
death from any cause at any time, 1 out of 4
accidental death benefit plans (42) covered only
off-the-job accidents. This restriction was pre
sumably made because workers involved in onthe-job accidents would be entitled to workmen’s
compensation benefits.
Seven out of 10 plans provided a flat amount of
accidental death and dismemberment benefits.
Most of the remaining plans provided a benefit
graduated according to earnings, as shown below:
Permanent and Total Disability Provisions
A permanent and total disability benefit was
provided by all but 20 of the 295 plans having a
life insurance benefit (table 6). About a fourth
of the plans (71) provided for a cash settlement
of the full policy amount, usually payable in
monthly installments rather than in a lump sum.
Two-thirds of the plans (189) maintained the
insurance for the length of the disability^ or for a
specified period (usually a year); and the jointly
financed plans of this group waived the contribu
tions from the disabled worker.
In order to qualify for coverage under the
permanent and total disability provision of the
life insurance benefit, the disability usually had
to occur before a stated age—generally before the
age of 60 (194 plans) or 65 (52 plans). Only 16
T a b l e 7.
R e l a t io n s h ip
Basis for determining benefit amount1
Plans
All plans providing accidental death
and dismemberment benefits____
Flat amount_____________________
Graduated amount_______________
Earnings____________________
Service______________________
Earnings and service_________
Flat amount plus amount graduated
by earnings____________________
Workers
162
113
47
38
6
3
2, 321, 200
1, 031, 200
1, 282, 200
1, 074, 100
181, 600
26,500
2
7, 800
J See footnote 1, table 1; includes 3 plans that provided basic and supple
mental insurance.
op A c cid enta l D e a th B e n e f it to A m o un t
E a r n in g $4,000 a n d $5,000 Y e a r l y , E arly
of L if e I n su r a n c e P r o v id ed W o r k e r s
S um m er 1960 1
[Workers in thousands]
Basis for determining amount of accidental death benefit
Graduated by earnings
Flat amount
Eelation of accidental death benefit to life insurance benefit
Other
$4,000-a-year worker $5,000-a-year worker
Workers
Plans
All plans providing accidental death benefit and life insurance................. -
40
1,081.9
Workers
Plans
40
1,081.9
Accidental death benefit was—
More tbfvn t-he. frop velne nf life insure,nee
value
Same as the face value of life insurance........................................................
Less than the face value of life insurance....................................................
More than one-half the face value..........................................................
One-half the face value--------------------------------------------------------L e ss then one-half the fane valne.
_____
Other
-- - ________________
TiPss t h e n rinrjhlp th p fnop
27
13
5
7
298.4
783.5
41.3
721.0
26
14
6
7
288.4
793.5
51.3
721.0
1
21.2
1
21.2
i See footnote 1, table 1; 161 plans provided both life insurance and accidental death benefits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Plans
Workers
112
1,028.8
3
2
1
73
34
13
7
14
96.0
51.0
45.0
604.9
306.0
144.0
37.5
124.5
2
21.9
Plans
Workers
9
208.1
5
4
3
1
39.6
168.5
165.5
3.0
478
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1861
Except for 15 plans, the basis for determining the
amount of accidental death and dismemberment
benefit was the same as that used in determining
the life insurance coverage.
In more than three out of five of the plans, the
amount of the accidental death benefit equaled
that of the life insurance provided. Almost all
of the remaining plans had a smaller accidental
death benefit (table 7).
Of the 113 plans with a flat accidental death
benefit, 81 provided less than $3,000; only 18 of
the plans provided $4,000 or more (table 8). The
average benefit was $2,691—almost $500 more
than the average benefit provided in late 1955.
The average flat death benefit exceeded the
average flat life insurance benefit by $260 because
several of the large plans that provided rela
tively low life insurance benefits provided no
accidental death benefit.
The 40 plans that graduated death benefits
according to earnings provided, on the average,
$3,373 for the $4,000-a-year worker and $3,621
for those earning $5,000 (table 9).19 These
amounts were substantially less than the average
graduated life insurance benefits for these earnings
18 The amount of accidental death benefits under graduated plans was
determined by the same method used for life insurance. See text footnote 14.
T a ble 8. A m o unt of A c cidental D e a th B e n e f it
P r ovided A ctive W o r k e r s , by P la n s P r o v id in g a
F lat A m o u n t , E arly S um m er 1960 1
[Workers in thousands]
A m oun t of b enefit
A ll plans providing a flat am ount of accidental death
b en efit, .................... ......... ............. ................... ........... . _
Plans
W ork
ers
113
1,031.2
_____________
$500 and under $1,000__________________
$1,000 and under $1,500____________________________ . . . .
$1,500 and under $2,000_________________________
$2,000 and under $2,500_____________________________ _____
$2,500 and under $3,000_______________________ _ _
$3,000 and under $3,500 ____ ____ _______ —
$3,500 and under $4^000 _____________ _________ __ _
$4,000 and under $4,500_________ ___________ _
$4,500 and under $5,000_________________________________
$5,000 and under $6,000______ ____ ____________ _
$6,000 and o v e r .. .1 ________________ _________ .
6
28
10
29
8
11
3
7
26.3
166.6
55.3
209.9
157 3
143. 7
68. 5
87.7
10
1
109.9
6.0
A verage flat a m o u n t2_______________ _______
$2, 691
1 See footnote 1, table 1; 162 plans provided an accidental death benefit.
2 See footnote 5, table 2.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 9. A m o unt of A ccid enta l D e a t h B e n e f it
P ro v id ed W orkers E a r n in g $4,000 a n d $5,000
Y e a r l y , by P l a n s T hat G r a d u a t e d t h e A m o unt b y
E a r n in g s A l o n e , E arly S um m er 1960 1
[Workers in thousands]
$4,000-a-year
worker
$5,000-a-year
worker
Amount of benefit
Work
ers
Plans
Work
ers
40 1,081.9
40
1,081.9
4
464.0
Plans
All plans providing accidental death
benefit based on earnings alone_______
$2,000 and under $2,500— ______________
$2,500 and under $3,000______________ $3,000 and under $3,500________________
$3^500 and under $4’000________________
$4,000 and under $4^500______ _______
$4,500 and under $5,000________________
$5,000 and under $6j000~........ —- .............—
$6,000 and under $7,000________________
$7,000 and under $8,000— ______________
$8,000 and under $9,000________________
$9,000 and under $10,000_______________
$11,000 and under $12,000— ____________
3
2
3
4
13
4
Average graduated am ou nt2___________
$3, 373
4
462.5
4.8
122.6
21.0
243.8
74.3
69.1
68.8
1
15.0
6
2
121.4
10
102.8
14
3
5
1
262.7
81.5
29.6
4.9
1
15.0
$3, 621
1 See footnote 1, table 1; 162 plans provided an accidental death benefit.
2 See footnote 5, table 2.
levels because several of the larger plans, covering
two-thirds of the workers, provided accidental
death benefits equal to one-half of the life insur
ance benefits.
The multidismemberment benefit—the cash
amount payable in case of accidental loss of two
or more limbs, complete loss of sight, or loss of
sight in one eye plus loss of one limb—was the
same as the accidental death benefit in all except
five plans, where the multidismemberment benefit
was larger. All plans provided one-half of the
multidismemberment benefit as a single dismem
berment benefit (payment for the loss of one limb
or the sight of one eye).
Three plans reduced and four plans discontinued
accidental death benefits when a worker reached
an advanced age (65 or older). Only seven plans
extended these benefits to retired workers. Six
provided the same amount of coverage that was
available to the worker immediately before re
tirement, but two of these discontinued coverage
shortly after retirement.
— D o r o th y R. K it t n e r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
479
EARNINGS IN THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Earnings in the Cotton Textile
Industry, August 1960
and 35 percent below the level of the spring of
1946, when similar studies were conducted by the
Bureau:
Employment in cotton yarn and broadwoven
fabric mitts (in thousands)
t e x t i l e production workers had average
earnings of $1.45 an hour, exclusive of premium
pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holi
days, and late shifts, according to a study con
ducted in August 1960 by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 This represented a 22-percent in
crease in the overall average since November 1954,
when a similar Bureau study was made.2 The
average hourly earnings of $1.45 in the Southeast
and of $1.57 in New England 3 represented in
creases of 24 and 19 percent, respectively, over
the comparable 1954 figures.
Nationwide, 5 percent of the production workers
earned less than $1.15, and 16 percent earned less
than $1.25 an hour in August 1960. The middle
half of the array of workers’ earnings fell between
$1.29 and $1.61.
Men, accounting for three-fifths of the 255,500
workers employed in regular textile operations
through the clothroom, averaged $1.49 an hour,
compared with $1.40 for women. Among the
occupations studied separately, the highest aver
age earnings were recorded for men Jacquard-loom
fixers ($2.03) and the lowest for women janitors
C otto n
($1.21).
Paid vacations were provided nearly all workers
after 1 year of service. Life, hospitalization, and
surgical insurance benefits were also available to
a great majority of the workers. Pensions—pro
viding regular payments to the worker upon
retirement—applied to a fifth of the production
workers, chiefly in the Southern States. Plans
providing lump-sum payments upon retirement
were nearly entirely limited to New England mills.
Industry Characteristics
Approximately 277,100 production workers
were employed in August 1960 in cotton textile
mills within the scope of this study.4 About 90
percent of the workers were employed in the
Southeast and 6 percent in New England (table
1). The August 1960 employment level for the
United States was approximately 20 percent
lower than that recorded in November 1954,
nearly 30 percent below the level of March 1952,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
April-May March
1952
1946
United States----Southeast----------------New England-----------Southwest___________
Other regions — —
424.
339.
61.
11.
12.
8
8
3
6
2
390.
335.
38.
8.
8.
9
6
7
6
1
November
1954
353.
308.
31.
8.
4.
0
3
8
7
1
August
1960
277.
251.
16.
6.
2.
1
7
2
6
6
This general decline in employment has not been
accompanied by a corresponding decline in pro
duction. Information published by the Bureau
of the Census indicates that the production of
cotton broadwoven goods in 1960 was only
slightly lower than in 1954, about the same as in
1952, and only a little less than in 1947.5 A num
ber of technological changes largely account for
the industry’s increased output per worker. The
development of new drafting machines that
eliminate a step in the production of yarn from
staple is only one illustration. Virtually all types
of textile machinery have been improved, either
with regard to speed or the size of package accom
modated or both. In many mills surveyed, the
weaving process had recently been modernized by
attachments that automatically wind the bobbins,
clean them, and return them to the magazines,
thereby eliminating the jobs of quiller, quill
stripper, and battery hand.
The decline in employment between 1954 and
1960 tended to be greatest for the processing jobs
1 A more comprehensive account of this survey is presented in forthcoming
BLS Report 184, Wage Structure: Cotton Textiles, August 1960.
The study was limited to mills employing 20 or more workers engaged in
the manufacture of cotton yam (or thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12 inches
or more in width). Mills manufacturing mixtures containing 25 percent or
more wool were excluded.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1955, pp. 533-537.
3 The regions used in this study include: New England Connecticut
Maine, New H a m p s h ir e , Rhode Island, and V e r m o n t; Middle
Atlantic—New Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast—Alabama,
Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vir
ginia; and Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The
number of cotton textile workers employed in other regions was too small to
warrant presentation of data.
4 The earnings information presented in this article excludes data for 21,652
workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating
departments. Ninety-five percent of these workers were employed in the
Southeast and averaged $1.46 an hour; such workers in N ew England aver
aged $1.63. The inclusion of these data would not alter the averages presented
herein. Report 184 presents a distribution of earnings for these workers.
5 see Bureau of the Census, Cotton Broad Woven Goods, published in
Facts for Industry, Series 32-2-16,1947 and M15 A, 1952,1954, and in Current
Industrial Reports, Series M22T.1, 1960.
480
T a b l e 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - t im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o p P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n C o t t o n T e x t il e
M i l l s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s ,2 A u g u s t 1960
United S tates2
Selected characteristics
N ew England
M iddle Atlantic
Southeast
Southwest
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
of
hourly
hourly
of
of
hourly
of
hourly
of
hourly
workers
earn workers
earn workers
earn workers earn workers
earn
ings i
ings i
ings i
ings i
ings 4
Se x
All production 'workers________________________ _
255,486
$1.45
15,709
$1.57
1,428
$1.78
231,094
$1.45
6,370
$1.27
157,047
98,439
$1.49
1.40
9,280
6,429
$1.62
1.50
782
646
$2.00
1.52
142,562
88,532
$1.48
1.40
3,938
2,432
$1.28
1.25
Yarn m ills...............................................
50,162
Carded yarn.....................................................................
22,803
Combed ya m ........ . ....................................................
27,359
Integrated m ills---........ - ......................................
199,292
Carded-yarn frabics...........................................................
161,332
Combed-yarn fabrics................................................................... 37,960
1.37
1.35
1.38
1.47
1.46
1.53
2,466
1.56
2,308
12,975
4,443
8,532
1.57
1.57
1.59
1. 56
47,610
22,645
24,965
179,119
149,691
29,428
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.47
1.47
1.52
6.370
6.370
1.27
1.27
7,164
28,176
37,935
31,636
11,316
12,478
8,038
33,768
12,973
1.43
1.40
1.49
1.47
1.52
1.52
1.42
1.52
1.45
2,094
1.14
M en.........................................................
W omen_____________________________
T ype
of
M ill
and
P red om in a n t C lass
P roduct 4
of
F abric 5
D uck and allied fabrics......... .............. ................................
Narrow sheeting and allied coarse- and medium-yarn fabrics..
Wide sheeting and allied coarse- and medium-yam fabrics___
Print-cloth-yarn fabrics............................................ ............
Colored-yam fabrics___ ____ ____ ________ ____ ____
Towels, toweling, and dishcloths......................... .........................
Napped fabrics........................... ...........................................
Fine cotton fabrics (combed, part-combed, and fine-carded)..
Specialties and other woven cotton fabrics......... .........................
9, 798
30,394
40,853
32,680
12,194
12,538
8,398
41,842
16,627
1.37
1.41
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.42
1.53
1.49
8,074
1.56
1,222
1.83
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
3 For definition of regions, see text footnote 3.
* Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
4 Data are not shown separately for weaving mills but are included in all
production workers. M ills engaged in weaving fabrics from purchased yarn
employed an estimated 6,032 workers at the time of the study and were con
centrated for the most part in the Southeast and Middle Atlantic regions.
5 Includes data for weaving and integrated mills only.
affected by technological change. The number
of men slubber tenders and women ring-frame
spinners decreased by a third, whereas the number
of loom fixers and inspectors declined about a
tenth. The employment decline was propor
tionately greater in New England than in the
Southeast—49 percent compared with 18 percent.
Integrated mills—those having both spinning
and weaving operations—employed over threefourths of the millworkers in the Southeast and
more than four-fifths in New England. Yarn
mills are concentrated, for the most part, in the
Southeast, where nearly 20 percent of the indus
try’s employment was in mills exclusively engaged
in the spinning of yarn. Mills weaving fabrics
from purchased yarn accounted for about 2
percent of all textile workers.
New England is principally a producer of fine
goods made of combed yarn, but the Southeast
employs a greater number of workers on this type
of product. The Southeast produces a much
larger proportion of carded-yarn fabrics, including
coarse- and medium-yarn fabrics, sheeting, print
cloth, colored yarn fabrics, toweling, duck, and
napped fabrics.
Cotton textile mills are comparatively large
establishments, typically employing from 250 to
500 workers. Furthermore, a number of com
panies are large multiunit organizations which
produce a variety of products. The small familyowned mills, usually operating on an order-to-order
basis, have become considerably less numerous
during the past decade.
Mills having collective bargaining agreements
covering a majority of their production workers
employed about a fifth of the workers in the
industry in 1960. About 15 percent, or 36,500,
of the workers in the Southeast were in mills
having labor-management contracts, compared
with 93 percent, or 15,100 of the workers in New
England. In the Southeast, over four-fifths of
the workers covered by union contracts were
employed in North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Virginia; they were concentrated largely in mills
having more than 1,000 workers.
A third of the millworkers in the cotton textile
industry were paid on an incentive basis, pre
dominantly piecework. Spinners, weavers, and
winders were among the largest groups of incentive
workers. The industry makes some use of a
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N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi
cation criteria.
481
EARNINGS IN THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
largely as a result of general wage increases. The
12-cent wage differential between New England
and the Southeast in 1960 compares with a differ
ence of 15 cents in November 1954 and 21 cents
in March 1952.
Average hourly earnings in yarn mills are lower
than those in weaving or integrated mills because
of the absence of skilled occupations required by
the weaving operations in the latter establish
ments. In the Southeast, where approximately
95 percent of the yarn-mill employment was con
centrated, yarn-mill workers averaged $1.36 an
hour in August 1960, 11 cents less than those in
integrated mills. The comparatively high average
for cotton-mill workers in the Middle Atlantic
region ($1.78) was largely due to the fact that
virtually all (94 percent) workers in this region
were employed in weaving mills, which hire a
larger proportion of skilled workers.
method of wage payment termed “side hour/’
whereby workers are paid varying hourly rates
depending on the number of positions or machines
tended. For this study, workers paid according
to this method were considered as timeworkers.
Average Hourly Earnings
Straight-time hourly earnings of production
workers in the Nation’s cotton textile mills aver
aged $1.45 in August 1960, 26 cents above the
November 1954 average. Earnings of workers in
the Southeast averaged $1.45 an hour in August
1960, compared with $1.17 in November 1954.
Much of the 28-cent increase resulted from general
wage increases provided by a majority of the
southern mills in 1956, 1959, and 1960. Earnings
of workers in the New England States increased
from $1.32 in 1954 to $1.57 in August 1960, also
T a b l e 2. P er c e n t D is t r ib u t io n of P roduction W or k er s in C otton -T e x t il e M ills b y A v e ra g e S tr aigh t -T ime
H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 a n d P r ed o m in a n t T ype of Y a r n S p u n or W o v e n , U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S el e c t e d R e g io n s ,2
A u g u st 1960
TTndp.r $1 00
$1 00 a rid u n d e r $1.05
$1.10 and
$1.15 and
$1.20 and
$1.25 and
$1.30 and
$1.35 and
$1.40 and
$1.45 and
$1.50 and
$1.55 and
$1.60 and
$1.65 and
$1.70 and
$1.75 and
$1.80 and
$1.85 and
$1.90 and
$1.95 and
$2.00 and
$2.05 and
$2.10 and
$2.15 and
$2.20 and
under $1.15. .....................
under $1.20. ....................
under $1.25.......................
under $1.30___________
under $1.35___________
under $1.40___________
under $1.45----------------under $1.50___________
under $1.55___________
under $1.60. ---------------under $1.65___________
under $1.70. . ...................
under $1.75.......................
under $1.80___________
under $1.85_____ _____
under $1.90. . . ...............
under $1.95___________
under $2.00_____ ___
under $2.05___________
under $2.10___________
under $2.15___________
under $2.20. ---------------under $2.25____ ______
All
types
(4 )
(4 )
1.6
1 0
2.7
4.6
6.4
10.4
11.1
11.0
7.9
7.1
5.6
4.4
4.5
4.1
3.9
4.0
2.4
2.8
1.7
1.0
.7
.3
.2
.1
.1
$2.50 and over..................................
.1
.1
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
.1
0.6
.6
3.2
3.8
7.5
9.3
12.2
10.8
8.3
6.6
5.7
4.2
4.1
4.2
3.8
4.2
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.3
.5
.4
.2
.1
(4 )
,i
,i
(4 )
All
types
Carded Combed
yarn or yarn or
fabric
fabric
All
types
Carded
yarn or
fabric
(4)
2.0
1.2
2.5
4.9
6.0
10.8
10.7
11.0
7.8
7.3
5.5
4.5
4.6
4.1
3.9
4.0
2.4
3.2
1.5
.7
.5
.3
.1
.1
.1
(4 )
(*)
$2.30 and under $2.35.......................
$2.35 and under $2.40___________
Carded Combed
yarn or yarn or
fabric
fabric
.1
.1
(9
(4 )
(4
(9
(9
0.3
.7
.3
.7
2.0
14.3
8.6
10.0
9.4
5.6
5.1
4.4
6.3
7.0
5.0
3.8
3.5
1.6
5.7
1.4
1.6
1.0
.7
.4
.2
v 0.1
.3
.2
.3
1.0
15.8
12.1
10.7
9.5
6.6
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.8
3.9
3.4
2.8
1.5
5.3
1.7
1.2
.8
.5
.4
1
.2
.1
.1
(4 )
.i
1.1
1.1
0.2
.2
.1
.6
16.4
13.6
11.0
9.5
7.0
5.1
5.4
5.0
5.3
3.4
3.2
2.5
1.5
5.2
1.8
1.0
.7
.4
.4
.1
.2
.4
1.5
4.5
7.1
3.6
6.7
3.8
6.7
6.2
7.5
4.2
4.2
.9
1.1
1.2
1.8
2.4
1.8
1.1
1.9
1.4
3.3
2.3
2.4
3.4
4.3
1.8
3.1
8.8
.4
1.6
4.7
7.5
3.7
4.2
3.7
6.9
5.1
7.4
4.2
4.2
.9
1.0
1.3
1.9
2.5
1.9
1.1
2.0
1.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
3.7
4.5
1.8
3.3
9.3
.1
(9
.2
(9
(9
(9
(4 )
.1
(9
(4 )
.1
Southwest
Southeast
Middle Atlantic
N ew England
United S tates3
Average hourly earnings •
All
types
(9
1.5
.9
2.7
4.6
6.8
11.1
10.9
11.0
7.8
7.0
5.6
4.4
4.5
4.2
3.8
4.2
2.4
2.9
1.7
.7
.6
.3
.2
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
Carded Combed
yarn or yarn or
fabric
fabric
(9
1.7
.9
2.4
4.6
6.1
11.2
10. 8.
11.2
7.8
7.3
5.6
4. 6
4.7
4.2
3.9
4.1
2.5
3.3
1.6
.5
.4
.2
.1
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
0.7
.8
3.8
4. 6
8.9
11.0
11.4
10.3
7.8
6.0
5.5
4.0
3.8
4.0
3. 5
4.3
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.2
.4
.4
.1
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
All
types
0.1
11.4
10.7
7.3
15.6
8.1
8.2
7.6
6.2
5.4
5.4
3.1
2.6
3. 5
1.0
1. 5
.4
.3
.4
.8
.1
.1
(9
.1
0.1
11.4
10.7
7.3
15.6
8.1
8.2
7.6
6.2
5.4
5.4
3.1
2.6
3.5
1.0
1.5
.4
.3
.4
.8
.1
.1
(9
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
Carded
yarn or
fabric
.1
(9
(9
(9
.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers___________ 255,486
$1.45
Average hourly earnings 1______
187,085
$1.45
68,401
$1.47
15,709
$1.57
4,637
$1.59
11,072
$1.56
1,428
$1.78
1,342
$1.81
231,094
$1.45
173,851
$1.45
57,243
$1.45
6,370
$1.27
6,370
$1.27
Total........... ..................... .
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see text footnote 3.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
482
Workers in integrated mills averaged $1.57 an
hour in New England, compared with $1.47 in the
Southeast. With the comparison limited to inte
grated mills producing combed-yarn fabrics (which
employed more than half the workers in New
England), the North-South differential was 4
cents. (See accompanying chart.) New England
workers averaged $1.59 an hour in the carded-yarn
and $1.56 in combed-yarn fabric mill groups; in
the Southeast, the comparable averages were $1.47
and $1.52, respectively. In the Southeast, where
most cotton textiles are woven from a coarser
carded yarn, the average hourly earnings of
workers in mills weaving duck fabrics, sheetings,
print cloth, napped fabrics, and specialties ranged
from $1.40 to $1.49; workers averaged $1.52 an
hour in mills producing fine cotton fabrics,
toweling, and colored-yarn fabrics.
The 98,439 women production workers in the
industry, generally employed in the less skilled
occupations, averaged $1.40 an hour, compared
with an average of $1.49 for the 157,047 men.
Individual earnings in the cotton textile industry
ranged from less than $1 to more than $2.50 an
hour in August 1960 (table 2). The middle half
of the workers in the earnings array fell between
$1.29 and $1.61 an hour. At the lower end of
the array, 5.3 percent of all workers earned less
than $1.15, and 16.3 percent earned less than
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
$1.25. Earnings of women, heavily employed in
four occupations of similar skill requirements,
were much more concentrated than those of men.
More than half the women earned between $1.25
and $1.45 at the time of the study.
Regionally, the proportions of workers earning
less than $1.25 ranged from about 1 percent in
New England to 53 percent in the Southwest; the
proportion in the Southeast (16.5 percent) was
close to the nationwide estimate, owing to the
heavy concentration of employment within this
region.
Occupational Earnings
Occupational categories for which average
straight-time hourly earnings are presented in
table 3 account for approximately three-fifths of
the production workers in the cotton textile
industry. They were selected for study because
of their numerical importance and their represen
tativeness of the entire job-rate structure. Nation
wide averages for these job categories ranged from
$1.21 for women janitors to $2.03 for men
Jacquard-loom fixers.
The average earnings for numerically important
men’s occupations were as follows: hand truckers,
$1.26; spinning-frame doffers, $1.51; weavers,
$1.69; and loom fixers (plain and dobby looms),
Average Straight-Time Hourly Earnings in Cotton Textile M ills/ November 1954 ancTAugust 1960
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483
EARNINGS IN THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
T a ble 3. A v era g e S tr aig h t -T im e H o urly E a r n in g s 1 of M e n a n d W omen P roduction W or k er s in S e l ec ted
O c cu pa tio n s in C otton T e x t il e M il l s , b y P r ed o m ina n t T ype of Y a r n S p u n or W o v e n , U n it e d S t a t e s and
S e l ec ted R e g io n s ,2 A u g u st 1960
M id d le A tla n tic
N e w E n g la n d
U n it e d S t a t e s s
S o u th ea st
S o u th w est
O c c u p a tio n a n d se x
A ll
ty p es
M en
________________________ $ 1 .2 9
B a tter y h an d s
C a r d g r in d e r s
__________________________________
1 .6 9
C a rd te n d e r s
_______ __________________________
1 .3 6
1 .6 7
C a r p e n t e r s , m a i n t e n a n c e . _____________ ______________
C o m b e r te n d e r s
______________________
1 .4 6
1 .5 1
D o f f e r s , s p i n n i n g f r a m e ________________________________
D r a w i n g f r a m e t e n d e r s __
__ ___________________
1 .4 4
D r a w in g - in m a c h in e o p e r a to r s
1. 69
D le e tr ie ia n S j m a i n t e n a n c e ___ ______________________
1 .8 2
I n s p e c t o r s , c lo t h , m a c h i n e
1. 41
1 .2 2
J a n i t o r s ( e x c l u d i n g m a c h i n e r y c l e a n e r s ) .........................
1 .8 8
_____ ______________
L o o m f ix e r s ______________________
B o x lo o m s
1 .8 5
J a cq u a rd lo o m s
2 .0 3
P la in a n d d o b b y lo o m s
_ _ _________________
1 .8 7
1 .7 9
M a c h i n i s t s , m a i n t e n a n c e ___________ _________________
1 .5 9
S l a s h e r t e n d e r s . ____ ____________________________ _____
1 .5 4
S lu b b e r te n d e r s
__ ____ ____ _______________________
S ta n d a rd
____
______
1 .5 0
1 .5 4
_____________________________________
L o n g -d r a ft
T r u c k e r s , h a n d ( i n c l u d i n g b o b b i n b o y s ) ......... ..............
1 .2 6
T w i s t e r t e n d e r s , r in g f r a m e _________________________
1 .4 2
1 .7 0
T y i n g - i n m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ---------- --------------------- --------W a r p e r te n d e r s
____ _______________
1 .4 3
H i g h s p e e d (30ft y . p . m . a n d o v e r )
1 .4 2
S lo w sp e e d (u n d e r 300 y .p .m ,)
1 43
1 .6 9
W e a v e r s ........... .................................’------------------------- ------------ 1 .6 3
B o x l o o m s - _______________________________________
D o b b y lo o m s
_ ________________
1 .7 3
J a c q u a r d lo o m s
1 .8 9
P la in lo o m s
________________________
1 .6 6
W in d e r s, y a r n 4
1 .4 0
A u to m a t ic sp o o le r
1 .4 1
C o n e a n d tu b e , a u to m a tic
1 33
C o n e a n d tu b e , n o n a n to m a tic
1. 41
1 .4 3
F i l l i n g , a u t o m a t i c ________________________________
W om en
B a t t e r y h a n d s _____________ _____________________________
C o m b e r t e n d e r s - ____________________________________
D o f f e r s , s p i n n i n g fram e.
D r a w i n g f r a m e t e n d e r s ______________________________
D r a w i n g - i n m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _______________________
I n s p e c to r s , c lo t h , m a c h in e
_________________________
J a n i t o r s ( e x c l u d i n g m a c h i n e r y c le a n e r s ')
S lu b b e r te n d e r s * .
__________________________________
L o n g -d r a ft
_____________________________________
S p i n n e r s , r in g f r a m e
________________________________
T w i s t e r t e n d e r s , r in g f r a m e _ _______________________
W a r p e r t e n d e r s , h i g h s p e e d (3 0 0 y . p . m . a n d o v e r ) . . .
W eavers
B o x lo o m s _ D o b b y lo o m s
J a cq u a rd lo o m s
_ _________________
P l a i n l o o m s . _____________________________________
W i n d e r s , y a r n * .............................................................................
A u t o m a t i c s p o o l e r _________________________________
C o n e a n d t u b e , a u t o m a t i c . - ____________________
C o n e a n d tu b e , n o n a n to m a tic .
F i l l i n g , a u t o m a t i c ________________________________
F i l l i n g , n o n a u t o m a t i c ____________________________
1 .3 0
1 .5 4
1. 53
1 .4 0
1 .5 4
1 .3 5
1 .2 1
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 .4 2
1 .3 5
1 .4 4
1 .6 5
1 .5 7
1. 73
1. 76
1 .6 4
1 .3 7
1 .4 0
1 .3 7
1 .3 4
1 .3 7
1 .3 5
C arded C om bed
y a r n or y a r n o r
f a b r ic
f a b r ic
A ll
ty p es
C arded C om b ed
y a r n or y a r n or
f a b r ic
f a b r ic
$ 1 .3 6
1 .7 2
1 .4 7
1 .9 1
1 .6 3
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .7 8
1 .9 9
1 .4 8
1 .3 3
1 .9 9
$ 1 .3 0
1 .7 0
1 .3 6
1 .6 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 3
1 .4 4
1 .6 0
1 .8 0
1 .4 1
1 .2 2
1 .8 6
1. 80
2 .0 3
1 .8 5
1 .7 8
1 .5 6
1 .5 5
1. 50
1 .5 5
1 .2 5
1 .4 3
1 .6 9
1 .4 3
1 .4 2
1 .4 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 3
1 .6 9
1 .8 9
1 .6 4
1 .3 7
1 .3 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 7
1 .4 1
$ 1 .2 9
1 .6 6
1 .3 7
1 .7 8
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1 .4 4
1 .7 9
1 .8 8
1 .4 2
1 .2 3
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
$ 1 .3 6
1 .7 3
1 .4 9
1 .9 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .7 8
1 .9 8
1 .5 4
1 .3 3
1 .9 9
1 .9 6
1 .8 4
1 .6 8
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1 .5 1
1 .2 8
1 .4 1
1 .7 9
1 .4 2
1 .4 3
1 .3 3
1 .7 4
1 .6 1
1 .7 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 4
1 .8 3
1 .7 9
1 .6 6
1 .8 3
1 .3 5
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1 .8 2
1 .8 0
1 .6 7
1 .8 6
1 .3 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 3
1 .8 3
1 .7 8
1 .9 4
1 .9 1
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 1
1 .4 2
1 .4 3
1 .7 2
1 .3 0
1 .4 8
1 .5 3
1 .3 8
1 .4 3
1 .3 3
1 .2 0
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .4 2
1 .3 4
1 .4 2
1 .6 3
1. 59
1 .6 5
1 .7 5
1 .6 3
1 .3 7
1 .4 0
1 .3 7
1 .3 3
1 .3 7
1 .3 1
1 .3 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 4
1 .4 5
1 .6 4
1 .4 2
1 .2 4
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .4 2
1 .3 6
1 .4 8
1 .7 2
$ 1 .7 6
1 .5 3
2 .0 1
1 .6 4
1 .7 7
1 .9 8
1 .3 3
1 .9 9
1 .8 0
1 .3 3
A ll
ty p e s
$ 1 .5 1
C arded
y a r n or
f a b r ic
$ 1 .5 1
1 .5 3
1 .3 7
2 .3 0
1 .5 3
1 .3 6
2 .3 0
2 .4 1
2 .4 1
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .9 5
2 .2 1
2 .0 5
1 .9 9
2 .2 1
2 .0 5
1 .9 9
1 .7 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .7 7
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
1 .4 7
1 .4 0
1 .7 0
1 .4 7
1 .3 7
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .4 0
1 .3 8
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .4 9
1 .5 1
1 .5 0
1 .7 4
1 .4 0
1 .6 7
1 .4 1
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .5 1
1 .5 5
1 .7 5
1 .3 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .7 0
1 .4 0
1 .6 7
1 .7 0
1 .4 8
1 .5 1
1 .4 7
1 .7 3
1 .8 1
1 .7 0
1 .3 7
1 .4 0
1 .3 8
1 .3 5
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1 .7 3
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .5 0
1 .5 7
1 .5 5
1 .7 6
1 .4 5
1 .5 1
1 .7 2
1 .5 5
1 .5 3
1 .5 2
1 .5 9
1 .3 9
1 .4 0
1 .8 3
1 .4 0
1 .8 3
1 .7 6
1 .8 1
1 .7 6
1 .8 1
1 .3 8
1 .3 5
1 .3 8
1 .5 0
1 .3 2
1 .5 0
A ll
ty p e s
C arded C om b ed
y a r n or y a r n or
f a b r ic
f a b r ic
$ 1 .2 6
1 .6 9
1 .3 6
1 .6 6
1 .4 5
1 .5 1
1 .4 4
1 .6 9
1 .8 1
1 .4 0
1 .2 2
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .9 0
1 .8 7
1 .7 9
1 .5 8
1 .5 3
1 .5 0
1 .5 4
1 .2 6
1 .4 2
1 .6 9
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 0
1 .6 7
1 .6 2
1 .7 3
1 .6 9
1 .6 6
1 .3 9
1 .4 1
1 .3 3
1 .3 7
1 .4 3
$ 1 .3 0
1 .7 1
1 .3 6
1 .6 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 3
1 .4 4
1 .6 2
1 .8 0
1 .4 0
1 .2 2
1 .8 6
1 .7 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 6
1 .7 8
1 .5 6
1 .5 5
1 .4 9
1 .5 5
1 .2 5
1 .4 4
1 .6 8
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .6 6
1 .6 2
1 .7 0
1 .6 9
1 .6 5
1 .3 7
1 .3 8
1 .2 9
1 .3 7
1 .4 0
$ 1 .2 2
1 .6 5
1 .3 5
1 .7 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 3
1 .7 9
1 .8 5
1 .4 1
1 .2 1
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1 .3 0
1 .5 2
1 .4 9
1 .3 7
1 .5 4
1 .3 5
1 .2 0
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 .4 2
1 .3 3
1 .4 4
1 .6 6
1 .5 7
1 .7 5
1 .7 0
1 .6 5
1 .3 6
1 .4 0
1 .3 7
1 .3 3
1 .3 7
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .4 7
1 .5 1
1 .3 7
1 .4 5
1 .3 3
1 .2 0
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .4 2
1 .3 3
1 .4 3
1 .6 4
1 .5 9
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .6 4
1 .3 7
1 .4 0
1 .3 7
1 .3 3
1 .3 6
1 .3 2
A ll
ty p es
C arded
y a r n or
f a b r ic
$ 1 .5 0
1 .2 7
1 .3 9
$ 1 .5 0
1 .2 7
1 .3 9
1 .3 6
1 .2 7
1 .3 6
1 .2 7
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .1 1
1 .6 3
1 .1 1
1 .6 3
1 .9 5
1 .8 2
1 .6 5
1 .4 9
1 .5 2
1 .4 9
1 .2 7
1 .4 0
1 .7 5
1 .4 2
1 .4 3
1 .3 3
1 .7 3
1 .6 1
1 .7 8
1 .6 2
1 .4 7
1 .3 4
1 .2 9
1 .6 2
1 .4 7
1 .3 4
1 .2 9
1 .2 8
1 .1 1
1 .2 8
1 .1 1
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1 .7 1
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 4
1 .5 3
1 .3 9
1 .3 8
1 .6 3
1 .4 2
1 .2 3
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .4 0
1 .3 3
1 .4 8
1 .7 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 3
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 0
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
1 .2 0
1 .2 4
1 .2 2
1 .2 9
1 .2 4
1 .2 2
1 .2 9
1 .2 2
1 .3 2
1 .2 2
1 .3 2
1 .6 9
1 .3 6
1 .3 9
1 .3 7
1 .3 3
1 .4 0
1 .3 1
1 .2 4
1 .2 7
1 .2 6
1 .3 1
1 .2 4
1 .2 7
1 .2 6
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .4 6
* Includes data for workers not shown separately.
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
1 For definition of regions, see text footnote 3.
* Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
$1.87 an hour. About two-thirds of the women
millworkers—employed in four occupational cate
gories—had the following average earnings:
battery hands, $1.30; yarn winders, $1.37; ringframe spinners, $1.42; and weavers, $1.65 an hour.
Occupational pay levels were higher in New
England than in the Southeast; differences in
averages amounted to 9 and 11 cents for men hand
truckers and janitors, respectively, and to 6 and 8
cents for men and women plain-loom weavers.
In combed-yarn fabric mills, the regional wage
differences tended to be smaller, particularly for
the relatively high-wage jobs.
Earnings of individual workers varied greatly
within the same job and locality. In many
instances, hourly earnings of the highest paid
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
484
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
worker exceeded those of the lowest paid in the
same job and area by $1 or more. Thus, some
workers in comparatively low-paid jobs (as meas
ured by the average for all workers) earned more
than some workers in jobs for which significantly
higher averages were recorded. For example, the
following tabulation indicates a considerable
overlapping of individual rates for men dobbyloom weavers and women ring-frame spinners in
the Charlotte, N.C., area, despite a 40-cent dif
ference in the hourly average for the two jobs.
Number of workers
Men
Women
dobbyring-frame
loom
spinners
weavers
Under $1.20________________________
$1.20 and under $1.40_______________
$1.40 and under $1.60_______________
$1.60 and under $1.80_______________
$1.80 and under $2.00_______________
$2.00 or more______________________
31
38
122
331
205
97
340
1, 662
831
27
_______
_______
Total workers__________________
Average hourly earnings________
824
$1. 73
2,860
$1. 33
Establishment Practices
Data were also obtained on certain establish
ment practices:6 minimum wage rates; work
schedules; and selected supplementary benefits,
including paid holidays and vacations, retirement
pension plans, life insurance, sickness and accident
insurance, hospitalization insurance, surgical bene
fits, and nonproduction bonuses.
Minimum Wage Rates. Established minimum
entrance and job rates 7 for production workers
were reported by virtually all of the mills visited.
Minimum entrance rates of $1 an hour were re
ported by 131 of the 210 mills in the Southeast,
with all but a few of the remaining mills reporting
rates between $1.05 and $1.30 an hour. In 15
of the 28 New England mills studied, the lowest
established minimum entrance rates ranged from
$1.25 to $1.31% an hour. Minimum job rates
reported by a large majority of the Southeast
c In this article, information on establishment practices is limited to produc
tion workers. Forthcoming BLS Report 184 provides this information
also for office workers.
i For purposes of this study, minimum entrance and minimum job rates
are defined as the lowest established rates for inexperienced and experienced
time-rated workers, respectively, in unskilled occupations, except watchmen,
apprentices, handicapped, and superannuated workers. Workers in the
bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating departments were also
excluded.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mills ranged from $1.10 to $1.30 an hour; in New
England, the most common rate was $1.31%.
Scheduled Weekly Hours and Shift Practices. Work
schedules of 40 hours a week applied to four-fifths
of the production workers in the industry at the
time of the survey. Nearly a fifth of the produc
tion workers in the Southeast were scheduled to
work 48 hours a week, but only a small proportion
of the workers in New England were scheduled
to work more than 40 hours.
Three-shift operations for most production
departments were maintained by virtually all
cotton textile mills. Three-tenths of the pro
duction workers were employed on second (eve
ning) shifts and nearly a fourth on third (night)
shifts in August 1960. Premium pay for secondshift work was not common. Third-shift workers,
however, generally received higher rates of pay
T a b l e 4. P e r c e n t of P roduction W o rkers E m ployed
i n C otton T e x t il e M ills W it h F ormal P r o v isio n s
fo r
S el e c t e d S u ppl e m e n t a r y W age B e n e f it s ,1
U n it e d S t a t e s a n d S el e c t e d R e g io n s ,2 A u g u s t 1960
Selected benefits 1
Paid vacations: <
After 1 year of service 8...................
1 week_______ _____ ________
After 5 years of service 5 6_______
1 week____________________
2 weeks____________________
Paid holidays 8.........................................
1 holiday_______ ______ ________
2 holidays_____________________
holidays_____________________
7 holidays_____________________
Health, insurance, and pension
plans: 11
Life insurance...................................
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance______________
Sickness and accident insurance...
Hospitalization insurance_______
Surgical insurance______________
Medical insurance...........................
Catastrophe insurance...................
Retirement pension____________
Retirement severance pay______
6
United N ew Middle South South
S tates3 Eng Atlantic east west
land
97
85
97
24
64
26
13
4
100
99
100
<0
99
100
100
81
100
23
77
8 92
99
35
52
93
98
52
47
89
93
29
6
21
90
94
98
98
98
7
1
8
(9
96
84
96
24
62
io 21
14
4
1
100
87
100
67
33
4
4
92
92
100
46
100
92
83
30
50
43
49
66
100
100
76
2
92
88
92
24
6
22
3
9
i If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefits were considered appli
cable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility re
quirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may
be smaller than estimated.
3 For definition of regions, see text footnote 3.
* Includes data for regions in addition to those show n separately.
I Vacation payments such as percent of annual earnings were converted to
an equivalent time basis. Periods of service shown were arbitrarily chosen
and do not necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression. For
example, the changes indicated at 5 years may include changes occurring
between 1 and 5 years.
* Includes provisions in addition to those shown separately.
° Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service.
7 Less than 0.5 percent.
8 Tabulations were limited to full-day holidays; additional half-day holi
days were also provided in some establishments. Because of rounding, sums
of individual items may not equal totals.
8 Includes 5 percent of the workers receiving 8 paid holidays.
10 Includes 2 percent of the workers receiving 3, 4, or 5 paid holidays.
II Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by
the employer and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s compen
sation and social security.
PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF WORK INJURIES IN 1960
485
than day-shift workers. The most common
differentials were 5 cents an hour in the Southeast
and 7 cents in New England.
Preliminary Estimates of
Work Injuries in 1960
Paid Holidays. Virtually all of the production
workers in New England received 6 paid holidays
annually. In the Southeast, only a fifth of the
workers were employed by mills having holiday
provisions, most commonly 1 day a year (table 4).
P relim inary estim ates indicate that disabling
work injuries in the United States decreased
slightly between 1959 and 1960, from about 1,970,000 to approximately 1,960,000.1 The number of
work deaths remained at about 13,800.
Although the number of injuries changed little,
the rate of occurrence showed an encouraging de
crease—from 31.2 injuries per 1,000 workers in
1959 to 30.5 in 1960. During the 25-year period
for which data are available, only 2 other years,
1957 and 1958, recorded lower rates. The death
rate has held steady for the past 3 years, at the
record low of 22 per 100,000 workers.
Each of the injuries included in these estimates
resulted in at least 1 full day of disability beyond
the day of injury. The majority of the cases—
1,863,000—resulted in temporary-total disability
but caused no permanent ill effects. Such cases
averaged 17 days of disability each, for a total of
about 32 million man-days. Approximately 83,000
injuries resulted in some degree of permanent phys
ical impairment, ranging from the amputation or
partial loss of use of a finger or toe to complete in
ability to engage in any future gainful employ
ment. It is difficult to estimate the time loss
resulting from such cases, for the loss involves
reduced working efficiency and extends into the
future. In these estimates, each type of perma
nent impairment was assigned an arbitrary “time
charge,” based on the estimated loss of working
efficiency extended over the average work-life ex
pectancy of the entire labor force.2 The estimated
Paid Vacations. Vacations with pay (after quali
fying periods of service) were provided virtually
all production workers in the industry. A week’s
vacation pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks
after 5 years were typical in both New England
and the Southeast. Provisions for more than 2
weeks were not common.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life in
surance, hospitalization, and surgical benefits,
financed at least in part by the employer, were
available to approximately nine-tenths of the
production workers. Accidental death and dis
memberment insurance and sickness and accident
insurance applied to approximately half and medi
cal insurance to about three-tenths of the workers.
Catastrophe insurance and sick leave provisions
were not common.
Pensions—providing regular payments for the
remainder of the worker’s life upon retirement in
addition to those available under Federal old-age,
survivors, and disability insurance—applied to
22 percent of the production workers in the
Southeast and 2 percent in New England. Plans
providing lump-sum payments upon retirement
applied to 92 percent of the workers in New
England, but were virtually nonexistent in the
Southeast.
Nonproduction Bonuses. Approximately a fourth
of the production workers in the cotton textile
industry were in establishments providing non
production bonuses. Christmas or yearend
bonuses were the most common types reported.
Such bonuses were more frequently reported by
mills in the Southeast and Middle Atlantic
regions than by those in New England and the
Southwest.
— C h a r l e s M. O ’C o n n o r
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 These estimates of work injuries were compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in collaboration with the National Safety Council. They are based
upon all available data from various Federal and State agencies and upon
sample surveys in some industries. Data on the exact distribution of cases
by type of disability are not available for some industries; in these, approxi
mations of the breakdowns of cases have been made for inclusion in the grand
totals but have not been shown in the accompanying table for the individual
industries. See footnotes to table for specific sources and limitations.
A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising
out of employment which (a) results in death or in permanent physical im
pairment or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any
regularly established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the
hours corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day
of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term
“ injury” includes occupational disease.
2 The time charges assigned to the permanent impairments are those estab
lished in the scale presented in the American Standard Method of Recording
and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by the American Stand
ards Association in 1954.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
486
E s t im a t e d N u m b e r o f D is a b l in g
W o r k I n ju r ie s b y I n d u s t r y D iv is io n ,
1956-60
Employees only
All workers 1
Industry division and type of disability
I9602
19592
1958
1957
1956
I9602
1959 2
1958
1957
1956
Total disabling injuries.................................
1,960,000
1,970,000
1,820,000
1,890,000
1,950,000
1,510,000
1,510,000
1,380,000
1,450,000
1,510,000
Agriculture3______________________
Mining *_______________ ____ ______
Contract construction 5_____________
Manufacturing 8______________ ____
Transportation and public utilities 7~
Trade 8___________________________
Finance, service, government, and
miscellaneous industries------- --------
290,000
47,000
207,000
380,000
190,000
375,000
300,000
45,000
217,000
400,000
192,000
366,000
300,000
46,000
195,000
340,000
178,000
340,000
300,000
52,000
200,000
392,000
189,000
340,000
300,000
55,000
218,000
420,000
191,000
355,000
60,000
44,000
157,000
370,000
170,000
285,000
60,000
42,000
167,000
390,000
172,000
276,000
60,000
43,000
150,000
330,000
158,000
260,000
58,000
49,000
155,000
382,000
169 000
260,000
58,000
52,000
173,000
410,000
171,000
275,000
471,000
450,000
421,000
417,000
411,000
424,000
403,000
379,000
377,000
371,000
Deaths 8....... —.................................................
13,800
13,800
13,300
14,200
14,300
10,200
10,100
9,700
10,400
10,400
Agriculture 3______________________
Mining 4---------------- -------------------Contract construction 8_____________
Manufacturing 8-------- ----------------Transportation and public utilities LTrade 8__________________________
Finance, service, government, and
miscellaneous industries............... —
3,300
800
2,400
1,700
1,600
1,200
3,400
700
2,500
1,900
1,500
1,200
3,300
700
2,400
1,800
1,400
1, 200
3,500
900
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,300
3,600
800
2,600
2,000
1,500
1,400
1,000
700
1,900
1,600
1,500
900
1,000
600
2,000
1,800
1,400
900
1,000
600
1,900
1,700
1,300
900
1,000
800
2,000
1,900
1,400
1,000
1,000
700
2,100
1,900
1,400
1,100
2,800
2,600
2,500
2,500
2,400
2,600
2,400
2,300
2,300
2,200
Permanent impairments 818.........................
83,000
84,200
76,700
80,800
84,700
66,100
66,900
60,300
64,600
68,600
Contract construction 8_______ ____ Manufacturing 8................ . - ............
Trade 8---- ------------- -----------------------
5,900
24,100
8,800
6,300
25,500
8,600
5,300
21,600
7,800
5,600
22,800
7,800
6,100
24,500
7,800
4,300
23, 600
6,600
4,700
25,000
6,400
3,800
21,100
6,000
4,100
22,300
6,000
4,600
24,000
6,000
Temporary-total disabilities 10....................
1,863,200
1,872,000
1,730,000
1,795,000
1,851,000
1,433,700
1,433,000
1,310,000
1,375,000
1,431, 000
Contract construction 8____________
Manufacturing 8------- -------------- --Trade 8................................... - ..................
198,700
354,200
365,000
208,200
372,600
356,200
187,300
316,600
331,000
191.900
367,200
330.900
209,300
393, 500
345,800
150.800
344.800
277, 500
160,300
363,200
268,700
144,300
307,200
253,100
148,900
357,800
253,000
166,300
384,100
267,900
1 Includes proprietors, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, as well
as employees, and excludes domestic service workers.
2 Preliminary.
2 The total number of work injuries in agriculture is based on cross-section
surveys by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1947 and 1948, with adjust
ments for changes in employment. These are considered to be minimum
figures. Injuries experienced in performing chores are excluded, and there
are some indications of underreporting.
4 Based largely on data compiled by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department
of the Interior.
5 Based on small sample surveys by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
6 Based on comprehensive survey b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Based on small sample surveys by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for
certain segments and on data compiled from other sources for other segments
of the industry.
8 Based on sample surveys, as indicated by footnotes 3 to 7, and on vital
statistics reports.
9 Includes approximately 1,300 to 1,500 permanent-total impairments each
year.
i° Includes data for industries not shown separately.
time loss for the 83,000 permanent impairments
was about 52 million days, or an average of 627
days per case. Deaths were each assigned a time
charge of 6,000 days; thus the total loss for the
13,800 deaths that occurred in 1960 was about 83
million days.
Altogether, work injuries which occurred in
1960 resulted in approximately 167 million mandays of disability,3 or about 540,000 man-years.
This estimate includes the projection of the future
losses resulting from the permanent impairments
and deaths. Approximately 41 million man-days
were lost during 1960 as a result of these injuries.
The principal decreases in work injuries occurred
in manufacturing and contract construction. (See
table above.) In manufacturing, though employ
ment for 1960 averaged somewhat higher than in
1959, the hours worked per week were lower, and
the total number of hours of exposure to industrial
hazards was slightly less. Preliminary reports
from a sample of establishments indicate a 5- to
6-percent decline in the injury-frequency rate for
manufacturing industries. The estimated total
number of injuries (including proprietors and
self-employed persons) in manufacturing de
creased from 400,000 in 1959 to 380,000 in 1960—
about 5 percent. Employment in contract con
struction was little changed, and hours per week
were slightly lower. Available data indicate a
decrease of 4 to 5 percent in the injury rate. The
estimated number of injuries decreased about 5
percent, from 217,000 in 1959 to 207,000 in 1960.
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N ote : These data do not include Alaska and Hawaii.
8 Time losses for temporary disabilities are figured in terms of calendar
days; thus this total does not represent total workdays lost.
REVIEW OF GOVERNMENT WHITE-COLLAR SALARIES IN GREAT BRITAIN
In transportation, slight decreases occurred in
employment and injuries. Railroads showed a
decrease of about 4 percent in both measures.
Trucking and warehousing and air and water
transportation showed some increase in both
employment and injuries, but most other trans
portation industries recorded slight decreases.
Death rates in transportation, however, were
somewhat higher in 1960 than in 1959.
Little current information is available about
injuries in agriculture. Because agricultural em
ployment has decreased gradually over the past
several years, it is assumed that a corresponding
decline in the volume of injuries has occurred.
The slightly increased number of injuries in
1960 in mining, trade, finance, service, and gov
ernment partially offset declines in other in
dustries. Although employment and hours in
coal mining were down, the volume of injuries
was up slightly, and preliminary reports by the
Bureau of Mines indicate an increase of about 10
percent in deaths. Both employment and work
injuries in metal mining increased in 3960. Pre
liminary reports also indicate an increase in work
injuries in most other mining activities even
though employment was somewhat lower. In
wholesale and retail trade and in the finance and
service industries, there were slight increases in
employment. The volume of injuries increased
more than did employment, indicating a slight
rise in injury rates. Employment in State and
local government activities increased about 5
percent, as did the volume of work injuries. The
rise in injuries to Federal Government workers,
however, was considerably greater than the
change in employment. A disastrous fire at the
Brooklyn Navy Yard raised the Federal death
total well above that for previous years.
Available information, on which these estimates
were compiled, indicates some improvement in
the injury record in manufacturing and con
struction but a static condition or somewhat
poorer record in other industries.
—R obert
S. B arker
Division of Industrial Hazards
5914 9 8 — 61
3
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487
New Agreement for Review
of Salaries of White-Collar
Civil Servants in Great Britain
A n article in the November 1960 Monthly Labor
Review described salary policy and the process of
salary determination for white-collar civil servants
employed by the Central Government in Great
Britain.1 In December 1960, a new agreement
between the Staff and Official sides of the National
Whitley Council for the Civil Service made
changes in certain salary determination pro
cedures which had been established in 1956.2
The earlier article pointed out that the general
aim of policy is to base Government salaries on
“fair comparison” with salaries for comparable
work in private industry and that, procedurally,
salary determination is arrived at through col
lective bargaining, with binding arbitration in
case of failure to agree.3 In 1956, a Civil Service
Pay Research Unit was established to provide an
organized body of information on pay and related
conditions of work for outside jobs deemed com
parable with those in the civil service. It was
expected that by the end of 1960 the Pay Research
Unit would have completed initial surveys re
lating, either directly or by extension, to sub
stantially all grades in the civil service.4
The agreement of December 1960 makes a
number of changes that affect both the work of
the Pay Research Unit and the procedure for pay
determination. Where inconsistent with it, the
1 Salary Determination for White-Collar Civil Servants in Great Britain
(in Monthly Labor Review, November 1960, pp. 1158-1165).
2 Agreement on Arrangements for Reviewing the Pay of the Non-Industrial
Civil Service (December 22, 1960). Certain sections of the agreement were
not accepted for the departmental grades represented by the Post Office
Engineering Union.
2 See first article (p. 1161) for the salary bar to the use of the arbitration
procedure.
* A report issued in mid-1960, but not available when the first article was
written, states that at the end of 1959 “ there were 577,000 civil servants in
grades already surveyed or grades regarded as parallel, with a further 33,000
in grades in the current program and, with the completion of a big survey
which is at present in train, all the main classes w ill have been covered.”
See Civil Service Pay Research Unit (London, Civil Service Pay Research
Unit, 1960).
488
new agreement supersedes the Joint Statement
of April 1956, which implemented the 1955 recom
mendations of the Royal Commission on the Civil
Service (Priestley Commission). The principal
points of the 1960 agreement are outlined below.
1. Beginning in July 1961, surveys by the Pay
Research Unit for the main civil service classes
will be scheduled over a 5-year period. This
would appear to reflect the survey capacity of
the Pay Research Unit at its present level of
operation. More importantly, it suggests that
the Government pay system can be kept reason
ably in line with the private salary structure if
adjustments for particular grades and classes,
where warranted by survey results, are made
effective over a period of this duration. This
portion of the agreement is clearly related to a
new provision for central pay review.
2. The agreement provides for a central pay
review, which may lead to a general salary ad
justment, if in November of any year the Ministry
of Labor Index of Weekly Wage Rates has risen
by 5 points or more over the figure which created
the occasion for the last central pay settlement.5
The indicated rise in the wage rate index simply
triggers a pay review; it does not determine the
size of a general increase or assure that any in
crease will be granted. The agreement states
explicitly that “the commitment to embark on a
review is not a commitment by the Official side
to make a central pay settlement.’’ Whether a
central pay settlement will be made, and its
amount, “will be determined by reference to all
the available information at the time [i.e., not to
‘ A general salary increase of 4 percent was agreed to in December 1960.
On the basis of the index as of late 1960 (January 31, 1956=100), a rise of 5
points in the index is equivalent roughly to an increase of 4 percent in the
general level of wage rates in private industry.
6 For example, assume that central pay adjustments were made as of Janu
ary 1, 1961, and January 1, 1963, and suppose that the wage rate index in
creased by 2 points in 1961 and by 3 points in 1962. Under these circum
stances, a grade that had received a pay adjustment as of January 1, 1962,
based on a Pay Research Unit survey would receive three-fifths of the Janu
ary 1, 1963, central pay settlement.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
the movement of the wage rate index alone].”
If a central settlement is made, it will be effective
as of January 1 following the start of the review.
3. The agreement also seeks to reconcile central
or general pay adjustments with adjustments for
particular grades made as a result of Pay Re
search Unit surveys. It provides (a) that there
will be no central pay settlement increase for a
grade the pay of which is currently under review
within the framework of the pay research program
and (b) that the increase for a grade that has
received a pay adjustment between central pay
settlements shall be prorated on the basis of the
rate of change in the wage rate index between the
effective dates of the relevant salary changes.6
4. The agreement also notes that under certain
circumstances there will be grounds for special
treatment of particular civil service grades in the
pay research cycle. These circumstances are (1)
reorganization resulting in a substantial alteration
in the work of a grade; (2) continuing and general
shortage of recruits; (3) marked distortion in
salary structure in a hierarchy or chain of com
mand; (4) alterations in scale structure. It is
believed that such circumstances will be excep
tional.
In summary, the principal innovation in the new
agreement is the gearing of central pay reviews to
a specified rise in the Index of Weekly Wage Rates.
The agreement continues the work of the Pay
Research Unit and places it on a systematic basis.
Salaries for the main civil service classes will be
reviewed at approximately 5-year intervals by
comparison with survey data for private industry.
The agreement provides a means for reconciling
general salary adjustments with those pending or
intervening adjustments for particular grades
based on Pay Research Unit surveys, and finally,
it takes note of various situations that may re
quire exceptional treatment.
—II. M.
D o u ty
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
489
FEDERAL CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES’ SALARY CHANGES, 1958-60
Federal Classified Employees’
Salary Changes, 1958-60
total wage bill by $90,908,1804 (1.6 percent).
The effect on salary levels of including the Nation’s
two newest States was minimal; only average
salary rates were changed, increasing by 0.1 per
cent. Their inclusion produced minor variations
in the distribution of employment at the various
grades, however, because Alaska and Hawaii had
a higher proportion of Federal employees in the
five lowest grades and a much lower proportion in
grades 12 through 15 than did the rest of the
United States.
enacted by the 86th Congress in
July 1960 increased basic salary scales of Federal
employees covered by the Classification Act1
an average of 7.7 percent.2 Average salary rates
rose somewhat less—7.3 percent—because the
effect of the legislated salary increase was offset
in part by a reduction in the proportion of workers
receiving more than the minimum scale for their
jobs. The general salary increase, combined
with an increase in the proportion of workers in
the higher grades between 1958 and 1960, ad
vanced average salaries by 11.5 percent over that
period.3 Between 1958 and 1959, the index of
basic scales remained unchanged, while average
salary rates declined 0.3 percent and average
salaries rose 1.8 percent. (See table 1.)
Federal Classification Act employees stationed
in Alaska and Hawaii are included for the first
time in the 1960 indexes and other data used for
this report. With this addition, the total num
ber of Federal employees included in this report
was increased by 15,676 (1.7 percent) and the
L egislation
T able 1.
I ndexes
of
1 Salaries were increased by the Federal Employees’ Salary Increase Act of
1960 (P.L. 568). In 1960, there were also gains in the supplementary benefits
provided Federal employees. Legislation enacted by the 86th Congress in
September 1959 provided a voluntary health benefits program for Federal
employees, to be partly paid for by the Government. Effective July 1,1960,
the Government would contribute up to half the cost of employee member
ship in a choice of several health plans, some of which continued protection
after retirement and provided “ catastrophic” benefits to help finance costs
of chronic or long-term illness or serious accident.
2 Each basic scale was raised 7.5 percent (rounded to the nearest $5) except
the highest grade, which was raised $1,000, or 5.7 percent; in addition, in-grade
increments were increased by amounts from $10 to $25, accounting for a
further 0.2-percent increase.
2
For previous studies of salary trends of workers under the Classification
Act, see Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1951 (pp. 537-540); M ay 1952 (pp.545547); September 1953 (pp. 958-960); April 1955 (pp. 421-423); July 1957 (pp.
816-820, published as Reprint No. 2244); and Supplement to Reprint No.
2244, February 1958. Methods of constructing the indexes presented in this
article were described in the M ay 1951 Review.
* Excluding cost-of-living allowances of 25 percent in Alaska and 17.5 per.
cent in Hawaii provided these employees under Executive Order No.l0000_
B asic S alary S c ales , A v erage S alary R a t e s , and A v erage S a l a r ie s 1 of F e d e r a l C l a ssifie d
E m ployees , 1939 and 1945-60
[1947-49=100]
Average salary rates
Basic salary scales
Period
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
August 1939.........................
June 30, 1945____________
July 1, 1946_............ ............
July 1, 1947-....................—
July 15, 1948_____ _____
July 1, 1949.....................
July 1,1950-- __________
July 8, 1951----------------- July 1, 1952-------------------July 1, 1953_____________
July 1, 1954--------- --------July 1, 1955...........................
July 1, 1956......................... .
July 1. 1957...................— July 1, 1958- - ................— July 1, 1959- ______ ______
July 10, I9603___________
69.6
70.4
93.2
93.2
103.4
103.4
107.7
118.5
118.5
118.5
118.5
(<)
M
(«)
«
(<)
«
General
schedule
70.9
71.0
93.5
93.5
103.3
103.3
107.4
118.0
118.0
118.0
118.0
« 127.0
127.0
127.0
139.8
139.8
150.5
Crafts, pro
tective,
custodial
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
(0
«
(<)
M
(«)
M
1 Basic salary scales reflect only statutory changes in salaries, while average
salary rates show, in addition, the effect of merit or in-grade salary increases.
Average salaries measure the effect not only of statutory changes in basic pay
scales and in-grade salary increases but also the effect of changes in the pro
portion of workers employed in the various pay grades.
2 Estimated by assuming the same distribution of employees among grades
and steps within grades in 1945 as in 1939. Since there was little or no increase
in average rates because of in-grade increases during this period, it was
assumed'that the change in basic salary scales was virtually the same as in
average salary rates.
3 N ot available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68.2
2 69.0
90.6
92.3
103.5
104.2
109.6
119.3
119.6
120.7
121.8
62.0
68.3
91.1
91.1
104.4
104.4
109.2
121.0
121.0
121.0
121.0
M
m
(*)
«
<«)
«
General
schedule
69.3
2 69. 4
90.8
92.5
103.5
104.0
109.4
118.8
119.0
120.0
121.1
3130. 6
130.5
130.6
145.0
144.6
155.6
Average salaries
Crafts, pro
tective,
custodial
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
61.4
(3)
87.7
92.3
103.1
104.6
112.6
121.4
124.0
127.1
129.4
59.5
2 65.5
88.8
90.3
104.4
105.3
112.2
123.8
124.7
126.1
127.3
(*)
M
(<)
m
M
«
0)
(4)
«
«
(4)
General
schedule
64.2
(3)
87.5
92.6
103.0
104.5
112.3
120.6
123.0
126.3
128.8
3 140. 2
141.8
144.8
164.6
167.6
183.5
Crafts, pro
tective,
custodial
58.7
(3)
90.2
90.2
104.3
105.4
112.8
125.3
127.2
129.1
129.3
(4)
(4)
«
0)
(4)
(4)
* Index discontinued because the general schedule now covers all Classifi
cation Act employees.
3 Data have been adjusted to include those employees formerly under the
CPC schedule who are now covered by the general schedule; about two-thirds
of the employees were transferred to wage-board classifications and one-third
to the general schedule.
e Based on data including 15,676 employees in Alaska and Hawaii; cost-ofliving allowances provided these employees were excluded. The addition of
these employees changed only the index of average salary rates, which would
have been 0.1 point lower without their inclusion.
490
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able
2.
P ercent
D is t r ib u t io n
of
G eneral
Sch edule
E m ployees
by
G rade,
Selected
P e r io d s ,
1 939-60
June 30, 1960
General schedule grade
A ugust
1939
Ju ly 1,
1946
13.1
18.1
14.7
11.5
17.2
10.4
6.8
3.8
2.5
19.3
22.8
13.6
13.9
11.6
7.6
4.0
4.7
1________ __________ _________
2...... ........................... _.....................
3 _____________________ ______
4_____________________ _______
5 and 6_______________________
7 and 8_______________________
9 and 10_____________________
11______________________________
12 through 1 5 - - ............................
16 through 18________________
4.4
T o ta l_________________
N u m b er of em p loyees________
100.0
234,067
J u ly 1,
1950
100.0
893,653
1.8
14.5
20.6
14.8
14.8
12.3
9.2
5.1
6.9
J u ly 8,
1951
J u ly 1,
1954
1.4
16.6
21.8
13.9
14.5
11.7
8.7
4.8
6 .6
(2)
(2)
100.0
701,824
100.0
885,925
1.1
11.5
21.0
15.8
14.9
12.1
10.1
5.8
7.8
1.1
10.9
20.9
15.8
14.8
11.8
10.1
.1
.1
100.0
864,126
100.0
1 Includes 15,676 employees in Alaska and Hawaii.
2 Less tbanJO.Oo percent.
T a ble 3.
M in im u m
and
6 .1
8.4
886,512
J u ly 1,
1956
J u ly 1,
1957
J u ly 1,
1958
J u ly 1,
1959
0.7
8.9
21.4
16.4
15.2
11.9
10.2
6.3
8.9
0.5
7.2
20.8
16.8
15.7
11.5
10.6
6.9
0.4
5.8
19.5
16.9
15.7
11.6
11.3
7.6
9.9
.1
11.1
.1
.1
0 .4
4.7
18.1
16.8
16.2
11.6
11.7
8.2
12.2
0.2
4.1
16.7
16.8
16.8
11.4
11.7
8. 7
13.4
.1
.2
.2
100.0
908,535
100.0
927,822
100.0
921,153
100.0
931,105
100.0
938,319
100 0
W ith ou t
A laska
and
H aw aii
W ith
A laska
and
H a w a ii1
0 .3
4 1
16.7
16.8
16. 7
11 5
11.7
8 7
13.2
953,995
N ote: Because of rounding, totals may not equal 100
A vera g e S a l a r ie s 1 of F e d e r a l C l a ss if ie d E m pl o y e e s ,
I n d e x , S e l ec ted P e r io d s , 1 9 3 9 -6 0
July 1,1959
General schedule grade
and
Consumer Price Index
J u ly 1,
1955
August
1939
July 1,
1950
July 1,
1955
July 1,
1958
1 : Minimum salary rate. « $1,180
Average salary_____
1,223
2: Minimum salary rate.
1,440
Average salary______
1,489
3: Minimum salary rate.
1,620
Average salary______
1,683
4: Minimum salary rate.
1,800
Average salary______
1,867
5: Minimum salary rate.
2,000
Average salary______
2,099
6: Minimum salary rate.
2,300
Average salary______
2, 414
7: Minimum salary rate.
2,600
Average salary______
2,704
8: Minimum salary rate2,900
Average salary______
3,020
9: Minimum salary rate.
3,200
Average s a l a r y ...___
3,298
10: Minimum salary rate.
3,500
Average salary______
3,620
11: Minimum salary rate.
3,800
Average salary______
3,974
12: Minimum salary rate.
4,600
Average salary______
4,797
13: Minimum salary rate.
5,600
Average salary______
5,793
14: Minimum salary rate.
6, 500
Average sa la r y ______
6,850
15: Minimum salary rate.
8,000
Average sa la ry ______
8, 460
16: Minimum salary rate.
(5)
Average s a la r y ...___
(5)
17: M inim um salary rate.
(5)
Average s a la r y ..____
( 5)
18: Minimum salary rate.
(5)
Average salary______
(5)
$2,200
2,356
2,450
2,639
2,650
2, 866
2.875
3,103
3,100
3,405
3,450
3,780
3,825
4,154
4,200
4, 553
4, 600
4,923
5,000
5,279
5,400
5,734
6,400
6,759
7,600
7,931
8,800
9,150
10,000
10, 577
11,200
11,232
12,200
12,288
14,000
$2, 690
2, 913
2,960
3,186
3,175
3,446
3,415
3,738
3, 670
4,129
4,080
4,566
4,525
4, 960
4,970
5,499
5,440
5,825
5,915
6,344
6,390
6, 768
7, 570
7,975
8,990
9,381
10,320
10,682
11,610
12,034
12,900
13,125
13, 975
14,122
14,800
$2,960
3,260
3,255
3,498
3,495
3,804
3,755
4,126
4,040
4, 570
4,490
5,031
4,980
5,471
5,470
5,945
5,985
6,460
6,505
6,959
7,030
7,620
8,330
8,999
9,890
10,593
11,355
12,042
12,770
13,513
14,190
14, 657
15,375
15, 768
17, 500
14,000
14,800
102.9
1 1 4.7
July 10,1960
by
Gr ade,
and
C o n su m e r P rice
Percent increase to July 10, I960, from-— 3
Without W ith W ithout W ith
Alaska Alaska Alaska Alaska August
and
and
and
and
1939
Hawaii H aw aii2 Hawaii H aw aii2
July 1, 1959
July 1, July 1, July 1,
1950
1955
1958 Without W ith
Alaska Alaska
and
and
Hawaii Hawaii
G eneral Schedule
Grade
$2,960
3,271
3,255
3,507
3,495
3,814
3,755
4,133
4,040
4,561
4,490
4,996
4,980
5,448
5,470
5,961
5,985
6,438
6,505
6,938
7,030
7,567
8, 330
8,924
9, 890
10, 524
11,355
11,968
12,770
13,465
14,190
14,551
15,375
15,670
$2,960
3,265
3,255
3,507
3,495
3,814
3,755
4,133
4,040
4,561
4,490
4,994
4,980
5,448
5,470
5,960
5,985
6,437
6,505
6,936
7,030
7,567
8,330
8,925
9,890
10,523
11,355
11, 968
12, 770
13,464
14,190
14, 551
15, 375
15,670
$3,185
3,548
3,500
3, 762
3,760
4,111
4,040
4,455
4,345
4,921
4,830
5,402
5,355
5,893
5,885
6, 411
6,435
6,931
6, 995
7,476
7, 560
8,107
8, 955
9,554
10, 635
11,263
12,210
12,818
13,730
14,443
15,255
15, 648
16, 530
16, 863
$3,185
3, 540
3,500
3,762
3, 760
4,111
4,040
4,455
4,345
4,921
4,830
5,401
5,355
5,893
5,885
6, 411
6,435
6,931
6,995
7,476
7,560
8,107
8,955
9, 555
10,635
11,262
12,210
12,818
13,730
14,443
15,255
15,648
16, 530
16,863
169.9
190.1
143.1
152.7
132.1
144.3
124.4
138.6
117.3
134.4
110.0
123.8
106.0
117.9
102.9
112.3
101.1
110.2
99.9
106.5
98.9
104.0
94.7
99.2
89.9
94.4
87.8
87.1
71.6
70.7
(«)
(5)
17,500
17,500
17,500
17 , 500
17,500
18 , 500
18 , 500
18 , 500
18,500
123.9
124.9
18.4
21.8
18.2
18.1
18.4
19.3
18.3
19.2
18.4
19.2
18.4
18.3
18.3
18.8
18.4
16.6
18.3
19.0
18.3
17.8
18.3
19.8
18.3
19.8
18.3
20.1
18.3
20.0
18.3
20.0
18.3
19.2
18.3
19.4
7.6
8.8
7.5
7.5
7.6
8.1
7.6
8.0
7.5
7.7
7.6
7. 4
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.8
7. 5
7. 3
7.5
7. 4
7. 5
6 4
7. 5
62
7. 5
6.3
7. 5
6.4
7. 5
6.9
7. 5
6. 8
7.5
6.9
(5)
(6)
32 .1
32 .1
7. 6
8. 5
7. 5
7. 3
7 6
7. 8
7.6
7.8
7.5
7.9
7. 6
8 1
7. 5
8.2
7 6
7 5
7 5
7 7
7 5
7 8
7. 5
7 1
7. 5
7 1
7 5
70
7 5
7 1
7 5
73
7 5
7 5
7. 5
7. 6
7
8
7
7
7
( 5)
( 5)
44.8
50.6
42.9
42.6
41.9
43.4
40.5
43.6
40.2
44.5
40.0
42.9
40.0
41.9
40.1
40.8
39.9
40.8
39.9
41.6
40.0
41.4
39.9
41.4
39.9
42.0
38.8
40.1
37.3
36.6
36.2
39.3
35.5
37.2
2 5 .0
2 5 .0
5. 7
5 .7
5. 7
5 .7
5 7
114.6
2 3 .0
1 0 .4
2 .2
1 .4
6
4
fi
3
6
78
7 6
78
7 fi
7 Q
7 6
8* 1
7 fi
8 2
7 6
7 fi
7 fi
7 7
7 fi
7* 8
7 fi
7.1
7 fi
7 1
7 fi
7 fi
7 fi
7 1
7 fi
73
7 fi
7 fi
7 fi
7 6
5 .7
Consumer Price Index
( 1947 -
49 = 100 ) ............................
5 9 .0
1 M inimum salaries are the salaries paid at the first step in each grade.
Average salaries were obtained by weighting each salary step within the grade
by the number of employees at that step. Therefore, they reflect the effect
of increases in basic salary scales and of merit increases in pay w ithin the
grade.
2 Excludes cost-of-living allowances provided employees in Alaska and
Hawaii.
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126.6
3 1960 data without Alaska and Hawaii were used to compute all changes
except from “July 1, 1959, with Alaska and Hawaii.”
4 The minimum was computed by weighting equally the base pay for each
of the 3 grades (subprofessional grades 1 and 2 and clerical, administrative,
and fiscal grade 1) that were combined into this general schedule grade.
5 Grades 16,17, and 18 were created by the Classification Act of 1949.
FEDERAL CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES’ SALARY CHANGES, 1958-60
The increased proportions of Federal employees
in the higher grades continued a trend that has
been evident for at least the past decade. Since
1939, the proportion in grades 9 through 15 has
risen from 15 to 34 percent. This situation is
directly related to the increasing complexity and
diversification of governmental activities. To
491
perform its functions effectively, the Government,
like American industry, has needed larger numbers
of highly trained and specialized personnel. To
a more limited extent, competition for the services
of workers trained in certain professional fields
has also tended to inflate the number of employees
in the higher grades.
Increase in A verage Salary R ates1 of Federal Classified Employees, b y G rade,2 A ugust 1939
to July 1960
1 Average salaries were obtained by weighting each salary step within the
grade by the number of employees at that step. .Therefore, they reflect the
eflectof statutory changes in basic pay scales and in-grade salary increases.
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Data exclude 15,676 employees in Alaska and Hawaii,
:Grades 16, 17, and 18, which were created by the Classification Act of
1949, are omitted.
492
At the other end of the scale, the introduction
of mechanization and improved techniques had
reduced the number of employees in some of the
less skilled positions,5 even as governmental
activities were expanding. Between 1958 and
1960, the proportion of employees in grade 2 was
reduced almost 2 percentage points, and in grade 3
almost 3 percentage points (table 2). The number
of employees in these two grades, which comprise
21 percent of all classified employees, declined
from 233,052 to 195,170, or 16 percent.
From 1958 to 1960, increased proportions of
employees in the lower steps of the various grades
(mostly new workers or workers promoted into
the lower steps of higher grades) caused average
salary rates, affected by statutory changes and
in-grade increases, to rise less than basic pay
scales—7.3 percent as compared with 7.7 percent.
Near the top of the scale, in grades 11 through 14,
for example, the increase in average salary rates
was more than 1 percentage point under the in
crease in basic pay scales. (See table 3.)
Since the period from July 1958 to July 1960
was one of relative price stability, average salaries
(affected by statutory changes and in-grade
increases combined with the number of workers
in various pay grades) of employees under the
Federal Classification Act system rose more than
did the Consumer Price Index, 11.5 percent as
compared with 2.2 percent.
Long-Term Trends
Between 1939 and 1960, basic pay scales of
Federal employees were slightly more than
doubled by legislative action; the increase in
these scales averaged 112 percent. Average salary
rates rose 125 percent in this period, while the
index of average salaries rose 186 percent.
The increase in salaries has varied widely among
Federal pay grades, as indicated by the accom
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
panying chart. While average salaries in the
lowest general schedule grade advanced 190 per
cent, the corresponding increase for grade 15 (the
highest grade in effect during the whole period)
was about 70 percent. Only in the seven lowest
pay grades did average salaries keep pace with
the Consumer Price Index, which advanced 115
percent from 1939 to July 1960. Dollar increases
also varied widely among pay grades, ranging from
$2,325 for the lowest general schedule grade to
almost $6,000 for grade 15.
These marked differences in salary trends among
grades have resulted from legislation that pro
vided identical dollar increases for all grades, or a
percentage increase combined with minimum and
maximum dollar ceilings that brought about
higher percent increases in the lower grades, or a
scale of decreasing percent increases for the higher
paid employees. This situation was particularly
prevalent between 1939 and 1951. Since 1955,
the existing relationship between the grades has
been maintained to a much greater extent than
in the earlier years by across-the-board percent
increases. In 1939, the basic salary of the highest
grade, equivalent to GS-15, was about four times
as great as that of the equivalent of the GS-4,
the grade with the highest concentration of
employees in 1960. By 1960, the basic salary of
the GS-15 was only about three times that of the
GS-4.
— H e len e T. L esansk y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
5 In some agencies, automation has had such an “ unfavorable outcome for
employees” that more than one-third of them have been laid off, according
to testimony before a congressional committee in 1959 and 1960. These
hearings were conducted by the Subcommittee on Census and Government
Statistics of the House of Representatives Committee on Post Office and
Civil Service to determine the extent of office automation in the Federal
Government and to explore the implications of these technological changes
for Federal clerical workers. Material presented in these hearings concerning
the impact of office automation on employees (primarily clerical) was sum
marized in Office Automation in the Federal Government (in Monthly Labor
Review, September 1960, pp. 933-938).
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13: FEDERAL CLASSIFICATION ACT EMPLOYEES
Wage Chronology No. 13:
Federal Classification Act Employees
Supplement No. 3—1959-601
I n 1959, following the path pioneered by private
industry, the first session of the 86th Congress en
acted a contributory health insurance program for
Federal employees. The Federal Employees
Health Benefits Act of 1959, which established a
health insurance program for Federal employees
and their dependents, was signed by the President
on September 28, 1959. The act authorized the
Civil Service Commission to contract for and ap
prove health benefits by means of (1) a Govern
ment-wide service plan; (2) a Government-wide
indemnity plan; (3) certain employee organization
plans; and (4) comprehensive medical plans of the
group-practice and individual-practice prepayment
type.
During June 1960, all eligible employees wishing
to participate in the insurance program were to
register for the plan of their choice and select either
“high option” or “low option” coverage where the
carrier offered two levels of benefits. Benefits and
payroll deductions were to start on the first day of
the first pay period beginning on or after July 1.
The contributory life insurance system estab
lished in 1954 was also liberalized by the first ses
sion of the 86th Congress. Effective September
23, 1959, the number of years of creditable service
required to retain group life insurance without
cost after nondisability retirement were reduced
from 15 to 12, the reduction in the amount of in
surance for employees who continued in employ
ment after age 65 was deferred until retirement,
and reductions that were required by the original
act were restored. Holiday pay provisions were
extended by the same session of Congress to cover
the Friday preceding a Saturday holiday.
493
Significant legislation affecting the earnings of
Federal white-collar workers was enacted by the
second session of the 86th Congress. A 7.5-percent
pay raise for the 980,000 Federal Classification Act
Employees was passed over a Presidential veto by
the Congress on July 1, 1960. The increase, which
also raised the differential between steps within
each grade except GS-18, was effective with the
first payroll period beginning on or after July 1,
1960 (July 10 for the majority of the employees
affected).
The second session of the 86th Congress also
passed legislation liberalizing retirement benefits
for those annuitants whose length of service (up
to 41 years) exceeded that necessary to provide
the then-existing maximum annuity.
The same session of Congress established a con
tributory health insurance program for certain
Federal employees who had retired before July 1,
1960, the effective date of the health insurance pro
gram for active employees. Benefits are scheduled
to go into effect on July 1, 1961, and will be avail
able to former Federal employees who retired on
an immediate annuity with 12 or more years of
service or for disability after 5 years’ service. De
pendents of retirees and dependent survivors of
deceased retirees or employees will also be eligible
for the benefits to be provided by this program.
In addition, the Congress increased payments to
Federal employees or their survivors for injury or
death resulting from accidents under the Federal
Employees’ Compensation Act, effective October
1, 1960. It also liberalized travel and moving ex
pense provisions for employees appointed to man
power shortage positions.
Details concerning these changes are shown in
the following tables, bringing the Federal Classifi
cation Act Employees wage chronology up to date
through September 1960.
i See Monthly Labor Review, March 1951 (pp. 296-309), April 1951 (pp. 416417), December 1958 (pp. 1382-1389), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 13.
A—General Salary Changes
Effective date
First pay period beginning after July 1,
1960 (P.L . 568, 86th Cong., 2d sess.,
July 1, 1960).
7.5 percent increase, ranging from $225 to $1,235
annually.1
1 Rates were rounded to multiples of $5, resulting in an overall average
increase of 7.7 percent.
2 While the numerical limitations on positions under this general authority
were below those provided by P.L. 462 (85th Cong., 2d sess., June 20,1958) and
reported in Wage chronology No. 13, Supplement No. 2, the total number of
5 9 1 4 9 8 — 61
4
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Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Number of OS-16,17, and 18 positions authorized for Government
wide use reduced to a total of 1,409, with 363 in GS-17 and 152
in GS-18.2
G S-16,17, and 18 positions, including additional authorizations by Congress
for specific agencies, was higher than the total authorized in 1958. As of
July 1, 1960, Congress had authorized the establishment of a total of 2,080
positions in these three grades.
494
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
B—Basic Federal Salary Ranges, by Service and Grade, January 1958 and July 1960
Salary range and effective date
January 1958
General
s c h e d u le
grade
July 1960
M axim u m
M ini
mum
M in i
m um
R e g u la r
s c a le
1 . ............ ..............
$ 2 ,9 6 0
$3, 530
$ 3 ,8 1 5
3 ,2 5 5
3 ,8 2 5
4 ,1 1 0
3 .............................
3 ,4 9 5
4 ,0 6 5
4 ,3 5 0
4 ______________
3, 755
4 ,3 2 5
4, 610
5 ............ . . ...........
4 ,0 4 0
4 ,9 4 0
5 ,3 9 0
6 ............................
4 ,4 9 0
5 ,3 9 0
5 ,8 4 0
7 .............. . ...........
4 ,9 8 0
5 ,8 8 0
6 ,3 3 0
8 ........................ . .
5 ,4 7 0
6 ,3 7 0
6 ,8 2 0
9 .......................... ..
5 ,9 8 5
6 ,8 8 5
7 ,3 3 5
$3,185
3,500
3,760
4,040
4,345
4,830
5,355
5,885
6,435
$3,815
4,130
4,390
4,670
5,335
5,820
6,345
6,875
7,425
January 1958
General
schedule
grade
Maximum
Regular
scale
L on gev
i t y s c a le i
...................... . . . .
2
Salary range and effective date
Minimum
Longev
ity scale1
$4,130
4,445
4,705
4,985
5,830
6,315
6,840
7,370
7,920
* em ployees m graaes i - i s wno naa been in same or higher grade for 10
years received an additional (longevity) step increase beyond the maximum
rateyor each[3 years of continuous service at or above the maximum regular
Maximum
Regular
scale
10.
11.
$6, 505
7,030
8,330
9,890
11,355
12,770
14,190
15,375
17,500
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
July 1960
Maximum
Minimum
Longevity scale1
$7,405
8,230
9, 530
11,090
12, 555
13,970
15,150
16,335
$7, 855
8,950
10,250
11,810
13,275
14,690
$6, 995
7,560
8,955
10,635
12,210
13, 730
15,255
16,530
18,500
Regular
scale
Longevity scale1
$7, 985
8,860
10,255
11,935
13, 510
15,030
16,295
17,570
$8,480
9,640
11,035
12, 715
14,290
15,810
scale without a change in grade or rate (without regard to general increases
in salary scales) with a limit of 3 such increases.
C—Provisions and Salary Ranges for Within Grade Increases, by Grade, January 19581 and July 1960
Provisions for step increases
within grade
General
schedule
grade
Number
Increases in annual
of weeks of
salary2
satisfactory
service
between
J a n .1958 1 July 1960
increases
1.
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
$95
95
95
95
150
150
150
150
150
$105
105
105
105
165
165
165
165
165
Range between
minimum and
maximum salaries
excluding longevity
J a n .1958 1
$570
570
570
570
900
900
900
900
900
1
Provisions for step increases
within grade
General
schedule
grade
Number
Increases in annual
of weeks of
salary2
satisfactory
service
between
J a n .1958 1 July 1960
increases
July 1960
$630
630
630
630
990
990
990
990
990
These within-grade step increases and salary ranges were provided by
legislation of June 1958 (P.L. 462, 85th Cong., 2d sess.) but were retroactive
to January.1958.
10............ .........
11......................
12......................
52
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
None
13......................
14......................
15......................
16.............. .
17......................
18......................
$150
240
240
240
240
300
240
240
None
$165
260
260
260
260
325
260
260
None
Range between
minimum and
maximum salaries
excluding longevity
J a n .1958 1
July 1960
$900
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,200
960
960
None
$990
1,300
1,300
1,300
1,300
1,300
1,040
1,040
None
2
The size of each longevity increase was the same as other step increases
except in grade 15, where the longevity step was $240 in 1958 and $260 in 1960.
D—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Holiday Pay
Oct. 3, 1945 (Executive
Order No. 9636 of same
date).
Correction:
For employees whose basic workweek did not include Sunday,
the M onday following a Sunday holiday to be considered a
legal public holiday.
Aug. 9, 1952 (Executive
Order No. 10358, dated
June 9, 1952).
Changed to: For employees whose basic workweek did not in
clude Sunday, the next workday following a Sunday holiday
to be considered a legal public holiday.
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For employees whose basic workweek included Sunday and
M onday, either day, as determined by head of department, to
be considered a legal public holiday.
For employees whose basic workweek included Sunday but not
Monday, only Sunday to be considered a legal public holiday.
For employees whose basic workweek included Sunday, when
ever a holiday fell on a day administratively scheduled as a
“ regular” weekly nonworkday in lieu of Sunday, the next
workday of the basic workweek to be considered a legal public
holiday.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13: FEDERAL CLASSIFICATION ACT EMPLOYEES
495
D — Related Wage Practice—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Effective date
Holiday Pay—Continued
Aug. 9, 1952 (Executive
Order N o. 10358, dated
June 9, 1952)—Con.
July 1, 1959 (P.L. 362,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Sept. 22, 1959).
86
Added: For employees with a M onday-Friday basic workweek,
Friday preceding a Saturday holiday to be considered a legal
public holiday.
Added: Whenever the first M onday of September or the fourth
Thursday of November or any other holiday which occurred on
a specific day of the calendar week (other than Sunday) fell on
a day outside the regualr basic workweek, the next workday to
be considered a legal public holiday.
For employees whose workday covered portions of 2 calendar
days, the entire workday on which holiday commenced to be
considered a legal public holiday.
N ot applicable to employees on a M onday-Saturday basic work
week.
For employees with other than M onday-Friday basic workweek,
workday preceding a nonworkday holiday (other than nonworkday scheduled in lieu of Sunday) to be considered a legal
public holiday.
Moving Expenses
Aug. 25, 1960 (P.L. 587,
th Cong., 2d sess.,
July 5,1960).
86
Changed: Travel and moving expenses to first duty station in
United States for new appointees in manpower shortage posi
tions.
Added: Above benefits to student trainees in manpower short
age positions, on completion of college work.
Eliminated: Restrictions lim iting benefits to occupations critical
to national security effort. Authority of Civil Service Com
mission to identify positions for which a manpower shortage
existed continued.
N ot applicable if expenses were paid upon appointment as student
trainee.
Previous practice of requiring employee receiving expenses to
agree in writing to remain in Government service for 12 months
continued.
Unemployment Compensation
M ay 23, 1960 (P.L. 442,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Apr. 22, 1960).
86
Changed: Eligibility for benefits during period covered by
terminal annual leave payment to be determined by State law.
Injury and Death Compensation
Oct. 1, 1960 (P.L. 767,
th Cong., 2d sess.,
Sept. 13,1960).
86
Increased:
Total disability—Minimum to $180 a month.
Attendant’s allowance—to $125 a month.
Burial allowance—Maximum to $800.
Vocational rehabilitation—to $100 a month.
M onthly wage base used to compute compensation for injury or
death increased to: for awards based on injuries occurring
prior to Jan. 1, 1946—30 percent; after Dec. 31, 1945, but prior
to Jan. 1, 1951—20 percent; after Dec. 31, 1950, but prior to
Jan. 1, 1958—10 percent.
For disability associated with an earlier injury and recurring
more than 6 months after employee resumed regular full-time
Government employment, compensation to be computed on
basis of salary at time (1) of recurrence, (2) disability began, or
(3) of original injury, whichever was greatest.
Minimum monthly wage base for the computation of death bene
fits increased from $150 to $240.
Added: Continuation of medical benefits (including all services,
appliances, and supplies prescribed or recommended by quali
fied physicians) and compensation under permanent disability
schedule for injury in performance of duty where injured em
ployee elected to receive a retirement annuity.
Group Life Insurance
Aug. 17, 1954 (P.L. 377,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Sept. 23, 1959).
86
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Reduction in amount of insurance for employees in service after
age 65 deferred until retirement. Full amount of life and acci
dental death and dismemberment insurance restored to em
ployees over age 65 whose insurance had been reduced.
Changed: Employee to contribute 25 cents biweekly for each
$1,000 of life insurance regardless of age.
Number of years of creditable service required to retain group
life insurance without cost reduced to 12 years for employees
retiring on immediate (nondisability) annuity. Such insur
ance to be reduced by 2 percent a month to a maximum of 75
percent at age 65 or at retirement, whichever was later.
496
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
D — Related Wage Practice—-Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Health Benefit Plans
July 10, 1960 (P.L. 332,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Sept. 28,1959).
86
Contributory health benefit plans established for active em
ployees and those retiring 1 on or after July 1, 1960, and their
dependents. Employees could elect a Government-wide serv
ice or indem nity plan, each offering two levels of benefits (high
and low options), 1 of 13 employee organization plans,2 or 1 of
comprehensive medical plans 3of the group—or individual—
practice prepayment type. Only the provisions of the Gov
ernment-wide plans are reported here.
21
A—Service Benefit Plan (Blue
Cross and
Government to contribute 50 percent of lowrest rates charged by
qualified carrier for high or low option benefits offered by the
Government-wide service and indem nity plans, but contribu
tion limited to (1) $1.25-$1.75 biweekly for employee or annui
tant enrolled for self alone, (2) $3-$4.25 biweekly for employee or
annuitant enrolled for self and family, and (3) $1.75-$2.50 bi
weekly for a female employee or annuitant enrolled for self and
family including a nondependent husband.4
Employees rejecting participation in program when originally
offered provided another opportunity during the first “ open
period” (Oct. 1 through Oct. 15, 1961) to elect plan. A t that
time, each participating employee to have opportunity to
change plan elected or options and to change from self only to
family enrollment or the reverse. Additional open periods to be
provided by Civil Service Commission, and certain changes
(e.g., self only to family) may be made upon occurrence of
certain events justifying the change.
Benefits effective first pay period in July 1960 for employees
electing to participate; employees hired after June 30, 1960,
given 31 days to elect or reject participation.
Dependents to include wife or husband and unmarried children
under age 19.8
Employee on leave without pay could have coverage continued
up to 1 year without current cost to employee or Government
Coverage continued for employees retiring after July 1960 and
their dependents, and for survivor annuitants of employees
who die while enrolled for self and family.
Benefits not applicable to employees retired prior to July 1, I960
(see health benefits plan below for employees retired before
July 1, 1960).
Blue Shield):
LOW OPTION BENEFITS ARE SHOWN IN PARENTHESES
Basic Benefits:
Hospitalization (room and board): In member hospital, full cover
age for semipriv^te room or ward accommodations, up to 120
(30) days per admission.6
In nonmember hospital, actual charges up to $12 a day for
maximum of 120 (30) days.
In oversea hospitals, full coverage for usual and customary
room and board charges up to 120 (30) days.
Special hospital expenses: For charges other than room and board.
In member hospital, full coverage, up to 120 (30) days per
admission for the following services: use of operating, recovery,
and treatment rooms and equipment; drugs and medicines for
use in the hospital; dressings, ordinary splints, and plaster
casts; and when provided and billed as a regular hospital serv
ice, laboratory and X-ray examinations, electrocardiograms,
metabolism tests, radiation therapy, physical therapy, oxygen
and its administration, administration of blood and blood plas
ma, and anesthetics and their administration.
In nonmember hospitals, 90 percent of actual charges for
services and supplies listed for member hospitals.
See footnotes at end of table.
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For persons confined to hospital on date of enrollment, plan effec
tive immediately for basic surgical-medical benefits (except
physician’s visits to nonsurgical patient in hospital) and for
supplemental benefits.
Employees using private room in member hospital to pay differ
ence between that charge and hospital’s average charge for
semiprivate accommodations (up to $12 a day).
Room and board benefits not available for nursing or rest homes,
hotels, or places for the aged, drug addicts, or alcoholics; in
sanatoriums for the care and treatment of tuberculosis or mental
or nervous disorders; in any place which was not a “ hospital” ;
or for hospitalization primarily for diagnostic studies or tests
or for physiotherapy.
Basic benefits limited to 30 (10) days within 12 consecutive
months for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and mental or
nervous disorders.
Supplies and services available only to bed patients and for
surgical treatment in outpatient department or for emergency
surgical or medical treatment in outpatient department within
72 hours after accident.
Basie benefits limited to drugs and medicines listed in official
formularies.
Basic benefits not available for nursing or rest homes, hotels, or
places for the aged, drug addicts, or alcoholics; in sanatoriums
for the care and treatment of tuberculosis or mental or nervous
disorders; in any place which was not a “ hospital” ; for blood or
blood plasma; for hospitalization primarily for diagnostic
studies or tests or physiotherapy; or for services unrelated to the
condition being treated, special braces, or artificial limbs or
eyes.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13: FEDERAL CLASSIFICATION ACT EMPLOYEES
497
D—Related Wage Practice—-Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Effective date
Health Benefit Plans—Continued
July 10, 1960 (P.L . 382,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Sept. 28, 1959)—Con.
86
Surgical-medical: TPlan to pay physician a set fee, depending on
area, in accordance with high or low option fee schedule for the
following benefits:
In hospital—for bed cases, physical therapy, laboratory,
pathological services, and diagnostic X-ray (the latter also
within 72 hours after an accident, in doctor’s office or hospital
outpatient department), and for nonsurgical cases, doctor’s
visits up to 120 (30) days per admission.
In or out of hospital—surgery, radiation therapy, and an
esthesia.
Maternity: Full coverage of hospital charges up to $100 ($10 for
each day in hospital up to 10 days), plus fee set locally for ob
stetrician’s and anesthesiologist’s services.
Supplemental Benefits:
Major medical: 80 (75) percent of total expenses incurred in a ben
efit period 8 in excess of basic benefits plus $100 ($200) “ deduct
ible,” up to $10,000 ($2,500). Expenses covered were: hospi
talization, up to $25 ($15) a day for room and board; surgicalmedical benefits, including surgery, home calls, consultations,
office visits, doctor’s visits in the hospital, and specialist’s
v is it s in o r o u t o f h o s p ita l; u s e o f o p e r a tin g a n d tr e a tm e n t
rooms; drugs and dressings used in a hospital; private nurse;
prescription drugs used outside hospital; X-ray and diagnostic
laboratory procedures; ambulance service related to inpatient
care or to outpatient accident care; transfusions, including
cost of blood and plasma, anesthesia, oxygen, braces, crutches,
and artificial limbs and eyes; rental of durable equipment for
treatment and services of qualified professional therapist.
In “ service areas”—For patients within annual income limit,
doctor to accept local scheduled fee as full payment; patients
above income limit to pay excess over local scheduled fees.
In “ nonservice areas”—Patient to pay doctor excess of regular
fee over plan scheduled fees.
Basic benefits limited for the following: cosmetic surgery—to that
required to correct accidental injury; oral surgery—by excluding
that involving tooth structure, alveolar process, periodontal
disease, or abscess; diagnostic X-ray, laboratory, and pathologi
cal services—to those related to the condition diagnosed; inhospital medical care of pulmonary tuberculosis and mental
and nervous disorders—to that in hospital (not a sanatorium)
with benefits not to exceed 30 (10) days during any 12 consecu
tive months.
Benefits not available for administration of anesthetics by operat
ing surgeon or assistant or for home or office visits by physician
(except for surgery and for radiation therapy).
No waiting period for maternity benefits.
Benefits limited to employees or employees’ wives covered under
family enrollments and to pregnancies ending while individual
was covered by plan.
Benefits not available for diagnostic X-ray, laboratory, or path
ological services related to pregnancy.
Regular instead of maternity benefits, and under certain condi
tions, supplemental benefits, paid in cases involving severe
complications.
On submission of evidence of insurability, maximum benefit
could be reinstated.
Each covered member of family to have separate deductible 8 for
each benefit period.
Supplemental benefits reduced by amounts received from other
health and welfare plans.
Supplemental benefits limited for the following: Cosmetic sur
gery and treatment and dental work—to that required to cor
rect. accidental injury; nursing care—to that provided by a
registered professional nurse or, in a hospital, by a registered
practical nurse not related to insured (low option limited to 75
percent of charges up to $500); maternity care—to severe com
plications of pregnancy; mental or nervous disorders—to in
patient care, including treatment in a mental institution, and
to 50 percent of outpatient and out-of-hospital treatment (low
option limited to inpatient treatment in hospital, not mental
institution); pulmonary tuberculosis—to inpatient care in a
hospital or sanitorium.
B —Indemnity Benefit Plan:
LOW OPTION BENEFITS ARE SHOWN IN PARENTHESES
Maximum benefit: $30,000 ($10,000) each for employee and de
pendents.
Hospitalization (room and board): First $1,000 a year ($250) for
semiprivate or ward accommodations, plus 80 (75) percent of
balance.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Benefits effective immediately except maximum benefit limited
to $1,000 ($500) for persons confined to hospital or other institu
tion on date of enrollment.
Up to $1,000 ($500) of benefits received in previous year restored
on January 1 of each year. Maximum benefit amount could
be restored at any time on submission of evidence of insurability.
M aternity expenses not charged against maximum benefit.
Employees using private room to pay difference between cost of
private room and hospital’s average charge for semiprivate
accommodations.
Benefits not available for personal comfort services such as radio
and television, beauty and barber services; or for room and
board expense in nursing homes, rest homes, hotels, and in
places for the aged, drug addicts, alcoholics, or in any other
place which was not a hospital.
498
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
D — Related Wage Practice—-Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Health Benefit Plans—Continued
July 10, 1960 (P.L . 382,
th Cong., 1st sess.,
Sept. 28, 1959)—Con.
86
Special hospital expenses: 80 (75) percent of expenses in excess of
$50 10 deductible for the following: in hospital—all services and
supplies; out of hospital—private nurse; drugs and medicines
requiring doctor’s prescription; diagnostic X-ray and labora
tory tests and examinations; ambulance service; blood and
blood plasma; electrocardiograms; anesthesia; basal metabo
lism tests; oxygen; surgical dressings, splints, and casts;
intravenous injections and solutions; X-ray, radium, and
radioactive isotopes therapy; artificial limbs and eyes.
Benefits limited for: cosmetic surgery and treatment—to that
necessary for prompt repair of accidental injuries; ambulance
service—to that necessary for trip to first hospital where treated;
services of a private nurse—to nurse not related to insured
and not ordinarily living in home of insured; physiotherapy—to
that administered by physician or prescribed and administered
by qualified physiotherapist not related to insured and not
ordinarily living in the home of insured; dental work—to that
necessary for prompt repair of accidental injury to natural teeth
and to oral surgery not involving tooth structure, alveolar
process, abscess, periodontal disease, or disease of gingival
tissue; drugs and medicines while not confined in hospital to
amount exceeding $30 each calendar year; mental and nervous
disorders while not confined in hospital—to 50 percent of covered
expenses.
B e n e f i t s n o t a v a i l a b l e fo r p e r s o n a l c o m f o r t s e r v i c e s ; b l o o d o r
Surgical-medical: 80 (75) percent of expenses in excess of $50 10
deductible for the following: professional services of physician,
surgeon, radiologist, internist, and other specialists, both in
and out of a hospital, including all surgery, office visits, home
calls, consultations, and doctor's visits in hospital.
Maternity: Full hospital charges up to $15 ($10) a day for maxi
mum of 10 days. Obstetrician’s fees: Normal delivery, $90;
caesarean section, $150; and $60 for other termination of
pregnancy. Anesthetist fees range from $12 to $30 depending
on procedure provided.
July 1, 1961 (P.L. 724,
th Cong., 2d sess.,
Sept. 8, 1960).
86
Contributory health benefit plan established. Available to
certain employees retired prior to July 1,1960, their dependents,
and dependents of deceased retirees or employees, if eligible
for annuities.11
Annuitants could (1) enroll in uniform Government-wide plan,
(2) retain existing plan, (3) enroll in another plan, or (4) waive
benefits under the program.11
ONLY PROVISIONS OF THE UNIFORM GOVERNMENT-WIPE PLAN
ARE REPORTED HERE
blood plasma donated or replaced; routine physical examina
tions, eye examinations, and immunizations.
$50 deductible applied to each covered family member once a
calendar year, but not over 3 per family a year. Expenses
applied against deductible in last 3 months of calendar year
credited toward the deductible for the next year.
Same limitations as applied to special hospital expenses.
No waiting period for maternity benefits.
Benefits limited to employees or employees’ wives covered under
family enrollment and to pregnancies ending while individual
was covered by plan.
Regular benefits instead of maternity benefits paid in cases
involving severe complications; these benefits subject to the
deductible provision.
Deductible not applicable in regular maternity cases.
Maternity benefits not counted against maximum benefit.
Government to contribute $3 a month for retired employee en
rolled for self only and double the individual contribution for a
retired employee and dependents.12
In addition, Government to contribute an amount, up to 2 per
cent of each contribution, for paym ent of expenses incurred by
the Civil Service Commission in administering plan.
Employee could elect one of three types of coverage—basic, major
medical, or combined basic and major medical.
The following not to be included in covered expenses by the
uniform plan under either basic or supplemental benefits and
not to be considered “ deductible” for supplemental benefit
purposes: services and supplies not specifically listed in plan
booklet or those not recommended by doctor; personal comfort
services; disease or injury covered in whole or in part by work
mens’ compensation; pregnancy, childbirth, or miscarriage;
cosmetic surgery and related services except those necessary for
prompt repair of injuries; most dental work or oral surgery,
except that necessary for the prompt repair of injuries; routine
physical eye examination, and immunizations; mental or
nervous disorders while not confined in a hospital.
Basic Benefits:
Hospitalization (room and board): Up to $15 a day for maximum
of 31 days during any calendar year, limited to $465 for any one
confinement.
Special hospital expenses: For in-hospital charges other than
room and board, up to $150 in any calendar year.
Surgical benefits: Up to $240 in any calendar year in accordance
with surgical schedule.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Benefits also applicable to hospital outpatients for surgery and
emergency treatment on day of accident or the next day.
Benefits payable whether surgery performed in or out of hospital.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13 : FEDERAL CLASSIFICATION ACT EMPLOYEES
499
D—Related Wage Practice—-Continued
Provision
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Health Benefit Plans—Continued
July 1, 1961 (P.L . 724,
th Cong., 2d sess.,
Sept. 8, I960)—Con.
86
Supplemental Benefits:
Major medical: $5,000 lifetime maximum benefit per person. Ex
penses covered in calendar year were: hospitalization (room
and board) up to $12 a day beginning on 32d day with maxi
mum of 90 days; convalescent hospitalization (room and board)
up to $6 a day for maximum of 31 days.13 In addition: 75 per
cent of expenses incurred in excess of calendar year deductible
of $100 per person or $150 per family for the following: special
hospital expense—amount in excess of $150: surgery—amount
in excess of $240: doctor’s fees, including home, office, or hospital
visits for nonsurgical treatment; nurses’ charges in or out of
hospital, up to $16 a day for maximum of 31 days; out-of-hospital charges including drugs and medicines requiring doctor’s
prescription; diagnostic X-rays and other diagnostic and labo
ratory tests; X-ray, radium, and radioactive isotope treatment;
blood or blood plasma not donated or replaced, anesthetic,
and oxygen; and rental of durable medical or surgical equip
ment.
»“ Retiring employees” included: (1) employees retired on immediate
annuities after 12 or more years of service or for disability, or (2) members
of families receiving immediate annuities as survivors of retired employees
or as survivors of active employees who died after S or more years of service,
or (3) employees found to be unable to return to duty by determination of
Secretary of Labor and receiving monthly compensation under the Federal
Employees’ Compensation Act as a result of occupational illness or injury,
or (4) members of families receiving monthly compensation under the Federal
Employees’ Compensation Act as the surviving beneficiary of (a) an em
ployee who, having completed 5 or more years of service, died as a result of
illness or injury compensable under such act or (b) a former employee who
was separated after having completed 5 or more years of service and who
died while receiving monthly compensation under such act.
Limited to employee members of sponsoring organizations,
a Limited to employees in geographic area served by the plan.
Government to contribute 50 percent of biweekly premium of employee
or annuitant enrolled for self alone in employee organization or compre
hensive medical plan if charge was less than $2.50, $6 if enrolled for self and
family, and 30 percent of premium for female employee or annuitant en
rolled for self and family including nondependent husband.
s Unmarried children age 19 and over also included if incapable of selfsupport because of disability which began before age 19.
« A member hospital was one that agreed with Blue Cross to provide paidin-full basic hospital benefits.
? Allowances for specified services varied from area to area. For the Wash
ington, D .C ., “ Service Area,” the benefits listed below were paid in full for
participants electing the “ high option” plan if the maximum family income
was below $6,000 for employee and family and $4,000 for employee only.
Washington, D .C ., is not classified as a “ Service Area” for participants
electing the “ low option” plan, e.g., only a specified allowance is paid for
doctor’s services regardless of participant’s annual income or whether a
participating doctor was used.
2
4
Payments made under basic benefits not to be charged against
$5,000 maximum.
Deductible applied to major medical expenses whether or not
annuitant was insured for basic coverage.
The following expenses not to be credited toward the $100 or $150
deductible: room and board in hospital or in convalescent
hospital; salaries of special or private duty nurses exceeding $16
a day for 31 days; or charges for a family member who received
maximum benefit.
Surgery: Up to $300.
Obstetrical care: $50 to $150, depending upon procedure provided.
In-hospital medical care: Limited to 1 visit a day—$15 first visit, $10 for
second and third visits, and $5 for each additional visit up to 117.
Anesthesia services: Up to $30, depending upon service provided.
Laboratory and pathological services: Up to $25, depending upon service.
Diagnostic X-rays: Up to $60.
Radiation therapy: $3 to $10 per treatment; maximum amount per consecu
tive 12-month period lim ited to $50 for benign condition of the skin and $150
for a neoplastic condition.
A benefit period began on the first day of care by a physician and ended
12 months later, or after 90 days without covered medical expenses, whichever
occurred first.
When 2 or more insured family members were injured in the same acci
dent, only 1 deductible is charged against all expenses.
»o The plan required only one $50 deductible for all services other than those
necessary for maternity care.
Participants were entitled to the Government contribution only if the
carrier (1) had been providing health benefits for at least 1 year and (2) was
licensed to issue individual or group health insurance in all the States of the
United States and the District of Columbia. Item (2) not applicable to a
plan sponsored by an association or other organization in which more than
50 percent of the members were Federal employees or former Federal
employees.
These amounts were to be added to pensions of annuitants who chose
other than the uniform Government-wide plan. Where total premiums were
less than the Government contribution, the Government’s share was not to
exceed the total premium.
is Convalescent benefits available only to persons confined in a hospital
during the acute stage of an illness or injury for at least 5 days and moved,
on orders of doctor, directly to convalescent hospital to recuperate.
8
8
11
12
E—Changes in Provisions Affecting Retirement Benefits
Effective date
July 12, 1960 (P.L. 622, 86th Cong., 2d sess.,
July 12, 1960).
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Provisions relating to full annuity
Added: Employees with service exceeding the length necessary to provide maximum annuity (80 percent of
highest 5-year average) to have excess contributions plus 3 percent interest used (1) to make up past service
contribution for which no payment had been made to the fund and (2) to make voluntary contributions to
fund for purchase of larger annuity, or both.
500
Wage Chronology No. 5:
Chrysler Corp.1
Supplement No. 3— 1953-60
D uring the period subsequent to 1953, the
United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (UAW) and the
Chrysler Corp.2 negotiated twice: once in 1955,
and again in 1958. The contracts for production
and maintenance workers negotiated on those
occasions contained provisions generally similar to
those incorporated in settlements negotiated by
the UAW with the Ford Motor Co. and the
General Motors Corp. in June 1955 and September
and October 1958.3
The 1955 contract, which was signed on Septem
ber 1 after a one-shift strike, became effective
immediately and was to run until June 1, 1958.
The highlight of this agreement was the establish
ment of a supplemental unemployment benefit
program for laid-off employees. It also provided
an increase in the improvement factor, additional
wage increases for skilled workers, adjustment
of wage inequities for certain occupations, elimina
tion of area pay differentials except at New
Orleans, La., a revised cost-of-living escalator
formula, and liberalized pension, insurance, and
vacation plans. Other contract changes included
time and one-half for all Saturday work except
for shifts starting on Friday and continuing into
Saturday, an increase in the premium for the third
shift, and two additional half-holidays.
The 1958 auto negotiations, which began in
April after the union had served a 60-day notice
of intention to amend the existing agreement,
took place during a period of substantially reduced
employment in the industry. Bargaining was
preceded by a special UAW convention in January
1958 4at which the union’s proposals were adopted,
although preliminary goals had been stated at its
regular convention in April 1957. The UAW’s
bargaining program consisted of minimum basic
and supplementary economic demands. Basic
demands included a percentage wage increase
related to productivity in the total private
economy; a liberalized escalator clause and in
corporation of existing cost-of-living allowances
into basic rates of pay; elimination of wage
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
inequities; severance pay, transfer rights, reloca
tion allowances, and areawide seniority rights;
increased supplementary unemployment benefits;
and improvements in pensions and hospitalization
and medical benefits. Included in the supple
mentary demands was a profit-sharing plan.
The union’s proposal would have required the
major automobile companies, after meeting “the
minimum costs of doing business” (i.e., paying
basic wage and salary costs and retaining for
dividends profits amounting, before taxes, to 10
percent of net capital), to divide the remaining
profits as follows: one-half to stockholders and
executives and one-fourth each to other employees
and consumers, the latter in the form of yearend
rebates.
At the end of April, the UAW proposed that
the terms of the existing Chrysler contract be
extended to September and agreed to forgo the
first improvement-factor wage increase (which
would have been payable had a new contract been
negotiated without an extension). The union
also suggested that in order to reduce the indus
try’s large inventory, the corporation make price
cuts in 1958 models and, with the union, petition
the Federal Government for (a) a retroactive
moratorium on the 10-percent excise tax for the
remainder of the 1958 model run and (b) an exten
sion of the duration of unemployment compensa
tion under the Federal program. In mid-May,
the union offered to arbitrate the economic issues
in the negotiations and pledged to waive any
demand which the arbitrators found would compel
a price increase. The union also offered to extend
the contract on a temporary basis while negotia
tions continued.
The corporation rejected these proposals and
countered with an offer to extend the existing
contract, including the improvement-factor and
cost-of-living escalator clauses, for 2 years.5
1
See Monthly Labor Review, April 1949 (pp. 411-413), April 1951 (pp. 407408), November 1953 (pp. 1201-1203), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 5.
s Chrysler Corp. acquired the properties of Briggs Manufacturing Co. and
Briggs Indiana Corp. on December 29, 1953. The UAW workers at Briggs
were covered by a separate contract in 1955 but were included in the UAWChrysler master agreement of 1958.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1955 (pp. 1147-1151 and 1152-1156),
August 1959 (pp. 899-904), and April 1961 (pp. 395-401).
See The 1958 Bargaining Programs for the Automobile Workers (in
Monthly Labor Review, March 1958, pp. 270-274).
For further discussion of bargaining, see Ford Motor Co.—Wage Chro
nology No. 14: Supplement No. 3 (in Monthly Labor Review, August 1959,
pp. 899-904).
4
5
501
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5: CHRYSLER CORP.
Work at Chrysler and negotiations by the
parties continued following the expiration of the
contract on June 1, 1958, but later in the month,
the union began taking a strike vote. By August
9, 95 percent of the workers had authorized strike
action. By September, over 20,000 Chrysler
workers were idled by wildcat stoppages and re
sulting parts shortages. These stoppages, the
union stated, stemmed directly from conditions
imposed unilaterally by the company after the
contract had expired.
Accord on the terms of a new 3-year contract
was reached on October 1, 1958, for about 59,000
hourly rated employees, including some 11,000
skilled workers.6 This agreement became effec
tive upon ratification on October 21. The Chrys
ler agreement, which was similar to those at Ford
and General Motors, continued the improvementfactor and cost-of-living escalator clauses of the
previous contracts; incorporated 15 cents of the
25-cent cost-of-living allowance into basic rates;
provided an additional increase for skilled workers;
added jury pay; liberalized supplemental unem
ployment benefits and established a separation
pay plan for permanently laid-off employees; and
improved pension and insurance benefits. A
memorandum of understanding concerning details
of an areawide seniority plan for certain employ
ees in selected plants affected by the transfer of
operations was signed by the parties on October
1, and a policy letter concerning the use of outside
contractors was issued by the corporation on the
same date. During this period, a seniority plan
pertaining to skilled workers was rejected by the
union members affected.
« Additional laid-ofi and retired workers were affected by the terms of the
agreement.
As at Ford and General Motors, the first im
provement-factor increase was made retroactive
to July 1, 1958, and subsequent increases were
scheduled to go into effect August 1, 1959, and
September 1, 1960. A 2-cent increase in cost-ofliving allowances was made retroactive to July 1,
1958, and an additional 1-cent increase in the
allowance to September 1, 1958.
Like the other motor vehicle agreements, the
Chrysler agreement increased supplemental unem
ployment benefits and extended the maximum
period for such benefits. Benefits were extended
to employees on short workweeks, even though
they were ineligible for State unemployment com
pensation benefits, and company contributions to
the SUB fund were continued without change.
The parties also provided lump-sum separation
payments, to be financed from the existing SUB
fund, for eligible workers permanently laid off on
or after September 1, 1958.
The agreement increased pension benefits, in
cluding benefits for those already retired, and
provided higher benefits for employees aged 60
but less than 65 retiring on a mutually satisfactory
basis or at the company’s option. In addition,
the union agreed that in future negotiations it
would not ask for further change in retirement
benefits for those on pensions at the time of
negotiations.
The agreement is to be in force through August
31, 1961, with no reopening provisions. The fol
lowing tables bring the Chrysler chronology up to
date through December 1960, including the costof-living allowance and improvement-factor ad
justments provided in the agreement of May 1953
and the changes negotiated in September 1955
and October 1958.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Dec. 7, 1953 (agreement
dated May 27, Ì953).
Mar. 1, 1954-------------------June 1, 1954-------------------June 7, 1954-------------------Sept. 6, 1954-------------------Dec. 6, 1954_____________
Mar. 7, 1955_____________
June 6, 1955--------------------
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Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
2 cents an hour increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
1 cent an hour decrease-.
5 cents an hour increase.
1 cent an hour decrease
1 cent an hour increase .
1 cent an hour decrease-.
No change____________
No change____________
Do.
Annual improvement-factor adjustment.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
502
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date
Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Sept. 1, 1955 (master agreement and supplemental
agreement of same date).
6 cents an hour increase or 2% percent New amount designated as improvement factor.
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
Similar adjustments to be effective Apr. 1,1956,
(BLS estimated average of 6.1 cents. )
and June 1, 1957.
Additional increases 2 o f: 8 cents an hour to all
skilled workers; 2 to 22 cents an hour inequityadjustments for certain occupations; and 4 to 9
cents an hour to eliminate differentials in speci
fied areas.
Sept. 5, 1955 (agreement
dated Sept. 1, 1955).
1 cent an hour increase.
Dec. 5, 1955_____________
Mar. 5, 1956_____________
Apr. 1, 1956 (agreement
dated Sept. 1, 1955).
June 4, 1956_____________
Sept. 3, 1956_____________
Dec. 3, 1956_____________
Mar. 4, 1957_____________
June 1, 1957 (agreement
dated Sept. 1, 1955).
June 3, 1957_____________
Sept. 2, 1957_____________
Dec. 2, 1957______________
Mar. 3, 1958_____________
July 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
July 1, 1958
dated Oct. 1,
Sept. 1, 1958
dated Oct. 1,
No change__________________________
1 cent an hour decrease_______________
6 cents an hour increase or 2% percent
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
(BLS estimated average of 6.1 cents.)
1 cent an hour increase_______________
4 cents an hour increase______________
2 cents an hour increase______________
1 cent an hour increase______________
6 cents an hour increase or 2}i percent
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
(BLS estimated average of 6.1 cents.)
2 cents an hour increase______________
3 cents an hour increase______________
No change__________________________
3 cents an hour increase______________
6 cents an hour increase or 2Yi percent
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
(BLS estimated average of 6.2 cents.)
(agreement
1958).
(agreement
1958).
2 cents an hour increase______________
Dec. 1, 1958____________
Mar. 2, 1959_____________
June 1, 1959_____________
Aug. 1, 1959 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
No change__________________________
No change__________________________
No change__________________________
6 cents an hour increase or 2\{ percent
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
(BLS estimated average of 6.2 cents.)
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 cent an hour increase.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
The new agreement provided for quarterly ad
justments in the cost-of-living allowance of 1
cent for each 0.5-point change in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (194749 = 100) above 114.2 (the lower limit of the
6-cent allowance existing on August 31);
changes below this level would take place at
the rate of accumulation under previous esca
lation provisions. If the CPI fell below 110.9,
the cost-of-living allowance would be 0.3
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Improvement-factor adjustment.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Improvement-factor adjustment.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Agreement maintained the improvement factor
of the previous agreement and provided similar
adjustments to be effective Aug. 1, 1959, and
Sept. 1, 1960.
Adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
The new agreement incorporated 15 cents of the
25-cent cost-of-living allowance in effect on
Sept. 1, 1958, into base rates 4 and continued
the cost-of-living escalator formula of previous
agreement.6
Additional increases6 of: 8 cents an hour to
employees in skilled classifications and varying
increases to employees in selected job classifica
tions.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Improvement-factor adjustment.
503
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y NO . 5 : C H R Y S L E R C O R P .
A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
2 cents an hour increase_______ _
1 cent an hour increase- _ __ _
No change. ___
_ _ _______
2 cents an hour increase _
_ _ _
6 cents an hour increase or
percent
of base rate, whichever was greater.1
(BLS estimated average of 6.3 cents.)
No change____
__ ________
2 cents an hour increase.
__
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Improvement-factor adjustment.
Effective date
Sept. 7, 1959_____________
Dec. 7, 1959
Mar. 7, 1960
June 6, 1960
Sept. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
Sept. 5, 1960____
Dec. 5, 1960______________
i The improvement-factor increase of
percent of base rates, calculated in
accordance w ith the following schedule, provided for a minimum increase of
cents an hour:
6
Straight-time hourly wage rate
Improvement-factor increase
Less than $2.60...........- ............ .............. - ...........6 cents an hour.
$2.60 but less than $3.00____________
7 cents an hour.
$3.00 but less than $3.40........
8 cents an hour.
$3.40 but less than $3.80...................
9 cents an hour.
$3.80 but less then $4.20— .......... ................... - 10 cents an hour.
Improvement-factor increase added to piecework setting rate of incentive
employees.
2 These amounted to an estimated increase of 1.0-cent averaged over all
employees of the company represented by the union.
>The agreement of Sept. 1,1955, provided that future cost-of-living adjust
ments be determined as follows:
Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100)
Cost-of-living allowance
110.8 or less................................................................ N one.
110.9 to 111.5.............................................................. 1 cent an hour.
111.6 to 112.1.............................................................. 2 cents an hour.
112.2 to 112.8........................................ ................... .. 3 cents an hour.
112.9 to 113.5...................................................... ....... 4 cents an hour.
113.6 to 114.1........................................ _................... 5 cents an hour.
114.2 to 114.6.............................................................. 6 cents an hour.
114.7 to 115.1................ _........................................... 7 cents an hour.
115.2 to 115.6.............................................................. 8 cents an hour.
115.7 to 116.1.................................... ......................... 9 cents an hour.
116.2 to 116.6........................................................... 10 cents an hour.
116.7 to 117.1............................................................11 cents an hour.
117.2 to 117.6.................. ........... _............................. 12 cents an hour.
117.7 t o 118.1______________________________13 c e n ts a n h o u r .
118.2 to 118.6______________________________14 cents an hour.
118.7 to 119.1_____ ________________________ 15 cents an hour.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
4
5
Except base rates used in incentive pay calculations.
The agreement of Oct. 1, 1958, provided that future cost-of-living adjust
ments be determined as follows:
Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100)
191 .1
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .2
or
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Cost-of-living allowance
l e s s ______________________________________ N o n e .
1 1 9 .6 ..................................................... .....................1 c e n t a n h o u r .
1 2 0 .1 ...........................................................................2 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 0 .6 ______ ______________________________ 3 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 1 .1 ............................. ............................................ 4 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 1 .6 .......................................................................... 5 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 2 .1 ...........................................................................6 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 2 .6 .......................................................................... 7 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 3 .1 _____________ _____ _________________ 8 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 3 .6 ..........................................................................9 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 4 .1 _____________________________________ 1 0 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 4 .6 ......................................................................... 11 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 5 .1 .......................................................................... 1 2 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 5 .6 ...........................................................................1 3 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 6 .1 ...........................................................................1 4 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 6 .6 ...........................................................................15 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 7 .1 ...........................................................................1 6 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 7 .6 .......... .................. ............................................ 1 7 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 8 .1 ...........................................................................1 8 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 8 .6 ...........................................................................19 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 9 .1 ........................................................................... 20 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 2 9 .6 _____ _____________ ___________ _______21 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 3 0 .1 ...................... .................................................... 22 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 3 0 .6 .......................................................................... 2 3 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 3 1 .1 ...................... ................................................... 2 4 c e n t s a n h o u r .
1 3 1 .6 .......................................................................... 25 c e n t s a n h o u r .
and so forth, with a 1-cent adjustment for each 0.5-point change in the index.
and so forth, with a 1-cent adjustment for each 0.5-point change in the
index.
« These amounted to an estimated increase of 1.4 cents averaged over all
employees of the company represented by the union.
As in previous agreements, the cost-of-living adjustments were to be based
on the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for the months of
January, April, July, and October.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates 1
Effective date
Sept. 7, 1953_______________
Dec. 7, 1953________________
Mar. 1, 1954 _
June 1, 1954..
June 7, 1954..
Sept. 6, 1954.
Dec. 6, 1954 _ _
Sept. Î, 1955
Sept. 5, 1955_______________
Mar. 5, 1956_______________
Apr. 1, 1956 .
June 4, 1956
Sept. 3, 1956 _ _
Dec. 3, 1956
Hiring
rate 2
$1. 63
1. 65
1. 64
1. 69
1. 68
1. 69
1. 68
1. 74
1. 75
1. 74
1. 80
1. 81
1. 85
1. 87
i Applicable to lowest paid classification in all areas.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Minimum job
rate 2
$1. 73
1. 75
1. 74
1. 79
1. 78
1. 79
1. 78
1. 84
1. 85
1. 84
1. 90
1. 91
1. 95
1. 97
Effective date
Mar. 4, 1957_______________
June 1, 1957
June 3, 1957 _ _
Sept. 2, 1957_______________
Mar. 3, 1958
July 1, 1958..
Sept. 1, 1958
Aug. 1, 1959. .
Sept. 7, 1959_______________
Dec. 7, 1959
June 6, 1960
Sept. 1, 1960
Dec. 5, 1960
Hiring
rate 2
$1. 88
1. 94
1. 96
1. 99
2. 02
2. 10
2. 11
2. 17
2. 19
2. 20
2. 22
2. 28
2. 30
Minimum job
rate 2
$1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2Includes cost-of-living allowance and improvement-factor adjustment.
98
04
06
09
12
20
21
27
29
30
32
38
40
504
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Shift Premium Pay
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
Increased to: 10 percent on third shift.
Overtime Pay— Weekend
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
Time and one-half for sixth day changed
to time and one-half for Saturday work
on noncontinuous operations, except for
shift starting on Friday and continuing
into Saturday.
Previous practice of paying employees on
7-day operations time and one-half for
work on sixth day of scheduled workweek
continued.
Holiday Pay
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
Added: 2 paid half h o lid a y s___
_____
Changed to: Double time plus holiday pay
for designated holidays worked.
Half holidays were Christmas Eve and New
Year’s Eve.
Not applicable to employees on 7-day con
tinuous operations who continued to
receive double time for designated holidays
worked.
Pay in Lieu of Vacation
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
Increase to: 100 hours’ pay for employees
with 10 but less than 15 years’ seniority.
Pay in lieu of vacation applicable to other
wise eligible workers beginning mandatory
retirement at age 68 during payment year.
Jury-Duty Pay
Oct. 1, 1958 (agreement of
same date).
Employee with 1 or more years’ seniority
received $5 for each day of jury duty on
which he otherwise would have been
scheduled to work.
Payment limited to 14 days in any calendar
year. Employee to give prior notice and
present satisfactory evidence of jury
service.
Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits
June 1, 1953 (agreement
dated May 27, 1953).
Nov. 1, 1955 (agreement
dated Sept. 1, 1955).
See footnote at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Grou-p insurance— Plan revised: Life in
surance before retirement and accident
and sickness benefits changed to a grad
uated scale depending on basic hourly
rate.1 Employee contribution for each
$1,000 of life insurance changed to 40
cents a month.
(Correction)
Added: Hospital, medical-surgical coverage
available to retired employee at group
rates at retiree’s expense.
Life insurance continued 6 months after
layoff or leave of absence began, if em
ployee continued contributions. Accident
and sickness insurance continued 1 month
following the month of layoff or leave of
absence.
Evidence of insurability not required.
Coverage to start 6 months after applica
tion for insurance, provided employee was
at work.
505
W A G E CH RO NO LO GY NO. 5 : C H R Y SL E R CORP.
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits— Continued
Nov. 1, 1955 (agreement
dated Sept. 1. 1955)—Con.
Added: Employee permanently and totally
disabled prior to age 60, but not eligible
for disability retirement, to receive face
value of life insurance policy in monthly
installments of $20 for each $1,000 of
insurance until such insurance was ex
hausted. Upon death of disabled em
ployee during this period, beneficiary
to receive commuted value of unpaid
installments.
Dec. 1, 1955]!<(agreement
dated Sept. 1, 1955).
Hospitalization and medical-surgical benefits— Changed: Full payment of surgical
fees to participating physicians under
the Michigan Blue Shield plan made
available where annual family income did
not exceed $5,000 (was $2,500), or in the
case of a single person, $3,750 (was
$2,000); company to endeavor to arrange
similar coverage in other States.
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
Jan. 1, 1959 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
Added: In-hospital electrocardiographic
services and expanded use of X-ray.
Group insurance—Plan revised: Life in
surance and weekly sickness and accident
benefits increased.2
Hospitalization and medical-surgical bene
fits— Changed: Full payment of surgical
fees to participating physicians under the
Michigan Blue Shield plan for all em
ployees with annual incomes of less than
$7,500.
Added: Diagnostic laboratory services,
diagnostic X-rays, and X-ray radium
treatment in doctor’s office or outpatient
department of a hospital.
Added: Employee to receive difference be
tween workmen’s compensation and
weekly accident and sickness benefits.
(Previously, benefits not paid during
period of disability compensable under
any workmen’s compensation act.)
Insurance of employee wTho had received
permanent and total disability benefits to
be reinstated on return to work, but such
benefits to be deducted from benefits due
for subsequent disabilities.
Eliminated: Provisions limiting duration of
weekly accident and sickness benefits to
26 weeks in any 12 consecutive months for
employees age 60 and over for disabilities
due to disease.
In areas where level of benefits was lower
than provided by Michigan standard,
corporation to try to increase benefits to
standard.
Corporation to pay up to
maximum of one-half benefit costs not to
exceed one-half of costs under Michigan
Plan.
Company contributions to continue (1)
until end of month following the month of
layoff or leave of absence and (2) 6 months
after last month of coverage of employee
incapable of working because of disability.
Worker may continue in group for an
additional 6 months by paying entire
contribution.
Available as part of Blue Shield service
since 1950.
Changed: Life insurance continued for 6
months after end of month in which layoff
or leave of absence began.
Corporation to pay one-half of benefit costs
of program in each State.
Limitation on corporation’s contribution to
50 percent of Michigan Blue Cross and
Blue Shield plans removed.
Pension Plan
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revised to:
Normal retirement benefits for employees
aged 65 or older with 10 or more years’
credited service increased to $2.25 a
month for each year of credited service.
Early retirement— Changed to: Employees
aged 60 but less than 65, with 10 (for
merly 15) or more years’ credited service,
could elect (1) deferred normal retirement
benefits upon reaching age 65 or (2) an
immediate annuity reduced by fiveeighths of 1 percent (formerly threefourths of 1 percent) for each month
under age 65 at time of retirement.
No limit on credited service up to age 68.
New pension benefits applicable to workers
already retired as well as to employees
retiring in the future.
New benefits under option (2) applicable to
employees retired on early retirement prior
to Sept. 1, 1955.
Eliminated: Requirement of company con
sent to early retirement.
506
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Pension Plan— Continued
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date)—Continued
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
Disability retirement: Continued at twice
normal retirement benefits for employees
of any age prior to 65 with 15 years’
credited service.
Added: Vested rights—Employees separated
from active employment at or after age
40 with at least 10 years’ credited service
after age 30 to receive deferred monthly
benefits at age 65 of $2.25 a month for
each year of credited service between
January 1 of the year in which they reach
age 30 and date of termination.
Increased: Normal retirement— Employees
aged 65 or older with 10 or more years’
credited service to— (1) $2.40 for each
year of credited service prior to Sept. 1,
1958, (2) plus $2.50 for each subsequent
year of credited service.
Early retirement: Employees aged 60 but
under 65 with 10 or more years’ credited
service retired at option of corporation
or under mutually satisfactory conditions
to receive twice normal retirement bene
fits.
Disability retirement: Continued at twice
normal retirement benefits.
Changed: Vested rights— Deferred benefits
same as new normal retirement benefits,
except based only on service after Sept.
1, 1958.
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Reduced to normal retirement benefit in
month in which employee became eligible
for primary Federal social security bene
fits.
New benefits applicable to employees retired
prior to Sept. 1, 1955, under disability
plan.
Pension benefits for employees retired prior
to Sept. 1, 1958, increased to $2.35 a
month for each year of credited service—in
addition to primary Federal social security
benefits.3
At age 65, or when employee became eligible
for primary Federal social security bene
fits (whichever was earlier), benefits to be
reduced to normal retirement amounts.
Benefits to be reduced by amount of any
benefits to which employee was entitled
under the corporation’s salaried employees’
retirement income plan.
Benefits for employees retired at own election
under early retirement provisions prior to
Sept. 1, 1958, to be increased to $2.35 a
month for each year of credited service,
less five-eighths of 1 percent for each
month employee was under age 65 as of
the date of early retirement.
Reduced to normal retirement benefits in
any month in which employee is eligible
for old-age or disability social security
benefits.
Benefits for employees retired for disability
prior to Sept. 1, 1958, increased to $4.70
a month for each year of credited service;
reduced to $2.35 for any month in which
employee was eligible for old-age or dis
ability social security benefits.
Increase in deferred monthly benefits not
applicable to employees leaving company
prior to Sept. 1, 1958.
__________________________ 507
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5: CHRYSLER CORP.
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan
Sept. 1, 1955 (agreement of
same date).
Dec. 29, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Plan established to supplement benefits
paid under State unemployment systems.
Contributions: Company to contribute 5
cents per man-hour compensated.
Size of benefits: “Special” benefits—to be
paid for the first 4 weeks of benefits 4—
when added to State unemployment and
other compensation to equal $25 or 65
percent of the employee’s weekly straighttime wages after taxes, whichever was
smaller. “Regular” benefits—paid for
each subsequent week of benefits up to a
maximum of 22 additional weeks—would,
when added to unemployment and other
compensation, equal $25 or 60 percent
of the employee’s weekly straight-time
wages after taxes, whichever was smaller.
Benefits to be reduced by 20 percent if the
trust fund position fell below 13 percent,
but in no event to an amount less than $5
by reason of such reduction. If such
position was less than 4 percent, no
benefits to be payable.
Benefits to be first available June 1, 1956,
or when favorable rulings from State and
Federal Governments were obtained,
whichever was later.
Eligibility: Laid-off employees with at least
1 year’s seniority,8 meeting eligibility re
quirements, and with credit units, to be
eligible for benefits after a waiting period
of 1 week within the benefit or calendar
year.
To" obtain a week of benefits, employees to
surrender credits varying from 1 to 10
units depending on length of service and
trust fund position.9
Accrual of credit units: During the first
years of the plan, employees with less
than 10 years’ seniority were to accumu
late Ya credit unit for each week in which
they received pay for 32 or more hours,
and employees with longer service were
to accumulate % credit unit for each such
week. On or after June 1, 1957, all em
ployees to receive Y credit unit for each
such week. A maximum of 26 credit
units could be accumulated by a worker
at any one time.
Company contributions of 5 cents per man
hour compensated continued, depending
on maximum funding. Assets of General
and Defense Funds merged into an
Hourly Fund.10
Company contributions to be paid into three
funds— a General Fund, a Defense Fund,
and a Salary Fund. The three funds were
eventually to be built up to a “maximum
trust fund position” of about $400 per
covered employee (including workers laid
off and eligible for benefits) or a total of
$52 million for the three funds combined,
assuming no change in employment from
September 1955 levels.5
Company contributions to the funds to cease
when the trust fund reached 100 percent,
and to be resumed only as necessary to
restore this level.
Plan contingent on obtaining ruling that_(l)
company contributions were deductible
expenses for Federal income tax purposes;
(2) such contributions would be excluded
in computation of overtime pay under the
Fair Labor Standards Act; and (3) in
States in which the company had twothirds of its employees, simultaneous pay
ment of benefits would not reduce or
eliminate State unemployment benefits.6
If rulings were not obtained by Sept. 1,
1957,7 the plan would terminate, except to
pay benefits in States where supplement
ation was permitted (or substitute benefits
where supplemental benefits were not per
mitted) until funds had been exhausted.
If the plan was terminated in this manner,
the company and the union were to
negotiate with respect to the use of the
money which the corporation otherwise
would contribute to the fund; if no agree
ment was reached within 60 days, there
would be a general 5-cent-an-hour wage
increase.
508
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan —Continued
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
Size of benefits— Changed to: An amount
which, when added to State unemploy
ment and other compensation, would
equal $30 or 65 percent of the employee’s
weekly straight-time wages after taxes,
whichever was smaller.
Added: Difference between earnings and
$30 or 65 percent to be paid to employ
ees receiving less than 65 percent of
weekly straight-time wages after taxes
where earnings were too high to qualify
for State benefits or “waiting week”
credit.
Eligibility— Changed: From requirement of
at least
credit unit to a fraction of a
unit.
Accrual of credit units— Changed: Employ
ees to accumulate
credit unit for each
workweek in which they received any
pay from company.
Changed: Maximum number of credit units
increased to match increase in number of
weeks of State unemployment compen
sation benefits beyond 26, up to and in
cluding 39.
Apr. 1, 1959 (supplemental
agreement dated Apr. 6,
1959).
Added: Temporary emergency benefits ex
tending credits for SUB to employees
laid off on or after Sept. 1, 1958, but prior
to Apr. 1, 1959. Maximum of 13 addi
tional units made available for each eligi
ble employee.
Extended: Credits for SU B under temporary
emergency benefits continued for em
ployees laid off prior to July 1, 1959, but
subsequent to Aug. 31, 1958. No change
in total number of additional credit units
allowed.
In any State in which supplementation was
not permitted, parties were to negotiate
an agreement establishing a plan for
for Alternate Benefits.11
Employee with fewer than the number of
credit units required for full weekly
benefit to be paid at least $2. (Formerly,
employee was ineligible for benefit if less
than $2.)
N ot applicable in States that extended
benefit period temporarily through June
30, 1959, by acceptance of Federal loan act
(Temporary Unemployment Compensa
tion Act of 1958) or otherwise. Eligible
employees in these States covered by tem
porary emergency benefit provisions.
Applicable to otherwise eligible employees
who had exhausted credit units or who had
insufficient credits to qualify for full bene
fits and who worked in States temporarily
extending State benefits beyond 26 weeks
under the Federal loan act or other action.
Applicable to eligible employees who had
received temporary emergency benefits
prior to Apr. 1, 1959, and who were eli
gible for benefits under State programs
temporarily extending through June 30,
1959.
Separation Pay
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958).
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Separation payment plan established, fi
nanced from SUB fund and providing
lump-sum payments ranging from 40
hours’ pay (at base hourly rate plus costof-living allowance in effect on last day of
work) for employees with 2 years’ senior
ity to 1,200 hours’ pay for those with 30
or more years’ seniority. 12 Benefits to be
proportionately reduced when SUB trust
fund fell below 100 percent and by any
SUB, temporary emergency, or other lay
off or separation benefits financed in whole
or in part by the company and received
while on layoff.
Applicable to employees who after Sept. 1,
1958, (a) were permanently laid off for a
continuous period of a least 12 months,13
(b) were retired at or after age 60, or
automatically retired but not eligible for a
monthly pension or retirement benefit,
other than deferred benefits, or (c) became
disabled but did not have enough credited
service to be eligible for total and per
manent disability benefits.
Laid-off employees must apply for benefits
no earlier than 12 months before but no
later than 18 months after separation.
509
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5: CHRYSLER CORP.
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
Effective date
Separation Pay— Continued
Employee reemployed after accepting sepa
ration payment not to repay benefits nor
to receive seniority credit for period
covered by such payment.
Benefits payable only during months in
which trust fund position was at least 13
percent.
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Oct. 1, 1958—
Continued
8 The number of credits to be canceled for a week of benefits is summarized
as follows:
« Plan provided:
Weekly sick
ness and
Oroup accident benefit
(up to 26
life in
surance
weeks)
Base hourly rate
$4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
Less then $1.90....................... .
$1.90 but less than $2.10—
$2.10 but less than $2.30—
$2.30 but less than $2.50—
$2.50 but less than $2.70—
$2.70 but less than $2.90—
$2.90 but less than $3.10—
$3.10 and over....................
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
$40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
Employee
contribu
tion
(weekly)
$0.74
.83
.92
1.02
1.11
1.20
1.29
1.38
s Plan provided:
Base hourly rate
Weekly sick
Employee
ness and
Oroup Monthly
accident
benefit contribu
permanent
life
tion
(up to 26
insur- and total
(weekly)
weeks)
disability
ance
Less than $2.25............ ............. $4,500
$2.25 but less than $2.45— 5,000
$2.45 but less than $2.65— 5,500
$2.65 but less than $2.85— 6,000
$2.85 but less than $3.05— 6, 500
$3.05 but less than $3.25— 7,000
$3.25 but less than $3.45— 7,500
$3.45 but less than $3.65— 8,000
$3.65 but less than $3.85— 8,500
$3.85 and over__________ 9,000
$90.00
100.00
110.00
120.00
130.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
170.00
180.00
$45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
$0.83
•9o
.0?
l.ll
1
1.20
1.2»
1.3*
1.48
1.57
1.66
» In a letter to the company, dated Oct. 1, 1958, the union agreed that in
future negotiations it would not ask for further changes in retirement benefits
for those on pensions at the time of such future negotiations.
* Until the trust fund reached 49 percent for the first time, applicants to
receive special benefits for a maximum of only 4 weeks in any calendar year,
and after that, a maximum of 8 weeks but only 4 in any one layoff.
Beginning in June 1958, maximum funding was to be revised downward
according to the following scale in any year following one in which average
weekly benefit payments from the fund fall below $20:
5
If the average benefit is—
$20 to $25-........................
$15 to $19.99.....................
$10 to $14.99.....................
$5 to $9.99-.......................
Less than $5.....................
The adjusted maximum
funding shall be the fol
lowing percentage of
maximum funding
100
80
60
40
20
« In States where concurrent supplementation was not permitted, there
was provision for eligible employees to receive “ substitute” supplementary
benefits for weeks in which State unemployment compensation benefits were
not paid.
, , ,
i Necessary rulings were obtained so that plans went into effect as scheduled.
Employees were to receive credit units retroactively upon attaining 1
year’s seniority.
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
And if seniority of the person to whom such benefit is
If the trust fund posi- 20-25 25 years,
15-20
10-15
5-10
tion applicable to 1-5
years and over
years
years
the week for which years years
benefit
shall be—
such benefit paid is— The credit units canceled for such
85 percent or over...
76 to 84.99 percent—
67 to 75.99 percent..
58 to 66.99 percent..
49 to 57.99 percent..
40 to 48.99 percent..
31 to 39.99 percent..
22 to 30.99 percent..
13 to 21.99 percent..
4 to 12.99 p ercen t...
Under 4 percent___
1.00
1.11
1.25
1.43
1.67
2.00
2.50
3.33
5.00
10.00
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1.11
1.25
1.43
1.67
2.00
2.50
3.33
5.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.11
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1. h
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1.11
1.25
1.43
1.67
1.25
1.43
1.67
2.00
2.00
2. 50
2.50
3.33
N o benefit payable.
1.25
1.43
2.67
2.00
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1.00
1.00
1.11
1.25
1.43
1.67
jo Provision continued for reducing maximum funding in any year following
a year in which average benefits were below $20 a week. Beginning in June
1958, the General Fund was adjusted to 60 percent and the Defense Fund
was adjusted to 80 percent. On Dec. 29, the General and Defense Funds
were combined into a single fund called the Hourly Fund, and the 60 percent
adjustment of the old General Fund continued for the combined Hourly
Fund. Maximum funding of the Hourly Fund was adjusted to 60 percent
for the period Dec. 29, 1958, to Aug. 31, 1959. Beginning with September
1959, the adjustment for the Hourly Fund became 80 percent. Maximum
funding of the Salary Fund was continued at 80 percent for the entire period.
a Alternate benefit plan established for Indiana employees laid off on or
after Sept. 1,1958 (by supplemental agreement of Oct. 1, 1958, and in accord
ance with previous agreement w ith respect to States in which concurrent
supplementation was not permitted). Weekly benefits to apply to em
ployees otherwise eligible for regular supplemental benefit and for those alter
nate weeks in which an employee was eligible for State unemployment
compensation but did not apply for it. Benefits ranged from $41 to $63
depending on employee’s base hourly rate (plus any cost-of-living allow
ance) and the number of withholding exemptions less any pay received
by employee or pay that would have been due for work made available
but not performed. Credit units surrendered at twice the rate for regular
benefits.
.
Alternate plan became inoperative when supplementation was permitted
in Indiana, effective Mar. 16, 1959.
Benefits under the SUB plan were not permitted for Chrysler employees
for a short time in Georgia. A supplemental agreement covering the situation
was negotiated on Sept. 10,1959.
12 Payments were to be made in accordance with the following schedule:
Years of seniority
2 b ut less th an 3.............3 b ut less th an 4 _______
4 b u t less th an 5 ...............
5 b u t less th an 6 _______
6 b u t less th an 7...............
7 b u t less th an 8 ...............
8 b u t less than 9 ...............
9 b u t less than 10______
10 b u t less th an 11_____
11 b ut less th a n 12_____
12 b u t le s s t h a n 13______
13 b ut
14 b ut
15 b u t
16 b u t
less
less
less
less
th an
th an
th an
th an
14..........
15_____
16...........
17...........
Number
of hours’
pay*
40
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
230
260
290
325
360
400
440
Years of seniority
17
18
19
20
but
but
but
but
le ss
le ss
le ss
le ss
th a n
th a n
th a n
th a n
1 8 . ..........
19............
2 0 ______
2 1 ______
21 b u t le s s t h a n 22-------22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
but
and
l e s s t h a n 2 3 . ..........
l e s s t h a n 2 4 --------l e s s t h a n 2 5 ______
l e s s t h a n 2 6 ______
l e s s t h a n 2 7 ......... l e s s t h a n 2 8 ............
l e s s t h a n 2 9 ............
l e s s t h a n 3 0 .........o v e r ______________
Number
of hours’
pay*
480
525
570
620
670
720
775
830
890
950
1 ,0 1 0
1 ,0 7 0
1 ,1 3 0
1 ,2 0 0
»Base hourly rate plus cost-of-1 iving allowance in effect on last day worked
is Company could permit earlier application if it believed prospects of
reemployment did not warrant waiting.
510
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
Legislative Recommendations of the
New York Waterfront Commission
N ote .— The following article is ex
cerpted from the Special Report of the Water
front Commission of New York Harbor to the
governors and the legislatures of the States of
New York and New Jersey, December 1960.
Minor changes in wording have been made and
for ease of reading, omissions from the text
have not been indicated.
E ditor ’s
T h is report is based on public bearings held in
June 1960, and the preliminary investigation which
the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
conducted on the extent to which criminal influ
ence and other activities detrimental to the public
interest may be adversely affecting waterfront
conditions in the port of New York. These
hearings were held in compliance with the sta
tutory mandate to the commission to investigate,
collect, and compile information concerning water
front practices generally within the port of New
York district, and upon all matters relating to the
accomplishment of the objectives of the compact,
and to make recommendations to the governors
and legislatures for the improvement of the con
ditions of waterfront labor within the Port of New
York District. (Waterfront Commission Act,
Part I, Article IV, Sections 11, 13.)
Since the creation of the Waterfront Commis
sion, substantial progress has been achieved to
ward the elimination of the criminal control that
formerly prevailed on the waterfront. Today,
the port of New York carries on its business in an
atmosphere of relative peace, and the invidious
conditions and practices that once existed are no
longer commonplace.
Particular progress in eliminating criminal
influence has been achieved through section 8.1
Since 1953, many persons with criminal records
have been compelled to resign as union officers or
agents, and others have been deterred from assum
ing such positions.
Unfortunately, compliance with section 8 has
been forced rather than voluntary. Not only was
there no effort by the International Longshore
men’s Association to comply with either the letter
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or the spirit of section 8, but it constantly attacked
this section publicly and in the courts.
In addition, the provisions of section 8 have
been circumvented by subterfuge and stratagems.
Criminal elements outside the reach of section 8
continue to wield influence in the affairs of the
ILA. In the Annual Report for 1958-1959,
the commission reported on these conditions and
stated that evidence of the continued existence
of criminal influence impelled the commission to
make a thorough investigation to determine
whether the public interest required remedial
legislation.
Despite this, the ILA has resisted corrective
action and vigorously opposed all efforts by the
commission to obtain the facts. The investigation
was repeatedly met by obstructive and dilatory
litigation. A total of 11 legal actions challenged
the validity of subpenas, and the commission was
obliged to institute 7 contempt proceedings to
secure lawful compliance with its subpenas. The
facts gathered showed a need for holding public
hearings concerning waterfront conditions and the
present degree of criminal influence, in order to
report thereon to the two States and to evaluate
the need for remedial legislation.
The public hearings have demonstrated that the
intention of the legislatures of the States of New
York and New Jersey to eliminate criminal domi
nation and control and its attendant evils on the
waterfront has not been fully accomplished. In
areas where the present law does not apply,
1Section 8, as enacted by N ew York, provided as follows:
N o person shall solicit, collect, or receive any dues, assessments, levies,
lines, or contributions within the State from employees registered or licensed
pursuant to the provisions of this act for or on behalf of any labor organiza
tion representing any such employees, if any officer or agent of such organiza
tion has been convicted by a court of the United States, or any State or ter
ritory thereof, of a felony unless he has been subsequently pardoned therefor
by the governor or other appropriate authority of the State or jurisdiction
in which such conviction was had or has received a certificate of good conduct
from the board of parole pursuant to the provisions of the executive law to
remove the disability.
As used in this section, the term “ labor organization” shall mean and in
clude any organization which exists and is constituted for the purpose in
whole or in part of collective bargaining, or of dealing with employers con
cerning grievances, terms and conditions of employment, or of other mutual
aid or protection; but it shall not include a federation or congress of labor
organizations organized on a national or international basis even though one
of its constitutent labor organizations may represent persons so registered or
licensed.
Section 8 of the Waterfront Commission Act passed by N ew Jersey differs
in certain respects from the N ew York law. One of these differences is that
the N ew Jersey section 8 is applicable to officers or agents convicted of “ high
misdemeanor or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude” as well as a “ fel
ony” (N.J.S.A. 32: 23-80).
R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S O F T H E N E W Y O R K W A T E R F R O N T C O M M IS S IO N
criminal control remains. Persons barred from
union office or waterfront employment have re
turned in other capacities and continued to drain
union funds and influence waterfront practices.
[ E d i t o r ’ s N o t e . —Following are some of the
conditions disclosed by the hearings.]
Continued Criminal Influence in the ILA
At the time of the adoption of section 8 in December
1953, "chenangoes” 2 belonged to various ILA longshore
men locals that became subject to the provisions of
section 8. In January 1955, the ILA issued a charter for
Local 1826, a new local formed for the specific purpose of
representing chenangoes, a class of waterfront workers not
required to be registered with the commission. Conse
quently, the prohibition of section 8 against felons being
union officers or agents is not applicable to Local 1826.
Among the applicants for a charter for Local 1826 was
Walter Sullivan, a high ILA official and welfare director of
the ILA for 12 years. Two of the original organizers who
signed the charter application were Douglas Rago and
James Vanderwyde, both convicted felons with extensive
records.
Of the five officers and agents of Local 1826, four have
records of convictions. The criminal history of Rago, who
became secretary-treasurer of Local 1826, includes con
victions for attempted robbery, assault and robbery, book
making, and perjury. The record of Vanderwyde, who
became the business agent and also an investigator for the
chenango welfare fund of Local 1826, includes convictions
for petty larceny in connection with a burglary, possession
of a pistol, assault in the second degree, and robbery in the
third degree. Vanderwyde was sentenced to 2}^ to 5
years in Sing Sing for the assault and 5 to 10 years in State
Prison for the robbery. Frank Gagliardi, another business
agent of Local 1826 and also an investigator for its welfare
fund, has been convicted of unlawful entry, policy, gam
bling, bookmaking, and theft. The president of Local 1826
is George Barone, who was arrested in February 1954 for
felonious assault on a waterfront worker, for which he
pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct in May 1954. Barone
is also an organizer for the international and an aide to
President Bradley.
Union Splitting To Avoid Section 8. Amendments to the
Waterfront Commission Act on March 27, 1957, included
pier maintenance workers as "longshoremen” and required
their registration. Battista Balsamo, who had been denied
registration as a longshoreman by the commission, was
then business agent of Local 1277, which represented both
ship and pier maintenance workers. Balsamo’s criminal
record, dating back to 1925, included convictions for
robbery, negligent homicide, larceny, gambling, and
vagrancy.
2
Chenangoes are waterfront workers who load and unload railroad barges.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
511
These amendments rendered Balsamo ineligible to be
business agent of Local 1277. In April 1957, the ILA
issued a new charter to a local designated as Local 1277-1,
to represent only the newly covered pier maintenance
workers. Joseph Colozzo, a former public loader, now the
president of Local 1277, upon being referred to earlier
testimony, reluctantly admitted that the local was split to
separate registered and nonregistered members so that the
workers who did not have to register with the commission
would be in a separate union.
Criminals Employed in Welfare Fund. The New York
Shipping Association-ILA Welfare Fund is a trust fund
established to provide welfare benefits for most of the
waterfront workers in the port. The fund has six trustees,
three each for labor and management. Its director is
Walter Sullivan, who, as previously mentioned, together
with Douglas Rago and James Vanderwyde, had obtained
a charter for ILA Local 1826 to organize the chenangoes.
The director’s duties include interviewing and the recom
mendation for employment of applicants for positions
with the fund. He also has the power to discharge
employees. The fund employs six investigators who
verify claims submitted for benefits. Prior to January 1,
1959, five of these investigators had criminal records.
At the time of the hearings in June, all but one, who is
now deceased, continued in those positions. In addition,
Lawrence Morrison, a convicted extortionist, had also
been an investigator for the fund.
Former Officials as “Clerks.” The Crime Commission
reported in 1953 that the area on the New York water
front from pier 84 to pier 97, under the jurisdiction of
Local 824 of the ILA, "the Pistol Local,” was controlled
by, among others, John Keefe and John Applegate. Keefe
was convicted on a charge of assault with intent to kill
in connection with an arrest for bank robbery and
sentenced to 12 years in New Jersey State Prison. Applegate was convicted of burglary and sentenced to 2}$ to
10 years in Sing Sing Prison and was held as a material
witness in connection with a homicide.
In 1953, Keefe was on the payroll of Local 824 as vice
president at an annual salary of $9,200. After Keefe’s
resignation as a result of section 8, the local’s books
showed that the $9,200, plus expenses, previously paid to
Keefe, was paid to the president, Patrick "Packy”
Connolly, and the office of the vice president remained
vacant. Connolly, in addition to being president of
Local 824, is also the executive vice president of the
ILA and its legislative representative in Washington.
In June 1955, Keefe reappeared on the payroll of Local
824 as a “clerk,” and thereupon the office of the president
of Local 824 again became an unpaid position. From
June 1955 through December 1959, Keefe received
$54,080 as a "clerk,” a salary of more than $12,000 a
year. This was more money than had been paid at any
time to any other officer or employee of the local.
In 1953, Applegate was denied registration as a long
shoreman. Thereafter, he appeared on the payrolls of
512
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
Local 824 at $100 a week as an “employee.” From 1955
to 1959, Applegate received a total of $28,440.
ILA Disregard of Responsibility
•
The ILA has failed to supervise properly the affairs of
its locals. It apparently has no accurate list or informa
tion of the persons in control of the various locals under its
jurisdiction and has made little or no effort to find out.
Harry Hasselgren, ILA secretary-treasurer, testified as
follows:
Q. Mr. Hasselgren, do you know who the officers
are of the union after the union is formed and
chartered?
A.
Well, we send our official officers’ list to the
local, they send back to us who their officers are.
*
*
*
Q. If they still don’t respond, do you make any
additional effort to find out who is running the local?
A. Well, that is a hard question to answer.
The ILA has also ignored its responsibility to supervise
the financial affairs of its locals. Hasselgren testified
that his duties as secretary-treasurer of the ILA were
“to conduct any business of the financial affairs of the
organization and watch over the funds.” Yet it was
admitted that the ILA did not have any information as
to the expenditures by the locals or as to the funds that
the locals possess.
Recommendations3
To realize the original legislative objectives and
to avoid lengthy litigation concerning the extent
to which the present act is applicable, section 8
should be appropriately amended so that the
district attorneys and prosecutors who are charged
with the responsibility of enforcing section 8 can
close the loopholes by which criminal elements
have continued to exercise influence on water
front affairs. This can be accomplished by
extending the coverage of section 8 to any local
which derives its charter from a labor organi
zation representing employees registered or li
censed by the commission and by also making the
language of section 8 more precisely cover an
“employee” as well as an “officer or agent.”
Section 8 should also be amended to reach any
officer, agent, or employee of a union welfare fund
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
established for the benefit of persons registered or
licensed by the commission. Section 8 should
also be amended to include certain specified mis
demeanors related to the waterfront and, in
New York, any misdemeanor involving moral
turpitude.4
It is not the intention of this report to imply
that all persons who have suffered criminal con
victions are undesirable and should be barred
from any capacity on the waterfront or any union
activities. A means should be provided, however,
to safeguard the public interest by separating
incorrigibles and undesirables from those who have
been rehabilitated. We therefore recommend
that the commission be granted the same discre
tion, in connection with section 8, that it already
possesses to remove ineligibilities from the reg
istration of checkers, or the licensing of hiring
agents, pier superintendents, port watchmen,
and stevedores. This discretion could then be
exercised by the commission to remove ineligi
bilities under section 8, when justified.
Though not presently required to be registered,
chenangoes work side by side with registered
longshoremen on the same piers moving the same
cargo. Persons ineligible because of criminal
background may continue their activities on the
waterfront by the simple expedient of working as
a chenango rather than working as a longshore
man. It was found by the legislatures of the
States of New York and New Jersey that regu
lation of longshoremen in the Port of New York
District was in the interests of the public safety,
welfare, prosperity, health, peace, and living con
ditions of the residents of both States. (Water
front Commission Act, Part I, Article I, Section
4.) To achieve these important objectives, reg
istration of chenangoes, who do the same work
as longshoremen, is required.
3
New York State adopted legislation designed to increase the authority of
the Waterfront Commission on April 3, 1961. Action in the N ew Jersey
legislature was deferred pending a public hearing scheduled for April 28,
after this article had gone to press.
4 S e c t i o n 8 , a s p r e s e n t l y i n fo r c e i n N e w J e r s e y , a l r e a d y i n c l u d e s m i s d e
m e a n o r s in v o lv in g m o r a l t u r p it u d e .
UNION SCALES IN BUILDING TRADES
Union Wage Scales
in|BniIding Trades, 1960
of union building-trades
workers rose an average of 4.1 percent during the
year ending July 1, 1960, in cities of 100,000
inhabitants or more, according to the 54th annual
survey of such scales by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 Two-thirds of the 33 trades surveyed
showed average scale advances of 12 to 16 cents
an hour during the 12-month period. Wage
scales were raised for 94 percent of the workers
covered by the survey.
Union hourly wage scales on July 1, 1960,
averaged $3.66 for all building-trades workers
combined—$3.86 for journeymen and $2.88 for
helpers and laborers.2 About half of the journey
men had negotiated scales ranging from $3.60 to
$4.10 and slightly more than half of the helpers
and laborers had scales of $2.60 to $3.10.
Straight-time workweeks averaged 39.3 hours;
7 of every 8 workers had workweeks of 40 hours.
Health and welfare plans under collective bargain
ing were applicable to 75 percent of the buildingtrades workers, and pension plans covered 45
percent.
H ourly wage scales
Wage Scale Changes, 1959-60
During the year ending July 1, 1960, average
union hourly scales for building-trades workers
rose 4.1 percent, the smallest yearly rate of
increase recorded in any 12-month period since
1955 (table l).3 Reflected in the increase were
advances of 4 percent for journeymen and 4.6
percent for helpers and laborers.
Among the 24 journeymen trades studied, the
percent of increase varied from 3 for bricklayers
to 5.2 for electricians. Advances of 3.5 to 4
percent and of 4 to 4.5 percent were each recorded
by eight trades.4 Composition roofers and sheetmetal workers increased their averages by 4.7 and
4.6 percent, respectively. Gains by the nine
helper and laborer classifications showed a wider
variation—from 3.1 percent for elevator construc
tors’ helpers to 6.5 percent for tile layers’ helpers.
Plumbers’ helpers registered an advance of 5.8
percent, while building laborers and terrazzo
workers’ helpers moved up 4.7 percent. Increases
ranged from 4.1 to 4.5 percent for the other four
classifications.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
513
Many of the union contracts in effect on July 1,
1960, were negotiated for 2 years—a few were for
a longer period. Contracts of more than a year’s
duration often contain provisions for periodic
increases. Although individual contracts pro
vided for increases at various stated dates, only
those rates actually effective between July 1, 1959,
and July 1, 1960, were included in the study.
In the year ending July 1, 1960, union buildingtrades workers in cities with 100,000 inhabitants
or more increased their average hourly scale 14
cents. This advance was slightly less than the
gain in each of the 3 preceding years.
Advances in the average scale for journeymen,
which as a group recorded an increase of 15 cents,
showed relatively little variation by individual
trade. Scales rose an average of 12 cents for
bricklayers, elevator constructors, and plumbers;
13 or 14 cents for 11 trades; 15 cents for carpenters,
glaziers, and painters; 16 cents for plasterers, rodmen, composition roofers, and tile layers; 17 cents
for boilermakers and sheet-metal workers; and 20
cents for electricians.
The nine helper and laborer classifications had
an average scale advance of 13 cents, from 9 cents
1 Union scales are the minimum basic wage scales (excluding holiday,
vacation, or other benefit payments regularly made or credited to the worker
each pay period) or maximum schedules of hours at straight-time rates
agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions and employ
ers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be paid for
special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in effect
on July 1, 1960, and covered approximately 650,000 journeymen and 160,000
helpers and laborers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Data
were obtained primarily from local union officials by mail questionnaire.
Mimeographed listings of union scales by trade are available for each city
included in the survey. The detailed findings of the study w ill be available
in Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades (forthcoming BLS Bull. 1290).
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales in the build
ing construction industry in all cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more. All
cities of a half million inhabitants or more were included, as were most cities
in the population group of 250,000 to 500,000. The cities in the 100,000 to
250,000 group selected for study were distributed w idely throughout the
United States. The data for some of the cities included were weighted to
compensate for the other cities which were not surveyed. In order to provide
appropriate representation in the combination of data, each geographic
region and population group was considered separately when city weights
were assigned.
2 Average hourly scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all
scales reported in effect on July 1, 1960. Individual scales are weighted by
the number of union members at each rate. These averages are not designed
for precise year-to-year comparisons because of fluctuations in membership
and in job classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour and percent
changes from July 1, 1959, to July 1, 1960, are based on comparable quotations
for the various occupational classifications in both periods, weighted by the
membership reported in the current survey. The index series, designed for
trend purposes, is similarly constructed.
3 For data as of July 1, 1959, see Union Wage Scales in Building Trades,
1959 (in Monthly Labor Review, March 1960, pp. 275-279).
4 For ease of reading, in this and subsequent discussions of tabulations,
the limits of the class intervals are designated, for example, as 10 to 15 cents,
4 to 5 percent, etc., instead of using the more precise terminology “10 and
under 15 cents, 4 and under 5 percent,” etc.
514
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
ior elevator constructors’ helpers to 19 cents for
tile layers’ helpers. Building laborers (numeri
cally the most important group) and plasterers’
laborers advanced 13 cents.
During the year ending July 1, 1960, pay scales
were adjusted upward for 94 percent of the
journeymen and 92 percent of the helpers and
laborers. For a few workers (0.1 percent of all
building-trades workers), rate revisions resulted in
decreases. Rates increased for at least seveneighths of the workers in 28 of the 33 trades
surveyed. Upward adjustments ranged from 10
to 15 cents for slightly more than a fourth of the
building tradesmen, 15 to 20 cents for a third,
20 to 25 cents for a seventh, and 5 to 10 cents for
almost a tenth. The most common increase, 15
cents, was applicable to slightly more than a fifth
of all building-trades workers, including a fifth of
the journeymen and a fourth of the helpers and
laborers. Advances of 10 cents an hour affected
a sixth of the workers and a like proportion of
journeymen and helpers and laborers. Rates
rose 20 cents an hour for a tenth of all the
union workers—a twelfth of the journeymen and a
sixth of the helpers and laborers had such increases.
Although cents-per-hour increases were approxi
mately the same for both groups of workers, the
rate of gain was greater for helpers and laborers
T
a b l e
1.
a n d
W
Y
t e d
I
n d e x e s
e e k l y
e a r s
,
H
o f
o u r s
U
in
S
n io n
t h e
o f
H
o u r l y
u il d in g
T
r a d e s
c a l e s
B
W
, S
a g e s
e l e c
1 9 0 7 -6 0
[1947- 49= 100]
Hourly wage rates
Weekly hours
Date
1907:
1913:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1926:
1931:
1933:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1958:
1959:
1960:
M ay IS............
M ay 15______
M ay 15-..........
M ay 15.......... _
M ay 15______
M ay 15____ _
M ay 15______
M ay 15.......... .
M ay 15............
M ay 15______
June 1___ _
June 1_______
June 1_______
July 1......... .
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
July 1_______
All
trades
Jour
ney
men
Helpers
and
laborers
All
trades
Jour
ney
men
18.2
22.5
28.2
32.3
43.6
44.4
41.7
55.0
60.6
50.3
62.3
63.3
65.6
72.2
80.5
92.1
101.8
106.1
110.7
117.8
125.1
131.6
136.4
141.2
147.7
155.3
162.4
170.3
177.3
19.0
23.5
29.3
33.4
14.5'
16.9
22.7
26.2
38.1
38.4
35.0
45.2
49.4
40.3
53.2
54.3
56.9
67.0
77.9
91.1
102.6
106.4
112.2
119.9
127.7
136.5
142.4
148.5
157.4
166.6
174.7
185.8
194.3
124.1
118.0
116.1
115.5
115.0
114.9
114.9
114.8
108.4
106.1
99.9
99.8
100.2
101.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
122.6
116.8
115.0
114.6
114.1
114.0
114.1
114.0
107.4
105.1
99.0
99.0
99.5
101.2
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.1
100.2
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44.7
45.6
42.9
56.6
62.4
51.9
63.8
64.7
67.0
73.0
80.9
92.3
101.7
106.0
110.5
117.4
124.6
130.7
135.4
140.0
146.2
153.6
160.5
167.9
174.6
99.9
99.9
Helpers
and
laborers
129.6
121.5
119.5
118.4
117.6
117.6
117.3
117.0
111.1
108.1
102.7
102.1
102.4
100.8
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
100.1
than for journeymen. Advances of 4 to 6 percent
affected about 3 of every 7 workers in both groups.
Regionally, journeymen increased their aver
age scale 11 to 16 cents in all except the Pacific
region (20 cents). The rate of gain ranged from
3.3 percent in the Middle West to 5.5 percent in
the Pacific region. For helpers and laborers, the
increase varied from 8 to 14 cents in all except the
Mountain and Pacific regions, where the increases
were 5 and 18 cents, respectively. The rate of
gain was smallest (2.1 percent) in the Mountain
region and largest (6.2 percent) in the Southeast
and Pacific regions. In other regions, it varied
from 3.5 to 4.6 percent.
Current Hourly Wage Scales
Journeymen as a group had hourly scales aver
aging $3.86 on July 1, 1960. Among the 24
journeymen trades, average scales varied from
$3.52 for paperhangers to $4.17 for bricklayers.
Seven other trades had averages of $4 or more an
hour, while only two other crafts had scales aver
aging less than $3.60.
Hourly wage scales for journeymen varied from
$2 for composition roofers in San Antonio to
$5.15 for crane operators on steel erection in New
York City. Approximately half of the journey
men had scales ranging from $3.60 to $4.10;
a fifth had scales of $3.20 to $3.60; and a fourth
had scales of $4.10 or more an hour. Rates of
$4.10 or more were contained in labor-manage
ment agreements for half of the boilermakers
and bricklayers, at least two-fifths of the elec
tricians, pipefitters, and plasterers, three-eighths
of the lathers and plumbers, and for some workers
(generally 15 to 30 percent) in 17 other trades.
Hourly scales of less than $3 were in effect for 1
percent of the journeymen, and in only three
trades did the proportion exceed 5 percent.
Union scales for helpers and laborers as a group
averaged $2.88, and by trade classification varied
from $2.51 for composition roofers’ helpers to
$3.18 for plasterers’ laborers and terrazzo workers’
helpers. Building laborers averaged $2.81.
Individual wage rates for helpers and laborers
varied from $1.30 an hour for composition roofers’
helpers in San Antonio to $4.35 for some plasterers’
laborers in New York City. Hourly wage scales
of $2.60 to $3.10 were in effect for slightly more
than half of the helpers and laborers. Rates
of $2.20 to $2.60 affected a ninth of the helpers
515
U N IO N S C A L E S I N B U I L D I N G T R A D E S
and laborers; $3.10 to $3.50, an eighth; and $3.50
or more, a tenth. Scales of less than $2 an hour
were contained in agreements for 5 percent of
these workers.
City and Regional Variations
Labor-management negotiations in the building
industry are generally conducted on a locality
basis. Among the factors which affect the pay
scales for building-trades workers are variations
in type and amount of local building activity,
the demand for construction workers, the extent
of unionization, and the general level of wages
in individual localities. These factors are re
flected in the relatively wide variations in ne
gotiated scales for individual crafts within a
locality as well as in the difference in rates among
cities and regions. For example, scales for plaster
ers varied from $2.75 an hour in Charlotte, N.C.,
to $4.95 in New York City. The range of rates
among the 24 journeymen crafts in six typical
cities are shown in the following tabulation:
Differences in—
Scale range
Dollars per
hour
Atlanta____________ $2. 65 -$4. 00
$1. 35
Boston______________
3.
2 2 4 . 651.
Chicago_____________
3.75 - 4. 47H
. 72/2
Dallas_______________
2.70 - 4. 00
1. 30
New York C ity_____
3. 50 - 4. 96
1. 46
San Francisco-Oakland_____________
3. 60 - 4. 68
1.08
Percent
51
42}i44
19
48
42
30
The difference between the highest and lowest
scale for helpers and laborers, ranging from 45
cents in Boston to $1 in New York City, was
smaller than that for journeymen in each of the
above cities.
Average hourly scales among the 52 cities sur
veyed varied widely both for journeymen and for
helpers and laborers.5 Journeymen scales aver
aged less than $3.50 in 12 cities and $4 or more in
8; scales were lowest ($3.11) in Charlotte, N.C.,
and highest ($4.47) in Newark, N.J. Average
scales for helpers and laborers were also lowest
($1.47) in Charlotte but highest ($3.74) in New
5
The city and regional averages presented are designed to show current
levels of rates and not to measure differences in craft scales among areas. The
city and regional averages are influenced not only by differences in rates
among cities and regions, but also by differences in the proportion of organized
workers in the various crafts and differences in the type of work found in the
areas. These differences are reflected in the weighting of individual rates by
the number of union members at the rate. Therefore, even though rates for
all individual crafts in two areas are identical, the average for all crafts com
bined in each of the areas may differ.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
a b l e
t h e
2.
B
A
v e r a g e
u il d in g
T
U
n io n
r a d e s
,
b y
H
o u r l y
R
e g io n
W
a g e
,1 J
S
u l y
c a l e s
1,
in
1960
A ll trades
Journey
men
United S tates2........ .............. .......
$3.66
$3.86
$2.88
N ew England_____________________
Middle Atlantic___________________
Border States____________________ _
Southeast__________________ ______
Great Lakes______________________
Middle W est______________________
Southwest____________ ____________
M ountain_________________________
Pacific____________________________
$3.44
4.03
3.42
3.15
3.71
3. 56
3.14
3.32
3. 72
$3.70
4.23
3.74
3.40
3.86
3.74
3.46
3. 61
3.89
$2.72
3.28
2.38
1.97
3.01
2. 74
1.96
2.40
3.12
Region 1
Helpers
and
laborers
1 The regions referred to in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Texas, and Oklahoma; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
2 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
York City. Scales of this group in nine other
cities were $3 or more and less than $2 in seven
others.
On a regional basis, average union hourly scales
for all building tradesmen in cities with a popu
lation of 100,000 or more ranged from $3.14 in the
Southwest to $4.03 in the Middle Atlantic States
(table 2). For journeymen alone, averages were
highest ($4.23) in the Middle Atlantic States and
lowest ($3.40) in the Southeast. All journeymen
trades in the Middle Atlantic States averaged at
least $3.34 an hour, and 19 had scales averaging in
excess of $4. In the Southeast, three trades aver
aged less than $3 an hour and four crafts averaged
$3.75 or more, the highest of which was $3.91 regis
tered by stonemasons. Averages of $4 or more
were recorded by 12 journeymen trades in the
Pacific region and by at least 1 trade in each of the
other regions except the two southern regions.
For helpers and laborers, the highest ($3.28)
and lowest ($1.96) levels of wage rates were in the
Middle Atlantic and Southwest regions, respec
tively. In seven regions, all helper and laborer
classifications had scales averaging in excess of
$2.30 an hour. Scales averaged $3 or more for
eight classifications in the Middle Atlantic region,
for seven in the Great Lakes region, for six in the
Pacific region, and for two in the Middle West.
Standard Workweek
On July 1, 1960, straight-time workweeks aver
aged 39.3 hours for all building-trades workers
combined, 39.3 for journeymen, and 39.5 for help-
516
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
ers and laborers. These averages were the same
as those reported a year earlier.
A 40-hour workweek was in effect for 7 of every
8 workers in the building trades. Labor-manage
ment agreements stipulated a workweek of 35
hours for a tenth of the building tradesmen, mainly
painters, bricklayers and bricklayers’ tenders, mo
saic and terrazzo workers, and terrazzo workers’
helpers. Workweeks of 30 hours were contained in
agreements applicable to slightly more than a
fifth of the plasterers and about a tenth of the
electricians and the plasterers’ laborers.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
Collectively bargained health, insurance, and
pension plans for workers in the building trades
have steadily increased in recent years. The de
velopment of such plans in the industry has per
haps been less rapid than in industries where sea
sonal operations and casual employment are not as
extensive. Also, most construction-trades unions
have their own programs which provide members
with one or more types of benefits, such as those
covering death, old-age, sickness, or disability.
The development of negotiated insurance and pen
sion programs undoubtedly has been affected by
these factors. On July 1, 1960, three-fourths of
the building-trades workers were covered by con
tracts providing for health or insurance plans, and
slightly more than two-fifths were covered by pen
sion plan provisions, a slight increase in coverage
of both types of programs over the previous year.6
Of the workers provided health and insurance
protection and pension plans, virtually all were
covered by plans financed entirely by employers.
Health and insurance protection applied to a ma
jority of workers in many crafts, including 11
journeymen trades and 1 helper classification.
Pension plans covered substantial proportions of
workers in 15 journeymen trades and 3 helper
classifications. They occurred more frequently in
contracts applicable to electricians than for any
other trade.
— T homas C. M obley
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
6
Information on these plans was restricted to those financed entirely or in
part by the employer. Plans financed by workers through union dues or
assessments were excluded from the study. N o attempt was made to secure
information on the kind and extent of benefits provided or on the cost of plans
providing such benefits. In the current study, however, information was
obtained on the amount of employer contributions in terms of cents per hour
or percent of scale.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Union Wage Scales in
Local City Trucking, 1960
A verage hourly wage scales of unionized local
motortruck drivers and helpers advanced 10.8
cents, or 4.3 percent, in cities of 100,000 inhab
itants or more during the year ending July 1,
I960.1 Higher wage scales were reported for
nine-tenths of the drivers and helpers included in
the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of union
scales in local city trucking. Hourly increases
varied from 10 to 15 cents for slightly more than
two-fifths of the workers; advances of 5 to 10
cents applied to a fifth of the workers, as did
those of 15 cents or more.2
Union scales for local motortruck drivers and
helpers averaged $2.65 an hour on July 1, 1960.
Hourly rates of $2.50 to $2.75 were specified in
labor-management contracts for almost two-fifths
of the workers, $2.25 to $2.50 for nearly a fifth,
$2.75 to $3 for a slightly largely proportion, and
$3 or more for a tenth.3
Workweeks of 40 hours were in effect for 9 of
every 10 workers. Health and insurance provi1 Union scales are defined as the minimum basic wage scales (excluding
holiday, vacation, or other benefit payments regularly made or credited to
the worker each pay period) or maximum schedules of hours at straight-time
rates agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions and
employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be
paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in
effect on July 1, 1960, and covered approximately 275,000 drivers and 38,000
helpers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Local city drivers
paid on a mileage or commission basis and over-the-road drivers operating
between cities were excluded from the study. Data were obtained from
local union officials.
Forthcoming BLS Bull. 1291 contains detailed summary information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for each city included in
the survey.
The current survey was designed to reflect union wage scales of local motor
truck drivers and helpers in all cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more. All
cities with 500,000 inhabitants or more were included, as were most cities in
the 250,000-500,000 group. The cities in the 100,000-250,000 group selected
for study were distributed widely throughout the United States. The data
for some of the cities included in the study in the two smaller sue groups
were weighted in order to compensate for cities which were not surveyed.
In order to provide appropriate representation in the combination of data,
each geographic region and population group was considered separately when
city weights were assigned.
2 For ease of reading in this and subsequent discussions of tabulations,
the limits of class intervals are designated as 10 to 15 cents, 3 to 4 percent,
etc., instead of using the more precise terminology “ 10 and under 15 cents, 3
and under 4 percent,” etc.
3 The averages computed on the basis of hourly scales are designed to show
current rate levels in effect on July 1, 1960. Individual scales are weighted
by the number of union members having each rate. These averages are not
designed for precise year-to-year comparisons because of fluctuations in
membership and in classifications studied. Average cents-per-hour and
percentage changes from July 1,1959, to July 1, 1960, are based on comparable
quotations for the various occupational classifications in both periods,
weighted by the membership reported for the current survey. The index
series, designed for trend purposes, is similarly constructed.
517
U N I O N S C A L E S I N L O C A L C IT Y T R U C K IN G
sions were contained in contracts covering ninetenths of the drivers and helpers, and pension
plans were incorporated in agreements applicable
to three-fourths of the workers.
T
a b l e
a n d
H
Percent of—
Drivers
Helpers
90.8
23.7
46.1
10.8
10. 2
89.9
38.4
33.2
13.7
4. 6
90.8
8. 7
12.0
39.3
11.8
19.1
89.9
8. 0
23. 1
24. 4
13. 1
21. 2
Percentage increases
Total__________________________
Less than 3 percent_________________
3 to 4 percent________________________
4 to 5 percent________________________
5 to 6 percent________________________
6 percent or more_____________________
N
ote:
B ecau se
o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l c o m p o n e n ts m a y n o t
q u a l to ta ls .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n d e x e s
e l p e r s
,
H
o f
o u r s
U
H
n io n
f o r
M
o u r l y
W
a g e
D
r iv e r s
o t o r t r u c k
R
a t e s
a n d
1936-60
Drivers and
helpers
Drivers
Helpers
Date
The 4.3-percent increase in average scales of
unionized motortruck drivers and helpers was
slightly smaller than the 4.7-percent gain recorded
in the preceding year. As of July 1, 1960, the
index of union hourly wage rates for these workers
was 88.3 percent above the level for 1947-49
(table 1). The rate of advance was 4.2 percent,
or 10.9 cents, for drivers and 4.3 percent, or 9.9
cents, for helpers.
Wage scale changes for local trucking workers
were achieved primarily through negotiations
between labor and management. Contracts of
more than a year’s duration continued to prevail;
many in effect on July 1, 1960, were for 2 or 3
years, some for longer periods. Multiyear con
tracts usually provide for wage reopenings or for
interim deferred increases. Only those scale
changes which actually became effective between
July 1, 1959, and July 1, 1960, were included in
the survey. Thus, the scale changes presented
in this report do not reflect the total wage adjust
ments negotiated in individual contracts during
the year.
Rate revisions were extensive between July 1,
1959, and July 1, 1960, for both drivers and
helpers. Nine-tenths of the workers in each
group had their scales adjusted upward. The
following tabulation presents the proportion of
workers affected by various cents-per-hour or
percentage increases during that period:
Total__________________________
Less than 10 cents____________________
10 to 15 cents________________________
15 to 20 cents________________________
20 cents or more___________________
I
e e k l y
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
Wage Scale Changes and Trends
Cents-per-hour increases
1.
W
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1958:
1959:
1960:
M ay 15...................
M ay 15....................
June l . . . .......... .
June 1__________
June 1__________
June 1__________
July 1......... ............
July 1 .............. .
July 1......................
July 1 ................
July 1___________
July 1......................
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1 . .. .................
July 1___________
July 1___________
July 1......................
July 1___________
July 1......................
July 1......................
July 1___________
July 1______ ____
Wage
rates
Hours
Wage
rates
Hours
Wage
rates
50.6
53.9
55.9
57.1
58.3
60.6
64.9
68.4
70.0
71.5
79.6
91.9
100.0
108.1
111.9
118.2
124.7
134.5
140.2
148.2
155.5
163.9
172.4
180.6
188.3
109.0
108.1
108.1
107.1
106.1
105.5
105.8
105.6
105.5
105.3
103.1
100.7
99.8
99.5
98.8
98.7
98.3
96.4
95.6
95.1
94.3
93.9
93.5
92.5
92.3
(>)
54.3
56.3
57.5
58.7
60.9
65.0
68.5
70.1
71.6
79.6
91.9
100.0
108.1
111.7
117.9
124.1
133.8
139.3
147.2
154.4
162.6
171.0
179.2
186.8
108.4
108.4
107.5
106.6
105.9
106.0
105.8
105.7
105.4
103.3
100.6
99.9
99.5
98.9
98.8
98.4
96.5
95.8
95.3
94.5
94.2
93.8
92.6
92.4
0)
0)
51.3
53.1
54.5
55.6
58.3
63.4
67.0
69.1
70.7
79.3
90.9
100.7
108.4
113.2
119.6
127.7
137.9
145.0
153.4
161.8
171.2
180.6
188.7
196.9
Hours
(')
106.8
106.8
105.5
104.2
103.5
105.5
105.3
105.3
105.2
102.9
101.1
99.7
99.2
98.5
98.2
97.7
95.6
94.2
93.6
92.8
92.4
91.9
91.7
9 1 .5
1 I n f o r m a t io n n o t c o m p u t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n 1 9 3 6 .
Regionally, advances in average hourly scales
for drivers ranged from 9 to 12 cents in all regions
except New England (6 cents) and the Pacific
region (18 cents). The rate of gain was 2.5 per
cent in New England, 6.4 percent in the Pacific
region, and from 3.5 to 5.1 percent in the other
regions. Among drivers’ helpers, the greatest
advance was in the Pacific region—20.5 cents, or
8.3 percent. In all other regions, the increase in
average scales ranged from 5 to 11.5 cents; per
centagewise, the gain varied from 3.2 percent
(New England) to 5.9 percent (Southwest).
Hourly wage scales rose for at least some drivers
in each of the 52 cities studied. The increase in
average scales showed wide variation among the
cities—from 4 cents in Newark, N.J., to 29 cents
in San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. Average scale
advances of 10 to 12 cents were registered in 27
cities, 12 to 14 cents in 7 cities, and 14 cents or
more in 5 cities. Average rates increased for
truckers’ helpers in each of the 45 cities reporting
such workers. The advance varied from 10 to 12
cents in 15 cities, 8 to 10 cents in 8 cities, and
6 to 8 cents in 10 others. In eight cities, average
scales advanced 12 cents or more.
The increases in some of the cities were partly
attributable to contracts negotiated on a broad
regional basis for numerically important groups of
518
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T a ble 2. A v era g e U n io n H ourly W age R a t e s of
M otortruck D r iv e r s a n d H e l p e r s , b y R e g io n ,1
J uly 1, 1960
Average rate per hour
Region 1
Drivers
and
helpers
Drivers
Helpers
United States 2_______________
$2.65
$2.68
$2. 38
N ew England __________ ________
M iddle Atlantic___ ________________
Border States_________ ________ __
Southeast____ _____________________
Great Lakes_______________________
M iddle W est______________________
Southwest_____________ __________
M ountain_________________________
Pacific______________ ____________
$2.42
2.61
2.38
2.53
2.73
2.63
2. 39
2. 34
2.90
$2.47
2. 66
2.43
2. 54
2. 75
2.64
2.41
2.37
2.91
$2.26
2.36
2.21
1.28
2.48
2.51
1.87
2.05
2. 69
1 The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro
lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, M ichi
gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and,Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, M ontana,
N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
2 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
trucking workers. These contracts provided for
increases in hourly rates and reductions in weekly
hours at stated intervals over a period of several
years, until previously determined rates and work
schedules were attained.
Hourly union scales in effect on July 1, 1960,
averaged $2.68 for drivers and $2.38 for helpers
riding on trucks. Labor-management agreements
stipulated hourly rates of $2.50 to $2.75 for twofifths of the drivers, $2.75 to $3 for a fourth, $2.25
to $2.50 for a sixth, and $3 or more for an eighth.
Negotiated rates of $2.25 to $2.50 an hour were
specified for three-eighths of the helpers, $2 to
$2.25 for almost a fourth, $2.50 to $2.75 for a
fifth, and $2.75 or more for a tenth.
City and Regional Scale Levels
Although broad regional agreements were ne
gotiated for some types of local trucking, negotia
tions for most of the labor-management contracts
were conducted on a locality basis. Wage scales,
therefore, varied widely among the individual
cities. Wage scales are also affected by size and
type of truck and the kind of commodities hauled
within individual cities. Because of varying
4
Information for these plans was restricted to those financed entirely by
the employer or jointly by the workers and employers. Plans financed by
workers through union dues or assessments were excluded from the study.
No attempt was made to secure information on the kind and extent of benefits
provided or on expenditures for such benefits.
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classifications and terminology used in individual
cities, it is impossible to present separate averages
by type of commodity or industry, or type and
size of truck. Hence, the city and regional
averages shown in this report relate to all local
drivers and/or helpers combined.
Average hourly scales for motortruck drivers
varied from $2.17 in New Orleans to $3.11 in San
Francisco-Oakland. Rates averaged $2.50 to
$2.75 in 30 cities, $2.25 to $2.50 in 11 cities, and
$2.75 or more in 8 others. For helpers, scales
averaged highest ($3) in San Francisco-Oakland
and lowest ($1.25) in Knoxville, Tenn. Average
scales of $2.50 or more prevailed in 11 of the re
maining 43 cities reporting helpers riding on trucks,
and ranged from $2.25 to $2.50 in 19 cities, and
from $2 to $2.25 in 7 others.
Regionally, hourly scales for local motortruck
drivers averaged highest ($2.91) in the Pacific
region and lowest ($2.37) in the Mountain region.
Among helpers, average hourly scales ranged from
$1.28 in the Southeast to $2.69 in the Pacific
region. (See table 2.)
Standard Workweek
The decrease in average straight-time work
weeks for local motortruck drivers and helpers
from 40.2 hours on July 1, 1959, to 40.1 hours a
year later reflects the movement toward a shorter
workweek. On July 1, 1960, the index for these
workers was 7.7 percent below the 1947-49 level.
Weekly straight-time work schedules of 40 hours
were in effect for nine-tenths of both drivers and
helpers. Schedules of more than 40 hours were
specified in agreements for about 1 of every 16
workers.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
Agreements providing for health and welfare
programs were applicable to nine-tenths of the
drivers and helpers engaged in the local trucking
industry. Pension plan provisions were contained
in agreements covering three-fourths of the work
ers.4 Plans financed entirely by the employers
affected more than 95 percent of the workers
covered by such provisions.
— T h o m as C. M o bl e y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
Technical Note
Compact Cars
in the Consumer Price Index
O lg a A. L a r s g a a r d
and
L o u is e J. M a c k *
D omestic compact cars became important in the
automobile market during 1960 and exhibited
price trends differing significantly from those of
standard size makes. Therefore, at the beginning
of the 1961 model year, prices of compact cars
were introduced into the new car component of
the Consumer Price Index, which previously in
cluded prices of only standard-size Chevrolets,
Fords, and Plymouths. On the basis of sales
volume, Ramblers, Falcons, Valiants, and Corvairs were selected to represent the price behavior
of all new smaller size automobiles, imported as
well as domestic.
This discussion summarizes the considerations
which led to the inclusion of prices for compact
cars and the procedure by which they were linked
into the index. It also reviews the price adjust
ments for quality changes that have been made
for new cars and compares prices of the compacts
with those of the 1937 and 1939 models of index
cars.
The Selection of Compact Cars
Prior to the introduction of compact cars, the
index of new car prices measured the changes in
realistic selling prices of the three most popular
makes of standard-size cars; i.e., factory-suggested
retail list prices less dealers’ price concessions on
specified cars, plus State and local sales taxes,
Federal excise taxes, charges for freight from as
sembly plant to dealer, and advertising and han
dling fees.1
The need for adding compact cars to the index
became evident in 1959. A sharp growth in
foreign car imports from 1955 to 1959 led to the
rapid expansion of domestic compact car produc-
tion in 1960, when it accounted for nearly 30
percent of the cars made in this country, contrasted
with only 14 percent in the preceding year. Intro
duction on the market of four domestic compact
cars in late 1959 and early 1960 contributed greatly
to the sixfold increase in the supply of smaller
cars between 1957 and 1960, as well as to the de
cline in imported car sales in 1960, as shown in
the following tabulation:
Millions of cars
1957
1958
1959
Four domestic makes of small cars, Rambler
(Classic), Falcon, Valiant, and Corvair, were
selected to represent the price movement of
cars not exceeding 190 inches in length. These
four makes accounted for an estimated five-eighths
of the dollar sales of smaller cars, both foreign
and domestic, in the third quarter of I960.2
Those priced for the CPI are four-door sedans
with six-cylinder engines, with either hand shift
or automatic transmission, depending on local
popularity. The upper price line of the Corvair
and the Valiant, the medium price line of the
medium-size Rambler, and the one available
Falcon series were selected for pricing during the
1961 model year.
Length, weight, and horsepower are the most
evident characteristics which distinguish compact
from regular-size cars. The compacts weigh only
*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 This procedure was introduced in July 1954, when dealers were requested
(1) to include in their quotations the charges for optional (extra-cost) equip
ment usually sold to their customers; and (2) to report the amount of the price
concession (either an outright discount or an overallowance on a trade-in)
customarily offered on the specified car. Reported concessions are deducted
from the total price, including optional equipment, to obtain a representative
transaction price for index use.
2 Imports, all of which were classed in the “ small car” category for this
purpose, are estimated at only 6 percent of all car sales and less than 25 percent
of small car sales during this same period.
519
5 9 1 4 9 8 — 61 ---- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I960
Domestic production:
Standard-size cars_____
6. 0
4. 0
4. 8
4. 8
C o m p a cts____________
.1
.2
.8
1. 9
Imports (all sizes)_____
.3
.4
.7
.5
Total__ ____________
4. 6
6. 4
6. 3
7. 2
Source: Ward’s Automotive Reports and U.S. Depart
ment of Commerce.
520
about two-tbirds as much, have about half as
much horsepower as eight-cylinder models, and
their wheelbase is 9 to 12 inches shorter. (See
table of specifications on page 521.) In addition,
they have separate nameplates and retail for
about $300 less than their larger counterparts.
Method of Introducing Compact Car Prices
For these reasons, prices of the compact cars
were treated as if they represented entirely new
items when they were introduced into the CPI
beginning in November 1960; that is, they were
“linked” into the series so that the level of the
index was not affected by the difference in price
level between the standard-size cars and the
compact cars. The linking procedure calls for
two weighting diagrams in the month before the
new item is introduced. The original weights
are used in computing price changes up to and
including that month and revised weights from
that month forward.
October 1960, the beginning of the 1961 model
year, was selected as the link month for several
reasons. Lack of collected price data and reliable
information on the impact of the new compacts
on new car sales made it impossible to introduce
the prices of compacts at the beginning of the
1960 model year. Also, preliminary studies in
late 1959 and early 1960 indicated that the prices
of three of the new compacts (Corvair, Falcon,
and Valiant) were moving differently than those
of their related standard-size makes. Because
of these differences, the introduction of compacts
during the 1960 model year would have distorted
the year-to-year changes in the index for new cars,
which would then have reflected only a portion
of the seasonal decline for compacts that year
but all of the seasonal upswing at the beginning
of the 1961 model year. Had the price movements
of compact cars and standard-size cars been
identical during 1960, any month could have been
selected for linking.
These preliminary studies revealed that dealers’
selling prices of Corvairs, Falcons, and Valiants
remained at, or near, posted list prices in the
first half of the 1960 model year. On the other
hand, nearly all dealers began selling standard-size
cars substantially below list at the outset of the
model year and reduced prices progressively in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
succeeding months. In the early spring of 1960,
when virtually all dealers began making price
concessions on these three compacts, their prices
began to drop more sharply than prices of the
standard-size cars, which experienced relatively
little further decline. For the model year as a
whole, dealers’ selling prices of Corvairs, Falcons,
and Valiants combined are estimated to have
declined about 10%percent, whereas prices of 1960
standard-size cars declined somewhat less.
In changing the item sample of the CPI, the
October 1960 weight of new automobiles, about 3
percent of the index, was divided between the
two categories—compact cars (28 percent) and
standard-size cars (72 percent)—while the total
weight remained unchanged. These assignments
were based on the estimated dollar volume of sales
in the third quarter of 1960, the most recent period
for which new car registrations were available.
All makes of imported cars were combined with
the U.S. compacts in making this allocation.
At the same time, all domestic regular-size makes,
including the so-called luxury cars, were included
with standard-size cars. Within the size cate
gories, the weights were redistributed among the
priced makes according to their relative sales
for the same period.
Since prices of both outgoing and incoming
models of standard-size cars have been included
during the transition from one year to the next,3
the transfer to the new sample had to be accom
plished gradually. Only that portion of the new
car weight given to 1961 models in any particular
month was redistributed between standard-size
and compact cars. The weight redistribution was
accomplished in stages between November 1960
and March 1961, depending upon the pricing cycle
and the relative sales of 1960 and 1961 cars for
each city.
Comparisons With Other Cars
As mentioned before, compact cars differ sig
nificantly from the standard-sized cars in length,
3
Since October 1958, in order to reflect dealers’ marketing practices, prices
of both the outgoing and incoming models have been collected. They are
combined according to their respective proportion of sales in each dealership
in calculating new car price movements. This reduces the amount of
increase reflected in the index at the beginning of each model year and more
accurately reflects prices charged in actual transactions during the changeover
periods.
COMPACT CARS IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
S p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f 1961
Model year
521
M o d e l s o f F o u r C o m p a c t C a r s a n d S e l e c t e d M o d e l s o f S t a n d a r d - S iz e C a r s P r ic e d
f o r t h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x
Make
Brake horse
power per
r.p.m.
Piston dis
placement
(cubic inches)
Number of
cylinders
Overall length
(inches)
Wheelbase
(inches)
Front tread
width (inches)
Shipping
w eig h t1
(pounds)
1961.
Corvair........ ...........
80/4400
145
6
180
108
54
2,355
1937.
1939.
1960.
1961.
Chevrolet................
C hevrolet.. ..........
Chevrolet_______
Chevrolet.......... .
85/3200
85/3200
170/4200
170/4200
216
216
283
283
6
6
28
28
187
190
211
209
112
112
119
119
57
58
60
60
2,885
2,845
3, 580
3.520
1961.
Falcon.....................
85/4200
144
6
181
110
55
2,289
1937.
1939.
1960.
1961.
Ford___________
Ford..................... .
Ford.____ _______
Ford..................... .
85/3800
85/3800
185/4200
175/4200
221
221
292
292
8
8
8
8
180
189
214
210
112
112
119
119
55
56
61
61
2,666
2,898
3, 710
3,691
1961.
Valiant....................
101/4400
170
6
184
106
56
2,600
1937.
1939.
19150.
1961.
Plym outh...............
Plym outh_______
Plym outh_______
Plym outh_______
82/3600
82/3600
230/4400
230/4400
201
201
318
318
6
6
28
38
193
193
209
209
112
114
118
118
56
56
61
61
2,914
2,924
3.520
3,470
1961.
Rambler C lassic..
127/4200
196
6
190
108
58
2,933
1 Without automatic transmission.
weight, and horsepower. They also differ mate
rially in luggage space, gasoline economy, and ease
of parking. Since no adequate means are avail
able for placing a consumers’ dollar evaluation on
multiple differences in performance, safety, com
fort, and dimensions, no adjustments could be
made that would permit index comparisons of
prices of the compact cars with those of the
contemporary standard-size cars.
The same is true with respect to comparing the
prices of compact cars with those of earlier models.
Moreover, with modern production methods, new
materials (metals, fibers, etc.), and improvements
in engineering, no product of today can be strictly
comparable with a similar product of some years
ago. Therefore, in most instances, direct com
parison of current and historical models is
impossible.
Nevertheless, before determining how compact
cars should be introduced into the CPI, the
probable effect on the index of a direct comparison
of compact car prices with prices of the most com
parable earlier models of related makes 4 also was
investigated. This investigation showed that the
results would not have been significantly different
4
Prices of new Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth four-door sedans with
standard equipment were added to the index during its 1940 revision.
Indexes were computed back to 1935, on the basis of local delivered prices
obtained from industry sources for the period March 1935 through December
1941.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s 6-cylinder car available, but 8-cylinder car priced for the index since
January 1956.
from those of the linking procedure which was
adopted. It also revealed how much the new car
prices used in the index had been adjusted for
year-to-year changes in quality.
On the basis of length, horsepower, and weight,
the Corvairs, Falcons, and Valiants appear to
resemble most nearly the Chevrolets, Fords, and
Plymouths of the latter half of the 1930’s. The
prewar cars had hydraulic brakes, shock absorbers,
and all metal bodies, as well as interior conven
iences, such as sun visors, which the compact cars
of today provide.
On the other hand, there are many dissimilar
ities. The new compact cars have a shorter
wheelbase by 2 to 6 inches, smaller engines with
higher compression ratios, and weigh 300 to 500
pounds less than those of 1937. Bumper guards
and running boards have disappeared, and
ammeters and oil pressure gages have been
replaced by light indicators in many of the stand
ard American cars. Directional signals and
constant-speed windshield wipers are standard
equipment on compact cars, which average more
miles per gallon of gasoline under equivalent
driving conditions. The foregoing examples are
not comprehensive, but they serve to indicate the
difficulties involved in attempting to make long
term price comparisons.
Collected prices for the Chevrolets, Fords, and
Plymouths at the beginning of the 1937 and 1939
522
model years were compared with October 1960
prices of their 1961 compact counterparts (Corvair,
Falcon, and Valiant5) in five cities—Atlanta,
Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, and St. Louis.
In making these comparisons, the October 1960
prices of compact cars were reduced by more than
$30 because several features, such as directional
signals and constant-speed windshield wipers, were
not standard equipment on prewar cars. The
prices used in the comparison (unweighted aver
ages for the five cities) were $805 and $850 for the
1937 and 1939 models, respectively, and $2,054
for the 1961 compacts. Thus, in these five cities,
the October 1960 prices of the three compact cars
were 155.2 and 141.6 percent above the March
1937 and March 1939 prices of the three related
cars. The increases actually recorded for stand
ard-size cars in the city indexes were 149.3 and
137.4 percent, respectively. Therefore, had com
pact car prices been introduced into the index by
direct comparison with prewar models, the index
of prices for new cars would have been raised by a
few percentage points in October 1960. The
amount of increase would have depended upon the
particular prewar year selected.
This surprising result, considering the large
difference between current prices of the 1961
compacts and the 1961 standard-size cars, is
explained by the substantial price adjustments
made for index purposes principally to compen
sate for quality improvements. The adjustment
for model changes has been made by selecting
the series most nearly comparable with the
preceding year’s model and eliminating the price
effect of quality changes. Price adjustments were
also necessary because of changes in the samples
of reporting outlets and changes in optional (extra
cost) equipment included in the reported price.
The individual adjustments made over the period
from 1937 to 1960 have been traced for the five
cities mentioned earlier. Cumulatively, the total
by which quoted prices were lowered averages
about $700 at September 1960 prices. The
amounts show a wide variation—ranging from
$465 to more than $1,000 in the 15 price series
studied. The following tabulation gives an
example of the major amounts “linked out” of
the index for one make of car in one city.
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
Decrease in quoted price
Date and nature of quality adjustment
As of date At Sepof adjust- tember 1960
ment
prices 1
Sept. 1989— Transition to model with $45. 84
a trunk and inclusion of former extra
cost accessories as standard equip
ment.
Nov. 1941— Several adjustments for
50. 24
comparability of 1942 model with
1941 model.
Dec. 1946— Several adjustments for
20. 41
comparability of 1946 model with
1947 model.
Nov. 1954— Transition in BLS pricing 169. 62
procedure from car with only stand
ard equipment to car with extra
cost accessories customarily sold by
dealer.
Dec. 1955— Transition from car with 286. 55
6 cylinders and hand shift to car with
8 cylinders and automatic transmis
sion.
Oct. 1956— Added one dealership to
66. 02
sample (with higher price than pre
vious price level in existing sample).
Oct. 1957— Electric windshield wipers
12. 50
included as standard equipment;
formerly extra-cost accessory.
Sept. 1959— Transition from 1959
17. 88
model to 1960 model with minor
structural improvements.
Total__
_________________ 669. 06
$99. 38
94. 86
29. 29
168. 77
345. 24
63. 11
13. 99
16. 88
831. 52
1 In order to adjust for price changes, each amount linked out was m ulti
plied by the price movement for that make which was reflected in the in
dividual city index from the link-out period to September 1960.
Automobiles present complex problems of
quality appraisal, especially when new models are
introduced. Where the quality change involves
the addition or deletion of features which have an
established retail price, prices are adjusted to
eliminate their influence. As a result, the index
does not rise when list prices are increased to
cover the inclusion of items such as directional
signals or electric windshield wipers as standard
instead of extra-cost equipment; nor does it
decline when list prices are lowered to compensate
for the removal of equipment such as the fifth
tire, as during the Korean conflict. Quality
changes which do not have an established retail
price—such as better engineering—offer much
more difficult problems of price adjustment.
Only recently has it been possible to adjust
5
N o a t te m p t w a s m a d e to c o m p a re R a m b le r w it h p r e w a r m a k e s.
COMPACT CARS IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
automobile prices for some of these changes in
automobile construction. Thus, on the basis of
information from manufacturers, a price adjust
ment was made for extension of the warranty
period from 90 days or 4,000 miles to 12 months
or 12,000 miles, whichever occurs first. There
still remain, however, some differences (which may
or may not have a significant effect on prices)
for which no adjustment in the index can be made.
Future Index Policy
In the introduction of compact cars into the
Consumer Price Index, the Bureau has continued
its policy of maintaining, insofar as possible, the
representativeness of the sample of items priced.
This was done within the framework of the basic
1952 weights. The relative importance of new
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
523
passenger cars to all items was not altered; only
the makes priced to represent new cars were
changed, with the weights redistributed to cover
seven instead of three priced makes.
The October 1960 reallocation of weights
between standard-size and compact cars, and
among seven priced makes, is regarded as pro
visional. The introduction of additional makes
of compacts—Buick Special, Lancer, Oldsmobile
F-85, and Tempest—continued in the last half
of 1960. Manufacturers are said to be planning to
market an even greater diversity of automobiles
by late 1961. Therefore, by the last quarter of
this year, the weights assigned to individual
makes of cars will again be reviewed. If automo
bile sales patterns have altered considerably by
that time, a new weighting pattern will be linked
into the index.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Picketing. In four cases decided on the same day,
the National Labor Relations Board for the first
time interpreted the application of the 1959
amendments to the National Labor Relations Act
with respect to what constitutes recognition and
organizational picketing. In each case, a Board
majority ordered1 the union to cease picketing to
force or require the employer to recognize or bar
gain with it as the representative of his employees,
in violation of section 8(b)(7)(C) of the act.2
The Blinne case involved picketing to protect
alleged unfair labor practices. The dispute arose
when the union sought recognition on the basis of
designation cards signed by all three of Blinne’s
common laborers. Blinne rejected the union’s de
mand and transferred one laborer to another site—
a step which he said would destroy the union’s ma
jority. The union picketed with “unfair” signs for
more than 30 days without filing an election peti
tion. During this period, the union filed charges
that Blinne had engaged in unfair labor practices
within the meaning of sections 8(a) (1), (2), (3),
and (5) of the act.
When the NLRB Regional Director dismissed
the charge under sections 8(a) (2) and (5), the
union filed a representation petition.
A Board majority held that section 8(b)(7)(C),
by its clear terms, permits only a union “currently
certified” as representing the employees involved
to engage in recognition picketing and makes no
exception for a majority union which lacks such
a current certification. Relying on the legislative
history of section 8(b) (7), the majority rejected the
union’s contention that its action was excused by
the employer’s alleged unfair labor practices. It
pointed out that the Congress had considered a
proposal that section 8(b)(7) should not apply
where a violation under section 8(a) is alleged, but
had not adopted it.
524
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The dissent would have dismissed the complaint
against the union on the ground that, under the
Board’s election procedures, the employer’s con
duct, allegedly for the purpose of destroying the
union’s majority, would have prevented the union
from establishing the legality of its picketing be
yond the 30-day period, irrespective of whether it
had filed a petition within that period, so long as
the meritorious charges under section 8(a) re
mained unremedied.
In the Crown Cafeteria case, picketing began
when the cafeteria opened May 5, 1959. The
picket signs appealed to members of organized
labor and their friends not to patronize the estab
lishment because it was nonunion. For a short
period, the union used another sign asserting
that the establishment was unfair and sought to
lower union standards. From May to September,
the employer had difficulty in getting supplies;
however, from September, the picketing occurred
only at the public entrance and only at times of
service to the eating public. The union con
tended that its picketing did not induce employees
to disrupt deliveries and that its sole purpose was
advertising.
In ordering the union to cease and desist from
its unlawful picketing, the Board majority stated:
“We cannot believe that Congress intended to
permit recognition picketing merely because the
picketing also takes the form of truthfully advising
the public that the employer is nonunion or does
not have a union contract. Rather, we believe
•Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field oflabor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
(1) L o c a l 81,0, I n t e r n a t io n a l H o d C a r r i e r s ’ B u i l d i n g a n d C o m m o n L a b o r e r s ’
U n io n and C . A . B l i n n e C o n s tr u c tio n C o ., 130 N L R B No. 69; (2) L o c a l J o i n t
E x e c u tiv e B o a r d o f H o te l a n d R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s a n d B a r t e n d e r s and C r o w n
C a fe te r ia , 130 N L R B No. 68; (3) L o c a l 89 a n d L o c a l 1, H o te l a n d R e s t a u r a n t
E m p l o y e e s and S to r k R e s t a u r a n t , I n c ., 130 N L R B No. 67; and (4) L o c a l 70S,
I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s and C a r ta g e a n d T e r m i n a l M a n a g e m e n t
C o r p . , 130 N L R B No. 70 (Feb. 20, 1961).
Section 8(b) (7) regulates picketing by an uncertified union with an object
of organizing employees or forcing bargaining recognition by an employer.
Subsection (C) bans such picketing unless a petition for an NLRB-conducted election is filed “ within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 30
days” from the start of picketing. It also contains a proviso specifying that
nothing in the subsection “ shall be construed to prohibit any picketing or
other publicity for the purpose of truthfully advising the public (including
consumers) that an employer does not employ members of, or have a contract
with, a labor organization, unless an effect of such picketing is to induce any
Individual employed by any other person in the course of his employment,
not to pick up, deliver, or transport any goods or not to perform any services.”
1
8
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
that Congress was careful to state that picketing
will be permitted only if it is for ‘the’ purpose of
so advising the public. Indeed, the ban against
picketing is particularly applicable in the present
situation, where the union did not represent the
majority of the employees, and the only lawful
course for Crown to follow was to refuse to rec
ognize the union, as it did. . . . Under the estab
lished rules of statutory construction,3 the inten
tion of the Congress to outlaw recognition and
organizational picketing is best effectuated by
confining the second proviso of section 8(b)(7)(C)
to picketing where the sole object is dissemina
tion of information divorced from a present
object of recognition.”
The dissenting members held that section
8(b)(7)(C) “was intended to apply to recognition
or organization picketing which truthfully advised
the public . . . that the employer did not have a
contract with the union. Unless such picketing
induced a stoppage of deliveries or services,
section 8(b)(7)(C) was not violated.”
The Stork case also involved publicity picketing
and stoppage of deliveries. The union began an
organizational campaign late in 1956. Shortly
thereafter, when several employees were dis
charged, the union demanded their reinstatement
and negotiations for a contract, claiming to rep
resent 80 of the 100 employees. The employer
refused, and the employees struck and began
picketing.
On January 11, 1960, the employer filed un
fair labor practice charges against the union,
alleging a violation of section 8(b)(7)(C). Four
days later, the union advised the Board it had
withdrawn its demand for recognition but said
it would continue picketing to advise the public
that the employer did not employ members of,
or have a contract with, the union, had discharged
certain employees because of union membership,
and did not provide standard union wages, hours,
and working conditions. Picket signs and leaf
lets were accordingly changed, and some drivers
refused to make deliveries. A Federal district
* Sutherland, S t a t u t o r y C o n s t r u c ti o n , 3d ed., sec. 4701.
4 M c L e o d v. L o c a l 89, H o te l & R e s t a u r a n t E m p l o y e e s a n d B a r t e n d e r s X Jnion
(O.A. 2, July 6, 1960); see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1960, pp. 1084-1085.
s In L o c a l 2 39, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s and S t a n - J a y A u t o
P a r t s , 127 N L R B No. 132 (1960), the Board held that the word “eflect”
means actual eflect and not intended eflect. See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w ,
October 1960, pp. 1085-1087.
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525
court enjoined the picketing and this injunction
was later modified by an appellate court.4
The Board ruled that the picketing from
November 13, 1959, the effective date of the
1959 amendments, to January 15, 1960, violated
section 8(b)(7)(C) because the union failed to file
a representation petition with the Board within
the required time.
The Board assumed that the picketing became
informational after January 15, 1960, but pointed
out that the second proviso to the section does
not protect informational picketing if it has the
effect6—as this picketing had—of inducing indi
viduals employed by any other person not to
pick up or deliver goods. The employer had been
picketed continuously for approximately 3 years
and the evidence disclosed that this had seriously
interferred with deliveries to the restaurant.
Accordingly, the majority found that the picketing
after January 15 also violated section 8(b)(7)(C).
Board Member Fanning, although concurring
in part, rejected the majority’s finding that
majority unions may not lawfully picket under
the second proviso of section 8(b)(7)(C) without
filing a timely petition. He stated: “In my
opinion, a labor organization, whether it rep
resents a majority or a minority of an employer’s
employees, may lawfully picket without filing a
petition if its picketing satisfies the informational
proviso in that section. Where, as here, a union’s
picketing fails to meet the standards of that
proviso, its picketing comes within the proscrip
tive ambit of the section and the union’s majority
status becomes immaterial.”
The Cartage and Terminal case arose from the
following situation: Prior to August 21, 1959, Riss
& Co., Inc., a motor freight carrier, trucked goods
to its Chicago terminal and made local pickups
and deliveries with its own equipment and driv
ers, who were represented by the Teamsters union.
On that date, Cartage contracted with Riss to
handle the local work, using the Riss terminal in
Chicago as headquarters. Cartage offered to hire
the Riss local drivers and signed a union contract.
The union, however, upon learning that Cartage
would not own any assets in the State, demanded
a guarantee from Riss on wage obligations to its
former drivers as a condition of accepting the
contract. The guarantee was not supplied, and
Cartage later hired other employees. The union
526
then began picketing Eiss and later Cartage at
the Riss terminal, thus impeding pickups and
deliveries.
The Board held that the union violated section
8(b)(7)(C) by picketing Cartage for more than a
reasonable period after the proviso became effec
tive on November 13, 1959, without filing an
election petition. The union argued that the
picketing did not involve a recognition dispute,
since the company recognized it as representative
of the former Riss drivers; therefore, the only
dispute was over the terms and conditions of their
employment. This argument, the Board held,
constituted an admission of the alleged violation,
for section 8(b)(7)(C) not only prohibits picketing
for recognition but also picketing to force an
employer to bargain with a labor organization.
The Board further noted that the facts did not
support the argument that recognition was not
the object of the picketing.
The majority also rejected the reasoning of the
dissent that since the picketing here might be
deemed to violate section 8(b)(4)(D), which pro
hibits picketing to force an employer to assign
particular work to employees in a particular
union, it cannot for that reason be found to be a
violation of section 8(b)(7)(C). The majority
cited Board decisions that conduct which violates
section 8(b)(4)(D) of the act may also violate
other sections, such as 8(b)(4)(A) and 8(b)(2).
It perceived nothing in the nature of the conduct
proscribed by section 8(b)(7)(C) which precluded
application of that principle to the instant case.6
Agency Shop. The National Labor Relations
Board ruled 7 that an employer did not violate
the Labor Management Relations Act by refusing
to bargain with a certified union regarding an
agency shop provision in a contract covering cer
tain plants in Indiana, which has a “right-towork” law.
After an Indiana appellate court ruled in 1959
(in Meade Electric) that the Indiana right-to-work
law did not forbid an agency shop arrangement,
the union proposed that its existing national con
tract with the employer be supplemented by a
clause requiring nonmember employees to pay the
union sums equal to its initiation fees and dues,
in order to obtain and retain employment. The
employer asserted that the LMRA prohibited
this type of clause and refused to bargain on it.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
The union then filed an unfair labor practice
charge.
Three Board members, in separate concurring
opinions, dismissed the charges. In one of these
opinions, Boyd Leedom, then chairman of the
Board, noted that “any union security agreement,
including one providing for an agency shop,
necessarily interferes with the section 7 right of
employees to refrain from assisting a labor organi
zation, and encourages membership in a labor
organization. Such an agreement is therefore
clearly unlawful under sections 8(a) (1) and (3),
unless it is saved by the proviso to section 8 (a) (3)
of the act, [which] permits an employer to make
an agreement with a labor organization to require
as a condition of employment membership (italics
supplied) therein. . . . ” Thus, “to hold the
agency shop lawful, one would have to conclude
that Congress intended the word ‘membership’ in
sections 7 and 8(a)(3) to encompass not only
literal membership, but also other relationships
between employees and the union, while at the
same time intending that the same word in section
14(b) encompass only literal membership; or
further, that Congress intended the word ‘mem
bership’ to mean one thing in Indiana and a
different thing somewhere else.” Chairman Lee
dom refused to accept such reasoning and con
cluded that an agency shop arrangement, whatever
its status under Indiana law, cannot be lawful in
a State like Indiana where employment cannot
lawfully be conditioned on literal membership.
In his concurring opinion, Member Jenkins
asserted that the ultimate issue is whether a
certified bargaining representative may, without
regard to any agreement requiring membership,
condition the continued employment of non
members and new employees upon payments to
it for such representation of sums equal to the
initiation fees and monthly dues required for
membership. He pointed out that the proposed
agreement did not require membership but only
support money payments by employees who
elected not to join the union. Since membership
is not involved as a requirement for employment,
section 8(a)(3), making it an unfair labor practice
6
As Member Fanning was not convinced that the facts in this case in
dicated a jurisdictional dispute in the sense of section 8(b)(4)(D), he deemed
it unnecessary to decide whether picketing which constitutes a violation of
section 8 (b) (4) (D) does or does not violate the provisions of section 8(b) (7) (C).
G e n e r a l M o t o r s C o r p . and I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , U n it e d A u to m o b il e , A i r
c r a f t a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l I m p l e m e n t W o r k e r s , 130 N L R B N o. 54 (Feb. 20, 1961).
7
527
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
for an employer to encourage or discourage mem
bership by means of discrimination may be read
without reference to any proviso. Disparate con
ditioning of further employment upon payment of
money is clearly discriminatory, and such dis
crimination tends to encourage membership by
nonmembers and new employees and maintenance
of membership by present members, and to dis
courage membership in any other union, in viola
tion of section 8(a)(3) of the law.
Member Jenkins concluded that the contract
provision sought here, “consistent with the pro
hibition within the State of contracts requiring
membership, would nevertheless impose upon
nonmembers and new employees the financial
burden of supporting it as their representative.
. . . This is tantamount to charging for repre
sentation. . . . As the [U.S. court of appeals]
stated in Hughs Tool Co. v. NLRB,8 the act
makes no provision for paying the bargaining
representative. When a union serves as such, it
looks for its financial support to the agreement of
its members to pay dues. . . . It must serve
all employees alike as their representative and
secure itself in its office of representative only by
the skill, efficiency, and fairness with which it
executes that office.”
In his concurring opinion, Member Kimball held
that the agency shop contract which the union
sought is not a mandatory bargaining subject; it
would be discriminatory; the granting of such a
contract would constitute unlawful assistance to
the union ; and a discharge requested by the union
and honored by the employer thereunder would
violate sections 8(b)(2), 8(a)(1), and 8(a)(3) of
the act. He found that “the proviso to section
8(a)(3) was enacted to answer the argument that
employees who enjoyed the benefits of collective
bargaining without paying their proportionate
share of the cost of representation were ‘free
riders.’ It follows therefore that . . . if, as in
the instant case, those who would pay an equal
fee for the union to carry out its function as the
exclusive bargaining agent are denied equal
rights to participate in and benefit from the bar
gaining process, they would have a second-class
status, and thus would be deprived of a funda
mental right guaranteed in the act.” He con
cluded that this was contrary to the statutory
definition of a labor organization which requires
employee participation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In their dissenting opinion, Members Rodgers
and Fanning concluded that the union’s proposal
fully conformed to the congressional intention in
the section 8(a)(3) proviso allowing union security
contracts. Therefore, they found it to be a
mandatory subject for bargaining. Relying on
the precedents,9 the dissent noted that “even
where ‘membership’ is specifically required in a
valid union security contract, . . . the union
cannot enforce the actual membership requirement
but can obtain at most only the periodic dues and
initiation fees. Thus, a contract, such as the
agency shop, which requires only that which the
union under the act can realistically and effec
tively enforce, must be held lawful. . . . Other
wise, if the majority view is taken, the union
should be permitted to enforce a union shop
requirement for literal membership, regardless
of the nature of the union, its constitution and
bylaws, and the particular application of . . .
section 8(b) (1) (A).” This provides that the
guarantee of employee rights in section 7 “shall
not impair the right of a labor organization to
prescribe its own rules with respect to the acqui
sition or retention of membership therein”.
The dissent concluded that “the union sought
to bargain concerning a clause which would leave
the final decision as to membership or non
membership with each individual employee . . .
but to condition employment upon the payment
of sums constituting each employee’s ‘share of
financial support.’ ” This proposal, the dissent
held, is no different from any other union security
proposal which bases a right of discharge only
upon an employee’s failure to tender the equiva
lent of union dues and initiation fees.
NLRB Jurisdiction Over Foreign-Flag Ships. The
National Labor Relations Board ruled10 that the
Labor Management Relations Act applies to Amer
ican-owned ships of foreign registry, manned by
8 147 F. 2d 69 (1945).
8R a d io O fficers U n io n v. N L R B , 347 U .S. 17, 40-41 (1954); U n io n
v.
S ta r c h &
186 F. 2d 1008 (1951); A m e r i c a n S e a t in g C o . and
P a t t e r n M a k e r s L e a g u e o f N o r t h A m e r i c a , 98 N L R B 800 (1952); and P u b l i c
S e r v ic e o f C o lo r a d o and C h a r le s S m it h , 89 N L R B 418 (1950), in which the
unanimous Board ruled that the section 8(a)(3) proviso, which specifically
allows a membership requirement in a contract, was intended to be per
missive and not exclusive in character; that it merely sets the maximum
limits of union security which may be negotiated; and that the lesser forms
of union security, e.g., an agency shop, were clearly permitted.
W e s t I n d i a F r u i t & S t e a m s h i p C o ., I n c . and S e a f a r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n
o f N o r t h A m e r i c a , A t l a n t i c a n d Q u l f D i s tr i c t, 130 N L R B N o. 46 (Feb. 16.
1961).
R e f in in g C o .
N LRB,
528
nonresident aliens, and operating regularly from
U.S. harbors. Therefore, the Board had jurisdic
tion over unfair labor practice charges occurring on
such vessels.
This case involved a dispute resulting from an
attempt by an American union to organize the
crew of the Sea Level, a ship owned and operated
by West India, a U.S. corporation whose officers
and stockholders are U.S. citizens. The ship was
registered in Liberia and had a crew of nonresident
foreign nationals. It sailed regularly between
Belle Chasse, La., and Havana, Cuba, and was
usually repaired and serviced in the United States.
The company took steps in opposition to the union
which led to the filing of unfair labor practice
charges.
The employer contended that the Board did not
have jurisdiction in the case and that, therefore,
the complaint alleging violation of sections 8(a)
(1) and (3) of the act should be dismissed. The
Board, however, rejected this contention and
ordered the company to cease and desist from
discouraging membership in the union and inter
fering with the employees’ rights to self-organiza
tion.
In arriving at its decision, the Board relied on
guidelines set forth by the Supreme Court in
Lauritzen v. Larsen 11 for determining the applica
bility of domestic statutes with general jurisdic
tional provisions to shipping operations having
foreign aspects. In Romero v. Lnternational
Terminal Operating Co.,12 the Court stated that
the Lauritzen guidelines applied to maritime
statutes generally. The Board cited the Court’s
ruling in Lauritzen, that in determining whether
a domestic statute applies in a situation such as
this, the answer is found by “ascertaining and
valuing points of contact between the transactions
and the governments whose competing laws are
involved” and by “weighing . . . the significance
of one or more connecting factors between the
shipping transaction regulated and the national
interests served by the assertion of authority.”
The Board concluded that in this case an American
employer and the continuous engagement of the
ship in American commerce constituted substantial
American contacts which warranted application
of the act in accordance with the Lauritzen
decision.
Because of such contacts, the Board ruled, the
act applied despite the foreign registry of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
vessel13 and the nonresident alien status of the
crew.14 Therefore, the Board had the authority
to remedy unfair labor practices against the crew,
notwithstanding the fact that they were com
mitted on the high seas, in foreign territorial
waters, and in foreign ports.
The Board noted that since it was created to
advance the public’s interest in eliminating
obstructions to commerce, it would be anomalous
to base its jurisdiction upon the citizenship and
residence of the parties involved, rather than
upon their relationship to the protected com
merce of the Nation.15 Moreover, a labor dispute
involving the ship would affect American com
merce neither more nor less because the crew
was foreign rather than American.
The Board rejected the contention that it
should decline jurisdiction over American-owned
ships of Panlibhon16 registry because of their
significance for national defense, their owners
having agreed with the U.S. Maritime Administra
tion to return the vessels to the United States in
case of emergency. While aware of the Supreme
Court’s reminder 17 that it cannot effectuate the
act’s policies so singlemindedly as to ignore other
important congressional objectives, the Board
concluded that the encouragement of ship trans
fers to foreign flags and of the maintenance of the
Panlibhon fleet did not rest on any stated con
gressional policy. Bather, the policy established
by Congress is directed toward building up an
American-flag fleet manned by citizen personnel.
Moreover, any conclusion that the application
of the act to foreign-flag vessels would adversely
J1 345 U .S. 571 (1953).
»358 U.S. 354 (1959).
The Board rejected the argument that the act’s jurisdiction was barred
by Article X V of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (54
Stat. 1739, 1745 (1938)), which provides that merchant vessels and other
privately owned vessels under the flags of either of the signatories and carry
ing the papers required by its national laws in proof of nationality shall, both
within the territoral waters of the other signatory and on the high seas, be
deemed to be the vessels of the nation whose flag is shown. The Board
reasoned that the registration of the vessel was not being attacked; moreover,
applying the labor act would no more be a denial of the ship’s nationality than
the requirement that she submit to inspection by American authorities on
entering and clearing our harbors.
The Board noted that Section 2(3) of the act “does n o t . . . contain any
exclusionary language couched in terms of nationality or residence” and the
Board has found the act to apply where nonresident alien employees have
been involved ( S t a li a S o c ie ta P e r A z i o n i JDi N a v i g a z io n e a n d S t e a m s h i p O ffice
W o r k e r s U n io n , L o c a l 1809, 118 N L R B 1113, (1957); B r o w n C o . v. L o c a l 16,
I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f P u l p , S u l p h i t e & P a p e r M i l l W o r k e r s , 109 N L R B
173 (1954)).
L a b o r B o a r d v. F a n t M i l l i n g (1959), 360 U .S. 301.
Panama, Liberia, Honduras.
In S o u t h e r n S . S . C o . v. L a b o r B o a r d , 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942).
13
13
33
19
17
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
affect national defense policies is necessarily
speculative. Finally, even assuming the existence
of a conflict between national defense and labor
relations policies, the matter should be addressed
to and resolved by the Congress and not the
Board.
The Board said that since the foreign-flag
operations have a substantial impact on commerce,
a fact that constitutes the very basis of the
national defense argument, it cannot refuse to
assert jurisdiction over such operations. In
conclusion, the Board pointed out that the 1959
amendment to the act, in section 14(c)(1), leaves
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
529
it without discretion in the present case, since
the amendment prohibits the Board from declining
jurisdiction over any labor dispute that would be
within its jurisdiction under the standards pre
vailing on August 1, 1959—as in the present
dispute.
The dissenting opinion held that “ the U.S.
defense considerations in the instant situation are
so inextricably intertwined with the Nation’s
foreign relations, a mechanical assertion of juris
diction, as adopted by the majority, would . . . pro
duce an adverse effect on the Nation’s defense
effort. . .
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
March 1, 1961
on two companion cases involving the Amalga
mated Lithographers (Ind.), the National Labor Relations
Board issued its first findings of violation of the ban on
“hot cargo” agreements in the Labor-Management Report
ing and Disclosure Act of 1959. In both cases, the Board
found illegal (1) a trade-shop clause giving the union the
right to reopen or terminate its contract if the employer
requested employees to handle products of firms that have
no contract with the union or authority to use the union
label; and (2) a refusal-to-handle clause forbidding the
employer to discharge or discipline employees who refused
to handle such products. These clauses were held to
represent an implied agreement that the employer would
not handle nonunion goods. Similar reasoning applied to
struck-work and chain-shop clauses in one case, but not
the other, where some difference in wording persuaded a
majority of the Board that these provisions were legal.
The cases were Amalgamated Lithographers and Local 17
and Employing Lithographers, San Francisco (Chron. item
for Jan. 13, 1960, MLR, Mar. I960); and Same and Local
78 and Employing Lithographers of Greater Miami.
R
u l in g
March 2
T h e U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
upheld an NLRB ruling that craft severance deprived
members of the new bargaining unit of the seniority rights
they had as members of the broader unit. Moreover,
the Board had found that they were properly excluded
from a contract executed by the employer and the old
union during severance proceedings, under the 1945
Midwest Piping rule that an employer may not bargain
with any union for employees involved in rival representa
tion claims. Therefore, the Board had reasoned, the
employer was justified in denying their requests for
transfers to jobs in the old unit and in laying off those
who had been temporarily assigned to such jobs. The
case was Local 483, International Brotherhood of Boiler
makers v. NLRB.
h e
U.S. S e n a t e confirmed the nominations of James J.
Reynolds, former vice president of the ALCO Products,
Inc., of Schenectady, N. Y., as Assistant Secretary of Labor
and Charles Donahue, former research director for the
United Association of Plumbers and Pipe Fitters (AFLCIO), as Solicitor of the Department of Labor.
T
March 6
P r e s i d e n t J o h n F. K e n n e d y , by Executive Order 10925,
created the President’s Committee on Equal Employment
530
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Opportunity to expand and strengthen the Government’s
efforts to abolish discrimination in employment by Federal
agencies or Government contractors. The Committee,
with the Vice President as chairman and the Secretary of
Labor as vice chairman, will replace both the Committee
on Government Contracts (Chron. item for Sept. 3, 1954,
MLR, Nov. 1954) and the President’s Committee on
Government Employment Policy (Chron. item for Jan. 18,
1955, MLR, Mar. 1955).
In a s u p p l e m e n t a l d e c i s i o n , the NLRB reversed its
ruling in the Boston Gas Co. case by holding that a contract
does bar an election even though it requires employees to
notify the union as well as the employer if they want to
revoke their dues checkoff authorization. The majority
reasoned that such a clause does not “effectively” preclude
employees from revoking their authorizations.
The
AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department had requested
reconsideration of the earlier ruling—which found the
contract illegal because the Taft-Hartley Act does not
mention notice to unions— on the ground that it would
render most union contracts ineffective as election bars
and open the door to widespread raids.
T h e U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t denied review in Cohen v. Local
107, International Brotherhood of Teamsters and thus, in
effect, upheld a lower court’s injunction (Chron. item for
Nov. 2, 1960, MLR, Jan. 1961) which barred the use of a
local union’s funds for the defense of its officers against
civil and criminal charges. The lower court had found
that such use violated the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act of 1959, even though it was authorized
by a membership resolution.
March 7
I n a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e l e c t i o n among the New York
Telephone Co.’s 18,000 installation and maintenance
employees in the New York City area, the Communica
tions Workers ousted the United Telephone Organizations
(Ind.).
On March 21, the CWA won representation of 6,000
of the company’s plant workers in upstate New York by
defeating the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. (See
also p. 536 of this issue.)
T h e p r e s i d e n t of the 8,000-member Air Line Stewards
and Stewardesses Association announced it had “com
pleted an affiliation agreement” with the Transport
Workers Union, which represents the 1,400 stewards and
stewardesses employed by five airlines. The move followed
the recent refusal of the AFL-CIO Executive Council to
grant the ALSSA a separate charter from the Air Line
Pilots (Chron. item for Feb. 28, 1961, MLR, Apr. 1961).
F r a n k W . M c C u l l o c h , former administrative assistant
to Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois, was sworn in as
Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board. He
succeeded Boyd Leedom, who remains as a member.
As of March 28, another member, Joseph A. Jenkins,
resigned to become director of the Board’s regional office
in Albuquerque, N. Mex. He was replaced by Gerald A.
Brown, regional director in San Francisco.
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
March 9
T h e U n i t e d S t e e l w o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a and the Kaiser
Steel Corp. announced a 1-year extension of their current
contract (Chron. item for Oct. 26, 1959, MLR, Dec. 1959)
to June 30, 1962, with an automatic extension of 60 days
if other major steel producers have not negotiated new
contracts. (See also p. 534 of this issue.)
March 10
531
San Francisco for damages growing out of a strike over
the provision of a recent agreement between the PMA and
the Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Chron. item for
Oct. 18, MLR, Dec. 1960, and pp. 1-10, MLR, Jan. 1961)
which sought to eliminate double handling (by longshore
men and teamsters) of palletized cargo. The strike had
ended on March 13, when the PMA agreed to halt cargo
handling innovations until July 1. (See also p. 535 of this
issue.)
March 22
A F e d e r a l j u d g e in Miami, Fla., fined the Eastern Air
Lines chapter of the Flight Engineers’ International
Association $25,000 for contempt of his order to return to
work during the union’s 6-day wildcat strike in February
(Chron. item for Feb. 23, 1961, MLR, Apr. 1961).
March 11
W a g e i n c r e a s e s ranging from 20 to 38 cents an hour over
a 2-year period were provided for 4,000 heavy equipment
operators in an agreement between the International
Union of Operating Engineers and the New England Road
Builders Association. (See also p. 535 of this issue.)
March 13
L o c a l 1463 of the Transport Workers Union, representing
about 600 New York harbor railroad employees, and seven
harbor railroads agreed tentatively to a contract patterned
on the railroad nonoperating employees’ wage settlement,
as recommended by a Presidential factfinding board
(Chron. item for Dec. 12, 1960, MLR, Feb. 1961). The
contract deferred further negotiation on manning scales
until November 1; an agreement had been reached in
December to abolish the jobs of oilers on diesel tugboats
(Chron. item for Dec. 12, 1960, MLR, Feb. 1961).
March 15
T h e first companywide contract in the ladies’ garment
industry was negotiated by Bobbie Brooks, Inc., and the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. The
2-year contract covers 4,000 workers in 12 States and pro
vides wage increases ranging from 7 to 14 percent, a 35hour workweek, and improvements in fringe benefits.
(See also p. 534 of this issue.)
March 18
L o c a l 102 of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union, representing 1,500 truckdrivers and pushboys, and
five garment trucking associations agreed to a 3-year con
tract providing three wage increases totaling $12.50 a
week and other improvements. The agreement, which
ended a 2-day strike, also provided a “bonus” of regular
pay for the 2 days. Prestrike wages for a 40-hour week
had amounted to a minimum of $57.50 for pushboys, $75
for truckdrivers, and $65 for helpers.
March 24
T h e
P r e s id e n t
signed the Temporary Extended Un
employment Compensation Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-6), which
makes Federal funds available to States for the extension
(up to 13 weeks) of unemployment benefits to jobless
workers exhausting their benefits under State laws between
June 30, 1960, and April 1, 1962. To finance the program,
the law raises the Federal unemployment tax by 0.4 per
cent for the calendar years 1962 and 1963. On March 25,
the President signed the Temporary Extended Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Benefits Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-7),
to provide similar benefits to railroad workers.
A nine-member Presidential commission was established by
President Kennedy to consider a controversy over crew
size between the New York Harbor Carriers’ Conference
Committee and the Seafarers, the Marine Engineers, and
the Masters, Mates and Pilots. In January, the parties
had agreed to await the report of the Presidential com
mission on railroad manning rules. (See Chron. items
for Jan. 23, 1961, Oct. 18, 1960, and Sept. 28, 1960, in
MLR, Mar. 1961, Dec. and Nov. 1960, respectively.)
March 25
h e
e x e c u t iv e
b o a r d
of the Bakery and Confectionery
Workers (Ind.), meeting at Miami Beach, Fla., suspended
James C. Cross and Peter H. Olson, its president and
secretary-treasurer, respectively, pending a union trial in
connection with a newly discovered $35,000 union fund
shortage. (See also p. 537 of this issue.)
T
affecting 3,500 employees at the Hanford
Atomic Energy plant in Richland, Wash., were tentatively
agreed upon by the General Electric Co. and the Hanford
Atomic Metal Trades Council, following President Ken
nedy’s appeal that a strike deadline be postponed. The
agreement, reached after
months of negotiation, in
cludes provisions on wage increases, holidays, and vaca
tions. (See also p. 534 of this issue.)
C
o n t r a c t
t e r m s
March 20
T h i r t y - s i x m e m b e r s of the Pacific Maritime Association
sued the Teamsters and certain dray age concerns in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
March 28
T h e U.S. S e n a t e confirmed the nomination of William E.
Simkin, of Pennsylvania, a former arbitrator and president
of the National Academy of Arbitrators, to succeed
Joseph F. Finnegan as Director of the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Meetings and Conventions
Labor-Management Committee. The President’s
Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Pol
icy, established by Executive order on February
16,1 held its first meeting on March 21, 1961.
Opening the meeting, President Kennedy charged
the group “to give direction to the general move
ment of wages and prices so the general welfare of
this country can be served.” He urged them to
help him work out guidelines and formulas that
will enable the Nation to compete in foreign mar
kets, to strengthen its economic position, and to
maintain full employment. He called particular
attention to the problem of structural unemploy
ment arising from fundamental changes in demand
and new production techniques. Secretary of
Labor Arthur J. Goldberg, current chairman of the
group, said that all meetings would be closed but
he would report to the public after each one. The
committee was scheduled to meet again on May 1.
Legislative Conferences. Two units of the AFLCIO—the Industrial Union Department and the
Building and Construction Trades Department—
held 2-day legislative conferences in Washington
in March. Some 1,000 delegates to the IUD meet
ing, held on March 7 and 8, were urged to mobilize
public support for labor’s antirecession proposals.
Among their goals, endorsed earlier by the Federa
tion’s Executive Council,2were the creation of new
jobs to absorb the impact of automation and the
increasing labor force, aid to depressed areas,
minimum wage increases, Federal support for
housing, and other assistance programs.
The 3,200 delegates to the seventh national
legislative conference of the Building and Con
struction Trades Department, held March 20 and
21, were similarly concerned over the recession and
measures to insure adequate economic growth and
full employment. Calling attention to the 23.9percent unemployment rate in the construction
532
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
industry in February 1961, Department President
C. J. Haggerty called it “far more extensive” than
usual for the season. In addition to considering
economic issues, the delegates heard reports from
AFL-CIO President George Meany, Secretary
Goldberg, and Representative Adam Clayton
Powell, stressing the importance of eliminating
racial discrimination in the construction trades.
Their remarks also called attention to the fact that
one of the building trades’ chief legislative objec
tives—the so-called common situs picketing amend
ment to the Labor Management Relations Act,
which would permit construction unions to picket
one employer at a job where other employers were
also working—was before Congress and that dis
criminatory practices were not helpful to their
aims.
Maritime. Subsidies for the American merchant
marine were among the principal items of agenda
at the 10th biennial convention of the Seafarers’
International Union of North America, held in
San Juan, P.R., March 13 to 17. Resolutions
called upon maritime management to work jointly
with the union in promoting an expansion of the
American merchant marine, including proposals
for Government construction subsidies to build
ships for the bulk ore and oil import trade. Paul
Hall, president of the SIU, said one of the main
causes of the industry’s problems was that “much
of management has gone flabby,” largely attrib
utable, he said, to the “outmoded” subsidy pro
visions of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. Ac
cordingly, the union declared its intention to “take
the lead in providing a fresh approach to the prob
lems of the industry” and to “fight on all levels to
get for the American fleet the priority it deserves.”
Mr. Hall said the union’s programs would be pro
moted through the National Committee for Mari
time Bargaining, a group of eight seamen’s unions,
formed to press for contractual commitments to
joint action on industry problems.3 The com
mittee’s membership does not include the National
Maritime Union.
In other actions, delegates endorsed continued
financial and organizational support for the Inter•Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, p. 412.
* See Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, p. 410.
J See Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, pp. 411-412.
533
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
national Maritime Workers Union (formed jointly
with the NMU in 1959 to organize alien crews of
American-owned ships flying so-called “ flags of
convenience”), approved a program for continued
organizing activity in all areas, and reelected Mr.
Hall to another 2-year term as president.
Joseph Curran, president of the 40,000-member
National Maritime Union, announced on March 23
that the union’s national council had formulated a
7-point program over which the union was pre
pared to strike when contracts expire June 15.
The union’s goals included a 30- instead of a
40-hour week, across-the-board wage increases,
improvements in living and working conditions,
and a provision “ that all ships owned or operated
by contract companies shall come under contract
to the NMU.” The last demand, Mr. Curran
explained, was aimed primarily at American com
panies operating fleets registered in part in the
United States and in part in foreign countries,
particularly Panama, Honduras, and Liberia.
He added that NMU negotiations would be con
fined to “ genuine collective bargaining issues” and
would not involve the subsidy issues raised by the
National Committee for Maritime Bargaining.
Mr. Curran had previously voiced his opposition
to such actions.4
In an address before the Yale Transportation
Club on March 5, Ralph E. Casey, president of
the American Merchant Marine Institute, had
spoken out against featherbedding in the industry,
alleging it to be “ nothing more than a device on
the part of the unions to saddle management with
wasteful and unnecessary labor costs. . . .” In
particular, he castigated manning rules which, he
asserted, are forcing companies to abandon pas
senger service completely and “ either lay up their
ships or sell them to foreign companies.”
Glass Bottle Blowers. Early in March, at the 62d
convention of the 54,500-member Glass Bottle
Blowers Association in Los Angeles, President Lee
W. Minton called for a merger of all unions repre
senting glass workers. Informal discussions for
such a merger have been making some progress,
he said. Ralph Reiser, president of the Glass and
Ceramic Workers union, acknowledged a great
need for unity and supported a merger between
the Bottle Blowers and his own union. Mr.
< See Monthly Labor Review, April 1961, p. 412.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Minton, president since 1946, was reelected for.
another 4-year term.
Delegates voted to increase dues by 25 cents a
month and, at the same time, to discontinue the
previous method of financing conventions by a
special assessment of 4 months’ dues.
Unemployment Compensation
On March 24, President Kennedy signed the
Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensa
tion Act of 1961, which provides additional unem
ployment compensation to workers who exhaust
their benefits under State UC laws between
June 30, 1960, and April 1, 1962. The measure
generally extends the duration of benefits by
one-half of the period compensated by the State
but for no more than 13 additional weeks. About
700.000 workers were estimated to be affected
immediately by the action, and ultimately some
3.125.000 workers. The program is to be financed
initially by a Treasury advance of nearly $1 billion,
which will be recouped by raising the Federal
unemployment tax on employers from 3.1 to 3.5
percent of the first $3,000 a year of each covered
employee’s wages in 1962 and 1963. The following
day, the President signed a similar bill covering
railroad workers. It will benefit an estimated
60.000 workers.
In line with the statutory extension of benefits,
the United Automobile Workers announced on
March 24 that the General Motors Corp. had
agreed to extend the contractual supplemental
unemployment benefits program. Under the
the agreement, laid-off workers who have ex
hausted their State benefits and SUB credits are
entitled to receive additional credits (up to 13
weeks) to match the additional benefits provided
under the Federal-State program. The UAW
subsequently said it had reached a similar agree
ment with the Ford Motor Co. and was negotiating
with the Chrysler Corp. All three major auto
producers had agreed to such extensions in 1958
in connection with the Temporary Unemployment
Compensation Act.
A UAW report issued on March 14 estimated
that during 1960 more than $30 million was paid
to its members from SUB trust funds. Almost
two-thirds of these payments were made by Gen
eral Motors ($8.9 million), Ford ($5.5 million),
and Chrysler ($5.2) million.
534
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Settlements. The Kaiser Steel Corp. and the
United Steelworkers of America on March 9
announced an extension of their current contract
for 1 year to June 30, 1962. The extension agree
ment, affecting about 8,000 workers, calls for pay
increases averaging 8% cents an hour, effective
October 1, 1961—approximately the same as
those provided in other basic steel industry pacts.
The cost-of-living escalator clause was modified
in order to bring the current allowance paid by
the company (20 cents an hour) on a par with
that of other basic steel producers (17 cents).
The adjustment, to be made in January 1962, will
be based on any changes made in the cost-of-living
allowances of the other steel companies in October
1961. The agreement stipulates that if no new
agreement between the union and the other major
steel producers is signed by the expiration date
(June 30, 1962), the extended contract will remain
in effect for an additional 60 days.
On March 18, the Hanford Atomic Metal
Trades Council and the General Electric Co.
tentatively agreed to contract terms for 3,500
workers at the Hanford atomic energy plant in
Richland, Wash. A strike deadline set for
March 13 had been postponed to March 31, in
response to a telegram from President Kennedy.
Negotiations on the contract had been continuing
for 7%months.
Terms call for general wage increases of 3 percent
retroactive to October 3, 1960, and 3 percent
plus an additional 1% cents on April 2, 1962.
Fringe benefit improvements consisted of increases
in the shift differential, an eighth paid holiday,
and a fourth week of vacation after 25 years’
service. The company’s “Income Extension
Plan” and the basic improvements in pension and
insurance benefits provided under its 1960 con
tracts with other unions,5 were also included.
For the second consecutive year, the United
Steelworkers of America agreed with BucyrusErie Co. to forego a general wage increase to help
the firm improve its financial position. The
agreement, covering workers in company plants
at Erie, Pa., Evansville, Ind., and South Mil
waukee, Wis., was negotiated under a wage and
pension reopening provision of a 30-month con
tract agreed upon in February 1960. The settle
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
ment reportedly called for only minor and specific
wage increases to correct wage differentials and
create a uniform wage scale. The pension plan
also was modified slightly. Another reopening
on wages and pensions is due March 1 , 1962.
The Motor Wheel Corp. and a local of the
Allied Industrial Workers union in Lansing,
Mich., reportedly agreed in early March to a
2-year contract under which the local accepted
measures designed to put the company on a more
competitive basis. Contract changes included
“adjustment” of production rates, a revised down
time pay provision for pieceworkers, revisions in
overtime pay, and elimination of a paid lunch
period and one of three coffee breaks. A com
pany spokesman denied the company had planned
to move its major wheel operations, although the
production of some of its consumer items (e.g.,
air conditioners and power lawnmowers) had been
transferred to Indiana.
In Southern California, the Dairy Industry
Industrial Relations Association signed 1-year
contracts in mid-March with the Teamsters and
four craft unions providing a 12%-cent-an-hour
wage increase retroactive to February 26, 1961.
The settlements, expected to affect about 10,000
dairy workers, were evaluated by industry sources
at just under 15 cents an hour, including improve
ments in health and welfare provisions and an
increase in night premium pay.
On March 15, the International Ladies’ Gar
ment Workers’ Union and Bobbie Brooks, Inc.
(one of the largest women’s apparel manufacturers
in the country), announced that they had, for
the first time in the ladies’ garment industry,
established a companywide contract. Negotia
tions in the industry are typically conducted with
employer associations within specific geographic
or market areas or, as in the past with this com
pany, on a plant-by-plant basis. The company’s
products are manufactured in a dozen States in
plants employing about 4,000 workers. The
2-year contract calls for wage increases ranging
from 7 to 14 percent, the amounts apparently
varying by product and location to keep rates
on a par with or slightly higher than those pre
vailing in comparable local operations. Other
contract provisions—generally typical of the
1 See Monthly Labor Review, December 1960, p. 1321.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
industry—include a 35-hour workweek and com
pany contributions to retirement, severance, and
health and welfare funds.
In New York City, the Associated Fur Manu
facturers and the Furriers Joint Council (affiliated
with the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher
Workmen) in early March announced agreement
on a 4-year contract covering 6,500 workers. The
settlement calls for a $5-a-week general wage
increase effective June 15, 1961, and payment by
employers of 2 percent of gross weekly payrolls
to pension and welfare funds, in addition to the
5 percent on straight-time pay already contributed
by them.
In late February, United Air Lines and the
International Association of Machinists announced
agreement on an 18-month contract for about
9,000 mechanics and other ground service
employees. The agreement called for wage
increases of 11 to 15 cents an hour, retroactive
to December 1, 1960, for hourly rated workers.
Increases in guards’ salaries ranged from $19.25
to $24.25 a month, effective April 1, 1961. Fringe
benefit improvements consisted of a fourth week
of vacation after 20 years’ service and 3 weeks
after 10 instead of 12 years’ service; higher shiftdifferential pay; an increase in the company’s
contribution for sickness and accident coverage
(from one-fourth to one-half of premium cost);
and establishment of a $100,000 bomb-insurance
policy. Employees reserve the right to refuse
to work in a bomb scare area.
The New England Road Builders Association
and Local 4 of the International Union of Operat
ing Engineers, representing 4,000 heavy equip
ment operators, on March 11 reached agreement
on a contract providing wage-scale increases
ranging from 20 to 38 cents an hour. The
increases—spread over a 2-year period—will bring
crane and shovel operators’ pay to $4.33 an hour
(a 38-cent increase). Pump compressor and
automatic equipment operators will receive a total
of 28 cents an hour; scraper, bulldozer, and grade
operators and mechanics, 20.5 cents; and oilers,
20 cents.
In an effort to spur economic recovery in the
Detroit area, the distribution of about $1,750,000
8
See Monthly Labor Review, December 1960, pp. 1322-1323, and January
1961, pp. 1-10.
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535
in vacation and holiday pay was advanced to
mid-March for about 10,000 members of the
Carpenters union. The payments—which ordi
narily would not have been made until June 15—•
were provided under an agreement between three
employer associations, the Carpenters District
Council, and trustees of the Carpenters Vacation
and Holiday Trust Fund. Disbursement was
based on employer contributions of 6 percent of
payrolls for the last 8 months of 1960. An addi
tional $1,000,000 covering employer payments
for the first 4 months of 1961, is scheduled to be
available starting June 15.
Strikes. Teamsters picking up and delivering
cargo on the Los Angeles and San Francisco
waterfronts struck for 4 and 5 days, beginning
March 7 and 9, in protest over work-rule changes.
The dispute arose when ship owners affiliated with
the Pacific Maritime Association revised cargo
handling procedures in accordance with an agree
ment reached in October 1960 with the Inter
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union.6 The Teamsters, who were not party to
the agreement, claimed that they were being de
prived of work by the provision which sought to
eliminate duplicate operations—by longshoremen
and teamsters—in loading and unloading cargo
packed on pallets. The strike ended when the
employers agreed to suspend the change in pro
cedures until at least July 1, 1961. The change
is to go into effect on this date in the Los AngelesLong Beach area, but no definite date was set for
changes in Teamster work in San Francisco. The
Teamsters’ contracts with the West Coast truckers
are due to expire June 30, and a union official said
the drivers will “unquestionably” demand pay
ments from the carriers, and perhaps the shipping
companies, for any relinquishment of dock work.
Meanwhile, 36 members of the PMA sued
Teamster Local 85 in San Francisco, its officers,
the international union, and several drayage com
panies in the area for real and punitive damages
stemming from the strike. The suit also sought
three times the amount of the employers’ payments
under their mechanization and modernization
agreement with the ILWU, or $41,100 a day start
ing March 9, maintaining that the settlement
prohibited them from instituting economies pro
vided under their contract with the ILWU.
536
Other Bargaining Developments. The Inter
national Policy Committee of the United Rubber
Workers met in Cleveland, Ohio, March 15 and
16, to map out its collective bargaining program.
Its objectives, reflecting concern over job security,
included establishment of an automation fund to
protect workers laid off because of technological
changes, an expansion of the supplemental unem
ployment benefit program to provide higher and
longer benefits, a reduction in the workweek with
no loss in pay, early retirement at normal pension
benefits, companywide recall rights, and limita
tions on overtime where, alternatively, additional
employees might be hired.
Negotiations with the Firestone Tire and Rubber
Co. and the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. began
on March 20 and talks with other major producers
were to begin later in the spring. Wages, typically
negotiated separately from other contract items,
are not an immediate issue. The union has said
it would seek a general wage increase, but pre
sumably not until later this year. The latest
wage increase, in the summer of 1960, averaged
about 10 cents an hour.7
A representation election involving 18,000
installation and maintenance employees of the
New York Telephone Co. in the New York City
area brought victory to the Communications
Workers of America on March 7. The Inter
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers had
lost out in an earlier three-way election involving
the CWA and the United Telephone Organizations
(Ind.), which had represented the workers for
24 years. The vote in the runoff was 8,156 for
CWA to 7,700 for UTO. Later in the month,
the CWA also won an election among some 6,000
upstate plant employees of the company by
defeating the IBEW in a runoff. The workers,
formerly represented by the unaffiliated Empire
State Telephone Workers Organization, chose the
CWA by a vote of 2,526 to 2,484.
Other Developments
On March 1, the National Labor Relations
Board handed down its first findings of violation
of the “ hot cargo” ban of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (LandrumGriffin). In two companion cases, involving the
Amalgamated Lithographers of America (Ind.)
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
and more than 100 printing firms in California and
Florida, the Board struck down two contract
proposals which it said were designed to circum
vent the prohibition in the act. The clauses in
question gave the union the right to reopen or
terminate their contracts if management requested
employees to handle work produced in shops not
under contract with the Lithographers and pro
hibited the employers from discharging or dis
ciplining employees who refused to handle such
products. “ Congress was intent upon outlawing
‘hot cargo’ clauses no matter how disguised,”
the NLRB said, and these clauses were held to
represent an implied agreement that the em
ployers would not handle nonunion goods. In
one case, however, the Board upheld a struckwork clause that permitted the employer to handle
work customarily performed for a struck employer
and a chain-shop clause that allowed sympathy
strikes in support of strikes at other plants owned
by the employer or under common control.
Moreover, the Board found legal a clause giving
the union the right to terminate the contract if
the employer violated the struck-work clause.
Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges
announced on March 14 that a Chicago local of
the IBEW had agreed to suspend for 90 days a
threatened boycott against Japanese and other
foreign-made electronic parts, intended to begin
May l.8 In the interim, Mr. Hodges pledged his
Department to seek a solution that would satisfy
the union and, at the same time, not interfere
with good trade relations with the foreign pro
ducers concerned. At his news conference on
March 8, President Kennedy had expressed the
hope that union boycotts of foreign goods would
not spread and cautioned that such moves could
provoke retaliation against U.S. merchandise
abroad.
Secretary Hodges also said he would probably
discuss with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers
of America their announced intention to halt the
cutting of suiting fabrics imported from Japan
after May l.9 Jacob S. Potofsky, president of the
ACWA, issued a statement later in March de
fending his union’s proposed action, citing rises
in the imports of trousers, knit gloves, and
r See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, p. 978.
8See Monthly Labor Review, March 1961, page 292.
» Ibid.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
cotton skirts. He indicated that relief through
existing channels open to industries in distress
are not adaptable to the apparel industry.
In late March, at a meeting of the executive
board of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers
International Union (Ind.), President James G.
Cross was suspended from office on a charge of
misappropriating $35,000 from the union’s treas
ury. Also suspended was the union’s SecretaryTreasurer Peter H. Olson. The two union officers
were to stand union trial on the charge early in
May. The reported shortage was uncovered
during an investigation by the Department of
io See Monthly Labor Review, March 1961, p. 292.
a See Monthly Labor Review, September 1960, pp. 981-982.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
537
Labor’s Bureau of Labor-Management Reports,
ordered in January by Secretary of Labor Gold
berg, of the circumstances surrounding the terms
of Cross’s proposed resignation.10 At that time,
he had reportedly agreed to step down in return
for $250,000 to “liquidate” his pension rights
and the dropping of a suit against him alleging
financial misconduct. Meanwhile, an attorney
for the Local Union Reunification Committee—
the group which filed the previous charges against
Cross and later agreed to the settlement11—
had petitioned the Federal District Court in
Washington, D.C., to postpone (until May 23)
a hearing on whether the settlement should be
approved.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E
N o t e .—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
d i t o r ’s
Special Reviews
Value and Plan: Economic Calculation and Organ
ization in Eastern Europe. Edited by Gregory
Grossman. Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia Press, 1960. 370 pp. $7.
The 27 essays in this symposium, most by
eminent western and a few eastern scholars in the
field, analyze the economic systems of Eastern
European countries and the evolution of their
operational tools—planning, price setting, cost
accounting, monetary and administrative con
trols, industrial organization, and rules for re
source allocation. Neither the extent of private
ownership of production facilities nor the achieve
ments of these economies is analyzed. The
analyses employ the tools of economics and some
concepts of business administration, political
science, and even the theory of cultural deter
minants of rational economic behavior.
The symposium contributes not only to a
better understanding of the nature and working
principles of present-day Soviet-type economies,
but also provides a revival of views on the com
parative growth capabilities “inherent” in com
mand versus market economies. It also permits
in this reviewer’s opinion, fairly tenable hy
potheses as to the likely changes in the Soviet
economic system as well as the unlikelihood of its
being voluntarily followed by the satellite countries
or the outside world. A brief outline of the most
outstanding contributions is in order.
The question of comparative efficiency of a
command versus a market economy had been
resolved in favor of market economy ever since
Ludwig von Mises, in 1920, made his famous
538
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
statement about “the millions of simultaneous
equations” to be solved in a command economy.
This position, explicitly or implicitly, is taken
also by the majority of contributors to this
symposium. But sociologist Reinhard Bendix,
following the Soviet experience and Max Weber’s
reasoning, comes to an entirely different con
clusion: “An ideally functioning bureaucracy rep
resents the most efficient method of solving largescale organizational tasks.” The “task” under
primary consideration is economic growth. On
the pertinent Soviet experience, Bendix observes:
“On the basis of modern technology, through the
organizational structure of a ruling totalitarian
party, and by the whole gamut of material in
centives and modern as well as ancient devices
of tyranny this system has achieved rapid eco
nomic growth. . . . It may be stated as [a] principle
of totalitarian rule that it implements its unre
mitting drive for achieving the possible by
continually demanding the impossible.” And
Grossman’s view on the subject is only somewhat
milder than Bendix’s thesis: “ . . . the market
[economy] and an economywide bureaucracy are
practicable, if not perfect, alternative devices for
the attainment of centrally posited goals,” but a
market economy must have such goals to be
competitive with a command economy. Thus,
for Bendix and Grossman, the Mises assumption
that a market economy is superior to a command
economy in economic growth is obsolete.
To the question whether the Soviets, in view
of their apparently inefficient operational tools,
are likely to place greater reliance on the market
mechanism than in the past, the symposium gives
a negative answer. The reasons for this view are
manifold. To Alfred Zauberman, the Soviet
planner “is not prepared to abdicate anything of
his sovereignty,” and to Grossman, the Soviet
regime has a longstanding doctrinaire bias in
favor of physical planning as well as a disbelief
in the advantages of the market system, and is
politically unwilling to admit some slack or to
give up some of its controls over the economy.
The implications of this conclusion are that sig
nificantly greater recognition of consumer prefer
ences in future Soviet economic development
and, hence, radical change in the direction of
development are also unlikely.
539
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The third question is whether the Soviets can
improve their operational tools within the present
system. The answer is affirmative. Currently,
they are said to have irrational price formation,
primitive planning devices, crude rules for resource
allocation, overbureaucratic industrial organiza
tion, and cumbersome and ambiguous administra
tive controls. A Soviet debate on the “law of
value” and price formation, reported by Zauberman, indicated their awareness of the inefficiencies
but produced only insignificant proposals for
improving “rationality.” In Abram Bergson’s
opinion, however, improvements can be achieved
without an all-out drive for “rationality” ; elimi
nating subsidies, abolishing multiple-price prac
tices, and incorporating rent and capital charges
into costs would make their prices more “meaning
ful.” And such improvements, Bergson believes,
are to some extent underway. In addition,
stretching the planning period (discussed by
Michael Kaser) and using electronic computers
(Holland Hunter) might significantly increase the
efficiency of planning. The 1958 adoption of
“coefficients of relative efficiency of investment”
(or the rate of return on additional investment)
might reduce the “arbitrariness” in resource
allocation at the level of technical project planners
and designers. Also, the 1957 reform of industrial
organization (discussed by Benjamin Ward, Leonid
Hurwicz, Joseph S. Berliner, P. J. D. Wiles, and
in particular, Kaser and Grossman) might improve
the efficiency of resource utilization. The tighten
ing of monetary and administrative controls
(discussed by Donald R. Hodgman, Franklyn D.
Holzman, and Kaser) should generally work in
the same direction. For John P. Hardt, a mere
improvement of statistical reporting, which is said
to be underway, would yield better planning tools
across the board. In all, these improvements are
viewed as at least a potential asset. Whether
they will accelerate the present high rate of growth,
the contributors do not try to guess.
Finally, there is a question of likely willingness
of satellite countries to stick to the Soviet-type
system in search for greater economic efficiency.
The answer, though not quite conclusive, seems to
be negative. Indirectly, perhaps it also points to
the continuation of the Soviet system’s lack of
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appeal to the outside world despite its superior
economic growth.
When the Bed Army took over the East Euro
pean countries after World War II, it imposed the
Soviet system, with few modifications, on “peoples’
democracies” to “construct socialism.” In the
early fifties, however, the Yugoslavs dismantled
their Soviet-type system in favor of a socialist
economy substantial with modifications in the
direction of a market economy. As of 1958,
according to Rudolf Bicanié, the Yugoslav economy
was still in a flux of experimentation, but the
experimentation was in the direction of achieving
the maximum advantage of the market mechanism
within the framework of a centrally determined
pattern of national growth. And in Poland,
despite the paucity and caution of official moves,
an ardent and sophisticated discussion on “greater
utilization of the law of value” has been going on
in the press since 1956. According to John
Michael Montias, some of the discussants go as
far as to propose marginal cost pricing and all
the ramifications that go with it. Significantly,
however, even these typically insist on the central
planning authority’s right to decide about invest
ments and the production of certain strategic
commodities. Like the Yugoslavs, the Poles aim
at maximum efficiency outside the Soviet-type
system, but to what directions the economy should
be oriented would be up to the central authority
to decide.
Obviously, the economic and political relevance
of these questions and conclusions can hardly be
exaggerated. The symposium contains many more.
Though some of the conclusions beg the question,
all are thoughtful and stimulating if not outright
instructive. This book will be rewarding to all
readers interested in problems of economic plan
ning, the Soviet system, and longrun East-West
competition. However, readers unfamiliar with
the working principles of the Soviet economic
system might first read Robert W. Campbell’s
admirable Soviet Economic Power.
—M
ic h a e l
B o r e tsk y
Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
Bureau of Labor Statistics
540
From, Humble Beginnings: West Virginia State
Federation of Labor, 1903—1957. By Evelyn
L. K. Harris and Frank J. Krebs. Charles
ton, W. Va., West Virginia Labor History
Publishing Fund, 1960. xxv, 553 pp. $5.
Because most labor historians have concentrated
largely on the national scope of labor unions,
leaders, and events, it is a welcome change to
read a first-rate account of a narrower but vital
aspect of labor action—the statewide scene.
This West Virginia story spans a half century
effort to organize unions and weld labor unity
against overwhelming odds. It is a detailed
account of the action-packed early days when
trade unionists were pitted against black reaction
and then against each other. It tells about hardfought labor battles eventually won.
In the beginning, there were poverty, law by
injunction, empty union treasuries, blacklists,
heroic and hopeless strikes, and company spies.
Indeed, even at the early State federation con
ventions, it was charged that “a majority of
delegates were selected by operators associations
and by politicians.” What is more, craftsmen
and miners were themselves often embroiled in
conflict; and then came the Congress of Industrial
Organizations.
Nevertheless, despite almost insurmountable
employer opposition and internal dissension, West
Virginia trade unionists gradually mustered the
strength to achieve political influence, legislative
triumphs, and community respect. And at the
story’s end, with the AFL-CIO merger in 1957,
a new era of labor unity and service was in the
making.
Above all else, this book is a testimonial to the
special role and worth of State and local central
bodies in the overall structure of the American
labor movement. The fact that so many working
people sacrificed so much to attain unity of pur
pose and action in West Virginia reflects their
conviction that effective State and local labor
federations were and are essential to achieve
labor’s goals.
Three years were spent gathering and recording
this scholarly, and intensely interesting, West
Virginia story. Many State and national eco
nomic and political events are intertwined with
the account of the deeds of scores of labor veterans.
Thus, the reader gains a depth of understanding
about the complex forces that were shaping labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
history in the State since the federation was born
in 1903.
For some, the wealth of detail may prove dis
tracting. But it is proper, that hundreds of
unsung West Virginia labor heroes—and the cul
prits, too—should have their names and pictures
preserved for posterity. However, it would be
useful to condense this lengthy documentary in
order to stimulate and encourage a new genera
tion to read about the humble beginnings and
sacrifices from which trade unionism grew.
— F rank
L. F ernbach
Research Department
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Farm Labor in Germany, 1810-1945—Lts Historical
Development Within the Framework of Agri
cultural and Social Policy. By Frieda Wun
derlich. Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univer
sity Press, 1961. 390 pp., bibliography.
$8.50.
Dr. Wunderlich’s book has reached the book
shelves at the very time when the problems of
land reform, agricultural prices, and the need
for shifting excess agricultural manpower into
other employment, often not available, are harass
ing the best brains of every country throughout
the world, irrespective of the status of economic
development.
The book traces the development of rural
Germany from medieval forms of serfdom through
the period of protective legislation under the
Weimar Republic to the “romantic,” brutal, and
immature experimentation under National So
cialism. The author describes methodically and
vividly the different types of agricultural labor in
the various regions of Germany and their political,
economic, and sociological behavior under the
various forces of evolution and revolution. The
reader follows the ups and downs in the status of
the self-sufficient peasants, the peasants who
needed other work to make ends meet, the landless
workers on the East Prussian estates, the sub
contractors, and the migratory workers. Frieda
Wunderlich’s great practical experience in the
development of the agriculture in Germany and
her outstanding scientific training evidences itself
in the chapters on the political implications of the
status of the rural workers and in her reproof of the
541
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Socialists who ruled the Prussian government
during the time of the Weimar Republic for not
breaking up the big estates when they had power.
She linked this failure to their strict adherence to
obsolete doctrines about the ideological advantages
of large versus small farms. Finally, she shows
the unwanted results of this behavior in strength
ening conservatism and thus making the East
Prussian rural segment ripe for the teachings of
National Socialism.
The thorough presentation of the agricultural
policy of the Third Reich and the effects of the
strict labor market control in agriculture makes
interesting reading.
In addition to the excellent analytical descrip
tion of the agricultural labor problems up to 1945,
the book contains complete data on wages, work
ing conditions, employee relations, and social
provisions for agricultural labor, as well as on the
Education and Training
Vocational Training. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1961. 69 pp. (Report VII prepared for International
Labor Conference, 45th sess., 1961.) 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
A
New Career After SO— [Professional Social Work].
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Women’s
Bureau, 1960. 34 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Federal Careers in the Sixties— A Directory for College
Students. Washington, U.S. Civil Service Commis
sion, 1960. 83 pp. 60 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Occupational Abstracts: Aeronautical Engineer; Mathema
tician; Public Health Nurse; Law. Jaffrey, N.H.,
Personnel Services, Inc., 1960 and 1961. 6 pp. each.
(Nos. 236, 237, 238, 239.) 50 cents each; 25 cents to
students.
Employee Benefits
Source Booh of Health Insurance Data, 1960. New York,
Health Insurance Institute, 1960. 80 pp. 25 cents.
Independent Plans Providing Medical Care and Hospital
Insurance: 1969 Survey. By Agnes W. Brewster.
(In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of
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status and strength of agricultural organizations
of employers and workers.
During the last century, the period which is
dealt with in the book, agriculture was the back
bone of conservative thinking in Europe. In
most of the less developed countries, it is now the
center of revolutionary emotions. The student
of the present agricultural crisis is well advised
to read this book and learn from both the good and
bad experiences of the past. He might want to
compare the conditions described with the present
effects of drastic technological changes in agricul
tural production which result in a continuous
shrinking of the once-dominant agricultural seg
ment of the population in the highly developed
countries.
— A rnold L. S teinbach
Chief, International Trade Union Organizations Division
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, February 1961, pp. 4-11.
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Health and Safety
Health Care for California: A Report of the Governor's
Committee on Medical Aid and Health. Berkeley,
California Department of Public Health, 1960. 104
pp.
Coal-Mine Injuries and Employment, December and Annual
Summary, 1960. By Dora D. Rice and others.
Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Mines, 1961. 9 pp. (Mineral Industry Surveys,
CMI 156.) Free.
California Work Injuries, 1959. San Francisco, California
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1960. 42 pp.
Industrial Relations
Outstanding Books on Industrial Relations, 1960. Prince
ton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, March 1961. 4 pp. (Selected References,
98.) 40 cents.
The Outlook for Free Collective Bargaining. By David L.
Cole. (In ILR Research, Cornell University, New
York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations,
Ithaca, N.Y., Fall-Winter 1961, pp. 3-7.)
542
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
Arbitration of Labor Disputes. By Clarence M. Updegraff
and Whitley P. McCoy. Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1961. 321 pp. 2d ed. by
Clarence M. Updegraff. $8.50.
The Pros and Cons of Compulsory Arbitration. {In New
York Chamber of Commerce Bulletin, New York,
March 1961, pp. 436-482.)
The Rise of Chronic Unemployment. Washington, Na
tional Planning Association, 1961. 45 pp. $1.
Chronic Unemployment in Pennsylvania. By Jacob J.
Kaufman and Helmut J. Golatz. University Park,
Pennsylvania State University, College of Business
Administration, Bureau of Business Research, 1960.
115 pp.
National Emergency Disputes Under the Labor Management
Relations {Taft-Hartley) Act, 191+7-October 1960.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1961. 24 pp. (BLS Report 169.)
Free.
International Comparability of Unemployment Statistics.
{In Monthly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New
York, New York, March 1961, pp. 47-51.)
Work Stoppages— Aircraft and Parts Industry, 1927-59;
Water Transportation Industry, 1927-59. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 6 and 8 pp. (BLS Reports 175 and 176.)
Free.
The Role of Union Foremen in the Evolution of the Inter
national Typographical Union. By Benson Soffer.
{In Labor History, Tamiment Institute, New York,
Winter 1961, pp. 62-81. $1.50.)
The Distinction Between Economic and Unfair Labor
Practice Strikes. By Walter L. Daykin. {In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, March 1961, pp. 189-199.
$ 1.)
The New Industrial Relations in Ghana. By Douglas
Rimmer. {In Industrial and Labor Relations Re
view, Ithaca, N.Y., January 1961, pp. 206-226.
$1.75.)
Labor Relations in South African Industry. By Frank T.
de Vyver. {In Journal of Industrial Relations,
Sydney, October 1960, pp. 109-118. 10s.)
Labor-Management Relations in India—A Symposium.
Edited by K. N. Vaid. Delhi, Delhi School of Social
Work, 1960. 118 pp. (Studies in Social Work,
Publication 11.) $1.50.
Labor Force
Outlook for Professional, Scientific and Technical Personnel
in the Nation’s Capital. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor and U.S. Employment Service for the
District of Columbia, 1960. 88 pp.
Manpower Skill Requirements and Training Needs, York,
Pa., Labor Market Area, 1959: A Study of Thirty-One
Key Occupations Projected to 1961,. Harrisburg, Pa.,
Department of Labor and Industry, Bureau of
Employment Security, [I960]. 38 pp.
Annual Report on Farm and Food Processing Labor, 1960.
New York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Employment, 1960. 34 pp.
Meeting the Needs of Younger Workers— [A Symposium].
{In Employment Security Review, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U.S.
Employment Service, Washington, March 1961,
pp. 3-24. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
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Labor Organizations
Wageless Trade Unionists. By Lou Sherman. (In Trade
Union Affairs, London, Winter 1960-61, pp. 58-66.
75 cents.)
Labor and Inter-American Relations. By Robert J.
Alexander. {In Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, Pa.,
March 1961, pp. 41—53. $2; $1.50 to Academy
members.)
Federal Protection of Employee Rights Within Trade Unions.
By Richard A. Givens. {In Fordham Law Review,
New York, December 1960, pp. 259-312. $1.50.)
A Theory of Corruption in Trade Unions. By Simon
Rottenberg. Chicago, University of Chicago, Indus
trial Relations Center, [1961]. 7 pp. (Reprint Series,
96; from The Symposia Studies Series of the National
Institute of Social and Behavioral Science, June 1960.)
Some Social Determinants and Consequences of Union
Membership. By Ruth Kornhauser. {In Labor
History, Tamiment Institute, New York, Winter
1961, pp. 30-61. $1.50.)
Personnel Management
Employee Communications in Action. By Robert New
comb and Marg Sammons. New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1961. 337 pp., bibliography. $5.75.
Personnel Management in the Automated Company. By
Otis Lipstreu. {In Personnel, American Manage
ment Association, New York, March-April 1961, pp.
38-44. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Optimum Use of Engineering Talent: Meeting the Need
for Technical Personnel. Edited by Jerome W. Blood.
New York, American Management Association, 1961.
416 pp. (Management Report 58.)
Shift Work and the Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle. By Wallace
Bloom. {In Personnel, American Management Asso
ciation, New York, March-April 1961, pp. 24-31.
$1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Prices and Consumption Economics
Quantity and Cost Budgets for Two Income Levels: Family
of a Salaried Junior Professional and Executive Worker,
Family of a Wage Earner— Prices for the San Francisco
Bay Area, September 1960. Berkeley, University of
California, Heller Committee for Research in Social
Economics, 1961. 86 pp. $1.85.
Daily Spot Market: Price Indexes and Prices, January 1,
1957-December 31, 1959. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 63
pp. (BLS Report 157.) Free.
Social Security
Analysis of Benefits—OASDI Program, 1960 Amendments.
By John P. Jones and Marice C. Hart. Washington,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Division of the
Actuary, 1960. 56 pp. (Actuarial Study 50.)
Twenty-five Years of Unemployment Insurance: An Experi
ment in Competitive Collectivism. By Joseph M.
Becker. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute
for Employment Research, 1961. 19 pp. (Reprinted
from Political Science Quarterly, December 1960.)
Free.
Financing Unemployment Insurance in Michigan, 19601968. Detroit, Michigan Employment Security Com
mission, 1961. 105 pp.
Your Financial Responsibility: State Unemployment Insur
ance Benefit Financing. Salt Lake City, Utah De
partment of Employment Security, 1960. 103 pp.
Workmen’s Compensation: The New Jersey Experience.
By Monroe Berkowitz. New Brunswick, N.J.,
Rutgers University Press, 1960. 298 pp., bibli
ography. $6.
Legislative Developments in Workmen’s Compensation for
1960. By Andrew Kalmykow. (In Archives of
Environmental Health, Chicago, March 1961, pp.
167-175. $1.)
Sintesi dei Principali Sistemi Previdenziali del Mondo.
Rome, Istituto Nazionale Della Previdenza Sociale,
1960. 128 pp. 2d ed. L1.000.
Report of the M inistry of Pensions and National Insurance
for the Year 1959. London, 1960. (Cmnd. 1133.)
8s., H.M. Stationery Office, London.
Wages and Hours
Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890-1914• By Albert
Rees. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press,
1961. xvi, 163 pp. (National Bureau of Economic
Research General Series, 70.) $3.75.
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543
Occupational Wage Survey: Philadelphia, Pa., November
1960 (Bull. 1285-24, 30 pp.); Trenton, N .J., December
1960 (Bull. 1285-25, 24 pp.); Richmond, Va., Decem
ber 1960 (Bull. 1285-26, 18 pp.); Denver, Colo., Decem
ber 1960 (Bull. 1285-27, 18 pp.); Indianapolis, Ind.,
December 1960 (Bull. 1285-28, 18 pp.); Canton, Ohio,
December I960 (Bull. 1285-29, 16 pp.). Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1961. Bulls. 1285-24 and 1285-25, 25 cents;
all others, 20 cents. Available from Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Salaries, Wages, and Fringe Benefits in Michigan Cities and
Villages Over 4,000 Population. (Hours of work,
overtime pay practices, holiday pay practices, and
uniform allowance policy.) Ann Arbor, Michigan
Municipal League, 1961. 124 pp. (Information
Bull. 96.) $4.
Income and Employment in New Mexico, 1949-1959. By
Ralph L. Edgel and Vicente T. Ximenes. Albu
querque, University of New Mexico, Bureau of
Business Research, 1961. 76 pp. (New Mexico
Studies in Business and Economics 8.) $5.
Pricing Management Jobs in Government. By Richard
M. Paget. Chicago, Public Personnel Association,
[1961?]. 22 pp. (Personnel Report 612.) $2.50.
Pay Rates in Hawaii— Private Employment, Government
Employment. Honolulu, Hawaii Employers Council,
Research Department, 1961. 113 pp. (Special Pub
lication 45.)
Wage Structure: Power Laundries and Dry Cleaners, April—
July 1960: Banking Industry, Mid-1960. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1961. 40 and 30 pp. (BLS Reports 178
and 179.) Free.
Collective Bargaining and the White-Collar Pay Structure
[in Australia]. By Helen Hughes and D. W. Rawson.
{In Journal of Industrial Relations, Sydney, October
1960, pp. 75-89. 10s.)
Minimum Wage Laws. By Donald E. Cullen.
N . Y., Cornell University, New York State
Industrial and Labor Relations, 1961. 58 pp.,
raphy. (Bull. 43.) 50 cents, Distribution
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Ithaca,
School of
bibliog
Center,
Union Wages and Hours: Local-Transit Operating Em
ployees, July 1, 1960 and Trend 1929-60. By
Thomas C. Mobley. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 10 pp.
(Bull. 1289.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Reduction of Hours of Work. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1961. 79 pp. (Report IV(2) prepared
for International Labor Conference, 45th sess., 1961.)
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Wash
ington Branch of ILO.
544
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
Report Submitted to the Congress in Accordance With the
Requirements of Section 4 (d) of the Fair Labor Standards
Act, 1960. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions,
1961. 37 pp.
Organized Executive Action: Decision-Making, Communica
tion, and Leadership. By Henry H. Albers. New
York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. 604 pp., bibli
ography. $8.50.
Workers With Special Problems
Industrial Psychology. By B. von Haller Gilmer and
others. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1961. 513 pp., bibliography. $7.50.
Aging in the States: A Report of Progress, Concerns, Goals.
(Summary of the emerging needs of our older popu
lation and necessary blueprints for action as seen in
the States.) Washington, White House Conference
on Aging, 1961. 170 pp. 60 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Retirement Age. By Helen B. Shaffer. Washington
(1156 19th Street NW.), Editorial Research Reports,
1961. 17 pp. (1961, Vol. I, No. 8.) $2.
Unemployment, Retirement, and Pensions. (Report of
chronically unemployed men between the ages of 55
and 64.) By A. J. Jaffe and J. R. Milavsky. [New
York, Columbia University, Bureau of Applied Social
Research, I960.] 21 pp.
Government Publications and Their Use. By Laurence F.
Schmeckebier and Roy B. Eastin. Washington, The
Brookings Institution, 1961. 476 pp. Rev. ed. $6.
Fit for Men: A Study of New York’s Clothing Trade. By
Egal Feldman. Washington, Public Affairs Press,
1960. 138 pp. $3.25.
Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth. By Bert F.
Hoselitz. Glencoe, 111., The Free Press of Glencoe,
1960. 250 pp. $5.
Problems of American Economic Growth. By Bruce R.
Morris. New York, Oxford University Press, 1961.
279 pp. $2.50.
Selected References on Domestic Migratory Agricultural
Workers, Their Families, Problems, and Programs,
1955-60. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, January 1961. 38 pp.
(Bull. 225.) Free.
Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries:
A Conference of the Universities-National Bureau Com
mittee For Economic Research. New York, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1960. xi, 536 pp.
$12, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
The Fifth Decade: Report of National Study Conference on
the Church and Migratory Farm Labor Held November
16-18, 1960, Washington, D.C. New York, National
Council of Churches, National Migrant Committee of
the Division of Home Missions, 1961. 78 pp. $1.25.
The Politics of the Developing Areas. Edited by Gabriel A.
Almond and James S. Coleman. Princeton, N.J.r
Princeton University Press, 1960. 591 pp. $10.
Placement and Rehabilitation of the Handicapped—A Bibli
ography. Washington, President’s Committee on Em
ployment of the Physically Handicapped, 1960. 7 pp.
Theories of Aggregate Income Distribution. By Paul
Davidson. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University
Press, 1960. 151 pp., bibliography. $5.
Miscellaneous
[Government of India] Third Five Year Plan: A Draft Out
line. New Delhi, Government of India, Planning
Commission, 1960. 265 pp. 2sh. 3d.
Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor for
Fiscal Year Ended June 80, 1960. Washington, 1961.
292 pp. $1, Superintendent of Documents, Washing
ton.
Laos—Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. Edited by Frank
M. LeBar and Adrienne Suddard. New Haven,
Human Relations Area Files, Inc., 1960. 294 pp.,
bibliography. $6.50.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A. —Employment
546 Table A -l.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked,
and sex
547 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
551 Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry
555 Table A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera
tions
B. —Labor Turnover
556 Table B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C. —Earnings and Hours
559 Table C -l.
571 Table C-2.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of
production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
572 Table C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con
struction activities
572 Table C—4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars
D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
573 Table D -l.
574
575
576
577
Table D-2.
Table D-3.
Table D-4.
Table D-5.
E.
Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
—Work Stoppages
578 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Work Injuries
Table F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
i
This table Is Included in the January, April, July, and October Issues of the Review.
N ote: The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published in the Current Labor Statistics section: (1) The source is the U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found In Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS
B ull. 1168 (1954), and (3) the scope of coverage Is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on the tables.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
545
546
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
A.—Employment
Table A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over *
Employment status
1961
Mar.
Feb.
1960
Jan.3
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Annual average
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Total, both sexes
Total labor force........ ................................ 73,540 72,894 72,361 73,079 73,746 73,592 73,672 74, 561 75,215 75,499 73,171 72,331 70,993
71,946
71,284
Civilian labor force__________________ 71,011
Unemployment.................................... 5,495
Unemployment rate, seasona'lly adjusted»..............
6.9
Unemployed 4 weeks or less___ 1,729
Unemployed 5-10 w eeks............ 1,097
Unemployed 11-14 w eek s..........
806
Unemployed 15-26 w eek s.......... 1,063
Unemployed over 26 w eek s___
799
Employm ent....................................... 65,516
Nonagricultural______________ 60,539
Worked 35 hours or more— 47,301
Worked 15-34 hours............. 7,522
Worked 1-14 hours............. . 3,900
W ith a job but not at work < 1,816
Agricultural- _______________ 4,977
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 3,122
Worked 15-34 hours______ 1,195
Worked 1-14 hours_______
432
With a job but not at work *.
228
70,360 69,837 70,549 71,213 71,069 71,155 72,070 72,706 73,002 70,667 69,819 68,473
5,705 5,385 4,540 4,031 3,579 3,388 3,788 4,017 4,423 3,459 3,660 4,206
69, 394
3, 813
68, 647
4; 681
6.8
6.6
6.8
0.3
6.4
5.7
5.9
5.4
5.5
4.9
5.0
5.4
2,063 2,200 2,107 1,840 1, 637 1,655 1,697 1,871 2,654 1, 638 1,580 1, 516
1,408 1,281
994
847
689
603
924 1,033
'644
695
'567
'855
564
610
424
357
260
325
351
278
259
309
256
619
950
696
488
516
492
388
402
418
420
509
705
715
674
643
499
499
500
417
414
416
396
411
499
502
64,655 64, 452 66,009 67,182 67, 490 67, 767 68,282 68,689 68, 579 67,208 66,159 64,267
59,947 59,818 61,059 61, 516 61, 244 61,179 61,828 61,805 61, 722 61, 371 60, 765 59,702
45,341 47,132 47,675 41,593 47, 545 48.284 46,247 45,380 47, 879 48,594 44, 829 46,151
8,952 7,414 8,044 14,484 8,371 7,247 6,308 6,586 7,231 7,203 10,455 7,585
3,722 3,483 3,589 3,687 3,369 3,142 2, 535 2,702 2,921 3,578 3,345 3, 575
1,933 1, 789 1,752 1,746 1,957 2,508 6,737 7,136 3,691 1, 997 2,138 2, 391
4,708 4,634 4,950 5,666 6,247 6,588 6,454 6,885 6,856 5, 837 5,393 4,565
2,842 2,745 3,015 3,666 4,296 4,789 4, 536 4,957 4,874 4,129 3,788 2,465
1,121 1,126 1,163 1,341 1,447 1,314 1,363 1,371 1,492 1,254 1,189 1,117
505
507
492
535
398
362
368
403
408
366
312
586
240
256
237
167
106
123
187
155
82
89
105
400
5. 5
1,658
'778
335
469
571
65, 581
59, 745
45,068
8,531
3,172
2,974
5,836
3, 852
1,356
442
186
6.8
1,833
'959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44,873
7,324
3; 047
2,878
5,844
3i 827
il 361
457
199
Total labor force......................................... 49,309 49,109 49,031 49,186 49,506 49,455 49, 570 50,678 50,998 50,949 49, 337 49,060 48,445
49,081
48,802
Civilian labor force ....................................
Unemployment....................................
Employm ent___________________
Nonagricultural._____ _______
Worked 35 hours or m o re.Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours...............
With a job but not at work A
Agricultural..................................
Worked 35 hours or m o re..
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours..........
With a job but not at work A
46,562
2, 473
44,089
39,340
31,715
4, 405
li 378
1, 840
i 749
3, 421
823
336
170
46,197
3i 155
43,042
38,240
31,390
3.736
1,329
1,784
4,802
3,413
' 857
353
179
Males
46,812
3,709
43,103
38,845
32,506
3,609
1,624
1,107
4,258
2,849
841
356
213
46,608
3.887
42,721
38, 627
31,531
4,356
1,552
1,188
4,094
2,609
832
438
217
46, 539
3, 717
42, 822
38, 796
32, 69S
3, 534
1,460
1,105
4,027
2,530
813
450
233
46,688
3,092
43,596
39,337
32,888
3,806
1,472
1,173
4,259
2,747
839
455
217
47,005
2,496
44,509
39,881
29,346
7,993
1,424
1,120
4,629
3,260
843
369
156
46,964
2,200
44, 764
39,909
33,196
4,098
1,322
1,292
4,855
3,675
786
294
99
47,085
2,082
45,003
39,900
33,559
3, 440
1,291
1,611
5,103
4,016
725
257
106
48.229
2,400
45, 829
40,603
32, 558
3,203
1,041
3, 799
5,226
3,936
857
265
167
48, 521
2,504
46,017
40, 617
32,201
3,300
1,091
4,026
5,399
4,247
745
278
129
48, 484
2, 696
45, 788
40, 462
33,718
3,551
1,193
1,999
5,325
4,232
724
296
73
46,865
2,184
44, 681
39,932
33, 808
3,384
1,502
1,237
4, 749
3,705
695
273
75
46, 580
2,431
44,149
39, 574
31, 761
5,170
1,433
1,210
4, 575
3,503
749
228
95
45,958
2,910
43,048
39, 038
32,273
3, 554
1,559
1,653
4; 010
2,257
859
514
380
Females
Total labor force___________________
24,232 23,785 23,330 23,893 24,240 24,138 24,102 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23,835 23,271 22, 548
22, 865
22,482
Civilian labor force.....................................
Unemployment_________________
Em ploym ent............................. ...........
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or m ore-Worked 15-34 hours..............
Worked 1-14 hours...... .........
With a job but not at work A
A gricultural......................... .......
Worked 35 hours or m o re..
Worked 15-34 hours.............
Worked 1-14 hours_______
W ith a job but not at work A
24,199
1,786
22,413
21,695
14,794
3,913
2,276
709
718
273
354
76
15
22, 832
1,340
21, 492
20,405
13, 352
i, 126
1,794
1,134
li 087
' 431
533
106
17
22,451
1, 526
20i 924
19i 882
13,483
3, 589
1,718
1,093
1,042
414
504
104
20
23,752
1,818
21,934
21,321
13,809
4,596
2,170
744
613
235
289
67
24
23, 298
1,669
21, 630
21 023
14,434
3,880
2,023
684
607
215
314
57
22
23,861
1,448
22,413
21,722
14,788
4,238
2,117
579
692
268
324
80
20
24,208
1,536
22,672
21,636
12,255
6,490
2,264
626
1,037
406
497
123
11
i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
b e g in n in g in 1960, data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not
directly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force,
the employed, and nonagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy
ment were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data.
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24,106
1,379
22, 726
21,333
14,347
4,272
2,047
665
1,392
620
661
104
7
24,070
1,307
22,764
21,279
14,724
3,807
1,851
897
1,485
773
590
105
16
23,841
1,388
22,453
21,224
13,690
3,105
1, 491
2,939
1,229
599
506
103
20
24,185
1,513
22,672
21,187
13,178
3,287
1, 611
3,110
1, 485
707
625
125
26
24, 518
1,727
22,791
21,260
14,160
3,680
1,728
1,691
1, 531
643
768
112
9
23,803
1,276
22,527
21,439
14, 786
3,819
2,075
759
1,088
424
558
93
14
23,239
1,229
22, 010
21,191
13,066
5¡ 285
li 912
928
819
283
439
84
11
22,616
1,296
2L 219
20,664
13, 878
4,032
2,016
738
555
209
257
71
20
1 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also Included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U .8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current issues).
547
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
[In thousands
1960
1961
A nnual
average
In d u stry
M a r .1
T o t a l e m p l o y e e s .................. .............................. - ...........
622
85.3
A n t h r a c i t e . . ______________________________
B i t u m i n o u s c o a l ........... ........................................—
140.2
C r u d e - p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p r o d u c t i o n ____ _________________ ________ ____
P e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p r o d u c t io n
( e x c e p t c o n t r a c t s e r v i c e s ) ______________
N o n m e t a l l l c m i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ..............
103.9
Contract construction....... .. ........................... ..
2,460
N o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ______
_________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n _______
O th e r n o n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ________
B u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . _____ ________________
G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s _______________________
S p e c i a l- t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s ............ .....................
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g ..................................
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t i n g ..................... —
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k _________________________
O th e r s p e c ia l - t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s _______
D u r a b l e g o o d s . . _______________ __________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s _________ ____ ________
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
1959
1958
51,461 51,087 51,437 53,310 53,133 53,391 53, 496 53,062 52,923 53,309 52,957 52,844 52,172 51,975 50,543
M i n i n g . . ......................................... .....................................
M e t a l _____________ __________________ _________
I r o n ________________________________________
C o p p e r _____________________________________
L e a d a n d z i n c _____________________________
Manufacturing_____________ ___ _______
F e b .1
623
86.6
27.6
31.2
10.3
629
89.4
28.7
32.4
10.6
641
90.4
29.7
32.6
10.4
647
90.0
29.4
32.6
10.1
656
92.6
32.4
32.4
9.8
663
93.7
32.9
32.3
10.4
672
94.9
34.1
32.0
10.7
655
915
34.2
31.1
11.1
681
96.7
35.3
31.9
11.4
677
96.1
35.3
31.3
11.9
677
95.1
34.2
31.3
12.3
666
93.2
33.4
30.2
12.3
676
80.1
27.2
22.3
12.3
721
93.1
30.8
28.6
12.9
9.8
142.1
9.8
141.8
9.8
144.9
10.9
147.0
11.9
150.0
11.8
151.4
11.3
155.6
10.7
140.5
11.8
164.2
12.2
167.2
13.2
168.7
14.1
171.5
16.3
168.1
20.3
195.2
283.0
284.0
286.2
284.7
284.8
288.9
291.6
291.6
291.6
286.2
287.3
284.6
300.8
302.6
169.6
170.5
171.5
171.9
172.4
176.2
177.8
178.4
177.0
174.2
174.8
174.3
180.6
188.0
101.3
104.0
109.2
114.3
117.1
117.4
118.8
117.9
116.8
115.7
112.6
102.9
110.7
109.3
2,260 2,385 2,552 2,847 3,006 3,069 3,130 3,098 2,977 2,830 2,590 2,312 2,767 2,648
584
661
659
594
502
416
509
620
643
638
465
393
418
566
158.9 173.0 201.8 271.6 307.7 314.0 322.9 320.1 315.0 284.2 222.0 161.5 271.2 256.0
234.3 244. 5 263.6 294.0 312.5 323.9 338.0 338.7 328.1 310.1 279.7 254.8 312.7 313.2
1,867 1,967 2,087 2,281 2,386 2, 431 2,469 2, 439 2,334 2, 236 2,088 1,896 2,183 2,079
609.6 652.3 698.8 774.4 809.6 836.7 857. 3 857.9 816.8 774.2 705.4 609.8 757.9 750.6
1,256.9 1,314.7 1,388.2 1, 506.3 1,575. 9 1, 594. 5 1,611.7 1, 580. 6 1,517.6 1,461.9 1,382. 7 1,286.6 1,424. 7 1, 328.6
289.9 298.8 305.7 312.4 319.5 327.3 321. 6 315.5 311.3 304.2 292.1 281.2 310.5 303.6
166.3 175.6 196.1 221.6 234.6 245.1 255.9 251.6 234.2 222.0 196.3 179.9 201.4 169.6
174.8 180.9 188.7 193.9 199.3 202.2 206.7 199. 6 187.9 176.5 170.0 165.3 174.2 173.2
625.9 659.4 697.7 778.4 822.5 819.9 827.5 813.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 660.2 738.6 682.2
15,453 15,477 15,580 15,836 16,129 16,313 16,505 16,386 16,250 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,478 16,168 15,468
8, 766 8,8Ó8
8,902 9,065 9,235 9,305 9,403 9,296 9,342 9,504 9,516 9, 548 9,630 9,290 8,743
6,687 6,669
6,678 6,771 6,894 7,008 7,102 7,090 6,908 6,918 6,832 6,832 6,848 6,878 6,725
D u r a b le goods
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ................................. —
L u m ber and w ood
p r o d u c ts (ex cep t
f u r n i t u r e ) ______ _____ ___________ _______
L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s _________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ...........................
M l l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e fa b r lc a t e d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ____
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s _______________ ________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s . ....................
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . .......... ......................... ..
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ...... ....................... ..............
O ffic e , p u b li c - b u i l d in g
and
p r o fe s s lo n a l f u r n it u r e ........................................ ..
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e l v i n g , l o c k e r s , a n d fix t u r e s ............................. ..........................................
S c r e e n s, b lin d s , a n d
m is c e ll a n e o u s
f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ................................
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ____________
E l a t g l a s s ___________________________________
G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n . .
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g l a s s .
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c . . ............................. ..............
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ................................ ..
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ........................
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p ro d u c t s _______ . _________________________
C u t - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s .................... ..
M is c e lla n e o u s
n o n m e ta lllc
m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s _______________________________
153.8
153.3
152.9
152.7
151.5
148.9
150.2
149.8
146.0
149.6
149.4
150.0
150.7
141.7
126.7
560.4
565.3
84.3
270.9
573.2
88.1
274.0
583.4
89.2
279.3
613.5
102.5
292.7
648.9
119.3
304.4
665.6
122.1
313.3
674.6
118.5
321.8
674.2
122.0
320.1
685.9
126.1
324.8
660.7
108.5
318.1
636.0
92.3
310.7
624.2
90.3
304.8
658.0
98.7
319.9
621.7
86.2
311.0
117.5
38.9
53.7
118.8
38.7
53.6
121.8
39.4
53.7
123.0
40.6
54.7
127.8
41.7
55.7
131.1
42.4
56.7
133.2
43.6
57.5
131.8
43.9
56.4
133.0
44.8
57.2
132.7
44.8
56.6
132.0
43.6
57.4
130.2
42.2
56.7
139.1
44.0
56.3
127.1
44.7
62.7
366. 5
265.8
365.5
262.9
373.3
268.3
384.5
276.7
391.9
281.7
393.0
281.5
392.1
281.1
385.0
275.0
391.0
279.9
388.3
279.5
391.3
282.3
390.8
282.2
384.0
279.3
357.9
257.1
—
364.5
—
507.8
P r i m a r y m e t a l I n d u s t r i e s ...................................... 1,052.9
B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s t e e l w o r k s , a n d r o ll i n g
m i l l s _________________ _________ __________ _
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s .....................................
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ______________ __________
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g of
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ______ _____ ______ _
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s _________________________
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ............................................
................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l In d u st r i e s ....................... ............................................... .
.......
See
fo o tn o te s
at end
o f ta b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45.8
46.2
46.9
48.1
49.5
50.2
49. 7
48.7
49.4
48.3
48.5
48.1
46.1
43.8
3 3 .3
33.5
34.3
35.4
36.5
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.1
35.7
35.9
35.5
34.4
34.0
21.6
22.9
23.8
24.3
24.2
24.3
23.8
24.2
24.6
24.8
24.6
25.0
24.2
22.5
547.8
34.4
105.0
17.2
39.0
72.3
49.5
550.4
32.7
100.2
18.0
41.7
75.5
48.1
514.5
27.3
95.5
16.3
42.0
73.1
43.9
499.8
27.4
101.4
16.4
34.7
61.9
43.4
505.4
29. 5
99.1
16.3
36. 2
63.4
43.4
522.4
30.9
102.2
17.4
37.6
67.0
43.8
536.9
29. 7
104. 5
17.5
39.1
70.3
45.8
547.9
30.6
106.0
17.4
40.7
72.1
47.0
555.3
30.3
108.5
17.2
41.9
73.8
47.4
558.0
29.8
107.2
17.0
42.9
75.6
47.6
557.3
30.0
106.9
16.4
43.2
76.2
47.8
562.6
30.5
109.8
16.5
43.0
75.7
49.1
558.1
30.8
106.9
16.8
42.1
76.0
48.8
554.1
31.7
105.5
16.8
41.2
74.5
49.2
105.3
17.0
107.0
16.9
110.6
17.7
114.7
18.1
117.5
18.5
118.2
18.7
120.5
18.6
120.1
17.8
120.0
18.4
118.5
18.1
116.4
18.0
111.5
17.5
117.8
18.1
108.8
18.3
92.3
93.6
95.2
97.2
98.1
99.3
98.8
98.9
99.6
100.1
100.8
101.4
98.3
89.3
1,050.7 1,059.3 1,074.2 1,095.1 1,118.1 1,133.3 1,142.1 1,156.1 1,203.1 1,224.9 1,250.5 1,273.3 1,137. 7 1,104.4
482.0
203.2
479.7
206.8
484.7
211.2
499.0
213.9
515.3
216.6
524.6
219.2
54.2
5 5 .5
56.1
56.2
56.6
11.2
11.6
11.8
11.8
12.0
107.9
55.7
108.7
57.3
110.4
58.7
110.6
59.2
136.5
139.7
141.3
144.4
620.5
227.5
635.9
228.4
522.0
223.9
536.7
197.4
58.6
59.4
57.8
52.2
56.2
12.1
12.4
12.6
12.2
11.5
113.5
61.6
112.2
61.1
113.6
62.8
115.3
65.4
115.8
64.8
105. 5
57.7
150.1
151.9
154.3
157.9
146.8
139.4
580.0
226.8
606.5
222.5
59.1
59.2
1 1 .8
11.9
112.3
60.4
111.3
59.1
144.8
145.1
540.3
213.4
549.0
220.7
57.4
58.7
12.3
12.2
112.0
60.7
112.4
60.8
144.9
146.6
548
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able A-2. Employees in nonagrieultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In th o u s a n d s ]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.2 Feb. 2
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)......................................
T in cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies__________
Fabricated structural metal products.
M etal stamping, coating, and engravtn?_...
Lighting fixtures____________________
Fabricated wire products........................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prodnets
985.5
_________
994.2 i, 012 . e 1,036.7 1,061.; 1,078.9 1,081.0 1,064.9 1,063.2 1,086. ; 1,080.8 1,079.8 1,097.3 1,069. 0 1,029.9
55.8
54.8
6i.;
55. £
57.8
55.5
63. £
63.5
63.6
59.5
59.1
62.2
59.6
68.2
124.8 128.j 130 Í 132.5 132.6 131.2 128. 7 126.9 132.2 133.0 134.0 137.5 134.2 128.3
104.6
271.1
106.7
274.8
107.6
283.7
109.5
289.6
112.9
294.6
113.6
295.8
113.8
298.1
114.6
294.8
115. £
293.1
116.0
287.7
116.1
282.0
116.4
282.5
116.6
285.3
109.3
303.0
211.2
45.6
51.3
220. i
46.6
51.2
228 1
48 4
52.3
237.2
49. 4
53.6
240. £
49.9
55.0
238.2
49. 7
55.6
223. £
47.6
54.8
225 8
47.1
54.6
236 ;
49 1
56.6
236
48.1
57.4
237 5
49 8
58.1
246 0
50 9
5 9 .6
230 1
49 2
66! 6
210 7
44 7
¿2 ! 4
129.8
130. i
130.2
133.6
135.2
135.6
134.8
135 9
139. 5
139 9
143 1
145 3
137 5
123 3
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,567. 8 1,573. 5 1, 572. 7 1,579.0 1,583.2 1, 585. 4 1,605.1 1,615.2 1,635.3 1, 658. 6 1, 660.9 1,677.8 1, 687. 7 1,611.7 1, 501.2
Engines and turbines________________
96.3
97. C
97. 8
96.0
99.3
99. 8 100 2 101. 3 103. 5 104 2 107 1 103 1
93 1
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
150.9 146.3 143 2 138. 7 139.1 139.6 144.0 145 5 148.8 149.3 153 4 159 1 157 9 136 9
Construction and mining m achinery..112.6 111.7 111 ñ 112.9 116.6 119.2 121. 6 125. 6 127.6 130. 3 132. 5 133 0 129 9 122 0
244.2 245.4 246.2 246.6 247.9 249.7 250.8 258.4 264.8 263.5 264.7 263.1 23S! 7 223.7
Metalworking machinery________ . . . .
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________ _________
173.4 173.3 174.8 175.5 176.0 176.3 176.4 176.2 178.0 176.6 176.1 175.4 165.5 159.6
General industrial machinery........ ......... _____
212.4 215.2 218.1 221.0 222.9 226.7 228.0 228.5 230.8 230.1 231.0 232.7 223. 5 220.1
Office and store machines and devices..
142.9 142.7 142.6 142.7 142.3 142.0 140.8 140.6 140.4 138.9 139.0 138.3 132.7 124.9
Service-industry and household ma183.3 180.5
chines__________________________
179.5 180.4 173.5 180.0 179.7 186.6 192.6 196.5 197.7 195.3 184.9 168.9
257.5 260. 6 2.66 1 267.6 271.1 272.3 274.1 273. 7 274.3 272. 6 279.1 283 7 275 5 252 0
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
Electrical m achinery.................................... 1,280.1 1,291.4 1,297.9 1,300.4 1,320. 5 1,284.9 1, 326. 7 1,308. 0 1,292.4 1,297.0 1,289.6 1,293. 7 1,310.0 1,241.6 1,118.8
Electrical generating, transmission, dis405.3 407.6 409.1 409.2 387.3 416.9 415.8 414.3 413.6 414.8 417.9 421.4 402.1 373.5
trlbution, and industrial apparatus
Electrical appliances_________________
36.2
40.1
40.2
35.7
37.3
41.4
38. 4
38 7
39.3
38 9
39 3
40. 3
37 7
34 6
Insulated wire and cable_____________
27.9
28.4
28.9
29.2
29.0
28.3
27.8
28. 5
28.6
98 1
28. 3
28. 9
27.0
25 4
67.5
72.4
72.9
72.5
Electrical equipment for vehicles...........
69.8
72.9
67.9
71.3
70.9
69 8
61 *8
69.7
72. 6
75. 4
26.7
28.1
27.2
23.6
Electric lamps______________________
27.7
28.0
28.7
29. 5
28. 2
29.1
29 7
29.8
27 fi
26 4
Communication equipment.....................
680.7 681.9 676.9 690.6 684.1 690.9 680.2 664.9 665.7 658.0 657.5 666.1 627 ! 2 551! 4
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
47.1
47.3
47.9
49.8
49.2
48.1
49.2
49. 6
49 5
48.9
48. 3
48.2
49 1
45 7
Transportation equipment_____________ 1,477.3 1,498. 2 1, 555.1 1,611.5 1, 631.0 1,629. 8 1, 620.0 1, 524. 8 1, 590. 7 1,607.9 1,652.8 1,665.1 1, 700.9 1, 670.8 1, 592.8
658.2 711.7 765.9 781.0 783.5 767.2 680.3 745 fi 784 7 786 0 790 8 819 0 731 6 630 8
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
645.0 643.3 643 9 644.1 634.7 640.0 638.8 630 4 618 1 658 3 668. 7 680 3 734 9 757 6
Aircraft and parts___I . . . ____________
365. 5 366.3 368 2 370.1 370.2 371.1 371. 4 371 1 371.2 381 4 387 0 393 0 435 0 457 2
Aircraft___________________________
139.9 138.0 137.2 135.5 127.5 133.2 132.1 125.3 114.9 138.7 139.8 140.7 146.3 152. 6
Aircraft engines and parts....................
12.6
12.1
Aircraft propellers and parts________
11.8
14 4
11.8
12.0
12. 7
14.1
14 0
8. 3
13 9
11 9
11 1
18 3
Other aircraft parts and equipment127.0 126.9 126.6 126.7 125.2 123.7 122.8 122.9 123.7 124.1 128.0 132.6 139! 2 129.5
Ship and boat building and repairing.
139.4 141.9 141.2 142.1 143.4 143.4 143.0 144.2 134.0 137.4 135.6 132.4 142.8 144.5
Shipbuilding and repairing_________
119.5 122.2 122 8 122.0 124.3 124.3 124. 3 124 6 110 9 112.3 110 1 107 4 120 9 125 3
Boatbuilding and repairing_________
19.9
19. 7
19.1
18 4
20.1
19.1
19 6
25 5
25 0
18. 7
23.1
25 1
21 9
19 2
Railroad equipm ent_________________
46. 9
50.3
62 n
58.6
60 0
61 6
59 6
58 7
54.6
57.7
51.9
60 8
51 4
60 9
Other transportation equipment______ —
8.7
7.9
10.5
9.2
10.8
10.8
10.3
10.5
10.4
1 0 .5
10 ! 5
8.5
10.1
9 .0
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_______________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents.._____________________
Optical instruments and lenses_______
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments____________________________
Ophthalmic goods___________________
Photographic apparatus_________ ____
Watches and clocks__________________
338.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Musical instruments and parts___ ___
Tovs and sporting goods_____________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions........
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing Industries______
477.2
338.9
340.5
344.0
347.3
348.1
350.8
351.9
348.5
352.8
351.3
353.1
353.7
338.9
65.3
65.6
65.9
65.8
65. 5
65.6
65.6
65.8
65.9
66.0
66.3
66.6
64.2
58.1
97.3
17.8
97.4
18.1
97.6
18.3
97.3
18.6
97.9
18.7
98.7
18.4
99 3
18.5
99 0
18.1
101 0
18.5
100 2
18.4
100 3
18.4
100 2
18.2
93 0
15.8
83 9
14.0
44.8
24.5
64.2
25.0
44.8
24.7
64.9
25. 0
44.8
25.4
65. 7
26.3
45.0
26.2
67.2
27.2
45.0
26.1
67.5
27.4
45.1
26.7
67. 5
28.8
45. 4
27.1
67. 6
28 4
45
26
66
26
45
27
65
28
8
2
9
5
45 1
27 6
65. 5
28. 5
45
97
65
99
43
26
65
31
41
23
65
28
476.5
44.8
17.7
82.6
31.4
54.9
91.8
153.3
467.3
44.7
17.8
75.2
31. 7
54.2
91.3
152.4
486.9
45.6
18.7
83.0
32.1
56.6
93.0
157.9
509.8
46.6
19.1
97.1
32.5
58.5
95. 6
160.4
522.2
47.5
19.1
104. 5
33.2
60.6
95.4
161.9
522.3
46.9
19.2
104. 7
32 8
60.6
96. 2
161.9
514.9
46.7
19.2
101. 0
32 8
61.1
95. 3
158.8
492.9
44.5
18.0
95 1
32 2
57.4
92 7
153.0
508.9
45.8
18.6
98 6
31 8
59.7
95 6
158.8
498.7
45.7
18.6
93 2
31 6
5»!1
94 8
156.7
496.5
46.0
19.1
88 1
31 5
69.1
95 4
157 ! 3
3
9
8
6
3
6
6
6
45
27
65
30
1
7
6
3
493.9
46.7
19.5
81 8
31 3
61.5
95 5
167! 6
1
1
3
4
486. 5
45.9
18.0
84 5
30 8
60.6
92 6
154 ! 1
315.2
5
7
6
4
459.9
4 4 .4
16.4
81 7
30 7
58.2
84 0
144.5
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products......................... 1,376.8 1,369.4 1,390. 3 1,434. 5 1, 486. 5 1,567.0 l, 628.9 1, 601. 7 1,521.4 1, 469.2 1,414.9 1, 404.1 1, 376. 8 1,470.2 1, 476.4
Meat products______________________
291. 3 299. 0 303.6 309 6 310 7 aio 9 308 2 305 7 303 4 997 9 999 6 994 8
307 0
Dairy products_____________ ________
88.4
91 0
88. 8
90.8
97 8
94 6
96 8
9Q %
91 4
94 0
97 4 101 4 102 4 102 0
Canning and preserving_____________
174.0 177.2 192.3 224. 6 291.1 362.5 333.8 254.6 207.7 184.7 185! 9 167.3 223 0 220 ! 4
Grain-mill products_________________
107. 4 108. 5 107.8 107 8 110. 5 110 4 112 1 112 3 110 2 108 9 108 8
113 3 113 8
Bakery products____________________
283. 5 284.4 288.8 289. 8 292.0 290.8 289. 9 292 0 290 8 286 1 987 O 286 1 285 2 284 3
Sugar_____________ _____ ___________
24. 9
37.9
26 7
95 8
95 1
94 5
31. 5
26 3
96 1
42. 8
39.4
27. 6
31 0
31 4
Confectionery and related products___
72.3
77.1
72.0
78.6
79.3
73. 2
70. 0
69 5
70 2
71 8
66.9
77.0
73 5
75 4
Beverages ____________________ ____
197.4 198. 7 205.6 209. 5 214.9 216 3 219 1 2 2 1 . 7 290 2 211 1 906 3 901 5 7QQ 1 707 0
Miscellaneous food products_________ —
130.2 130.2 130.6 132.4 135.1 136.0 138.3 139.5 139! Í 134! 5 132! 6 13l! 4 133 2 137! 3
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
549
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[Id thousands]
1960
1961
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
N o n d u r a b l e go o d s— C o n t i n u e d
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ______________________
C i g a r e t t e s ---------------------------------------------------C i g a r s ----------------------------------------------------------T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f ........... ....................... ..............
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g ____ . . .
77.9
82.3
37.5
23.9
6.0
14.9
85.5
37.6
23. 8
5. 9
18.2
88.5
37.6
25.1
6.0
19.8
92.4
37.9
25.6
6.1
22.8
104.5
37.8
25.7
5.9
35.1
107.5
38.2
25.5
6.0
37.8
91.4
38. 5
25.3
6.2
21.4
78.5
38.4
24.3
6.2
9.6
77.8
38.2
25.4
6.3
7.9
78.5
37.7
25.5
6.2
9.1
79.1
37.9
25.6
6.2
9.4
81.4
37.3
25.9
6.3
11.9
89.2
37.4
27.1
6.6
18.1
90.4
36.4
29.1
6.5
18.4
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s — -----------------------------S c o u r i n g a n d c o m b i n g p l a n t s -----------------Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s .................. ....................
B r o a d - w o v e n fa b r ic m i l l s ------------------------N a r r o w fa b r ic s a n d s m a l l w a r e s ------------K n i t t i n g m i l l s ------------------- ------------------------D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g t e x t i l e s .........................
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r flo o r c o v e r i n g s ------H a t s ( e x c e p t c lo t h a n d m i l l i n e r y ) .............
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s ---------------------
898.3
898.8
4. 6
97.5
371.6
27.7
206. 6
85. 7
42. 5
9.1
53.5
899.5
4.8
97.1
373.0
27.6
204.2
85.9
42. 8
9.2
54.9
911.9
4.8
98.9
375.6
27.9
209.3
87.0
43.3
9.3
55.8
925.6
4.9
99.7
377.4
28.1
218.6
87.5
43.5
9.0
56.9
933.2
5.1
100.8
379.7
28.3
222.0
87.8
43.5
8.9
57.1
943.3
5.2
102.4
384.5
29.0
224.1
87.8
44.0
9.3
57.0
953.6
6.4
104.2
388.6
29.4
227.3
89.0
43.9
9.7
66.1
941.8
5.4
103.1
389.1
28.8
217.7
89.0
43.3
9.8
55.6
961.7
5.5
106.5
393.7
29.5
225.5
90.1
44.0
10.1
56.8
956.3
5.4
105.7
392.9
29.3
221.6
89.9
44.9
10.1
66.5
955.1
5.3
105.9
395.3
29.4
217.5
89.9
45.8
9.6
56.4
956.6
5.2
106.3
396.6
29.8
215.7
88.9
46.2
10.2
57.7
966.0
5.5
110.0
398.5
29.5
220. 1
88.4
46.6
10.1
57.3
941.5
5.2
108.2
399.9
27.5
207.0
84.9
44.8
10.1
53.9
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in i s h e d t e x t i l e p r o d M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s -----------M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h i n g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g ..............................................................- - W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ______________________
W o m e n ’s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s . . .
M i l l i n e r y ........ .............................................................
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ........... ........... ................ .
F u r g o o d s _________________________ _________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ..
O th e r f a b r ic a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ...............
............
1,199.1 1,191.9 1,165.2 1,178.6 1,209.5 1,209.0 1,225.1 1,237. 7 1,188.0 1,215. 9 1, 207.9 1,211.2 1,247.8 1,210. 7 1,156. 3
112.7 112. 7 112.8 114.1 115.1 115.8 116.6 109. 4 116.1 115.0 114.3 114.9 111.4 107.3
339.7
336.9
113.9
23. 7
72.6
6.2
57.4
128.8
332.4
327.1
111.5
19.3
71.1
6.4
54 5
130.2
338.2
328.0
115.1
16.8
68.9
7.3
57.4
134.1
343.6
337.4
118.7
16.3
71.0
8.3
61.2
138.9
349.1
326.2
119.2
18.7
71.5
8.3
61.2
139.7
356.8
334.0
118.8
18.9
71.9
8.0
61.5
139.4
359.3
343.4
118.8
19.6
73.9
7.5
61.4
137.3
349.5
328.2
113.0
16. 5
74.8
7.3
57.2
132.1
357.6
329.0
118.6
13.1
75.6
7.4
61.7
136.8
353.7
328.1
118.4
14.9
73.2
6.9
59.6
138.1
349.6
335.7
120.0
17.8
69.6
6.6
60.2
137.4
351.7
358.0
121.6
22.8
73.8
6.6
60.0
138.4
338.3
344.7
118.9
18.5
74.4
9.2
60.3
135.0
311.3
339.7
114.1
17.9
73.6
10.7
56.7
125.0
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ....................................
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m i l l s -------P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s ----------O th e r p a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ------------
547.6
544.4
268.2
145. 4
130.8
548.0
269. 7
147.0
131.3
551.9
271.7
149.2
131.0
559.9
273.9
153.5
132.5
563.9
275.7
154. 7
133.5
567.7
278.3
154.7
134.7
567.0
279.2
153.0
134.8
560.5
275.0
150.9
134.6
567.0
278.3
152.6
136.1
662.7
274.4
151.7
136.6
562.3
274.0
152.2
136.1
560.0
273.1
152.3
134.6
559.9
273.8
153. 5
132.6
547.1
269. 4
149. 6
128.1
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s
N e w s p a p e r s ------------ ---------- ------------------------P e r i o d i c a l s — ...................................... .....................
B o o k s ..............................................................................
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g --------------------------------L i t h o g r a p h i n g ..........................................................
G r e e t in g c a r d s _____________________________
B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s ____
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g
s e r v i c e s _______________________ ___________
897.6
895.4
328.5
65. 4
64.1
230.1
68.5
20.9
47.7
895.0
329.2
66.3
64. 1
230.6
67.8
20.7
47.5
904.2
333.3
65.5
64.5
232.4
69.5
22.0
47.3
910.2
333.8
65. 7
64.5
233.6
70.1
23. 7
48.0
908.2
332.5
65.3
64.4
233.5
69.7
24.2
48.2
900.9
331.2
64.5
64.4
233.0
69.3
23.0
48.3
895.1
331.0
62.8
63.8
230. 8
68.7
22.6
48.6
890.4
331.4
61.9
63.1
229.3
68.2
22.0
48.1
892.0
331.4
62.3
62.3
229.4
68.6
22.6
48.4
885.9
329.4
62.7
62.2
227.3
68.4
20.6
48.0
886.3
327.7
63.9
62.3
229.3
68.6
2.05
48.0
886.2
327.2
63.9
61.6
230.3
68.1
20.1
47.8
868.3
322.6
62.4
58.0
224.0
66.3
20.8
46.2
852.2
316.4
61.5
65.0
220.7
65. 7
20.0
44.5
70.2
68.8
69.7
70.8
70.4
67.2
66.8
66.4
67.0
67.3
66.0
67.2
68.0
68.4
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s -------------------I n d u s t r i a l I n o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s __________
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s _____________
D r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s -------------------------------S o a p , c le a n i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g p r e p a r a
t io n s —
P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s , a n d f il le r s _____________
G u m a n d w o o d c h e m i c a l s -----------------------F e r t i l i z e r s ---------------------------------------------------V e g e t a b l e a n d a n i m a l o i ls a n d f a t s _____
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c h e m i c a l s _________________
876.8
868.8
104. 5
337.6
104. 6
870.0
104. 5
338. 5
104.8
873.0
105.0
340.5
105.3
875.0
105.1
340.9
105. 5
878.9
105. 2
340.9
105.6
879.8
105.8
343.2
106.5
882.2
106. 7
347.3
107.7
878.9
106. 1
347.4
107.8
877.8
105.8
343.7
106.6
879.6
104.7
340.2
105.4
882.3
104.6
338.3
105.5
869. 4
103.9
336.7
105.8
847.8
102. 5
325.6
104.0
820.9
102. 2
310.6
102. 9
54.1
74.3
7. 6
37.8
38.8
109.5
54.0
75.0
7. 7
36. 7
39. 7
109.1
54.2
75.5
7.7
35.0
40.9
108.9
54.1
76.3
7.7
33.7
41.9
109.8
54.3
77.1
7.7
34.7
42.0
111.4
54.4
77.8
7.8
33.9
39.1
111.3
54.3
79.1
7.8
31.7
36.6
111.0
52.8
79.0
7.9
31.6
36.3
110.0
53.1
78.4
7.9
35.8
36.6
109.9
52.8
77.8
7.9
44.1
37.5
109.2
52.7
77.3
7.8
48.8
39.2
108.1
52.7
76.8
7.7
39.4
39.3
107.1
51.0
75.5
7.7
36.9
40.0
104.6
49.3
73.0
7.8
35.6
38.5
101.0
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l . . ............ . .
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g -----------------------------------C ok e,
o th e r
p e tr o le u m
and
coal
p r o d u c t s --------------------------- -----------------------
215.8
215.6
175.1
217.2
175.6
218.2
176.7
221.6
177.5
224.8
178.7
226.2
180.3
229.8
182. 4
230.2
183.4
232.5
184.0
231.9
183.2
232.4
183.7
232.2
183.8
233.4
186. 2
238.2
192.1
40.5
41.6
41.5
44.1
46.1
45.9
47.4
46.8
48.5
48.7
48.7
48.4
47.2
46.1
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------------T i r e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ____________________
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r ---------------------------------------O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . . . _______________
237.6
239.9
93.4
21.8
124.7
246.7
96. 6
21.9
128.2
250.5
98.1
22.1
130.3
251.6
99. 8
21. 1
130.7
258.1
100.4
22.6
135.1
258.4
101.6
22.4
134.4
257.1 252.6
103. C 103. 1
22.1
21.5
132.0 127.9
258.1
103.5
22.0
132.6
257.1
103.4
21.9
131.8
260.2
104.4
22.5
133.3
267.4
105.1
22.8
139.5
259.8
101. 6
22.0
136.2
244.6
100. 8
20.9
122.9
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s . ........................
L e a t h e r : t a n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d f i n i s h e d .
I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g .
B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d f in d in g s ...
F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ________________
L u g g a g e .........................................................................
H a n d b a g s a n d s m a l l l e a t h e r g o o d s _____
G l o v e s a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s l e a t h e r g o o d s .
359.6
362.8
32.5
4.7
20.3
245.6
13.8
33.0
12.9
360.1
33.6
4.8
20. 7
244.2
13.6
31.5
11.7
359.3
34.1
4.6
19.7
242.3
13.8
31.9
12.9
362.0
34.1
4.7
19. 1
240. 2
15.7
33.5
14.7
360.8
34.2
4.6
18.3
238.1
16.5
33.9
15.2
364.2
34.4
4.7
18.2
242.0
16.4
32 7
15.8
373.9
34.6
4.6
19.3
249.5
17.3
32.4
16.2
365.5
34.4
4.3
19.5
246.0
16.4
30. 1
14.8
365.7
34.5
4.3
19.5
245.4
16.0
30.2
15.8
357.6
34.0
4.2
18.7
238.8
15.8
30.2
15.9
359.3
34.1
4.4
18.6
240.1
15.6
30.9
15.6
370.4
34.4
4.8
19 6
246. 8
15.6
33.5
15.7
372.2
37. 1
4.9
19.4
248.9
15.3
31.2
15.4
357.2
37.9
4.1
18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
550
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry i—Continued
[In thousands]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.J
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Transportation and public utilities_____
5 3,750 3,763 3,843 3,865 3,889 3,907 3,921 3,93$ 3,942 3,924 3,917 3,900 3,902 3,903
Transportation............................................ 2,427 2,422 2,432 2,507 2,528 2,546 2,553 2,560
2,573 2, 592 2,585 2,579 2,570 2, 559
531
Interstate railroads...............................
816.3 817.7 849.2 852.2 869.3 876.0 904.6 912.2 919.5 914.5 909.8 903.6 930.0 2, 963.6
Class I railroads............ .....................
708.8 711.0 734.6 743.5 759.9 766.2 792.9 800.
807.4 801.9 796.6 789.0 815.3 840.8
Local railways and buslines................
88.6
88.7
88.8
89. Í
88.2
90.8
90.8
90.4
91.1
91. Í
91.4
91.2
00 4
92.3
Trucking and warehousing............. .
845.1 854.1 880.9 898.2 902.2 891.7 877.4 879. : 887.] 880.3 880.6 883.3 853.2 792i 5
Other transportation and services_____
671.7 671.2 687.6 688.3 686.1 694.5 687.4 690.2 694.6 698.6 697.6 692.1 683.3 678. 5
Buslines, except lo c a l...........................
39.2
40.4
39.7
39.9
41.1
40.0
41. (
40.8
41.7
40.0
38.8
38.3
41 7
40.4
Air transportation (common carrier)...
149. 5 149.3 150.6 150.9 151.3 152.7 153.3 152.4 152.1 153.0 153.1 152.3 145.9 140.3
Pipe-line
transportation
(except
natural gas)....................... ...................
23.5
23.6
23.6
23.7
24.1
23.8
24.7
24.6
24.1
24.5
24.1
24.2
25.1
25 8
Communication___________ ____ _____
731
731
733
736
741
739
745
752
744
751
741
740
738
771
743
Telephone...................................................
694.3 696.3 699.3 701.8 703.8 707.8 713.5 714.0 707.0 704.0 702.6 700.2 705.5 732.4
Telegraph....................................................
36.0
36.0
36.5
36.6
36.5
36.4
37.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
37.0
36.7
3ft 3
37.2
Other public utilities...................................
597
597
598
600
601
602
609
614
606
610
598
598
592
601
600
Gas and electric utilities_____________
573.6 574.4 576.9 577.6 578.7 584.7 585.2 589.2 582.5 574.6 574.2 568.5 576.6 578.5
Electric light and powor utilities___
252.1 252.5 253.3 253.6 254.2 257.2 259.3 260. C 257.3 254.1 254.0 253.8 255.9
3
Gas utilities......... ..................................
155.0 155.0 155. 3 155.5 155.5 156.9 153.6 156.7 155.3 153.2 153.4 153.0 153.3 258
151.5
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined...... .............. .............. ................ .
166. 5 166.9 168.3 168.5 169.0 170.6 172.3 172.5 169.9 163.3 166.8 161.7 167.4 168. 7
Local utilities, not elsewhere Classified23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
24.0
24.4
23.9
24.5
23.7
23.8
23.5
23.2
22.9
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ___________________
11,278 11,464 12,405 11,842 11, 742 11,665 11,592 11,591 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,325 11,385 11,141
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ______________________ _____ _ 3,098
3,101 3,116 3,161 3,163 3,162 3,153 3,153 3,138 3,129 3, i'll 3,120 3, i'll 3,070 3,013
W h o l e s a l e r s f u ll - s e r v i c e a n d l i m i t e d f u n c t i o n _______________________________
A u t o m o t i v e ...................................... ....................
G r o c e r ie s ,
fo o d
s p e c ia ltie s ,
beer,
w i n e s , a n d l i q u o r s .......................................
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s , m a c h in e r y , h a r d
w a r e , a n d p l u m b i n g e q u i p m e n t ____
O th e r f u ll - s e r v i c e a n d l i m i t e d - f u n c
t i o n w h o le s a le r s _____________ ________
W h o l e s a l e d i s t r i b u t o r s , o t h e r ....... ........... ..
R e t a il t r a d e ________ __________________________
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s ______________
D e p a r t m e n t s to r e s a n d g en e r a l m a il
o r d e r h o u s e s ................................................... ..
O th e r g e n e r a ] m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s ____
F o o d a n d l iq u o r s t o r e s ______ _____ _______
G ro c e r y , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le m a r k e ts .
D a i r y p r o d u c t s t o r e s a n d d e a l e r s _____
O th e r f o o d a n d l iq u o r s t o r e s .............. ..
A u t o m o t i v e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s d e a l e r s ____
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s s t o r e s .......... ...........
O th e r r e ta il t r a d e _________________________
F u r n i t u r e a n d a p p l i a n c e s t o r e s ...............
D r u g s t o r e s ..........................................................
1,837. 2 1,843.7 1,880.1 1,878. 6 1,879.0 1,876.8 1,879.6 1,870. 9 1, 867.1 1,851.4 1, 856. 4 1, 850. 4 1, 819. 2 1, 752 0
139.4 139.9 140.8 140.8 141 5 142.2 142.7 142.2 141.5 140.5 139.6 139.0 ' 135.2 126.6
320.4 320.5 325.8 325.8 318.7 315.5 314.9 315.4 314.1 313.0 315.1 317.8 309.7 303.1
441.6 444.4 449.0 451.0 452.2 454.7 458.4 459. 5 458.1 455.2 455.5 455.0 448.0 439.2
935.8 938.9 964.5 961.0 966.6 964.4 963. 6 953.8 953.4 942.7 946.2 938.6 926.3 883 2
1,264. 0 1,271.9 1,280.8 1,284.0 1, 283.0 1,275. 7 1,273.6 1, 267.0 1, 261. 6 1,259.3 1, 263.1 1, 260.8 1, 250.7 1,261 4
8,177 8,348 9,244 8,679 8,580 8, 512 8, 439 8,453 8, 508 8, 432 8, 500 8,214 8, 315 8,
128
1,393.3 1,476.2 2,021.9 1,654.6 1,553. 5 1,504.1 1, 452. 5 i, 43a i 1,462. 5 1, 465.6 1, 511.0 1, 404.3 1, 483. 5 1, 433.8
900.7 954.6 1,308.8 1,070.9 994.0 951. 8 922.9 917.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 892.1 953.4 925.1
492.6 521.6 713.1 583.7 559. 5 552.3 529. 6 515.9 528.3 533.5 566.2 512.2 530.1 508 7
1,643.8 1, 640.4 1,640.8 1, 682.7 1,659.3 1, 652.1 1,640.7 1,640.9 1, 659. 9 1, 655. 6 1,648.7 1, 649.0 1,633. 6 1, 613.
6 1, 598.8
1, 205. 3 1, 208.4 1,228. 9 1,217.3 1,210.8 1,195.2 1,190.3 1, 204. 8 1, 203. 7 1, 200. 7 1,199.8 1, 200.1 1, 175.3 1,149.
212.1 213.0 216. 7 216.4 217.5 223.7 228.4 229.6 226.8 222.8 220.2 214.9 222.7 227. 44
219.4
223.0
237.1 225.6 223.8 221.8 222.2 225.5 225.1 225.2 229.0 218.6 215.6
786.3 793.7 827.9 813.5 813.4 814.7 819.9 824.5 827.4 819.0 815.0 801.2 791.0 222.0
764. 5
575.8 614.0 749.4 649.7 633.5 619.7 585.6 597.8 628.3 626.7 679.6 584.4 606.0 592 1
3,780.8 3,823.3 3,961. 7 3,901.4 3,927.1 3,933.0 3,940.2 3,937. 5 3, 933.9 3. 872,2 3,845.5 3, 790.8 3, 820.4 3,738 4
387.9 394.7 415.5 406.0 404.7 398.7 396.8 398.1 397.0 399.0 397.4 395.1 393.8 390 2
389.8 399.4 430.9 405.6 407.8 406.8 400.1 398.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 384.2 378.2 355.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
2,512 2,496 2,490 2,504 2,499 2, 501 2,515 2,536 2,530 2,496 2,469 2,463 2,444 2,425 2,374
Banks and trust companies__________ _
684. 2 681.7 684.9 683.2 680.6 680.9 686.8 682.9 671.2 662.9 663.2 661.9 638.4 615 3
Security dealers and exchanges.................
102.9 101. 5 101.5 101.4 101.6 102.0 103.4 102.9 100.4
99.9
99.9
99.7
84 6
94. 5
Insurance carriers and agents__________
952.3 946.9 949.0 945.4 941.4 946.3 952.8 946.8 930.8 922.3 922.5 919.9 904.0
895 0
Other finance agencies and real estate.—
756.8 760.1 768.3 769.3 776.9 785.6 793.4 797.1 793.6 783.6 777.4 762.9 787.8 779! 5
Service and miscellaneous..............................
Hotels and lodging places________ _____
Personal services:
Laundries___ _______ ______________ _
Cleaning and dyeing plants................... .
Motion pictures............................................ .
8,267
6,569
6,531
443.4
6,518
436.8
6,612
448.5
6,665
455.4
6,698
465.7
6,698
508.9
6,685
590.8
6,715
591.7
6,745
524.5
6,717
497.1
6,644
479.3
6,511
458.6
6,525
5Ô5.4
6 395
511.3
296.9
1/3.4
180.9
299.8
175.3
181.8
301.4
176.5
183.3
303.6
179.2
186.1
305.5
179.9
188.9
306.7
175.0
193.6
310.3
170.9
195.4
315.6
175.5
192.1
314.6
181.3
190.7
311.5
179.4
190.3
308.4
177.4
189.7
304.6
169.3
175.3
310.9
170.6
187.0
312 7
167 4
189.8
Government_________ ______ ______ ____ _ 8,725 8,672
Federal *.......................... .............................. . 2,184 2,179
E xecutive......................................... ..........
2,151.2
Department of Defense____________
908.2
Post Office Department____________
564.2
Other agencies_______ _____ _______
678.8
Legislative_________________________
22. 5
Judicial........................................................ .
5.0
State and local4.............................................. 6,541 6,493
State......................................................... .
1,629.9
Local............................................................ .
4, 8b3.1
Education.....................................................
3,169.9
Other__________ __________________
3,323.1
8,608
2,173
2,145.7
907.0
565.1
673.6
22. 5
5.0
6,435
1,620.1
4,815.2
3,128.2
3,307.1
8,917
2,471
2, 443.5
906.6
862.8
674.1
22.4
5.0
5,446
1,618.9
4, 826. 7
3,139.3
3,306.3
8,474 8,140 8,145
2,185 2,206 2,205
2,157.6 2,178.0 2,177.3
910.8 919.2 919.1
565.9 566.5 564.8
680.9 692.3 693.4
22.6
22.8
22.8
4.9
4.9
4.9
6,289 5,934 5,940
1,580.0 , 530.3 1, 539.2
4, 709. 4 1, 403. 9 4, 400. 6
2,926. 6 2, 525.8 2, 538. 8
3,362.8 3, 408. 4 3, 401.0
8,409
2,204
2,176.6
922.8
560.0
693.8
22.8
4.9
6,205
L, 575. 2
4, 629. 9
2, 851.3
3, 353.8
8,449
2, 212
2,184.6
917.1
553.3
714.2
22.5
4.9
6,237
1, 578.8
4, 658.0
2, 978. 5
3, 258.3
8,636 8,586
2,182 2,182
2,154.4 2,154.1
907.9 909.4
570.1 565.0
676.4 679.7
22.4
22.4
5,0
5.0
5,454 6,404
1,618. 7 1, 614. 4
4,834.9 4, 789.6
3,137.4 3,098.4
3,316.2 3,305.6
i Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked In more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8,553 8,536 8,127 7,893
2, 334 2, 331 2,197 2 191
2, 306. 8 2, 303. 6 2,169. 4 2,164. 2
916.5 919.0 941. 3 960 3
553.0 551.8 572.9 562* 8
837.3 832.8 655. 2 641 1
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.1
4.9
4 ft
4 9
4 7
6,219 6,205 5,930 5, 702
1, 572.8 1, 564.1 L 524 3 470 8
4, 646.4 4, 641.1 4,405 7 4, 231 1
2,987. 4 2, 992.0 2, 721. 5 2r563 7
3, 231.8 3, 213. 2 3, 208. 5 3,138.3
* Preliminary.
• Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
’
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared bv the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
551
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u s a n d s ]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Jan.
Dec.
482
71.0
22.9
25.5
8.1
8.7
124.6
487
73.3
23.9
26.6
8.4
8.7
123.9
498
74.0
24.9
26.6
8.1
8.7
126.4
503
73.6
24.4
26.6
7.9
9.4
128.7
512
76.4
27. 7
26.4
7. 6
10.4
131.0
516
77.3
28.2
26.3
8.1
10.2
130.6
195.2
196. C 198.7
196.4
196.7
200. C 202.6
Mar.2 F eb .2
Mining___
M etal_______ _
Iron_ ____ ______
Copper____ _______ ________________
Lead and zinc________
Anthracite,
Bituminous coal_______
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production_______ .
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services).......................
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying...........
Contract construction_________________
Nonbutldlng construction
Highway and street construction___
Other nonbuilding construction ._
Building construction
Oeneral contractors— ___ _
Special-trade contractors . .
Plumbing and heating____ ______ _
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work___________________
Other special-trade contractors______
Manufacturing . ................................. .........
Durable goods______________________
Nondurable g o o d s ....................... ...........
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
525
78 4
29 6
25. 8
8.2
9 7
136.0
July
June
M ay
Apr,
Mar.
1959
1958
507
78. 4
29. 4
25.3
8.9
9.0
119.1
534
80. 4
30. 5
26.0
9.1
10.0
144.3
532
80.0
30.5
25.6
9. 7
10. 5
147.7
533
79. 3
29. 5
25.7
10.1
11. 5
149. 5
524
77.6
28.8
24.8
10. 2
12.4
152.0
532
65 1
22 7
18 0
10 0
14 6
149.2
572
70 5
20 1
23 4
10 5
18 5
I 73! 8
202. i
202. Ç
198.3
199. 5
197.7
210.2
211 1
98.6
96.6
97.5
98.5
99.0 101.9 103.1 103.9 103.2 101.2 101.8 102.5 106.1 112.9
82.2
84.6
89.7
97.5
97.8
95.9
..............
94.7
97.6
96. 4
93.1
83.9
98.3
92.5
91.9
1,862 1,984 2,147 2,433 2,585 2,545 2 705 2,669 2,558 2, 420 2,190 1,914 9. 372 9 97ft
342
317
388
539
554
570
424
487
573
558
5Ï3
340
134.3 148.1 176.2 245.8 281.2 286. 4 290 1 292.6 286. 7 256. 6 196. 2 136. 3
231 8
9A5 1
182.8 193.9 212.2 241. 4 258.1 267.2 279 5 280.1 271.0 256. 8 227. 4 203. 3
1,545 1,642 1,759 1,946 2,046 2,091 9 199 2,096 2,000 1,907 1, 766 1, 574
512.1 553. 8 ' 599. 5 673.0 706.0 732.9 ’ 751 9 752. 4 714. 7 675.1 609. 5 513. 4
658 1
1,032. 5 1,088.4 1,159.2 1,272.8 1,340. 4 1,358.3 1 377 0 1, 343. 9 1,285. 4 1,232.0 1,156. 3 1,060. 3
1 120, 6
234.3 242.3 ' 249.2 255. 6 ' 262. 0 ’ 268. 7 ’ 209 5 256. 2 253. 4 246.7 235. 4 224.1 ’ ? 5 ? R 247 0
___ 145. 6 154. 4 174.5 ’ 200.
1 212.5 222.6 233.6 229.5 212.7 201.3 176.3 160.3 18L7 153.3
_______
135.0 140.5 148.1 153.9 158.6 161.9 166.0 159.9 149.6 139.4 133.3 128.6 138. 3 138.2
............ 517.6 551.2 587.4 663.2 707.3 705.1 714. 9 698.3 669.7 644.6 611.3 547.3 630.4 584.1
11,384 11,409 11,502 11,745 12,037 12, 226 12,399 12,265 12,145 12, 332 12, 292 12,334 12, 435 12,237 11, 658
6,329 6,369 6,456 6. 613 6, 786 6,863 6, 949 6,833 6, 888 7,056 7,084 7,123 7,205 6,955 6, 507
5,055 5,040 5,046 5,132 5,251 5,363 5,450 5, 432 5, 257 5, 276 5,208 5,211 5,230 5,282 5,151
............
Durable g o o d t
Ordnance and accessories______________
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___________________________
Logging camps and contractors_______
72.9
73.0
73.2
73.6
73.8
72.2
73.5
72.0
72.3
72.4
73.0
73.8
74.9
72.9
68.4
495.6
500.9
77.9
244.0
507.5
80.6
247.0
518.2
82.3
251.8
546.8
94.8
264. 6
580. 6
110.6
276.4
598.4
114.8
285.0
606.9
110.9
293.1
606.1
114.6
291.4
617.4
118.6
296.0
592.5
101.8
288.8
586.6
86.1
281.6
555.7
83.9
275.1
591.1
92. 3
291.5
556.8
80 1
283.6
97.3
35.2
46.5
303.0
226.8
98.5
35.0
46.4
302.7
224. 5
101.7
35.8
46.6
309.5
229.0
103.2
36. 8
47.5
320.5
237.6
107.2
37.8
48.6
327.0
241.9
110.5
38. 5
49.6
328.2
241.5
112.8
112.0
40 8
5Ò.Ó
326.7
240.4
111.7
40 8
49.4
324.3
240.3
110.9
39. 7
50. 3
327.2
242.7
109.0
38 2
49.5
326.9
242.9
117. 7
106 5
327.2
241.2
110.9
39 9
49.3
320. 9
235 6
49.4
321. 2
240.8
207 3
35.2
35.7
36.5
37. 5
38.8
39. 6
39.0
38.4
38.8
37.6
38.0
37.7
35.9
3 4 .2
24.3
24.6
25.4
26.4
27. 4
28.0
28.3
28.1
28.1
26.8
27.2
26.7
25.6
25.6
16.7
395.7
23.2
84.9
13.2
27.4
52.0
36.6
81.3
14.6
17.9
400.8
25.3
82.7
13.0
28.9
53.7
36.6
82.9
14.5
18.6
416.1
26.6
85.5
14.2
30.1
57.3
36.9
85.9
15.3
19.0
431.1
25. 6
87.8
14.3
31. 5
60.6
38.8
89.9
15. 7
18.9
441.7
26. 4
89.6
14.2
33. 1
62.3
39.9
92.5
16.0
19.1
449.2
26.1
92.4
14.0
34.2
64.0
40.3
93.1
16.2
18 7
18 8
449.9
25. 8
90.0
13.4
35 3
66. 1
40.9
94.8
15. 2
19. 4
456.1
26. 2
93.2
13.6
35. 3
65.8
42.2
95.0
15.8
19. 6
451.6
26 6
90.5
13.7
34 5
65.9
41.7
93.2
15 6
19 3
448.2
27 5
89.3
13. 7
33 7
64.5
42.3
91.0
15 4
19 6
443.0
30 2
88.9
14. 1
31 6
62.2
42.5
86.8
14.9
449.1
17.4
417.8
84. 7
15.0
80 5
13.3
65. 5
41. 3
94.3
15.6
63 4
37 6
86. 9
62.5
831.0
63.2
837.8
64.3
851.2
66.9
870.3
67.7
891.4
68.9
905.0
68. 4
923.8
69.0
970.3
71 8
69 9
70 8
992.6 1019. 8 1,042.6
916.4
891 0
380.9
170.4
377.4
173.5
381.4
177.8
394.6
180.6
409. 2
182.8
417.6
185.7
430 8
468 9
193.1
495 3
179.5
438 7
187.1
188 8
510 6
194.0
526 4
194. 7
192.2
167.4
41.8
43.0
43.7
43.7
44.2
44.8
45.8
46 3
46. 6
46 1
47.2
45 4
40.0
43.2
8.0
8. 5
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.0
8. 6
8. 6
8 9
9.1
9. 3
9.1
8.2
80.3
44.5
105.1
80.9
46.0
108.5
82.5
47.3
109.9
82.6
47.9
112.2
83.9
49.3
113.1
84.0
49.3
114.5
83 7
48 0
112.4
82 7
47 6
112.8
85. 2
50. 3
117.6
84 2
49 6
119.7
85 6
51. 2
122.1
87 0
53. 7
126.1
116! 0
80 6
46 4
108.4
754.6
47.8
96.4
770.6
46.6
99.6
794.3
47.3
102.2
816.8
47.8
103.9
833.8
49.8
103.9
835.0
53.3
102.5
819.4
55.8
100.1
817.3
55.4
98.6
840.1
55.6
103.8
836.5
54.3
104.4
836.8
51.7
105.4
853.8
51.3
109.1
831.6
51.9
106.2
1 0 0 .1
77.7
189.4
168.4
34. 5
40.3
79.1
192.9
176.2
35.4
40.2
80.0
201.0
184.7
37.3
41.3
81.5
206. 1
193.2
38.4
42.4
85.1
210.8
196.6
38. 7
43.9
86.0
211.7
193.7
38.6
44.2
85.9
213 4
180.2
36. 4
43.4
86. 4
210.1
182.4
36.0
43.1
87.8
208 1
192.8
37. 9
45.2
88. 1
204 4
192.9
37.0
45.9
88. 6
199. 7
193.7
38. 6
46.6
88.5
200 6
201.9
39. 5
48.4
89 5
203 4
187.8
38 5
45.4
34 2
41.7
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .6
100.5
103.5
105.0
105.0
104.2
105.3
108.9
109.5
1 1 2 .6
114.5
108.9
96.5
_______
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n in g m il ls
M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e fa b r ic a te d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ______________
W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s _______________ _______
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___________ —
___
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . ..................... .....................
H o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e . .
O ffic e , p u b li c b u i l d i n g , a n d p r o f e s s io n a l
f u r n i t u r e ______ _____
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e l v i n g , l o c k e r s , a n d fix t u r e s . . __________
S c r e e n s , b l i n d s , a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s fu r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___________
301.2
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ___________
F l a t g l a s s ......................................... ....
G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n .
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g l a s s .
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ____ ___________
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s _______________
P o t t e r y a n d réla’t e d p r o d u c t s ____________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p r o d u c ts
C u t - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s ..
..
M is c e lla n e o u s
n o n m e ta llic
m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s . . __________ ____________________
404.1
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s __________ _____
B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s t e e l w o r k s , a n d r o ll i n g
m i l l s _________________ _____ _____
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s __________ ______
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s ________________________ .
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s _______
_______________
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s ___________________________
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ___ __ . .
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t ord n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r ta t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) ________________________
T i n can s’ a n d o t h e r t i n w a r e _____ _____ _
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o l s , a n d h a r d w a r e ______
H e a t i n g a p p a r a t u s ( e x c e p t e le c t r i c ) a n d
p l u m b e r s ’ s u p p l i e s ____________________
F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts
M e t a l s t a m p i n g , c o a t i n g , a n d e n g r a v in g .
L i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s _________________________
F a b r i c a t e d w i r e p r o d u c t s ...... ........... .............
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
5914 9 8 — 61 ---- 7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
___
834.4
746.5
39 7
5 0 .4
451. 5
90.8
13.8
^
3 ?
65.7
40.4
95.8
16.0
08 3
909.8
46.0
220.1
10 .
/
795.8
50.6
83 3
290 0
169! 4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
552
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry1—Continued
[In
th o u sa n d s]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable poods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical).........—......... 1,069.1 1,076.1 1,074. 6 1,080.7 1,085.3 1,086.6 1,104.4 1,111.6 1,130.4 1,154.1 1,159. 3 1,176.4 1,186.1 1,134.1 1,039.3
61.1
58.2
59.7
59.5
58.2
61.0
62.9
61.3
64. 5
65.8
Engine and tu rb in es________________
58.8
68.2
65.9
60. 7
94.1
93.9
105.3 101.0
97.9
93.5
97.1
Agricultural machinery and tractors.—
98.7 101.5 101.7 105.5 110.9 112.4
94.7
74.2
75.1
78.5
81.0
87.4
91.4
Construction and mining machinery__
75.5
83.1
85.5
89.9
91.9
74.3
89. 6
82.4
176.4 176.6 177.7 179.0 179.0 181.0 181.9 190.2 195.6 195.7 196.4 195.1 175.6 162.1
Metalworking machinery____________
Special-industry machinery (except
119.2 119.4 120.9 121.7 122.3 122.6 122.7 122.4 124.2 123.5 123.1 122.6 114.9 108.5
metalworking machinery)_________
General Industrial m achinery................
130.9 133.2 135.6 137.0 139.9 142.7 143.5 143.7 146.5 146.5 147.5 149.0 141.9 138.1
92.8
92.2
92.2
92.6
92.9
92.9
91.7
92.6
92.8
92.3
92.4
Office and store machines and devices.
91.6
89. 7
84.0
Service-industry and household ina133.0 130.4 129.1 130.1 123.1 130.0 129.7 136. 5 143.0 146.9 148. 4 146.0 138.1 123 2
chines____________________________
185.9 189.3 193.4 195.9 198.7 199.3 200.4 199.5 200.1 198.3 205.4 210.0 206.0 185.6
Miscellaneous machinery p a r ts ______
835.5
842.1
843.6
866.8
839.1
876.9
861.4
849.6
858.7
855.1
860.4
878.7
839.7
750.1
266.7
26.2
21.4
50.9
23.0
413.6
33.7
268.6
25. 7
21.7
53.1
23.4
415.5
34.1
269.9
27.2
22.1
55.6
23.9
410.1
34.8
270.2
31.3
22.4
56.2
24.3
426.2
36.2
253.1
30.3
22.2
56.1
20.0
422.8
34.6
278.5
30.2
21.6
55.6
24.4
430.1
36.5
276.7
28.6
21.0
51.3
24.9
422.8
36.1
276.0
28. 7
20.4
52.9
24.5
410.8
36.3
277.6
29.4
21.8
54.6
25.4
413.7
36.2
279.3
29.1
22.0
54.3
25.8
408.8
35.8
283.1
29. 5
21.8
56.0
25.9
408.8
35.3
287.2
30.4
22.2
59.0
25.9
418. 7
35.3
273. 7
28. 2
21.6
54.4
23.9
401. 6
36.3
247. 8
25. 4
19.3
47.0
22. 5
355. 4
32.7
Electrical m achin ery............... ...................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus ___________________________
Electrical appliances _______________
Insulated wire and cable_____________
Electrical equipment for v e h ic le s____
Electric lamps______________________
Communication equipment__________
Miscellaneous electrical products. ___
828.2
Transportation equipm ent..........................
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t______
Aircraft and parts. _________________
A ircraft..........
_ _ _ _ _
Aircraft engines and p a r ts...................
Aircraft propellers and parts........... .
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing..................
Boatbuilding and repairing____ ____
Railroad equipm ent____ ____________
990.9 1,013. 5 1,067.9 1,124.6 1,146. 6 1,149.3 1,135.1 1, 036.2 1,104.8 1,127.2 1,173. 6 1,187.1 1,221.2 1,189. 5 1,124.0
493.6 541. 9 595.8 610. 4 613.9 597.4 508.7 573.9 614.9 615.8 622. 9 651.9 574. 2 430.0
365. 6 367.2 368.8 372.3 365.7 367.0 364.7 358. 4 347.5 388.0 398.1 407.1 451.1 479. 3
203. 2 206. 2 207.7 212.0 212.9 211.5 212.4 212.2 214.2 223. 5 229.1 233. 5 268.1 291 5
80.7
77.8
82.2
73.9
58.4
82.4
83.9
81.2
79.6
74.5
83.3
69.8
89.9
86.5
6.7
7.2
6.5
6.6
2.7
8.5
8.5
8.6
6.6
6.6
6.8
5.9
9.1
12.2
73.7
74.1
72.4
71.1
71.2
72.2
73.6
77.2
73.0
81.1
87.4
73.0
70. 5
85. 7
114.8 117.0 116.5 117.3 118.8 118.8 117.8 119.4 111.1 114.7 113.1 109.8 118.8 121.4
91.4
98.3 100.4 101.2 100. 7 102.9 103.0 102.4 103.2
93.0
90.9
88.1
99.9 105.1
15.8
19.7
15.3
16.6
15.9
15.4
21.7
22.2
16.5
16.2
21.7
16.6
18.9
16.3
O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ________
—
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s .................
L a b o r a to r y , s c ie n tific a n d e n g in e e r in g
in s tr u m e n ts
___________________________
M e c h a n i c a l m e a s u r i n g a n d c o n t r o l l in g
in s tr u m e n ts
___________________________
O p t i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d l e n s e s ..................
S u r g i c a l, m e d i c a l , a n d d e n t a l i n s t r u m e r its
______________- ___ - ______________
O p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ______________ „ _________
P h o t o g r a p h i c a p p a r a t u s ________________
W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s . .
........................
2 1 3 .2
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r ie s ..
J e w e l r y , s il v e r w a r e , a n d p l a t e d w a r e . . .
M u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d p a r t s _________
T o y s a n d s p o r t i n g g o o d s _________________
P e n s , p e n c i ls , o t h e r o ffic e s u p p l i e s _____
G o sf.n r n e j e w e lr y , b u t t o n s , n o t i o n s ,
F a b r i c a t e d p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ____________
O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . . . ...........
3 7 2 .6
—
3 2 .8
6 .7
3 5 .9
5 .9
3 7 .1
6 .4
39. 5
7 .1
4 2 .6
8 .3
4 3 .3
8 .6
3 6 .4
8 .6
44. 8
8 .3
4 5 .6
8 .1
4 6 .7
8 .4
44. 7
8 .3
4 4 .0
8 .4
3 7 .1
8 .3
36 1
7 .2
2 1 3 .2
2 1 5 .3
2 1 8 .2
2 2 2 .0
2 2 2 .9
2 2 5 .4
2 2 6 .1
2 2 3 .4
2 2 7 .5
2 2 7 .7
2 2 9 .8
2 3 0 .5
2 2 2 .3
2 0 5 .3
3 5 .0
3 5 .8
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
3 6 .0
3 6 .2
3 5 .9
35. 8
3 5 .7
3 5 .8
3 6 .0
3 6 .0
3 5 .1
3 1 .8
6 2 .3
1 1 .8
62. 7
1 2 .1
6 2 .7
1 2 .4
62. 6
1 2 .5
6 3 .3
1 2 .6
6 4 .2
1 2 .4
6 4 .7
1 2 .5
6 4 .4
1 2 .3
6 6 .2
1 2 .7
6 6 .4
1 2 .7
6 6 .8
1 2 .7
6 6 .9
1 2 .5
62. 4
1 0 .7
55 3
9 .4
2 9 .9
18. 7
3 6 .3
1 9 .2
29. 7
1 8 .9
3 6 .9
1 9 .2
2 9 .8
1 9 .4
3 7 .7
2 0 .3
29. 8
2 0 .2
3 9 .1
2 1 .7
3 0 .0
2 0 .1
3 9 .6
2 1 .3
2 9 .8
2 0 .6
39. 6
2 2 .6
3 0 .1
2 1 .0
3 9 .7
2 2 .2
3 0 .1
2 1 .1
3 9 .1
2 0 .6
3 0 .4
2 1 .3
38. 7
2 2 .5
3 0 .2
21. 5
3 8 .7
2 2 .4
3 0 .4
2 1 .7
38. 7
2 3 .5
30. 2
2 1 .9
3 8 .8
2 4 .2
28.
20.
39
25.
7
6
3
5
27 3
1 8 .4
39 7
22. 9
3 7 2 .3
3 5 .5
1 4 .3
6 6 .9
2 3 .1
4 3 .3
6 9 .9
1 1 9 .3
3 6 3 .5
3 5 .4
14. £
59. 8
23. 3
42. 7
6. 97
1 1 8 .3
3 8 2 .7
3 6 .4
1 5 .3
6 7 .6
2 3 .8
4 5 .1
7 1 .6
1 2 2 .9
4 0 5 .8
3 7 .3
15. 6
8 2 .1
2 4 .3
4 6 .8
7 4 .3
1 2 5 .4
4 1 8 .0
3 8 .2
1 5 .6
8 9 .6
2 4 .9
4 8 .9
7 4 .0
1 2 6 .8
4 1 7 .6
3 7 .5
15. 6
8 9 .1
2 4 .6
4 8 .8
7 5 .1
1 2 6 .8
4 1 0 .4
37. 4
15. 7
8 5 .8
24. 5
49. 0
7 4 .1
1 2 3 .9
3 8 9 .1
3 5 .3
14 6
8 0 .0
24 0
45 9
7 1 .5
1 1 7 .8
4 0 5 .2
3 6 .5
1 5 .2
83. 5
2 3 .8
4 7 .8
7 4 .8
1 2 3 .6
3 9 7 .3
3 6 .3
15. 3
78. 5
23. 6
46. 8
7 4 .2
1 2 2 .6
3 9 5 .1
3 6 .5
15. 7
73. 4
23 4
4 7 .9
7 4 .9
1 2 3 .3
3 9 1 .9
3 7 .1
16. 0
67 2
23. 2
50. 0
7 5 .0
1 2 3 .4
3 8 6 .6
3 6 .1
15 0
70 7
22 3
48 3
3 6 1 .0
3 4 .5
13 6
67 5
2? 3
46 4
6 4 .8
1 1 1 .9
9 8 4 .4 1 ,0 3 5 . 7 1 ,1 1 2 .3 1 ,1 7 0 .9 1 ,1 4 2 .3 1 ,0 6 4 .1 1 ,0 1 5 .4
2 4 2 .4
2 4 8 . 4 2 4 8 .8
248. 3
245. i
243 4
241. 8
5 9 .8
60. 4
6 2 .8
65. 6
69. 0
70 4
70. 3
1 5 6 .6
1 8 8 .1
2 5 4 .1
3 2 4 .8
2 9 7 .2
2 1 9 .3
1 7 3 .1
7 4 .3
7 6 .2
7 4 .2
76. £
7 6 .6
77. 5
78 3
1 6 2 .0
163. 1
1 6 5 .0
1 6 3 .8
162. 9
1 6 4 .4
1 6 5 .0
3 2 .0
3 6 .7
3 3 .6
22. 4
20. 6
21. 3
20. 4
6 1 .0
6 3 .6
6 4 .5
62. 4
52. 6
58. 9
55. 3
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .1
1 1 7 .9
115. 9
117. 8
8 8 .4
9 2 .3
9 0 .3
9 3 .3
94. 5
9 6 .0
9 5 .6
9 6 7 .4
235. 7
66 7
1 5 0 .8
7 5 .0
160. 9
1 9 .8
54. 8
1 1 2 .2
91. 5
9 5 9 .5
2 3 2 .1
63 7
1 5 2 .0
74. 4
161. 7
2 0 .8
65. 4
1 0 8 .9
90. 5
9 3 3 .7 1, 025. 3 1 ,0 3 5 .3
240 6
233 8
?43 5
60 7
65 5
66* 7
1 3 3 .6
1 8 9 .2
m e
77 9
79 5
73 9
162 1
164 9
160 8
25 9
25 3
19. 3
57. 2
59 4
61 6
104 9
111 3
112 4
9
3
5
94' 2
89 6
72.0
1 2 0 .3
N o n d u r a b le goods
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s . . . .................. ..
M eet, p r o d u c ts
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ____________________________
C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g _________________
G r a i n - m i l l p r o d u c t s ____________________
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts
..................................
S u g a r ________________________________________
C o n f e c t io n e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ____
B averages
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s ____________
9 2 8 .6
9 2 3 .0
229. 5
5 8 .1
1 3 8 .6
73. £
157. 5
1 9 .6
57. 2
1 0 1 .3
8 7 .3
9 4 3 .2
237. 1
5 8 .3
1 4 1 .4
74. 7
1 5 8 .4
26. 2
57. 3
1 0 2 .1
8 7 .7
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ______________________
6 7 .7
7 2 .2
3 2 .3
2 2 .3
4 .9
1 2 .7
7 5 .4
3 2 .4
22. 2
4. 9
1 5 .9
C i g a r e t te s
... . .
C i g a r s _______________________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n n ff
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g ________
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
....................
7 8 .3
32. 4
2 3 .4
5 .0
1 7 .5
8 2 .0
3 2 .6
2 3 .9
5 .1
2 0 .4
9 4 .3
3 2 .7
2 4 .0
5 .0
3 2 .6
9 7 .2
3 3 .1
2 3 .8
5 .0
3 5 .3
8 1 .2
33. 5
23. 6
5 .2
1 8 .9
6 8 .7
33 4
2 2 .7
5 .2
7 .4
6 7 .9
33 1
2 3 .8
6 .2
5 .8
6 8 .3
32 5
23. 7
6 .2
6.9
69
32
24
2.
1
6
0
5
32 1
7.3
0.7
71 2
24 1
5 3
73 9
¿2 2
25 4
55
1 5 .8
SO 1
31 5
27 4
5 4
1 5 .8
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
553
A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1961
1960
A nnual
average
In d u stry
M a r .3
F e b .3
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ...............................................
8 0 4 .9
S c o u r i n g a n d c o m b i n g p l a n t s ___________
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s . ' . ..................................
B r o a d - w o v e n fa b r ic m i l l s ________________
N a r r o w f a b r ic s a n d s m a l l w a r e s ...................
E m i t t i n g m i l l s . ___________________________
D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g t e x t i l e s ____________
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r flo o r c o v e r i n g s ..........
H a t s ( e x c e p t c l o t h a n d m i l l i n e r y ) ______
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s ......... ................... —
8 0 6 .1
4. 2
8 9 .4
343. 8
2 4 .0
185. 8
7 3 .4
3 5 .2
8 .0
4 2 .3
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
1959
1958
8 7 3 .9
6 0
1 0 1 .5
370 6
2 5 .9
Iftft
7 6 .6
3 8 .9
8 .9
4 6 .9
8 5 0 .8
4 7
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Nondurable good»—C o n t i n u e d
8 0 6 .6
4 .3
8 9 .1
34 4 . £
2 4 .0
183 3
7 3 .8
3 5 .2
8 .1
4 3 .9
8 1 9 .0
4 3
9 1 .0
347 5
2 4 .2
188 5
7L 7
3 5 .8
8 .2
4 4 .8
8 3 2 .3
4 4
9 l! 8
34Q 4
2 4 .5
1Q7 5
75.2
35.9
7.9
45.7
8 3 9 .9
4 5
9 2 .9
351 4
!
201 4
247
75.4
35.9
7.8
45.9
8 4 9 .5
4 .7
9 4 .3
3 5 5 .8
2 5 .5
2 0 3 .1
7 5 .4
3 6 .5
8 .2
4 6 .0
8 5 8 .6
4 .9
9 6 .0
359 7
2 5 .7
205 7
7 6 .8
3 6 .3
8 .5
4 5 .0
8 4 7 .8
4 S
94.9
360 4
2 5 .1
196 6
7 6 .7
3 5 .9
8 .6
4 4 .7
8 6 6 .7
5. C
9 7 .7
3 6 4 .7
2 5 .9
2 0 4 .6
7 7 .7
3 6 .4
8 .9
4 5 .8
8 6 2 .9
4. £
9 7 .6
3 6 4 .7
2 5 .6
2 0 0 .7
7 7 .7
3 7 .2
8 .9
4 5 .6
8 6 1 .4
4 .8
9 7 .7
366. £
2 5 .8
1 9 6 .7
7 7 .8
3 8 .0
8 .3
4 5 .4
8 6 3 .0
4. g
9 8 .0
368 5
2 6 .1
195 0
7 6 .6
3 8 .4
8 .9
4 6 .7
39
729.74
2
7 1863! 89
73.7
3 6 .7
9 .0
4 3 .9
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r f in is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s . ............................. - ..........................- ................ 1 ,0 7 1 .8 1 ,0 6 4 .0 1 ,0 3 7 . 7 1 ,0 5 1 .5 1 ,0 7 9 . 3 1 ,0 7 8 .8 1 ,0 9 4 . 5 1 ,1 0 7 .3 1 ,0 5 9 .7 1 ,0 8 5 .3 1 ,0 7 9 .1 1 ,0 8 2 .4 1 ,1 1 8 .2 1 ,0 8 0 .0 1 ,0 2 7 .0
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s
____
1 0 4 .7
1 0 2 .3
100. 9
100. 8
1 0 1 .1
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .7
9 7 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .5
9 5 .0
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h i n g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g __ ____________________________ . .
3 0 6 .7
311 ft
317 4
327 fi
3 2 6 .0
308 6
325 3
3 2 2 .9
308 3
301. 1
318 0
318 8
320 9
283 9
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r _______________________
2 9 4 .6
2 9 3 .9
2 9 3 .6
309 3
2ftl 3
2 9 3 .0
308 0
303. 3
3 0 9 .1
294 3
3 0 0 .9
322 6
2 9 9 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 5 .2
W o m e n ' s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___
105 7
1 0 5 .5
lOfi 2
100. 9
9 9 .0
106 1
105. 6
105. 6
100 5
107. 5
108. 9
101 9
M illin e r y
________________________________
1 7 .1
14 3
1 1 .3
1 3 .0
lfi 3
21. 7
1 5 .1
1 6 .8
14 7
1 5 .9
16 7
17. 5
20. 7
15 7
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . __________________
6 3 .9
6 1 .7
03 0
6 7 .9
65. 5
fifi 3
65. 4
6 4 .3
6 1 .9
6 6 .1
63 9
66 2
67 1
65 1
F u r g o o d s ___________________ _____________
4. 7
4 .9
5 .6
5 .2
5 .9
0 7
6 .4
4 .9
7 1
5 7
6 6
6. 0
4 .8
8 2
M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..
51. 3
4 8 .5
55 0
64 4
5 1 .1
5 5 .3
5 5 .7
5 3 .8
54. 4
54 1
55 0
5 5 .3
51J2
50 9
103 g
O t h e r f a b r ic a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s _______
1 0 8 .8
117 4
1 1 5 .0
113
107. 5
1 1 6 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 2 .9
118 4
1 1 8 .0
115 3
110 4
1 1 7 .0
302 7
7
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ....................................
4 3 2 .6
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m i l l s ...........
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s . ____
O t h e r p a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ________ ...............
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d I n d u s tr ie s
____________________________________
N e w s p a p e r s ________________________________
P e r i o d i c a l s _________________________________
B o o k s . . ___________________________________
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g _____________________
L it h o g r a p h in g
___________________________
G r e e t in g c a r d s ____________________________
B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s ____
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g
s e r v i c e s ___________________________________
5 7 3 .5
4 3 1 .0
2 1 6 .0
115. 0
9 9 .8
4 3 4 .2
2 1 7 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 0 0 .4
4 3 7 .2
218. 7
1 1 8 .9
9 9 .6
5 7 0 .9
. 1 6 2 .3
28. 3
39. 2
184. 5
5 2 .1
1 4 .0
3 7 .1
5 7 1 .1
163. 6
28. 2
38. 8
184. 7
51. 2
1 4 .1
36. 8
5 7 8 .8
1 6 6 .6
2 8 .0
3 9 .0
1 8 6 .6
5 3 .0
1 5 .3
3 6 .6
444.8
221 3
199 7
100.8
5 8 4 .4
IO 9
7
33 3
137 0
53 3
17 O
!
4 4 8 .8
223 1
124 0
1 0 1 .7
4 5 2 .1
2 2 5 .4
1 2 3 .8
1 0 2 .9
4 5 1 .3
226. 4
1 2 2 .1
1 0 2 .8
4 4 4 .5
222 2
119 8
1 0 2 .5
4 5 1 .8
2 2 5 .7
1 2 2 .0
1 0 4 .1
4 4 9 .2
2 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 0 4 .9
4 4 8 .3
2 2 2 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 0 4 .5
4 4 6 .4
221. 5
121. 8
1 0 3 .1
5 8 4 .6
166 6
23 0
5 7 8 .4
1 6 5 .3
2 8 .5
3 9 .3
1 8 7 .1
52 7
1 6 .6
3 7 .8
5 7 2 .7
1 6 4 .2
27 5
38. 7
184. 8
52 1
16 4
3 8 .0
5 6 8 .3
163 7
2fi fi
38 0
183 ft
51 8
lfi n
6 7 1 .9
1 6 5 .0
2 6 .8
3 7 .5
184. 5
5 2 .0
1 6 .6
3 8 .0
5 6 6 .8
1 6 4 .0
2 7 .0
37. 4
1 8 2 .5
5 1 .8
14. 6
3 7 .7
6 6 7 .5
162. 9
2 7 .7
5 6 7 .6
162. 6
27 fi
1 8 4 .6
6 2 .1
14. 5
3 7 .6
185 4
61 6
14 0
391
187 9
53 0
17 6
37 4 37.6
54 0
54.2
533.4 5 3 8 .1
5 3 .4
5 3 .7
5 3 .7
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . .......................
5 3 5 .2
I n d u s t r i a l i n o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s . ________
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s ------------------D r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s _____________________
S o a p , c le a n i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s ______________________________________
P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s , a n d f i l l e r s ------------------G u m a n d w o o d c h e m i c a l s ________ _______
____________________________
F e r tiliz e r s . _
V e g e t a b l e a n d a n i m a l o i ls a n d f a t s _____
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c h e m i c a l s _________________ —
5 2 8 .0
6 8 .7
2 0 4 .7
55. 2
5 2 7 .9
68. 7
2 0 3 .7
55. 6
5 3 0 .8
6 9 .3
2 0 5 .3
5 6 .0
3 1 .8
4 2 .9
6 .2
27. 6
26. 5
6 4 .4
31. 9
4 3 .7
6 .1
2 6 .6
2 7 .0
6 4 .6
3 2 .0
4 4 .0
6 .2
2 5 .0
2 8 .0
6 5 .0
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l .......................
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g ________________________
C o k e , o th e r p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c t s _______________________________________
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 4 3 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 4 5 .1
1 1 2 .9
3 0 .3
3 1 .4
3 2 .2
3 5 .7
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ____________________________
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s _____________________
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r __________________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s __________________
1 7 9 .2
1 8 0 .8
6 7 .2
1 8 .3
9 5 .3
1 8 7 .5
7 0 .4
1 8 .3
9 8 .8
1 9 0 .6
7 1 .5
1 8 .4
1 0 0 .7
192. 6
7 3 .1
17. 4
1 0 2 .1
1 9 7 .9
7 3 .8
1 8 .5
1 0 5 .6
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s . .........................
L e a t h e r : t a n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d f in i s h e d ..
I n d u s t r ia l le a th e r b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g .
B o o t a n d s h o e c u t s t o c k a n d f i n d i n g s __
F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ________________
L u g g a g e ____________________________________
H a n d b a g s a n d s m a l l l e a t h e r g o o d s _____
G l o v e s a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s l e a t h e r g o o d s .
3 1 8 .1
3 2 1 .2
2 8 .4
3 .7
1 8 .1
2 1 9 .8
11. 5
28. 7
3 1 8 .2
2 9 .4
3 .7
18. 5
218. 1
1 1 .3
2 7 .3
9 .9
3 1 6 .6
2 9 .8
3 .6
1 7 .4
2 1 5 .6
1 1 .5
2 7 .6
1 1 .1
3 1 9 .3
3 0 .0
3 .6
1 6 .8
2 1 3 .6
1 3 .4
2 9 .2
1 2 .7
3 1 8 .1
3 0 .0
3 .6
1 6 .1
3 2 1 .2
3 0 .1
3 .6
1 6 .0
2 1 5 .4
1 4 .1
2 8 .2
1 3 .8
Se 3 footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.0
37.5
37.6 37 2
37.6
4230
9.3
2
7
lif t 6
102.6 99! 0
4 4 8 .6
223 1
122 ft
557.5 545.4
1fi1 0
9fi fi
36 6
180 2
60 1
16 0
3 6 .3
157 2
33 7
14 2
35.0
5 1 .1
5 1 .0
50 8
5 1 .5
5 1 .8
5 0 .5
5 1 .7
62 8
5 3 7 .6
6 9 .9
2 1 0 .3
5 7 .9
5 3 6 .9
69 5
2 1 1 .3
5 8 .3
5 4 0 .4
6 9 .5
2 1 1 .1
5 7 .5
5 4 6 .7
6 9 .2
2 1 0 .0
56. 6
5 5 1 .0
6 9 .3
2 0 8 .9
56. 7
5 4 0 .5
68. 7
2 0 8 .7
5 7 .3
5 3 0 .9
fi8 4
2 0 3 .3
5 7 .1
5 1 2 .2
67 3
19 L 8
5 7 .6
30 8
4 6 .3
6 .4
3 4 .1
2 4 .9
30. 8
4 6 .1
6 .4
38 7
26. 6
6 7 .6
30 7
4 5 .7
6 .3
29 5
2fi fi
6 7 .0
30 3
30 1
9fi ft
97 9
6 fi0
1 5 4 .9
1 1 6 .7
1 5 4 .4
1 1 6 .3
1 5 4 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 5 5 .4
1 1 8 .4
Oft 4
2 0 6 .0
5 6 .2
6 9 .4
2 0 5 .8
56 5
5 3 7 .4
69. 4
2 0 7 .1
5 7 .2
31 ft
32 4
4 5 .5
6 .3
24 6
2 9 .3
6 8 .3
3 2 .5
4 6 .1
6 .3
23. 7
2 6 .6
6 8 .5
3 2 .2
4 6 .9
6 .4
2 1 .6
2 4 .1
31 7
4 6 .7
6 4
21 6
23 8
6 7 .6
3 1 .3
4 6 .6
6 .4
2 5 .8
2 3 .9
6 8 .3
1 4 9 .7
1 1 4 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 1 5 .1
1 5 3 .5
116. 7
1 5 3 .2
1 1 7 .0
1 5 5 .6
1 1 7 .6
3 5 .4
36. 8
3 6 .2
3 8 .0
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 7 .8
1 9 7 .8
7 4 .5
1 8 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 9 6 .1
75. 7
1 8 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 9 1 .7
75 9
17 6
98 2
1 9 7 .9
76. 6
1 8 .2
1 0 3 .1
1 9 7 .6
7 7 .0
1 8 .1
102.5
2 0 0 .7
78 1
18. 5
104 1
2 0 7 .5
78 8
18 9
109 8
1 9 9 .4
74 fi
17 ft
lOfi ft
1 8 6 .0
74 7
16 7
94 6
3 3 1 .0
3 0 .4
3 .5
1 7 .2
3 2 2 .2
29. 9
3 .2
17. 3
2 1 8 .9
14. 1
2 5 .9
1 2 .9
3 2 3 .2
3 0 .2
3 .2
1 7 .3
2 1 8 .9
1 3 .8
2 6 .0
1 3 .8
3 1 5 .2
29. 7
3 .1
16 6
2 1 2 .3
1 3 .5
2 6 .0
1 4 .0
3 1 6 .9
29. 8
3 .3
16 6
2 1 3 .7
1 3 .3
2 6 .5
1 3 .7
3 2 8 .1
3 0 .1
3 3 1 .6
32 8
3 1 7 .7
1 3 .3
2 9 .2
1 3 .7
2 2 3 .7
13 0
27 3
1 3 .6
44.7
6 2
23 0
2ft 0
66.4
1 4 7 .2
113. 2
34.0
211 .4
1 4 .3
2 9 .5
1 3 .2
68.3
222.8
1 5 .0
2 8 .0
14. Í
68.4
3.7
17 5
220.6
45.4 43.7
fi 3
37 0
3.8
17 4
6 4
26 1
6 3 .1
1 5 7 .0
1 2 1 .2
35
g
33 7
3.1
lfi 2
213Ì 8
12 6
26 1
!
12 3
554
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by-
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Mar .2 Feb .2
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities_________________
Gas and electric utilities...........................
Electric light and power utilities........
Gas utilities_______________________
Electric light and gas utilities combined............................................ _. . .
Local utilities, not elsewhere classifiedWholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_____ _______ __________
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction_____ _______ . . . ________
Automotive- ____________________
Groceries, food specialities, beer,
wines, and liquors-___ __________
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers..- ______________
Wholesale distributors, other...................
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores.—........... .
Department stores and general mallorder houses_____________________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores______ ______
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets____________________________
Dairy-product stores and dealers___
Other food and liquor stores________
Automotive and accessories dealers____
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)_________________
Furniture and appliance stores_____
Drug stores___ -Y-...................................
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
527
506.4
216.0
138.5
528
507.9
216. 6
138.9
531
510.1
217.3
139.3
531
510.3
217.3
139.3
533
511.8
218.1
139.4
538
517.0
220.7
140.7
540
517.9
223.2
137.2
544
522.1
224.4
140.2
151.9
152.4
153. 7
154.3
2 0 .1
2 0 .2
153. 5
20.5
2 0 .6
2 1 .0
155.6
21.4
157.5
21.7
157.5
21.7
2,650
2,662
2, 710
2, 712
2,715
2,704
2,705
2,693
June
537
615.7
221.6
139.0
155.1
21.1
2,687
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
537
516.4
223.2
137.5
529
508.0
218.2
136.9
530
508.9
218.9
137.6
524
503.7
219.1
137.6
534
513.0
152.9
20.9
152.4
20.9
147.0
153.2
2 0 .6
2 0 .6
2, 670
2,679
2,671
221.8
138.0
2, 651
155.7
20.4
2,622
1,586.0 1, 591. 7 1, 631. 3 1, 629. 0 1, 631.6 1,628.9 1,632. 7 1, 625.1 1,621.8 1,606.3 1,612.6 1, 604. 9 1,588.8 1, 536.7
118.9 119.8 120.8 121.0 122.1 122.9 123.5 123.2 122.3 121.0 120.5 120.0 117.5 110.0
284.2
283.9
289.6
289.0
283.0
279.9
279.6
280.4
278.9
277.9
279.8
282.2
276.9
272.2
375.8
379.0
383.0
386.0
387.5
390.1
393.8
394.7
394.0
392.4
392.6
392.2
388.1
382.1
807.1 809.0 837. 9 833.0 839.0 836.0 835.8 826.8 826.6 815.0 819.7 810.5 806.3 772.4
1,064. 4 1,070.6 1,078.9 1,082. 6 1,083.6 1,074. 7 1,072.2 1,067. 7 1,065.4 1,063.7 1,066. 7 1,066.0 1,061.8 1,084.9
1,285. 4 1,367.4 1,912. 4 1,546. 3 1,443.9 1,395.2 1,344. 5 1,328. 4 1,359. 5 1,362. 4 1,407. 7 1, 301.6 1, 383. 6 1,334.7
826. 8 879.2 1,232. 9 995. 9 918.5 876.6 847.2 842.9 861.3 859.4 872.0 820.7 882. 6 855.9
458. 6 488.2 ' 679. 5 550. 4 525.4 518.6 497.3 485.5 498.2 503.0 535.7 480.9 501.0 478.8
1,494. 8 1,495.1 1,538.3 1,515. 5 1,510.9 1,497. 7 1, 496.0 1,518. 4 1,513.4 1,508. 6 1,512. 6 1,499. 9 1,485. 3 1,483.2
1,125. 7 1,129. 9 1,154. 0 1,143.0 1,138.2 1,122. 3 1,114.1 1,131. 3 1,129.0 1,126.2 1,127. 8 1,128.1 1 , 102.0 1,078.7
177. 5 178.3 181.8 181.4 182. 7 188.4 193.7 194.7 192.4 188.7 185.8 173.0 190.1 198.5
191. 6 186.9 202. 5 191. 1 190.0 187.0 188.2 192.4 192.0 193.7 199.0 190.2 193.2 206.0
689.9 696.1 730.0 715.8 715.7 717.4 723.1 728. 1 729.4 722. 5 720.0 705.9 699.8 677.2
518.2 555.5 689.1 591.6 575.4 562.5 529.5 542.8 571.7 570.2 623.8 530.1 554.7 542.0
2,061.9 2,084. 4 2,194.5 2,131. 2 2,131.6 2,134. 6 2,131. 6 2,139. 7 2,129.0 2,095. 4 2,096. 5 2,064. 5 2,090. 3 2,056.7
347.6 354.0 374.8 365.8 364.6 358.0 356.3 357.9 356.9 358.7 358.4 356. 7 356. 5 354.3
368.4 377.0 408.9 384.1 386.1 385.7 378.1 377.9 378.2 371.6 375.4 363.1 357.7 337.0
i For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
8 Preliminary.
555
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1960
1961
Item
Feb.
Employm ent service ; 2
New applications for work_____________
Nonfarm placem ents__________________
949
342
Jan.
N ov.
Dec.
1,065
365
881
430
820
378
Sept.
Oct.
858
517
811
584
Aug.
839
556
July
788
491
June
Apr.
M ay
1,008
537
811
534
Mar.
762
511
836
450
Feb.
828
412
State unemployment Insurance programs: 3
1,162
1,232
1,387
1,265
1,426
1,197
1,407
1,393
1,206
1,744
2,175
2,381
1,919
Initial claims 46 ______________________
Insured unem ploym ent 8 (average weekly
2,209
2,157
1,682
1,939
1,588
1,686
1,657
1,678
1,598
2,039
2,639
3,394
3, 266
volume) __________________________
5.5
4.9
4.0
4.3
5.7
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
6 .6
5.1
8 .1
8.4
Rate of insured unem ploym ent 7________
9,114
7,893
6,365
6,570
7,527
6 ,435
5,848
5,861
6,238
7,054
9,105
Weeks of unemployment com pensated--. 11,935 11,975
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment______________________ $34.45 $34. 34 $34.18 $34.01 $33. 73 $33.54 $32.99 $32.37 $32. 33 $32.24 $32.50 $32.39 $32. 26
Tntfl) honcfit.'i paid
$399,264 $397,609 $300,204 $231,114 $189, 891 $201,805 $206,276 $183,775 $198, 938 $204,883 $237,391 $287,142 $247,835
Unemployment compensation for ex-service
men: 8 9
39
33
Initial claims 8 ______________________
Insured unem ploym ent 8 (average weekly
91
86
volume)
________________________
355
355
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits p a id ___________________ $11,002 $11,017
36
33
29
27
32
30
27
22
23
29
27
71
279
$8 ,597
59
227
$7,016
50
190
$5.870
49
52
223
$6,850
49
180
$5,470
45
195
$5,957
45
197
$6,004
54
230
$7,032
61
272
$8 ,345
61
247
$7,570
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees : 10 9
Initial claims 4 ___ __________________
Insured unem ploym ent 8 (average weekly
volume) ___________________________
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits p a id ___________________
210
$6 ,445
13
19
14
14
14
12
13
15
12
12
11
12
13
41
162
$5,534
40
164
$5, 605
35
142
$4,817
33
131
$4, 404
30
115
$3,934
28
30
130
$4,418
30
107
$3,546
29
128
$4,383
30
126
$4,205
33
144
$4, 799
38
173
$5,730
39
159
$5,265
5
6
59
6
120
$4,059
Railroad unemployment insurance:
20
31
99
23
21
13
38
A pplications 11 ______________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
82
65
107
95
103
113
123
v o lu m e )__ ________________________
152
192
227
194
226
266
242
Number of payments 12________________
$77.
50
$78.
72
$80.90
$81.
52
$82.
46
$80.99 $82. 69
Average amount of benefit payment u —
Total benefits paid 1 4 ____________ _____ $19,706 $22,208 $18, 793 $16,036 $15,222 $18, 532 $12,139
All programs: 15
insured unem ploym ent 2 ®__________ ___
3,638
3, 515
2,847
2,225
i Data relate to the United States (Including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise Indicated.
1 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
s Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
* Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
! Includes interstate claims for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the
entire period.
• Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
i The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,839
1,781
1,804
81
6
61
97
$75.74
$7,434
39
104
$71.08
$7,502
1,826
1,700
64
63
69
45
164
159
104
133
$72.19 $74. 56 $77.35 $79.10
$7,909 $10,414 $13,374 $13,754
1,801
2,078
2,370
2,326
1“ Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
» An application for benefits i3 filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
iJ Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods,
is The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments,
u Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
it Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs, the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not
presented separately in table), which terminated January 31, 1960.
Source: U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U .S. Railroad Retirement Board.
556
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l,
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[ P e r 100 e m p lo y e e s ]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major Industry group
Feb .8
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Accessions: T o ta l 8
Manufacturing...
.
.................
2.5
3.1
1.9
2.3
2 .8
3.8
3.8
2.9
3.9
3.2
2 .8
2.7
2.9
3.6
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories_________
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures.......................
Stone, clay, and glass products........
Primary metal industries..................
Fabricated metal products................
Machinery (except electrical)...........
Electrical machinery.........................
Transportation equipment_______
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing..........
2.7
3.4
2.3
4.6
2 .0
2 .1
2 .0
2.3
2.4
2 .8
2.9
3.8
3.2
2 .1
2 .1
2 .2
2 .8
2 .8
1.5
6.9
4.0
1.9
5.6
3.5
2.7
1.9
1.3
2 .2
2 .1
2 .1
2.5
1.9
2.3
3.3
2.3
3.3
2 .8
1 .8
2 .8
1 .6
3.9
2.3
3.2
1.9
2 .1
3.3
3.1
2 .0
1 .8
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.0
3.1
2.9
4.4
3.2
3.6
4. 5
2. 5
4.8
4.1
3.4
2.9
2. 8
3.6
2.5
2 .8
3.7
3.3
2.3
1.7
3. 0
2.3
2.5
3.1
1.7
5.1
3. 5
3.3
2.5
2.3
1.7
3.8
3.2
8.3
4.0
3.3
2.4
3.9
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.0
5.2
3.2
2 .8
4.2
3.3
4.1
3.5
2.9
2.9
4.3
2.9
1 .8
2 .1
3.0
3.9
3.4
2.7
Nondurable goods 4_________________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures________
Textile-mill products..........................
Apparel and other finished textile
products______________________
Paper and allied products............... .
Chemicals and allied products.........
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products__
Leather and leather products_____
2 .1
4.1
5.4
1.7
3.5
3.3
4.6
2.5
3.3
2 .8
2 .6
2 .8
4.4
1.3
3.1
1.4
3.1
3.3
1. 4
3. 0
3.1
4.1
1. 8
3.2
2.7
3. 5
3.5
2.9
3.9
1.5
2.9
4.2
2.4
3.8
2.4
.9
2.9
3.7
1 .8
1 .1
1 .6
.8
4.2
4.0
3.3
4.0
2.5
1.7
3.6
4.2
1.9
4.0
?7
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal minine
Anthracite mining_______________
Bituminous coal mining....................
2 .0
3.7
2.3
2.9
2 .8
3.0
2 .2
2.3
2.7
1.4
4.6
2.3
1.3
2.7
2.4
3.4
4.2
2.7
3.2
3.9
1 .6
5.0
2 .2
2.5
3.5
1.4
2.5
1 .8
2 .2
2.9
.5
3.2
.9
1 .6
2 .2
1 .8
1 .2
1 .0
1 .0
3.1
1.5
2 .0
1 .2
.8
2 .6
.4
1.9
3.3
Ì.3
2.4
1.3
1 .6
2 .8
2 .8
1 .2
1 .8
4.0
4.3
2.7
1.5
2 .1
2 .8
2 .6
4.3
1.5
3.7
8 .2
1 .8
5.5
4.1
2.7
4.4
5.3
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.5
3.4
6.3
2.9
5.6
2.5
3.8
1.4
2.5
3.1
4.5
3.3
4.0
1 .8
2 .8
2 .6
3.5
.4
1.4
3.7
.5
2.7
1.9
1.3
.7
1 .6
2 .2
4.4
3.9
1.7
3. 6
1.5
1.4
2 1
1.5
3 4
1. 5
1 .0
1 .2
1 .0
1 .2
2 .2
1.5
3.9
2 .6
1 .8
2 4
2.7
2 .2
4.2
3.5
2 .6
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
1 .6
1
2 .8
3.4
2 .2
1 .8
1 .2
3.1
6 .1
2.7
5.1
1.4
.7
1.7
3.0
.9
1 .0
1 .2
2 .2
3.6
2 .6
2.7
3- 3
2 .2
4.2
3.0
2 .8
4. 0
1 .8
4.0
1 .6
3.0
3.4
4.0
4.2
3.4
2 .1
1. 6
.8
2 .2
1.7
.6
2 .6
1. 8
1 .0
2 .1
1. 5
3.1
2. 3
3.3
2. 7
4.1
2. 6
.9
L3
2.3
1 .2
1.3
.7
3.3
ñ
1 .0
Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing...................................................
0.9
1 .0
0.7
1 .0
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.7
2 .0
1.3
Durable goods.................................
Ordnance and accessories.........
Lumber and wood products........ ..
Furniture and fixtures.................
Stone, clay, and glass products__
Primary metal industries__
Fabricated metal products
Machinery (except electrical)
Electrical machinery__________
Transportation equipment__
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing_____
.9
.9
.9
.7
1.5
1 .8
1 .8
1.7
3.6
4.4
1.4
1.4
2 .0
2 .6
2 .6
1 .8
1 .1
2 .1
1 .6
1 .6
1 .1
1 .1
1.9
3.6
2.7
1.3
1.5
1 .2
.9
1.4
.6
1.3
1.7
2. 7
1. 7
.9
.6
2 .0
1 .6
.8
.5
.3
1.1
.7
.8
.9
.6
.8
1 .0
.5
.7
.9
.9
1 .6
.9
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________________
Anthracite m in in g ............................
Bituminous coal m in ing...................
.3
.9
.4
.3
.4
.9
.8
.5
1.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .0
.6
1.5
Nondurable goods 4___
Food and kindred products_______
Tobacco m anufactures...
Textile-mill products..........................
Apparel and other finished textile
products__________________
Paper and allied products.............
Chemicals and allied products__
Products of petroleum and coal__
Rubber products.................................
Leather and leather products_____
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b l e .
1.9
1 .1
1 .2
.6
.3
.9
.7
1 .2
1 .1
.4
1.5
.9
1.7
1.9
1 .2
2 .2
1.9
.8
.6
1.1
.9
2 .0
1 .0
1 .2
1 .6
2.5
3.9
1.3
1 .8
1 .6
1.7
4.2
1 .6
1 .2
1.4
1. 5
3.7
2 .6
1. 7
1. 6
2.4
2 .1
1 .2
.6
2.3
2 .2
1.7
1.4
1 .2
1 .1
1 .0
1 .1
1. 5
1.4
1.4
.9
1.4
5. 5
6.3
2.7
2 .6
2 .1
1.5
.7
.6
3.8
2.7
1.3
.4
1.4
2 .0
1.1
1.4
1.7
2 .1
1.1
1 .2
1.4
2.3
3.5
1.3
2 .6
1.4
2.3
2.7
3.1
1.9
1 .6
2 .2
1.7
1 .0
.6
2.4
1.3
2 .0
1.7
1. fi
1.4
.5
17
2 .8
1 .8
1 .2
.8
2 .6
2. 6
3.2
1 .2
1.3
1 .1
1.1
1.5
2 .0
2 .1
1.3
.4
2 .0
.7
.8
1 .0
.2
1 .1
.8
.4
2.5
2.3
1 .0
1 .1
.7
1 .1
.9
1.4
1 .2
1 .8
1 .2
2 .2
1.9
2.3
.7
1.9
1.5
.7
.7
1 .6
.8
.6
.8
.6
1.9
1.3
2.9
1.7
2.9
3.0
.3
.5
2.4
1.4
3.2
1.7
.8
.6
.3
.5
.9
1 .2
.6
1.4
1 .2
2 .1
.7
2 .0
2 .8
2.9
.5
.5
2 .0
1.7
2.5
1 .2
.6
.8
2 .6
.1
1.3
.9
.7
.3
.5
2.9
.5
4.0
2 .6
1 .6
.9
1. 5
.2
1 0
.2
.4
14
1 7
1 ?
.5
.4
.5
1 .2
.8
.8
.2
1 .8
1.3
1 .2
.8
1 .2
2.5
1. 5
1.3
1. 0
1. 1
.4
.6
1 .6
1.3
1 .2
2 .0
1 .6
1.9
3. 7
2 .8
1. 8
1 fi
1.4
.9
1. 4
13
.9
1.9
1 .6
2 .1
1. 8
2. 2
1 fi
1. 6
2.5
1.9
3.0
1.7
1.5
.7
2. 0
1 1
1 8
2 1
1 .5
2. 7
1. 5
3.0
1.9
1.3
1.3
1. 7
1 .2
.3
1 3
1.7
9 0
1 3
i!«
^8
1 3
J)
1
7
2 .6
1 .7
-
.4
.5
.5
.4
.3
.5
.4
.3
557
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1960
1861
Major industry group
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Separations: Total *
M a n u f a c tu r i n g ..............................................
D u r a b l e g o o d s ......................................
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o rie s —
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts .
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix tu r e s ______________
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ------P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s __________
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _________
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) ______
E l e c t r ic a l m a c h i n e r y ...............................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ..................
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s ..
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g --------N o n d u r a b le g o o d s *.................. ................. ..
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s . . ............
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s _____________
T e x tile - m ill p r o d u c t s ............... ...............
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d te x tile
p r o d u c t s _________ ______ __________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . ............—
C h e m ic a l a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . ..........
P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o l e u m a n d c o a l-----R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ........ ...................... ........
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .............
N o n m an u fa c tu rln g :
M e ta l m in i n g _______________________
A n t h r a c i t e m in i n g _________________
B i tu m i n o u s c o a l ¿ l i n i n g ------------------
3.3
4.3
3.7
4.9
2 .6
2 .8
3.5
3.1
3.1
3.2
4.7
2.7
2.9
6.3
1.7
3.9
4.8
4.1
5.0
4.1
6.9
3.1
3.8
7.7
1.9
4.9
2 .6
3.2
4.1
3.6
1 .6
2 .8
2.1
3.7
2.7
2.4
1.3
3.5
2.7
1.7
.6
1 .2
4.1
3.9
4.5
2.4
5.0
4.0
4.6
4.6
4.2
2.5
6.7
4.6
3.8
4.7
4.4
2.9
3.4
4.6
6 .6
2 .8
3.2
5.3
3.8
4.4
4.3
4.0
2.7
4.6
4.1
4.6
6 .0
6 .6
4.8
3.1
4.6
4.9
3.2
4.7
4.3
4.6
50
4.1
3.6
4.8
3.3
5.3
2 .8
1 .8
2 .2
9.1
6.9
4.3
1.7
5.3
3.3
4.4
1.7
3.5
3.4
4.4
3.4
4.0
1 .6
1 .8
3.1
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.1
2 .8
1 .8
1 .8
2 .8
2 .8
4.2
3.5
3.9
3.6
3.7
3.4
6 .2
3.4
7.2
4.2
1.5
5.7
5.0
2 .2
5.7
4.1
3.6
4.5
5.0
3.8
2.9
7.4
2 .8
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.0
3.4
3.6
4.0
2.5
4.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
4.9
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.7
4.8
4 1
3.1
1.7
3.4
3.8
3.5
2.3
4.6
3.7
3.9
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
4.3
3.3
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.7
2 .6
6 .1
2 .2
2 .8
2 .2
4.2
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.1
4.2
3.9
3.5
2 .2
5.0
3.6
4.0
4.2
5.2
1.9
4.5
3.6
4.5
2.3
4.0
3.0
3.6
2 .6
2 .1
3.4
1 .6
2 .8
4.4
4.2
3.2
4.4
2.9
2 .0
4.2
2.3
1.4
3.0
2.3
1.4
1 .6
3.3
4.8
1.4
3.1
4.8
2.3
3.4
1.1
2 .6
1.9
1.5
3.8
3.5
1.5
2.3
3.4
5.0
4.3
3 1
3.6
4.3
2.9
3.7
8 .1
1 .8
3.3
7.7
2 .0
1.9
1 .8
3.3
10.0
2 .6
3.1
2 .8
4.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.9
2.9
3.7
1.5
2.9
2 .1
4.9
3.1
3.6
1,7
3.5
4.0
2 .2
5.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
5.1
2.9
4.0
5.4
1.9
4.3
2 .6
2 .2
5.2
2 .1
2 .1
3.9
4.7
2 .8
3.8
1.9
3.0
3.0
4.0
1.9
3.3
3.6
2.4
1.4
.9
4.1
4.8
3.3
2.3
3.8
4.2
2.5
3.9
2.9
3.6
3.9
4.3
2.5
0.9
3.0
4.1
2 .0
2.9
3.3
4.0
2.3
1.3
.9
2.7
4.2
3.8
4.8
3.2
3.8
3.1
2.7
3.1
4.0
2.5
3.2
3.8
3.1
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.3
2 .2
1.5
1 .1
2 .8
2.3
4.3
2.7
3.9
2.4
3.1
3.9
1. 1.
1 .2
.7
2 .8
2 .8
2 .6
1 .6
1 .1
2 .6
3.0
3.8
2 .1
3.4
3.8
2.4
1 .8
1.3
2.7
3.7
Separations: Quits
M anufaoturing........... ——-----------------------Durable foods................... ..........................
Ordnance and accessories-------------Lumber and wood products...............
Furniture and fixtures........................
Stone, clay, and glass products------Primary metal industries_________
Fabricated metal products-----------Machinery (except electrical)............
Electrical machinery_____________
Transportation equipment................
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing-.........
Nondurable goods ‘...... ..............................
Food ana kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures.......... ............
Textile-mill products........ ............—
Apparel and other finished textile
Paper and allied products.................
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products------ ----------------Leather and leather products_____
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining----------------------------Anthracite mining_______________
Bituminous coal mining__________
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0 .6
.5
0.7
0 .6
.5
.8
1 .0
.6
.8
1 .2
.7
.4
.6
.4
.3
.5
.5
.9
.2
.2
.5
.4
.7
.4
.6
.8
.9
.6
.6
.7
.9
1.1
.8
.9
.5
.3
.5
.5
.4
.4
.7
.4
.8
.6
.6
.6
.5
.7
1.0
.9
1 .2
.9
.7
1.0
.8
.6
.6
.8
.9
.7
.8
.6
.8
.9
.9
1.0
1.5
.5
.4
1.7
.6
.5
1.3
.5
.4
.1
.2
.2
.4
1.5
.5
1 .6
.4
1.4
.9
(«)
.2
0.7
.2
.9
.1
.2
1 .0
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1 .0
1 .0
1.3
.9
.9
1.7
1.9
4.0
2.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
1 .0
1 .0
.9
.9
1 .2
1 .1
.8
.8
1 .6
1 .1
1 .6
.8
.7
.5
.4
2.3
1.7
.9
.7
1.7
.7
.4
3.1
2.3
1 .0
.8
2 .2
.8
.6
1 .0
.8
1 .6
1 .2
1 .8
1 .2
1 .2
1 .1
.9
.8
.6
.7
1.7
3.0
1 .2
1 .6
1 .6
1 .8
1 .2
1 .1
2.3
2 .1
1 .2
2 .2
1 .0
.9
1.4
1 .8
.6
2.3
.9
.4
.3
.5
.6
.4
.6
1.1
1 .6
1.9
3.0
.8
.2
.2
.9
1 .8
.1
.5
.4
.3
3.0
2.5
1.9
1.1
1.1
1 .2
.9
2.4
.9
2.4
.8
.8
1 .8
.8
.8
.5
.8
.5
.9
2.3
1.9
.7
.5
1.0
1.0
.7
.9
.8
.8
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
.8
1 .1
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
.7
.9
.8
1 .6
1.5
1 .6
1.5
.8
.8
1 .8
2.4
1.5
1.7
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.8
1.5
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.7
1.1
.7
.4
1.0
.9
1.3
.8
1.0
.8
.9
1.4
1 .0
1 .8
.7
1 .2
1 .0
.9
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1 .2
1 .1
1.4
1 .1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1 .1
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
.8
1.7
1 .6
1 .6
.9
1.7
1.4
1 .2
1 .1
1 .6
1 .2
3.2
1.5
2 .8
2 .1
2 .6
1.7
1.0
2 .2
.8
2.5
1.0
2.4
.9
2.3
.9
1 .2
.8
1 .0
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.5
.3
.7
1.9
.5
.3
.6
1 .8
1 .6
1 .2
2 .1
.3
.3
.8
2 .2
.8
2 .0
1 .6
.1
1 .2
1 .6
.5
.4
.2
.7
.3
.3
.7
.9
3.0
2 .2
1 .6
.2
.3
1.7
.3
.3
.8
.9
1.3
.9
.9
.5
.3
.7
.2
.8
.7
.4
.9
1 .6
1.7
2 .1
1.5
2 .1
.9
.2
.2
1.4
.3
.3
1 .2
.3
.2
.5
.3
558
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major Industry group
Feb.2
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Separations: Layoffs
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ______________________________
2.3
3.0
3.0
2.7
2 .2
2 .0
2 .2
2 .0
1.7
1 .6
2 .0
2 .2
1.5
1 .6
2.3
D u r a b l e g o o d s __________________________
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s __________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s _______
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s , . .............. ........
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ____
P r i m a r y m e ta l I n d u s t r i e s ................
F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s _________
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) ............
E le c t r ic a l m a c h i n e r y ____ __________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t _________
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s ..
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g . ..........
2 .8
3.7
3.5
3.1
2 .6
2 .2
1. 1
5.1
3.2
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
2 .6
1 .0
2 .8
1 .8
1 .2
2.3
1.7
1.9
1.7
1 .6
3.7
2.7
3.8
3.9
5.8
1.9
1.9
4.4
1.4
3.8
1.9
3.1
2.5
4.0
3.3
5.8
2.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.9
3.4
3.5
2 .1
1 .2
2.7
.7
1.9
.5
1.5
1.9
1.4
.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
2 .6
1 .8
2 .1
2 .2
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s 4. ..................... ...................
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s _____________
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c t s . _ i __________
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d te x tile
p r o d u c t s __________________________
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s __________
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s _____
P r o d u c t s of p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l____
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ___________________
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ______
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m in i n g _______________________
A n t h r a c i te m i n i n g _________________
B i tu m i n o u s c o a l m i n i n g . . ...................
.9
1.9
2 .0
2 .2
2.5
3.8
1 .8
1.7
5.5
.8
2 .6
1.5
2 .6
.6
2 .1
2 .1
6 .6
1 .0
.8
3.9
3.4
2.1
2 .2
3.3
2 .8
2.3
1.9
3.5
2 .1
1 .2
2 .8
1 .2
.7
2 .8
1 .2
1.0
1.2
1 .8
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.1
6 .8
1.1
4.7
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.7
1 .0
1 .2
1 .8
1.1
3.3
7.7
5.2
2 .8
1.4
1.7
2. 1
2 .0
3.1
.7
1.7
1.7
2.3
.5
1.9
1.4
1 .2
2 .6
2.4
1.1
2 .0
.6
.7
2.3
1.7
1.5
1.4
2.9
.9
3.3
.8
2 .2
2.3
.9
1.5
2 .1
1 .8
1 .1
1.1
3.2
1.5
1.5
.9
.3
2.9
1 .6
1 .6
2.9
2 .0
1 .0
5.4
2.9
1.4
3.9
4.5
4.4
.4
1.7
1.4
1 .2
1.0
1.0
.8
.8
.8
.8
1.5
3.4
1 .8
1 .8
1 .8
2.5
2.9
1.7
2.4
2.4
3.7
2 .6
3.1
2.4
1 .8
1 .6
1.1
1 .2
1.3
2.4
.9
3.6
.8
1 .6
1 .0
.8
.8
.6
1.7
2.3
4.0
.7
2.7
2 .2
1.9
2.3
.8
1 .6
.2
.8
1 .1
2 .1
1.4
12
1 .2
4
.9
.5
1.4
1.4
2.7
.8
1 .0
2.3
.7
1.3
2.4
.5
1 .2
1 .8
.6
1.0
.7
.4
.4
1.3
.7
.9
.7
1 .0
1 .0
.6
.4
.5
2.7
.3
2.9
.2
1 .6
.9
.9
.5
.4
1 .8
.4
.3
1.5
1.1
.8
.6
1 .6
2 .1
2 .6
1.7
.8
2 ,1
.6
.8
1.3
2.3
2.5
.9
1.7
.5
.5
1.7
.8
1 .2
1.1
1.1
,7
2 .8
2 .0
1 .6
2.4
1.4
7.3
1.3
1.3
1 .0
,6
2 .6
1 1
6.1
.3
1.9
.2
1 .6
.2
1 .8
.5
.2
8.7
2 6
3.5
3.1
1.4
1 .0
1 .0
2.7
1.9
3.4
.9
2.9
1.4
.4
2.5
1.2
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.1
i Month-to-month changes In total employment In manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing Industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown hy the Bureau’s employment series for
the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar
month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to
midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage Is not Identical, as the printing and publishing
Industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .6
1.9
3.7
3.5
1 .8
1.5
.6
.2
2 .8
1 .2
1 .2
2 .2
1 .8
3.8
1.3
3.1
1.7
2.5
.9
1.3
1.1
1 .2
1 .0
.6
1 .8
1 .8
.3
.6
2 .2
.6
.8
1.7
3.1
3.7
2 .0
turnover series, but the employment series reflects the Influence of such
stoppages.
s Preliminary.
! Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which
are not shown separately.
4 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied Industries group, and the
following industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
* Less than 0.05.
559
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Annual
average
1960
1961
In d u stry
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
M ining------------------------------------------------- $107. 71 $109. 60 $106.38 $105.32 $108.41 $107.47 $108. 67 $111.22
M e t a l ...................... ................................................. 109.08 110. 30 111.79 108. 54 110.43 112, 74 111.49' 111.37
105. 25 109.74 108. 92 106.19 110.21 115. 95 113. 88 117.67
115.78 114. 86 117.02 115.18 115. 72 116. 75 116.24 112.14
C o p p e r ......................................................... ..
91.48 91.43 91.60 87.10 86 . 79 87.17 88.62 91.66
L e a d a n d z in c ......... ................... ................
A n t h r a c i t e . . . ....................... - ............................ - 106.19 107.90 95.35 94.46 95.22 84.39 94.26 93.50
B i t u m i n o u s c o a l ________________________ 110. 53 112.52 109. 54 104.33 111.51 108.23 114.10 121.60
C r u d e - p e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o
d u c ti o n :
P e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o d u c
t io n ( e x c e p t c o n tr a c t s e r v i c e s ) ..
N o n m e ta i l le m in i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ------
Contract construction----------- --------------N o n b u i l d in g c o n s tr u c ti o n --------------------H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n ..
O t h e r n o n b u l ld l n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . .
B u i ld i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ---------------------------G e n e r a l c o n tr a c to r s ------------------------S p e c ia l- tr a d e c o n t r a c t o r s . ....................
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g ------------P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t in g ----------E l e c t r ic a l w o r k ........ .........................
O t h e r s p e c ia l- tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s
$110. 83 $110.70 $111. 38 $110.98 $108.13
110. 27 114,01 113.58 111. 30 107. 71
110.98 120.22 120. 80 115. 66 115. 95
115. 46 115. 54 114.66 114. 66 103. 94
95.04 94. 58 93.71 92. 52 92. 62
93. 23 82.29 80.88 99.91 76.16
121. 69 119.03 122. 30 127. 26 121.97
119. 36 124.74 114.05 115.18 115.87 116.44 112. 44 116.16 113. 52 116.03 115.18 113. 52
95.49 97.02 95.17 98.18 102.12 101.66 102.37 102.60 101. 70 98. 78 98. 55 92.89
122. 40
119.38
105.03
129.42
122.84
113. 21
127. 78
136.88
116. 55
152.80
120.36
122.72
120.17
108. 64
128.95
123. 53
114.48
128.15
138. 71
115.55
153. 60
120.37
115.26
113. 39
101.80
122. 62
115. 56
106. 23
120.24
133. 22
110. 72
148.92
110.53
117.20
114. 64
106. 75
122 . 68
117. 99
109.02
122 . 82
130.32
113. 88
149. 31
116.25
123.13
126.42
123. 98
128. 88
122.40
112.73
127. 44
134. 61
122.11 119. 70
155.62 151.70
124.23 121. 80
125. 50
128.65
126.43
131.02
125.17
114. 66
129.93
137. 52
124.31
126.90
124. 26
129. 97
123. 68
113. 52
128.82
135. 58
119. 65
151.32
124. 55
123. 61
124. 91
122. 36
127.80
123. 68
113. 77
128.83
135. 20
120. 70
150. 93
124.21
121.18
121.06
117.43
125.15
121. 24
111. 13
126. 69
134. 87
118. 62
149. 38
121. 41
119. 56
118.03
111.90
123. 86
119.91
110 . 26
124. 93
132. 68
116.60
148. 23
119. 70
119.19
117.96
112. 36
123. 51
119.19
109.50
124. 57
131. 98
115. 58
147.07
118.99
115.50
116.91
105. 69
124. 26
115.60
104. 83
120. 74
130. 27
113.91
146. 69
112.83
112.12
91.46
$107.73 $100.10
103. 31 96.22
107. 34 100. 27
106. 17 94. 62
90. 63 85. 93
84. 98 76.01
118. 30 102. 38
114.93 109. 75
95.48 89. 63
113. 75 114. 82
113. 24
108.09
117. 56 118. 40
114. 22 115. 28
104. 31 106. 39
119. 71 120. 27
128. 43 128. 66
110. 22 113. 40
144. 77 142.08
112. 53 113.80
111 . 16
101.01
110. 47
109. 47
104. 14
114.26
110. 67
102. 53
115. 28
123. 23
107. 95
135. 97
109. 31
Average weekly hours
M ining________________________________
M e t a l . . . . ................................................................
I r o n .................................................................. .
C o p p e r ............................................................
L e a d a n d z in c -------- --------- ----------- A n t h r a c i t e .............. ............................................B i t u m i n o u s c o a l________________________
C r u d e - p e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o
d u c ti o n :
P e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o d u c
t io n ( e x c e p t c o n tr a c t s e r v i c e s ) .. ..
N o n m e t a ll ic m in i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g -----
Contract construction---------------------------N o n b u l l d ln g c o n s t r u c t i o n ........... ...............
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n ..
O t h e r n o n b u l ld l n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . . .
B u i ld i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . ............................—
G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s ------------------------S p e c ia l- tr a d e c o n t r a c t o r s . ....................
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g .................
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t in g ..............
E l e c t r ic a l w o r k ........ ........................
O t h e r s p e c i a l- t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s
39.6
40.4
35.8
43.2
40.3
37.0
33.8
40.0
40.7
37.2
42.7
40.1
38.4
34.2
39.4
41.1
37.3
43.5
40.0
34.8
33.6
39.3
40.2
37.0
42.5
38.2
34.6
32.1
40.3
40.6
38.4
42.7
37.9
34.5
34.1
40.1
41.6
40.4
43.4
37.9
30.8
33.2
40. 7
41.6
40.1
43. 7
38.7
34.4
35.0
41.5
41.4
41.0
42.0
40.2
34.0
37.3
41.2
41.3
38.4
43.9
41. 5
33.9
37.1
41.0
42.7
41.6
44.1
41.3
29.6
36.4
41.1
42.7
41.8
44.1
41. 1
29.2
37.4
40.8
42.0
40.3
44.1
40. 4
36.2
38.8
39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
27.2
37.3
40.5
40.2
37. 4
42.3
40.1
30.9
36.4
39.1
38.8
36.2
39.1
39.6
28.9
33.9
40.6
41.7
42.0
42.0
40.3
41.2
40.7
42.5
40.8
44.4
41.0
44.2
40. 3
44.9
40.9
45.0
40.4
45.2
41.0
43.9
40.7
43.8
40.4
41.1
39.9
41.2
40.9
43.8
40.8
43.3
36.0
39.4
38.9
39.7
35.3
35.6
35.2
37.4
33.3
38.2
34.0
36.2
39.4
38.8
39.8
35.6
36.0
35.4
37.9
33.3
38.4
34.1
34.1
37.3
36.1
38.2
33.4
33.3
33.4
36.6
32.0
37.7
31.4
35.3
38.6
38.4
38.7
34.5
34.5
34.5
36.2
33.2
37.8
33.5
37.8
42.6
43.9
41.2
36.6
36.4
36.6
38.2
35.6
39.1
35.8
37.2
42.0
43.5
40.4
36.0
35.9
36.0
37.6
35.0
38.7
35.1
37. 9
42. 3
43.6
41.0
36. 7
36 5
36.7
38.3
35.4
38.9
36.1
37.8
42.2
43. 7
40.7
36.7
36.7
36.6
38.3
35. 5
38.7
35.9
37.4
41.6
42.7
40.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.1
35.2
38.7
35.5
36.9
40.7
41.6
39.7
35.9
35.8
35.9
37.8
34.6
38.5
35.0
36.9
41.1
42.4
40.1
35.9
35.9
35.9
37.6
34.4
38.3
35.1
35.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
34.2
33.6
34.4
36.8
33.8
38.1
32.8
35.0
38.2
38.7
37.8
34.3
34.2
34.4
38.8
32.9
37.8
33.0
36.8
40.3
41. 1
39.6
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.7
35.0
38.4
34.8
36.7
40.1
41.0
39.4
35.7
35.6
35.8
37.8
34.6
38.3
34.7
$2. 72
2.70
2.94
$2.70
2. 72
2.92
2. 69
2.29
2. 74
3.26
$2 .6 8
2. 70
2. 87
2. 71
2.28
2. 73
3.25
$2.69
2. 72
2.87
2.71
2.29
2. 76
3.27
$2 68
$2 67
2,27
2.87
3.27
$2.74
2. 71
2.95
2.69
2 . 28
2 . 81
3.29
2. 71
2. 87
2.69
2.30
2.74
3.26
2. 84
2 . 66
2.29
2. 74
a 26
$2 . 68
2. 69
2. 87
2. 67
2 . 28
2. 75
3.26
$2. 69
2. 67
2.89
2.63
2. 29
2. 75
3.28
$2 . 70
2. 67
2.89
2 . 62
2. 29
2. 78
3.27
$2.71
2 . 66
2.89
2.60
2 . 28
2. 77
3.27
$2. 72
2. 65
2. 87
2.60
2.29
2. 76
3.28
$2.71
2. 64
2. 87
2. 56
2. 27
2.80
3.27
$2 .6 6
2.57
2. 87
2.51
2.26
2. 75
3. 25
$2. 56
2. 48
2. 77
2. 42
2.17
2. 63
3.02
2.94
2.29
2.97
2. 31
2.83
2.31
2. 83
2.31
2.84
2.30
2.84
2.30
2.79
2.28
2. 84
2.28
2 . 81
2. 25
2.83
2.25
2. 83
2.25
2 . 81
2.26
2 . 81
2 . 22
2 . 81
2.18
2.69
2.07
3.40
3.03
2.70
3.26
3.48
3.18
3.63
3.66
3.50
4.00
3.54
3.39
3.05
2.80
3.24
3.47
3.18
3. 62
3. 66
3.47
4.00
3.53
3.38
3.04
2.82
3.21
3.46
3.19
3.60
3.64
3.46
3.95
3.52
3.32
2.97
2. 78
3.17
3. 42
3.16
3. 56
3.60
3. 43
3.95
3.47
3.32
3.02
3.31
3.01
2. 85
3.19
3.40
3. 14
3. .54
3.58
3.42
3.92
3.47
3.28
3. 00
2.85
3.17
3. 37
3.11
3. 51
3.54
3.38
3.89
3.45
3. 27
2. 96
2.80
3. 14
3. 37
3.10
3. 52
3. 53
3.40
3.90
3.46
3. 24
2.91
2. 75
3.09
3. 34
3.07
3. 49
3. 54
3.37
3. 86
3.42
3.24
2.90
2.69
3.12
3.34
3.08
3. 48
3. 51
3. 37
3. 85
3.42
3.23
2. 87
2. 65
3.08
3. 32
3.05
3. 47
3. 51
3. 36
3.84
3.39
3. 30
2.99
2.71
3.17
3. 38
3.12
3. 51
3. 54
3. 37
3.85
3.44
3. 25
2.91
2.61
3.11
3. 33
3.05
3. 48
3.49
3. 35
3.83
3.41
3.12
2 . 81
2. 63
2.99
3. 22
2. 98
3.35
3. 41
3.24
3. 70
3.27
3.01
2. 73
2. 54
2.90
3.10
Average hourly earnings
M ining________________________ _
M e t a l -------------------------------------------I r o n .....................................................
C o p p e r .......... ...................................
L e a d a n d z in c _______________
A n t h r a c i t e _______________________
B i t u m i n o u s c o a l_________________
C r u d e - p e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o
d u c ti o n :
P e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l- g a s p r o d u c
t io n ( e x c e p t c o n t r a c t s e rv ic e s ) —
N o n m e ta l ll c m in i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ------.
Contract construction---------------------------
N o n b u l l d l n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . .................... .
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s tr u c ti o n .. .
O t h e r n o n b u l ld l n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . .
B u i ld i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n .................................... .
.
G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s . ............ .........
.
S p e c ia l- tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s ______
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g ________ .
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a t in g _______.
.
E l e c t r ic a l w o r k .............. —
O t h e r s p e c i a l- t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s .
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d of t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .6 8
2 .8 8
3.18
3.42
3.15
3. 55
3.60
3 43
3.98
3.47
2 .6 8
2 .8 8
3.22
3. 26
3.12
3. 55
3.15
560
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
A nnual
a v e ra g e
In d u stry
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
Nov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M a r,
Feb.
1959
$91 37 $8Q RQ
98 58 97 3f> 98 74
81.35 79.52 79! 93
79.95
79! 60
M ay
A p r.
1958
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s
Manufacturing_________________________ $89 86 $90.25 $89. 55 $90 39 $91.31 $91 08 $on a s $Q1 14
D u r a b l e g o o d s _________ _____ ___________ 97.07 97.22 96. 97 97.42
98.89 98.15 97 20 97* 70
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .. . ____ ______________
81.02 81. 41 80.18 81.48 81.51 81.72 81. 77 82.37
98 98
82.16
$83.50
75.27
D u r a b le goods
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o rie s _______________ 110.16 109. 48 108.14 109.34 108.27 108.14 105 00 105 20 107 30
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts
S a w m ills a n d p l a n i n g m il ls .................
M illw o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ie a te d s t r u c t u a l w o o d p r o d u c t s . . .
W o o d e n c o n ta i n e r s _________________
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ............
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s __________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ________________
O ffice, p u b l ic - b u il d in g , a n d p ro fe ss io n a l f u r n i t u r e ___________________
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e rs , a n d
f ix t u r e s _____ ________ _______ ______
S c re e n s , b l in d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ______ ______
76. 63
73.92
77. 60
74.11
77. 59
74. 30
77.18
74.30
81.58
77.61
84.19
80.00
81 97
80.00
R1 35
80. 08
58. 56
67.30
80. 88
57. 51
66. 97
81. 54
56. 85
66.36
79.93
59.19
68.28
83.20
60.89
69.70
82. 56
59.37
69.19
84.00
60.74
68.45
71.98
67. 20
71.24
66.33
75.01
70. 80
74.05
69.52
75. 55
71.10
75. 74
71.46
106 49
79.00
83 84
81.18
78. 94
77 ! 95
75. 27
75.25
77.74
73.23
82.89
63.14
68.61
83.37
62. 42
70. 55
84.42
62. 47
69.29
82.97
60. 70
68.04
81.95
59.10
68.38
81.95
59.25
66.99
84.05
59.79
66.42
79.38
56. 88
63.52
75.89
71.23
74.40
69.30
74. 77
69.83
74.19
69.65
73.82
69.83
72.73
67.94
74. 56
70. 35
74.44
70.93
70.31
66.76
79.79
85. 84
84. 99
86.43
85.81
88.99
88. 58
89.03
88. 40
88. 40
87.54
86. 88
87.74
86.92
85.49
94. 56
92.88
92.49
94.95
95.83
95.20
97.27
97.68
96. 76
94.60
92.10
93. 26
92.80
91.66
85.97
75.08
75. 86
76.44
77.79
79.95
77.20
77. 76
76. 57
77.36
76. 76
72.91
74.80
75.22
73.93
71.66
39.9
40.4
39.3
39.3
39.9
38.6
39.7
40.3
38.8
39.8
40.4
39.0
40.3
40.8
39.6
39.2
39.5
38.8
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
Manufacturing_____________ _____ . . . . .
D u r a b le g o o d s __________________________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ________________ ______
38.9
39.3
38.4
38.9
39.2
38.4
38.6
39.1
38.0
39.3
39.6
38.8
39.7
40.2
39.0
39.6
39.9
39.1
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5
D u r a b l e go o d s
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s . . . ............ ..........
40.8
40.7
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.8
41.5
41.1
41.2
40.9
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ____________
S a w m ills a n d p l a n i n g m il ls ________
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ic a te d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s . .
W o o d e n c o n ta i n e r s _________________
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ______
38.7
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.4
38.9
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.2
39.6
40.2
39.3
39.9
40.5
41.0
40.1
40.9
39.9
40.6
38.8
39.0
39.4
39 4
40.5
40.7
39.9
39.8
38.5
39.3
40.3
38.7
38.6
40.1
39.2
37.9
39.5
38.8
39.2
40.4
40.0
39.8
41.0
39.5
38.3
40.7
40.0
39.7
40.5
39.1
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.8
41.5
40.2
41.1
41.0
39.7
40.2
40.5
39.4
39.4
40.7
39.4
39.5
40.6
41.0
40.4
41.0
40.5
39.5
40.2
38.7
38.4
38.3
37.9
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.0
39.6
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.9
39.1
38.6
40.3
40.2
40.9
41.0
39.5
39.5
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s __________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e . ______________
O ffice, p u b l ic - b u il d in g , a n d p ro fe ss io n a l f u r n i t u r e _____ _____ ________
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e rs , a n d
f ix t u r e s ___________________________
S c r e e n s , b l in d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.1
41.2
41.2
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.0
41.0
41.1
39. 5
39.4
38.7
38.7
39.4
39.6
39.5
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.6
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.2
38.9
38.7
38.9
39.2
40.1
41.0
40.0
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.4
39.2
40.0
39.8
40.4
40.2
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
M anufacturing _____ __ _________________
$2. 31
2. 47
2.11
$2. 32
2. 48
2.12
$2. 32
2. 48
2.11
$2.30
2.46
2.10
$2.30
2. 46
2.09
$2.30
2.46
2.09
$2.27
2. 43
2.07
$2.29
2.45
2.08
$2.29
2.45
2. 08
$2.29
2. 44
2.07
$2.28
2.24
2.06
$2.29
2.45
2.06
$2.29
2.45
2.05
$2.22
2.38
2.01
$2.13
2. 28
1.94
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o rie s _______________
2.70
2. 69
2. 69
2.68
2.68
2.67
2.64
2.63
2.63
2.61
2.61
2.62
2.62
2.55
2.48
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s . ......................
S a w m ills a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ________
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ie a te d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s . .
W o o d e n c o n ta i n e r s ________________
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ______
1.98
1.91
2. 00
1.92
2.01
1.91
2.01
1.91
2.06
1.95
2.11
1.99
2.07
1.99
2.07
1.98
2. 07
1.98
2.03
1.93
2.01
1.92
2, 00
1.93
1.98
1.91
1.97
1.91
1.89
1.84
2.08
1.49
1. 67
2.09
1.49
1. 67
2. 08
1.50
1.68
2.06
1.51
1.69
2.08
1.53
1.70
2.09
1.55
1.70
2.10
1.53
1.69
2.12
1.54
1.09
2.10
1.53
1. 70
2.10
1.52
1.69
2.09
1.51
1.68
2.08
1.50
1.68
2.08
1. 50
1. 65
2.05
1.48
1.62
1.96
1.44
1.58
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s __________________
1.86
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e _____ __________
1.75
O ffice, p u b l ic - b u il d in g , a n d p ro fe s- : it
s io n a l f u r n i t u r e ..............................
2.13
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e r s , a n d
f ix t u r e s .........................................................
2.40
S c r e e n s , b l in d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
___
f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix tu re s
1.94
1.86
1. 75
1.88
1.77
1.87
1.76
1.87
1.76
1.87
1.76
1.86
1.75
1.86
1.75
1. 86
1.75
1. 85
1.75
1.85
1. 75
1.86
1.76
1. 85
1. 75
1.82
1.73
1. 78
1. 69
2.13
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.12
2.08
2.
2.40
2.39
2.41
2.42
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.28
2. 21
1. 95
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.83
1.78
D u r a b le g o o d s ................... ................................ ..
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s _________ ______ ______
D u r a b l e go o d s
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
02
561
0 — E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average
1960
1961
In d u str y
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
1959
1958
$92. 84
1 2 4 .9 7
$ 9 1 .0 8
123. 78
$90. 57
124. 74
$ 9 0 .8 5
1 2 3 .4 8
$90. 83
1 1 3 .4 6
$ 8 4 .8 0
1 1 3 .1 0
June
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s
Manufacturing—C o n t i n u e d
D u r a b l e g o o d s— C o n t i n u e d
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s --------------- $ 9 1 .3 1
F l a t g l a s s ............................................................. 1 2 2 .0 7
G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r
b l o w n . . ...........................- .............................. 93. 83
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d
g l a s s ....................................... ........... ................ 74. 69
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ....................................... 100. 61
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ........... .............. 79. 58
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ----------- 8 1 .5 3
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r
p r o d u c t s . ........................................................ 9 1 .0 2
O u t - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s ............. 7 5 .2 4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s n o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s . . . ................................................... 95. 60
$91. 54
1 2 4 .0 3
$ 9 1 .4 8
1 3 0 .2 9
9 2 .9 0
9 1 .2 6
9 6 .2 4
9 6 .2 3
107. 73
107. 82
1 0 5 .2 8
113. 77
93. 62
114. 25
9 2 .6 2
109. 34
9 4 .1 2
1 0 9 .2 1
109. 75
1 1 0 .4 3
P r i m a r y m e t a l I n d u s t r i e s -------- ---------------B la s t fu r n a c e s, s te e l w o r k s , a n d
r o ll i n g m i l l s —.................................. ...........
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s ...........................
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s . — _____ _________
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g
o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ___________ _
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s __________________
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ..................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l In
d u s t r i e s ______________________________
91
65
97
79
78. 38
1 0 3 .0 6
7 9 .5 6
8 0 .1 4
9 1 .9 4
75. 95
9 0 .6 1
7 4 .6 7
73.
101.
79.
79.
$ 9 4 .0 2 $ 9 4 .0 7
1 3 5 .7 9 1 3 3 .6 6
$92. 75
1 2 6 .5 4
$93. 89
125. 42
$ 9 3 .0 2
1 2 4 .2 6
$93. 07
1 2 5 .2 9
9 2 .5 7
9 1 .2 5
9 2 .8 6
9 1 .5 4
9 2 .8 6
9 3 .1 5
8 9 .4 7
9 1 .8 8
9 0 .6 3
8 8 .1 3
8 5 .7 5
7 9 .3 2 7 9 .1 0
105. 56 104. 75
8 1 .6 0 8 2 .0 1
8 3 .7 6 8 3 .7 6
7 8 .3 4
1 0 5 .1 8
8 1 .6 0
8 0 .4 1
74. 48
103. 57
83. 64
8 3 .2 8
7 4 .8 4
1 0 6 .7 1
8 2 .2 2
7 9 .2 1
73. 71
1 0 5 .6 3
83. 43
8 2 .4 6
72. 95
1 0 4 .1 4
8 3 .2 3
8 1 .7 0
7 1 .8 2
1 0 1 .1 8
8 3 .0 3
81. 75
70. 50
97. 66
79. 78
8 1 .7 9
71. 62
9 8 .1 5
8 0 .1 9
8 0 .3 0
73. 45
98. 98
8 0 .3 9
7 9 .8 0
7 1 .5 5
9 2 .9 2
7 5 .2 5
7 3 .2 4
9 3 .5 0
7 5 .9 8
9 5 .9 1
7 8 .2 8
9 5 .4 8
76. 73
9 6 .3 6
7 8 .6 2
9 5 .2 6
7 5 .8 9
9 4 .6 0
7 7 .2 7
9 3 .7 4
7 8 .8 1
9 2 .0 2
77. 61
8 7 .0 8
7 2 .2 0
8 9 .0 3
7 5 .1 4
9 1 .9 6
7 5 .4 4
8 a 43
7 3 .3 1
9 7 .0 4
9 7 .7 7
9 7 .5 3
9 8 .4 9
9 7 .2 0
9 6 .9 6
97. 44
9 5 .8 4
9 8 .2 9
98. 29
9 6 .9 3
8 7 .9 6
1 0 4 .7 2 1 0 6 .1 2
106. 78
106. 68
1 0 8 .7 5
109. 70
109. 70
1 1 2 .2 9
114. 29
1 1 5 .2 6
112. 72
1 0 0 .9 7
1 0 6 .8 6 1 0 9 .6 3
9 4 .1 3 95. 76
1 1 0 .6 0
9 5 .7 6
110. 53
9 5 .9 8
1 1 3 .8 3
9 7 .6 1
115. 74
97. 61
1 1 6 .2 1
9 6 .6 1
1 2 2 .2 2
9 5 .4 8
1 2 2 .8 9
9 9 .0 0
123. 60
9 9 .2 5
1 2 2 .2 8
9 7 .4 4
1 0 8 .0 0
8 5 .9 3
1 1 0 .8 3 1 1 0 .2 9
111. 51
1 1 0 .4 3
1 0 9 .7 4
1 0 8 .2 4
108. 47
1 1 2 .2 5
1 0 8 .0 5
1 0 7 .0 4
105. 93
9 9 .0 5
9 6 .0 8
9 5 .2 0
9 4 .4 0
9 4 .0 0
9 3 .6 7
9 5 .0 6
94. 77
9 5 .0 6
9 4 .6 6
9 4 .1 6
8 8 .8 4
9 3 .6 0
9 5 .8 3
9 8 .0 1
9 4 .4 7
9 6 .4 8
110. 00
1 0 3 .1 7
110. 42
1 0 1 .8 9
1 0 8 .6 3
1 0 1 .3 8
1 1 0 .4 2 1 1 0 .4 2
1 0 1 .0 9 1 0 2 .1 1
1 1 0 .1 5
1 0 1 .9 6
1 0 9 .8 9
1 0 1 .9 6
1 1 1 .7 8
1 0 1 .8 1
1 1 0 .8 3
1 0 1 .9 1
108. 54
101. 50
106. 53
9 7 .3 2
107. 87
100. 60
108. 54
1 0 1 .0 0
1 1 0 .6 2
1 0 0 .2 8
1 0 0 .9 0
9 3 .0 6
108. 81
1 0 8 .2 5
1 0 8 .6 4
108. 74 1 0 9 .4 2
1 0 9 .4 2
108. 47
1 0 9 .5 7
109. 85
1 1 0 .1 2
1 1 0 .4 0
1 1 5 .0 8
1 1 7 .8 8
1 1 3 .8 5
1 0 2 .3 1
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ....................
F l a t g l a s s ............. ..............................................
G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r
b l o w n ________________________________
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d
g l a s s __________________________________
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ___________________
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ------------------P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s . ............
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r
p r o d u c t s _____________________________
C u t - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s .............
M i s c e l l a n e o u s n o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s _____________________________
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 2 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
3 8 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 7 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 7 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
3 8 .0
3 9 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 5 .9
4 1 .8
4 0 .4
4 4 .0
4 1 .0
4 3 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________________
B la s t fu r n a c es, ste e l w o rk s, a n d
r o ll i n g m i l l s -------------------------------------I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s ...........................
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s __________________
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g
o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ...............................
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ....................................
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ..................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l i n
d u s t r i e s ______________________________
3 8 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 7 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 6 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
3 7 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
3 8 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 7 .4
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
3 8 .2
3 9 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
3 6 .5
3 9 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
3 8 .2
4 1 .0
3 9 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
3 9 .3
4 2 .5
4 0 .2
4 3 .4
4 1 .2
4 3 .4
4 0 .6
4 4 .0
4 1 .6
4 4 .1
4 0 .8
4 4 .0
4 1 .1
4 3 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
3 8 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
40. 5
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 7 .2
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 8 .1
3 7 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .1
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
36. 7
3 7 .3
3 6 .5
3 6 .9
3 5 .5
3 7 .2
3 5 .5
3 7 .5
3 6 .3
3 8 .0
3 6 .5
3 8 .0
3 6 .6
38. 7
3 7 .2
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
39. 2
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s -------------- $ 2 .3 0
3 .1 3
F l a t g la s s ___________________________
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r
2. 34
b l o w n . . ____ ______________________
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d
1 .9 3
g la s s _______________________________
2. 56
C e m e n t, h y d r a u l i c _________________
2 .0 3
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s . .....................
2 .1 8
P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ............
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p l a s t e r
2
.2 2
p r o d u c t s ............ ........................................
1 .9 0
C u t - s t o n e a n d s to n e p r o d u c t s ______
M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e t a ll ic m in e r a l
2 .3 9
p r o d u c t s __________________________
$2. 30
3 .1 4
$ 2 .3 1
3 .1 7
$ 2 .3 1
3 .1 8
$ 2 .3 0
3 .1 9
$ 2 .2 9
3 .1 4
$ 2 .2 9
3 .1 2
$2. 28
3 .1 3
$ 2 .2 7
3 .1 4
$2. 27
3 .1 4
$ 2 .2 6
3 .1 1
$ 2 .2 7
3 .1 5
$ 2 .2 6
3 .1 5
$ 2 .2 1
3 .1 6
$ 2 .1 2
2 .9 3
2. 34
2 .3 4
2 .3 4
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2. 30
2 .3 0
2 .2 8
2 .2 6
2 .2 2
2 .1 6
1 .9 0
2. 58
2 .0 4
2 .1 8
1 .9 4
2 .5 7
2 .0 4
2 .1 6
1 .9 3
2 .6 0
2 .0 4
2 .1 7
1 .9 2
2. 58
2 .0 4
2 .1 7
1 .9 2
2. 61
2 .0 4
2 .1 5
1. 90
2. 57
2 .0 4
2 .1 8
1 .8 9
2 .5 9
2 .0 3
2 .1 7
1 .8 9
2. 57
2 .0 2
2 .1 7
1 .8 9
2 .5 4
2 .0 3
2 .1 5
1 .8 9
2 .4 8
2 .0 4
2 .1 4
1 .8 9
2 .4 6
2 .0 3
2 .1 3
1 .8 7
2. 46
2 .0 2
2 .1 3
1 .8 5
2 .4 2
1 .9 8
2 .1 0
1 .8 3
2 .3 0
1 .9 1
2 .0 4
2 .2 1
1 .8 8
2. 21
1 .9 0
2 .2 0
1 .8 9
2 .2 1
1 .9 0
2 .2 0
1 .8 9
2 .1 9
1 .8 9
2 .1 6
1 .8 6
2 .1 5
1 .8 8
2 .1 6
1 .8 9
2 .1 5
1 .8 7
2 .1 5
1 .8 9
2 .1 3
1 .8 6
2 .0 9
1 .8 4
2 .0 1
1 .8 1
2 .4 0
2 .4 3
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
2. 39
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 3
2 .2 1
2. 85
P r i m a r y m e t a l I n d u s t r i e s .......... ........ ..........
B l a s t f u rn a c e s , s te e l w o r k s , a n d
3 .1 0
r o llin g m il ls ...................... .......................
2 .5 1
I r o n a n d s te e l f o u n d r ie s .........................
P r i m a r y s m e l ti n g a n d r e f in in g of
2 .6 9
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ________________
S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e f in in g of
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ________________ • 2 .4 2
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f
2. 75
n o n f e r r o u s m e t a ls ________________
2. 56
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r ie s _______________
M is c e lla n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l in
2 .7 9
d u s t r l e s ___________________________
2. 86
2 .8 3
2 .8 0
2 .8 0
2 .8 1
2 .8 0
2 .8 1
2 .8 2
2 .8 2
2 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .8 6
2. 79
2. 65
3 .1 3
2. 51
3 .0 8
2 .5 3
3 .0 1
2. 51
3 .0 2
2 .5 2
3 .0 3
2 .5 2
3 .0 2
2 .4 8
3 .0 6
2 .4 9
3 .0 7
2 .4 9
3 .0 5
2 .4 9
3 .1 1
2 .4 8
3 .0 8
2 .5 0
3 .0 9
2. 50
3 .0 8
2 .4 3
2 .8 8
2 .3 1
2 .6 9
2 .7 0
2 .6 9
2 .6 9
2 .7 0
2 .7 0
2 .6 7
2 .6 4
2 .6 2
2 .6 6
2 .6 1
2 .6 3
2. 59
2 .4 7
2 .3 9
2 .3 8
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 2
2 .2 8
2 .2 1
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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2 .4 2
2 .4 1
2 .4 0
2 .7 4
2. 56
2 .7 5
2 .5 6
2 .7 4
2 .5 4
2 .7 4
2 .5 4
2 .7 4
2. 53
2. 72
2. 53
2 .7 0
2 .5 2
2. 69
2. 51
2 .6 8
2 .5 0
2 .6 7
2 .4 7
2 .6 7
2 .4 9
2 .6 8
2 .5 0
2 .6 4
2 .4 4
2. 51
2 .3 5
2. 79
2 .8 0
2 .7 6
2 .7 7
2 .7 7
2 .7 6
2 .7 6
2. 76
2 .7 6
2. 76
2 .8 0
2 .8 2
2 .7 5
2 .6 1
562
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
In d u stry
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
Feb.
1959
1958
$97.07 $96. 58 $98.15 $100.04 $100.94 $100.45 $99.63 $100.21 $99.96 $96. 56 $98. 42 $98. 42
116. 72 114.45 114.90 114. 09 115.79 119. 26 119. 94 118.40 116. 47 111.66 108. 94 108. 40
92.28 93.30 95. 27 9 5 .34
94. 56
94. 77 93 .8 3
93.60 93.90
90.85
92 .6 3
91. 31
$97. 41
112.36
92.25
$90.80
104. 42
86.15
87.91
Man afac taring— C o n t in u e d
D u r a b le g o o d s—C
A nnual
a v e ra g e
I960
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s
o n t in u e d
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____________ $96. 82
T i n c a n s a n d o t h e r t i n w a r e ________ 116.16
C u t le r y , h a n d to o l s , a n d h a r d w a r e .. 88.92
H e a t in g a p p a r a t u s (e x c e p t e le c
tric ) a n d p l u m b e r s ’ s u p p li e s ____
93.99
F a b ric a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p ro d
u c t s . ............................................................ . 99.00
M e ta l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n
g r a v i n g . .................................................... . 98.67
L i g h ti n g f ix tu re s ___________________
86. 26
F a b r ic a te d w ire p r o d u c t s __________ 92.86
M is c e lla n e o u s
fab ric a te d
m e ta l
p r o d u c t s ..................... ............ .................. 94. 47
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) __________ 104. 92
E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s ............ ................ 113. 81
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h i n e r y a n d t r a c
t o r s .............. ................................................. 108.00
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d m in in g m a c h i n
e r y ................................................................. 102.17
M e ta l w o r k in g m a c h i n e r y __________ 113.27
S p e c ia l - i n d u s tr y m a c h i n e r y (ex
c e p t m e t a lw o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ) .. 100. 37
G e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y _____ 102. 51
O ffice a n d s to r e m a c h in e s a n d d e
v ic e s ______________________________ 106. 49
S e r v ic e - i n d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld
m a c h i n e s _________________________ 98. 92
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y p a r t s ____ 102. 00
92. 54
91.06
9 0 .30
92. 90
93.30
9 2 .28
89.71
91.42
91.42
91.83
9 9 .60
99.10 100.94
101.68
102.18
101. 84 102.26
102.09 100.86
98.74
9 7 .60
97.51
96.72
93. 43
9 7 .27
86. 71
92.00
9 8 .94 101.24 104. 70
86.41
89. 04 94. 48
89.24 89. 72 90.35
109.62
93. 79
90 .1 2
107.17 103.97
89.24 8 7 .0 2
89. 60 88. 75
107.33 108.00
91.08 89.60
88.75 89.38
102.21
86.02
87.91
105. 57 107.78
88. 44
88.62
90.32
90.94
102.58
87.72
8 9 .60
92. 63
80.17
83. 74
94. 47
93.99
93. 38
92. 51
96. 48
94. 64
104. 92 103. 74 103.46 104.49
112. 84 114.45 113. 65 112. 80
103.57
113.08
103. 68 105.11
114. 90 112.33
106.13 106. 27 104.94 104.80
104.66
101.12 101.77 101.24 101.49
112. 61 i l l . 23 109.62 111.25
100.86
109.62
100.12 100. 21 100. 53 101. 50
102.11 100.98 102.11 102. 87
106. 37 104. 66 105.97
100. 84
102. 26
9 5 .5 2
99. 54 9 8 .50
99. 96 100.69
95. 91
95. 20
9 2 .98
95.68
95.75
93.77
9 8 .29
97.44
88. 53
105.88 106.14
114.26 113.15
104.04
108. 38
105. 47
112. 20
104. 55 103.25
110.02 110.42
94.25
102. 26
104.12 102.43
102.80 102.91
102.80
102.82
100. 75
104.09
95.59
100. 84 102.00
110. 84 118.30
102. 77 102.47
122.24 123.36
101.05
120.37
100.65
123. 76
99.15
120. 50
101.35
114.06
91.89
101.38
101.02
102. 72
101. 46 102.37
103.22 102.66
102. 61 102.12
103. 91 103.16
99. 66
101.34
102. 43 101.28
101. 84 100.85
98.05
100.94
89.55
93.06
106.60
105.30
101. 63 105.88
103. 42 103. 28
101.20
103.12
102.36
98.89
93.30
9 8 .70
101.85
98. 46
101. 20
96. 87 96. 62
100. 65 100. 25
98. 65 99.14
101. 25 100. 85
98.00
9 8 .70
96.62
100. 85
99. 29
102.09
97.20
101.43
90.68
92 73
40 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
41.1
42 .4
41 .0
40.0
41.6
39.7
3 9 .6
9 8 .95
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____________
T i n c a n s a n d o t h e r t i n w a r e ________
C u t le r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e
H e a t in g a p p a r a t u s (e x c e p t ele c
tric ) a n d p l u m b e r s ’ s u p p li e s _____
F a b ric a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p ro d
u c ts _______________________________
M e ta l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n
g r a v i n g .......................................................
L ig h ti n g f ix tu re s ____________________
F a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c t s __________
M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r i c a t e d
m e ta l
p r o d u c t s __________________________
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) __________
E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s ..............................
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h i n e r y a n d t r a c
t o r s _______________________________
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d m in in g m a c h i n
e r y ....................................................... ..........
M e ta l w o r k in g m a c h i n e r y . . .............. ..
S p e c ia l - i n d u s tr y m a c h i n e r y (ex
c e p t m e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ) ..
G e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y ______
O ffice a n d s to r e m a c h in e s a n d d e
v ic e s ______________________________
S e r v ic e - in d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld
m a c h i n e s _________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y p a r t s ____
3 9 .2
40. 9
3 8 .0
3 9 .3
41.1
39 .1
39.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
40. 5
4 0 .6
40 .4
40 .7
41 .8
3 9 .9
41 .0
42. 9
40.5
4 0 .5
43 .3
40.1
40 .9
42 .9
4 0 .0
40 .8
42 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
40 .9
3 9 .5
40 .5
4 0 .2
40.1
39 .0
38 .4
38.1
3 8 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .5
38 .9
3 8 .9
40.1
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
41 .4
41 .4
41 .6
41 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
40 .3
40.1
3 9 .0
38 .0
40. 2
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
40 .0
38 .8
3 7 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
40 .9
3 9 .8
42 .0
4 0 .6
39 .7
4 1 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
40 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
41 .6
40 .3
3 9 .8
41 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
40 .4
39.1
3 9 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .2
40 .5
42.1
40. 1
4 0 .0
41 .7
40 .8
41.1
40.1
3 9 .3
39 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
39 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
40 .2
40 .4
3 9 .9
4 1 .3
41 .4
4 2 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
40. 5
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
39 .9
40 .3
40 .1
4 0 .3
40 .5
40 .0
40 .3
40.1
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
40 .7
4 1 .2
41.1
41 .3
40 .7
4 0 .8
39 .7
41 .2
41.1
41 .0
4 0 .3
41 .3
4 1 .2
3 9 .6
40.1
40 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
40.1
40 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
40 .2
40 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .9
40 .5
39 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .5
4 0 .8
3 9 .6
40 .3
3 9 .7
40 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
40 .9
4 0 .0
42 .4
40 .3
43 .5
4 0 .5
4 3 .9
40.1
4 3 .3
40.1
44 .2
39 .5
4 3 .5
41.2
42 .4
39.1
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
40. 2
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
40 .9
3 9 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .6
40 .5
41 .4
4 0 .6
42.1
4 0 .8
42 .3
4 0 .9
4 2 .4
41.4
42 .2
41.1
41 .7
40 .7
42 .5
4 0 .9
4 2 .2
4 0 .5
41 .9
41 .2
39 .8
39 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
40.1
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
40 .5
3 9 .7
4 1 .2
40 .4
40 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
40 .3
4 0 .2
39.7
39 .1
40. 0
39. 7
40.1
39 .5
39. 2
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
40.1
3 9 .7
40 .0
3 9 .7
40.1
3 9 .6
40.1
40 .1
40.5
40 .3
40.5
40 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
41.0
40. 5
41.4
39 .6
39 .8
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .............. ............
T i n c a n s a n d o t h e r t i n w a r e ................
C u t le r y , h a n d to o l s , a n d h a r d w a r e ..
H e a t in g a p p a r a t u s (e x c e p t e le c
tric ) a n d p l u m b e r s ’ s u p p li e s ..........
F a b r ic a te d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d
u c ts _______________________________
M e ta l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n
g r a v i n g .................................... ..................
L i g h ti n g f ix tu re s ___________________
F a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c t s __________
M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a te d
m e ta l
p r o d u c t s __________________________
$2. 47
2. 84
2. 34
$ 2 .47
2. 84
2. 36
$2. 47
2.84
2.38
$2 .46
2.8 3
2.3 7
$2. 47
2. 81
2 .3 6
$2.48
2 .7 7
2 .3 7
$2. 45
2. 76
2 .3 3
$2. 42
2. 73
2.3 0
$2. 43
2. 71
3.31
$2. 43
2.71
2 .3 0
$2.37
2.6 5
2 .2 5
$ 2.27
2. 51
2.17
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) __________
E n g in e s a n d t u r b i n e s . . .......................
A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e ry a n d tra c
t o r s ................................................................
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d m in i n g m a c h in -
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s
M e ta l w o r k in g m a c h i n e r y __________
S p e c ia l- in d u s tr y m a c h i n e r y (ex
c e p t m e t a lw o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ) ..
G e n e r a l i n d u s t r ia l m a c h i n e r y _____
O ffice a n d s to r e m a c h in e s a n d d e
v ic e s —
S e r v ic e - i n d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld
m a c h i n e s _________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y p a r t s ____
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d of t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 45
2. 78
2. 34
$2. 46
2. 77
2.3 4
$2. 45
2. 76
2 .3 4
2. 41
2.4 1
2.3 9
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 .3 7
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .2 9
2.22
2 .5 0
2. 49
2 .4 9
2.4 8
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 .4 6
2 .4 7
2 .4 0
2 .4 6
2.4 5
2. 44
2. 45
2.4 0
2.3 3
2. 53
2. 27
2. 31
2. 52
2. 27
2. 30
2.5 5
2. 28
2.3 0
2. 55
2. 26
2 .2 6
2. 56
2.31
2.2 7
2. 61
2.31
2 .2 7
2. 57
2. 22
2 .2 4
2. 58
2 .2 2
2. 23
2. 58
2 .2 6
2 .2 3
2.5 9
2 .2 4
2.2 4
2. 53
2.2 0
2. 22
2 .5 5
2 .2 0
2 .2 3
2 .5 6
2.2 1
2.2 4
2. 46
2.1 5
2 .1 8
2.31
2.0 4
2.12
2.4 1
2.4 1
2.41
2 .4 0
2. 40
2 .3 9
2 .3 8
2.3 8
2 .3 8
2.3 7
2 .3 5
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .3 2
2.23
2. 61
2. 81
2. 61
2. 80
2.6 0
2.84
2.5 8
2 .8 2
2. 58
2 .8 2
2. 57
2 .8 2
2.5 6
2 .8 3
2. 57
2.7 6
2.5 7
2. 78
2. 57
2 .7 8
2. 55
2.7 3
2. 56
2 .7 3
2. 55
2 .7 3
2 .5 0
2 .6 8
2 .3 8
2.5 5
2 .7 0
2. 68
2.6 7
2. 65
2 .6 2
2.6 1
2 .5 9
2.5 8
2 .5 7
2. 56
2 .5 7
2. 59
2 .5 9
2. 57
2.42
2. 58
2. 79
2. 56
2. 76
2.5 7
2 .7 6
2. 55
2 .7 2
2. 55
2. 72
2. 56
2 .7 0
2. 54
2.7 1
2. 55
2. 79
2.5 5
2.81
2. 53
2.81
2 .5 2
2. 78
2. 51
2 .8 0
2. 51
2 .7 7
2 .4 6
2 .6 9
2.35
2.5 6
2. 46
2. 55
2. 46
2. 54
2.45
2. 55
2 .4 4
2.5 4
2. 44
2 .5 4
2. 44
2 .5 3
2.41
2. 53
2 .4 2
2. 51
2.4 2
2. 51
2 .4 2
2. 51
2 .3 9
2 .4 9
2.4 1
2 .4 9
2. 40
2 .4 9
2 .3 4
2.4 5
2. 25
2.35
2. 61
2 .6 2
2.61
2 .6 1
2 .6 0
2 .6 0
2 .5 6
2. 57
2 .5 6
2 .5 5
2 .5 3
2 .5 4
2 .5 4
2 .4 6
2.3 5
2. 53
2. 55
2. 54
2 . 55
2 .5 2
2. 55
2 .5 0
2. .53
2 .4 8
2. 54
2. 48
2 53
2. 44
2.51
2. 44
2 50
2 .4 6
2 .5 0
2 .4 6
2. 49
2 .4 5
2. 48
2. 44
2.4 9
2 .4 7
2 .4 9
2 .4 0
2 .4 5
2.2 9
2 .3 3
563
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical machinery................................. $93.53 $93. 77 $92.28 $93.20 $93.09 $93.03 $91. 77 $90.39 $92. 23 $91. 37 $88 . 98 $91. 43 $90. 97 $89. 91
Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and Industrial
apparatus_____________________ 98.00 97. 91 97. 57 97.11 96.16 96.80 96. 80 96.80 96.88 96. 24 94.25 96. 15 95.84 94. 19
Electrical appliances......................... 94.14 93.56 89. 68 90. 48 92. 00 89.93 90.00 90.62 91.25 91. 80 89. 17 91. 10 91.80 89. 27
Insulated wire and cable-------------- 87. 57 88.19 85. 50 87.76 89. 21 87. 76 88.20 88 . 40 89. 68 88 . 62 84. 66 89. 46 89. 24 87. 15
Electrical equipment for vehicles.. 94.50 96. 64 98. 94 98.53 101.85 102. 77 95. 59 98.21 97.32 98. 55 95.40 96. 53 98. 65 96. 56
Electric lamps__________________ 90. 32 86 . 33 81.98 89.67 89.65 86.08 87.47 85. 25 86 . 75 87. 30 86 . 41 88 . 36 87. 42 88 . 13
Communication equipment--------- 90.97 91.43 89. 54 90.45 90.94 90 05 88. 80 85. 69 89. 24 87.34 85. 19 88.18 87.34 86 . 86
Miscellaneous electrical products.. 92. 52 94.54 91.20 90.72 90.58 89.60 89.82 89.15 88.43 89.65 89.20 89.60 88 . 65 88 . 94
$85.14
108.98 108.14 111. 44 112.16 115. 49 112.96 108. 90 110.15 110.97 111.66 107. 59 110.84 111.79 107. 73
. 16
105. 56 104.81 111.79 113. 77 119.39 116. 52 108. 64 111.20 112. 87 113. 85 108. 23 113. 83 116. 62
114.82 114.13 113. 44 112.61 111.93 111.24 110. 84 110.97 110.57 110. 29 107.07 109.34 108.81 106. 63
100. 69
99. 96
101. 91
108. 70 108. 31 106.12 105. 98 109. 53 103. 97 108. 23 106.90 105. 60 105. 46 103. 49 103. 62 102. 31 101. 40
103.78 106.02 106.39 103. 58 108.67 106. 96 107. 24 107.90 110. 65 111.39 110. 26 112.18 102.11 107. 41
90.00 87.94 88.09 86 .94 88 . 46 86 . 75 83.63 84.80 86.36 86 . 63 84. 58 84.10 87.42 89. 13
98.00
100. 70
82.74
Transportation equipment---------------Motor vehicles and equipment----Aircraft and parts— ........................
Ship and boat building and
repairing.................. .........................
Railroad equip m ent..........................
Other transportation equipm ent..
110
89. 72
85.36
86.11
89. 47
80. 57
81.97
85.03
Average weekly hours
Electrical machinery.................................
Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and Industrial
apparatus_____________________
Electrical appliances.......... .............. .
Insulated wire and cable-------------Electrical equipment for vehicles..
Electric la m p s....................................
Communication equipm ent........... .
Miscellaneous electrical products..
39.8
39.9
39.1
40.0
40.3
40.1
39.9
39.3
40.1
39.9
39.2
40.1
39.9
40.5
39.6
40.0
38.9
41.5
37.8
39.1
39.9
40.4
39.8
38.5
41.6
38.5
37.7
40.1
40.4
39.5
38.0
39.4
38.8
35.8
39.1
40.0
39.8
39.0
41.2
39. 1
39.5
40.2
40.5
39.9
40.0
41.3
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.8
40.0
39.1
41 2
40.3
38.6
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.3
41.8
38.7
394
40.0
40.1
40.0
39.4
41.5
39.6
38.4
38.6
39.8
40.2
39.5
42.3
39.4
38.9
40. 2
39.3
40.1
39.4
42.2
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.2
39.6
38.6
40.9
39. 1
39. 1
38. 9
40.0
40.4
39.1
42.6
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
39.4
42.7
40.1
39.2
39.7
39.4
40.6
39.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.4
389
39.3
39.6
40.3
Transportation equipment......................
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts— ......................
Ship and boat building and
repairing..........................................
Railroad equipm ent....... .................. .
Other transportation equipm ent..
39.2
37.7
41.6
38.9
37.3
41.5
39.8
39.5
41.1
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.1
41.6
41.0
40.2
40.6
40. 6
39.6
38.8
40.9
40.2
40.0
41.1
40.5
40. 6
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.0
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.5
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.7
39.8
39.2
40.6
39.1
36.8
39.3
39.1
37.2
38.4
37.9
37.2
38.3
38.4
36.6
38.3
39.4
38.4
38.8
37.4
38.2
38.9
39.5
38.3
37.5
39.3
38. 4
38.2
39.7
39. 1
38.9
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.8
39.4
39.5
38.4
39.2
36.6
39.2
39.0
39.2
40.7
39.2
38.0
39. 4
$2.15
Average hourly earnings
Electrical machinery-----------------------Electrical generating, transmis
sion, distribution, and industrial
apparatus____________________
Electrical appliances____________
Insulated wire and cable________
Electrical equipment for vehicles..
Electric lamps__________________
Communication equipment--------M iscellaneous electrical products..
$2.35
$2. 35
$2.36
$2.33
$2.31
$2.32
$2.30
$2.30
$2.30
$2. 29
$2. 27
$2.28
$2.28
$2 .2 2
2. 45
2.42
2.46
2.43
2 .1 2
2. 42
2.30
2. 13
2. 55
2. 23
2 24
2. 24
2. 41
2. 31
2 . 12
2.47
2. 23
2 . 22
2.25
2. 40
2.33
2 . 10
2. 47
2.24
2. 42
2.30
2.13
2. 48
2 . 22
2 . 22
2.24
2. 23
2. 38
2. 31
2.07
2.44
2 . 21
2.19
2.23
2. 24
2. 39
2. 33
2.09
2. 46
2. 23
2 . 20
2. 25
2. 32
2 . 26
2.08
2. 39
2.16
2. 15
2.18
2 . 26
2 . 20
2 . 08
2. 51
2.29
2.28
2. 34
2.41
2.30
2.16
2. 54
2. 23
2. 24
2.38
2.33
2.11
2. 44
2.32
2. 13
2 . 52
2. 27
2. 25
2.24
2. 42
2.29
2.50
2.31
2.28
2.29
2. 47
2.36
2.17
2. 55
2. 29
2.29
2 . 28
Transportation equipment---------------Motor vehicles and equipment---Aircraft and parts---------------------Ship and boat building and
repairing-------------------------------Railroad equipm ent____________
Other transportation equipm ent..
2.78
2.80
2.76
2.78
2 . 81
2.75
2 . 80
2.81
2.87
2.73
2 . 81
2. 87
2. 74
2. 75
2.80
2. 71
2.74
2. 78
2. 70
2. 74
2. 78
2.71
2. 73
2. 77
2. 69
2. 71
2.74
2. 67
2. 73
2. 79
2 . 68
2.74
2.81
2 . 68
2 . 66
2.83
2.76
2. 79
2.83
2. 74
2. 70
2.62
2. 53
2.55
2.51
2. 78
2 . 82
2.29
2. 77
2.85
2.29
2.80
2 . 86
2.30
2. 76
2.83
2.27
2. 78
2.83
2.28
2. 78
2 . 80
2.23
2.74
2 . 80
2.23
2.72
2.81
2 . 22
2. 66
2. 63
2 . 82
2 . 62
2 . 60
2 . 60
2.21
2. 63
2. 84
2.19
2 . 61
2. 83
2 . 22
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .2 2
2.11
2. 47
2 . 22
2 .2 2
2.21
2 .2 0
2.82
2.18
2 .1 0
2. 45
2 . 22
2 . 21
2.79
2.23
2. 74
2.19
2. 30
2.05
2.07
2 .1 1
2. 65
2 .1 0
564
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
Table
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good*—Continued
Instruments and related products.
Laboratory, scientific, and e
neering Instruments_______
- $96.88 $96. 88 $94.47 $96.63 $95.99 $95.44 $95.99 $95. 75 $95.65 $94. 77 $93.43 $95.8 8 $94.07 $93. 25
$87.38
- 115.02 119.14 113. 83 116.34 116.34 115.51 115. 79 115. 37 114.95
103.07
trolling Instruments.................. . - 94.80
- 97.20
strum ents..______________
Ophthalmic goods............................. Photographic apparatus.......
.
Watches and clocks_____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus
tries_____________________ ____ _ Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_____________________
Musical Instruments and parts
T o y s a n d s p o r t i n g g o o d s ___________ Pens, pencils, other office supplies Costume jewelry, buttons, notions Fabricated plastics products____
Other manufacturing Industries.. -
94. 24
99.72
91.80
94.71
101.09
92.97
98.81
92.04
98.88
91.87
97.17
92. 57
98.77
93.90
98. 77
112. 88
93.90
98.36
110.97 116. 75 113. 57 111. 14
92.80
94.13
95.06
96.00
92.34
97.11
92.62
92.25
86.72
88.61
85.27 84.02 80.85 85.88 86 . 51 85.68 85.06 85.48 85.89 83.62 81.80 84. 66 82.99 82.82
79.76 77.95 77.32 78.16 77.81 77.95 79.80 78. 78 81.20 80. 40 79.20 79.18 79.60 77.59
109. 62 109. 89 110. 29 109. 59 109.33 108.14 110.27 108. 94 107.12 106.34 105.82 106. 86 104. 90 104.65
79.39 76.96 73.46 76.24 77.42 76.43 80.00 79.00 78.01 77.41 75.65 77.03 76.82 77. 41
78.00
71.41
97.53
73.71
100.12
79.00
78.41
76.03
78.40
78.20
77.03
77. 60
76.44
77.41
77.41
76.05
78.18
77. 81
76. 57
73.20
78.21
90.09
75.25
71.68
70.02
83.63
81.58
78. 41
91.35
75. 46
67. 89
70.23
83.01
81.37
75.83
91.94
69.56
68.56
67.15
80. 91
79.54
84.00
94.24
72.13
71.10
71.10
83.23
80.19
82.37
95.34
71.28
72.80
70.71
83.44
80.19
76.03
93.56
71.13
71.94
65.82
84.05
80.40
79. 77
90.58
70. 59
72.00
68 . 56
83. 64
80.60
77.22
88 . 66
80. 36
90.17
69.63
69. 95
70. 22
83.03
80.19
80. 77
87. 38
71.16
72.18
68 . 29
83.03
81.00
80.16
86 . 58
69. 32
69. 95
66 . 33
80. 40
79.59
80.54
88.32
71. 53
70.88
68 . 73
83.02
82.01
79. 35
88.70
70. 80
70. 92
69. 17
S3.23
80. 79
79. 46
88 . 99
69.17
70. 58
68.90
83.20
79.40
75.70
83. 79
66.91
67.72
65.18
79.17
76.04
68.20
66 . 06
67. 64
84. 05
80.79
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products
Laboratory, scientific, and engi
neering instruments___________
Mechanical measuring and con
trolling Instruments___________
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental In
struments____________________
Ophthalmic goods_______________
Photographic apparatus_________
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus
tries........................................................... .
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_________________________
Musical instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods...................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products_____
Other manufacturing industries__
40.2
40.2
39.2
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.8
40.2
40.9
39.9
40.5
42.1
39.8
42.0
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.5
41.8
41.5
41.1
42.3
41.6
42.1
40.9
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.7
38.9
41.2
40.3
41.6
39.9
41.0
39.5
41.2
39.0
41.0
39.9
41.5
40.3
41.5
40.3
41.5
40.0
40.4
40.8
41.2
39.8
41.5
40.8
41.0
39.0
40.0
40.8
39.1
40.6
39.3
40.2
38.4
40.4
38.1
38.5
37.9
41.0
37.1
40.7
38.5
41.2
38.9
41.0
39.1
41.1
39.7
40.8
38.4
40.5
38.6
40.7
39.7
41.3
40.2
40.9
39.0
40.8
39.7
40.9
40.4
41.2
39.2
40.2
40.4
40.9
38.9
39.9
39.8
40.7
38.4
40.7
39.2
41. 1
39.1
39.9
40.0
40.5
38.8
40.6
40.2
41.2
39.9
40.0
38.6
40.3
39.0
39.7
39.4
38.4
40.0
40.1
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.9
39.9
39.2
40.3
39.9
40.3
39.6
39.5
40.4
39.4
39.6
38.9
40.4
39.6
39.8
40.6
39.3
37.3
38.8
40.1
39.5
38.3
40.5
37.4
38.3
37.1
38.9
38.8
42.0
41.7
39.2
39.5
39.5
40.6
39.5
41.6
42.0
39.6
40.0
39.5
40.7
39.7
38.4
41.4
39.3
39.1
37.4
41.0
39.8
40.7
40.8
39.0
40.0
39.4
41.0
39.9
39.6
40.3
38.1
36.7
39.1
40.8
39.8
41.0
40.8
38.9
39.3
39.9
40.7
39.7
41.0
39.9
39.1
40.1
38.8
40.9
39.9
40.9
39.9
38.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
39.4
41.3
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
41.1
40.4
40.9
40.5
38.9
39.4
39.3
41.0
39.8
41.6
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.6
41.6
40.1
40.7
39.9
38.9
39.6
38.8
40.6
39.4
$2.19
Average hourly earnings
instruments and related products_____ $2.41
Laboratory, scientific, and engi
neering Instruments____________ 2.84
Mechanical measuring and con
trolling Instruments____________ 2.37
Optical instruments and lenses___
2.43
Surgical, medical, and dental In
struments_____________________ 2.09
Ophthalmic goods____ _____ _____ 2.04
Photographic apparatus__________ 2.70
Watches and clocks______________ 2 .0 2
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.............................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware__________________________
Musical Instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods...................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products______
Other manufacturing Industries___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.41
$2.41
$2.38
$2.37
$2.38
$2.37
$2.37
$2.35
$2.34
$2.33
$2.35
$2.34
$2.28
2.83
2 .8 6
2.77
2.79
2.79
2.77
2.78
2. 75
2.72
2.70
2. 76
2.73
2.64
2.52
2.35
2.45
2.36
2.43
2.35
2.43
2.33
2.41
2.33
2.40
2.32
2.37
2. 32
2.38
2. 33
2.38
2.33
2.37
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.32
2.34
2.27
2.25
2.19
2.18
2.08
1.99
2.60
1.99
2.05
1.99
2.60
1.97
2.08
2 . 02
2.60
1.97
2.08
1.99
2.59
1.98
2.04
1.93
2. 54
1.94
1. 95
1.85
2. 42
1.89
2.09
2.03
2.72
2 .0 2
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2.11
2 .1 0
2.04
2. 69
1.98
2.09
2.03
1.99
2 .0 2
2 .1 0
2.01
2 .6 6
1.96
1.95
2.03
2. 67
1.98
2.01
2 .6 6
2.67
1.99
2. 67
1. 99
2.60
1.99
2.09
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.98
2.23
1.91
1.81
1.80
2.07
2.06
1.97
2 . 22
1.92
1.82
1.81
2.07
2.06
1.98
2. 27
2 .0 0
1.98
2.27
1.80
1.82
1.79
2.05
1.98
2 . 26
1.81
1.84
1.76
2.05
1.96
2 . 22
1 . 81
1.80
1. 74
2.04
1.95
1.96
2 .2 0
2 .2 1
1.79
1.78
1.76
2.04
1.96
2.17
1.81
1. 78
1. 75
2 . 02
1.95
2.17
1.82
1.79
1.74
1.91
2.16
1.76
1.76
1.74
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2.03
1. 94
2.19
1.82
1.80
1. 76
2.03
2.03
1 .8 6
2 .1 0
1.79
1.80
1.73
2.06
2. 03
1.97
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03
1.86
1.79
1.81
2.08
2.05
2.26
1.84
1.80
1.80
2.05
2.03
2 .0 2
2 .0 0
1.98
1.72
1.71
1.68
1.95
1.93
565
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Annual
average
1960
Industry
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept,
j Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products.....................
Meat products_________ _________
Dairy products.....................................
Canning and preserving— ...............
Grain-mill p rodu cts-.........................
Bakery products..................................
Sugar-------------- ------ ------------------Confectionery and related products.
Beverages----- --------------------------Miscellaneous food products______
$89. 78
98.89
90.01
69. 94
97.88
90.23
103.33
72. 86
96. 61
89. 62
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes.................. - ....................... Cigars__________________________
Tobacco and s n u f f .......................... .
Tobacco stemming and red rying...
66 . 59
80. 77
52. 56
69. 38
53.44
$90. 45 $89.24 $89.10 $88 .97 $89.02 $88. 58
101. 56 101.59 102.18 101.11 102.51 99.70
90.01 88 .94 89.40 89. 40 91.76 90.30
68.82 67.71 64.79 72.00 74. 69 74.03
100. 57 99. 21 99.44 101.93 99.46 98. 35
88.31 88 .53 89.91 89.51 89.06 88.48
103.26 102.91 102.11 92. 64 98.25 96.96
73.42 69.30 70.88 72.85 74. 66 73.12
97. 36 97.61 99. 75 99.20 99.29 100. 53
89. 79 88.10 90.07 89.67 89.02 86 .93
66 . 53
80. 81
54.31
70.68
54.29
69.95
86 . 69
54.68
72. 52
57.92
65.60
83.07
58.26
67.90
45.14
65.21
82.32
56. 79
70.49
53.26
63.27
78. 58
55.01
69.19
53.97
64.81
79.13
54. 72
70. 47
49.87
$89. 60 $88.51 $88.91 $87.16 $86 .94 $86 .33 $85. 68
100. 94 98.90 99. 55 95. 74 95.01 95. 26 97. 23
91.79 90.73 89.01 89. 21 87.53 87. 53 86.32
70.71 67.86 70.05 69.75 69. 75 69.17 67.64
99.01 94.61 94.18 92.87 94. 61 92. 87 92.66
89.16 88 . 54 87.05 85. 79 85.39 84. 56 83. 21
101. 92 99. 84 97.61 95. 88 98. 77 95.04 93.10
72.10 72. 62 71.50 68.92 70. 67 69. 38 68.90
102. 42 100.37 99.79 100.19 95.16 93.03 96.80
86.74 86.11 85.90 84. 85 84.85 86.11 84.65
$81.81
91.08
81.90
66.13
89. 79
79.00
89. 73
66 . 30
92. 23
80.95
68 .
43
80. 88
53. 58
67. 52
59.93
71.53
85.07
54.38
70. 46
64.34
68.58
80.26
54.43
68.08
61.78
64.80
77.17
49. 48
66.06
58.32
59.86
67. 47
53.05
62.10
50.81
61.37
72.76
52.26
61.94
50.75
65. 40
81.80
53. 02
66.82
52.40
62.56
77.55
51.79
62.79
49.92
Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products_______. . . .
Meat products........ ................ ............
Dairy products.................................
Canning and preserving....................
Grain-mill produ cts-------------------Bakery products.------ -----------------Sugar________ _________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages---------- -----------------------Miscellaneous food products............
39.9
39.4
41.1
37.6
43.5
40.1
42.7
39.6
38.8
41.3
40.2
40.3
41.1
37.4
44.5
39.6
44.7
39.9
39.1
41.0
40.2
40.8
40.8
36.8
43.9
39.7
51.2
38.5
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.2
41.2
36.4
44.0
40.5
50.8
39.6
39.9
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.0
45.1
40.5
42.3
40.7
40.0
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.9
42.2
44.8
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.2
41.6
41.2
41.2
42.0
40.9
44.5
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.3
39.5
44.8
40.9
41.6
39.4
41.3
41.5
40.6
40.7
42.2
37.7
43.4
40.8
41.6
39.9
40.8
41.4
40.6
40.8
41.4
38.7
43.4
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.3
39.8
39.4
41.3
37.7
42.6
39.9
40.8
38.5
40.4
40.6
39.7
39.1
40.9
37.5
43.2
39.9
41.5
39.7
39.0
40.6
39.6
39.2
40.9
37.8
42.6
39.7
41.5
39.2
38.6
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.7
39.1
43.5
40.2
43.3
39.6
40. 5
41.7
40.7
40.3
42.0
39.6
43.8
40.1
44.2
39.7
40.1
41.3
Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars__________________________
Tobacco and snuff________ ______
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
37.2
38.1
36.0
37.5
36.6
37.8
38.3
37.2
38.0
37.7
39.3
40.7
37.2
39.2
39.4
37.7
39.0
39.1
36.7
34.2
40.5
39.2
38.9
37.9
43.3
40.3
37.6
38.2
37.4
44.6
37.9
38.6
38.0
38.3
36.4
37.6
38.7
36.7
37.1
36.1
39.3
40.9
37.5
38.5
38.3
38.1
38.4
37.8
37.2
37.9
36.0
37.1
34.6
36.1
36.0
34.8
33.4
37.1
34.5
34.1
36.1
36.2
36.8
34.8
35.0
39.4
40.9
37.6
38.4
39.4
39.1
40.6
37.8
37.6
38.7
$2.19
2. 43
2.14
$2.18
2.43
2.14
1.83
2.18
2.13
2.29
1.77
2.41
2.09
$2 .1 0
2.36
2.07
1.73
2.13
2.07
2.15
1.74
2. 39
2.03
$2.01
2.26
1. 95
1.67
2.05
1.97
2.03
1.67
2. 30
1.96
1.60
1.91
1.37
1.67
1.29
Average hourly earnings
$2 .2 0
2.48
2.17
1.78
2.26
$2.17
2. 46
2.17
1.80
2.26
2.21
2 .2 2
2 .2 1
2.01
2 .2 2
2 .0 1
1.80
2.49
2.17
1.79
2. 50
2.16
2.19
1.79
2.48
2.14
2.42
1.83
2. 47
2.14
1.61
1 .8 6
1.57
2.09
1.44
1.85
1.23
1.21
Food and kindred products..................... $2.25
Meat products............. ........................ 2.51
Dairy products............ ....................... 2.19
Canning and preserving__________ 1 .8 6
Grain-mill products..------ ------------ 2.25
Bakery products------------------------ 2.25
Sugar___________________________ 2. 42
Confectionery and related products. 1.84
Beverages........................ ...................... 2.49
Miscellaneous food products............ 2.17
$2.25
2.52
2.19
1.84
2 . 26
2.23
2. 31
1.84
2.49
2.19
$2 . 22
2.49
2.18
1.84
2.26
2. 23
1.79
1.76
2 .1 2
2.11
1.46
1.85
1.46
1.46
1.78
2.13
1.47
1.85
1.47
1.74
2.13
1.49
1.85
1.32
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes_____ ________________
Cigars____ _____________________
Tobacco and snuff........ ......................
Tobacco stemming and redrying. _.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .8 6
1.44
2 .1 0
1.46
$2.14
2.47
2.19
1.77
$2.15
2. 42
2.15
1.81
2.21
2.19
2. 40
1.81
2.47
2.11
1.71
2.05
1.44
1.84
1.37
$2.18
2. 45
2.17
1.79
2 . 21
2.18
2. 45
1. 83
2. 48
2.09
$2.18
2. 43
2.15
1.80
2.18
2.17
2.40
1.82
2. 46
2.08
$2.19
2. 44
2.15
1.81
2.17
2.16
2.41
1.81
2.47
2.08
$2.19
2.43
2.16
1.85
2.18
2.15
2. 35
1.79
2. 48
2.09
1.82
2.09
1.46
1.82
1. 82
2 . 08
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1.80
2.09
1. 44
1.83
1.63
1.80
2.08
1.43
1.83
1.62
1.45
1.83
1 .8 6
2.19
2. 14
2.38
1.78
2.44
2.09
1.72
1.70
2 .0 2
2.01
1 .6 6
2 .0 0
1.43
1.80
1.49
1.42
1.78
1.45
1.41
1.74
1.33
566
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.
2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le go o d s—
Aug.
Continued
Textile-mill products...................... ...........
Scouring and combing plants_____
Yarn and thread mills___________
Broad-woven fabric m ills..................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares____
Knitting mills___________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles..........
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and m illinery).Miscellaneous textile goods...............
Apparel and other finished textile
products________________ _______
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing_____ ___________
Women’s outerwear______________
Women’s, children’s undergarments_____________________. . . .
M illinery_______________________
Children’s outerwear........................
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories___________ ____________
Other fabricated textile products...
$62. 76 $61. 56 $61.88
70.00 71.28 66 .95
56.54 55.12 56.10
61.53 61.53 62.17
66.23 64. 24 63. 46
56. 76 54. 57 54.57
74.34 69.92 69.70
78.39 78.20 78.40
59. 45 62.39 57.80
73.51 75.03 73.91
$63.18 $63.24 $62.05 $64. 31 $64.31 $65. 53 $65.36 $63. 76 $63. 83 $64.16 $63.43
66. 78
67.82 67.25 72. 45 75. 50 74. 03 73.15 70. 69 70.18 69. 70 72.16
57. 5i 56.61 56.02 58.29 58. 98 59. 74 59.89 59. 49 58. 59 59. 70 58.95
62.65 62.88 61.92 64.88 65.37 66 . 58 66 . 01 64. 96 65.12 64. 27 63.29
65. 07 64.51 64.18 66.80 65. 57 68 . 30 66 . 50 65. 11 66.17 65. 76 65. 53
57.38 57.9i 57.15 58. 29 57.60 58. 67 58.22 65.95 55. 48 56. 47 57.51
71.86 71.2t 67.94 70. 58 70.62 75. 00 74. 05 71.28 71.05 71. 10 71.48
79. 56 79.97 79.17 80. 75 79.59 79.60 79.00 78. 99 79. 97 81. 32 81.51
61.32 59.07 57. 59 60. 80 57.95 62.53 61. 66 58.64 59.49 59. 57 61.71
75.62 76.78 75. 64 75.58 75.41 76. 55 75. 58 73.42 74.37 76. 30 73.71
$58. 29
64.96
52. 36
56. 26
60. 37
54. 75
66 . 83
77.30
58. 74
68 .95
55.97
66 . 72
54.70
66.91
52.44
62.75
55.77
67.26
56. 45 55.93
69.52 69.72
57.62
72.38
56.42
70. 67
55.90
72. 58
55. 90
69.12
53. 70
65.49
55. 85
66.95
68 . 00
55.63
65.47
53. 45
60.37
46. 77
59.15
46.10
56.70
45. 28
53.63
46.42
58.45
47. 75 48. 55
57.85 57. 70
49. 37
61.08
49.24
58.65
49. 37
56.95
48.84
59.00
47.29
56.10
47.35
59. 69
48. 58
59. 86
48.76
59. 51
46. 08
57.63
51.91
75. 60
53.87
51.48
63.03
52.41
49.39
53.94
46. 48
52.99
58.74
50.84
53.65 52.05
69. 52 67.04
51.84 50.22
52.11
69.48
53.42
50.26
67.03
53.28
51.12
58. 56
53.05
51.05
55.94
51.62
48. 99
54.65
48.79
50.41
67.13
51. 70
51. 18
71.04
52. 48
51. 29
62.93
51.10
49. 59
64. 05
50. 23
52.12
62.96
52. 54
62.36
50.27
62.53
52.33
67.03
55.20 53.13
66.30 63.08
53. 95
61. 56
52.85
63.79
52. 27
61.94
52.27
61.66
51.26
58.67
52.71
60.96
52. 42
60.38
52. 54
59.59
50.76
56.85
56. 11
Average weekly hours
Textile-mill products________________
Scouring and combing plants_____
Yarn and thread m ills___________
Broad-woven fabric mills.............. .
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting m ills......................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and m illinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods..............
Apparel and other finished textile
products__________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts...
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing_________________
Women’s outerwear....... ....................
Women’s, children’s undergarments________________ ________
M illinery_______________________
Children’s outerwear____________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories_________________________
Other fabricated textile products..
38.5
40.0
37.2
38.7
39.9
37.1
41.3
40.2
35.6
39.1
38.0
40.5
36.5
38.7
38.7
35.9
39.5
40.1
36.7
39.7
38.2
38.7
37.4
39.1
38.0
35.9
39.6
40.0
34.2
38.9
39.0
38.6
38.1
39.4
38.5
37.5
40.6
40.8
36.5
39.8
38.8
39.2
37.5
39.3
38.4
37.9
40.0
40.8
35.8
40.2
38.3
39.1
37.1
38.7
38.2
37.6
38.6
40.6
34.9
39.6
39.7
41.4
38.6
40.3
40.0
38.6
40.1
41.2
37.3
40.2
39.7
42.9
38.8
40.6
39.5
38.4
39 9
40.4
34.7
39.9
40.2
42.3
39.3
41.1
40.9
38.6
41.9
40.2
37.0
40.5
40.1
41.8
39.4
41.0
40.3
38.3
41, 6
40. 1
36.7
40.2
39.6
41.1
39.4
40.6
39.7
37.3
40. 5
40.3
34.7
39.9
39. 4
40. 8
38.8
40.7
40.1
36. 5
40.6
40.8
35.2
40.2
40. 1
41.0
39. 8
41. 2
40.1
37. 4
41.1
41, 7
36.1
40.8
40.4
42.2
40.1
41.1
40. 7
38. 6
41. 8
41.8
36.3
40.5
38.6
40. 6
37. 4
38. 8
39.2
37. 5
40. 5
40.9
35. 6
39.4
35.2
35.3
34.4
35.4
33.4
33.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
36.4
35.4
36.5
36.7
37.7
36.4
38.2
36.3
38.2
36.3
38.4
35.1
37.0
35.8
37.4
36.2
38.2
36.6
37. 2
35. 4
34. 3
34.9
33.8
34.4
32.4
34.3
31.0
34.9
33.4
35.9
32.5
36.5
32.6
37.4
34.9
37.3
34.3
37.4
33.7
37.0
34.5
36.1
33.0
35.6
34. 5
36.8
34.4
37.8
34 6
36.0
34.1
35.8
37.8
36.9
35.5
33.0
35.9
34.3
29.8
32.5
36.8
32.1
35.8
37.0
36.4
36.0
36.4
35.1
34.4
36.7
36.0
37.1
35.9
34.2
37.0
36.0
32.0
37.1
35.7
30.4
36.1
34.5
29.7
34.6
35.5
35.9
35.9
36.3
37.0
36. 7
36.9
34. 2
36 5
36.2
35.0
36.4
35.7
37.7
35.5
36.9
34.2
37.0
35.6
39.2
36.8
39.0
35.9
38.0
36.7
38.0
36.2
38.2
37.3
38.0
36.3
38.3
35.6
36.9
36.1
38.1
36.4
37.5
37.0
38.2
36. 0
37.4
$1.63
1.75
1. 52
1.61
1.65
1.52
1. 78
1.97
1 .8 8
1.50
1.77
1.97
1.67
1.89
$1.63
1. 75
1.52
1.62
1.67
1.52
1.79
1.98
1.69
1.89
1 .6 8
1 .8 8
$1.61
1.72
1. 51
1.60
1.64
1. 50
1.76
1.96
1.69
1.84
$1.62
1.72
1.51
1.60
1.65
1. 52
1.75
1.96
1.69
1.85
$1.60
1.70
1. 50
1. 56
1.64
1. 51
1.73
1. 95
1. 65
1.87
$1. 57
1. 71
1.47
1. 54
1.61
1. 49
1.71
1. 95
1. 70
1.82
$1. 51
1 60
1. 40
1. 45
1. 54
1. 46
1. 65
1. 89
1. 65
1.75
Average hourly earnings
Textile-mill products_____ ____ ______ $1.63
Scouring and combing plants..........
1.75
Yarn and thread mills___________
1.52
Broad-woven fabric mills_________ 1.59
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
1 .6 6
Knitting milLs..................................... 1.53
Dyeing and finishing textiles........... 1.80
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. 1.95
Hats (except cloth and millinery).. 1.67
Miscellaneous textile goods_______ 1 .8 8
Apparel and other finished textile
products................................... ...........
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing...................................
Women’s outerwear_____________
Women’s, children’s undergarm en ts..______ ____ ___________
M illinery_______________________
Children’s outerwear.........................
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories___ ____ _________________
Other fabricated textile products__
S e e fo o tn o te s
at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.52
1.77
1.95
1.70
1.89
$1.62
1.73
1.50
1.59
1.67
1.52
1.76
1.96
1.69
1.90
$1.62
1.73
1.51
1.59
1.69
1.53
1.77
1.95
1.59
1.89
1.59
1.89
1.34
1.75
1.45
$1.62
1.76
1.51
1.59
$1.62
1. 75
1. 51
1.61
1.67
1.51
1.76
1.96
1.63
$1.62
1.76
1.52
1.61
1.68
1 .6 8
1.90
1.53
1.78
1.96
1.65
1.91
1.52
1.76
1.95
1.65
1.91
1.57
1.89
1.58
1.90
1.59
1.91
1.58
1.91
1.57
1.92
1.55
1.85
1.54
1.90
1.54
1.80
1.53
1.77
1 . 56
1. 79
1.55
1.78
1. 52
1. 76
1. 51
1.76
1.34
1.75
1.32
1.73
1.33
1. 75
1.33
1.78
1.33
1.77
1.32
1.75
1.32
1.71
1.32
1.69
1.32
1.71
1.31
1.70
1.33
1.73
1.32
1.74
1.29
1. 72
1.28
1.69
1.46
1.45
1.91
1.46
1.44
1.81
1.43
1.44
1.83
1.42
1.45
1.91
1.44
1.43
1.91
1.46
1.42
1.93
1.44
1.40
1.96
1.44
1.42
1.83
1.43
1.43
1.84
1.43
1. 42
1.84
1.41
1.42
1.87
1.44
1.41
1. 92
1. 43
1. 39
1.84
1. 40
1.37
1.83
1.38
1.46
1.67
1.48
1.69
1.47
1.69
1.47
1.71
1.50
1.70
1.48
1 .6 6
1.47
1.62
1.46
1.67
1.44
1.63
1.44
1.61
1. 44
1.59
1.46
1.60
1.44
1.61
1.42
1. 56
1.41
1.52
2 .0 0
1 .6 6
$1.63 $1.62
1.73 1.72
1.51 1.51
1.60 1.60
1 .6 8
1.66
567
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1961
A nnual
average
In d u str y
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
A ug.
S e p t.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
Feb.
M ar.
1969
1958
j
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s
Manufacturing—C o n t i n u e d
Nondurable goods—C o n t i n u e d
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ........................... ..
P u lp , p a p er, a n d p a p erb o a rd m ills .
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s . . .
O t h e r p a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s —
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d In d u st r i e s _______________________________________
N e w s p a p e r s ____________________ _______
P e r io d ic a l s __________- _____________- ___
B o o k s __________________________________
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g _________________
L i t h o g r a p h i n g ........... ...................... ..............
G r e e t in g c a r d s ----------- --- ------------------B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d I n d u s t r ie s .
M is c e lla n e o u s
p u b lis h in g
and
p r i n t i n g s e r v i c e s ___________________
$96. 51 $96.28 $95.35 $96. 37 $97. 71 $98.14 $97. 75 $97.33 $97.13 $9&05 $93. 63 $94. 30 $94. 73 $94.16
105.04 105.29 105. 47 105. 53 106. 76 107.20 106. 82 106.87 106.19 104.64 102.15 103. 29 103. 97 102. 73
.43 86.03 86.67 87. 78
85.24 88.34 91.10 91.30 90. 69 88.99 89.64 88.34
88.26
84. 26 84. 87 84.05 83.42
85.44 85.01 85.68 85.06 85.68 85.90 85.49 85.70
$88.83
96.10
82. 41
78.96
103. 41
108. 28
113.15
90. 52
102. 96
106. 40
70.07
80. 50
97. 90
103. 43
102. 97
85. 80
97.22
98. 81
67.03
74.86
118. 49 119.11 115.44 118.27 117. 66 118.87 116. 73 119.81 116.18 115.97 115.06 117.35 118.81 116.19
110.75
86.88
105.28
109.90
112. 56
96.00
104.45
107.80
75.08
84.97
88.22
106.22
110.28
114.21
93.93
106. 35
108. 47
76.24
85.03
86.11
106.31
115.16
110.92
91.10
105.54
10C. 30
71.00
81.99
106.96
114.16
115. 59
93.62
106.11
107.25
73. 68
83. 71
107.14
113.49
117.83
93. 77
106. 92
107. 64
74.40
83.93
108.08
113.49
125.38
93. 53
108.80
110.48
73. 66
82. 56
106.09
110.14
119.19
97.17
105. 72
112.16
71.55
82.64
106.20 105. 54
111.47
114.09
92. 97 93. 43
105.18 105.18
109.97 109. 53
73.30 69.74
82.60 82.64
120.10
86
106. 37 103.95
110.05
114. 37 115. 30
94.25 91.66
105.06 103.33
110.55 106. 23
73.53 70. 48
81. 20 79.92
112.10 113. 31
105.05
108. 72
116. 57
91.43
105. 86
109. 20
73. 54
82.01
104.12
108. 42
. 20
89. 44
103.35
107. 86
76.63
81.20
111
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ............... ............. ..
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m il ls .
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s . . .
O th e r p a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s t r i e s _______________________________________
N e w s p a p e r s ___________________________
P e r i o d i c a l s _____________________________
B o o k s __________________________________
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g ------------------------L i t h o g r a p h i n g ________________________
G r e e t in g c a r d s ________________________
B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s .
M i s c e ll a n e o u s
p u b lis h in g
and
p r i n t i n g s e r v i c e s ___________________
41.6
42.7
40.3
40.6
41.5
42.8
40.1
40.3
41.1
42.7
39.1
40.1
41.9
42.9
40.9
40.8
42 3
43.4
41.6
40.7
42.3
43.4
41.5
40.8
42.5
43.6
41.6
41.1
42.5
43.8
41.2
41.1
42.6
43.7
41.5
41.4
42.5
43.6
40.9
41.8
41.8
43.1
40.2
41.1
42.1
43.4
40.2
41.4
42.1
43. 5
40. 5
41.0
42.8
43. 9
41.8
41. 6
41.9
42.9
41.0
40.7
37.6
35.0
40.2
40.0
38.4
38.5
38.5
38.8
37.8
34.9
40.5
39.8
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.3
37.7
36.1
39.9
38.6
38.8
38.1
36.6
37.1
38.2
35.9
40.7
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.4
38.4
38.4
35.8
41.2
39.9
39.6
39.0
40.0
38.5
38.6
35.8
42.5
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.6
38.4
38.3
35.3
41.1
41.0
39.3
40.2
39.1
38.8
38.2
35.5
41. 7
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.2
38.6
38.1
35.7
40.6
40.1
39.1
39.4
37.9
38.8
38.4
36.2
40.7
40.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
38.3
37.8
35.5
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.2
36.9
37.7
38.2
35.3
40.9
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.3
38.5
38.0
35.2
40.0
39.4
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.3
38. 3
35.5
40.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.6
38.7
37.8
35.3
39. 3
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.3
3S.0
38.1
38.3
37.0
38.4
38.2
38.1
37.9
38.4
37.6
37.9-
37.6
38.1
38.7
38.6
37.8
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ............ ..................
P u lp , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m ills .
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s . .
O th e r p a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s —
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s
____________________________________
N e w s p a p e r s _________________________
P e r i o d i c a l s _________ ,__________________
B o o k s __________________________________
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g ________________
L i t h o g r a p h i n g ________________________
G r e e t in g c a r d s _______________________
B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s .
M is c e lla n e o u s
p u b lis h in g
and
p r i n t i n g s e r v i c e s ___________________
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
5 9 1 4 9 8 — 61
■8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.32
2.47
2.18
$2.30
2.46
2.16
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
2 . 80
2 .2 2
2.82
3.19
2.78
2.36
2. 72
2. 79
1.94
2 . 21
3.11
3.12
3.08
$2.32
2.46
2.19
2.14
$2.32
2.46
2 . 80
2.81
3.16
2.82
2.36
2. 72
2.81
1.97
3.14
2.80
2.40
2.72
2.80
1.95
2.19
3.11
2 .2 0
2 .1 2
3.18
2. 84
2.37
2.70
2. 75
1.87
2.18
$2. 30
2.45
2.18
2.09
$2.29
2. 44
2.16
2.08
$2.28
2.43
2.16
2.07
$2.26
2. 40
2.16
2.06
$2.24
2.37
2.15
2.05
$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05
$2.25
2. 39
2.14
2.05
$2 .2 0
2. 34
$2 .1 2
2.24
2 .1 0
2 .0 1
2.01
2.78
3.14
2 . 88
2.33
2.69
2. 77
1.87
2.14
2. 77
3.14
2 . 81
2.33
2.69
2. 78
1.84
2.13
2.77
3.13
2 . 81
2.31
2.75
3.08
2. 85
2.28
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2.73
1.92
2.13
2.74
3.08
2.78
2.27
2.65
2.71
1.98
2. 70
3.05
2.78
2 . 28
2.60
2.75
1.93
2. 75
3.10
2.84
2.28
2.67
2.71
1.91
2.15
2.77
3.12
2.90
2.37
2.69
2.79
1. S3
2.13
3.12
3.08
3.12
3.09
3. 06
3.06
3.08
$2.31
2.46
2.19
2.09
$2.32
2. 47
2. 79
3.17
2. 35
2.70
2. 76
2.80
3.17
2.95
2.35
2. 72
2.79
1.86
1.86
2.18
3.08
2 . 86
2 .2 0
2 .1 0
2 .6 8
2 .6 8
1.94
2 .1 2
1. 82
2.08
2.59
2.93
2.62
2 . 20
2.48
2.54
1.75
1.97
3.07
3.01
2.93
2 .6 8
568
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
A nnual
average
In d u stry
F e b .J
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
1959
1958
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g -C o n tin u e d
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s — C o n t in u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .......... ..
$104.3C $104.81
I n d u s t r i a l In o rg a n ic c h e m ic a ls ____
11Ö. bZ 11 7 . 5*
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls ______
110.43 110.9S
D r u g s a n d m e d i c in e s ............................
95. 58; 95. IS
S o a p , c le a n in g a n d p o lis h in g p r e p
a r a t i o n s ________________ __________ 110.7C 111.93
P a i n t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d fille r s .............
100. 4C 100. 50
G u m a n d w o o d c h e m ic a ls _________
. 41
91.57
F e r t i l i z e r s .....................................................
81. OS 81. 94
V e g e ta b le a n d a n im a l o ils a n d f a ts
88.91 91.35
M is c e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a ls ___________
97.61 97.12
$104.3( $105. If $104.24 $104.0C $104.9f $106. OS $105. 5£ $103.5? $104. 41 $102.01 $101.6C $100.09
116. 7, 117.0C 117. If 117. If 110. Of 117. 4( 116. 2f 114.5C 117. 4f 113.09 112. 7
64
111. 25 111. 6 f 110. If 110.9" 110. 42 113.1C 112. 6 ‘ 110. 7" 112.29 108. 69 108.21 111
106 81
93. 5o 95. 7f 94.3C 95. IS 94.02 94.6C 94,19 93. 72 92.7f 92.97 93.66 90. 5S
109. 89 112. If 113.3C 112. 19 114. 9C 111.51 113.89 110. 9£ 108.24 111.79 109 If i n s 4”
100. 0< 101. 34 101.34 100. 7S 101. 2 " 101.11 103. 07 102. 41 101 . 1C 98. 9C
98. 49 98 29
89.4( 88 . 2C 88.41 93.0C 88 . 62 93.1C 90.29 87. 74 86 . 2 £ 84. 2C 84.
00 83 36
82.0C 80. 51 80.94 81.64 80. 3' 81.91 80. 7C 79.74 85. 44 74.07 77.96
78 19
87. 81 90.09 90.94 90. 3£ 90. 5t 92. 42 92.17 89. 42 87.23 87. 96 86 . 29 85
44
95. 44 97.27 96.22 95.99 95. IS 95.99 94. 77 95.06 95. 71 94.89 93.96 91.5S
121.10 124.42 119.07 117.97 117.62 120 . 6C 117.62 121. IS 119.60 118.03
119. 54 116.87
87 117.38
126. 67 129.90 123. 32 122. 91 121.8 G 124.53 120. 9C 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 116.
120.60 121.29
99.82 104.40 102.96 102.31 104. 70 108.52 107.43 109.82 108.36 102. 51 105.44 106.49 105.97 105.83
88
P r o d u c t s of p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l_______
P e t r o l e u m r e f in in g _________________
C o k e , o t h e r p e tr o l e u m a n d co al
p r o d u c t s __________________________
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ________ . . . . . _________
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ______________
R u b b e r f o o tw e a r ___________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s .............. ............
98.16 98. 81 99. 58 99. 57 101.49 98.28 100.15 103.53 102. 72 100.04 94.60 97. 71 100.00
111.67 113. 54 118. 59 114. 60 117.00 112.40 114.66 123. 71 121.39 117. 51 107. 38 113. 68 117.
71
86.22
82. 32 79. 00 82.16 82.59 79.18 SI. 46 82.21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78. 61 77. 21
90.39 91.01 89. 40 92.17 93.73 92.10 92.75 91.66 92.34 90.12 88 . 43 89.78 91.
76
101 60
120.01
$94 48
104 70
100 04
85.88
100
93 25
80 45
74 03
82 21
87.02
lm
97
114.90
97.28
9 2 59
79.19
92.99
J06 (14
76 62
84.59
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ....................
I n d u s t r i a l in o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s _____
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s _______
D r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s .................................
S o a p , c le a n i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g p r e p
a r a t i o n s _____________________________
P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s , a n d f il le r s ................
G u m a n d w o o d c h e m i c a l s ________ _
F e r t i l i z e r s __ ______ ____________________
V e g e t a b le a n d a n i m a l o i ls a n d f a t s .
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c h e m i c a l s ____________
40.9
41.0
40. 6
40.5
41.1
41.4
40.8
40. 5
40.9
41. 4
40. 9
39.8
41.4
41.5
41.2
40.4
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.3
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.3
41.2
40.7
41.6
41.8
41.9
40.6
41.9
41.8
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.8
41.8
40.4
42.1
42.4
41.9
40.5
41.3
41.4
41.3
40.6
41.3
41.3
41.3
40.9
41. 5
41 5
41 4
40.8
40 9
40 9
40 5
40.7
40.7
40.0
41.9
42.9
43.8
40.5
41.0
40.2
43.4
42.9
45.0
40.3
40.7
40.0
42.6
42. 5
44. 8
39.6
41.4
40.7
41.8
42.6
46.2
40.7
41.5
40.7
41.9
42.6
46.4
40.6
41.4
40.8
43.5
42.3
45.4
40.5
42.1
41.0
42.4
42.3
43.3
40.5
41.3
41.1
43.3
42.0
43.8
40.5
42.0
41.9
43.2
42.7
44.1
40.5
41.4
41.8
42.8
43.1
43.2
40.8
41.0
41.3
42.3
48.0
43.4
40.9
42.0
40.7
42.1
40.7
44.2
40.9
41.5
40. 5
42.0
42. 6
43.8
40.5
41 2
41 3
42 1
43 4
44 5
40.7
41 0
40 9
41 9
42. 3
40.1
40.1
40. 6
41.2
41.5
40.5
40. 7
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.3
41.5
41.2
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.6
44 2
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l _________
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g ___________________
C o k e , o th e r p e tr o le u m a n d co a l
p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
38.1
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.9
41.9
41.8
42.4
42 0
40.2
40.4
40.8
40.6
41.5
40.2
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s .............. .....................................
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ................................
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r _____________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s .............................
38.8
37. 6
40.1
39.3
38.9
38.1
39. 2
39.4
38.9
39.4
37. 8
38. 7
39.2
38.2
39.5
39.9
39.8
39.0
39.9
40.4
39.0
38.1
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.7
38.3
36.9
38.7
39.3
39.4
38.8
39. 5
39.9
40.0
39.5
38.8
40.6
41 3
41 1
40.2
41.7
39 4
38 7
39 7
39.9
$2.47
2.73
2.63
2.29
$2.46
2. 73
2 . 62
2.29
$2.41
2. 69
2. 58
$2 31
2 .6 6
2.43
2.63
2.43
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
1
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s __________
I n d u s t r i a l I n o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s _____
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s ________
D r a g s a n d m e d i c i n e s ________________
S o a p , c le a n i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g p r e p
a r a t i o n s _____________________________
P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s a n d f il le r s ..................
G u m a n d w o o d c h e m i c a l s ___________
F e r t i l i z e r s _____________________________
V e g e t a b le a n d a n i m a l o i l s a n d f a t s .
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c h e m i c a l s ____________
$2. 55
2.82
2.72
2.36
$2. 55
2.84
2. 72
2.35
2.72
2.51
2.73
2.50
2. 70
2. 50
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l _________
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g .......................................
C o k e , o th e r p e tr o le u m a n d co a l
p r o d u c t s ___________ _____ ___________
2.62
2 . 61
2.60
2.59
2.56
2.59
2.57
2.59
2.58
2.55
2.61
2.61
2.61
2.55
2.42
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ........................................ ...........
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ________________
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r _____________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s .............................
2.53
2.97
2.15
2.30
2.54
2. 98
2. 56
3.01
2.09
2.31
2. 54
3.00
2.08
2.31
2.55
3.00
2.07
2.32
2. 52
2. 95
2. 51
2. 94
2.03
2.29
2.55
3.01
2.04
2.28
2.53
2.99
2.04
2.28
2.52
2. 96
2.03
2.27
2. 47
2. 91
1.99
2.25
2. 48
2.93
1.99
2.25
2.50
2. 98
1.99
2.26
2.46
2.92
1.97
2.23
2.35
2. 74
1 93
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 55 ! $2.54
2 . 82
2 . 82
2. 72
2. 71
2. 35
2. 37
$2 . 53
2.83
2.70
2.34
$2.54
2.83
2.70
2.35
$2. 54
2.81
2.71
2.49
2. 73
2.49
2.73
2. 47
2.09
1.90
2.09
2.35
2.89
3.00
2.11
2 .1 0
2.11
2.11
2.03
2.41
1.91
2.03
2.41
1.93
1.96
2. 41
1.89
1. 95
2. 39
1.90
1.96
2.37
2.71
2.47
2.14
1.93
1.99
2.37
3.02
3.12
3.02
3.13
2. 94
3.03
2.92
3.02
2.89
3.00
2.92
3.03
2.11
1 . 89
2 .1 0
2.31
2 .0 2
2.32
2 .6 8
2.31
$2. 55
2 . 81
2.70
2.33
$2. 52
2. 78
2. 67
2.32
$2. 49
2. 74
2. 65
2.32
$2. 48
2.77
2.70
2.46
2.15
1.95
2 .6 8
2. 45
2.05
1.85
2.07
2.33
2.64
2.45
2.04
1.78
2.37
2.71
2.46
2.09
1.89
2.09
2.34
2.34
1.82
1.99
2.32
2.92
3.03
2.91
3.02
2.90
3.01
2.93
3.03
2.90
2.99
2.11
2 .6 8
2.29
2.01
2 5fi
2 47
2 .2 2
2.11
2
1.83
1.97
2.32
56
2 38
1.98
1.80
1 92
2.25
2 4fl
2 28
1 92
1 75
1 8«
2.17
2.90
3.00
2.87
2.98
2 74
2.83
2 .1 2
569
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Feb .8
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Nondurable goods— C o n t i n u e d
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ----------------L e a t h e r : t a n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d f in
i s h e d ................................................- ............I n d u s t r ia l
lea th e r
b e ltin g
and
p a c k i n g . . .....................................................
B o o t a n d s h o e c u t s to c k a n d fin d
i n g s ...................................................................
F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ....................
L u g g a g e ..................................... ................—
H a n d b a g s a n d s m a l l l e a t h e r g o o d s ..
G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a th e r
g o o d s ...............................................................
$62.08 $62.91 $59.24 $60.42 $59.59 $59.24 $62.48 $62.98 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60.64 $60.70
81.96
82.60
82.39
84.07
84. 74
84.10
84.56
82.68
86.27
$57.78
83.07
81.66
81.87
81.24
80.94
78.39
76.24
72.13
79.56
76.62
81.99
82.81
79. 76
81. 58
80. 57
78. 74
78.74
80.20
78. 21
77.03
73.53
59.31
60. 26
65.14
59.12
61.22
61.02
63. 54
58.97
58. 78
56. 76
57. 63
52.08
59.94
56.64
65.62
60.92
55.77
55.36
65.32
62.17
54.01
55. 65
68.46
58.19
59.03
60. 26
65.18
58.45
59.21
61.22
64.30
58.14
59. 44
60.00
66.42
56.30
58. 25
56. 80
65.07
57.07
55.22
55. 52
62. 87
53. 61
57.82
58. 56
63.63
58.05
58. 44
58. 67
62. 29
57.30
57.30
58. 34
65.18
56.45
56.02
54.87
63. 46
55. 54
53. 22
52.77
54.09
55.13
54.67
53.22
54.52
53.43
54.24
52.71
51.41
52.20
52. 42
51.89
50.40
111.04 106.92 108. 39 107.18 110. 33 107. 42 110.42 107. 59 107.33 109. 82 111.45 106.43
102.62 99.72 98.83 99.96 100.22 100.22 100.92 99. 79 97. 78 97.78 97.33 94.59
101.50
90. 52
85.4«
95. 99
78.72
90.06
114. 40 113. 30 112.89 115. 37 110.16 110.02 109. 34 109.34 108.94 108. 26 107.59 105.78
113. 57 113.03 111.66 116. 89 110.97 110.97 109.88 109.61 108. 79 108.94 107. 86 106.34
107.23 105. 63 106.97 104.04 102.21 102.21 101.15 101.15 101. 25 100.85 99.85 99.39
100.37
101.43
94.83
121. 47 120.47 120.64 123.06 115.87 115.34 115. 62 116.18 115.62 113.96 114. 52 110. 56
103.63
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s :
T r a n s p o r ta tio n :
I n t e r s t a t e r a ilr o a d s :
108. 92
C l a s s I r a ilr o a d s 3_______________
L o c a l r a i l w a y s a n d b u s l i n e s ________ 101.58 100.20
C o m m u n ic a tio n :
90.48
T e l e p h o n e . ............................................ . 90.09
T e l e g r a p h <______________________ 102.01 103.00
O th e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s :
G a s a n d e le c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ------------------ 112.20 112 . 88
E l e c t r i c lig h t a n d p o w e r u t il it i e s . 111.93 112 . 61
G a s u t i l i t i e s ______________________ 105.82 105.15
E le c tr ic lig h t a n d g a s u t ilit ie s
c o m b i n e d ______________________ 118.61. 119.48
91.64 92.92 92.00 95. 47 89.27 89.95 88 . 26
100.77 100.98 103. 70 106.14 103.09 102.37 104.00
87.81
97.75
86.36
95.30
87. 58
95.30
87.42
94.43
Average weekly hours
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather products------------Leather: tanned, curried, and fin
ished----------- -------------------------Industrial leather belting and
packing.............................................
Boot and shoe cut stock and find
ings.................—............................... .
Footwear (except rubber)...............
Luggage................ ...........- .................. .
Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods.—........ ..................................
Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads 8______
Local railways and buslines.
Communication:
Telephone____________
Telegraph *___________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities___
Gas utilities---- ------ -------------Electric light and gas utilities
combined_________________
37.4
37.9
35.9
36.4
35.9
35.9
38.1
38.4
37.8
36.3
35.4
37.1
37.2
37.7
36.8
38.3
38.6
38.5
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.7
39.0
40.5
39.0
38.7
38.8
38.5
39.1
39.0
39.8
40.2
39.1
39.6
39.3
38.6
38.6
40.1
39.3
39.1
38.1
38.7
36.8
40.8
39.7
37.3
37.2
36.8
37.9
38.5
37.9
35.9
37.8
37.2
35.7
34.1
33.6
37.7
35.4
38.6
38.8
35.3
34.6
38.2
39.6
34.4
35.0
39.8
37.3
37.6
37.9
38.8
38.2
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.0
38.1
37.5
39.3
36.8
37.1
35.5
38.5
37.3
35.4
34.7
37.2
35.5
37.3
36.6
38.1
38.7
37.7
36.9
37.3
38.2
37.7
37.4
38.8
38.4
37.1
36.1
38.0
38.3
36.7
36.9
37.3
37.5
37.7
36.7
37.6
36.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.0
36.4
36.8
36. G
42.5
41.1
42.1
41.9
43.3
40.5
42.8
40.9
42.6
40.6
42.9
42.6
43.2
41.0
43.2
42.8
43.5
41.7
43.2
41.6
42.7
42.9
42.7
42.7
42.5
41.9
42.8
41.6
42.7
39.0
41.3
39.0
41.7
39.5
41.3
40.4
41.9
40.0
42.5
40.8
43.5
39.5
42.6
39.8
42.3
39.4
42.8
39.2
42.5
38.9
41.8
39.1
41.8
39.2
41.6
39.2
42.1
38.4
41. 5
40.8
40. 7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.6
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.8
41.0
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.1
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.4
41.6
42.0
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.8
$1.64
$1.64
$1.63
$1.61
$1.57
2 .1 1
2.07
2.01
Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather products------------Leather: tanned, curried, and fin
ished_________________________
Industrial leather belting and
packing______________________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findFootwear (except rubber)............—
Luggage............................................ Handbags and small leather goods.
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods........................... — .............. Transportation and public utilities:
Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
T elep h o n e..._______________
Telegraph <-------------------------Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities-------------Gas utilities_________________
Electric light and gas utilities
combined..................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1 .6 6
2.14
2.06
$1 .6 6
2.14
2.06
$1.65
2.14
2. 04
$1 .6 6
$ 1 .6 6
2.15
2.14
2.06
2.05
$1.65
2.14
2.04
$1.64
2.13
2.04
$1.64
$1.65
$1. 65
2 .1 2
2.13
2.13
2.11
2.11
1.97
1.93
1.97
1. 96
1.95
1.93
1.55
1. 60
1.67
1.50
1.55
1.59
1.67
1. 50
1.52
1. 56
1.47
1.51
1. 52
1.67
1. 45
1.41
1.40
2 .0 0
1.99
1.53
1.55
1.59
1.67
1.53
1.56
1.60
1.69
1.53
1.57
1.60
1.69
1.53
1.56
1.60
1.69
1.51
1.45
1.45
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.44
2.65
2.32
2.64
2.33
2.59
2.32
2.62
2.32
2.58
2.32
2. 58
2.31
2. 58
2.29
2.56
2.29
2 . 61
2. 54
2. 44
2.29
2.21
2 .1 2
2.30
2.41
2.30
2.44
2.34
2.44
2.26
2. 42
2.26
2.42
2. 24
2.43
2. 24
2.30
2 .2 2
2.24
2.28
2.23
2.27
2.18
2.28
2.05
2.17
2. 77
2. 77
2. 59
2. 75
2. 75
2. 57
2.74
2. 73
2. 59
2. 76
2. 77
2. 55
2.70
2.70
2.53
2.69
2. 70
2.53
2 .6 8
2 . 68
2.67
2.51
2. 68
2 . 68
2. 51
2.50
2 . 66
2.67
2.49
2. 65
2. 65
2. 49
2.58
2.60
2.43
2. 46
2.48
2.33
2.92
2.91
2.90
2. 93
2.84
2.82
2.82
2.82
2 . 82
2.80
2.80
2. 69
2.54
1.59
1.62
1.77
1.56
1.59
1.61
1.77
1.56
1.58
1.59
1.69
1.55
1.59
1.60
1.70
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.71
1. 57
1.57
1. 59
1.72
1.56
1.45
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.45
2.39
2. 65
2.38
2.05
2.37
2.64
2.33
2.31
2.47
2.32
2.47
2. 32
2.44
2.75
2. 75
2.60
2. 76
2.76
2. 59
2.90
2.90
1.57
1.59
1.68
2.28
2 .6 6
1 .6 8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
570
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Feb . 2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade__________ ________
Retail trade (except eating and drinkIng places)_________ ______ _____ General merchandise stores_______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses__________
Food and liquor stores___________
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores..........
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores......................................... .
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies !_________
Security dealers and exchanges...........
Insurance carriers_________ __________
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8_____________
Personal services:
Laundries______________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants............
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution___________________
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_____________________
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)______________ __________
General merchandise stores_______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses__________
Food and liquor stores___________
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores_____________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies s_________
Security d e a le r s a n d e x c h a n g e s _
Insurance carriers
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8___ __________
Personal services:
Laundries______________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants______
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution................. ......................
$92. 97 $94.07 $93.20 $93.67 $93.90 $94.13 $93.6 6 $94.19 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83 $91. 37 $90.35 $90.27
69.00
49. 35
54.40
72.45
87.60
54.04
49.30
69.32
50.26
69. 52
50. 75
68.80
49.74
67.69
48.87
67.48
48.99
54. 90
72.01
89. 59
52.82
55. 71
72.27
88.24
52.48
56.32
72. 76
89. 96
52.65
56.99
73.16
91.29
52. 59
56.00
72.16
91.29
52.82
55.04
70.60
90. 87
51.56
55.14
70.13
91.73
53.48
69.00
49. 69
67.11
49. 56
68.25
48. 53
68 .44
68 . 43
48.87
55.09
72.31
53.90
73. 69
89.79
52.51
48.33
67.06
48.37
64.77
46.85
53.69
68.89
88.91
50.85
53.69
69. 34
87.40
51.64
54. 36
69.89
88.24
51.90
52.60
67. 62
83. 22
50.81
53. 74
56. 00
71.25
88.48
53.28
76.30
76. 95
79.30
77. 74
77.14
77.30
77. 49
76.70
77.08
75.07
75.44
74.80
75. 44
75.76
72.31
80.32
81.34
80.12
81.93
83.56
82.94
83.69
83.50
82.88
82.49
81.64
79. 49
78.28
79.95
77.04
71.43 71.81 70.69 70. 31 70. 69 69. 75 69. 75 70.31 09. 75 69.75 69. 94 69.56 69.94 68.07
124.98 117.40 115. 76 108.81 112.25 115. 61 113.14 117.33 117.16 111.54 113.61 112.67 114. 52 119.24
88.84 89.44 88 . 75 88.50 88.40 87.92 88 .34 88.08 87.99 88.15 87. 37 87.68 87.54 85.79
66 . 57
106.88
82.97
88 . 71
48.98
48.83
49.63
49.23
49.48
48.83
49.04
48.80
48.80
48.28
47. 52
48.00
47.64
47.44
45.20
47. 48
53.16
47. 85
54.53
47.48
52.82
48.22
54. 57
48.83
56.20
48. 46
54.67
48.07
53.02
48. 56
54.43
48.68
57.06
48.68
55.95
48.00
57.94
46.68
52.68
46.92
52.40
46.45
53.29
44.30
50.82
121. 53 117. 66 121.25 122. 48 116.15 116.45 118. 61 114.62 112.12 113.37 107.96 107.23 112.13 108.36
A verage weekly hours
98.65
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.2
40.1
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.1
37.5
33.8
37.5
33.8
37.7
35.4
37.5
33.7
37.4
33.7
37.6
34.0
38.3
34.9
38.2
35.0
37.8
34.3
37.4
33.7
37.7
34.5
37.4
33.8
37.4
33.7
38.1
34.8
38.1
34.7
34.0
35.0
43.8
34.2
33.8
35.1
43.7
33.8
35.9
35.1
43.8
34.6
33.9
35.6
43.8
34.1
34.1
35.3
43.7
34.3
34.6
35.6
43.9
34.3
35.2
36.2
44.1
35.1
35.4
36.4
44.1
34.6
35.0
35.9
44.1
34.3
34.4
35.3
43.9
33.7
34.9
35.6
44.1
34.5
34.2
35.3
43.8
33.9
34.2
35.2
43.7
34.2
35.3
36.4
43.9
34.6
35.3
36.3
43.8
34.8
40.8
40.5
41.3
40.7
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.8
42.2
42.1
42.7
42.6
42.5
42.3
42.3
41.4
41.2
42.3
42.1
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.2
37.4
37.1
37.3
37.4
37.3
37.3
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.4
87.4
39.5
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
40.2
40.0
38.6
37.7
38.9
38.4
38.6
37.2
39.2
38.7
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
39.4
37.6
39.8
38.6
39.9
39.9
39.9
39.4
40.0
40.8
38.9
37.9
39.1
37.7
39.7
38.9
39.2
38.5
Average
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_____________________ $2. 33 $2.34 $2. 33 $2.33 $2.33 $2.33 $2.31
Retail trade (except eating and drink1.82
1.82
1.81
1.78
1.83
ing places)________________ _______ _ 1.84 1.84
1.44
1.40
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.46 1.47
General merchandise stores_______
Department stores and general
1.60
mail-order houses_____ _____
1.56
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.60 1.63
2.04
2.01
2.03
2. 07
2.03
Food and liquor stores___________
2.07 2.06
2. 02
2.04
Automotive and accessories dealers. 2.00
2.05
2.05
2.01
2.03
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.50
Apparel and accessories stores____
1.58 1.59
Other retail trade:
1.92
1.89
1.89
Furniture and appliance stores. 1.87 1.90
1.91
1.90
Lumber and hardware supply
1.96
1.94
1.97
stores_______________ ______
1.94 1.96
1.96
1.98
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
1.89
1.89
1 .8 8
1.87
Banks and trust companies 8_................
1.91 1.92
1.89
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
1 .2 2
Hotels, year-round 8_____________
1.24 1.23
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.25
Personal services;
1 .2 2
1.23
Laundries_______________________ 1.23 1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.42
1.41
1.41
Cleaning and dyeing plants............
1.41 1.42
1.42
1.43
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture p r o d u c t io n a n d
distribution___________________
• F o r c o m p a r a b i l i t y o f d a t a w i t h t h o s e p u b l i s h e d i n i s s u e s p r io r t o A u g u s t
1958 a n d c o v e r a g e o f t h e s e s e r ie s , s e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e A - 2 .
I n a d d i t i o n , h o u r s a n d e a r n in g s d a t a for a n t h r a c it e m i n i n g h a v e b e e n r e
v i s e d fr o m J a n u a r y 1953 a n d a r e n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h o s e p u b l i s h e d i n
I s s u e s p r io r t o A u g u s t 1958.
F o r m i n i n g , m a n u f a c t u r i n g , l a u n d r ie s , a n d c le a n i n g a n d d y e i n g p l a n t s ,
d a t a r e fe r t o p r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d w o r k e r s ; for c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n , t o
c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s ; a n d for t h e r e m a i n i n g i n d u s t r i e s , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e
n o t e d , to n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s a n d w o r k i n g s u p e r v is o r s .
s P r e li m in a r y .
8 F i g u r e s for C la s s I r a ilr o a d s ( e x c l u d i n g s w i t c h i n g a n d t e r m in a l c o m p a n ie s )
a r e b a s e d u p o n m o n t h ly d a ta s u m m a r iz e d in t h e M -3 0 0 r e p o r t b y t h e I n t e r
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$87.02
66.95
48.19
66 .95
hourly earnings
$2.32
$2.31
$2. 30
$2.29
$2.29
$2.27
$2. 24
$2.17
1.82
1.45
1.82
1.45
1.81
1.45
1.79
1.42
1.79
1.43
1.79
1.43
1.76
1.39
1.70
1. 35
1.60
1.61
1.60
2.01
2 .0 0
1.54
1.92
2.07
1.54
2.07
1.53
1.57
1.98
2.03
1.50
1.57
1.97
2.07
1.52
1.58
1.97
2.08
1.55
1.49
2.01
2 .0 0
2.01
1.51
1.50
1.90
1.46
1 .8 8
1.88
1.84
1.84
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.73
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.90
1.89
1.83
1 .8 8
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.82
1.78
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.13
1 .2 2
1.22
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.41
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.39
1.39
1.17
1. 37
1.13
1.32
1.86
s t a t e C o m m e r c e C o m m is s io n a n d r e la t e t o a ll e m p l o y e e s w h o r e c e i v e d p a y
d u r i n g t h e m o n t h , e x c e p t e x e c u t i v e s , o f f i c ia l s , a n d s t a f f a s s i s t a n t s ( I C O
G ro u p I).
‘ D a t a r e la t e t o d o m e s t i c n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s e x c e p t m e s s e n g e r s .
8 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s h a v e b e e n r e v is e d b e g i n n i n g w i t h J a n u a r y 1958
a n d a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a t a for e a r lie r y e a r s . A v e r a g e w e e k l y
h o u r s a n d a v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s a r e n e w s e r ie s , a v a i l a b l e fr o m J a n u a r y 1958.
8 M o n e y p a y m e n ts o n ly ; a d d it io n a l v a lu e o f b o a r d , r o o m , u n ifo r m s , a n d
t i p s n o t I n c lu d e d .
Source: U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s fo r
s e r ia s e x c e p t t h a t fo r C l a s s I r a ilr o a d s . ( S e e f o o t n o t e 3.1
all
571
C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table
C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1
Annual
average
1960
1961
Major industry group
Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.0
3.2
23
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.1
Average overtime hours *
Manufacturing.
Durable goods............ ................................
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures....................Stone, clay, and glass products----Primary metal Industries.................
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery............. ............
Transportation equipment----------Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing____
1.7
1.8
2.6
Nondurable goods__________________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products........................
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____________________
Paper and allied products_______
Printing and publishing..................
Chemicals and allied products----Products of petroleum and coal__
Rubber products...............................
Leather and leather products.........
2 .0
2 .8
1.5
2.4
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.2
1.6
2.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
2 .0
2 .0
1.6
2 .0
.6
3.0
.7
2 .0
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.2
3.1
2.8
3.1
1.6
2.3
2.3
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
1. 7
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.9
3.4
2.4
3.1
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.6
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.5
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
1.7
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.2
3.1
2.3
3.2
1.2
2.2
2.5
3.4
1.4
2.3
2 .6
1.2
3.8
3.1
2.1
1.3
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.7
2.3
1.3
1.3
4.4
3.4
2.4
1.2
2.1
1.2
.9
3.7
2.3
3.6
2.5
3.6
2 .0
2 .0
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.5
2 .0
2 .9
1.6
1.2
2.1
3.1
2.7
3.1
1.3
2.6
2.1
2.1
3.1
2.2
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.2
2 .1
3.2
2 .8
2. 9
2.3
3.2
1.4
2.8
2.3
2.1
1 .9
2.9
2.3
2.2
2.3
2 .2
2.5
3.7
1.4
2 .2
2 .2
2.3
1 .2
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.1
2 .2
2.6
2.5
3.2
1.2
2.9
2.5
3.1
1.0
2.9
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
1.4
1.3
4.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
1.3
1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
2.5
3.3
.9
2.6
2.6
3.5
1.4
4.3
3.1
2.3
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.2
1 .6
2 .2
1 .0
2 1
2.4
1 .2
1.9
1.7
1.9
2 .2
2 .8
.7
2.5
1 .0
3.7
2 .6
2.9
1.7
1.7
2 .0
2 .8
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.9
.5
3.0
2.5
2 .8
.6
3.0
2.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
2 .6
2.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.7
3.3
1.2
3.1
2.2
1.1
3.9
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.1
1.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.4
4.2
1.4
1.4
4.6
3.0
2.5
1.8
3.7
1.4
2 .8
2.4
1.5
2 .8
3.0
1.3
2.1
Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e4
Manufacturing.
Durable goods.............. ........................ —
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures.....................
Stone, clay, and glass products----P r i m a r y m e t a l I n d u s t r ie s ___________
Fabricated metal products---------Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment---------Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing-----Nondurable goods--------------------------Food and kindred products........ .
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products........................
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____________________
Paper and allied products----------Printing and publishing..................
Chemicals and allied products----Products of petroleum and c o a l...
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products.........
$ 2 .2 6
$2.27
$2.26
$2.24
$2.23
$2. 23
$2.21
$2.22
$2. 22
$2. 22
$2. 22
$2.22
$2.21
$2.15
$2.08
2 .4 2
2. 64
1 .9 1
1 .8 3
2. 24
2. 80
2 .4 2
2 .5 6
2 .3 0
2. 73
2 .3 6
1 .9 4
2.42
2. 64
1.94
1.82
2.24
2.81
2. 41
2.55
2.31
2.73
2.38
1.95
2.42
2.63
1.95
1.82
2.24
2. 79
2.41
2.54
2.31
2.73
2.35
1.93
2.39
2. 62
1.95
1.81
2.23
2. 75
2. 40
2.52
2. 28
2. 71
2. 33
1.90
2.39
2.61
1.98
1.81
2.39
2.60
2.03
1.81
2.21
2. 75
2. 39
2.50
2.26
2. 71
2. 30
1.89
2.37
2.57
1.99
1.80
2. 75
2.38
2.57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2. 75
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2.49
2.25
2.31
1.88
2.49
2.26
2. 67
2.31
1.89
2.38
2. 57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2. 76
2.38
2. 49
2.25
2. 66
2.30
1.89
2.37
2.55
1.95
1.80
2.19
2.77
2.37
2.49
2.24
2.64
2.29
1.89
2.38
2.56
1.94
1.80
2.19
2. 78
2. 36
2. 47
2. 24
2. 64
2. 28
1.89
2.38
2.56
1.93
1.81
2. 20
2.77
2.35
2. 47
2. 23
2.64
2. 28
1.88
2.37
2. 55
1.91
1.79
2.18
2. 77
2. 35
2.47
2. 23
2.64
2.27
1.89
2.30
2. 49
1.89
1.76
2.13
2. 70
2. 29
2. 42
2.16
2.58
2. 22
1.84
2.23
2. 42
1.82
1.73
2.04
2. 61
2. 21
2. 33
2.11
2.47
2.15
1.80
2 .0 6
2 .1 8
1 .7 7
1 .5 9
2.07
2.17
1.75
1.58
2.06
2.14
1.75
1.58
2.04
2.03
2.09
1.58
1.58
2.02
2.01
2.07
1.69
1.57
2.09
1.79
1.57
2.01
2. 10
1.79
1.58
2.01
2.11
1.78
1.67
2.01
2.12
1.78
1.56
2.00
2.11
1.71
1.58
1.99
2.10
1.69
1.54
1.94
2. 02
1.64
1. 52
1.89
1.94
1.57
1.47
1 .5 6
1.57
2 . 22
1.54
1.56
1.56
1. 55
2.22
2.20
2.20
2.20
( s)
(•')
2.49
2.48
( !)
2.88
2 . 86
2.50
1.62
2.49
1.63
(5)
2.47
2.85
2.45
1.62
1.52
2.17
(»)
2.45
2.84
2. 45
1.62
1.61
2.15
(J)
2. 42
2. 84
2. 45
1.63
1.50
2.14
(»)
2.40
2.87
2.42
1.62
1.53
2.14
C)
2. 40
2. 85
2. 41
1.61
1.52
2.14
(*)
2. 40
2. 85
2.41
1.60
1.49
2.09
C)
2.34
2.81
2.36
1.58
1.49
2.02
(s)
2.26
2.69
2.28
1. 55
2.22
( 5)
2. 49
2 .9 7
2. 47
1 .6 3
2.49
2. 98
2.50
1.63
2.12
1.71
1.58
( 5)
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2. &gg
> Preliminary.
• Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearast the 15tn of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.22
2.75
2. 39
2.51
2.25
2.71
2.31
1.89
2.46
2.84
2.47
1.63
2. 05
1. 55
1.57
2.20
2.68
1.54
2.19
«
2.47
2.83
2.44
1.61
2.02
1.52
2.18
( s)
2. 47
2. 85
2.46
1.61
for which only shift differential, hazard, Incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and
one-half.
..
,
5 Not available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and
?one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has
little effect.
572
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1947-49 = 100]
1961
Animal
average
1900
Activity
Mar .2 Feb .2
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1959
1958
Man-hours
T o ta l................................. . .................................
M ining.......... .............. .......................................
Contract construction___________________
Manufacturing............ ............ .........- ............
89.9
57.4
103.0
90.2
102.1
62.9
139.3
99.4
102.4
64 9
144.9
98.8
101.3
63.8
142.9
97.8
102.3
62.6
138.3
98.2
6 6 .8
100.8
6 6 .2
135.5
99.9
126.3
99.4
98.4
66.5
114.3
98.3
97.4
64.9
94.9
99.9
100.7
65.4
123.4
99.8
94.3
67.9
118.2
92.6
100.1
102.6
325. 9
68.7
105.1
99.2
80.3
103.7
93.9
135.1
315.7
75.3
109.4
103.4
322.2
78.1
101.7
311.7
78.6
102.4
313.0
78.0
106.2
103.8
106. 5
326.3
77.7
107.5
104.6
95.2
108.5
103.3
133.1
119.8
118.8
102 .9
105.8
325.9
74.2
108.0
102.4
09.0
106.2
103.5
131.7
117.7
118.7
100.5
108.1
336.4
70.6
105.7
105.6
325.3
78.4
108.7
104.6
95.9
303.0
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
105.3
99.7
130.1
110.9
116.3
99.3
106.1
319.7
81.8
108.7
105.9
92.9
109.2
102.7
134.2
114.1
119.4
104.8
89.4
76.4
61.8
71.8
91.5
59.5
103.5
91.9
93.3
322.3
63.4
97.0
88.9
77.5
94.0
93.3
129.7
99.3
110.3
95.7
94.4
322.4
64.5
95.9
90.2
77.7
96.3
93.2
130.9
96.3
320.2
65.5
103. 8
1 1 1 .8
115. 0
111.5
92.9
110.3
95.2
8 6 .6
8 6 .0
8 6 .0
8 6 .6
74.3
60.7
65.8
73.6
6 6 .6
75.8
70.8
64.5
79.2
76.3
65.8
95 0
105.8
114. 2
102. 7
78.4
91.6
88.9
93 3
105.6
115.2
Durable goods........ ..................................... 93.2
Ordnance and accessories_________ 327.4
Lumber and wood products______
62.9
Furniture and fixtures...................... 96.8
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
91.6
Primary metal industries________
78.4
Fabricated metal products............... 94.0
Machinery (except electrical)------92.7
Electrical machinery........................ . 128.3
98.3
Transportation equipment----------Instruments and related products.. 110.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing------90.0
Nondurable goods................ .....................
Food and kindred products..............
Tobacco manufactures___________
Textile-mill products-------- ---------Apparel and other finished textile
products_______________ - ______
Paper and allied products________
Printing and publishing_________
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal----Rubber products._____ __________
Leather and leather products..........
101.0
96.8
60.0
90.1
59.2
101. 7
90.6
101. 3
105.1
114.8
104.4
76.0
87.6
86.4
8 8 .8
57.9
94.9
90.0
65.4
99. 6
105.2
113.6
102.2
75.9
88.0
88.5
1 0 2 .2
93.2
78.0
98.8
93.0
128.6
10 2 .8
77.8
93.1
83.8
121.6
95.7
110.0
110.6
116.0
105.1
83.2
107.5
94.9
131.9
117.8
116.4
108.7
103.0
84.7
108.2
96.1
137.1
113.9
116.3
107.0
104.9
85.4
106.8
97.1
134.1
102.4
118. 1
106.4
90.5
84.0
76.7
68.3
93.0
91.2
94.8
68.7
94.6
97.4
97.2
68.5
95.3
94.1
76.4
71.8
92.3
87.5
64.2
70.9
92.5
82.4
66.3
73.4
90.9
78.5
64.5
72.9
101. 2
101 .9
102. 5
110.9
114.7
105.6
84.2
97.7
91.2
104 7
113.0
115.1
107.1
84.7
104.2
100 9
111.5
118.6
105.1
80.7
99.0
84.2
103.1
112.3
118.0
105.1
82.3
07.1
85.0
108. 0
109. 4
118.1
104.6
78.8
94.9
85.8
112.0
110.2
90.1
115.0
107.8
83.6
98.7
84.2
108.4
246.9
172.5
107.8
230.5
171.5
102.2
112.6
115.8
105.1
82.7
98.3
93.0
8 8 .0
100.8
100.1
103.1
109.8
105. 4
137.3
123.8
01.1
108.7
101.1
101.0
88.9
115.9
132.6
120.4
117.1
111.6
101.1
105. 4
92.7
90.1
74.1
61.6
71.7
93.0
83.7
77.1
74.4
88.7
84.2
77.7
69.2
106 4
110.3
114.7
105. 7
82.4
102.9
89.7
105.1
112.7
113.4
109.8
83.6
96.6
82.6
96. 8
108.0
109.0
99.2
84.2
92.0
108.7
207.9
168.8
106.5
176.1
172.6
105.0
216.9
167.2
12 1 .0
102.4
112.8
104.3
84.1
103.5
92.2
8 6 .0
Payrolls
Mlntag
Contract construction _________________
Manufacturing___ ____ _________________ 157.7
95.1
181.5
156.6
97.0
97.7
193.9 197.1
158.5 J 160.6
97.0
227.1
166.2
101.6
259.4
172.5
104.5
267.9
169.2
103.3
262.8
169.0
104.9
200.5
148.7
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related work
ers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
2 Preliminary.
1 For comparability of data with those published In issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1 , table A-2.
T able
101.6
258.4
170.5
C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing,
in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1961
Annual
average
1960
Item
Feb . 2
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1959
1958
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars_____________________ $89.86 $90. 25 $89.55 $90.39 $91.31 $91.08 $90.35 $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $91.14 $89.47
1947-49 dollars............................. ................ 70.48 70.84 70.24 70. 95 71.73 71.83 71. 37 71.99 72.41 72.34 71.00 72.32 72.56 71.81
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars__________________
1947-49 dollars___________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars................................. —
1947-49 dollars.......................................
72.68
57.00
72. 98
57.28
72.44
56.82
73.09
57.37
73.80
57.97
73.62
58.06
73.06
57. 71
73.67
58.19
74.03
58.52
73.85
58.47
72.48
57.43
73.49
68.46
73.67
58.65
72.83
58. 45
68.46
55.43
80.22
62.92
80.53
63.21
79.97
62.72
80.64
63. 30
81.36
63.91
81.18
64.02
80. 61
63.67
81.23
64.16
81.59
64.50
81.41
64.46
80.01
63.40
81.05
64.48
81.23
64.67
80.36
64.49
75.8 8
61.44
1 See footnote 1, table 0 -3 .
Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross
average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for which
the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course, on the
number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his
gross income. Spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types of income
receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents, and (2) a worker with 3 depend
ents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes In disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
The computations of spendable earnings for both the worker with no de
pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$83.50
67.61
weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing without direct
regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars
indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for
changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price
Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see The Calculation and Uses of
the Spendable Earnings Series (in M onthly Labor Review. January 1959,
pp. 50-54).
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
573
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Table D -l. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0
1961
Annual
average
1960
Group
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
I960
1959
All item s......... .................................................... 127.5
127.5
127.4
127.5
127.4
127.3
126.8
126.6
126.6
126.5
126. 3
128.2
125.7
126. 5
124.6
Food *............................................... ...................
Food at home______ ____ ___________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish....................
Dairy products.. _______________
Fruits and vegetables____________
Other foods at home *____________
121.3
118.5
139.1
121.4
118.7
139.0
110. 5
119.3
126.3
121.1
120.1
120.6
118.4
138.6
109.9
118.9
126.2
120.9
118.2
138.5
120.2
118.3
139.6
111.4
118.5
127.8
107.6
121.4
118.6
139.4
117.4
137.8
117.9
137. 5
115.8
134.4
104.8
120.3
117. 7
136.1
110.3
115.0
136.1
104.5
119.7
117.0
135.6
109.7
115. 0
132.9
104.9
119.5
116.7
135.8
109.3
115.3
129.9
106.1
117.7
114.7
135.5
107.2
116.4
125.0
103.4
119.7
116.9
136.8
109.3
116 8
128.3
106.8
118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1
H ousing 4______________________________
R ent__________________ ____ ________
Gas and electricity...................................
Solid fuels and fuel oil_______________
Housefumishings________ ______
Household operation..................................
132.5
143.1
125.9
141.3
103.9
138. 5
12 1 .2
111.8
111.6
119.0
127.2
108.5
119.1
126.1
109.5
110.0
110.2
118.4
124.8
117.4
137.7
111.3
116.6
127.3
106.5
110.8
111.6
111.6
112.0
117. 5
124.6
109.3
132.4 132.3
143.1 , 142.9
125.9 125.9
141.3 139.6
103.7 103.6
138.3 138.3
132.3
142.8
125.6
137.0
103.9
138.3
132.1
142.7
125.7
136.3
104.0
138.3
132.2
142.5
125.7
136.1
104.0
138.1
132.0
142.1
125.7
134. 8
104.1
138.0
131.5
141.9
124.9
133.4
103. 5
137.6
131. 3
141.8
124.8
132.9
104.1
137.4
131.3
141. 6
124.7
132.3
104.3
137.3
131.2
141.4
124.7
132.9
104.3
137.2
131.4
141.4
124.4
136.3
104.7
137.0
131.3
141.2
124.1
137.2
104.7
136.9
131.5
141.8
124.8
135. 6
104.2
137.4
129.2
139.7
119.9
136.6
103.9
134.3
Apparel........................................................... .
109.8
M en’s and boys’____________________ 111.4
W omen’s and girls’__________
99.9
Footwear___________________________ 140.9
Other a p p a r e l ....................................... 92.6
109. 6
111.3
99.5
140.9
92.9
109.4
111.4
99.1
140.3
93.0
110.6
112.0
101.1
110.7
111.0
112.2
101.8
110.6
112.2
101.1
140.5
93.9
140.2
93.8
108.9
109.8
99.1
140.1
93.1
108.9
109.7
99.4
139.8
93.2
108.9
109.5
99.6
139.8
92.9
108.8
108.9
99.6
139.7
93.0
109.4
110.4
140.7
94.0
109.3
110.5
99.7
139.9
93.1
109.1
101.4
140.3
94.1
107.9
108.4
99. 5
135.2
92.3
Transportation____________________ _____ 145. 7
Private................................................. ......... 133.4
Public........ ........................................ .......... 205.7
146.2
133.9
205.7
146.2
134.0
205.5
146. 5
134. 5
202.9
6202.9
112.0
146.5
134.4
110.2
99.4
139.8
93.1
100.0
139.9
93.3
146.1 144.7 146.2 145.9 145.8 145.6 146.1 146.5 146.2 146.3
134.1 132.8 134.4 134.2 134.1 133.9 134.4 134. 9 134.5 135.2
»201.2 «200.3 «199.3 «198.9 «198.3 «198.0 «198.0 «198.0 «199.3 «192.7
Medical care............................................ ..........
159.6
159.4
158.5
158.0
157.9
157.3
156.9
156.7
156.4
156.1
155.9
155.5
155.0
156.2
Personal care _______________________ _
133.6
133.8
133.7
133. 7
133.9
134.0
133.9
133.8
133.4
133.2
133.2
132.9
132.7
133.3
131.2
Reading and recreation_____ ____ ___ ____
123.4
122.7
122.2
122.3
122.5
121.9
122.1
121.9
121.6
121.1
121.4
121.1
120.9
121.5
118.6
150.8
Other goods and services............................ .
132.6
132.6
132.6
132.7
132.7
132.7
132.7
132.4
132.2
132.0
131.9
131.9
131.7
132.2
129.7
Special
All
All
All
groups:
Items less food_______________
items less shelter___________ _____
commodities less food____________
130. 9
125.0
115.4
130.8
125.0
115.5
130. 6
124.8
115.4
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.8
125.0
115.9
130.7
124.8
115.9
130.3
124.3
115.6
130.1
124.1
115.5
129.9
124.2
115.4
129. 7
124.0
115.3
129.7
123.8
115.3
129.8
123.7
115.6
129.7
123.1
115.7
130.0
124.0
115. 7
122.2
A ll
commodities.....................
Nondurables 3__________________
Nondurables less food................
Nondurables less food and
apparel___________________
Durables 3______ _____ _______
Durables less cars____________
118.0
120.7
120.7
118.1
118.0
120.7
120.5
118.4
118.3
120.9
118.2
120.7
120.9
117.7
120.3
120.9
117.6
119.9
117.7
120.0
120.1
119.9
117.6
119.8
119.6
117.3
119.4
119.4
117.4
119.4
119.7
116.7
118.3
119.6
119. 6
120.1
130.0
110.7
129.5
110.9
129.8
129.4
102.8
103.0
111.0
103.0
129.2
111 . 1
103.0
128.7
111.5
103.2
128.4
111.9
103.5
129.0
110.0
102.8
103.6
128.9
112. 5
103.6
103.2
127.3
113.0
103.3
All services 9_____________________
All services less rent_____________
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity.................
Transportation services______
Medical care services_________
Other services_______________
120.8
12 0 .6
121.0
121.0
121.1
130.0
109.9
130.1
110.3
130.0
130.0
110.2
102.1
102.4
110.8
102.8
152.2
154.6
151.9
154.2
151.7
154.0
151. 4
153.6
151.3
153.6
151.2
153.4
150.8
153.0
150.3
152.5
150.0
152.1
149.7
151.8
149.6
151.7
149.4
151.5
149.2
151.3
150.0
152.1
145. 8
147.5
140. 4
188.2
167.3
137.6
140.2
187.7
167.1
137.1
140.1
187.6
165.9
137.2
140.0
186.8
165.3
136.8
140.1
187.0
165.1
136.7
140.1
186.3
164.3
136.8
139.8
185.8
163. 6
136.5
139.2
185.2
163.3
136.0
139.1
184.9
163.0
135.5
138.9
184. 5
162.5
135.1
138.8
184.3
162.4
135.2
138.5
184.2
161.9
135.0
138.3
183. 9
161.3
134.9
139.0
184. 9
162.8
135.6
134.8
180.3
156. 3
131. 7
1
f o o d , h o u s e p a i n t , s o li d f u s l s , f u e l o i l, t e x t i l e h o u s e f u m i s h i n g s ,
h o u s e h o l d p a p e r , e le c t r i c l i g h t b u l b s , l a u n d r y s o a p a n d d e t e r g e n t s , a p p a r e l
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
116.6
118.1
118.3
102.0
T h e C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x m e a s u r e s t h e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in p r ic e s o f
g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d c le r ic a l- w o r k e r
f a m i li e s . D a t a fo r 4 6 l a r g e , m e d i u m - s i z e , a n d s m a l l c i t i e s a r e c o m b i n e d fo r
t h e a ll- c it y a v e r a g e.
I n a d d i t i o n t o s u b g r o u p s s h o w n h e r e , t o t a l fo o d i n c l u d e s r e s t a u r a n t m e a l s
a n d o th e r fo o d b o u g h t a n d e a te n a w a y fro m h o m e .
I n c l u d e s e g g s , f a t s a n d o i ls , s u g a r a n d s w e e t s , b e v e r a g e s ( n o n a l c o h o li c ) ,
a n d o th e r m is c e lla n e o u s fo o d s.
I n a d d it io n t o s u b g r o u p s s h o w n h e r e , t o ta l h o u s in g in c lu d e s t h e p u r c h a se
p r ic e o f h o m e s a n d o th e r h o m e o w n e r c o sts.
I n c l u d e s y a r d g o o d s , d i a p e r s , a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s i t e m s .
2
3
4
4
6 R e v is e d .
3 I n c lu d e s
117.5
127.9
115.1
112.1
129.2
111.6
( e x c e p t s h o e r e p a ir s ) , g a s o li n e , m o t o r o i l , p r e s c r i p t io n s a n d d r u g s , t o i l e t
g o o d s , n o n d u r a b l e t o y s , n e w s p a p e r s , c ig a r e t t e s , c ig a r s , b e e r , a n d w h i s k e y .
I n c lu d e s w a te r b e a te r s , c e n tr a l h e a t in g fu r n a c e s, k itc h e n s in k s , s in k
f a u c e t s , p o r c h f lo o r in g , h o u s e h o l d a p p l ia n c e s , f u r n it u r e a n d b e d d i n g , flo o r
c o v e r i n g s , d i n n e r w a r e , a u t o m o b i l e s , t ir e s , r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n s e t s , d u r a b l e
t o y s , a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s.
I n c lu d e s r e n t, h o m e p u r c h a s e , real e s ta te ta x e s, m o r tg a g e in te r e s t, p r o p
e r t y i n s u r a n c e , r e p a i n t i n g g a r a g e , r e p a i n t i n g r o o m s , r e s h in g l in g r o o f, ref l n i s h i n g flo o r s , g a s , e l e c t r i c i t y , d r y c le a n i n g , l a u n d r y s e r v i c e , d o m e s t i c
s e r v i c e , t e l e p h o n e , w a t e r , p o s t a g e , s h o e r e p a ir s , a u t o r e p a ir s , a u t o i n s u r a n c e ,
a u t o r e g is t r a t i o n , t r a n s i t fa r e s , r a ilr o a d fa r e s , p r o f e s s io n a l m e d ic a l s e r v i c e s ,
h o s p i t a l s e r v i c e s , h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n a n d s u r g ic a l i n s u r a n c e , b a r b e r a n d b e a u t y
s h o p s e r v i c e s , t e l e v i s i o n r e p a ir s , a n d m o t i o n p i c t u r e a d m is s i o n s .
3
2
574
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
T able
D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49=» 100]
1961
A n n u a l average
1960
C ity
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
1960
1959
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .7
0
129
2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 8 .1
1 2 3 .1
0
0
0
1 2 9 .3
1 2 7 .1
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .8
127. 5
1 2 9 .8
1 2 5 .6
3 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .5
125. 2
1 2 6 .7
128. 3
1 2 7 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 2 7 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 2 2 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 3 0 .0
A h ite m s
A l l - c i t y a v e r a g e *..........................
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .5
A t l a n t a , G a ......................................
B a l t i m o r e , M d ...............................
B o s t o n , M a s s ...............................
C h ic a g o , 111............. ......... ................
C i n c i n n a t i , O h io ..........................
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .5
(3)
1 3 0 .2
1 2 4 .8
0
0
0
1 3 0 .5
0
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o ......................... _
D e t r o i t , M i c h ________________
H o u s t o n , T e x ___________ _____
K a n s a s C i t y , M o ........ ................
L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i f ___________
M i n n e a p o l i s , M i n n . ..................
N e w Y o r k , N . Y ______ _______
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a _____________
P i t t s b u r g h , P a .......................
P o r t l a n d , O r e g _______________
8t . L o u i s , M o . . . ...........................
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f ..................
S c r a n t o n , P a . _____ ___________
S e a t t l e , W a s h ________________
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ........................
0
0
0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .4
0
1 2 6 .1
0
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .9
1 2 5 .8
0
0
1 2 8 .9
1 3 3 .8
0
0
0
1 2 8 .3
1 2 6 .4
1 2 5 .1
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 3 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .5
0
0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .3
129. 3
1 3 0 .4
0
0
1 2 6 .3
0
1 2 7 .6
1 3 1 .2
1 2 7 .8
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .8
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .8
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 3 0 .6
1 2 5 .0
0
0
0
1 3 1 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .4
0
0
0
1 3 0 .5
0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .4
0
1 3 0 .6
0
1 2 6 .3
0
126. 5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .9
0
0
1 2 7 .9
1 3 3 .9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 3 .9
130. 5
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .3
1 2 6 .8
0
0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .1
130 7
0
0
1 2 5 .7
0
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 2 8 .5
126. 1
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 7 .2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 3 0 .4
1 2 4 .8
0
0
0
1 2 9 .8
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .6
0
0
0
1 3 0 .3
0
1 2 7 .4
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .1
0
1 2 9 .2
0
1 2 5 .5
0
1 2 5 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .8
0
0
1 2 7 .4
1 3 3 .0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1021.8
1 2 9 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 6 .6
0
0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .4
0
0
1 2 5 .8
0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 9 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 7 .5
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .3
0
1 3 0 .1
1 2 4 .6
0
0
0
1 2 9 .7
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .3
0
0
0
1 2 9 .6
0
1 2 7 .1
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .1
0
1 2 9 .8
0
1 2 4 .9
0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 8 .4
1 2 0 .4
0
0
1 2 7 .2
1 3 2 .4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1022.1
1 2 9 .7
1 2 3 .1
1 2 6 .2
0
0
1 2 8 .3
129. 5
0
0
1 2 4 .2
0
1 2 6 .6
1 3 0 .1
12 7 .1
1 2 4 .7
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .5
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 3 .9
0
124. 5
1 2 6 .0
0
0
1 2 6 .3
1 3 1 .6
0
0)
0
122.8
124. 5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .7
120.8
1 2 8 .2
1 2 1 .7
Food
121.1
120. 9
120.2 120.1 120.6
121.0 120.9 121.0 121.2
121.0 1 2 0 .5 121.0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .3
119 i
122.1 1 2 2 .4 122.2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 2 0 .7
120. 5
1 1 8 .7
1 2 1 .9
121.0 120.1 1 2 0 .7 121.2 121.2
120. 3 120. 4 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 .8
122.6 1 2 1 .3 120.8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .5
118. 7
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .8
117 .1
1 1 9 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 4 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 1 6 .2
1 1 3 .9
127. 0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 5 .8
113 1
1 2 6 .5
120.0 120.6 120.0
1 1 6 .7
115. 8
1 1 2 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 1 .4
1 1 9 .7
123. 2
1 2 4 .0
.6
1 2 1 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .1
1 2 1 .9
118. 7
.5
1 2 3 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 2 1 .9
123. 1
1 2 3 .1
1 2 1 .7
1 1 9 .9
124. 7
1 1 5 .7
1 2 3 .0
1 2 0 .9
121.2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .3
121. 4
A t l a n t a , G a . ....................................
B a l t i m o r e , M d _______________
B o s t o n , M a s s ______ ____ _____
C h ic a g o , 111___________________
C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o . . ......................
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .9
118 .1
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o ......................
D e t r o i t , M i c h . ...............................
H o u s t o n , T e x . ................................
K a n s a s C i t y , M o . .................... .
L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i f .......................
121.1
1 1 6 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 2 8 .2
1 1 6 .8
1 2 0 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 4 .6
128. 4
1 1 6 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 2 8 .1
M i n n e a p o l i s , M i n n _________
N e w Y o r k , N . Y ...... ....................
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a ...........................
P i t t s b u r g h , P a _______________
P o r t l a n d , O r e g __ - _____ _____
1 1 9 .0
122. 5
1 2 3 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 2 .7
123. 5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 2 .4
S t . L o u i s , M o .................................
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ................
S c r a n t o n , P a __________________
S e a t t l e , W a s h _________________
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ____________
1 2 1 .4
126. 6
1 1 7 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 2 1 .3
A l l - c i t y a v e r a g e 5......... _ ..............
1 2 0 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 2 8 .1
122.6
1 2 2 .7
122.8
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .2
122.0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 6 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 2 4 .7
121.1
1 2 1 .3
126. 1
11 7 .1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 1 .4
120.1
1 1 9 .7
122.8
122.2
122.2
121.8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 2 5 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 2 3 .4
122
120.2
125. 0
1 1 7 .0
1 2 3 .3
1 1 8 .9
125. 2
1 1 5 .9
1 2 3 .2
.8
121.2 121.6 120
i
S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - i .
I n d e x e s m e a su r e t im e -to -tlm e c h a n g e s in
p r ic e s o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d c le r ic a lw o r k e r f a m i li e s . T h e y d o n o t i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r i t c o s t s m o r e t o l i v e i n o n e
c it y t h a n in a n o th e r .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
121.1
2
3
122
121.0
1 2 0 .4
1 1 9 .6
124. 0
1 1 4 .8
1 2 3 .1
120.1
1 2 0 .3
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 1 6 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .3
115. 1
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .8
117. 0
117. 1
115. 6
113. 9
1 2 6 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .0
114. 4
1 1 2 .7
1 2 6 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 9 .1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 1 3 .4
116. 5
1 1 3 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .9
1 2 6 .1
1 1 4 .1
117. 5
1 1 4 .7
121.8 121.8 1 2 1 .4 120. 7
122.6 1 2 1 .7 121.2 120.0
122.1 122.2 121.0 118. 4
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .4
121.2 120.0
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .6
116. 6
122.0
122.1
121.2
121.0
118. 4
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .7
1 1 9 .6
124. 2
116. 5
1 1 8 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 2 4 .6
115. 5
1 1 9 .0
124. 4
115. 5
1 2 2 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .4
119. 5
3 1 6 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 1 3 .9
1 2 0 .9
1 1 7 .9
122.6
120.8
1 1 7 .4
122.6 122.6 122.8
120.0
112.2
1 2 3 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .0
A v e r a g e o f 46 c it i e s .
A l l i t e m s in d e x e s a r e c o m p u t e d m o n t h l y fo r 8 c it i e s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3
m o n t h s o n a r o t a t i n g c y c l e for 15 o t h e r c i t i e s .
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
575
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 100, u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d ]
1961
1960
A nnual
average
C o m m o d it y g r o u p
A ll
c o m m o d i t i e s - .............................. _ ............................
F a r m p r o d u c t s a n d p r o c e s s e d f o o d s ................
F a r m p r o d u c t s .............................„ ............................
F r e s h a n d d r i e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . .
G r a i n s ____________ _____ ____________________
L i v e s t o c k a n d l i v e p o u l t r y ...........................
P l a n t a n d a n i m a l f ib e r s __________________
F l u i d m i l k _________________________________
E g g s ..................................................................................
H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o i l s e e d s ..........................
O th e r fa rm p r o d u c t s ______________________
P r o c e s s e d f o o d s _________________________________
C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ............... ...........
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h . . . ...........................
D a i r y p r o d u c t s a n d i c e c r e a m ............... ..
C a n n e d a n d f r o z e n f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s .
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ....................................
P a c k a g e d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s ................. ..
A n i m a l fa ts a n d o i ls _______________________
C r u d e v e g e t a b l e o i l s . _______ _____ ________
R e f in e d v e g e t a b le o i l s . . ...............................
V e g e t a b l e o il e n d p r o d u c t s . ............... ...........
O t h e r p r o c e s s e d f o o d s .........................................
A ll
M a r .2
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J lfiy
June
M ay
A p r.
1 1 9 .8
3 1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
119. 5
1 1 9 .7
120.0 120.0
9 9 .2
9 9 .7
9 9 .5
9 8 .1
9 7 .4
9 9 .1
9 8 .6
9 9 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .1
8 9 .9
107. 5
7 0 .3
8 1 .8
9 0 .8
1 0 2 .3
108. 1
7 2 .5
129. 1
8 9 .5
1 0 9 .2
7 3 .5
8 0 .7
9 0 .8
1 0 1 .5
9 8 .9
7 2 .2
1 3 0 .4
8 7 .7
1 0 4 .7
7 4 .9
7 9 .0
9 2 .1
9 9 .8
8 5 .5
7 2 .3
1 2 9 .5
8 8 .9
1 1 2 .9
7 5 .5
84. 1
9 6 .4
9 5 .5
6 5 .4
7 3 .5
1 2 7 .7
8 9 .0
1 0 9 .7
7 7 .5
8 5 .1
96. 7
9 3 .3
6 4 .2
7 4 .4
1 2 8 .0
9 0 .4
1 1 6 .9
7 7 .8
8 5 .8
9 6 .6
9 2 .7
6 9 .6
7 6 .6
1 2 8 .3
9 1 .1
111. 5
7 9 .4
85. 7
9 6 .3
9 5 .5
8 0 .2
7 6 .3
1 2 8 .6
9 0 .4
1 0 4 .4
7 8 .2
7 5 .2
7 7 .6
1 2 8 .0
8 8 .7
9 9 .5
7 2 .7
8 2 .8
9 0 .7
102. 3
8 7 .7
7 4 .1
1 3 0 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 2 3 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 2 3 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 8 .1
1 2 2 .4
9 6 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 4 0 .9
6 0 .0
4 8 .7
5 5 .2
7 4 .7
1 0 1 .4
5 1 .6
5 6 .8
7 3 .3
1 0 1 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 2 2 .5
99. 5
1 1 7 .3
1 0 7 .3
1 1 7 .2
143. 5
6 2 .1
5 0 .3
55. 5
7 2 .7
1 0 3 .3
1 0 7 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 4 0 .9
62. 4
5 2 .4
6 1 .2
77 4
1 0 9 .0
123.1
9 7 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 0 8 .8
11 7 .1
1 4 0 .9
6 2 .0
4 9 .9
5 7 .4
7 5 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 1 6 .2
1 3 9 .7
6 4 .4
5 7 .2
6 4 .6
7 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
123. 1
9 6 .6
121. 7
10 9 .4
1 1 7 .4
1 4 0 .9
9 8 .1
1 1 6 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 1 4 .3
1 4 5 .2
5 6 .9
5 0 .3
5 6 .3
7 2 .7
1 0 3 .9
98. 6
1 1 4 .9
106. 3
1 1 4 .3
1 4 5 .2
5 6 .0
4 8 .7
5 7 .0
7 1 .5
106. 8
1 2 0 .9
9 6 .7
1 1 5 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 1 4 .1
1 4 5 .2
5 7 .6
47. 5
5 6 .7
7 1 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .6
100.1 3100. 7 100.0
9 0 .1
110.1
7 6 .2
8 3 .7
9 3 .0
9 8 .8
7 6 .7
8 2 .5
1 2 9 .3
9 0 .3
1 0 3 .9
7 5 .9
8 5 .8
9 1 .3
3 9 9 .6
8 2 .0
7 8 .6
1 2 9 .5
8 9 .7
1 0 6 .7
7 5 .3
8 4 .8
9 0 .8
101.1
86.6
9 8 .7
7 4 .3
8 0 .7
9 2 .2
9 7 .0
7 6 .4
7 3 .7
1 2 5 .6
M ar.
1960 2
1959
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .5
9 8 .5
88.8
9 8 .2
8 9 .1
1 0 2 .7
7 7 .3
8 5 .1
9 8 .2
9 4 .4
6 5 .6
7 6 .6
1 3 2 .6
9 6 .0
9 7 .9
7 5 .8
7 6 .7
1 2 7 .9
1 0 6 .7
7 5 .7
8 2 .6
9 4 .2
9 8 .0
7 7 .3
74. 7
1 2 8 .5
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .7
102.2 102.8
9 7 .8
117. 7
1 0 5 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 4 5 .2
5 3 .1
4 5 .2
5 5 .6
7 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
9 6 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 4 3 .3
5 8 .4
4 9 .1
5 6 .7
7 3 .2
102.2
1 0 7 .0
1 1 9 .3
9 8 .2
1 1 4 .3
1 0 9 .0
1 1 5 .1
146. 5
5 4 .6
53. 1
5 8 .0
7 4 .0
9 6 .7
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .5
86.2
1 0 9 .6
123. 6
9 6 .7
1 2 0 .4
110. 5
123. 6
1 1 5 .1
1 3 9 .7
7 5 .9
7 0 .6
8 4 .1
1 0 1 .4
115. 8
1 3 9 .7
3 7 5 .9
6 3 .2
3 6 7 .9
3 8 0 .1
1 0 1 .3
___
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .6
A l l c o m m o d i t i e s e x c e p t fa r m a n d f o o d s ..........
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .9
127. 9
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .2
T e x t i l e p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ...............................
C o t t o n p r o d u c t s .....................................................
W o o l p r o d u c t s _____________________________
M a n m a d e f ib e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s . . .............
S ilk p r o d u c t s ______________________________
A p p a r e l _____________________________________
O t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ____________________
9 4 .7
9 0 .1
9 9 .3
7 7 .0
129. 5
.6
1 0 0 .5
9 4 .8
9 0 .1
3 9 9 .8
7 7 .5
1 2 9 .3
9 5 .0
9 0 .7
9 5 .2
9 1 .2
9 5 .4
91. 7
101. 3
7 8 .2
1 2 5 .9
9 5 .8
9 2 .8
9 5 .9
9 3 .4
9 6 .1
9 4 .3
1 0 1 .5
7 8 .9
1 2 6 .8
9 6 .3
9 4 .7
9 6 .3
9 4 .8
9 6 .3
9 4 .8
1 0 2 .4
7 9 .7
1 1 8 .7
9 6 .3
9 5 .0
1 0 2 .7
7 9 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 0 0 .7
8 2 .5
9 6 .3
9 5 .6
9 6 .1
9 4 .2
9 5 .0
H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s .
H i d e s a n d s k i n s _____ ______________________
L e a t h e r ______ ______________________________
F o o t w e a r ________________________
________
O th e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________________
100.1
1 0 6 .7
c o m m o d i t i e s e x c e p t fa r m p r o d u c t s
F u e l , p o w e r , a n d l i g h t i n g m a t e r i a l s ........... ..
C o a l ____________________________________ .
C o k e _____________________ _____ _____________
G a s f u e ls «______ ___________________________
E l e c t r i c p o w e r <___________________________
P e t r o l e u m a n d p r o d u c t s _________________
100.2
1 1 9 .7
112.2 3112. 6
66.6
121.2 122.0
110.1
1 1 2 .3
66.1
53. 1
5 9 .8
7 6 .1
101.1 100.8 102.8
1 0 7 .8
.122.0
9 6 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 4 0 .9
66.0
121.2 121.2
120.8 121.8
101.8 102.1
102.8 17092.1.1 19011.7.6
7 8 .6
7 8 .5
7 9 .6
7 9 .6
7 9 .4
7 7 .8
8 1 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 8 .4
1 2 3 .3
121.6
1 2 5 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 1 6 .6
113. 5
1 0 0 .9
101.0 101.0 101.1 101.1 101.0 101.0 100.8 100.6
1 0 0 .7
100.0
8 5 .2
9 2 .1
8 4 .6
8 1 .9
8 5 .1
86.8
9 2 .6
9 1 .3
8 5 .7
8 0 .5
7 6 .8
108. 5
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .7
110.1 110. 3 111.2 112.1 111.8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 4 .3
6 4 .1
6 5 .8
6 2 .3
6 3 .6
68.0 6 7.1 7 2 .9 7 3 .5 7 2 .0 68.1
6 4 .9
9 8 .1
102.2 1 0 3 .0 103. 5 1 0 4 .7 102.8 1 0 1 .5 19101.7.8
9 9 .4
9 7 .1
9 7 .5
9 8 .9
132. 5
1 3 3 .0
132. 5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .5
132. 5
1 3 2 .5
100.0 100.8
7 7 .4
101.1 101.2
3 1 0 1 .4
1 3 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .6
1 0 8 .2
3 6 2 .3
9 7 .5
3132. 8
1 0 3 .7
1 0 8 .3
6 2 .7
9 7 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .9
104. 7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .4
122.8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 3 .5
1 7 0 .4
3122. 3
1 1 7 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 7 0 .4
1 1 6 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 7 0 .4
1 1 6 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 7 0 .4
.2
1 0 2 .4
.6
1 1 6 .2
1 2 2 .5
1 7 0 .4
1 2 0 .9
116 .1
1 2 2 .4
170. 4
1 2 1 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 7 0 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 7 0 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 9 .5
170. 4
1 2 3 .4
1 3 2 .1
1 0 5 .3
9 4 .7
5 6 .5
1 1 2 .3
123. 5
1 3 0 .3
1 0 4 .4
9 4 .1
4 8 .5
123. 5
1 2 8 .4
1 0 4 .8
9 4 .1
48. 9
1 2 3 .6
1 2 8 .4
1 0 4 .5
9 4 .4
4 7 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 0 2 .9
9 4 .5
5 1 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 8 .3
9 4 .2
6 0 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 0 3 .8
9 4 .6
4 9 .0
1 0 7 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 0 3 .8
9 5 .1
4 7 .8
1 1 0 .3
110. 4
106. 4
124. 6
128. 3
1 0 3 .0
9 4 .8
5 0 .2
1 0 7 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 8 .4
105. 0
9 5 .4
4 8 .9
1 1 2 .3
1 0 8 .2
106. 7
1 2 4 .6
128. 3
1 0 3 .2
9 5 .1
4 7 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 0 4 .6
9 5 .0
47. 7
1 1 2 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .4
108. 8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .6
1 0 6 .7
123. 8
1 2 8 .3
1 0 1 .9
9 3 .4
5 6 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 6 .6
100
1 0 9 .9
7 1 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 0 4 .0
117. 5
100.6
1 3 2 .5
1 0 3 .9
133. 5
1 0 7 .3
110.8 112.2
1 3 4 .2
107. 3
1 1 2 .3
1 2 4 .0
170. 4
1 1 5 .6
1 0 5 .8
129. 6
1 0 9 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .0
121.8 122.6
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .4
1 6 9 .8
112.2 111.6 1 1 5 .6
120.0 120
1 1 6 .6
121.1 102.
3
102.1 102.1 102.1 102.0 101.8 101. 7 101. 8 101.8 1 0 1 .9 11 0100..98
102.2 1 0 2 .3
122.8 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .4 120.8 120 121.0 1 2 0 .7 120.0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 6 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 6 .6
110.6 3 1 1 0 .4 3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .4 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.1 112140.2.2 1 0 9 .9
1 7 0 .4
121. 5
1 0 2 .4
C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s _______________
I n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l s ____________ ________
P r e p a r e d p a i n t ____________________________
P a i n t m a t e r i a l s ______ _____ _______________
D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s _____________
F a t s a n d o i ls , i n e d i b l e ____________________
M ix e d f e r t il i z e r ____________________________
F e r t i l iz e r m a t e r ia l s _________ _________ ____
O t h e r c h e m i c a ls a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . . .
1 0 5 .9
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .5
3105. 0
1 0 5 .0
3 94. 7
9 4 .2
5 4 .3
5 0 .1
3 1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .9
3 1 1 2 .1
3105. 9 3 1 0 5 .8
R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ..................................
C r u d e r u b b e r ______________________________
T i r e s a n d t u b e s ____________________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ___________________
1 4 0 .7
1 3 8 .8
137 .1
144. 6
3140. 2
1 3 6 .3
137 .1
3144. 6
1 4 0 .1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 4 4 .5
1 4 1 .2
136. 5
1 3 7 .1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 0 .3
141. 3
146. 8
1 4 4 .7
1 4 6 .5
1 4 1 .3
1 4 6 .8
1 4 4 .9
1 4 7 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 4 5 .3
1 5 1 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 5 .9
146. 9
1 6 0 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .7
1 6 9 .6
1 3 7 .0
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 6 9 .6
1 3 7 .0
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .7
160. 9
1 3 7 .0
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .7
161.1
1 3 7 .0
1 4 4 .6
1 4 4 .7
155. 7
1 3 8 .4
1 4 5 .6
1 4 4 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 4 2 .2
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s __________________
L u m b e r _______ _____________________________
M i l l w o r k ____________________________ _______
P l y w o o d . . . .............................................. ......... .........
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .1
134. 5
9 2 .9
1 1 4 .9
3 1 1 3 .4
3134. 7
9 1 .8
1 1 5 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 3 5 .6
9 2 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 5 .0
135. 5
9 5 .1
1 1 6 .9
11 5 .1
1 3 5 .8
9 6 .1
1 1 7 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 3 5 .3
9 7 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 1 7 .9
135. 5
9 6 .4
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 3 6 .7
9 4 .7
121.6
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 3 6 .9
9 5 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 3 6 .9
9 5 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 3 6 .8
9 6 .1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 3 7 .7
9 5 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .4
1 3 6 .6
9 6 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .1
135. 9
.2
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ......................
W o o d p u l p . ________________________ _____ _
W a s t e p a p e r ________________________________
P a p e r ___
P a p e r b o a r d __________________________ _____
C o n v er te d
paper
and
paperboard
p r o d u c t s __________ _____ _________________
B u i l d i n g p a p e r a n d b o a r d _______________
1 3 2 .2
114. 5
6 2 .7
145. 7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 1 4 .5
7 5 .5
1 4 5 .7
3130. 4
1 3 2 .6
1 1 4 .5
6 7 .8
1 4 5 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .3
1 1 4 .5
6 7 .8
145. 7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .2
7 7 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 3 5 .9
7 7 .4
1 4 5 .4
1 3 5 .9
7 7 .4
1 4 5 .2
1 3 5 .9
8 2 .3
1 4 5 .9
135. 9
1 3 3 .4
.2
8 3 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 3 .1
7 7 .4
145. 7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .5
.2
8 2 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 4 5 .1
1 3 5 .9
8 9 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 3 5 .9
1 4 5 .4
1 3 5 .3
112. 5
143. 4
1 3 6 .1
131. 5
1 4 5 .7
131. 7
3 1 4 6 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 4 5 .4
1 3 1 .1
1 4 5 .4
13 1 .1
1 4 5 .4
1 3 1 .1
1 4 5 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 4 5 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 4 5 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 4 4 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 4 5 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 4 5 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 4 5 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 4 6 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 4 5 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 4 6 .4
M e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ___________________
I r o n a n d s t e e l ______________________________
N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ________________________
M e t a l c o n t a in e r s __________________________
H a r d w a r e __________________________________
P l u m b i n g f ix t u r e s a n d b r a s s f i t t i n g s ___
H e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t _______________________
F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..
F a b r ic a te d n o n str u c tu r a l m e ta l p ro d u c t s ___________ ________ ____________________
1 5 2 .8
170. 6
1 3 2 .4
1 5 6 .6
1 7 4 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 5 2 .5
1 7 0 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 5 6 .6
1 7 5 .1
1 3 0 .9
3 115. 1
1 3 3 .9
1 5 2 .3
169. 5
1 3 1 .9
1 5 6 .6
1 7 4 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 5 2 .2
1 6 8 .6
1 3 3 .9
153. 6
174. 7
130. 8
1 1 6 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 5 2 .3
1 6 8 .5
135. 5
153. 6
174. 6
1 3 0 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 3 3 .9
1 5 2 .8
1 6 8 .9
1 3 7 .1
1 5 3 .6
1 7 4 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 3 4 .0
1 5 3 .5
1 6 9 .7
1 3 8 .4
1 5 3 .6
1 7 4 .5
131. 5
1 1 9 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 5 3 .6
1 6 9 .9
1 3 8 .7
153. 6
1 7 4 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 3 4 .7
1 5 3 .4
1 6 9 .5
1 3 8 .6
1 5 3 .6
1 7 4 .5
131. 3
1 1 8 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 5 3 .8
1 6 9 .9
1 3 8 .9
153. 9
174. 5
1 3 1 .3
1 5 4 .2
1 7 0 .4
1 4 0 .0
154. 8
1 7 4 .2
1 3 2 .7
1 5 4 .5
170. 5
140. 5
154. 8
1 7 4 .0
1 3 2 .1
154. 5
1 7 0 .6
1 4 0 .8
1 5 4 .8
1 7 3 .8
133. 9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 7 0 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 5 3 .9
1 7 4 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 1 9 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 5 3 .6
1 7 2 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 5 3 .7
1 7 3 .0
1 3 0 .1
1 2 1 .7
1 3 3 .4
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .6
148. 6
1 4 6 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .0
146 1
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .0
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.0
111.8 112.1
112.2 1 1 1 .9 111. 9 111.2
137. 2
95. 5
121.2 121.2 121.2 121.2 121
102.8
110.2 110.2 110.2 110. 1 111.0
121.2 121
101
1 3 2 .2
121.2 121.2 1820.6
121.2
3 .7
8 8 .4
120.0 120.2 120.1 120.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1961
576
T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d !
1961
1960
A nnual
average
C o m m o d it y g ro u p
M a c h i n e r y a n d m o t i v e p r o d u c t s ____________
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t C o n s t r u c t io n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t _______________ _____ ________ ________
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t .......................................... - ..............................
G e n e r a l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t - _____ ______________________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y .................................
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t __
M o t o r v e h i c l e s ____________ ______ _________
F u r n i t u r e a n d o t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e s ___
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ______________________
C o m m e r c i a l f u r n i t u r e . .......................................
F l o o r c o v e r i n g s . . . _____ ___________________
H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s .........................................
T e le v is io n , r a d io r e c e iv e r s, a n d p h o n o
g r a p h s ____________________________________
O t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e g o o d s ...................
M a r .2
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
I9 6 0 2
1959
1 5 3 .1
1 4 8 .6
1 5 3 .1
8 148. 6
153. 2
1 4 8 .5
1 5 3 .1
1 4 8 .0
1 5 3 .0
1 4 8 .2
1 5 2 .9
1 4 6 .7
1 5 1 .4
1 4 6 .2
1 5 3 .3
1 4 6 .1
1 5 3 .3
1 4 6 .0
1 5 3 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 4 5 .7
1 5 3 .7
1 4 5 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 4 5 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 4 6 .1
1 5 3 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 7 8 .1
3 1 7 8 .1
1 7 7 .6
1 7 7 .0
1 7 7 .3
1 7 6 .7
1 7 6 .7
1 7 6 .7
1 7 5 .5
1 7 5 .3
1 7 5 .3
1 7 4 .7
1 7 4 .3
1 7 5 .6
1 7 1 .9
1 8 2 .0
8 182. 7
1 8 2 .6
1 8 2 .3
1 8 2 .1
1 8 1 .2
1 8 1 .0
1 8 0 .1
1 7 9 .9
1 7 9 .7
1 7 9 .1
1 7 8 .5
1 7 8 .6
1 7 9 .9
1 7 4 .5
1 6 6 .1
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .5
1 4 0 .4
3 1 6 6 .1
3 1 5 1 .4
3 1 5 2 .3
1 4 0 .5
1 6 6 .0
1 5 1 .3
1 5 2 .5
1 4 0 .7
1 6 6 .1
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .4
1 4 0 .7
1 6 6 .3
1 5 0 .7
1 5 2 .4
1 4 0 .5
166. 5
1 5 0 .4
1 5 2 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 6 6 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 5 2 .7
1 3 5 .4
1 6 6 .4
1 5 0 .2
1 5 3 .3
1 4 1 .6
1 6 6 .6
1 5 0 .1
1 5 3 .5
1 4 1 .6
1 6 6 .4
150. 2
1 5 3 .3
1 4 1 .6
1 6 7 .8
1 5 0 .0
1 5 3 .3
1 4 1 .6
1 6 7 .9
1 5 0 .1
1 5 4 .9
1 4 1 .6
1 6 7 .7
1 4 9 .9
1 5 5 .6
1 4 1 .6
1 6 7 .1
1 5 0 .2
1 5 4 .2
1 4 0 .8
1 6 5 .3
1 4 9 .4
1.54.4
1 4 2 .8
1 2 2 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 2 3 .0
1 2 4 .9
156. 7
1 3 0 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 2 5 .0
1 5 6 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 5 6 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 2 5 .1
1 5 6 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 0 1 .9
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .1
1 5 5 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 0 4 .7
122.2 122.2
122.8
100.1
125. 7
1 5 7 .1
1 3 0 .2
100.6
1 2 2 .7
125. 6
1 5 7 .1
130. 5
100. 9
1 2 5 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 0 0 .9
101.1
1 2 3 .1
1 2 5 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 0 1 .7
102.1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .9
156. 7
1 3 0 .8
1 0 3 .1
9 1 .0
1 5 6 .9
9 1 .2
1 5 6 .6
9 0 .5
1 5 6 .6
9 0 .5
1 5 6 .8
9 1 .1
1 5 7 .6
9 1 .1
1 5 7 .6
9 1 .4
1 5 7 .6
9 1 .4
1 5 7 .4
9 1 .7
1 5 7 .4
9 1 .7
1 5 7 .3
9 1 .8
1 5 8 .3
9 1 .3
1 5 7 .4
9 2 .8
1 5 6 .4
3138. 4
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .3
3130. 9
1 6 2 .1
1 3 4 .9
1 1 4 .1
3132. 9
1 3 8 .6
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 ,3
1 3 1 .2
1 6 2 .1
1 3 4 .9
1 1 4 .1
1 3 3 .5
1 3 7 .9
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 6 2 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
133. 6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .0
1 6 2 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 8 .1
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .0
1 6 2 .2
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 8 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 3 1 .0
1 6 2 .1
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 7 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 3 1 .1
1 6 2 .0
1 3 3 .2
106. 6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 6 1 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .3
161. 7
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 6 1 .7
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 8 .3
1 3 5 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 6 1 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 3 4 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .0
1 6 1 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 4 2 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 6 1 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 7 .7
1 3 5 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 2 9 .7
1 6 0 .2
1 3 3 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 7 1 .7
1 3 2 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 7 1 .7
1 3 2 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
130. 8
1 3 1 .8
130. 8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .8
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 6 7 .4
9 5 .6
3 9 4 .6
9 5 .4
9 2 .4
9 0 .6
9 0 .3
9 1 .1
8 9 .9
9 0 .8
9 0 .9
9 1 .1
9 5 .4
9 4 .0
9 2 .1
9 4 .5
1 1 9 .4
7 5 .5
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .9
7 3 .8
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .9
7 5 .1
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .6
7 0 .0
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .6
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .5
6 5 .6
9 7 .3
1 1 8 .6
6 7 .3
9 7 .3
1 1 8 .3
6 7 .6
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .3
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .6
6 7 .7
9 6 .4
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .3
7 5 .6
9 7 .2
1 1 7 .8
7 3 .2
9 7 .5
1 1 8 .3
6 9 .6
9 6 .9
1 1 7 .5
7 5 .1
9 7 .3
1 1 1 .5
3132. 0
1 1 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 1 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 1 0 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 1 0 .9
132. 5
1 1 0 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 3 2 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 3 2 .2
1 0 8 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 5 6 .0
1 2 8 .1
3 1 0 0 .0
9 0 .7
1 5 6 .8
9 0 .4
1 5 6 .8
N o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l s —s t r u c t u r a l ___________
F l a t g l a s s . ________________________________
C o n c r e t e i n g r e d i e n t s ______________________
C o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s . ______ ________________
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s _________________
G y p s u m p r o d u c t s . . . _____________________
P r e p a r e d a s p h a l t r o o f i n g _________________
O t h e r n o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l s ______________
1 3 8 .5
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 6 2 .1
1 3 4 .9
1 1 4 .1
1 3 2 .9
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d b o t t l e d b e v e r a g e s *_
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s 8_______________________
A l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s _______________________
N o n a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s ___________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p r o d u c t s . . . _____ ______________
T o y s , s p o r tin g g o o d s, s m a ll a r m s, a n d
a m m u n i t i o n ____________________________
M a n u f a c t u r e d a n i m a l f e e d s ______________
N o t i o n s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s __________________
J e w e lr y , w a tc h e s , a n d p h o to g r a p h ic
e q u i p m e n t _______________________________
O t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s p r o d u c t s ___________
111.6
1 3 1 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 5 .9
1 5 6 .0
1 2 8 .3
122.6 122.6
1 2 5 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 3 0 .2
100. 4
1 2 6 .0
1 5 6 .0
1 2 8 .2
9 9 .8
121.2 121.2 121.1 121.1 121.1 121.1 120. 6 120.6 120.6 120.6 120.6 113200.8.8
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .7
1 7 1 .6
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .1
66.8 66.2
111.0
1 3 2 .4
1
2
A s o f J a n u a r y 1958, n e w w e i g h t s r e f l e c t i n g 1954 v a l u e s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d
I n to t h e i n d e x . T e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s f u r n i s h e d u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u .
P r e lim in a r y .
* R e v is e d .
<Jan u ary 1958=100.
110.2
1 3 2 .6
68.0
110.6
4 T h i s i n d e x w a s f o r m e r ly t o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d b o t t l e d b e v e r a g e s .
* N e w s e r ie s .
T able D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
1961
1960
A n n u a l a v e ra g e
C o m m o d ity g ro u p
M a r .2 F e b .
A ll fo o d s _______________________________________________
A ll f is h ............................ ......................................................................
A ll c o m m o d itie s e x c e p t f a r m p r o d u c t s — .........................
T e x tile p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g h a r d f ib e r p r o d u c t s ..........
R e f in e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c t s ................. ..................... .............
E a s t C o a s t p e tr o l e u m ____________________________
M i d c o n t i n e n t p e tr o l e u m _________________________
G u l f C o a s t p e tr o l e u m ____________________________
P a c if ic C o a s t p e tr o l e u m _______________________. . .
B i tu m i n o u s c o a l, i n d o m e s tic s iz e s ___________________
S o a p s __________________________________________________
S y n t h e ti c d e te r g e n ts ......................................................... ...........
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g m il lw o r k ____
S o ftw o o d l u m b e r _____________________________________
P u l p , p a p e r a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g b ld g , p a p e r ___
S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s . . . .............. .................
S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s ____________________________________
M a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___________________________
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h i n e r y , i n c lu d in g t r a c t o r s __________
M e ta l w o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ______________________ ______
T o t a l t r a c t o r s _________________________________________
I n d u s t r i a l v a lv e s _____________________________ ________
i n d u s t r i a l f it ti n g s _____________________________________
A n tif r ic tio n b e a rin g s a n d c o m p o n e n t s ______ ________
A b r a s iv e g r in d in g w h e e ls _____________________________
C o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a ls _______________________________
1S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - 3 .
1P r e l i m i n a r y .
8 R e v is e d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
107.9 3108. 5
131. 9 133.0
124.8 124.9
89. C 89 .2
121.7 122.1
116.4 116. £
125.3 126.1
127.3 127.3
106.1 106.1
126.4 127.9
107.4 107. 5
103.2 3103.2
112.2 111. 5
112.7 111.5
131.8 132.4
149.8 149. 6
187.6 187.6
159.7 3 159.7
150.6 150.5
189.2 190.0
159.4 3159.4
201.2 201.2
122.3 122.3
131.4 131.4
146.9 146.9
129.8 3129. 6
Jan .
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
I9 6 0 2
107.7
130.9
124.8
8 9 .5
121.2
114.2
126.1
125.6
107.3
127.9
107.5
102.7
112.3
112.2
132.3
149.0
187.6
159.7
150.5
190.0
159.3
2 0 1 .2
121.3
131.4
146.9
129.9
107.3
133.2
124.6
90 .0
119.3
111.4
125.2
122.9
105.5
127.7
107.6
102.9
113.3
112.7
132.0
149.5
187. 6
159.6
150. 0
189.6
1 5 8.9
2 0 1 .2
121. 7
131.4
146.9
130.0
108.8
131.5
124.6
90 .5
119.1
111.4
124.7
122.9
105. 5
127.4
107.6
102.9
113.7
112.8
132.8
149.5
187.6
159.6
150.3
189.3
158.9
201.2
121.7
132.9
147.6
130.3
108.5
129.4
124.6
9 1 .2
119. 5
112.4
12 4 .7
1 2 2.9
107.3
126.2
1 0 7 .6
103.6
114.8
114.1
133.1
1 4 9.7
187.6
159.4
148.6
188.0
157.4
2 0 2.8
122.4
13 2 .9
147.6
13 0 .5
106.6
128.1
124.4
9 1 .6
119.2
111.4
124.7
122.9
106.0
126.1
107.6
101.2
116.0
118.0
132.7
148.7
187.6
159.5
148.0
187.7
158. 9
2 0 6.5
122.5
132.9
147.6
131.1
105.4
124.4
124.6
9 2 .2
118.3
111.0
123.2
122.9
104.1
124.4
107.6
101.2
116.8
1 1 7 .6
132.7
150.6
187.6
159.5
147.8
186.5
156.9
206.5
121.9
132.9
147.6
131.4
106.9
129.9
124.8
9 2 .7
115.8
109.8
118.5
121.0
105.1
122.0
107.6
101.2
118.9
120.3
1333
150.4
187.7
159. 5
147.8
186.5
155.9
206.5
125.4
132.8
147.6
132.1
105.5
126. 5
124.6
92 .8
113.5
109.8
114.4
118.1
106.6
121.0
107.6
101.2
120.2
122.1
133.2
150.6
188.1
159.4
147.7
186.5
155.8
206.5
125.4
134.5
147.6
132.9
106.1
126.6
124.5
92 .8
110.8
110. 6
106.2
118.1
108.1
119.2
107.6
101.2
121.7
124.5
133.1
151.0
188.3
159.5
147.5
185.5
155.8
206.1
144.6
134.5
147.6
133.9
105. 8
123.3
124.9
9 2 .9
112.9
110.2
113.1
117.8
105.7
119.2
107.6
101.2
122.5
125.6
132.8
151.1
188.3
160.1
147.3
185.5
155.4
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.3
105.4
123.4
124.9
9 3 .2
112.5
110.2
112.2
117.3
105.8
127.8
107.6
101.2
122.6
126.0
132.7
151.1
188.3
160.4
147.1
185.5
155. 2
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.5
106. 0
126.7
124.7
9 2 .2
115.4
111.0
117.0
120.4
105.8
124.7
107.6
101.7
118.9
1 2 0.4
132.9
1 5 0.5
187.9
160.0
147.9
186.7
156.4
205.1
132.2
1 3 3.6
147.5
1 3 2.6
N ote; F o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f these s é r i é s ,
I n d e x e s , 1958, B L S B u l l . 1257 (1 9 5 9 ).
see
1959
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.2
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
124.9
109.5
101.4
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6
W h o le sa le P r ic e s a n d p r ic e
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-5.
577
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 b y stage of processing and durability of product
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 100]
1961
1960
A nnual
average
C o m m o d it y g r o u p
M a r .2 F e b .
A ll c o m m o d i t i e s .
Jan
D ec. N o v .
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 0 7 .1
9 5 .2
8 7 .6
1 0 5 .5
9 4 .5
8 7 .2
1 0 4 .3
9 3 .3
8 5 .5
1 0 4 .1
9 3 .0
8 5 .1
104.1
9 3 .3
8 5 .1
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .1
1 0 3 .4
102.1
1 4 2 .6
126. 4
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .3
1 4 2 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .3
127. 7
1 2 6 .8
126.1
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .7
9 2 .9
8 3 .9
1 0 6 .1
9 2 .7
8 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
9 5 .3
86.1
86.
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .2
9 6 .0
8 7 .5
1 0 8 .9
101.8 101.8 1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 4 2 .0
1 2 6 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .1
142
1 2 6 .2
125. 7
1 2 7 .0
1 4 2 .1
1 2 6 .0
125. 5
1 2 6 .9
1 4 2 .2
12 6 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 2 7 .0
1 4 2 .2
124.1
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 2 2 .7
1 4 2 .1
1 2 1 .5
122.2
123. 4
121.1
122.2
1 4 2 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .6
120.8
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .0 1 2 7 .9
1 0 3 .6 3 1 0 3 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 0 2 .3
1 2 7 .9
1 0 1 .3
128.1
1 0 1 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .7
9 9 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
100.1
1 2 9 .1
9 9 .0
1 2 9 .5
9 8 .3
1 2 9 .4
9 7 .9
128.
9 9 .3
1 2 9 .0
9 8 .5
1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .9
155. 7 1 5 5 .6
1 4 9 .7 3 149. 6
1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .4
1 0 5 .0
156 .1
1 4 9 .4
1 3 3 .6
111.
1 1 1 .5
1 0 5 .2
156.
1 4 9 .3
1 3 3 .7
105. 5
156. 7
1 4 9 .5
133. 9
105.
1 5 7 .2
1 4 9 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 5 7 .7
1 4 9 .8
134.
1 1 1 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 5 7 .8
1 5 0 .0
134 .8
111.0 110.6
1 0 6 .9
158 .1
1 5 0 .1
135. 3
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 5 8 .4
1 5 0 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .8
1 5 8 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 3 6 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .7
106. 9
1 5 9 .0
1 5 2 .0
1 3 6 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 5 8 .9
1 5 2 .0
1 3 6 .9
1 0 6 .8
106. 9
1 0 6 .4
1 5 8 .1
1 5 0 .7
1 3 5 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 6 .4
1 5 7 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 0 6 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 1 2 .4
1 3 9 .2
115 .1
149. 8
9 9 .9
6 0 .1
1 2 3 .2
112.1
111.8
1 3 8 .5
1 1 5 .4
1 4 9 .7
1 0 0 .3
6 1 .7
1 2 3 .0
1 3 8 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 4 9 .5
9 9 .5
5 9 .3
123 .1
109. 9
1 3 8 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 4 9 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 3 8 .9
115. 4
1 4 9 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 1 5 .4
1 4 9 .5
1 0 0 .4
6 2 .0
1 2 2 .9
1 0 7 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 1 7 .3
148. 8
1 0 3 .2
6 9 .8
1 0 6 .6
138. 4
1 1 6 .6
1 4 8 .8
1 0 2 .3
6 7 .5
1 0 9 .1
1 3 8 .6
1 1 5 .8
1 4 9 .3
122.8
122.
6 3 .8
1 2 2 .9
1 0 6 .8
136. 7
1 1 6 .0
1 4 3 .5
1 0 4 .1
7 4 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 0 8 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 0 8 .4
9 6 .5
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .1
1 2 6 .3
1 5 3 .6
1 6 0 .0
1 4 7 .9
1 1 3 .1
1 0 6 .9
9 3 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 5 3 .4
1 5 9 .9
1 4 7 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 0 7 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 2 6 .3
153 3
1 5 9 .6
1 4 7 .8
1 0 9 .1
1 1 3 .7
1 2 6 .5
153. 6
160. 1
1 4 7 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 1 3 .4
107. 4
9 6 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 5 3 .9
1 6 0 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 1 3 .6
1 0 7 .7
9 8 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 1 4 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 5 3 .8
1 6 0 .0
1 4 8 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 0 5 .5
9 1 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 5 3 .2
1 5 8 .1
1 4 9 .1
1 1 9 .8 3 119. 9
O ct.
S e p t.
M ar.
I9602
1959
120.0 120.0
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .5
9 6 .3
9 6 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .8
9 4 .5
8 5 .7
1 0 7 .5
86.8
112.2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 5 .5
110.8
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 4 2 .1
1 2 4 .4
123.
1 2 5 .2
1 4 0 .3
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 2 4 .1
S ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g
C r u d e m a t e r ia l s for f u r th e r p r o c e s s i n g _______________________
C r u d e f o o d s t u f f s a n d f e e d s t u f f s _____________________ ____
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r ia l s e x c e p t f u e l ..................... ..................
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r ia l s , e x c e p t f u e l, fo r m a n u
f a c t u r i n g _______________________________________ _____
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r ia l s , e x c e p t f u e l, fo r c o n
s t r u c t i o n ______________ ______ ________________ ________
C r u d e f u e l ........................................... .........................................................
C r u d e f u e l for m a n u f a c t u r i n g ________________________
C r u d e f u e l fo r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ___________________
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia l s , s u p p l i e s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s _________
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia l s a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r m a n u
f a c t u r i n g ___________________________________________________
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia l s for fo o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ___
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia l s fo r n o n d u r a b l e m a n u
f a c t u r i n g ______________________________________________
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia l s for d u r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g .
C o m p o n e n t s for m a n u f a c t u r i n g _____________________
M a t e r i a ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s for c o n s t r u c t i o n ____________
P r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ____________________________
P r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s for m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s fo r n o n m a n u f a c
t u r i n g .................................................................... .............................
C o n t a i n e r s , n o n r e t u r n a b l e ________________________________
S u p p l i e s ____________________ ________ ________________________
S u p p l i e s for m a n u f a c t u r i n g __________________________
S u p p li e s for n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ______________________
M a n u f a c t u r e d a n i m a l f e e d s _____________________
O t h e r s u p p l i e s _____________________________________
F in is h e d g o o d s (g o o d s to u se r s, in c lu d in g r a w fo o d s a n d
f u e l s ) ................ ......................................................................................................
C o n s u m e r f in i s h e d g o o d s __________________________________
C o n s u m e r f o o d s ______ ________________________________
C o n s u m e r c r u d e f o o d s ____________________________
C o n s u m e r p r o c e s s e d f o o d s _______________________
C o n s u m e r o t h e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ___________ ______
C o n s u m e r d u r a b l e g o o d s _____________________________
P r o d u c e r f in i s h e d g o o d s ___________________________________
P r o d u c e r f in i s h e d g o o d s fo r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ________
P r o d u c e r f in i s h e d g o o d s fo r n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ____
9 5 .2
86.
112.1
112.1
111.8 «111. 7
111.6 111.6
1 1 1 .3
111. 3
112.8
112.8 112. 7 1 1 2 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 4 8 .6
1 0 3 .7
6 9 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .5 1 3 9 .4
117. 1 1 1 7 .5 1 1 6 .1
1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .6
1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .4 101.2
6 4 .2
6 9 .1
6 7 .8
1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 1 5 .2
1 4 9 .6
122.2
1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .3
1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .5
1 0 9 .0 3 109. 9 1 0 9 .2
9 9 .2
98.
9 8 .0
111.2 1112.3 111.6
1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .0
1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .8
153
! 153. 8 1 5 3 .9
160. 5 160. 7 1 6 0 .6
1 4 7 .9 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .1
122.2
100.1
6 1 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 1 4 .4
1 0 9 .0
9 9 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 1 0 .4
109. 1
1 1 4 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 5 3 .8
160. 6
1 4 7 .8
111.0
1 2 2 .4
1 1 4 .7
100.0
111.0
1 1 4 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 5 3 .6
1 6 0 .4
1 4 7 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 5 3 .4
1 6 0 .2
1 4 7 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 5 2 .5
159. 2
1 4 6 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 1 3 .6
107.1
9 4 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 5 3 .7
1 6 0 .2
1 4 8 .0
110.8
110.1
110.0
9 4 .8
100.1
100.2
6 1 .2
1 2 3 .0
6 1 .6
1 2 2 .9
88.0
122.0
1 2 1 .5
122.8
121.8 121.1 121.2 1 2 1 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 0 7 .5
100.2
88.0
101.0
9 6 .7
120.6
D u r a b ility o f p ro d u c t
T o t a l d u r a b l e g o o d s _____
T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s .
1 4 4 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 4 4 .7
1 0 6 .5
1 4 4 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 4 5 .0
105. 6
1 4 5 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 4 4 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 4 4 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 4 5 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 4 5 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 4 5 .8
1 0 5 .2
1 4 6 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 0 5 .6
1 4 6 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 4 5 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 0 5 .0
T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s _________________________________
D u r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r e s _________________________
N o n d u r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r e s _____________________
T o t a l r a w o r s l i g h t l y p r o c e s s e d g o o d s _____________
D u r a b l e r a w o r s l i g h t l y p r o c e s s e d g o o d s _____
N o n d u r a b le raw or s lig h t ly p r o c e sse d g o o d s .
1 2 5 .9
1 4 6 .1
1 0 9 .9
9 9 .5
1 0 9 .5
9 S .9
1 2 6 .0
1 4 6 .0
1 2 5 .9
146 .1
1 2 5 .7
1 4 6 .4
125. 7
146. 4
1 0 9 .3
9 9 .1
101. 4
99 0
1 2 5 .7
1 4 6 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 2 5 .5
145.8
1 0 9 .2
9 8 .0
107. 4
9 7 .4
125. 7
1 4 6 .8
109.1
9 7 .0
1 0 7 .8
9 6 .3
1 2 5 .9
146. 9
1 0 9 .3
9 8 .7
1 0 6 .0
9 8 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 4 7 .2
1 0 8 .8
9 8 .4
105. 8
9 7 .9
1 2 5 .7
1 4 7 .4
1 0 8 .5
9 9 .3
107 .1
9 8 .9
120.0 1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 4 7 .0
1 0 8 .9
9 8 .6
1 0 7 .4
9 8 .1
1 2 5 .5
1 4 7 .0
1 0 8 .5
9 8 .9
1 1 4 .1
9 8 .1
> S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b le D - 3 0 .
• P r e lim in a r y .
* R e v is e d
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
110.2 110.0 1 0 9 .4
9 9 .5
1 0 5 .9
39 9 .1
9 8 .9
1 0 3 .9
9 8 .6
9 8 .3
101.8
9 8 .1
1 4 7 .8
1 0 8 .8
99. 9
1 0 8 .2
9 9 .4
1 4 7 .8
1 0 8 .7
9 9 .7
1 0 8 .2
9 9 .2
N o t e : F o r d e s c r i p t io n o f t h e s e r ie s b y s t a g e o f p r o c e s s i n g , s e e N e w B L S
E c o n o m i c S e c to r I n d e x e s o f W h o l e s a l e P r i c e s ( in M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
D e c e m b e r 1965, p p . 3 4 4 8 -1 4 5 3 ); a n d b y d u r a b i l i t y o f p r o d u c t a n d d a t a b e g i n
n i n g w i t h 1947, s e e W h o l e s a l e P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s , 1257, B L S B u l l .
1235 (1 9 6 8 ).
578
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 1961
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
Workers involved in stoppages
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning in
month or year
1Q3K- KQ (average)
1Q47-49 (avfiragft)
__
_____________
1<MS
'
.....
............................................................ - ...........1946
1947
..............................................................................................
1948
.................................. ........................................................
1949 .................................................................................................
1950
.......................................................... —...........—
1951
.
......................................................................
1952
............................................................................................1953
..................................................................................
1964 .................................................................................................
1955
_
...........................................................................
1956
................................................................„........................
19/V7
10K8
................ .
. .
1QKQ
I960
- _ _ _ ________
2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
6, 091
3, 468
4,320
3j 825
3, 673
3, 694
3,708
3,333
1960: M arch-- ------- ----------------------------- ------------- April------------------------ --------------------------------------M ay ____________________ ___________________
■Tune
____________ __________ ________ -July____________________________________________
A u g u st______________________ - -- ------------------September______
- _ - - - - - _______ -October.. -- - ___ _______ - -- -------- -- --------- ------November__________ ________ ________ _ December--------------- ------------------ -_----------
270
352
367
400
319
361
271
258
430
535
574
629
530
554
500
432
84,900
150,000
156,000
214,000
125,000
134,000
131,000
106,000
192
110
368
250
1961: January 2___
170
210
220
300
330
350
-- --_ --- - - - - - - ------------- -February3--- -- . _
--- --- --------- March 2_______ - . ------- ------- -_---------
i The data Include all known strikes or lockouts Involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
2, 380,000
3, 470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960, 000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3, 540,000
2, 400,000
1,530,000
2,650,000
1,900,000
1, 390,000
2, 060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
Man-days Idle during month
or year
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16,900,000
39, 700,000
38; 000,000
116,000,000
34, 600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38, 800,000
22,900,000
69,100,000
28, 300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33 ; 100; 000
16, 500,000
23,900,000
69, 000. 000
19,100,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.69
.44
.23
.67
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
¡61
.17
130,000
222,000
236,000
314,000
233,000
221,000
209,000
146,000
1,550,000
1, 930,000
2,110,000
2,950,000
2,140,000
1,700,000
1,650,000
1,500,000
.15
.21
.23
.30
.24
.16
.17
.16
53,300
27, 500
85,000
53,200
732,000
458,000
.0 8
.0 5
80,000
120,000
55,000
100,000
150,000
75,000
700,000
940,000
610,000
.0 8
.11
.0 6
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made Idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary
3 Revised preliminary.
U . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F I C E : 19 61
New Publications Available
F o r S a le
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D.C. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent
of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from
any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
Occupational Wage Surveys:
BLS Bulls.—
1285-24: Philadelphia, Pa., November 1960. 30 pp. 25 cents.
1285-25: Trenton, N.J., December 1960. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1285-26: Richmond, Va., December 1960. 18 pp. 20 cents.
1285-27: Denver, Colo., December 1960. 18 pp. 20 cents.
1285-28: Indianapolis, Ind., December 1960. 18 pp. 20 cents.
1285-29: Canton, Ohio, December 1960. 16 pp. 20 cents.
1285-30: Jacksonville, Fla., December 1960. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1285-31: Buffalo, N.Y., December 1960. 28 pp. 25 cents.
1285-32: Salt Lake City, Utah, December 1960. 22 pp. 25 cents.
1285-33: Miami, Fla., December 1960. 18 pp. 20 cents.
1285-34: Baltimore, Md., December 1960. 26 pp. 20 cents.
BLS Bull. 1289: Union Wages and Hours: Local-Transit Operating Em
ployees, July 1, 1960, and Trend 1929-60. 10 pp. 15 cents.
F or L im ite d F ree D is tr ib u tio n
Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies
permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington 25,
D.C., or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses
of these offices.)
BLS Report No. 157: Daily Spot Market: Price Indexes and Prices, January
1, 1957-December 31, 1959. 63 pp.
BLS Report No. 169: National Emergency Disputes Under the Labor
Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, 1947-October 1960. 24 pp.
BLS Report No. 175: Work Stoppages—Aircraft and Parts Industry, 192759. 6 pp.
BLS Report No. 176: Work Stoppages—Water Transportation Industry,
1927-59. 8 pp.
BLS Report No. 178: Wage Structure—Power Laundries and Dry Cleaners,
April-July 1960. 40 pp.
BLS Report No. 179: Wage Structure—Banking Industry, Mid-1960. 30 pp.
BLS Report No. 182: Labor in the Sudan, February 1961. 27 pp.
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